diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'old/63545-0.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | old/63545-0.txt | 2013 |
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 2013 deletions
diff --git a/old/63545-0.txt b/old/63545-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 4a07a48..0000000 --- a/old/63545-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2013 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of A short history of the printing press and -of the improvements in printing machinery, by Robert Hoe - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: A short history of the printing press and of the improvements in printing machinery from the time of Gutenberg up to the present day - -Author: Robert Hoe - -Release Date: October 25, 2020 [EBook #63545] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SHORT HISTORY OF THE PRINTING PRESS *** - - - - -Produced by Turgut Dincer, Susan Carr and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - A Short History of - The Printing Press - - - - - [Illustration: (FROM MEDAL OF GUTENBERG STATUE)] - - - - - A Short History of - The Printing Press - And of the Improvements in - Printing Machinery from the - Time of Gutenberg up - to the Present Day - - [Illustration: FROM A MEDAL BY SCHARFF OF VIENNA] - - PRINTED AND PUBLISHED FOR - ROBERT HOE - NEW YORK - 1902 - - - - - LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - - - THE PRINTING PRESS 5 - THE EARLIEST FORM OF THE PRINTING PRESS 6 - THE BLAEW PRESS 7 - STANHOPE PRESS 8 - CLYMER’S COLUMBIAN PRESS 8 - PETER SMITH HAND PRESS 9 - WASHINGTON HAND PRESS 10 - TREADWELL’S WOODEN-FRAME BED AND PLATEN POWER PRESS 11 - ISAAC ADAM’S BED AND PLATEN PRESS 14 - SINGLE SMALL CYLINDER PRESS 18 - DOUBLE CYLINDER PRESS 18 - SINGLE LARGE CYLINDER PRESS 19 - STOP CYLINDER LITHOGRAPHIC PRESS 26 - ROTARY ZINCOGRAPHIC OR ALUMINUM PRESS 27 - TWO-COLOR ROTARY ZINCOGRAPHIC OR ALUMINUM PRESS 30 - FOUR CYLINDER ROTARY TYPE-REVOLVING PRESS 31 - TEN CYLINDER ROTARY TYPE-REVOLVING PRESS 31 - APPLEGATH’S TYPE-REVOLVING PRESS 40 - BULLOCK PRESS 42 - LONDON TIMES ROTARY MACHINE 46 - FIRST HOE WEB PRESS 50 - DOUBLE SUPPLEMENT PRESS 51 - QUADRUPLE PRESS 59 - STRAIGHT-LINE PRESS 59 - SEXTUPLE PRESS 62 - APPLETON ROTARY BOOK PRESS 68 - ROTARY TYPE-REVOLVING WEB PERFECTING PRESS 69 - THREE PAGE WIDE PRESS 70 - NEWSPAPER AND PAMPHLET PRESS 71 - ROTARY ART PRESS 75 - “TIT BITS” PRESS 80 - OCTUPLE PRESS 81 - DOUBLE SEXTUPLE PRESS BUILT FOR THE NEW YORK JOURNAL 84 - “COLLIER’S WEEKLY” PRESS 90 - - - - -[Illustration: FUST AND SCHOEFFER] - -[Illustration: CAXTON] - -[Illustration: WYNKYN DE WORDE] - - - - - THE PRINTING PRESS - - -About the year 1450, Gutenberg was engaged in printing his first book -from movable types. No method of taking the impressions simpler than -that employed by him can be imagined, unless it be with a “buffer,” -or by means of a brush rubbed over the paper laid upon the “form” -of type, after the manner of the Chinese in printing from engraved -blocks. His printing press consisted of two upright timbers, with -cross pieces of wood to stay them together at the top and bottom. -There were also intermediate cross timbers, one of which supported -the flat “bed” upon which the type was placed, and through another -a wooden screw passed, its lower point resting on the centre of a -wooden “platen,” which was thus screwed down upon the type. After -inking the form with a ball of leather stuffed with wool, the printer -spread the paper over it, laying a piece of blanket upon the paper to -soften the impression of the platen and remove inequalities. This was -the machine which Gutenberg used. The mechanical principle embodied -in it was found in the old cheese and linen presses ordinarily seen -in the houses of medieval times. - -[Illustration: THE EARLIEST FORM OF PRINTING PRESS] - -Were Gutenberg called upon to print his Bible to-day he would find -virtually the same type ready for his purpose as that made by -him, no change having taken place in its general conformation; but -he would be bewildered in the maze of printing machinery of the -beginning of the twentieth century. - -The simple form of wooden press, worked with a screw by means of a -movable bar, continued in use for about one hundred and fifty years, -or until the early part of the seventeenth century, without any -material change. The forms of type were placed upon the same wooden -and sometimes stone beds, incased in frames called “coffins,” moved -in and out laboriously by hand, and after each impression the platen -had to be screwed up with the bar so that the paper which had been -printed upon it might be removed and hung up to dry. - -[Illustration: THE BLAEW PRESS] - -The first recorded improvements in this press were made by William -Jensen Blaew, a printer of Amsterdam, some time about 1620. They -consisted in passing the spindle of the screw through a square block -which was guided in the wooden frame, and from this block the platen -was suspended by wires or cords; the block, or box, preventing any -twist in the platen, and insuring a more equal motion to the screw. -He also placed a device upon the press for rolling in and out the -bed, and added a new form of iron hand lever for turning the screw. -Blaew’s press was introduced into England, and used there as well -as on the continent, being substantially the same as that Benjamin -Franklin worked upon as a journeyman in London, early in the last -century. - -[Illustration: STANHOPE PRESS] - -Little further improvement was made in the printing press before -the year 1798, when the Earl of Stanhope caused one to be made, -the frame of which, instead of being of wood, was one piece of -cast-iron. A necessity had arisen for greater power in giving the -impression, especially in the printing of woodcuts, and the tendency -was naturally toward larger forms of type, requiring greater exertion -on the part of the printer; the labor in working one of the old -screw presses was about equal to that of the plowman in the field. -The Earl of Stanhope reserved the screw, but caused to be added a -combination of levers to assist the pressman in gaining greater -power, when giving the impression, with less expenditure of energy. -These machines were very heavy and extremely cumbersome. They were -the first iron printing presses ever constructed, and came into -use to some extent. The printers, seizing upon this new idea of a -combination of levers to increase the power, were induced to place -them upon their wooden presses, the improvement resulting generally -in the destruction of the latter, which were not adapted to stand -the strain. The iron platen employed by the Earl of Stanhope had, -however, previously been used upon the wooden presses. - -[Illustration: CLYMER’S COLUMBIAN PRESS] - -The next practical improvement was made by George Clymer of -Philadelphia, who, about 1816, devised an iron machine, entirely -dispensing with a screw. A long, heavy cast-iron lever was placed -over the platen, one end attached to one of the uprights of the -cast-iron frame, and the other susceptible of being raised and -lowered by a combination of smaller levers, worked by the pressman -after the manner of the ordinary hand press. The impression was given -and the platen raised and lowered by a spindle, or pin, attached to -the centre of the large cross lever at the top, this being properly -balanced to facilitate its being raised with greater ease. Mr. Clymer -carried his invention to England, where it was introduced to some -extent and was known as the “Columbian” press. - -[Illustration: PETER SMITH HAND PRESS] - -In England there were iron hand presses made by Rutheven, by Brown -and by others, all, more or less, improvements upon the Stanhope. - -In 1822 Peter Smith, an American, connected with the firm of R. Hoe -& Co. in New York, devised a machine which was in many respects -superior to any up to that time. The frame was of cast-iron, and in -place of the screw with levers, he substituted a toggle joint, at -once simple and effective. - -In 1827, however, Samuel Rust of New York, perfected an invention -which was a great improvement on the Smith press. The frame, instead -of being all of cast-iron, had the uprights at the sides hollowed -for the admission of wrought-iron bars, which were securely -riveted at the top and bottom of the casting. This gave not only -additional strength, but greatly diminished the amount of metal used -in construction. This patent was purchased by R. Hoe & Co., who -improved upon it, and proceeded with the manufacture of the presses, -although the “Smith” continued to be used to some extent. The new -invention was known as the “Washington” press, and in principle -and construction has never been surpassed by any hand printing -machine. They were manufactured in great numbers, and continue to be -manufactured and sold at the present time for taking fine proofs, -although the universal adoption of the cylinder press has almost -entirely superseded them for other printing. The number made and sold -by Hoe & Co. alone, a majority of which are now in use, is over six -thousand. They have been sent all over the world. This style of press -is made in seven sizes. - -[Illustration: WASHINGTON HAND PRESS] - -The following is a description of this press: The bed slides on a -track and is run in and out from under the platen by turning a crank -which has belts attached to a pulley upon its shaft. The impression -of the platen is given by means of a curved lever acting on a toggle -joint, and the platen is lifted by springs on either side. Attached -to the bed is a “tympan” frame covered with cloth, and standing -inclined, to receive the sheet to be printed. Another frame, called -the “frisket,” is attached to the tympan, and covered with a sheet -of paper, having the parts which otherwise would be printed upon cut -away, so as to prevent the “chase” and “furniture” from blacking -or soiling the sheet. The frisket is turned down over the sheet -and tympan and all are folded down when the impression is taken. -Automatic inking rollers were attached to this machine, operated by a -weight raised by the pull of the pressman, the descent of the weight -drawing the rollers over the type and returning them to the inking -cylinder while the pressman placed another sheet upon the tympan. -Still further improvements in this inking apparatus were made and -patented by Hoe & Co., in which the distribution of the ink on the -rollers was effected by means of an apparatus driven by steam power -and which also caused the inking rollers to move forward over the -type at the will of the pressman. - -[Illustration: TREADWELL’S WOODEN-FRAME BED AND PLATEN POWER PRESS] - -The bed and platen system of printing was, up to the middle of the -nineteenth century, the favorite method of printing fine books and -cuts. The first “power” or steam press upon this principle was made -by Daniel Treadwell, of Boston, in 1822. The frames were of wood, and -it does not appear that more than three or four of these were ever -constructed. The best machines of this description were those devised -and patented by Isaac Adams, of Boston, in 1830 and 1836, and by Otis -Tufts, of the same place, in 1834. They were first made with wooden -and afterward with iron frames. In 1858 Adams’s business became the -property of Hoe & Co., who continued to manufacture the machines with -added improvements. In all more than a thousand, in no less than -fifty-seven sizes, were sold for use in the United States, some being -sent to other countries. In these machines, the type is placed upon -an iron bed, after the usual manner of the hand press, and this bed -is raised and lowered by straightening and bending a toggle joint -by means of a cam, thus giving the impression upon the iron platen -fixed above it, and firmly held in position by upright iron rods -secured to the bottom bar, a strong cross-piece, at the base of the -machine. The ink fountain is at one end of the press; the inking -rollers travel twice over the form, in a movable frisket frame, while -the bed is down; the paper is taken in by grippers on the frisket -and carried over the form, when the bed rises and the impression is -given; and finally the sheets pass forward from the frisket by tapes -to a sheet flier, which delivers them on the fly board. One thousand -sheets per hour is the maximum speed of the larger sizes of the Adams -press. Although many of these machines were made and great numbers -are still used, and notwithstanding the fact that it was thought by -many experienced printers that fine book and cut work could be done -in no other way than by flat pressure, this system of printing has -given place to that of the cylinder press. - -[Illustration: ISAAC ADAMS’S BED AND PLATEN PRESS] - -The idea of printing from plates or forms carried upon a flat -bed beneath a cylinder was not a new one, having been employed -by printers of copper-plate engravings in the fifteenth century. -Their machines, however, were rude in form, and made of wood, the -roller revolving in stationary bearings, while the bed, with the -plate upon it and carrying the paper, covered by a blanket, on its -surface, moved backward and forward under the roller. The inking was -done by hand with balls. With the inauguration of this system of -printing from type or forms placed upon a flat bed moved forwards -and backwards under a revolving cylinder, commenced an entirely new -era in the history of the printing press. It should be understood, -however, that the vast number of patents granted for printing -machines in which the cylinder is connected with the bed, or by -the operation of two cylinders together, one holding the form and -the other giving the impression, are almost all for improvements -and devices of detail, the radical principles upon which these are -founded remaining the same. Thus, Sir Rowland Hill, in the early -part of the nineteenth century, projected a machine for printing from -an endless roll, or “web” of paper; and in 1790 an Englishman named -William Nicholson (author, inventor, patent agent, editor and school -teacher) took out a patent covering the idea of cylinder presses in -which the forms should be placed upon either a flat bed or cylinder -at will and receive the impression from a cylinder covered with cloth -or some similar material. Between the bed and cylinder, or between -the two cylinders, the sheet was to be fed in and printed. The ink -was to be put on by a roller built up of cloth and covered with -leather. There is, however, a great difference between an actual -invention and a scheme. If the simple proposition advanced to make a -machine upon this principle, without its consummation, or without any -press being produced, can be considered an invention, then Nicholson -may (as a writer on the subject states) have been “so far ahead of -his time as to leap over three generations” by his invention. As a -matter of fact, however, his patents were mostly schemes, and little -more, as a moment’s reflection will convince. He did not know how -to curve the plates to be put upon the cylinders, nor how to secure -them properly for good work--in fact, he did not know how to make the -plates in any practicable manner. All these questions remained to be -solved in order that the printing press might be an invention. On -this account, therefore, I do not give descriptions of proposals to -make machines, but of presses that have been actually made, and used -sufficiently to entitle them to recognition as practical improvements -exemplifying the progressive evolution of the printing press. - -The foundation and growth of newspapers first published periodically, -and finally each day, created a demand for machines which should -print with rapidity, and fine work was delegated for the time being -to the flat bed and platen press, most of it, as has been seen, being -turned out upon the hand press. - -The credit of actually introducing into use a flat bed Cylinder -Press is due to a Saxon named Friederich Koenig, who visited England -in 1806, and through the assistance of Thomas Bensley, a printer -in London, devised a machine which in 1812-1813 was worked by him, -and printed, among other publications, a part of “Clarkson’s Life -of William Penn.” Koenig was assisted by a mechanic named Andrew -Bauer, a fellow-countryman. The form of type was placed on a flat -bed, the cylinder above it having a three-fold motion, or stopping -three times; the first third of the turn receiving the sheet upon -one of the tympans and securing it by the frisket; the second giving -the impression and allowing the sheet to be removed by hand, and the -third returning the tympan empty to receive another sheet. - -These men also devised what has proved, even to this day, to be a -most efficient reciprocating motion of the type bed. It consists of -a pinion carried on the inner end of a long shaft which is turned by -gearing from the outside of the press frame and has in its length a -universal joint, allowing an up-and-down motion of the pinion as it -revolves. To the outer end of the shaft the wheel connecting with -the impression cylinder is attached. Underneath the bed and fastened -to it is a “rack,” or a row of teeth, with a crescent-shaped segment -of hard metal at each end. In this rack, in addition to the teeth, -are pins, or studs, at each end. The wheel before referred to, at -the outer end of the shaft, being set in motion revolves the pinion -and moves the bed by means of the teeth in this rack. At the proper -moment, calling for the reversal of the bed, the pinion turns around -over one of the pins or studs, against the segment on the rack, and -immediately re-engages its teeth in the opposite side of the rack, so -carrying the bed back again. This motion is repeated at the opposite -end of the rack, and the bed again stopped and returned by the pinion -revolving against the segment and again over the rack, thus giving a -reciprocating motion to the bed. - -In 1814 Koenig patented a continuously revolving Cylinder Press. -The part of the periphery of the cylinder not used for giving the -impression is slightly reduced in diameter, so as to allow the form -to return under it freely after giving an impression. He showed -designs adapting it for use as a single Cylinder Press, and also a -two Cylinder Press, both for printing one side of the paper at a -time; likewise a two Cylinder Press for printing both sides of the -paper at one operation. In this later press, the two forms were -placed one at each end of a long bed, and the paper after being -printed on one side by one cylinder, was carried by tapes over a -registering roller to the other cylinder, where it was printed -upon the reverse side. This press, termed a “perfecting press,” -was afterwards improved by Applegath & Cowper so as to be a very -efficient machine. - -Koenig erected in the office of the London “Times” in 1814 two of the -two Cylinder Presses mentioned above, which printed on one side of -the paper only, at the rate of 800 sheets per hour. - -Koenig, however, was not alone in his efforts to perfect a Cylinder -Press. Various patents were gotten out by Bacon & Donkin in 1813; by -Cowper in 1816 and again in 1818; and by Applegath in 1818. But the -most ingenious and practical device in connection with the movements -of a flat bed and a cylinder for printing machines was patented by -Napier in 1828 and 1830. He was the first who introduced “grippers,” -or “fingers,” for the conveyance of the sheets around the cylinder -during the impression, and for delivering them after printing. Tapes -or strings had previously been employed for this purpose. He was also -the first to manufacture presses in which the impression cylinders -are of small size and make two or more revolutions to each sheet -printed, and he devised the toggles for bringing the cylinders down -to print on the form and for raising them to let the form run back -without touching. - -[Illustration: SINGLE SMALL CYLINDER PRESS] - -[Illustration: DOUBLE CYLINDER PRESS] - -The news of these later inventions reached New York in due time, -and in 1832 Robert Hoe, who had been some time established in the -manufacture of printing presses, sent a young man, Sereno Newton -(whom he afterwards took in partnership with him), to England to -investigate the subject and see what improvements were worthy of -adoption. The result was the construction of the machines known as -the “Single Small Cylinder” and “Double Small Cylinder,” also the -large Cylinder “Perfecting” Press, which have continued, with many -alterations and improvements, to be manufactured up to the present -time. - -[Illustration: SINGLE LARGE CYLINDER PRESS] - -Hoe & Co. had previously made the first flat bed and cylinder press -ever used in the United States. It was the pattern known as the -“Single Large Cylinder,” the whole circumference of the cylinder -being equivalent to the entire travel of the bed forwards and -backwards, the cylinder making one revolution for each impression -in printing, without stopping. Only a portion of the cylinder was -employed to take the impression, the remainder of its circumference -being turned down small enough to allow the type on the bed to pass -back under it without touching. Hundreds of these machines were made -and are now in use, and they are still made at the present day, with -patented sheet fliers and other devices and improvements in the -methods of manufacture. Other similar presses were made later by -the press-makers A. B. Taylor, A. Campbell, C. B. Cottrell, and C. -Potter, Jr. - -The patented sheet flier before referred to, and which was used on -the “Adams” bed and platen press, was greatly improved by Hoe & Co. -and placed upon all their cylinder presses. - -Before proceeding further with an account of the faster newspaper -presses, it may be well to complete the history of machines employed -up to this time for book, job and woodcut printing. For this purpose -the “Single Large Cylinder,” already described, was first used. In -England there were the “Napier” presses, the “Wharfdale” and many -others, all involving the same general principle, and capable of -turning out more or less satisfactory work, in proportion to the -perfection of their construction and the skill of those operating -them. Most of the English machines, however, show defects in -mechanical construction. In fact, the supremacy of the American -printing press is maintained in a large measure by the simplicity, -accuracy and perfection of its mechanism. Foreign presses, made by -the cheap labor of Europe, have been repeatedly brought to this -country and introduced into printing offices. They have never, -however, lasted long, most of them having perished in the using or -been found unprofitable. - -There have been various modifications of the principle underlying the -Napier movement for flat-bed presses, i. e., having the driving wheel -engage the rack at all times, reversing the movement by turning about -the ends of the rack and driving the bed alternately in opposite -directions. - -As early as 1847 Hoe & Co. patented an entirely new bed driving -mechanism. To a hanger fixed on the lower side of the bed were -attached two racks facing each other, but not in the same vertical -plane, and separated by a distance equal to the diameter of the -driving wheel, which was on a horizontal shaft and movable sideways -so as to engage in either one or other of the racks. By this means, a -uniform movement was obtained in each direction. - -The reversal of the bed was accomplished by a roller at either end -of the bed entering a recess in a disc on the driving shaft, which -in a half revolution brought the bed to a stop and started it in the -opposite direction. - -This involved a new principle; a crank action operating directly -upon the bed from a shaft having a fixed centre, and within recent -years modifications of this patent have been successfully employed to -drive the type bed at a high velocity and reverse it without shock or -vibration. - -The “Miehle” Press is a modified form of this movement; the crank pin -or roller is attached to the side of the bed wheel, and at the ends -of the uniform movement it is enclosed within the walls of a vertical -guideway formed at each end of the rack supporting frame, and passes -through the length of this guide as it performs its function of -reversing the bed. - -An improvement in this class of bed motions has lately been made and -patented by Hoe & Co. In this machine the crank pin, which controls -the reversal of the motion of the type bed, moves in a rectilinear -instead of a circular pathway. As the motion of the crank is thus -directly in line with the travel of the bed, it is possible to lock -the journal box, enclosing the pin, securely to the bed, while the -bed is being controlled by the action of the crank, and thereby -avoids the friction and consequent wear of parts that occur when the -crank pin moves in a circular line. The movement of the crank is -obtained from the rotatory motion of the bed wheel, and has the same -varying velocities as would be derived from a crank traveling in a -circular pathway. It, therefore, checks the momentum of the bed with -ease, brings the bed to rest, and returns it with an accelerating -motion while under positive control. The wearing of parts is thus -reduced to the minimum, insuring an accuracy of register and -exactness of motion hitherto unattainable. A press with a bed -measuring 48 × 65 inches runs without jar or vibration at a speed of -1,800 impressions an hour. - -The press of the present day from which the finest letterpress and -woodcut work is turned off is known as the “Stop Cylinder.” This -was devised and patented by a Frenchman named Dutartre, in 1852, -and introduced into this country about 1853 by Hoe & Co., who have -since patented many improvements upon it. It was a surprise to many -printers to find that this machine could do work which heretofore it -had been supposed the hand press only was capable of performing. - -[Illustration: STOP CYLINDER LITHOGRAPHIC PRESS] - -The Stop Cylinder Press may be described as follows: The type is -secured upon a traveling iron bed, which moves back and forth upon -friction rollers of steel, the bed being driven by a simple crank -motion, stopping and starting it without noise or jar. All the -running portions of this bed are made of fine steel as hard as it -can be worked. The cylinder is stopped by a cam motion pending the -backward travel of the bed, and during the interval of rest the sheet -is fed down against the guides and the grippers closed upon it before -the cylinder starts, thus insuring the utmost accuracy of register. -After the impression, the sheet is transferred to a skeleton -cylinder, also containing grippers, which receives, and delivers it, -over fine cords, upon the sheet flier, which in turn deposits it -upon the table. The distribution of the ink is effected partly by a -vibrating, polished, steel cylinder, and partly upon a flat table -at the end of the traveling bed, the number of form-inking rollers -varying from four to six. This is without doubt the most perfect flat -bed cylinder printing machine that has ever been devised. It is -made in various sizes. The average output of one of these presses -with a bed 36 × 54 inches is from 1,000 to 1,500 impressions per hour. - -The demand being constantly for machines taking on larger sized -forms, there has been lately constructed and patented by R. Hoe & Co. -an entirely new Stop Cylinder Press, having a bed 45 × 62 inches, and -which can be run at a speed of 1,700 impressions an hour. The main -points of difference between the Stop Cylinder Press for type forms -and the Lithographic Press is in the form of the bed only, the other -portions, including the driving apparatus, being almost identical; -therefore the same general description applies to these new machines -for both classes of work. A great objection to flat-bed presses of -large size has always been the height of the cylinder from the floor, -necessitated by the increased dimensions of the driving apparatus -under the bed. In these new presses the bed is reciprocated as usual -by a crank motion, but made exceptionally strong and compounded. This -method of construction not only gives the increased speed but makes -the bed of the machine low down, so that it is better under the hand -and eye of the operator. The product of the machine is delivered -printed side up, by a patented take-off apparatus, which takes the -sheets from the impression cylinder by grippers in a reciprocating -carriage and deposits them upon a table. No tapes or guides come in -contact with the freshly printed ink. - -[Illustration: ROTARY ZINCOGRAPHIC OR ALUMINUM PRESS] - -Keeping pace with the improved methods and machines employed in -typographic printing, and influenced thereby, the lithographic and -kindred branches of printing have also made progress, induced mainly, -however, by the general striving for more rapid and economical -production. This has been accomplished by using larger stones, paper -and machines, and by employing rotary machines for some work. The -use of curved stones for lithography being impracticable for many -reasons, a substitute was found in plates or sheets made of zinc -or aluminum, which, when properly prepared, possess properties akin -to those in lithographic stones. Being flexible, these sheets are -easily stretched over the curved surface of a cylinder. Although -the development of this branch of printing is due, chiefly, to -the French and Germans, much has been done in this country toward -its improvement, and work is produced upon Rotary Zincographic or -Aluminum Presses that compares favorably with that produced from -stones, and at double the speed. The smaller of these presses, -printing only one color at a time, prints on sheets 30 × 44 inches, -at a speed up to 2,000 impressions per hour; the larger presses of -the same kind print on sheets 44 × 64 inches, at a speed up to 1,700 -impressions per hour, although the machines may be run even faster, -according to the dexterity of the feeder. - -[Illustration: TWO-COLOR ROTARY ZINCOGRAPHIC OR ALUMINUM PRESS] - -Two-Color Rotary Presses are in successful operation in different -parts of this country. In these machines there are two plate -cylinders and one impression cylinder, each of the plate cylinders -having its own inking and dampening appliances. The sheet of paper, -after being fed to the grippers of the impression cylinder, receives -one printing from the first plate cylinder, and a second printing, -in a different color, from the second plate cylinder, and is then -released from the grippers and delivered in the usual manner by -the sheet flier. The size of the sheets printed is 44 × 64 inches, -and running at a speed of 1,700 revolutions per hour, the number -of printings is 3,400, or double that obtained from the one-color -machine of the same size. - -We now return to a further consideration of the newspaper press. -The “Single Small Cylinder” and “Double Small Cylinder” machines -heretofore described as primarily the invention of Napier, and -perfected by Hoe & Co. and made by them, came into general use in the -United States. In construction and for the quantity and quality of -work produced they excelled any made in England; the output of one -of the “Single Cylinder” presses reaching 2,000 impressions per hour, -or about as fast as the feeder could lay down the sheets. When still -greater speed was required the “Double Cylinder” press was used, the -travel of the bed being of such length that the form of type passed -backward and forward under both cylinders. Two feeders accordingly -put in the sheets; the maximum speed obtained being about 2,000 from -each cylinder, or 4,000 from the two cylinders per hour, printed on -one side. It was evident, both in England and America, that something -faster must be devised. The growing demand for papers containing -the latest news necessitated increasing effort on the part of the -machine-makers. The presses of Dryden & Ford, Middleton, and others -in England failed to meet the requirements there, as did the “Single” -and “Double” Cylinders in America. - -[Illustration: FOUR CYLINDER ROTARY TYPE-REVOLVING PRESS] - -[Illustration: TEN CYLINDER ROTARY TYPE-REVOLVING PRESS] - -In 1845 and 1846 the firm of R. Hoe & Co. in New York were busily -engaged upon plans and inventions for presses which should meet the -increased requirements of the newspapers in America. The result -was the construction of a press known as the “Hoe Type Revolving -Machine,” embodying patents taken out by Richard M. Hoe. The -first one of these machines was placed in the “Ledger” office in -Philadelphia, in 1846. The basis of these inventions consisted in -an apparatus for securely fastening the forms of type on a central -cylinder placed in a _horizontal_ position. This was accomplished -by the construction of cast-iron beds, one for each page of the -newspaper. The column rules were made “V” shaped; i. e., tapering -toward the feet of the type. It was found that, with proper -arrangement for locking up or securing the type upon these beds, it -could be held firmly in position, the surface form a true circle, -and the cylinder revolved at any speed required without danger of -the type falling out. Around this central cylinder from four to -ten impression cylinders, according to the output required, were -grouped. The sheets were fed in by boys, and taken from the feed -board by automatic grippers, or fingers, operated by cams in the -impression cylinders, and which conveyed them around against the -revolving form of the central cylinder. Here again a great advantage -was gained by the use of the patented sheet flier, consisting of -a row of long wooden fingers fastened to the shaft, and operated -by a cam and springs; the sheet after printing being conducted out -underneath each feed board by means of tapes to the sheet fliers, -which laid them in piles on tables; the number of fliers and tables -corresponding to the number of impression cylinders. The inking was -accomplished by the use of composition rollers placed between each of -the impression cylinders; the fountain being below, underneath the -main type cylinder. The portion of the surface of this type cylinder, -not occupied by the type itself, was utilized as a distributing -table, its surface being lower than that of the type, and the inking -rollers rising and falling alternately to place the ink on the type -and receive a new supply from the distributing surface. The first of -these presses had only four impression cylinders, necessitating four -boys to feed the sheets. The running speed obtained was about 2,000 -sheets to each feeder per hour, thus giving, with what was called -a “Four Feeder” or “Four Cylinder” machine, a running capacity of -about 8,000 papers, per hour, printed upon one side. As the demands -of the newspapers increased, more impression cylinders were added, -until these machines were made with as many as ten grouped around -the central cylinder, giving an aggregate speed of about 20,000 -papers per hour printed upon one side. A revolution in newspaper -printing took place. Journals which before had been limited in -their circulation by their inability to furnish the papers rapidly -increased their issues, and many new ones were started. The new -presses were adopted not only throughout the United States, but also -in Great Britain. The first one put up abroad was erected in 1848, in -the office of “La Patrie” in Paris, but the downfall of the Republic -and the re-imposition of a stamp duty, soon put an end to all -enterprise in French newspaper publishing. The English, always slow -to adopt improvements, did not appreciate the value of these presses -until the year 1856, when Edward Lloyd of “Lloyd’s Weekly Newspaper” -in London, having seen the one in the office of “La Patrie,” ordered -a “Six-Cylinder” machine. This was erected in his office in Salisbury -Square, Fleet Street, London, in the following year. It was no sooner -in operation and seen by the other newspaper proprietors than orders -were received from the London “Times” for two “Ten-Cylinder” presses, -to replace the Applegath machine they were then using. The order -for these machines was a gratifying tribute to American ingenuity, -for the “Times” in December, 1848, in an article on the starting -of the Applegath vertical cylinder press, stated that “No art of -packing could make the type adhere to a cylinder revolving around a -horizontal axis and thereby aggravating centrifugal impulse by the -intrinsic weight of the metal.” Eventually orders from almost all of -the leading newspapers in Great Britain and Ireland were received. - -In the meantime various experiments had demonstrated the possibility -of casting stereotype plates on a curve. The process was brought to -perfection by the use of flexible paper matrices, upon which the -metal was cast in curved moulds to any circle desired, and these -plates were placed upon the Hoe “Type Revolving Machine” upon beds -adapted to receive them instead of the type forms. The newspaper -publishers were thus enabled to duplicate the forms, and run several -machines at the same time with a view of turning out the papers -with greater rapidity. In some large offices, such as the New York -“Herald,” London “Daily Telegraph,” and the London “Standard,” as -many as five of these machines were in constant operation. About -this time the stamp duty in England of one penny upon each sheet of -printed matter was repealed. This in itself aided materially in the -development of the newspaper press. - -[Illustration: APPLEGATH’S TYPE-REVOLVING PRESS] - -After the return of Koenig to Germany, an Englishman named -Applegath, in connection with a machinist named Cowper, made -various improvements, mostly in the way of simplifying Koenig’s -presses. After many experiments, they in 1848 constructed for the -London “Times” an elaborate machine, entirely upon the cylindrical -principle. All of the cylinders of this machine instead of being -horizontal, as in presses heretofore used, were vertical. The -type was placed upon a large upright central cylinder, but the -circumference instead of presenting a complete circle represented -as many flat surfaces as there were columns in the newspaper, the -forms thus being polygonal. Around this central or form cylinder were -placed eight smaller vertical cylinders for taking the impression, -inking rollers being introduced to ink the type as it passed -alternately from one of these impression cylinders to another. The -sheets were fed down by hand from eight flat horizontal feed-boards -through tapes; then grasped by another set of tapes and passed -sideways between the impression cylinder and the type cylinder, thus -obtaining sheets printed upon one side. The impression cylinder -delivered them, still in a vertical position, into the hands of boys, -one stationed at each cylinder to receive them. The results obtained -from this machine were in a measure satisfactory, as the number of -papers printed per hour upon one side, from one form of type, was -materially increased; not, however, in proportion to the number of -impression cylinders placed around it, as the press at its best could -produce but 8,000 impressions per hour, on one side of the sheets. -Having devised no means to lock up the type other than in flat -columns, the polygonal form was a necessity, and the irregularities -in it were made up by underlaying the blankets on the impression -cylinders to take up these inequalities. Although this press, used in -the London “Times” office, was the only one of the kind ever made, -its size and importance warrant some record and description of it. -This machine was taken out to make way for Hoe Type Revolving -Presses. - -In 1835 Sir Rowland Hill had suggested the possibilities of a machine -which should print both sides at once from a roll of paper. It is -well known that for many years cotton cloths had been printed in -this way, the cylinders being engraved and the cloth after printing -being reeled up again. The suggestion, however, was accompanied by no -practical knowledge as to the details, and, above all, no practical -provision for the rapid cutting off and delivery of the paper either -before or after it had been printed. It remained for an American, -William Bullock, of Philadelphia, to construct, in 1865, the first -printing machine to print from a continuous web or roll of paper. -His machine consisted of two pairs of cylinders, i. e., two form or -plate cylinders and two impression cylinders. The second impression -cylinder was made of large size to provide additional tympan surface, -to lessen the offset from the first printed side of the paper. The -stereotype plates were not made to fill the whole circumference of -each of the form cylinders, as the sheets were cut before printing. -One difficulty he had to contend with was the cutting off of the -sheets with sufficient accuracy and rapidity. This he accomplished by -severing them by means of knives in cylinders. The sheets were then -carried through the press by tapes and fingers, and delivery sought -to be accomplished by means of a series of automatic metal nippers -placed upon endless leather belts at such distance apart as to grasp -each sheet successively as it came from the last printing cylinders. -This machine was put up in several offices and rejected because of -its unreliability, especially in the delivery of the papers, but it -was finally so far perfected that it came into use to a considerable -extent. - -[Illustration: BULLOCK PRESS] - -Meanwhile the proprietors of the London “Times” inaugurated -experiments with the view of making a rotary perfecting press, and -finally started the first one in that office about 1868. It was -similar in construction to the “Bullock” press so far as the printing -apparatus was concerned, excepting that the cylinders were all of one -size and placed one above the other. The sheets were severed after -printing, brought up by tapes, and carried down to a sheet flier -which moved back and forth, and “flirted” the sheets alternately into -the hands of two boys seated opposite one another on either side of -the sheet flier. - -[Illustration: LONDON TIMES ROTARY MACHINE] - -Marinoni, of Paris, also devised a machine on a similar principle, -making the impression and the form cylinder of one size, and placed -them one above the other. The “Marinoni” machine had separate fly -boards for the delivery of the sheets. - -In 1871 R. Hoe & Co. also turned their attention to the construction -of a rotary perfecting press to print from a roll or continuous web -of paper. - -As before stated, the greatest difficulties to be encountered were:-- - -First. The set-off of the first side. - -Devices were used to overcome this and the ink-makers were induced -to pay special attention to the manufacture of rapid-drying or -non-setting-off inks. - -Second. The difficulties in obtaining paper in the roll of uniform -perfection and strength. The paper-makers were led to make a study of -producing large rolls of paper meeting these requirements, and became -much more experienced in its manufacture. The “Walter” press in the -“Times” office had necessitated a very strong and expensive paper, -which could not be afforded by the cheap daily press. - -Third. The difficulty of the rapid severing of the sheets after -printing. - -Fourth. A reliable and accurate delivery of the printed papers. - -These last two operations were not accomplished satisfactorily -until the appearance of the Hoe machine. In this press the sheets -were not entirely severed by the cutters, but simply perforated after -the printing. They were then drawn by accelerating tapes, which -completely separated them, onto a gathering cylinder so constructed -that six perfect papers, or any other desired number, could be -gathered one over the other. These, by means of a switch, were at -the proper moment turned off onto one sheet flier, which deposited -them on the receiving board. This gathering and delivery cylinder, -patented by Stephen D. Tucker, a member of the firm of R. Hoe & -Co., solved the problem of rapid flat delivery. The first of these -machines was placed in the office of “Lloyd’s Weekly Newspaper,” in -London, and the first one used in the United States in the “Tribune” -office in New York. There was no limit to their capacity for printing -excepting the ability of the paper to stand the strain of passing -through the press, which produced, when put to its speed, 18,000 -perfect papers an hour, delivered accurately on one feed-board. The -average speed, however, in printing offices was 12,000, although in -some offices they were run at about 14,000 per hour. - -The “Walter” press, made by the London “Times,” was used by it, and -also by the London “Daily News” and by the New York “Times.” Further -than that it made no progress and has now gone entirely out of use, -the presses of this kind in the London “Times” office having been -replaced by machines made by R. Hoe & Co. Meantime their machines -were adopted by most of the large newspapers in the United States and -Great Britain. - -These new methods, of course, entirely superseded the “Hoe Type -Revolving Machine,” which had reigned supreme in the newspaper world -for over twenty years, and of which one hundred and seventy-five had -been made, almost all of which have now disappeared. - -Up to the middle of the last century the paper had been made from -rags, but as these became unobtainable in sufficient quantity some -substitute had to be found. First straw and afterwards wood pulp -was successfully employed, and paper made from the latter is now in -universal use. Its cheapness (averaging now about three cents per -pound) materially aided the newspapers, and stimulated the printing -machine manufacturers to renewed efforts in devising presses of still -greater speed and efficiency. - -It was desirable also that the papers should be delivered folded -ready for the carrier or mail. The first apparatus to accomplish this -was similar in design to the hand-fed folding machine in common use -in printing offices. The sheets, fed separately into these machines, -were carried by tapes running upon pulleys under striking blades, -which forced them between pairs of folding rollers. After the first -fold they were again carried in a similar manner under striking -blades, placed at right angles to the first, and again struck down -between rollers to receive a second fold. This action was continued -until the desired number of folds had been secured. Folders of this -description were attached to the fast presses, but none made could -be worked at a greater speed than about 8,000 per hour, until in -1875 Stephen D. Tucker patented a rotating folding cylinder which -folded papers as fast as they came from the press, or 15,000 in the -hour. The striking blade folders were used in the “Bullock” press, in -machines made by C. Potter, Jr., & Co. and others. Andrew Campbell, -a printing press manufacturer, also constructed a rotary perfecting -press, but his devices were not original. Four or five machines were -made by him, and these soon went out of use. - -[Illustration: FIRST HOE WEB PRESS] - -The first folders made by Hoe & Co. consisted of the combination -of a “gathering cylinder” with a rotary folding cylinder and tapes -conveying the printed sheets under horizontal folding blades, -somewhat similar to those before described, which thrust them at the -proper moment between folding rollers placed at alternate angles, -finally delivering them on travelling belts by a small flier. The -first of these folding machines were put upon the presses made for -the Philadelphia “Times” and operated in the Centennial Exhibition, -in 1876. - -These folders, however, were only the commencement of a long series -of experiments undertaken by the makers in the development of still -faster printing and folding mechanisms, and from this time forward -the progress made has been phenomenal. With great ingenuity, added -to long experience, and by the acquisition and adaptation of every -device which should aid them in their efforts, Hoe & Co. succeeded in -providing machines of unrivalled designs, efficiency and speed. - -About 1876 Messrs. Anthony & Taylor of England (the former one of -the owners of a newspaper in Hereford) took out patents for devices -by which the webs of paper could be turned over after printing on -one side and the opposite or reversed side presented to the printing -cylinder. Mr. Hoe, who was in England at the time, appreciating the -possible use and development of these patents, became possessed of -them for England and the United States. - -E. L. Ford, engaged in the publication of a newspaper in New -York, patented the uniting of the product of two or more printing -mechanisms and thus producing (in restricted form) a multiple number -of pages at one time. He was unable, however, to develop his plans to -any practical result; but deserves the credit of being the first to -patent, if not to conceive, the idea of the association of printed -sheets for this purpose. - -[Illustration: DOUBLE SUPPLEMENT PRESS] - -In the various experiments of Hoe & Co. bearing upon the manipulation -of webs of paper some of their devices appeared to encroach upon -patents secured by Luther C. Crowell, inventor, of Boston, who had -made an ingenious machine for forming paper bags. These patents were -immediately secured by purchase and the experimental work proceeded -with the view of adapting some of them to the requirements of the -printing press. After many efforts, and the failure and destruction -of several machines which had been constructed at great expense, the -Hoe “Double Supplement” machine was produced, the first one being -purchased by James Gordon Bennett of the New York “Herald” and put -to work in his office. The result of these efforts has been, for a -third time, a complete revolution of the methods of fast newspaper -printing. The most remarkable features of this machine are: Its -extreme simplicity, considering the varied work it performs, and its -great speed, accuracy and efficiency. It turns out either four, six, -eight, ten or twelve page papers at 24,000 per hour, and sixteen -page papers at 12,000 per hour; the odd pages being in every case -accurately inserted and pasted in, and the papers cut at top and -delivered folded. This machine is constructed in two parts, the -cylinders in one portion being twice the length of those in the -other; the short cylinders being used for the supplements of the -paper when it is desired to print more than eight pages. The plates -being secured on the cylinders, the paper enters from the two rolls -into the two portions of the machine, through each of which it is -carried between the two pairs of type and impression cylinders, and -printed on both sides, after which the two broad ribbons or “webs” -pass over turning bars and other devices, by which they are laid -evenly one over the other, and pasted together. The webs of paper -then pass down upon a triangular “former,” which folds them along -the center margin. They are then taken over a cylinder, from which -they receive the final fold, a revolving blade within this cylinder -projecting and thrusting the paper between folding rollers, while at -the same moment a knife in the same cylinder severs the sheet, and -a rapidly revolving mechanism, resembling in its motion the fingers -of a hand, causes their accurate disposal upon traveling belts, -which convey them on for final removal. From this rather summary -description it will be apparent that the principle of retaining the -paper in the web, or unsevered form, up to the final fold and -delivery, and performing all the operations without retarding the -onward run of the paper, effectually prevents chokes or stoppages -through any miscarriage of sheets severed before the folding. Several -hundred of these machines have been made and put in operation by -the United States; and in offices of the large newspapers in Great -Britain and other countries. - -Previous to the introduction of the “Double Supplement” press, -however, Hoe & Co. had made what is known as the “Double Perfecting” -machine. The success of this press, which embraces substantially the -printing and folding devices embodied in the “Double Supplement” -machine, was the connecting link between the ordinary “single” or -two-page-wide press and the “Double Supplement” machine. - -[Illustration: QUADRUPLE PRESS] - -The next improvement in fast presses was the construction of the -machine known as the “Quadruple” Newspaper Press. This was a -step in advance of anything heretofore attempted. The first one -was constructed in 1887 and placed in the office of the New York -“World.” The same principles were embraced in this as in the “Double -Supplement,” but developed to a greater extent. The supplement -portion of the press was increased in width. By means of ingenious -arrangements and manipulation of the webs of paper this press was -made to produce eight-page papers at a running speed of 48,000 per -hour; also 24,000 per hour of either ten, twelve, fourteen or sixteen -page papers; all delivered with great exactness and perfection; cut -at the top, pasted and folded ready for the carrier or the mails. - -[Illustration: STRAIGHT-LINE PRESS] - -Another form of the Double Supplement and Quadruple machines, -embodying substantially the same principles, is what has been termed -the “straight-line” press. In this form of construction the cylinders -are arranged in horizontal rows, or tiers, one above the other, there -being two pairs of cylinders in each tier, with the folding and -delivery apparatus at the end of the machine. Some of these presses, -made under the patent of Joseph L. Firm, and which belong to R. Hoe & -Co., have been constructed. - -[Illustration: SEXTUPLE PRESS] - -It was thought that the limit of printing capacity in one machine -had been reached in this new invention, but in 1889 the same firm -undertook the task of constructing a machine for Mr. Bennett of the -“New York Herald,” which would even eclipse the “Quadruple” machine, -which had, together with the “Double Supplement” press, superseded -almost all others in the large offices of the United States, as well -as in Great Britain and Australia. The press made for the “New York -Herald” and known as the “Sextuple” machine, occupied about eighteen -months in construction. It is composed of about sixteen thousand -pieces. The general arrangement differs entirely from that of the -“Quadruple” machine. The form and impression cylinders are all placed -parallel, instead of any being at right angles as in the “Quadruple” -and “Double Supplement” Presses. To give an idea of this machine, we -cannot do better than to quote the description of it in the “New York -Herald” of May 10th, 1891. - - “The new Hoe press which is being set up in the ‘Herald,’ Building - is nothing less than a miracle of mechanism. To say that it is the - only one of the kind ever built and that it throws all previous - inventions into the background are facts which the following - figures abundantly prove. - - “Its consumption of white paper is so astounding that even the - imagination grows tired and sits down to catch its breath. It is - fed from three rolls, each being more than five feet wide. When - it settles down to show its best work it will use up in one hour - nearly twenty-six miles of this paper, or to make the matter more - significant, it will use up about fifty-two miles of paper the - ordinary width of the ‘Herald’ every sixty minutes. - - “Our readers will be startled to learn that it can print and - fold ninety thousand four-page ‘Heralds’ in an hour. This is, - to the mind, which is not versed in the problem of rapid printing, - a feat which makes Aladdin’s lamp an old woman’s fable. Ninety - thousand per hour means fifteen hundred copies per minute, or - twenty-five copies for every second of time ticked by the clock in - Trinity’s steeple. - - “It is, of course, the last and best result of modern - invention--the highest attainment of genius at the present time. - - “This new press will print, cut, paste, fold, count and deliver - 72,000 eight-page ‘Heralds’ in one hour, which is equivalent to - 1,200 a minute and 20 a second. - - “It will print, cut, paste, fold, count and deliver complete 48,000 - ten or twelve-page ‘Heralds’ in one hour, which is equivalent to - 800 a minute and a fraction over 13 a second. - - “It will print, cut, paste, fold, count and deliver complete 36,000 - sixteen-page ‘Heralds’ an hour, which is at the rate of 600 a - minute or 10 a second. - - “It will print, cut, paste, fold, count and deliver complete 24,000 - fourteen, twenty or twenty-four page ‘Heralds’ an hour, which is at - the rate of 400 a minute, or very nearly seven a second. - - “This is lightning work with a vengeance and yet it is possible - that there may be some who read this who will live to call it slow. - That will probably be when they have found out all about how to put - a harness on electricity. No one can predict when inventive genius - will reach its limit in the printing press. But for the present - this new press marks high water mark. - - “Before this press was built the fastest presses in the world were - Hoe’s ‘Quadruple’ Presses, of which the ‘Herald’ has two. These - presses turn out 48,000 four, six or eight-page papers an hour, - 24,000 ten, twelve, fourteen or sixteen-page papers an hour, and - 12,000 twenty or twenty-four-page papers an hour, all cut, pasted - and folded. - - “This new press has a well-nigh insatiable appetite for white - paper. To satisfy it, it is fed from three rolls at the same time, - one roll being attached at either end of the press and the third - suspended near the center. It is the only press that has ever been - able to accomplish that feat. Each roll is sixty-three inches wide, - or twice the width of the ‘Herald.’ When doing its best this press - will consume 25⅞ miles of sixty-three-inch-wide paper--equivalent - to 51¾ miles of paper the width of the ‘Herald’--in one hour, and - eject it at the two deliveries in the shape of ‘Heralds,’ each copy - containing an epitome of the news of the world for the preceding - twenty-four hours, and each copy cut, pasted and folded ready for - delivery to the ‘Herald’ readers. It is a sight worth seeing to see - it done. Certainly we know of nothing else which affords such a - striking example of the triumph of mechanical genius. - - “A man turns a lever, shafts and cylinders begin to revolve, the - whirring noise settles into a steady roar, you see three streams - of white paper pouring into the machine from the three huge rolls, - and you pass around to the other side--it is literally snowing - newspapers at each of the two delivery outlets. So fast does one - paper follow the other that you catch only a momentary glitter from - the deft steel fingers that seize the papers and cast them out. - - “The machine weighs about fifty-eight tons. It is massive and - strong, with the strength of a thousand giants. And yet though its - arms are of steel and its motions are all as rapid as lightning, - its touch is as tender as that of a woman when she carries her - babe. How else does the machine avoid tearing the paper? It tears - very readily, as you often ascertain accidentally when turning over - the leaves. Truly wonderful it is, and mysterious to anybody but an - expert, how this huge machine can make newspapers at the rate of - twenty-five a second without rending the paper all to shreds. - - “It has six plate cylinders, each cylinder carrying eight - stereotype plates, which represent eight pages of the ‘Herald,’ - and six impression cylinders. These cylinders, when the press is - working at full speed make 200 revolutions a minute. The period - of contact between the paper and the plate cylinders is therefore - inconceivably brief, and how in that fractional space of time a - perfect impression is made, even to the reproduction of such fine - lines as are shown in these illustrations, is one of those things - which, to the man who is not ‘up’ in mechanics, must forever remain - a mystery. But that it does it you know, because you have the - evidence of your own eyes. - - “A double folder forms part of this machine. A single folder would - not be equal to the task imposed upon it. As it is, this double - folder has to exercise such celerity to keep up with the streams - of printed paper that descend upon it that its operations are too - quick for the eye to follow. - - “The press has two delivery outlets. At each the papers are - automatically counted in piles of fifty. No matter how rapidly - the papers come out, there is never a mistake in the count. It is - as sure as fate. By an ingenious contrivance--if I should attempt - to describe it more definitely most people would be none the - wiser--each fiftieth paper is shoved out an inch beyond the others - that have been dropped onto the receiving tapes, thus serving as a - sort of tally mark. - - “Truly it is a marvelous machine--this Sextuple press. Nowhere - will you find a more perfect adaption of means to ends; nowhere in - any branch of industry a piece of mechanism which offers a finer - example of what human skill and ingenuity is capable of. And it - is free from that reproach which is sometimes brought against the - greatest triumph of inventive genius in other departments of human - activity--that they make mere automatons out of human beings. - - “The printing press is synonymous with progress, with the - diffusion of knowledge and the spread of ideas. Without the great - improvements that have been made in it within the memory of many - men now living the modern newspaper, the best friend of liberty, - and the greatest foe of tyranny, would be an impossibility. It - has more than kept pace with the advancement in other departments - of industry. In 1829 the Washington Hand Press was introduced and - regarded as quite a mechanical triumph. At its best it printed 250 - impressions an hour on one side, or 125 complete newspapers of - insignificant dimensions. Now, a little over sixty years later, a - machine is brought out which, when the number of papers alone is - compared, does 150 times as much work in the same time, and which, - if the comparison is extended to the actual amount of printing - done, does over 2,000 times as much work.” - -[Illustration: APPLETON ROTARY BOOK PRESS] - -About 1871 a machine called the “Prestonian” was made by Foster, a -machinist of Preston, England, and two or three were set to work, but -did not enjoy any great degree of favor. They embodied a combination -of the “Hoe Type Revolving Machine” with the “endless sheet -perfecting press.” The form of type for one side of the paper was -placed upon one cylinder, with impression cylinders around it, in the -manner of the Hoe press, and the form for the other side on another -cylinder, and the paper passed from one set of impression cylinders -to the other. The principal objection to this machine was its lack of -speed. The same principle, however, had been developed years before -in the “type revolving perfecting” presses (made by Hoe & Co.) which -have two sets of type forms on separate large cylinders, the sheets -being fed in by hand and conveyed from one impression cylinder to -the other and against the forms by means of fingers or grippers. -The sheets were then delivered on a sheet flier. These presses were -especially designed for printing books, of which large numbers were -required, such as text books and spelling books. The contents of -a whole book could be placed on these cylinders and printed and -delivered at one impression. One of these machines constructed -in 1852 (fifty years ago) is still in operation at Messrs. D. -Appleton & Co.’s printing office in Brooklyn, as active and efficient -as ever. - -[Illustration: ROTARY TYPE-REVOLVING WEB PERFECTING PRESS] - -In 1881 Hoe & Co. turned their attention to the making of a machine -which should print FROM ONE FORM OF TYPE at a greater speed than had -ever yet been attained. The result was the “Rotary Type Endless-sheet -Perfecting Press.” The principle of this machine was in a measure -that of their “Type-Revolving” press. The forms of type for both -sides of the paper were placed on a central cylinder, which was -surrounded by impression cylinders and inking rollers. - -There, were, however, no feeders and no grippers. The roll of paper -was placed at the end of the press, passed around the impression -cylinders arranged at one side of the form cylinder, and then turned -upside down at the lower part of the machine, thence being carried -upwards. The opposite or unprinted side was presented in turn between -each impression cylinder and the forms. If four impression cylinders -were placed around the central cylinder then at each revolution of -the latter four perfect papers were printed. If eight impression -cylinders were placed around the central cylinder then eight perfect -papers were printed at one revolution of the main or form cylinder. -The speed attained by this machine with four impression cylinders -was about 12,000 per hour, and from machines with eight impression -cylinders 24,000 copies per hour were printed. This press was -especially adapted for afternoon papers when the time or expense -necessarily involved in stereotyping could not be afforded. The -majority of the machines made were provided with four impression -cylinders only. In the machines with eight impression cylinders two -rolls were used, one at either end of the machine, the paper from -each roll passing under the two first impression cylinders on either -side, each web then being turned over, and paper passed between the -two remaining cylinders on either side to print the opposite sides of -the sheets. - -In this machine a folding apparatus was placed at each end to receive -the product of the rolls, but in the machine with four impression -cylinders only one folder was placed, at the end of the machine -opposite that at which the paper entered. - -The experience gained in the construction of these fast newspaper -machines, and the accumulation of patented devices entering into -them, which were numbered by the score, had their influence in the -improvements which were made upon presses for the printing of weekly -newspapers, periodicals and magazines. - -[Illustration: THREE PAGE WIDE PRESS] - -In 1888 was introduced a patented Hoe machine called the -“Three-page-wide Press.” It has a capacity of printing, perfecting -and delivering two-page papers, with one fold, at the rate of 60,000 -per hour; four-page papers, with two folds, at 24,000 per hour, -six-page papers at 24,000 per hour; eight-page papers, folded twice, -or to carrier size, at 12,000 per hour, and twelve-page papers, -folded in the same manner as the eight-page, at the same speed, viz., -12,000 per hour; all the supplement sheets being inset and pasted if -desired. - -The prominent features of this machine are: - -The outside pages may receive the first or the last impression at -will, thus enabling large cuts and other similar work to be printed -without offset. - -Grippers and horizontal folding knives and all tapes but short -leaders are done away with in the delivery and folding mechanisms, -the movements being all rotary. - -The press occupies but a small space on the floor, being 6 feet 1 -inch high, 8 feet wide and 15 feet 5 inches long over all. - -[Illustration: NEWSPAPER AND PAMPHLET PRESS] - -In 1889 Hoe & Co. constructed a patented perfecting machine in which -the plates, or forms, for both sides are placed upon one cylinder, -one side of the form of matter being placed upon one end, or half -of the cylinder, and the other side upon the opposite portion of -the cylinder. One impression cylinder only is used, and the inking -apparatus is greatly extended. This machine is remarkable for the -great variety of work it will do. At a high rate of speed, sheets of -eight, sixteen, twenty-four and so on up to ninety-six or one hundred -and twenty-eight pages may be printed and delivered folded in either -12mo, 8vo, 4to or folio sizes, ready for the binder. The press does -the work of ten flat-bed cylinder presses and ten hand-feed folding -machines. The paper is supplied to the machine from the roll, and -after printing passes over the “former” into the folding machine, -where the folding and cutting cylinders produce the required number -of pages in the form desired. Curved electrotypes are now made -successfully and this press was the first to bring the printing of -the average book and catalogue within the range of web press work. -While in general principles this machine is similar to the large -newspaper perfecting presses, though very much smaller in bulk, it -has increased facilities for distribution, and finer adjustments -throughout. The plates admit of underlays and overlays the same as -on a flat-bed press. There are no tapes, the folding being done on -rollers and small cylinders without smutting the printing. In the -folding apparatus there are knives which cut the sheet into the -right size for folding, after which they are automatically delivered -counted in lots of fifty each. The speed on a thirty-two page form -is about 16,000 copies per hour. This style of machine is probably -destined to revolutionize book and pamphlet printing, as it combines -the finest construction and facility of operation with the greatest -speed. - -In 1886 a further advance was made toward perfection in the rotary -system of printing as adapted to doing fine work, in the construction -for Theodore L. De Vinne, the printer of the “Century” Magazine, -by Hoe & Co., of a perfecting press to do the plain forms of that -periodical. The machine was described in the magazine, in an article -written by Mr. De Vinne, here quoted from: - -(Extract from article published in the “Century” Magazine, November, -1890.) - - “At the end of a long row of machinery stands the web press--a - massive and complicated construction, especially built by Hoe & Co. - for printing, cutting and folding the plain and advertising pages - of the ‘Century.’ Web presses for newspapers are common enough, - but this press has distinction as the first, and for three years - the only, web press used in this country, for good book work. At - one end of the machine is a great roll of paper more than two - miles long when unwound, and weighing about 750 pounds. As the - paper unwinds it passes first over a jet of steam which slightly - dampens and softens its hard surface and fits it for receiving - impressions, without leaving it wet or sodden. It passes under a - plate cylinder, on which are thirty-two curved plates, inked by - seven large rollers, which print thirty-two pages on one side. - Then it passes around a reversing cylinder which presents the - other side of the paper to another plate cylinder, on which are - thirty-two plates which print exactly on the back the proper pages - for the thirty-two previously printed. This is done quickly--in - less than two seconds--but with exactness. But the web of paper is - still uncut. To do this it is drawn upward under a small cylinder - containing a concealed knife, which cuts the printed web in strips - two leaves wide and four leaves long. As soon as cut the sheets - are thrown forward on endless belts of tape. An ingenious but - undetectable mechanism gives to every alternate sheet a quicker - movement, so that it falls exactly over its predecessor, making - two lapped strips of paper. Busy little adjusters now come in - play, placing these lapped sheets of paper accurately up to a - head and a side guide. Without an instant of delay down comes - a strong creasing blade over the long center of the sheet, and - pushes it out of sight. Pulleys at once seize the creased sheet - and press it flat, in which shape it is hurried forward to meet - three circular knives on one shaft, which cut it across in four - equal pieces. Disappearing for an instant from view, it comes out - on the other side of the upper end of the tail of the press in - the form of four folded sections of eight pages each. Immediately - after, at the lower end of the tail of the press, out come four - entirely different sections of eight pages each. This duplicate - delivery shows the product of the press to be at every revolution - of the cylinder sixty-four pages, neatly printed, truly cut, and - accurately registered and folded, ready for the binder. Two boys - are kept fully employed in seizing the folded sections and putting - them in box trucks, by which they are rolled out to the elevator, - and on these sent to the bindery. This web press is not so fast as - the web press of daily newspapers, but it performs more operations - and does more accurate work. It is not a large machine, nor is - it noisy, nor does it seem to be moving fast, but the paper goes - through the cylinders at the rate of nearly two hundred feet a - minute. It does ten times as much work as the noisier and more - bustling presses by its side.” - -[Illustration: ROTARY ART PRESS] - -The success of this perfecting press induced the makers to devise -a machine on the rotary principle adapted for the finest kind of -illustrations--in short, to make a press which should do work as fine -as it was possible to do on the hand press or the stop cylinder. -The result was the setting up, in 1890, at the De Vinne Press, of a -machine known as the “Rotary Art” press. This machine is described in -the “Century” of November, 1890, as follows:--“Sixty-four plates of -the ‘Century’ truly bent to the proper curve, are firmly fastened on -one cylinder sixty inches long, and about thirty inches in diameter; -sixteen inking rollers, supplied with ink from two fountains, -successfully ink these sixty-four plates with a delicacy and yet -with a fullness of color never before attained. The shafts of the -impression cylinder and the plate cylinders, 4½ inches in diameter, -do not give or spring under the strongest impression. Although rigid -in every part, in the hands of an expert pressman it can be made -responsive to the slightest overlay. This machine is fed by four -feeders from single sheets in the usual manner, and does the work of -four stop cylinders in superior style. The gain in performance is -not as great as the gain in quality of presswork, but quality was -considered more than speed. The performance of the machine could have -been more than doubled by adding to it other cylinders which would -print on both sides of the paper; but careful experiment has proved -that the _finest_ woodcuts cannot be properly printed with this -rapidity. To get the best results the ink on one side of the paper -must be dry before it is printed on the other side.” - -[Illustration: “TIT BITS” PRESS] - -Among the most interesting modern printing machines are those -constructed by Hoe & Co. at their London works, after drawings and -patterns sent from New York, for weekly English journals, such as -“Tit-Bits,” “Sunday Stories,” and similar periodicals. These machines -embody to a certain extent the principles of the “Double Supplement” -press before referred to. Double sets of plates are placed upon -the main machine, which is capable of taking on an aggregate of -twenty-four pages; and by using narrower rolls the number of pages -of the body of the journal may be reduced to sixteen or twenty, so -that the publisher may have the option of printing his paper either -sixteen, twenty or twenty-four pages. In addition to this it prints -a cover on a different colored paper, and all at the rate of 24,000 -copies per hour; the whole product, including the cover, being cut on -the edges and pasted together at the back. The supplement or cover of -the press portion, however, instead of having two pairs of cylinders, -as in the “Double Supplement” machine, consists of one form cylinder -and one impression cylinder. This portion of the machine prints the -cover, which is fed from a narrower roll, and, as before stated, of -an entirely different color or quality of paper from the body of the -journal. The form for one side of the cover is placed on one end of -the form cylinder, and that for the other side on the other end -of the cylinder. This ingenious combination results in the printing -of one cover to every copy of the journal issued and no more. - -The demand for printed matter seems to increase with the ability to -furnish it, and much attention is now being directed to the subject -of color printing on the rotary system. From present appearances, -and from the enterprise displayed by the publisher, the artist and -the press maker, it would seem as though the day is not far distant -when this subject alone would furnish matter for a new chapter in the -history of the printing press. - -It is very difficult to give in a short article even a summary of -the various kinds of machines to print newspapers of various sizes, -in black as well as in colors, weekly periodicals, magazines, books, -pamphlets, in short every class of printing, in connection with -folding, which have been evolved and perfected up to the present -time. The work still goes on, one step in advance leading to another, -until now a printer can obtain a great variety of machines to print -from the roll or fed from separate sheets, and which, especially in -the production of large numbers, economize both time and labor. Nor -is this constant advance in mechanical construction confined to the -machines themselves or the manipulation of the paper. It extends to -the manufacture of the paper and the inks, although the manufacturers -of the latter have not advanced in the same proportion as the -paper-maker, who every year produces finer paper in the roll and in -greater quantities than ever before. - -[Illustration: OCTUPLE PRESS] - -The latest and most elaborate newspaper machine is the Octuple -Perfecting Press with Folders, which prints from four rolls, each -four pages wide, and gives (from the four deliveries) a running speed -per hour of: 96,000 4, 6 or 8-page papers; 72,000 10-page papers; -60,000 12-page papers; 48,000 14 or 16-page papers; 42,000 18-page -papers; 36,000 20-page papers; 24,000 24-page papers. - -This machine has been further developed into the Improved Combination -Octuple (or Double Quadruple) and Color Machine, lately patented by -R. Hoe & Co., which, in addition to giving the above mentioned output -when printing in black only, will also produce papers in colors at -the rate per hour of: 96,000 4-pages; 48,000 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 or 16 -pages; 24,000 18, 20, 24 or 28 pages. - -[Illustration: DOUBLE SEXTUPLE PRESS BUILT FOR THE NEW YORK JOURNAL] - -R. Hoe & Co. have now in process of construction four mammoth -printing machines, which will give a greater product and a greater -variety of products than any machines that have hitherto been -devised. They are Double Sextuple Presses and so called, but in -reality are much more than this, inasmuch as they combine the ability -to do printing in colors as well as in black. This machine is -composed, so to speak, of two separate, complete printing mechanisms, -each fed from three four-page-wide rolls of paper; the apparatus for -the gathering and folding of these webs of paper after printing being -in the centre between the two sections of the machine. The “formers” -and folders (placed back to back) enable a manipulation or gathering -of the webs which could not be readily obtained in any other way. -All these devices and methods have been patented by Hoe & Co. The -following is a summary description of these new machines and what -they will accomplish. The two sections may be used separately if -desired, as independent machines. - -Each of the two portions of the machine is composed of six pairs of -cylinders, arranged, with their axles parallel, in three tiers of two -pairs each and printing on both sides (or perfecting) three webs of -paper from separate rolls, each four pages wide. One of the sections -is also arranged so that all six sets of cylinders will print upon a -single web in colors and black, this web being associated with the -three webs from the other portion to form a colored cover for the -products, when required. - -The rolls of paper are placed at the end of the machine--three at -each end--and the two folders for each portion are placed back to -back midway in the length of the machine. The runs of all the webs -are therefore approximately the same and as short as it is possible -to have them--a matter of much importance in the running of multiple -webs. - -Altogether there are twelve plate cylinders in the machine, each -carrying eight plates the size of a newspaper page. Either stereotype -or electrotype plates may be used. To receive the latter, which are -much thinner than stereotype plates, special base or jacket plates -are secured to the cylinders. The ink is applied to the plates by -four form rollers, after having been thoroughly distributed by -vibrating rollers and cylinders. - -The full capacity of the machine, when printing all black, on six -rolls, is 96,000 twelve-page papers per hour, and other numbers -of pages at proportionate speeds, namely, four, six, eight and -ten-page papers, at the same speed as twelve-page; fourteen and -sixteen-page papers at 72,000 per hour; eighteen, twenty, twenty-two -and twenty-four page papers at 48,000 per hour. The three webs from -each portion of the machine are led to the top of the folders, where -they are divided along their centre line into webs two pages wide, -and then run down each of the four “formers,” by which they are -folded along their centre. They are then led through cylinders which -cut them into page lengths and give them a fold across the page to -half-page size. In this way twenty-four page papers may be obtained -at the rate of 48,000 copies per hour, by collecting two twelve-page -sections on the cylinder just before the half-page fold is made. -Another method of running twenty-four page papers is to associate the -six webs, from both portions of the machine, and run them over one -pair of “formers,” thus folding all six webs together, or insetting -them, in the first fold. - -Lesser number of pages may be obtained by making various -combinations, the number of which is almost limitless. Angle bars -are placed in the machine for transferring half-width webs of -paper from one side of the press to the other, facilitating these -combinations. - -The maximum product of the machine when running as a color press -is 48,000 sixteen-page papers per hour, with the two outside pages -printed in four colors and black; the other pages in black only. If, -however, it is not desired to have so many colors on the outside -pages, it is possible to obtain twenty-page papers, at the rate of -48,000 per hour, with the two outside pages in two colors and black; -all the other pages in black only. Papers with any number of pages -from four to sixteen, with four colors and black on the outside -pages, the other pages in black only, can be obtained at a speed of -48,000 per hour. By running the full product of the color section of -the machine into one folder and associating therewith webs of paper -from the other section of the machine, papers with any number of -pages from eight to twenty-four, with the two outside pages and two -of the inside pages printed in four colors and black, the other pages -in black only, can be produced at a speed of 24,000 per hour. - -The dimensions of this machine are as follows: Length, 35 feet; -height, 17 feet; width, 9 feet; the weight, about 225,000 pounds; and -the number of parts of which it is composed, approximately 50,000. - -The last three or four years have also witnessed an immense advance -in the art of color printing. The magazine without an elaborate color -cover, or perhaps colored illustrations, is now an exception, whereas -it was the reverse not long ago. After satisfactory experiments it -was ascertained by the writer that, with the inks properly prepared, -and suitable plates to print from, colors could be printed almost -simultaneously upon the paper, without mingling; in short that the -supposed necessity, in much of the work done, of drying the sheets -after the impression of each color on the paper, was not necessary -for the production of a good quality of printing. Further experiments -also proved the mechanical possibility of obtaining most accurate -register in printing from a roll and that the number of impressions, -or colors, could be increased to advantage. These various experiments -resulted in the construction by Hoe & Co. of color presses which were -almost simultaneously installed by the proprietors of the New York -“Herald” and the New York “World,” who commenced the publication -of colored supplements, upon a system which has been adopted by -the papers in most of the large cities, and which they have never -discontinued. The practicability of printing in colors has been so -fully demonstrated that color attachments are being added to very -many of the large newspaper presses throughout the country. - -The most extensive of the color presses, and the largest printing -machine ever constructed, is the color press made by Hoe & Co. -for the New York “Journal” and now used in printing portions of -the Sunday editions of that paper, although others of approximate -proportions and capacity have been made for the New York “World,” -the New York “Herald,” the Chicago “Tribune,” the Boston “Post” and -other newspapers. This machine gives as many as eleven separate -impressions, or colors, on a single copy of the paper; that is, it -will print in six colors on one side of the sheet and five on the -other, or it may be arranged to print three colors on one side and -six on the other, giving a speed of about 16,000 eight-page papers -an hour, or at every revolution of the cylinders the equivalent of -two perfect eight-page papers printed in colors. Four, six, eight, -ten, twelve, fourteen, sixteen, twenty, twenty-four, twenty-eight or -thirty-two-page papers may be printed on this machine, as required, -from one, two or three double-width (or four-page-wide) rolls of -paper. It will also produce magazine forms (with pages half the -size of those of the regular issue of the paper) at from 16,000 to -24,000 an hour, either 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 40 or 48 pages, delivered -folded, cut, and automatically wire-stitched, with all the pages -printed in colors or half-tones. - -Such a development of the art of printing, especially in colors, -in which accurate register is not only necessary, but must be -maintained, would have seemed incredible a few years ago, but this -is now a daily occurrence and many newspaper offices produce colored -supplements in the same manner and with the same results, having -additions placed upon their quadruple, sextuple and other presses for -the purpose. - -[Illustration: “COLLIER’S WEEKLY” PRESS] - -Nor has this development of colors been confined entirely to the -demands of the newspaper world. It is gradually finding its way -into the weekly periodical and the monthly magazines. It had been -considered impossible to print half-tone illustrations on both -sides of the sheet at one operation and deliver them flat, without -smutting. Not only has this difficulty been overcome, but in the -latest presses, such as used by Collier’s Weekly, the finest -half-tone work is done on a perfecting press printing on a roll of -paper. The periodical is printed in multiple pages, as required, and -delivered from the machine folded, cut apart and pasted, ready for -the binder. It is not desirable, of course, when using fine inks, to -make immediate delivery from the press; therefore the papers, after -having been perfected, folded and pasted, are left to stand for -some hours before they are distributed to the readers. Satisfactory -methods of doing this have also been devised. The capacity for -printing fine half-tone illustrations on a rotary press having thus -been demonstrated the next step is evidently the production of -colored half-tones, and the time is undoubtedly near at hand when -the monthly magazine as well as the weekly periodical will appear, -instead of in black half-tones, now so popular, with these same -illustrations printed in the most delicate manner in colors and all -delivered in perfection from rotary presses, folded in entirety, or -in signatures, ready for the binder. - -It must now be evident to every experienced observer that the time -has arrived when printing upon the rotary system will in a large -measure supersede that now done upon flat-bed cylinder presses, -although the latter will always be retained for some kinds of work. -Satisfactory methods will be devised for attaching upon the cylinders -electrotype or stereotype plates of varying sizes. In addition to -this, new and improved methods are constantly being brought forward -for the transferring of type forms, photographs and illustrations -of every description, upon prepared sheets of metal, which receive -the ink and give impressions either from a raised surface, as in the -ordinary letter-press printing, or in the manner of lithographic -printing. These and other new methods of making plates will -undoubtedly lead in the future to great economy, as well as to -important improvements in the process of printing. - - ROBERT HOE. - - - - -[Illustration: (Colophon)] - - - - -[Illustration: (FROM MEDAL BY SCHARFF)] - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - The List of Illustrations at the beginning of the book was created - by the transcriber. - - Placement of Illustrations have been slightly adjusted to better - coordinate with the text. - - Inconsistencies in hyphenation and spelling such as “flat-bed/flat - bed” and “letter-press/letterpress” have been maintained. - - Page 31: Added double quote to “Double”. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A short history of the printing press -and of the improvements in printing m, by Robert Hoe - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SHORT HISTORY OF THE PRINTING PRESS *** - -***** This file should be named 63545-0.txt or 63545-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/3/5/4/63545/ - -Produced by Turgut Dincer, Susan Carr and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive -specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this -eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook -for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, -performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given -away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks -not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the -trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country outside the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you - are located before using this ebook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The -Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org - - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the -mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its -volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous -locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt -Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to -date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and -official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - |