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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..20eac08 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #63511 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/63511) diff --git a/old/63511-8.txt b/old/63511-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 54c172c..0000000 --- a/old/63511-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2072 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Negro Laborer, by William H. Councill - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: The Negro Laborer - A Word to Him - -Author: William H. Councill - -Release Date: October 20, 2020 [EBook #63511] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE NEGRO LABORER *** - - - - -Produced by hekula03, Martin Pettit and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -+-------------------------------------------------+ -|Transcriber's note: | -| | -|Obvious typographic errors have been corrected. | -| | -+-------------------------------------------------+ - - - - -PRICE 25 CENTS. - -[Illustration: Decoration] - -The Negro Laborer: - -A WORD TO HIM - ---BY-- - -WILLIAM H. COUNCILL. - -[Illustration: Decoration] - - - - -PREFACE. - - -Many friends have invited me to deliver addresses at various points -upon the LABOUR QUESTION. Being unable to attend all the appointments, -I have concluded to reach them through the following pages. The LABOUR -QUESTION is one of vast importance to all good citizens, and continues -to increase in magnitude with the growth of population. - -I claim no superior foresight or wisdom, and ask only a careful reading -and that appreciation which the following remarks merit. - -W. H. COUNCILL. - -HUNTSVILLE, ALA., -December, 1887. - - -R F Dickson, Job Printer. Huntsville, Ala - - - - -I. THE LABORER. - - 1. In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread.--GEN. III-19. - - 2. Be fruitful and multiply, and replenish the earth and subdue - it.--GEN I-28. - - 3. Go to, let us go down, and there confound their language, that - they may not understand one another's speech.--GEN. XI-7. - - -Nothing in the Holy Scriptures is more prominently set forth and -persistently impressed than the duty of man to labor. In the quotations -above made, it is clearly seen, - -1. That labor is ordained by God, and therefore dignified. There is -nothing dishonorable about labor. The man who is ashamed to put his -hand to any kind of work which will bring a support to his family, has -the wrong idea of labor, and will soon or late come to poverty or the -prison. None are exempt. All are commanded to work, and the idler is an -enemy to the state, a burden upon society, and a dishonor to his God. - -2. That the labor of man is to be methodical--with an object in view, -viz: building up the earth for pleasant abode of man, increasing both -animal and vegetable life, and reducing wild nature--animal, aerial, -mineral and plant life--to useful and comfortable forms for the -children of men. This is a grand work! He is to be a constant builder! -No where is he told to be destructive and cruel. But he must be -fruitful, and multiply, replenish and subdue the things on and in the -earth. The great God never gives a command _to do_ without conferring -the ability to do. The command is to every man, from the lowest to the -highest--not to lawyers, doctors, philosophers and great men only, but -to all men, and God has given every man the power of performing his -part in this great work of multiplying, replenishing, subduing and -making the earth more fruitful. And that great, wise and good God will -hold each of you as much responsible for the exercise of your physical -powers, your working powers, as for the exercise of your intellectual -and moral capacities in the replenishing and subduing the earth. How -many will make up your minds that you will go forth in the strength of -heaven and endeavor to do your full duty in the great and grand work -which God has given to man? - -3. That misdirected energy and inordinate ambition are displeasing to -God, and will surely be punished by Him in His own time and way. The -people who set about building the tower of Babel had been told by God -to be fruitful, multiply, replenish and subdue the earth, and He gave -them the power to do it. But they misapplied that power, and let their -unholy ambition lead them in the wrong way. Hence God came down from -heaven and scattered them abroad, thus setting his everlasting law -against such folly: for bad ambition and power misspent are the same -thing as destroying property, and God abominates such. Then it is our -duty to see that our abilities are not only employed, but usefully -employed, not only to our advantage, but not to the detriment or hurt -of any other person. It is cruel and wicked to seek riches, or fame, or -honor by destroying the property or the reputation of another person. - -Having advanced these preliminary ideas, I shall now proceed to say -some things further in regard to the Labor Question. - - - - -II. What is Labor. - - -Let us define Labor, that we may have a clear conception of the import -of the word, which is so often used and so little understood. It means - -1. Muscular effort directed to some useful end, as agriculture, -manufactures, mining, &c., &c. - -2. Intellectual exertion, mental effort, aimed to develop and elevate -the human race in mind, morals and religion. - -You will observe that there are two general classes of laborers, viz: -Manual laborers, or those who eat bread in the sweat of their faces, -from hand toil, as the merchant, clerk, carpenter, farmer, cook, -washerwoman, chambermaid, etc.; and the professional laborers, or those -who eat bread in the sweat of their faces mostly by the exertion of the -brain, as the school teacher, minister, physician, lawyer. - -These two classes will serve for our present purpose. Of the good -citizens in this country, all must belong to one or both of these -classes of laborers, or be put down among the idlers who are condemned -by God and man as worthless beings. I will remark here that it is a -part of the duty of every good citizen to persuade his neighbor to -engage in some useful employment, or see that he is punished as our -vagrant laws provide. - - - - -III. The Proportion of the Two Classes. - - -The United States census of 1880 gives 265 occupations, engaged in by -17,392,099 persons 10 years of age and upward. Of the 265 occupations -there are only six which I consider purely professional, to-wit: - - - Lawyers 64,137 - Clergymen 64,698 - Journalists 12,308 - Physicians and Surgeons 85,671 - Authors, Lecturers and Literary Persons 1,131 - Teachers and scientific men 227,710 - -------- - 455,655 - - -This is about 2½ per cent. of the persons employed in the various -occupations; or to put it more plainly, about 5 in every 200. The per -cent. of persons of the colored race who are engaged in the professions -is five times smaller. It is about ½ of one per cent. or one person -in every 200. It will be seen from these figures that at least 97½ -per cent. of all races are engaged in personal service and manual -labor. The old expression "There is Room at the Top" has misled many -a youth, and consequently many a man has found his way to the poor -house or the felon's cell. Public speakers and lecturers have done -much to give a wrong impression of the meaning of this famous sentence -uttered by Mr. Webster. They hold certain positions, or occupations, -as being at the top. Such an erroneous idea never entered the head of -that great statesman. He simply meant that whatever you engaged in -strive to reach perfection in that. The blacksmith may climb to the top -in his occupation, the washerwoman may reach the top of her art, for -washing is an art as much so as music or mathematics, and so with the -carpenter, the mason, the hod carrier and the common laborer. Each may -obtain such a degree of skill as will render his services indispensable -to his employer. Did you ever think that there is art in the use of -the pick, and that it may be cultivated with high satisfaction to the -employer and employe? - -This leads me to remark upon - - - - -IV. The Morals of Labor. - - -You often hear lawyers and doctors speak about the ethics of their -professions. This means nothing more than those rules which should -govern the lawyers and doctors in their relation to each other and to -their clients and patients. Now, every occupation has its ethics. The -workmen are bound by moral obligations to have regard for the interests -of one another; i. e. they are morally bound to give one another equal -chance in the great race for bread. Then they must observe all the -rules for the government of their relations to the employer. This -is very important, as the good of society depends entirely upon the -faithful observance of the laws of reciprocity. The Great Teacher has -laid down one infallible rule which is ample for all the transactions -of life, viz: "Whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye -even so to them." I would like for you to regard this divine injunction -as your constitution, and then adopt the following by-laws: - -1. Decide what you are going to follow for a living. - -2. Select an occupation in keeping with your abilities and capabilities. - -3. Thoroughly qualify yourself for that calling. - -4. Always have a plain understanding with your employer as to wages and -hours of work. - -5. Carry out your part of the contract "though the heavens fall." - -6. Be at the place at the time appointed, do faithfully your work in a -good spirit, not grumblingly, and then your employer will meet you in -a like spirit, and your life will be one of happiness. - -7. Consider that for the time being you are the property of your -employer, and faithfully obey his instructions and requests. - -8. It is better--more honest--to give him an hour or two of labor than -to cheat him by idling or work poorly performed. - -9. Avoid intoxicants, especially while you are at work, for as your -time belongs to your employer, you should strive to render faithful, -intelligent service, which can not be done under the influence of -liquor. Besides, you endanger your own life and the safety of the -property you are paid to protect. - -10. Be frank, and never under any circumstances deceive your employer. -If you have done wrong, or made a mistake, own it like a man. He will -respect you more for it. - -11. Treat your employer's property as you would your own; and if you -are a careless man, treat it better. - -12. Be polite and gentle to your fellow workmen and your employer, as -coarse jests and ill temper are out of place even on the rock pile, -as well as in the parlor. Remember the street scavenger can be a -Chesterfield as well as the gentleman of fashion who graces the richest -drawing room. - - - "True politeness is to do and say - The noblest things in the kindest way." - - -I shall next consider - - - - -V. Labor, Capital and Wealth. - - -1. Labor has been defined. - -2. Capital is that which is employed to produce wealth. - -3. Wealth is accumulated capital at rest. - -Society can no more be in a healthful state without the harmonious -working of these three elements, governed by ethics, than the human -body could without the united action of heart, arteries and veins -influenced by the lungs. Let me go a step further and say that labor -is capital, or labor and capital are one. Labor is power. That power -produces wealth. That wealth in action is called capital, and thus the -work of labor, capital and wealth goes on subduing the earth. Every -individual with all the powers and capacities of his constitution -sound, is a capitalist to the extent of the exercise of those powers. -That which such exercise produces and he accumulates is wealth, and if -he wish to employ it to produce other wealth, it becomes capital. - -The peanut vendor is a capitalist to the extent of his investment -in earth nuts, roaster, pans, baskets, etc. The little girl who -peddles laces, or newspapers, or pins around the streets, is as much -a capitalist to the extent of her investment as Mr. Vanderbilt or Mr. -Gould. Mr. Gould and Mr. Vanderbilt have simply by the exercise of more -economy, sagacity and energy accumulated more wealth than she. But the -peanut vendor may become a greater capitalist as he accumulates more -wealth and employs it. It is folly to point the finger of prejudice -and envy at the very rich people and cry: "These men oppress us; these -capitalists are sharks; these wealthy people have our earnings." It is -not only folly, but it is unjust. I see many of you with watches and -chains, rings on your fingers, and pins on your breasts. These articles -are wealth. They represent so much capital--labor or money--at rest. -The man who owns the watch worth $8 and the one with the $100 watch, -are men of wealth to the valuation of those useful articles. The poor -laborer, who, by industry and frugality, after the exercise of his -capital--his muscle--accumulates enough to buy an acre of land and -erect a small cottage for his faithful wife and little ones, was in -turn a laborer, capitalist, and is now a man of wealth to the value of -that happy little home, where peace and virtue reign and upon which the -blessings of God rest. Mr. Vanderbilt is a man of greater wealth than -this man, but it is because he operated a larger capital. Some times a -spirit of envy creeps in between these two capitalists and then both -suffer--each in proportion to his wealth. This brings me to consider - - - - -VI. Agrarianism. - - -This form of ownership originated in bloody Rome. It was tried among -the early christians. Wherever it has been introduced failure and -crime followed. The population of the United States and Territories -is 50,155,783; the value of real estate and personal property is -$16,902,993,443. Divide this according to agrarianism and each person -would get $337, which by trade and speculation would soon again be in -the hands of a few. And thus with each day we should have to re-collect -and re-distribute. Out of such a system no good could possibly come. -Nature everywhere teaches that differences and distinctions must -exist. Why has she been more lavish with the peafowl than with the -crow? Why has she bedecked the gold finch or the bird of paradise more -gorgeously than the snow bird or the hawk? Why the lily more fragrant -and fair than the sun-flower? Why the difference in the magnitude of -the twinkling stars? Why the dissimilarity in the talents of men? Why -are some men born idiots and others with the sparkling gems of genius -shining in their souls? Why do some mountains possess millions of -dollars of the precious or useful minerals and others only sandstone -or lime rock? The answers are secrets locked up in the mystery of -the Almighty. The man of talent, of push, of energy, frugality and -sagacity can not help accumulating more of the results of labor than -the individual of opposite qualities. Agrarianism is a foe to thrift -and activity, and encourages idleness and stagnation. It would paralyze -business and cause the wheels of industry to hang dry and still over -the stream of progress. - -Agrarianism is a hydra-headed monster. It has presented itself in many -forms and at various times. To-day it breeds discontent among the -common people which to-morrow bursts into rebellion and revolution. -Lawlessness prevails, property is destroyed and bloody murder stalks -boldly abroad. Is anything gained? No! as loud as heaven's loudest -artillery can sound it. All classes of capitalists are weakened, wealth -is destroyed, and fond Hope, the bright anchor of the soul, sits dark -and gloomy in the ashes of ruin. - -Communism. Saint-Simonianism, nihilism, anarchy, socialism, Henry -Georgeism, are all dangerous forms of that hideous monster, -agrarianism. Every capitalist--every man of wealth,--whether his muscle -is his only stock in trade or not, or whether he counts his capital and -wealth by dimes or by millions--should seize the bludgeon of reason -and justice and strike the monster--the common foe to the progress and -happiness of man--a deadly blow. It is true that laboring men have -their grievances, but - - - - -VII. Strikes - - -are not the means by which these wrongs may be set right. The appeal to -strikes is an appeal from reason to error, from justice to injustice, -from order to disorder, from law to riot, from morality to immorality, -from virtue to sin, from innocence to murder. The strike is a foe to -the infant at the mother's breast; it is an enemy to the happiness -of home; it is the howling wolf at the door of the humble cottage; -it is hostile to personal liberty; it is an enemy to religion, it is -the embodiment of riot and murder striding through the land stamping -out the life of the nation, crushing out the manhood of the citizens, -setting a premium upon crime and outlawing virtue and honesty. I wish I -had the power to represent it in its true light. A mass of grumbling, -dissatisfied men who will not work, by desperation and lawlessness -deterring others from honest toil. Business is paralyzed and millions -of dollars sunk. But this is small compared to the suffering and -misery and want in the homes of these frantic men. Could we but lift -the curtain which hides their dark homes, a picture would be presented -which would cause the blood to chill and sicken the soul. These men -hang around the saloons and stifle the cries for bread from their homes -by liquor and beer--a morsel of cheese or a cracker answering for food. -But what about the wretched wife and starving child? - -But they do not stop there. The torch, pistol, the knife, the bomb and -infernal machines are brought in to play their deadly parts. Then the -fire fiend with his angry tongue laps up wealth and happy homes, the -knife and the pistol start streams of human gore down the gutters of -the streets, and the hellish bomb brings massive edifices cracking, -crumbling to the earth. - -The fiend having sated himself in gore and ruin, surveys the field of -desolation. What has been gained? Nothing. If permitted he returns to -work with a weakened constitution, less respect of his family, kept -under the watch of the law, without the confidence of his employer -and with the curse of his own conscience. You ask: "If strikes are -not the remedy, what is the remedy?" Have a clear understanding with -your employer. Try to enter into his interests and feelings. Tell him -plainly that you can not afford to work for him at present rates. -If he can not or does not raise your wages, give him notice that you -will quit at a certain time, and then do not interfere with the person -engaged in your place. All parties will feel better, and your employer -may soon be able to grant your request and recall you. You certainly -have no right to interfere with others who are willing to work for him. - -The colored laborer can neither afford to strike nor encourage strikes. -He has felt the baneful effects of them. He has time and time again -seen white labor organizations resort to this method of getting colored -men out of employment. If it is right against the employer for higher -wages, it is right against a fellow-workman on account of race or -color. But it is not right at all. This is a country of law and order, -and the negro's salvation lies in his willing obedience to law--fairly -and impartially administered. - - - - -VIII. Labor Organizations. - - -I do not deny labor the right of organization for the advancement of -its interests. This is legitimate and highly proper so long as the -general interests of society are protected. There is, perhaps, no -country upon the globe which extends greater liberties and protection -to labor than the United States of America. In Alabama and many other -states of the union, the mechanic's lien enables him to compel the -employer to fulfill his obligations, but the employer has no remedy -against the mechanic except in rare cases where bonds have been given -by the contractor. - -The cause of the laboring man has kept pace with the march of -civilization and progress, until the order of government has been -reversed and the laboring classes have become the rulers. However, they -are threatened with great danger growing out of the slavery entailed by -labor organizations. Few of them are for the real advancement of the -interests of labor, but mere machines for the personal aggrandizement -of the politicians who stand behind the scenes. The laborer, in -attempting to avoid the imaginary Scylla of capital, may dash his life -out against the terrible Charybdis of demagogy. Our laws all favor the -laborer, and I make this assertion regardless of statements of those -who see gain in keeping labor in a state of excitement. In Egypt, -many hundreds of years ago, the poorer class could not be anything -else. They were not permitted, under heavy penalties, to change their -occupations or locations. A hod carrier was doomed to that work during -his natural life. Other countries more recently oppressed labor just -as severely. I mention this in illustration of the depths from which -labor has come. To-day the laborer may not only change his location -but may change his occupation, and ply a dozen if he choose to do so. -An organization which has for its object the moral and intellectual -advancement of its members, as well as their financial welfare, is not -objectionable and should be encouraged. But where prejudice is aroused -against other forms of labor (as capital, banking, etc., etc.) they are -lawless, dangerous, and should be shunned by every good laboring man. -No organization outside of a benevolent institution should be secret, -and I doubt the propriety of all secret societies. Secrecy is too often -the cloak for evil and scheming. The dark clouds of secrecy have ever -been the means of over-awing or misleading the lower classes. Permit me -to introduce here the following extract from an address bearing upon -this subject. It is so excellent that I will be pardoned for clipping -at length and endorsing it _in toto_: - -"The twenty-fourth annual Grand International Convention of the -Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers was held in Chicago on the 19th -October, with delegates present from all parts of the Union. The Grand -Chief Engineer, P. M. Arthur, with his usual rare good sense, said in -the course of his annual address: We are enemies only to wrong in its -various devices and garbs, and can assuredly say that political schemes -and aspirations have no place nor part in our association. A mighty -army of men, representing 365 divisions, has gathered about a nucleus -of 12 men who, 24 years ago, assembled in the city of Detroit and -started an organization destined to be more than they knew or dreamed. -To-day we number 25,000 men, and while our numbers are great, we would -not have you consider only the quantity, but the quality as well. To -be a Brotherhood man, four things are requisite, namely: Sobriety, -truth, justice, and morality. This is our motto, and upon this precept -have we based our practice. Taking all things into consideration, our -relations, both to ourselves and with various railroads, employing -Brotherhood men, are amicable. When we consider the dissatisfaction -which is everywhere manifest about us, our few troubles pale in -insignificance. There have been times and incidents when the 'strike' -was the only court of appeals for the workingman, and the evil lay in -the abuse of them and not in the use of them. The methods used to bring -about a successful termination of strikes, the abuse of property and -even of persons, have brought the very name into disrepute, while the -troubles of the laboring man are receiving mere cant, and sympathy for -him is dying out. More and more clearly defined is the line becoming -which divides the honest man, satisfied with a just remuneration which -he has truly earned, until by his own effort he can rise to a higher -position in life, and the loud-voiced 'bomb thrower,' who scarcely able -to speak the English language, seeks to win his own comfortable living -from those who have worked for it, presuming upon the imagination -and arousing false hopes in the hearts of those who are still more -ignorant than himself. Among sensible men the day for all this is past. -Let 'mercy season justice, and justice be tempered with moderation.' -A wise arbitration looks to a long result rather than to immediate -satisfaction, and accomplishes more than intimidation ever can hope to -do. - -"'It is not my intention,' said Mr. Arthur, 'to impose upon this -convention any dogma upon the drink question; but I cannot refrain -in honesty to my own convictions from deploring the sad havoc that -intemperance is making in the ranks of our fellow men. So great is this -evil that no man or woman who is striving to improve his fellows can -help taking it into account. It is, indeed, an important factor for -evil in our midst. Not only from the physical and moral standpoint is -it working mischief, but from the standpoint of labor. The man who has -so little self-control that he cannot resist the temptation to degrade -himself is always in danger of bringing disgrace upon his brethren. He -has lost his self-respect and, to some extent, his independence, thus -making an easier victim to the greed of a selfish employer. I would -therefore urge upon you the necessity of abstaining from everything -that will in the slightest degree impair your usefulness as citizens or -your efficiency as locomotive engineers.'" - - - - -IX. The Negro and the Labor Question. - - -Competency is a prerequisite to all occupations. I have alluded to this -above, but I desire to treat it more at length here, and especially in -its relation to the Negro of the South. - -In consequence of former conditions, incompetency has been the normal -standard of both employer and employe. The conditions being changed, -and new relations existing between these two classes in the South, -the standard must be changed--must be raised. I shall put aside -sentimentalism, and view the subject in its true light. - -What is the "Negro Labor Problem" of the future? - -Simply the ability on the part of the Negro to remain in the market as -a laborer, and the ability of the Southern white man to meet the labor -complications of the future, which will be developed in the necessity -for better skilled labor, and the desire of the white man to get this -superior labor at the old prices. - -Leaving competency and skill out of the question, it will be readily -admitted that the Negro is the most desirable of all races as a -laborer. He is kind, forgiving, and easily understood and managed. -He is willing to work and at almost any price. This is shown in the -fact that there is a larger per cent. of bread winners in the Southern -States than any other section, except in the far West and East. But he -is ignorant, improvident and unskilled; and it is to be regretted that -his progress is slow in the cultivation of skill in the industries, but -there are fruitful and encouraging signs in this direction. - -There are two causes which tend to demand a higher standard of labor -qualification in the South: - -1. The more free intermixture of northern and southern people--thereby -bringing the southern people in contact with the superior white labor -of the North. - -2. The immigration of northern people who have been accustomed to -cultivated, free labor. - -We do not pretend to hint that the Negro laborer will not improve, but -will he do so sufficiently and rapidly enough to meet the heavy demand? - -He must be able to compete with the skilled white labor, ready to -crowd the South, or he must go to the rear. This is a stern fact, -becoming more and more patent daily. - -I am not speaking only of the Negro as a domestic servant, carpenter, -brick-mason, and other occupations of the cities, but of him as a -farmer. Sentimentality, which has had much to do with holding the Negro -and white man together in their relation of employer and employe, is -fast giving way to business principles which are to govern the future -South. If my forty acres can be made to produce more by A's method of -farming than by B's, A is a more scientific, skilled and desirable -tenant, so B must stand aside. This is the "Negro problem", in its -relation to labor, in a nut shell. - -I wish I could impress you with the importance and the opportunity of -monopolizing the cotton production of the South. I wish I could arouse -every Negro in the South to seize this opportunity which may pass -away in the next decade. Scientifically cultivated, there is money in -cotton. For two hundred years it was the South's only source of income. -It now brings to the South $300,000,000 per annum. - -The white people of the South, if they were inclined, are as illy -prepared to part from the Negro as a laborer, as the Negro is to -seek service elsewhere. A breaking of the present relations and the -introduction of white servants, would necessitate a change of the -social system of the South, which southern people hold as sacred as -life. So, while there are some things which seem to demand an exchange -of labor, there are certain other things which appear to be able to -hold haste in check. But, how will the Negro remain in the market? -How will he keep himself from being elbowed from the brick walls, -the forge, the bench, the embankment, the kitchen, the dray, and -other places? This brings me, in answering these questions, to the -consideration of - - - - -X. The Laborer's Education and Home. - - -1. EDUCATION.--An old Spartan King was asked by an anxious father -what he should teach his son. The king replied: "Teach him those -things which he will practice when he becomes a man." This is the -correct principle of education. A father should study the abilities -and capacities of his children, and encourage them to follow the -inclinations of their talents. A boy who has a mind for mechanics, or -mathematics, or agriculture, cannot be made a doctor. Money spent on -his medical education is money misspent. - -I have shown above that only about one in every two hundred colored -persons are engaged in the law, medicine, clergy, and other -professional and literary pursuits. I do not pretend to question the -Negro's ability to attain the acme in these vocations. I concede it -and verily believe it. But I am dealing in cold facts, not speculation -nor sentimentality. Again, I do not doubt that with the growth of -population, the increase in learning and property among the Negroes, -there will be a corresponding increase, yes, larger increase in the -number engaged in the professions, and in the trades and personal -service--as merchants, clerks, etc., etc. As shown above, only five -in every two hundred of the whole population engaged in occupations, -in the United States and Territories, are in the six professions -mentioned. Of the Negro race, only about ½ of one per cent., or one in -every two hundred, are so engaged. - -The bread winners, or working population, are only 39½ per cent. of the -whole population of the country, and are distributed as follows: - - - Agriculture 7,670,493 - Professional and personal service 4,074,238 - Trade and transportation 1,810,256 - Manufacturing, mechanical and mining industries 3,837,112 - ---------- - 17,392,099 - - -It is easily seen that nearly one-half of our working population must -be educated for agriculture; not quite one fourth for professional and -personal service; about one-eighth for trade and transportation, and -a few more than one-fourth for manufacturing, mechanical and mining -pursuits. There are certain fundamental principles common to all -education. After these are inculcated, the aim should be to develop the -individual for his life work, or prepare him for that occupation which -is to bring him bread. - -Leaving the subject of early training, I now pass to the consideration -of the importance of the intelligence of the laboring man. This is -necessary for the protection of himself, his employer and the peace of -society. It is much easier to understand and get along with educated -men than ignorant ones. The laboring man should set aside a few cents -to be invested in papers, books, &c., which give him information in -relation to his work, his duties, and tend morally to benefit him. He -should spend a few hours every week in trying to inform himself on -various things. He should be a thinking man, and his food for thought -should be of the most wholesome character, or he will cease to be a -useful member of society and become a destructive element. There are -certain little things in medicine, physics, chemistry, agriculture, law -and other branches which he should know, and his knowledge would save -him much pain and many dollars. I commend the following article, taken -from a paper called _Builder and Woodworker_: - -"If the ordinary, every-day workman, engaged at his bench in the -pursuit of his vocation, were aware of the enormous number of natural -laws by which his every action is controlled, he would be surprised -at their existence and desirous of learning about them. This desire -would be natural and most praiseworthy, yet the fear of study stems -to prevent those who would like to gain this knowledge from simply -reading, as one would a story, the interesting things described in -books on physics--facts far more valuable than fiction, and so clearly -demonstrated that a mere tyro can understand and experiment from -description, thus proving how much can be learned even from a rapid -perusal. - -"Why should a woodworking mechanic study the science? The reasons why -he should do so are numerous and important, and in explaining some -of them we shall endeavor, as far as possible, to show its practical -application and the part it plays in his individual efforts, though, at -the same time, it must not be forgotten that all the movements on this -earth of ours depend on and are controlled, according to the principles -of natural philosophy. - -"Let us consider for a moment its bearing on a man standing at a bench -in the act of pushing forward a jack plane. What first of all retains -his body on the floor on which he stands? The force of gravitation, -which as described retains the earth particles together, and all bodies -animate or inanimate on its surface, by drawing them to its center, -this influence being exercised on the building in which he labors, -retaining its constituents in their positions. It also acts on his -person to such an extent that were he devoid of the power of movement, -he would be as immovably fixed as the inanimate wood he stands upon. -This force, likewise, keeps his stuff on his bench and the plane on his -work, and prevents the flying off at a tangent which would occur with -all terrestrial bodies were the attraction to cease for a moment. How -simple is the fact when demonstrated! - -"Avoiding the consideration of the different attractions, we will -glance at the mechanical means he goes through in planing. Standing -with his two feet together, would it be possible for him to lift a -shaving? It would not, because the resisting force generated by the -friction of the wedge-shaped iron in entering the woody fibers would -be so great that this body, being unable to resist it, would be pushed -outside the perpendicular line of gravity, and fall. To overcome this -resistance he increases his base, and lowering the center of gravity of -the body, leans forward and throws his weight on his left leg, with his -right forming, as it were, a brace. - -"Now he can exert his powers effectually, for having overcome unvarying -natural forces by the use of natural laws. - -"His arms, as he moves them forward or draws them back again, are -nothing more than a splendid system of compound levers, and the tool -employed is on a cubical prism, with an angular opening into which a -wedge of steel is inserted and fastened, with its point projecting -below the sole or lower face. This wedge is forced forward by lateral -pressure, and entering the wood gives out a shaving or strip equal in -proportion to the projection. - -"How many of us are there who know that the edges of our plane iron and -chisels, saw teeth, in fine our principal tools, are modifications of a -simple wedge, and fewer still who know its power or how to increase its -utility in practice. - -"To us who handle it daily, the screw, or as it is in reality a -revolving wedge, is a mystery and an unknown thing, though we are -familiar with its usefulness; yet, while in the act of propelling a -screw with a screw-driver, a multitude of forces and machines are -employed, which are grand in their simplicity and worthy of study. - -"That which teaches why a plumb bob hangs quiescent at the extremity -of a string, and why a level is determined by the centering of an -alcoholic bubble in a tube, and other valuable mechanical facts, should -not be passed over by him whose philosophy is to devote his life -to improving the means by which the comfort and happiness of human -nature are gained. Independent even of this essential reason, it is -imperative that we make ourselves acquainted with the component parts -and properties of materials, in order to train the mind into a line of -thought tending to invention and the bringing forth of valuable ideas, -which only those familiar with this science can essay." - -HOME.--Home is the little harbor into which we anchor our vessels after -a day's battle with the elements on the ocean of life; it is a port -of supply into which we steer our bark to prepare for running a few -more knots amid pirates and breakers; it is the haven where our dear -ones should be secure from the storms of adversity, and where peace, -virtue and happiness reign. Of all places, home should be the dearest -to us. There the faithful wife, the partner of our joy and sorrow, -our sunshine and storm, our prosperity and adversity, and our merry -children greet us as we return weary and worn with the toils of the -day and heart-sore of the jeers and slights of men. In that home let -the Word of God be the supreme law. In that home let all be united -for truth and virtue; and the winds may blow, the rains fall, and the -floods descend, but it will stand unharmed. A few substantial articles -of furniture, a few small pictures on the wall, a floor neat and clean, -the rays of the king of day streaming in cheer through a glass window -or two, a yard clean and in order, a flower or a shrub, the fence and -front of the little cottage with a coat of new paint, costing only -about one dollar because it was spread on by the son or the father at -extra time, and you have a home to be envied by a king, whether you own -it, or rent it. - -Keep in mind that the school room and pulpit combined cannot elevate -people above their homes. As their homes are, they will be. As long -as father and mother, son and daughter sleep in the same room, often -occupying the same bed, we cannot make much progress in virtue. The -off-spring is born with corrupt mentality. Make partitions if they must -be constructed of old newspapers. By all means give privacy to your -daughters, if you wish them to be virtuous and modest. - -Lift the curtain, and let me show you the home of an individual who has -lost the comeliness of manhood--let me show you the hovel this brute -disgraces. Look! It is eight o'clock in the evening. The wife in her -old torn and soiled dress, is still faithfully engaged at the wash-tub. -An old broken lamp, smoking and sputtering, gives a pale and ghastly -light. The chunks of wood in the fire place are shoved together, and -four or five half clad, half starved little children are quarrelling -and wallowing in the sand, whence the bricks long since have been -taken. There is not a whole knife, or fork, or spoon, or plate, or -dish, or cup, or glass--not an article of furniture which is not -scarred and broken. At nine, that faithful wife, who is wearing out her -life with that miserable brute, has suspended her work, made the last -bit of meal into a hoe cake and divided it among those wretched little -creatures, and packed them away among some filthy and torn quilts on a -dirty straw mattress. She then returns to finish her labors. At eleven, -the thing called a man and husband and father enters. He is just from -the dram shop or the house of prostitution, where he has spent his -week's earnings with others of that ilk. He has no "Good evening," no -kind word for that faithful wife. He growls "Nothing here to eat?" -As that poor, weak, abused woman tremblingly stammers out an excuse, -with fiendish look and clenched fist he rushes upon her! Down let the -curtain drop! For angels and gods could not now look upon what follows -without tears of sympathy and anger intermingled! That man may be a -church member! He is certainly a member of some benevolent or labor -society, and may stand high in its councils. Is he a fit associate for -a true man? Should he not be hurled from your midst as an unworthy -companion? Here is work for the laboring man, and all men! Let us -elevate our home life, and make our wives and children happier. - -The Germans are noted for their attractive homes. By comforts, sports, -songs, music, books, etc., they throw a charm into their homes which -inspires, cheers and elevates all who come within their influences. May -every laboring man in America build for himself such a home, whether he -lives in the city cottage or in the country cabin. - - - - -XI. Buy a Home. - - -There are in the United States 9,945,916 families, of 5.04 persons to -the family. There are only 8,955,812 dwellings, with 5.06 persons to -the dwelling. It will be seen that there are 990,104 families, or five -million people, without dwellings, either owned or rented--no where to -rest their heads. Is this the result of over population? It is not. -It will be centuries before our country will reach that stage. It is -the result of shiftlessness and the inertia of population. If lands -are high in the cities and older states, they may be had upon your own -terms in the broad, open West. There are also hundreds of thousands -of acres for homestead entry in the southern states. It is true that -much of it is mountain land, but it will be gold to the man who will -bear the privations of justifying his claim to it. There are also -corporations with large means, as well as individuals, in nearly all of -our cities who are willing to sell to thrifty persons lots or farms on -reasonable terms. Now is the golden opportunity. The working men of the -South will never have such an opportunity again to get homes. With the -increase of population by birth and influx, lands must rise in demand -and price. I have heard of one legitimate objection to selling lands to -colored persons. It is said that they buy on mortgage transfer, soon -become discouraged, allow ruin and dilapidation to follow, and then -surrender the place in worse condition than delivered to them. This -objection can easily be overcome by taking my pattern for the happy -home. If this is done, the vendor would hardly foreclose a mortgage -should you get much behind in your payments, as the property would be -constantly increasing in value. - - - - -XII. The Newspapers and the Negro. - - -There is general complaint among the colored people that we do not -get newspaper notices only of our misdeeds. This is not true. The -best papers, North and South, publish whatever information they can -get worthy of commendation. We are too sensitive on this point. My -experience and observation are that the press is well disposed toward -the Negro. It is true there are many papers of small reputation full of -prejudice, or surrounded by a narrow-minded constituency, that do not -wish the Negro well, but they are a weak minority. The following taken -from the Huntsville (Ala.) _Daily Mercury_ of recent date, sufficiently -proves my position. - -"The workmen employed on the Baker & Helm block on the corner of -Washington and Clinton Sts., are workmen right, and deserve a word of -kind praise for the 'big licks' they have accomplished in the erection -of this building. - -"We are told that every brick layer on the work is a colored man, and -we do not hesitate to say that they have shown up wonderfully well, and -performed good, honest labor quickly done. The rafters for the roof are -now being placed in position, and once the roof is on, the finishing -strokes will be given with refreshing precision. All honor to the -colored mechanics, they are entitled to much praise, and we shall see -that they get all they deserve, and which they are justly entitled to." - -Also, M. Quad, the correspondent of the _Detroit Free Press_, writing -from Eufaula, Alabama, says of the colored people there: - -"Come down here and I will show you hundreds of acres of the best lands -which are owned by the black men. I can show you from ten to twelve -colored men who have more acres, better buildings, and more cash than -any like number of white farmers in some of our Michigan counties. The -colored school is fully equal to the white one, and the people speak -of this fact with pride. There was a time when the streets of Eufaula -were crowded with vagrant blacks, none of whom had the ambition to earn -a shilling more than would give him food and clothes. The vagrant laws -were enforced, and the change was astonishing. There is not an idler -in the place. There is not a black man in or around the town who isn't -given the fairest kind of a show to go ahead. While the white man will -always enforce respect, he will bear and assist and condone. Alabama -is to-day doing more for the flesh and blood it once cracked the slave -whip over than Michigan is doing for its unlettered and vicious white -population. The black man of the south is improving every year, and no -one will concede this quicker nor feel prouder over the fact than the -southern whites. There need be no sympathy wasted on the black man of -Alabama. He is doing for himself in education and finance, far better -than some of the white population of the north." - -Possess merit and that will tell whether you get into the papers or not. - -The means of obtaining the kinds of notices we wish published in -the white papers, are quite meagre. The court records are the only -information accessible to them. Very few of us have any business or -association with the white press. We never think of letting them know -of our transactions, hence how can they receive notice? This complaint -is without justification and should cease Stand up for the colored -press, and it will prove ample for us in all things. - - - - -XIII. A Plain Question for Southern Consideration. - - -One of the great questions which must command the consideration of -southern people, in the immediate future, is better care of the -servants, and more attention to their moral and industrial training. -I am dealing with the servant class of our people, which at present -is more than ninety-nine per cent. of the race. The employer can not -help having a deep interest in this class, if he would protect his own -family. Ninety-five per cent. of the nurses and chamber-maids of the -South are colored. These servants are thrown in hourly contact with the -children of the families they serve. The nurses do much to shape the -lives of the children they carry in their arms. Earliest impressions -are most enduring. Somebody has said: "Give me the first seven years of -a child's life and you may have the man." The influences of the nurse -will be felt throughout the life of the child. If those influences are -virtuous, exercised by an intelligent, honest christian nurse, great -good will result. But if the nurse have the opposite qualities--if she -be indolent, sloven, ignorant, vicious and deceptive--the child will -surely imbibe some of these disorders which will show themselves some -where in the life of the child, or his offspring. Moral contagions are -more deadly and easily communicated than any diseases of the body. What -fond mother would commit her infant to the arms of a leper? And yet it -were better to do that, than expose it to influences which corrupt the -mind and taint the whole constitution. It is a fact that southern white -women have been accustomed, for many generations, to surrender the care -and training of their children to "black mamas," who inspired manhood -and gave the first great lessons of God and truth to hundreds of the -present hoary haired statesmen of the Sunny South. This custom is still -a delight in the South, and white mothers trust their children to the -care of Negro nurses with the same implicit faith that Thetis committed -her young Achilles to the charge of Phoenix and Chiron. I wish that -these nurses sufficiently appreciated this confidence and would feel a -deep pride in their work and responsibility. It must be borne in mind -that the relations of thirty years ago do not exist, and the results of -the ante-bellum nursery government and the system of to-day, cannot be -the same. - -Here is a work for Southern women of the white race. Leave out of the -question the love for mankind, which should prompt them to elevate -the whole race of man, they must meet this matter of the elevation of -domestics on selfish grounds if no other. They must in self protection -strive to make the house servant class intelligent and virtuous. -Honesty must become a part of the mentality, and not a form or a cloak -worn while under the surveillance of the law, or the eye of virtue. Who -says that the colored servant is not as honest as any other servant? -I do not. I am not making comparisons at all. I am speaking of things -as I want them to be. If they are so already, then I "rejoice with -exceeding great joy." The importation of white family servants and -nurses will not solve the problem. It is a question which cannot be -handled except in the light of christian education. The importation -of white servants means the introduction of disorder in domestic -government, and it will produce a revolution in the social system of -the South. It will bring communism in the kitchen, socialism in the -dining-room, nihilism in the chamber, and the hand of anarchy to rock -the cradles of the South. Let the South nurse the Negro with right and -kindness, while the Negro nurses the infants of the South, and we shall -have domestic labor of the most desirable class. - -There should be attached to every well ordered southern home rooms -for the servants. These rooms should be comfortable in all their -appointments. In the villages and small towns as well as in the cities -this is needful. Women of all grades must be modest. Modesty is her -shield. When she loses that, she is exposed to the licentious missiles -of vulgar men. It disarms a girl of her womanly reservedness to be -thrown early in morning and late at night, alone, into the streets -going to and from her work. She finally gets a boldness which is out of -place in any home. - -The South can not be too earnest nor too lavish in the cause of -education. It can well afford to give two dollars to the cause where -one goes now. It is right, and self preservation demands it. While -the schools are being increased and put upon a higher plain, the work -must be carried on in the families. Let industrial training become the -watchword of every man interested in the true growth of our country. I -know of a family (of Huntsville) which has done much in the training -of domestic servants. The good lady of the house took great pains in -explaining (not scolding) and teaching (not driving) to her servants -things which her superior education enabled her to understand, or -which she had been taught. She, in this manner, educated two or three -servants, who, when the time came for separation (and it was always -peaceful), were able to earn larger wages than their more unfortunate -fellow servants. - -I hope that all who love the happiness of home and are concerned about -the good of society, will give this matter thoughtful investigation, -and earnestly endeavor to benefit this important class of our employes. - - - - -XIV. "Social Equality." - - -"Social equality" is a political scare crow, as there is no such thing, -in _fact_. It is to the illiterate class of whites what _putting -the Negroes back into slavery_ was to the ignorant class of colored -people. Those who talk most about it know the least about it. The -cultivated southerner is not disturbed about social equality. There has -never been, and there will never be, among the same race, nor between -different races, any such thing as social equality. Freedom does not -mean "social equality" nor manhood. It means only the opportunity to -be a man. Freedom _per se_ brings nothing but abstract principles, but -it opens the avenue for all that is grand and noble in this life and -in the great hereafter. Freedom, legislative enactments and judicial -adjudications cannot make men socially equal. The merit must be in -the individual himself, and find a corresponding merit in some other -individual. But I shall not attempt to follow out this line of thought -here. I shall speak upon social contact or mixture (if I am allowed -to use the word) of the races, improperly called "social equality" by -some. They mean combination of races, I suppose, if they mean anything. -I use mixture and combination in their broadest sense, preferring the -chemical definitions. I am opposed to combination of the races in the -least degree, and I see no necessity for mixture outside of business -relations. I oppose it for more than one reason, which I cannot discuss -here. Keep the Negro race separate and distinct, if it is desired to -perpetuate its identity. The lines can not be too tightly drawn, for -such lines guarantee the protection of the virtue of the colored girls -of the South. The desire to mix with the whites--to marry and associate -with that race--is a concession, on the part of those who have that -desire, which is cringing and craven, and puts a libel upon the boast -that the "Negro blood is equal to any other race". If it is so grand -and noble a race, why seek combination and mixture with any other race? -But I do not put this question to you. It must be answered by those who -advocate such nonsensical doctrine. We can find in our own race ample -scope for the exercise of our social ambition. However, I am willing -to make the following contract with the white race of the South: "We, -the Negroes, agree on our part, to hang by the neck until dead, every -colored man who violates the seventh commandment with a white woman, if -you, the white people, will agree to punish _according to law_ every -white man who violates the seventh commandment with a colored woman. So -help us God." There is not a sensible colored man in the whole South -who will not sign the contract, and I know the better class of whites, -those who say least of "social equality," will sign it for their race. -Separation of the races does not mean depreciation of the merits or -talents of either of them, any more than the division of States by -geographical lines, or the continents, teeming in varied natural -wealth, divided by the great oceans, signify the underestimation of the -worth of one or the other. In his famous speech upon Mars Hill, St. -Paul beautifully and eloquently said: "God * * * giveth to all life, -and breath, and all things; and hath made of one blood all nations of -men for to dwell on the face of the earth, and hath determined the -times before appointed, and the bounds of their habitation." Whether -these bounds appointed by God be physical distinctions in the races, or -whether they consist of deep oceans or towering, craggy mountains, they -must be observed. - -There will never be even a mixture of the races, to say nothing of -combination, in this country, to any appreciable degree, even if there -were an inclination on the part of both in that direction, until the -condition of the Negro is changed, and I claim, paradoxical as it may -appear, that when the Negro's condition is changed by the cultivation -of virtue, there will be even a less desire than now to mix and combine -with the white race. In nine cases out of every ten the mixing and -combining is the substratum of both races. I can not pursue this -subject further at this time. - - - - -XV. The Employer. - - -I have confined my remarks so far to the duties of the employe. The -responsibilities of the employer are even greater and more numerous. -I can not speak of them at length now. The employer must have care of -the health of the employe, as well as provide for him the necessaries -of life while he is performing his work. The employer should ever be -mindful of the general welfare of his employe. He is more than a mere -medium of exchange of labor for dollars. On account of his superior -knowledge, there are certain duties which the moral law requires him to -discharge. To pay liberally and promptly are minor duties when compared -with his general oversight of the moral and intellectual welfare of the -laborer. He must not only not defraud the employe himself, but he must -see that others do not take advantage of his ignorance or inexperience. -He must provide suitable and comfortable homes for his workmen, having -due regard for the laws of health. I have in my mind three model men -of Huntsville, Alabama, of this class, whose names I will be pardoned -for mentioning in this connection. - -Dr. J. J. Dement is so kind and upright in dealing with his tenants -that they give into his hands their net cash, allowing him to keep all -the accounts. This confidence can come by dealing according to moral -principles, which are broader and higher than formal business rules. -Col. William M. Holding is another employer, or landlord, who has -stamped himself indelibly upon the hearts of his employes or tenants. -He is ever mindful of their interests, and stands between them and -the men who are always watching for a chance to get their hard-earned -dollars by fraudulent means. Mr. Holding supplies his tenants himself -at cash prices, and never charges them one cent of interest, and yet -he pays as high wages and rents his lands as cheaply as any other man -in the county. Hon. Edmond I. Mastin is the third model employer. He -runs a brick yard. His foreman is a Negro of almost full blood. Mr. -M. contracted with him to work for $25 per month, but finding the -foreman constantly increasing in competency, and finding his own cash -account growing larger, he voluntarily advanced the wages to $50 per -month. This struck the foreman with great surprise. One of his men had -mortgaged his house and lot,--this Mr. M. paid off, secured to him -the property, and charged no interest. These kinds of employers and -landlords understand their relations to their tenants and employes. -There are hundreds of others scattered over the South, and each one -is doing more to build up the country and establish and maintain -confidence and friendly relations between the races than a dozen -politicians. I wish all the landlords and employers in the country -would carry such ethics into their business relations with their -laborers. - - - - -XVI. Be a Good Citizen. - - -What is the object of life? It is to make society better, and thereby -honor and glorify the great Maker. How can you benefit society? By -making of yourself _a man_, as God intends you to be--a good citizen, -as the laws require you to be. It is not necessary, in order to be -a good citizen, that genealogy shall play a part. It is of little -consequence whether the Negro came from Adam, or whether he was evolved -by the Darwinian theory. It does not matter whether his ancestors -were the pyramid builders of Egypt, or the compatriots of Hannibal -or Scipio, or whether they were the fetich worshippers of African -jungles. It is not a question of comparison of the Caucasian and Negro -intellectual abilities, capacities or attainments. It is not important -to decide which race can dig deepest and soar highest in the sciences. -These questions may be considered by anthropologists and scientists, -but, for the laboring man, the main question is how to win bread--how -to be a citizen. Whatever may have been your ancestry, whatever may -have been their condition, is of little value to you. In this age of -electricity and steam, men no longer are run on the pedigrees of their -foreparents, regardless of merit. A lawyer whose only recommendation is -the illustrious name of a dead progenitor, will never have clients. The -physician, who pleads the excellence of a line of noble blood reaching -into the far receding centuries, will find poor sale for his pills. The -merchant who expects to get his inferior goods off his shelves on the -credit of family name, will soon find the sheriff at his door. What -would you think of a man, totally ignorant of carpentry, or masonry, -or agriculture, proposing to work for you upon the worthiness of some -dead relative? Be meritorious. Be a citizen of whom the State may be -proud, and your ancestry will care for itself. I do not undervalue an -honorable family record. It is diamond. But you must be worthy yourself. - -In addition to all that I have said concerning your duties, I wish to -add that no workman, no laboring man, can afford to violate the laws of -the land. If laws are oppressive, you have your remedy at the ballot -box, and not in evasion or violation. Government is ordained of God, -and is necessary to the happiness and protection of man. No man has a -right to disobey the laws of the land. Disobedience creates disorder. -Disorder leads to anarchy and riot. Then who is safe? Whose property at -any moment may not be destroyed? As stated above, it is not a question -of the origin of the races, or a comparison of capacities, _but can -the Negro make a good citizen?_ This is the problem in this connection. -The answer which the Negro is giving, must be gratifying to all good -men. - - - "Honor and shame from no condition rise, - Act well your part--there all the honor lies." - - - "Victory and defeat. - Joy and grief-- - 'Tis these that make the warp - And woof of human life. But - Be faithful to right and duty, - And you will have done - Something to make the whole world better." - - - - -XVII. Well Done. - - -What has been done by the Negro since his emancipation to make -himself an industrious, christian citizen? How well is he meeting -the expectations of his friends? How successfully has he defeated -the prophecies of his enemies? How is he working out his destiny? -Go to the farms and the work-shops--go examine the tax-books of the -country--go see the million colored boys and girls attending the -industrial and other schools of the South--go count the hundreds -of magnificent temples, all over the land, erected to God--go ask -good men, who have informed themselves on the Negro question--go -read the history of the industrial civilization of the last quarter -century, and the answer will be, WELL DONE. There have been many -discouragements--there have been many days as dark as the brow of -midnight--as black as the curtains of hell--yet scintillations of Hope -ever shot forth from the altars of religion and patriotism, which are -bursting into refulgent light and heat to chase away the shadows, -dispel the mist, disperse the clouds, and drive all animosities into -the Red Sea of fraternal love. The asps which dropped from the head of -the Medusa of slavery, are being driven out by the good St. Patrick of -mutual interests and fellow-feeling. We are treading upon new ground, -without the lamp of experience, or the lessons of history, to guide -our feet. The conditions surrounding the races of the South are new -problems in the political annals of the human family. The solution is -proceeding according to the rules of Providence. Only the Negro and -white man of the South can handle the crayon. External intermeddling -can be productive of no good. The races of the South, alone, are -responsible to God--amenable to the generations of the future for -the figures and calculations which are being made upon the slate -of southern development. It is true that we have had our Copiahs, -Carrolltons and Danvilles, but the great wonder is that these conflicts -have been so few, and so small. It is a marvel that the races have -maintained such amicable relations, when the former conditions and the -bitterness engendered by the change of those conditions are taken into -consideration. It has required the exercise of profound wisdom, great -foresight, and almost supernatural patience on the part of both races -to bring us where we are with such propitious environments. - -A Western paper says: "The negroes of the South are rapidly solving -their own problem by their religious and educational progress since -their freedom. In view of the ignorance, superstition and degradation -that enthralled them, we do not believe any other race on the globe has -ever made more rapid progress than this people in the twenty-two years -of their emancipation." - -The _People's Advocate_, whose able editor is worthy authority upon -Negro statistics, says: "The close of the first century of the -constitution finds us after a record of twenty years, fourteen men -having been in congress, a thousand men in state legislatures; to-day -with 16,086 schools, 1,030,463 pupils, 22,183 in normal and high -schools, academies and colleges, 1,900 studying theology, 100 reading -law, 150 studying medicine; pay taxes on $150,000,000, and fully two -millions are invested in business." - - - - -XVIII. Conclusion. - - -When a young man, just arrived at majority, leaps beyond parental -control, into the wide world of personal responsibility, it is -true that his immunities are greater, but his cares have increased -also. So the Negro, being clad in the habiliments of freedom, steps -out of the tomb of thralldom into liberty and citizenship. But his -responsibilities are in proportion to his new liberties. He has graver -cares and more arduous duties than when he rose and retired at the -sounding of the overseer's horn. He must look at these duties to -himself, his family, his neighbor, his state and his God, calmly and -in the new light which must accompany freedom in order that it may be -permanent. Freedom is a contradictory term. It is a deceptive word. -There is no absolute freedom in civilized society. Among civilized -people freedom means restraint--restriction. The farther man is removed -from barbarism, the less freedom he has, and the greater the curb and -restraint upon his conduct. Obedience to law and a regard for the -general interests of society are fetters stronger than the chains which -bound Prometheus to the mountain rocks. When a citizen throws off this -restraint, he ceases to be a healthful factor in the state. As long -as the great Mississippi River is held in restraint by its banks, it -floats upon its bosom the commerce of our nation, carrying joy and -comfort into millions of homes. But if the great Father of Waters leaps -beyond the lawful bounds he becomes harmful and destructive; or if we -remove the curbs and permit the water to flow as it will, we could no -longer derive the least benefit from this grandest stream in North -America. - -I have spoken as I think the interests of labor demand, without -appealing to the prejudices or caprices of the laborer. I have -endeavored to be candid, as I am sincere. I know that men, generally, -do not like statements which differ from their views, though such -statements be the embodiment of truth and virtue. I know, also, that -the common ear leans to the titillations of flattery, however illogical -and damaging. - -The Negro is here to stay. He is a citizen according to forms of law. -He must be, and can be, according to the light of the nineteenth -century civilization. Let the past be as oblivious as the contents of -an ante-deluvian reliquary. Turn the eye and the effort to the living -present, and the rising sun of the future, which shall make his course -across the skies of the nations, to the adjustment of all difficulties -and the guidance of mankind up the broad plains of highest christian -development, and THE NEGRO SHALL BE THRIFTY, INTELLIGENT, HONEST AND -FAITHFUL IN ALL THINGS. - -[Illustration: Decoration] - - - - -USEFUL INFORMATION. - - -Negro Vital Statistics. - -It is a fact that the death rate among the colored people of the United -States is greater since than before the war, and that it is far in -excess of the white race, often doubling it. - -Consumption and pneumonia are the diseases which are mowing down -the ranks of our colored population. "In Charleston, S. C., the -number of deaths from consumption for 1882-5 were 830 colored to 234 -white; Memphis, Tenn., 471 colored to 323 white; Savannah, Ga., 391 -colored to 212 white; Nashville, Tenn., 330 colored to 232 white. The -mortality from pneumonia for the same period stands: Charleston, S. -C., 219 colored to 85 white; Memphis, Tenn., 262 colored to 159 white; -Savannah, Ga., 166 colored to 60 white; Nashville, Tenn., 155 colored -to 100 white. The difference is also excessive in heart diseases, -dropsy, scrofula, venereal diseases, and, when prevalent, from -small-pox." - -"In Savannah, Ga., in 1885, 7 whites and 114 blacks died without having -a physician in attendance; in 1883, 6 whites and 145 blacks. Moreover, -the fact should not be ignored that numbers of negroes are also the -victims of empiricism and experiment. Some poor negroes are undoubtedly -sacrificed for the benefit of science." This is the case all over the -country. - -Scrofula is said to be more fatal to mulattoes than to Negroes, and -more deadly to both than to whites. It is seven times greater among -colored than whites. - -I believe, also, that the prevalence of scrofula among the Negroes is -promoted by the immense quantities of meat consumed by them, to the -exclusion of a sufficient quantity of vegetable food. I am led to this -conclusion for two reasons: firstly, so far as I have been able to -ascertain, scrofula is rarely found among the native Africans, whose -diet is purely vegetable; seldom do they eat meat. Again, from a recent -medical journal, I learn that the Esquimaux, whose diet is exclusively -meat, usually die between the ages of 30 and 45, and among them -scrofula is exceedingly prevalent.--_Conrad._ - -The number of still births is greater among colored than whites. This -is due to many causes. Among them exposure of the mother, poor living, -and lack of attention during the period of gestation. - -Huntsville, situated in Northern Alabama, is renowned as a healthful -place. The colored people thereabouts are in fair circumstances. The -death rate for the part of the year 1887 to November 1, reveals a -startling disparity between the races: There were 42 deaths among -the whites and 98 among the colored; 4 whites and 13 colored died of -consumption; still born, 1 white and 6 colored. The colored death rate -is 39 per 1000, allowing the colored population to be 3000. But it must -be remembered that the winter of 1886-7 was the severest for nearly a -half century. - -"But the greatest disparity in the death rates of the two races is the -number of deaths under five years. Here there is, indeed, in the negro -race, a woful 'slaughter of the innocents.' The death rate of Negro -children is always more than double that of the white, and from that to -even four times as great." May not the unskillful midwife have much of -this laid at her door? - -A well informed writer says: "More than half of the deaths under five -years among Negro children, is caused by trismus nascentium.[A] To -well-meaning but ignorant old women can be laid this 'slaughter in -hecatombs' of children. Unwholesome food also has much to do with the -deaths of infants and children, especially in summer. There is a woful -need of training schools to educate nurses, and similar institutions -throughout the South. Skilled female physicians (colored) are -peculiarly fitted for lessening this infant mortality." - -Another strange thing with regard to Negro statistics is, that more -women than men become nonagenarians. With the whites it is the reverse; -more single males than single females die; more widows than widowers -die; more females than males die of consumption; more males than -females die of pneumonia. The cause of some of these facts is plain. - -Only one Negro in 1,037 becomes insane, while one in every 434 whites, -according to good authority. - -A writer in _The Sanitarian_ for June, 1887, says that many deaths -among the Negroes are caused by indifference to personal cleanliness -and medical attention--many dying without applying for medical aid. The -same writer gives the following: - -"In the following table is given the total death-rate per 1000, and -also the death-rate under five years of age, in Charleston, S. C., -Savannah, Ga., Nashville and Memphis, Tenn., for the years 1883-85. The -upper figures give the white rate and the next the colored: - - - Charleston. Memphis. Nashville. Savannah. - 1883. 21.60 15.19 18.68 20.47 - 47.13 35.83 31.29 39.57 - 1884. 23.68 18.80 16.77 19.54 - 44.63 41.66 26.94 42.21 - 1885. 17.64 16.56 14.69 12.9 - 38.49 36.96 27.07 34.4 - - -Rate of deaths under five years: - - - Charleston. Memphis. Nashville. Savannah. - 1883. 5.88 3.75 5.65 7.59 - 21.03 13.91 12.44 18.01 - 1884. 6.48 4.47 5.46 6.54 - 16.52 15.63 11.55 16.68 - 1885. 4.45 4.67 4.37 4.23 - 14.38 13.46 10.78 13.70 - - -"The per cent. of increase for the total population from 1870 to -1880 was 30.08--white, 29.30; black, 34.67. To show the relative -increase between the two races at the South, I take from the last -official census the three Southern States--Tennessee, Alabama and -Mississippi--which may be accepted as a fair criterion for the rest of -the South. Rate of increase in these, taken as one State--white, 23.90; -black, 33 per cent. It is still more apparent, in South Carolina, -because it is less affected by immigration from other States, and shows -more accurately the natural increase. There it is 45.33 for the blacks, -and for the white population, 35 per cent." - - -Comment on Negro Vital Statistics. - -The foregoing facts are very startling and should arouse every -intelligent Negro and every friend to the race, to devise a way by -which this awful wave of death shall be checked. The history of all -civilizations presents seeming unaccountable vital statistics. All -races passing into civilization have increase in both birth and -death rates. But the case of the Negro in the United States is one -deserving profound study. It presents many seeming contrarieties, -hardly met elsewhere. The question naturally arises, What shall be -done to check this harvest of death? Begin in the school room. Teach -the children sound sanitary principles. Begin in the pulpit. Let the -minister constantly call attention to this matter and advise a way -out of it. Begin the work in all the societies of the race. Establish -and maintain schools for nurses and to teach the general principles -of housekeeping. The demand is great for competent colored male and -female physicians--especially female, as the work must be largely -among the women of the race. An organization for the promotion of -the sanitary condition of the Negro should be started, and its work -vigorously prosecuted. They must be induced to seek better houses, -better clothing, better food, and have better care of their bodies. -I have known men who would get up every rainy night in the year, and -pull their beds from under a leak in the roof, or who would lay abed -and the wife set pans and buckets on them to catch the water, rather -than bestir themselves two hours in patching the roof. Then I have seen -some handsome looking women, most handsomely attired in beautiful white -dresses or costly cloaks, hats and feathers, and I have often wondered -where they would find a decent place in their homes for those articles -when they returned from their perambulations or from the church or -party. The old root doctor must be driven out by the lash of the law. - -The idea, advanced by some writers, of shutting the Negro up in the -lower valley of the Mississippi, or his natural tendency in that -direction, is narrow and illogical. Why should the Negro huddle there? -I confess that a large per cent. may forever remain there, but there -is no natural or legal reason for assigning the Negro any particular -locality in this cosmopolitan Republic. Driving him to the unhealthful -localities of certain cities is the cause of much of this unnatural -death rate. God has made man to inhabit any part of this great globe, -and there is no part of it in which any race can not live, though it -may require generations for adaptation and acclimatement. For monetary -reasons I would be glad if the Negro would not only own that whole -region, but monopolize its staple production, as I have before said. -But at present there is not the slightest drift in that direction. - - -General Vital Statistics. - -From 53 to 85 per cent. of the population marry under the age of 30 -years. The per cent. is lowest among rich, and highest among poor -families. - -Men marry at a later period than women. The average age for men is -27-9/10, for women 25-7/10 years. - -There is no reason why children should die, except it be found in the -violation of the laws of nature, by foreparents. - -Carpenters and country laborers live longer than any other laborers. - -The average life, after the commencement of intemperate habits, -is 21-7/10 years for beer drinkers, 16-6/10 for spirituous liquor -drinkers. It is thus seen that distilled liquors are most dangerous. - -It is shown that the death rate among soldiers, even though they are -well provided for and remaining in barracks, is enormous. It far -surpasses civilians. Lung diseases and cholera are twice as fatal to -soldiers as to civilians. This large death rate among soldiers is -due to overcrowded barracks, sameness of diet, and want of healthful -exercise. The mortality in the navy is nearly double that in the -merchant service--all being of disease. - -Mortality is affected by population, location and climate. - -It is a mistaken notion that mild winters are fatal to human life. -Extremes are always harmful. - - -Sanitary and Medical. - -All dwellings should be well lighted and ventilated. - -Never stop up your grate or fire place in summer. - -In and around all dwellings should be kept clean, and lime should be -freely used. - -Do not crowd people in a room, for lung troubles will surely follow. -Each person requires a certain quantity of fresh air per minute, and -too many persons in the same room will cut off this necessary supply. - -Take all of the out door exercise you can get, and stay as much amid -the wholesome air of the country as you can. - -Do not buy cheap food, because it is cheap, but always have an eye to -quality. Musty meal, tainted meat and other half decayed and decaying -food have carried many a person to a premature grave. - -Be careful about your drinking water. Use that of the best wells and -springs. Never use water which has stood over night in a bed room. It -is so much poison. - -See that your food is properly prepared, as health depends largely upon -the observance of this rule. Boiled, stewed or roasted food is always -preferable to fried. Have plenty of vegetable food, and as little -animal as possible. - -All bed rooms and bed clothing should be constantly thoroughly aired, -whether used or not. So should parlors. - -Let some member of the family thoroughly post himself on all matters -pertaining to buying and cooking food, the laws of health, &c. In fact -these things should be discussed daily in the family that all may -understand them. - -The meal hours should be the jolliest of the day. All at the table -should combine in jest and joke, as well as in giving valuable -suggestions and information. The children should take part also. - -You can not be too careful about your dress. Have respect more for -comfort than for fashion. Teach your children this principle, and -it will not be long before finger and earrings, dangling chains, -bracelets, and such other relics of barbarity will be thrust aside by -common sense. The lowest savage bedecks his person with trinkets and -gewgaws. - -The average festival and night meeting where people huddle together -are fruitful of disease. The inhaling of this bad air is equal to a -serpent's bite. - -Carry method into your life and home. Have hours of prayer, reading, -sleeping, conversation, writing, working, &c. - -More people die of want of sunlight and pure air than of any other -cause, even war. - -When a person's clothes catch fire, smother the fire with blankets or -clothing. - -From a few drops to a teaspoonful of coal oil is a splendid remedy for -croup, colds in the breast and like complaints. Saturate sugar with the -oil and it is easily taken. - -A weak gargle of salt and water is a good remedy for sore throat. - -Colds in the head may be cured by bathing the feet in very hot water -and wrapping them well. A little mustard added to the water will prove -beneficial. - -A teaspoonful, each, of salt and mustard in water will prove effectual -where poison has been swallowed. It must be taken at once. - -Dash water into the eye to remove dust. Don't rub the eye. - -Burns and scalds may be relieved by dipping in cold water or flour. - -If you are severely cut, tie a string tightly both below and above the -wound until the doctor arrives. - -Very ugly warts have been cured by small doses of sulphate of magnesia, -or three grains of epsom salts taken morning and evening. - -Mix 5 grains of carbolic acid and one ounce of glycerine. Rub the scalp -thoroughly at night and wash out in the morning, and your worst case of -dandruff will be cured. - -Clean stoves when cold with any stove-polish mixed with alum water. - -It is said that snuffing powdered borax up the nostrils will cure a -catarrhal cold. - -Ceilings that have been smoked by a kerosene lamp should be washed off -with soda water. - -Drain pipes and all places that are sour or impure may be cleansed with -lime water or carbolic acid. - -Strong lime may be used to advantage in washing bedsteads. Hot alum -water is also good for this purpose. - -Lemon juice and sugar, mixed very thick, is useful to relieve sore -throat and coughs. It must be very acid as well as sweet. - -To sweep carpets use wet newspapers wrung nearly dry and torn to -pieces. The paper collects the dust but does not soil the carpet. - -It is said if feather beds and pillows be left out in a drenching rain -every spring and afterward exposed to the sun and air on every side -until dry, they will be much freshened and lightened. - -Medicine stains may be removed from silver spoons by rubbing them with -a rag dipped in sulphuric acid and washing it off with soapsuds. Stains -may be removed from the hands by washing them in cold water, to which a -little sulphuric acid has been added; use no soap. - - -Some Noted Colored Women. - -The Philadelphia Press, of last Sunday, contains the following -concerning a few notable colored women of the country: Colored women -have hardly had opportunity to do much that is sensational, but -still there are several who have earned a solid reputation. The most -prominent colored women in Washington, in the best sense of the word, -are teachers--such women as Miss M. B. Briggs, professor of English -in Howard University, a most talented woman; or Josephine T. Turpin, -of the same school, who is a frequent contributor to newspapers; or -Lucy Moten, who is the efficient principal of a big training school; -or Mary Nalle, or Marian Shadd--all highly cultured women, respected -and esteemed by those who know them. In the ranks of prominent colored -women of Philadelphia, there is the skilled woman physician, Dr. -Caroline V. Anderson. She is the daughter of William Still, a wealthy -colored merchant, and a regular graduate of the medical department -of Howard University, and enjoys a big practice. Then there is Mrs. -Fancy Jackson Coppin, the lecturer, who devotes most of her time -to the Institute for Colored Youth, and Mrs. Gertrude Mossell, who -used to conduct the women's department on the New York Freeman, and -who has written for the Philadelphia Press as well as for papers -published in the interest of the Negro race. Mrs. Mossell is, also, a -member of the Woman's National Press Association. Mrs. Frances E. W. -Harper, the temperance lecturer and writer, has also been a resident -of Philadelphia. Among colored women who have become more or less -renowned in the arts and professions, must be mentioned Mrs. Nellie -Brown-Mitchell. She is a musician with a mechanical turn of mind. She -has invented and patented two or three appliances now in common use by -musical instructors. Equally well known in another branch of the fine -arts is Edmonia Lewis, the sculptor. She is an Afro-Indian, and was -born in New York state, but now has her studio in Rome, where she has -plenty of commissions and has done some fine work. "The Old Arrow-Maker -and his Daughter," is one of her best known productions and is owned -in England. Ida B. Wells--"Iola" whose suit for damages under the -Mississippi laws for being forcibly thrust out of a passenger car in -Memphis by three or four white men, brought her before the public a few -years ago--is probably the best known of colored women journalists, -and Mrs. M. E. Lambert, of Detroit, is a poetess of genius. There -are two colored women in the ranks of the law, Miss Florence Ray, of -Brooklyn, and Mrs. M. S. Cary, of Washington. There is at least one -colored minister, the Rev. Mrs. Freeman, of Providence, and there has -been one woman at the head of a newspaper published in the interest -of Afro-Americans, Miss Carrie Bragg, who for sometime edited the -Lancet at Petersburg, Va. Nor would it be difficult to pick out a dozen -colored women in the country whose property in the aggregate might be -expressed "on information and belief," by seven figures. In such a -list would come the Gloucesters, the rich boarding house keepers of -Brooklyn; Miss Amanda Eubanks, of Rome, Ga., whose white father left -her $400,000; Mrs. Mary A. Wilson, a wealthy Florida woman; Mrs. Mary -Pleasants, of San Francisco, who made something more than $35,000 in -government bonds, owns a ranch and has some real estate; Mrs. James -Thomas, of St. Louis, who is worth something like $300,000, and whose -barber shop, the "Lindell," is the most luxuriant in the country, and -Mrs. Catherine Blake, who owns the Kenmore Hotel at Albany, which is -reputed worth $150,000. Miss Blake, a wealthy young colored woman of -Nash, N. C., has taken the prize for the best production of cotton at -all the State fairs, and several other Afro-American women with ample -incomes are doing solid industrial work.--_Chr. Recorder._ - -There are many noble women throughout the South who have done great -work for the race, and whose names should be added to the above number. -If Dr. Simmons, who wrote that excellent book, "Men of Mark," will get -up a similar work of our "Women of Mark," he will find fully as much -meritorious material among our women as he found among the men. - -[Illustration: Decoration] - -FOOTNOTE: - -[A] This statement is contradicted by Dr. M. C. Baldridge, an Alabama -Health Officer. He says the number is large, but not one-half. - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's The Negro Laborer, by William H. 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Thus, we do not necessarily -keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. - - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: - - http://www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/old/63511-8.zip b/old/63511-8.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index c89202a..0000000 --- a/old/63511-8.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/63511-h.zip b/old/63511-h.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index a279fb7..0000000 --- a/old/63511-h.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/63511-h/63511-h.htm b/old/63511-h/63511-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index 4f77ee8..0000000 --- a/old/63511-h/63511-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2248 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> - -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> - <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> - <title> - The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Negro Laborer, by William H. Councill. - </title> - <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> - <style type="text/css"> - - p { margin-top: .75em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: .75em; - } - - p.bold {text-align: center; font-weight: bold;} - - h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { - text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ - clear: both; - } - h1 span, h2 span { display: block; text-align: center; } - #id1 { font-size: smaller } - - - hr { - width: 33%; - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - margin-left: 33.5%; - margin-right: 33.5%; - clear: both; - } - - hr.smler { - width: 15%; - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - margin-left: 42.5%; - margin-right: 42.5%; - clear: both; - } - - body{margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; - } - - table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 5px; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; text-align: right;} - - .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ - /* visibility: hidden; */ - position: absolute; - left: 92%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; - text-indent: 0px; - } /* page numbers */ - - .center {text-align: center;} - .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} - .mynote { background-color: #DDE; color: black; padding: .5em; margin-left: 20%; - margin-right: 20%; } /* colored box for notes at beginning of file */ - .space-above {margin-top: 3em;} - .right {text-align: right;} - .left {text-align: left;} - - .poem {display: inline-block; text-align: left;} - .poem br {display: none;} - .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} - .poem div {margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} - - </style> - </head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Negro Laborer, by William H. Councill - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: The Negro Laborer - A Word to Him - -Author: William H. Councill - -Release Date: October 20, 2020 [EBook #63511] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE NEGRO LABORER *** - - - - -Produced by hekula03, Martin Pettit and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div class ="mynote"><p class="center">Transcriber's Note:<br /><br /> -Obvious typographic errors have been corrected.<br /></p></div> - -<hr /> - -<div class="center"><img src="images/front.jpg" alt="front" /></div> - -<hr /> - -<p class="bold">PRICE 25 CENTS.</p> - -<div class="center"><img src="images/dec3.jpg" alt="decoration" /></div> - -<h1 class="space-above">The Negro Laborer:</h1> - -<p class="bold">A WORD TO HIM</p> - -<p class="bold space-above">—BY—</p> - -<p class="bold space-above">WILLIAM H. COUNCILL.</p> - -<div class="center space-above"><img src="images/dec2.jpg" alt="decoration" /></div> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> - -<h2>PREFACE.</h2> - -<p>Many friends have invited me to deliver addresses at various points -upon the <span class="smcap">Labour Question</span>. Being unable to attend all the -appointments, I have concluded to reach them through the following -pages. The <span class="smcap">Labour Question</span> is one of vast importance to all -good citizens, and continues to increase in magnitude with the growth -of population.</p> - -<p>I claim no superior foresight or wisdom, and ask only a careful reading -and that appreciation which the following remarks merit.</p> - -<p class="right">W. H. COUNCILL.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Huntsville, Ala.</span>,<br /> - December, 1887.</p> - -<hr class="smler space-above" /> - -<p class="center">R F Dickson, Job Printer. Huntsville, Ala </p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p> - -<h2>I. THE LABORER.</h2> - -<blockquote><p>1. In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread.—<span class="smcap">Gen. -iii</span>-19.</p> - -<p>2. Be fruitful and multiply, and replenish the earth and subdue -it.—<span class="smcap">Gen i</span>-28.</p> - -<p>3. Go to, let us go down, and there confound their language, that -they may not understand one another's speech.—<span class="smcap">Gen. xi</span>-7.</p></blockquote> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<p>Nothing in the Holy Scriptures is more prominently set forth and -persistently impressed than the duty of man to labor. In the quotations -above made, it is clearly seen,</p> - -<p>1. That labor is ordained by God, and therefore dignified. There is -nothing dishonorable about labor. The man who is ashamed to put his -hand to any kind of work which will bring a support to his family, has -the wrong idea of labor, and will soon or late come to poverty or the -prison. None are exempt. All are commanded to work, and the idler is an -enemy to the state, a burden upon society, and a dishonor to his God.</p> - -<p>2. That the labor of man is to be methodical—with an object in view, -viz: building up the earth for pleasant abode of man, increasing both -animal and vegetable life, and reducing wild nature—animal, aerial, -mineral and plant life—to useful and comfortable forms for the -children of men. This is a grand work! He is to be a constant builder! -No where is he told to be destructive and cruel. But he must be -fruitful, and multiply, replenish and subdue the things on and in the -earth. The great God never gives a command <i>to do</i> without conferring -the ability to do. The command is to every man, from the lowest to the -highest—not to lawyers, doctors, philosophers and great men only, but -to all men, and God has given every man the power of performing his -part in this great work of multiplying, replenishing,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> subduing and -making the earth more fruitful. And that great, wise and good God will -hold each of you as much responsible for the exercise of your physical -powers, your working powers, as for the exercise of your intellectual -and moral capacities in the replenishing and subduing the earth. How -many will make up your minds that you will go forth in the strength of -heaven and endeavor to do your full duty in the great and grand work -which God has given to man?</p> - -<p>3. That misdirected energy and inordinate ambition are displeasing to -God, and will surely be punished by Him in His own time and way. The -people who set about building the tower of Babel had been told by God -to be fruitful, multiply, replenish and subdue the earth, and He gave -them the power to do it. But they misapplied that power, and let their -unholy ambition lead them in the wrong way. Hence God came down from -heaven and scattered them abroad, thus setting his everlasting law -against such folly: for bad ambition and power misspent are the same -thing as destroying property, and God abominates such. Then it is our -duty to see that our abilities are not only employed, but usefully -employed, not only to our advantage, but not to the detriment or hurt -of any other person. It is cruel and wicked to seek riches, or fame, or -honor by destroying the property or the reputation of another person.</p> - -<p>Having advanced these preliminary ideas, I shall now proceed to say -some things further in regard to the Labor Question.</p> - -<h2>II. What is Labor.</h2> - -<p>Let us define Labor, that we may have a clear conception of the import -of the word, which is so often used and so little understood. It means</p> - -<p>1. Muscular effort directed to some useful end, as agriculture, -manufactures, mining, &c., &c.</p> - -<p>2. Intellectual exertion, mental effort, aimed to develop and elevate -the human race in mind, morals and religion.</p> - -<p>You will observe that there are two general classes of laborers, viz: -Manual laborers, or those who eat bread in the sweat of their faces, -from hand toil, as the merchant, clerk, carpenter,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> farmer, cook, -washerwoman, chambermaid, etc.; and the professional laborers, or those -who eat bread in the sweat of their faces mostly by the exertion of the -brain, as the school teacher, minister, physician, lawyer.</p> - -<p>These two classes will serve for our present purpose. Of the good -citizens in this country, all must belong to one or both of these -classes of laborers, or be put down among the idlers who are condemned -by God and man as worthless beings. I will remark here that it is a -part of the duty of every good citizen to persuade his neighbor to -engage in some useful employment, or see that he is punished as our -vagrant laws provide.</p> - -<h2>III. The Proportion of the Two Classes.</h2> - -<p>The United States census of 1880 gives 265 occupations, engaged in by -17,392,099 persons 10 years of age and upward. Of the 265 occupations -there are only six which I consider purely professional, to-wit:</p> - -<table summary="occupations"> - <tr> - <td class="left">Lawyers</td> - <td>64,137</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left">Clergymen</td> - <td>64,698</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left">Journalists</td> - <td>12,308</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left">Physicians and Surgeons</td> - <td>85,671</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left">Authors, Lecturers and Literary Persons</td> - <td>1,131</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left">Teachers and scientific men</td> - <td>227,710</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left"></td> - <td>————</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left"></td> - <td>455,655</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>This is about 2½ per cent. of the persons employed in the various -occupations; or to put it more plainly, about 5 in every 200. The per -cent. of persons of the colored race who are engaged in the professions -is five times smaller. It is about ½ of one per cent. or one person -in every 200. It will be seen from these figures that at least 97½ -per cent. of all races are engaged in personal service and manual -labor. The old expression "There is Room at the Top" has misled many -a youth, and consequently many a man has found his way to the poor -house or the felon's cell. Public speakers and lecturers have done -much to give a wrong impression of the meaning of this famous sentence -uttered by Mr. Webster. They hold certain positions, or occupations, -as being at the top. Such an erroneous idea never entered the head of -that great statesman. He simply meant that whatever you<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> engaged in -strive to reach perfection in that. The blacksmith may climb to the top -in his occupation, the washerwoman may reach the top of her art, for -washing is an art as much so as music or mathematics, and so with the -carpenter, the mason, the hod carrier and the common laborer. Each may -obtain such a degree of skill as will render his services indispensable -to his employer. Did you ever think that there is art in the use of -the pick, and that it may be cultivated with high satisfaction to the -employer and employe?</p> - -<p>This leads me to remark upon</p> - -<h2>IV. The Morals of Labor.</h2> - -<p>You often hear lawyers and doctors speak about the ethics of their -professions. This means nothing more than those rules which should -govern the lawyers and doctors in their relation to each other and to -their clients and patients. Now, every occupation has its ethics. The -workmen are bound by moral obligations to have regard for the interests -of one another; i. e. they are morally bound to give one another equal -chance in the great race for bread. Then they must observe all the -rules for the government of their relations to the employer. This -is very important, as the good of society depends entirely upon the -faithful observance of the laws of reciprocity. The Great Teacher has -laid down one infallible rule which is ample for all the transactions -of life, viz: "Whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye -even so to them." I would like for you to regard this divine injunction -as your constitution, and then adopt the following by-laws:</p> - -<p>1. Decide what you are going to follow for a living.</p> - -<p>2. Select an occupation in keeping with your abilities and capabilities.</p> - -<p>3. Thoroughly qualify yourself for that calling.</p> - -<p>4. Always have a plain understanding with your employer as to wages and -hours of work.</p> - -<p>5. Carry out your part of the contract "though the heavens fall."</p> - -<p>6. Be at the place at the time appointed, do faithfully your work in a -good spirit, not grumblingly, and then your employer<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> will meet you in -a like spirit, and your life will be one of happiness.</p> - -<p>7. Consider that for the time being you are the property of your -employer, and faithfully obey his instructions and requests.</p> - -<p>8. It is better—more honest—to give him an hour or two of labor than -to cheat him by idling or work poorly performed.</p> - -<p>9. Avoid intoxicants, especially while you are at work, for as your -time belongs to your employer, you should strive to render faithful, -intelligent service, which can not be done under the influence of -liquor. Besides, you endanger your own life and the safety of the -property you are paid to protect.</p> - -<p>10. Be frank, and never under any circumstances deceive your employer. -If you have done wrong, or made a mistake, own it like a man. He will -respect you more for it.</p> - -<p>11. Treat your employer's property as you would your own; and if you -are a careless man, treat it better.</p> - -<p>12. Be polite and gentle to your fellow workmen and your employer, as -coarse jests and ill temper are out of place even on the rock pile, -as well as in the parlor. Remember the street scavenger can be a -Chesterfield as well as the gentleman of fashion who graces the richest -drawing room.</p> - -<div class="center"><div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<div>"True politeness is to do and say</div> -<div>The noblest things in the kindest way."</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>I shall next consider</p> - -<h2>V. Labor, Capital and Wealth.</h2> - -<p>1. Labor has been defined.</p> - -<p>2. Capital is that which is employed to produce wealth.</p> - -<p>3. Wealth is accumulated capital at rest.</p> - -<p>Society can no more be in a healthful state without the harmonious -working of these three elements, governed by ethics, than the human -body could without the united action of heart, arteries and veins -influenced by the lungs. Let me go a step further and say that labor -is capital, or labor and capital are one. Labor is power. That power -produces wealth. That wealth in action is called capital, and thus the -work of labor, capital and wealth goes on subduing the earth. Every -individual with all the powers and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> capacities of his constitution -sound, is a capitalist to the extent of the exercise of those powers. -That which such exercise produces and he accumulates is wealth, and if -he wish to employ it to produce other wealth, it becomes capital.</p> - -<p>The peanut vendor is a capitalist to the extent of his investment -in earth nuts, roaster, pans, baskets, etc. The little girl who -peddles laces, or newspapers, or pins around the streets, is as much -a capitalist to the extent of her investment as Mr. Vanderbilt or Mr. -Gould. Mr. Gould and Mr. Vanderbilt have simply by the exercise of more -economy, sagacity and energy accumulated more wealth than she. But the -peanut vendor may become a greater capitalist as he accumulates more -wealth and employs it. It is folly to point the finger of prejudice -and envy at the very rich people and cry: "These men oppress us; these -capitalists are sharks; these wealthy people have our earnings." It is -not only folly, but it is unjust. I see many of you with watches and -chains, rings on your fingers, and pins on your breasts. These articles -are wealth. They represent so much capital—labor or money—at rest. -The man who owns the watch worth $8 and the one with the $100 watch, -are men of wealth to the valuation of those useful articles. The poor -laborer, who, by industry and frugality, after the exercise of his -capital—his muscle—accumulates enough to buy an acre of land and -erect a small cottage for his faithful wife and little ones, was in -turn a laborer, capitalist, and is now a man of wealth to the value of -that happy little home, where peace and virtue reign and upon which the -blessings of God rest. Mr. Vanderbilt is a man of greater wealth than -this man, but it is because he operated a larger capital. Some times a -spirit of envy creeps in between these two capitalists and then both -suffer—each in proportion to his wealth. This brings me to consider</p> - -<h2>VI. Agrarianism.</h2> - -<p>This form of ownership originated in bloody Rome. It was tried among -the early christians. Wherever it has been introduced failure and -crime followed. The population of the United States and Territories -is 50,155,783; the value of real estate and personal property is -$16,902,993,443. Divide this according to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> agrarianism and each person -would get $337, which by trade and speculation would soon again be in -the hands of a few. And thus with each day we should have to re-collect -and re-distribute. Out of such a system no good could possibly come. -Nature everywhere teaches that differences and distinctions must -exist. Why has she been more lavish with the peafowl than with the -crow? Why has she bedecked the gold finch or the bird of paradise more -gorgeously than the snow bird or the hawk? Why the lily more fragrant -and fair than the sun-flower? Why the difference in the magnitude of -the twinkling stars? Why the dissimilarity in the talents of men? Why -are some men born idiots and others with the sparkling gems of genius -shining in their souls? Why do some mountains possess millions of -dollars of the precious or useful minerals and others only sandstone -or lime rock? The answers are secrets locked up in the mystery of -the Almighty. The man of talent, of push, of energy, frugality and -sagacity can not help accumulating more of the results of labor than -the individual of opposite qualities. Agrarianism is a foe to thrift -and activity, and encourages idleness and stagnation. It would paralyze -business and cause the wheels of industry to hang dry and still over -the stream of progress.</p> - -<p>Agrarianism is a hydra-headed monster. It has presented itself in many -forms and at various times. To-day it breeds discontent among the -common people which to-morrow bursts into rebellion and revolution. -Lawlessness prevails, property is destroyed and bloody murder stalks -boldly abroad. Is anything gained? No! as loud as heaven's loudest -artillery can sound it. All classes of capitalists are weakened, wealth -is destroyed, and fond Hope, the bright anchor of the soul, sits dark -and gloomy in the ashes of ruin.</p> - -<p>Communism. Saint-Simonianism, nihilism, anarchy, socialism, Henry -Georgeism, are all dangerous forms of that hideous monster, -agrarianism. Every capitalist—every man of wealth,—whether his muscle -is his only stock in trade or not, or whether he counts his capital and -wealth by dimes or by millions—should seize the bludgeon of reason -and justice and strike the monster—the common foe to the progress and -happiness of man—a deadly blow. It is true that laboring men have -their grievances, but</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p> - -<h2>VII. Strikes</h2> - -<p>are not the means by which these wrongs may be set right. The appeal to -strikes is an appeal from reason to error, from justice to injustice, -from order to disorder, from law to riot, from morality to immorality, -from virtue to sin, from innocence to murder. The strike is a foe to -the infant at the mother's breast; it is an enemy to the happiness -of home; it is the howling wolf at the door of the humble cottage; -it is hostile to personal liberty; it is an enemy to religion, it is -the embodiment of riot and murder striding through the land stamping -out the life of the nation, crushing out the manhood of the citizens, -setting a premium upon crime and outlawing virtue and honesty. I wish I -had the power to represent it in its true light. A mass of grumbling, -dissatisfied men who will not work, by desperation and lawlessness -deterring others from honest toil. Business is paralyzed and millions -of dollars sunk. But this is small compared to the suffering and -misery and want in the homes of these frantic men. Could we but lift -the curtain which hides their dark homes, a picture would be presented -which would cause the blood to chill and sicken the soul. These men -hang around the saloons and stifle the cries for bread from their homes -by liquor and beer—a morsel of cheese or a cracker answering for food. -But what about the wretched wife and starving child?</p> - -<p>But they do not stop there. The torch, pistol, the knife, the bomb and -infernal machines are brought in to play their deadly parts. Then the -fire fiend with his angry tongue laps up wealth and happy homes, the -knife and the pistol start streams of human gore down the gutters of -the streets, and the hellish bomb brings massive edifices cracking, -crumbling to the earth.</p> - -<p>The fiend having sated himself in gore and ruin, surveys the field of -desolation. What has been gained? Nothing. If permitted he returns to -work with a weakened constitution, less respect of his family, kept -under the watch of the law, without the confidence of his employer -and with the curse of his own conscience. You ask: "If strikes are -not the remedy, what is the remedy?" Have a clear understanding with -your employer. Try to enter into his interests and feelings. Tell him -plainly that you can not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> afford to work for him at present rates. -If he can not or does not raise your wages, give him notice that you -will quit at a certain time, and then do not interfere with the person -engaged in your place. All parties will feel better, and your employer -may soon be able to grant your request and recall you. You certainly -have no right to interfere with others who are willing to work for him.</p> - -<p>The colored laborer can neither afford to strike nor encourage strikes. -He has felt the baneful effects of them. He has time and time again -seen white labor organizations resort to this method of getting colored -men out of employment. If it is right against the employer for higher -wages, it is right against a fellow-workman on account of race or -color. But it is not right at all. This is a country of law and order, -and the negro's salvation lies in his willing obedience to law—fairly -and impartially administered.</p> - -<h2>VIII. Labor Organizations.</h2> - -<p>I do not deny labor the right of organization for the advancement of -its interests. This is legitimate and highly proper so long as the -general interests of society are protected. There is, perhaps, no -country upon the globe which extends greater liberties and protection -to labor than the United States of America. In Alabama and many other -states of the union, the mechanic's lien enables him to compel the -employer to fulfill his obligations, but the employer has no remedy -against the mechanic except in rare cases where bonds have been given -by the contractor.</p> - -<p>The cause of the laboring man has kept pace with the march of -civilization and progress, until the order of government has been -reversed and the laboring classes have become the rulers. However, they -are threatened with great danger growing out of the slavery entailed by -labor organizations. Few of them are for the real advancement of the -interests of labor, but mere machines for the personal aggrandizement -of the politicians who stand behind the scenes. The laborer, in -attempting to avoid the imaginary Scylla of capital, may dash his life -out against the terrible Charybdis of demagogy. Our laws all favor the -laborer, and I make this assertion regardless of statements of those -who<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> see gain in keeping labor in a state of excitement. In Egypt, -many hundreds of years ago, the poorer class could not be anything -else. They were not permitted, under heavy penalties, to change their -occupations or locations. A hod carrier was doomed to that work during -his natural life. Other countries more recently oppressed labor just -as severely. I mention this in illustration of the depths from which -labor has come. To-day the laborer may not only change his location -but may change his occupation, and ply a dozen if he choose to do so. -An organization which has for its object the moral and intellectual -advancement of its members, as well as their financial welfare, is not -objectionable and should be encouraged. But where prejudice is aroused -against other forms of labor (as capital, banking, etc., etc.) they are -lawless, dangerous, and should be shunned by every good laboring man. -No organization outside of a benevolent institution should be secret, -and I doubt the propriety of all secret societies. Secrecy is too often -the cloak for evil and scheming. The dark clouds of secrecy have ever -been the means of over-awing or misleading the lower classes. Permit me -to introduce here the following extract from an address bearing upon -this subject. It is so excellent that I will be pardoned for clipping -at length and endorsing it <i>in toto</i>:</p> - -<p>"The twenty-fourth annual Grand International Convention of the -Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers was held in Chicago on the 19th -October, with delegates present from all parts of the Union. The Grand -Chief Engineer, P. M. Arthur, with his usual rare good sense, said in -the course of his annual address: We are enemies only to wrong in its -various devices and garbs, and can assuredly say that political schemes -and aspirations have no place nor part in our association. A mighty -army of men, representing 365 divisions, has gathered about a nucleus -of 12 men who, 24 years ago, assembled in the city of Detroit and -started an organization destined to be more than they knew or dreamed. -To-day we number 25,000 men, and while our numbers are great, we would -not have you consider only the quantity, but the quality as well. To -be a Brotherhood man, four things are requisite, namely: Sobriety, -truth, justice, and morality. This is our motto, and upon this precept -have we based our practice. Taking all things into consideration, our -relations, both to <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span>ourselves and with various railroads, employing -Brotherhood men, are amicable. When we consider the dissatisfaction -which is everywhere manifest about us, our few troubles pale in -insignificance. There have been times and incidents when the 'strike' -was the only court of appeals for the workingman, and the evil lay in -the abuse of them and not in the use of them. The methods used to bring -about a successful termination of strikes, the abuse of property and -even of persons, have brought the very name into disrepute, while the -troubles of the laboring man are receiving mere cant, and sympathy for -him is dying out. More and more clearly defined is the line becoming -which divides the honest man, satisfied with a just remuneration which -he has truly earned, until by his own effort he can rise to a higher -position in life, and the loud-voiced 'bomb thrower,' who scarcely able -to speak the English language, seeks to win his own comfortable living -from those who have worked for it, presuming upon the imagination -and arousing false hopes in the hearts of those who are still more -ignorant than himself. Among sensible men the day for all this is past. -Let 'mercy season justice, and justice be tempered with moderation.' -A wise arbitration looks to a long result rather than to immediate -satisfaction, and accomplishes more than intimidation ever can hope to -do.</p> - -<p>"'It is not my intention,' said Mr. Arthur, 'to impose upon this -convention any dogma upon the drink question; but I cannot refrain -in honesty to my own convictions from deploring the sad havoc that -intemperance is making in the ranks of our fellow men. So great is this -evil that no man or woman who is striving to improve his fellows can -help taking it into account. It is, indeed, an important factor for -evil in our midst. Not only from the physical and moral standpoint is -it working mischief, but from the standpoint of labor. The man who has -so little self-control that he cannot resist the temptation to degrade -himself is always in danger of bringing disgrace upon his brethren. He -has lost his self-respect and, to some extent, his independence, thus -making an easier victim to the greed of a selfish employer. I would -therefore urge upon you the necessity of abstaining from everything -that will in the slightest degree impair your usefulness as citizens or -your efficiency as locomotive engineers.'"</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p> - -<h2>IX. The Negro and the Labor Question.</h2> - -<p>Competency is a prerequisite to all occupations. I have alluded to this -above, but I desire to treat it more at length here, and especially in -its relation to the Negro of the South.</p> - -<p>In consequence of former conditions, incompetency has been the normal -standard of both employer and employe. The conditions being changed, -and new relations existing between these two classes in the South, -the standard must be changed—must be raised. I shall put aside -sentimentalism, and view the subject in its true light.</p> - -<p>What is the "Negro Labor Problem" of the future?</p> - -<p>Simply the ability on the part of the Negro to remain in the market as -a laborer, and the ability of the Southern white man to meet the labor -complications of the future, which will be developed in the necessity -for better skilled labor, and the desire of the white man to get this -superior labor at the old prices.</p> - -<p>Leaving competency and skill out of the question, it will be readily -admitted that the Negro is the most desirable of all races as a -laborer. He is kind, forgiving, and easily understood and managed. -He is willing to work and at almost any price. This is shown in the -fact that there is a larger per cent. of bread winners in the Southern -States than any other section, except in the far West and East. But he -is ignorant, improvident and unskilled; and it is to be regretted that -his progress is slow in the cultivation of skill in the industries, but -there are fruitful and encouraging signs in this direction.</p> - -<p>There are two causes which tend to demand a higher standard of labor -qualification in the South:</p> - -<p>1. The more free intermixture of northern and southern people—thereby -bringing the southern people in contact with the superior white labor -of the North.</p> - -<p>2. The immigration of northern people who have been accustomed to -cultivated, free labor.</p> - -<p>We do not pretend to hint that the Negro laborer will not improve, but -will he do so sufficiently and rapidly enough to meet the heavy demand?</p> - -<p>He must be able to compete with the skilled white labor, ready<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> to -crowd the South, or he must go to the rear. This is a stern fact, -becoming more and more patent daily.</p> - -<p>I am not speaking only of the Negro as a domestic servant, carpenter, -brick-mason, and other occupations of the cities, but of him as a -farmer. Sentimentality, which has had much to do with holding the Negro -and white man together in their relation of employer and employe, is -fast giving way to business principles which are to govern the future -South. If my forty acres can be made to produce more by A's method of -farming than by B's, A is a more scientific, skilled and desirable -tenant, so B must stand aside. This is the "Negro problem", in its -relation to labor, in a nut shell.</p> - -<p>I wish I could impress you with the importance and the opportunity of -monopolizing the cotton production of the South. I wish I could arouse -every Negro in the South to seize this opportunity which may pass -away in the next decade. Scientifically cultivated, there is money in -cotton. For two hundred years it was the South's only source of income. -It now brings to the South $300,000,000 per annum.</p> - -<p>The white people of the South, if they were inclined, are as illy -prepared to part from the Negro as a laborer, as the Negro is to -seek service elsewhere. A breaking of the present relations and the -introduction of white servants, would necessitate a change of the -social system of the South, which southern people hold as sacred as -life. So, while there are some things which seem to demand an exchange -of labor, there are certain other things which appear to be able to -hold haste in check. But, how will the Negro remain in the market? -How will he keep himself from being elbowed from the brick walls, -the forge, the bench, the embankment, the kitchen, the dray, and -other places? This brings me, in answering these questions, to the -consideration of</p> - -<h2>X. The Laborer's Education and Home.</h2> - -<p>1. <span class="smcap">Education.</span>—An old Spartan King was asked by an anxious -father what he should teach his son. The king replied: "Teach him those -things which he will practice when he becomes a man." This is the -correct principle of education. A father should study<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> the abilities -and capacities of his children, and encourage them to follow the -inclinations of their talents. A boy who has a mind for mechanics, or -mathematics, or agriculture, cannot be made a doctor. Money spent on -his medical education is money misspent.</p> - -<p>I have shown above that only about one in every two hundred colored -persons are engaged in the law, medicine, clergy, and other -professional and literary pursuits. I do not pretend to question the -Negro's ability to attain the acme in these vocations. I concede it -and verily believe it. But I am dealing in cold facts, not speculation -nor sentimentality. Again, I do not doubt that with the growth of -population, the increase in learning and property among the Negroes, -there will be a corresponding increase, yes, larger increase in the -number engaged in the professions, and in the trades and personal -service—as merchants, clerks, etc., etc. As shown above, only five -in every two hundred of the whole population engaged in occupations, -in the United States and Territories, are in the six professions -mentioned. Of the Negro race, only about ½ of one per cent., or one -in every two hundred, are so engaged.</p> - -<p>The bread winners, or working population, are only 39½ per cent. of -the whole population of the country, and are distributed as follows:</p> - -<table summary="The bread winners"> - <tr> - <td class="left">Agriculture</td> - <td>7,670,493</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left">Professional and personal service</td> - <td>4,074,238</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left">Trade and transportation</td> - <td>1,810,256</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left">Manufacturing, mechanical and mining industries</td> - <td>3,837,112</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left"></td> - <td>—————</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left"></td> - <td>17,392,099</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>It is easily seen that nearly one-half of our working population must -be educated for agriculture; not quite one fourth for professional and -personal service; about one-eighth for trade and transportation, and -a few more than one-fourth for manufacturing, mechanical and mining -pursuits. There are certain fundamental principles common to all -education. After these are inculcated, the aim should be to develop the -individual for his life work, or prepare him for that occupation which -is to bring him bread.</p> - -<p>Leaving the subject of early training, I now pass to the consideration -of the importance of the intelligence of the laboring man. This is -necessary for the protection of himself, his employer and the peace of -society. It is much easier to understand and get<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> along with educated -men than ignorant ones. The laboring man should set aside a few cents -to be invested in papers, books, &c., which give him information in -relation to his work, his duties, and tend morally to benefit him. He -should spend a few hours every week in trying to inform himself on -various things. He should be a thinking man, and his food for thought -should be of the most wholesome character, or he will cease to be a -useful member of society and become a destructive element. There are -certain little things in medicine, physics, chemistry, agriculture, law -and other branches which he should know, and his knowledge would save -him much pain and many dollars. I commend the following article, taken -from a paper called <i>Builder and Woodworker</i>:</p> - -<p>"If the ordinary, every-day workman, engaged at his bench in the -pursuit of his vocation, were aware of the enormous number of natural -laws by which his every action is controlled, he would be surprised -at their existence and desirous of learning about them. This desire -would be natural and most praiseworthy, yet the fear of study stems -to prevent those who would like to gain this knowledge from simply -reading, as one would a story, the interesting things described in -books on physics—facts far more valuable than fiction, and so clearly -demonstrated that a mere tyro can understand and experiment from -description, thus proving how much can be learned even from a rapid -perusal.</p> - -<p>"Why should a woodworking mechanic study the science? The reasons why -he should do so are numerous and important, and in explaining some -of them we shall endeavor, as far as possible, to show its practical -application and the part it plays in his individual efforts, though, at -the same time, it must not be forgotten that all the movements on this -earth of ours depend on and are controlled, according to the principles -of natural philosophy.</p> - -<p>"Let us consider for a moment its bearing on a man standing at a bench -in the act of pushing forward a jack plane. What first of all retains -his body on the floor on which he stands? The force of gravitation, -which as described retains the earth particles together, and all bodies -animate or inanimate on its surface, by drawing them to its center, -this influence being exercised on the building in which he labors, -retaining its constituents in their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> positions. It also acts on his -person to such an extent that were he devoid of the power of movement, -he would be as immovably fixed as the inanimate wood he stands upon. -This force, likewise, keeps his stuff on his bench and the plane on his -work, and prevents the flying off at a tangent which would occur with -all terrestrial bodies were the attraction to cease for a moment. How -simple is the fact when demonstrated!</p> - -<p>"Avoiding the consideration of the different attractions, we will -glance at the mechanical means he goes through in planing. Standing -with his two feet together, would it be possible for him to lift a -shaving? It would not, because the resisting force generated by the -friction of the wedge-shaped iron in entering the woody fibers would -be so great that this body, being unable to resist it, would be pushed -outside the perpendicular line of gravity, and fall. To overcome this -resistance he increases his base, and lowering the center of gravity of -the body, leans forward and throws his weight on his left leg, with his -right forming, as it were, a brace.</p> - -<p>"Now he can exert his powers effectually, for having overcome unvarying -natural forces by the use of natural laws.</p> - -<p>"His arms, as he moves them forward or draws them back again, are -nothing more than a splendid system of compound levers, and the tool -employed is on a cubical prism, with an angular opening into which a -wedge of steel is inserted and fastened, with its point projecting -below the sole or lower face. This wedge is forced forward by lateral -pressure, and entering the wood gives out a shaving or strip equal in -proportion to the projection.</p> - -<p>"How many of us are there who know that the edges of our plane iron and -chisels, saw teeth, in fine our principal tools, are modifications of a -simple wedge, and fewer still who know its power or how to increase its -utility in practice.</p> - -<p>"To us who handle it daily, the screw, or as it is in reality a -revolving wedge, is a mystery and an unknown thing, though we are -familiar with its usefulness; yet, while in the act of propelling a -screw with a screw-driver, a multitude of forces and machines are -employed, which are grand in their simplicity and worthy of study.</p> - -<p>"That which teaches why a plumb bob hangs quiescent at the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> extremity -of a string, and why a level is determined by the centering of an -alcoholic bubble in a tube, and other valuable mechanical facts, should -not be passed over by him whose philosophy is to devote his life -to improving the means by which the comfort and happiness of human -nature are gained. Independent even of this essential reason, it is -imperative that we make ourselves acquainted with the component parts -and properties of materials, in order to train the mind into a line of -thought tending to invention and the bringing forth of valuable ideas, -which only those familiar with this science can essay."</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Home.</span>—Home is the little harbor into which we anchor our -vessels after a day's battle with the elements on the ocean of life; -it is a port of supply into which we steer our bark to prepare for -running a few more knots amid pirates and breakers; it is the haven -where our dear ones should be secure from the storms of adversity, and -where peace, virtue and happiness reign. Of all places, home should be -the dearest to us. There the faithful wife, the partner of our joy and -sorrow, our sunshine and storm, our prosperity and adversity, and our -merry children greet us as we return weary and worn with the toils of -the day and heart-sore of the jeers and slights of men. In that home -let the Word of God be the supreme law. In that home let all be united -for truth and virtue; and the winds may blow, the rains fall, and the -floods descend, but it will stand unharmed. A few substantial articles -of furniture, a few small pictures on the wall, a floor neat and clean, -the rays of the king of day streaming in cheer through a glass window -or two, a yard clean and in order, a flower or a shrub, the fence and -front of the little cottage with a coat of new paint, costing only -about one dollar because it was spread on by the son or the father at -extra time, and you have a home to be envied by a king, whether you own -it, or rent it.</p> - -<p>Keep in mind that the school room and pulpit combined cannot elevate -people above their homes. As their homes are, they will be. As long -as father and mother, son and daughter sleep in the same room, often -occupying the same bed, we cannot make much progress in virtue. The -off-spring is born with corrupt mentality. Make partitions if they must -be constructed of old newspapers. By all means give privacy to your -daughters, if you wish them to be virtuous and modest. </p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span></p> - -<p>Lift the curtain, and let me show you the home of an individual who has -lost the comeliness of manhood—let me show you the hovel this brute -disgraces. Look! It is eight o'clock in the evening. The wife in her -old torn and soiled dress, is still faithfully engaged at the wash-tub. -An old broken lamp, smoking and sputtering, gives a pale and ghastly -light. The chunks of wood in the fire place are shoved together, and -four or five half clad, half starved little children are quarrelling -and wallowing in the sand, whence the bricks long since have been -taken. There is not a whole knife, or fork, or spoon, or plate, or -dish, or cup, or glass—not an article of furniture which is not -scarred and broken. At nine, that faithful wife, who is wearing out her -life with that miserable brute, has suspended her work, made the last -bit of meal into a hoe cake and divided it among those wretched little -creatures, and packed them away among some filthy and torn quilts on a -dirty straw mattress. She then returns to finish her labors. At eleven, -the thing called a man and husband and father enters. He is just from -the dram shop or the house of prostitution, where he has spent his -week's earnings with others of that ilk. He has no "Good evening," no -kind word for that faithful wife. He growls "Nothing here to eat?" -As that poor, weak, abused woman tremblingly stammers out an excuse, -with fiendish look and clenched fist he rushes upon her! Down let the -curtain drop! For angels and gods could not now look upon what follows -without tears of sympathy and anger intermingled! That man may be a -church member! He is certainly a member of some benevolent or labor -society, and may stand high in its councils. Is he a fit associate for -a true man? Should he not be hurled from your midst as an unworthy -companion? Here is work for the laboring man, and all men! Let us -elevate our home life, and make our wives and children happier.</p> - -<p>The Germans are noted for their attractive homes. By comforts, sports, -songs, music, books, etc., they throw a charm into their homes which -inspires, cheers and elevates all who come within their influences. May -every laboring man in America build for himself such a home, whether he -lives in the city cottage or in the country cabin.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></p> - -<h2>XI. Buy a Home.</h2> - -<p>There are in the United States 9,945,916 families, of 5.04 persons to -the family. There are only 8,955,812 dwellings, with 5.06 persons to -the dwelling. It will be seen that there are 990,104 families, or five -million people, without dwellings, either owned or rented—no where to -rest their heads. Is this the result of over population? It is not. -It will be centuries before our country will reach that stage. It is -the result of shiftlessness and the inertia of population. If lands -are high in the cities and older states, they may be had upon your own -terms in the broad, open West. There are also hundreds of thousands -of acres for homestead entry in the southern states. It is true that -much of it is mountain land, but it will be gold to the man who will -bear the privations of justifying his claim to it. There are also -corporations with large means, as well as individuals, in nearly all of -our cities who are willing to sell to thrifty persons lots or farms on -reasonable terms. Now is the golden opportunity. The working men of the -South will never have such an opportunity again to get homes. With the -increase of population by birth and influx, lands must rise in demand -and price. I have heard of one legitimate objection to selling lands to -colored persons. It is said that they buy on mortgage transfer, soon -become discouraged, allow ruin and dilapidation to follow, and then -surrender the place in worse condition than delivered to them. This -objection can easily be overcome by taking my pattern for the happy -home. If this is done, the vendor would hardly foreclose a mortgage -should you get much behind in your payments, as the property would be -constantly increasing in value.</p> - -<h2>XII. The Newspapers and the Negro.</h2> - -<p>There is general complaint among the colored people that we do not -get newspaper notices only of our misdeeds. This is not true. The -best papers, North and South, publish whatever information they can -get worthy of commendation. We are too sensitive on this point. My -experience and observation are that the press is well disposed toward -the Negro. It is true there are many papers of small reputation full of -prejudice, or surrounded<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> by a narrow-minded constituency, that do not -wish the Negro well, but they are a weak minority. The following taken -from the Huntsville (Ala.) <i>Daily Mercury</i> of recent date, sufficiently -proves my position.</p> - -<p>"The workmen employed on the Baker & Helm block on the corner of -Washington and Clinton Sts., are workmen right, and deserve a word of -kind praise for the 'big licks' they have accomplished in the erection -of this building.</p> - -<p>"We are told that every brick layer on the work is a colored man, and -we do not hesitate to say that they have shown up wonderfully well, and -performed good, honest labor quickly done. The rafters for the roof are -now being placed in position, and once the roof is on, the finishing -strokes will be given with refreshing precision. All honor to the -colored mechanics, they are entitled to much praise, and we shall see -that they get all they deserve, and which they are justly entitled to."</p> - -<p>Also, M. Quad, the correspondent of the <i>Detroit Free Press</i>, writing -from Eufaula, Alabama, says of the colored people there:</p> - -<p>"Come down here and I will show you hundreds of acres of the best lands -which are owned by the black men. I can show you from ten to twelve -colored men who have more acres, better buildings, and more cash than -any like number of white farmers in some of our Michigan counties. The -colored school is fully equal to the white one, and the people speak -of this fact with pride. There was a time when the streets of Eufaula -were crowded with vagrant blacks, none of whom had the ambition to earn -a shilling more than would give him food and clothes. The vagrant laws -were enforced, and the change was astonishing. There is not an idler -in the place. There is not a black man in or around the town who isn't -given the fairest kind of a show to go ahead. While the white man will -always enforce respect, he will bear and assist and condone. Alabama -is to-day doing more for the flesh and blood it once cracked the slave -whip over than Michigan is doing for its unlettered and vicious white -population. The black man of the south is improving every year, and no -one will concede this quicker nor feel prouder over the fact than the -southern whites. There need be no sympathy wasted on the black man of -Alabama. He is doing for himself<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> in education and finance, far better -than some of the white population of the north."</p> - -<p>Possess merit and that will tell whether you get into the papers or not.</p> - -<p>The means of obtaining the kinds of notices we wish published in -the white papers, are quite meagre. The court records are the only -information accessible to them. Very few of us have any business or -association with the white press. We never think of letting them know -of our transactions, hence how can they receive notice? This complaint -is without justification and should cease Stand up for the colored -press, and it will prove ample for us in all things.</p> - -<h2>XIII. A Plain Question for Southern Consideration.</h2> - -<p>One of the great questions which must command the consideration of -southern people, in the immediate future, is better care of the -servants, and more attention to their moral and industrial training. -I am dealing with the servant class of our people, which at present -is more than ninety-nine per cent. of the race. The employer can not -help having a deep interest in this class, if he would protect his own -family. Ninety-five per cent. of the nurses and chamber-maids of the -South are colored. These servants are thrown in hourly contact with the -children of the families they serve. The nurses do much to shape the -lives of the children they carry in their arms. Earliest impressions -are most enduring. Somebody has said: "Give me the first seven years of -a child's life and you may have the man." The influences of the nurse -will be felt throughout the life of the child. If those influences are -virtuous, exercised by an intelligent, honest christian nurse, great -good will result. But if the nurse have the opposite qualities—if she -be indolent, sloven, ignorant, vicious and deceptive—the child will -surely imbibe some of these disorders which will show themselves some -where in the life of the child, or his offspring. Moral contagions are -more deadly and easily communicated than any diseases of the body. What -fond mother would commit her infant to the arms of a leper? And yet it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> -were better to do that, than expose it to influences which corrupt the -mind and taint the whole constitution. It is a fact that southern white -women have been accustomed, for many generations, to surrender the care -and training of their children to "black mamas," who inspired manhood -and gave the first great lessons of God and truth to hundreds of the -present hoary haired statesmen of the Sunny South. This custom is still -a delight in the South, and white mothers trust their children to the -care of Negro nurses with the same implicit faith that Thetis committed -her young Achilles to the charge of Phoenix and Chiron. I wish that -these nurses sufficiently appreciated this confidence and would feel a -deep pride in their work and responsibility. It must be borne in mind -that the relations of thirty years ago do not exist, and the results of -the ante-bellum nursery government and the system of to-day, cannot be -the same.</p> - -<p>Here is a work for Southern women of the white race. Leave out of the -question the love for mankind, which should prompt them to elevate -the whole race of man, they must meet this matter of the elevation of -domestics on selfish grounds if no other. They must in self protection -strive to make the house servant class intelligent and virtuous. -Honesty must become a part of the mentality, and not a form or a cloak -worn while under the surveillance of the law, or the eye of virtue. Who -says that the colored servant is not as honest as any other servant? -I do not. I am not making comparisons at all. I am speaking of things -as I want them to be. If they are so already, then I "rejoice with -exceeding great joy." The importation of white family servants and -nurses will not solve the problem. It is a question which cannot be -handled except in the light of christian education. The importation -of white servants means the introduction of disorder in domestic -government, and it will produce a revolution in the social system of -the South. It will bring communism in the kitchen, socialism in the -dining-room, nihilism in the chamber, and the hand of anarchy to rock -the cradles of the South. Let the South nurse the Negro with right and -kindness, while the Negro nurses the infants of the South, and we shall -have domestic labor of the most desirable class.</p> - -<p>There should be attached to every well ordered southern home<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> rooms -for the servants. These rooms should be comfortable in all their -appointments. In the villages and small towns as well as in the cities -this is needful. Women of all grades must be modest. Modesty is her -shield. When she loses that, she is exposed to the licentious missiles -of vulgar men. It disarms a girl of her womanly reservedness to be -thrown early in morning and late at night, alone, into the streets -going to and from her work. She finally gets a boldness which is out of -place in any home.</p> - -<p>The South can not be too earnest nor too lavish in the cause of -education. It can well afford to give two dollars to the cause where -one goes now. It is right, and self preservation demands it. While -the schools are being increased and put upon a higher plain, the work -must be carried on in the families. Let industrial training become the -watchword of every man interested in the true growth of our country. I -know of a family (of Huntsville) which has done much in the training -of domestic servants. The good lady of the house took great pains in -explaining (not scolding) and teaching (not driving) to her servants -things which her superior education enabled her to understand, or -which she had been taught. She, in this manner, educated two or three -servants, who, when the time came for separation (and it was always -peaceful), were able to earn larger wages than their more unfortunate -fellow servants.</p> - -<p>I hope that all who love the happiness of home and are concerned about -the good of society, will give this matter thoughtful investigation, -and earnestly endeavor to benefit this important class of our employes.</p> - -<h2>XIV. "Social Equality."</h2> - -<p>"Social equality" is a political scare crow, as there is no such thing, -in <i>fact</i>. It is to the illiterate class of whites what <i>putting -the Negroes back into slavery</i> was to the ignorant class of colored -people. Those who talk most about it know the least about it. The -cultivated southerner is not disturbed about social equality. There has -never been, and there will never be, among the same race, nor between -different races, any such thing as social equality. Freedom does not -mean "social equality" nor manhood. It<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> means only the opportunity to -be a man. Freedom <i>per se</i> brings nothing but abstract principles, but -it opens the avenue for all that is grand and noble in this life and -in the great hereafter. Freedom, legislative enactments and judicial -adjudications cannot make men socially equal. The merit must be in -the individual himself, and find a corresponding merit in some other -individual. But I shall not attempt to follow out this line of thought -here. I shall speak upon social contact or mixture (if I am allowed -to use the word) of the races, improperly called "social equality" by -some. They mean combination of races, I suppose, if they mean anything. -I use mixture and combination in their broadest sense, preferring the -chemical definitions. I am opposed to combination of the races in the -least degree, and I see no necessity for mixture outside of business -relations. I oppose it for more than one reason, which I cannot discuss -here. Keep the Negro race separate and distinct, if it is desired to -perpetuate its identity. The lines can not be too tightly drawn, for -such lines guarantee the protection of the virtue of the colored girls -of the South. The desire to mix with the whites—to marry and associate -with that race—is a concession, on the part of those who have that -desire, which is cringing and craven, and puts a libel upon the boast -that the "Negro blood is equal to any other race". If it is so grand -and noble a race, why seek combination and mixture with any other race? -But I do not put this question to you. It must be answered by those who -advocate such nonsensical doctrine. We can find in our own race ample -scope for the exercise of our social ambition. However, I am willing -to make the following contract with the white race of the South: "We, -the Negroes, agree on our part, to hang by the neck until dead, every -colored man who violates the seventh commandment with a white woman, if -you, the white people, will agree to punish <i>according to law</i> every -white man who violates the seventh commandment with a colored woman. So -help us God." There is not a sensible colored man in the whole South -who will not sign the contract, and I know the better class of whites, -those who say least of "social equality," will sign it for their race. -Separation of the races does not mean depreciation of the merits or -talents of either of them, any more than the division of States by -geographical lines, or the continents, teeming<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> in varied natural -wealth, divided by the great oceans, signify the underestimation of the -worth of one or the other. In his famous speech upon Mars Hill, St. -Paul beautifully and eloquently said: "God * * * giveth to all life, -and breath, and all things; and hath made of one blood all nations of -men for to dwell on the face of the earth, and hath determined the -times before appointed, and the bounds of their habitation." Whether -these bounds appointed by God be physical distinctions in the races, or -whether they consist of deep oceans or towering, craggy mountains, they -must be observed.</p> - -<p>There will never be even a mixture of the races, to say nothing of -combination, in this country, to any appreciable degree, even if there -were an inclination on the part of both in that direction, until the -condition of the Negro is changed, and I claim, paradoxical as it may -appear, that when the Negro's condition is changed by the cultivation -of virtue, there will be even a less desire than now to mix and combine -with the white race. In nine cases out of every ten the mixing and -combining is the substratum of both races. I can not pursue this -subject further at this time.</p> - -<h2>XV. The Employer.</h2> - -<p>I have confined my remarks so far to the duties of the employe. The -responsibilities of the employer are even greater and more numerous. -I can not speak of them at length now. The employer must have care of -the health of the employe, as well as provide for him the necessaries -of life while he is performing his work. The employer should ever be -mindful of the general welfare of his employe. He is more than a mere -medium of exchange of labor for dollars. On account of his superior -knowledge, there are certain duties which the moral law requires him to -discharge. To pay liberally and promptly are minor duties when compared -with his general oversight of the moral and intellectual welfare of the -laborer. He must not only not defraud the employe himself, but he must -see that others do not take advantage of his ignorance or inexperience. -He must provide suitable and comfortable homes for his workmen, having -due<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> regard for the laws of health. I have in my mind three model men -of Huntsville, Alabama, of this class, whose names I will be pardoned -for mentioning in this connection.</p> - -<p>Dr. J. J. Dement is so kind and upright in dealing with his tenants -that they give into his hands their net cash, allowing him to keep all -the accounts. This confidence can come by dealing according to moral -principles, which are broader and higher than formal business rules. -Col. William M. Holding is another employer, or landlord, who has -stamped himself indelibly upon the hearts of his employes or tenants. -He is ever mindful of their interests, and stands between them and -the men who are always watching for a chance to get their hard-earned -dollars by fraudulent means. Mr. Holding supplies his tenants himself -at cash prices, and never charges them one cent of interest, and yet -he pays as high wages and rents his lands as cheaply as any other man -in the county. Hon. Edmond I. Mastin is the third model employer. He -runs a brick yard. His foreman is a Negro of almost full blood. Mr. -M. contracted with him to work for $25 per month, but finding the -foreman constantly increasing in competency, and finding his own cash -account growing larger, he voluntarily advanced the wages to $50 per -month. This struck the foreman with great surprise. One of his men had -mortgaged his house and lot,—this Mr. M. paid off, secured to him -the property, and charged no interest. These kinds of employers and -landlords understand their relations to their tenants and employes. -There are hundreds of others scattered over the South, and each one -is doing more to build up the country and establish and maintain -confidence and friendly relations between the races than a dozen -politicians. I wish all the landlords and employers in the country -would carry such ethics into their business relations with their -laborers.</p> - -<h2>XVI. Be a Good Citizen.</h2> - -<p>What is the object of life? It is to make society better, and thereby -honor and glorify the great Maker. How can you benefit society? By -making of yourself <i>a man</i>, as God intends you to be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span>—a good citizen, -as the laws require you to be. It is not necessary, in order to be -a good citizen, that genealogy shall play a part. It is of little -consequence whether the Negro came from Adam, or whether he was evolved -by the Darwinian theory. It does not matter whether his ancestors -were the pyramid builders of Egypt, or the compatriots of Hannibal -or Scipio, or whether they were the fetich worshippers of African -jungles. It is not a question of comparison of the Caucasian and Negro -intellectual abilities, capacities or attainments. It is not important -to decide which race can dig deepest and soar highest in the sciences. -These questions may be considered by anthropologists and scientists, -but, for the laboring man, the main question is how to win bread—how -to be a citizen. Whatever may have been your ancestry, whatever may -have been their condition, is of little value to you. In this age of -electricity and steam, men no longer are run on the pedigrees of their -foreparents, regardless of merit. A lawyer whose only recommendation is -the illustrious name of a dead progenitor, will never have clients. The -physician, who pleads the excellence of a line of noble blood reaching -into the far receding centuries, will find poor sale for his pills. The -merchant who expects to get his inferior goods off his shelves on the -credit of family name, will soon find the sheriff at his door. What -would you think of a man, totally ignorant of carpentry, or masonry, -or agriculture, proposing to work for you upon the worthiness of some -dead relative? Be meritorious. Be a citizen of whom the State may be -proud, and your ancestry will care for itself. I do not undervalue an -honorable family record. It is diamond. But you must be worthy yourself.</p> - -<p>In addition to all that I have said concerning your duties, I wish to -add that no workman, no laboring man, can afford to violate the laws of -the land. If laws are oppressive, you have your remedy at the ballot -box, and not in evasion or violation. Government is ordained of God, -and is necessary to the happiness and protection of man. No man has a -right to disobey the laws of the land. Disobedience creates disorder. -Disorder leads to anarchy and riot. Then who is safe? Whose property at -any moment may not be destroyed? As stated above, it is not a question -of the origin of the races, or a comparison of capacities, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span><i>but can -the Negro make a good citizen?</i> This is the problem in this connection. -The answer which the Negro is giving, must be gratifying to all good -men.</p> - -<div class="center"><div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<div>"Honor and shame from no condition rise,</div> -<div>Act well your part—there all the honor lies."</div> -</div></div></div> - -<div class="center"><div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<div>"Victory and defeat.</div> -<div>Joy and grief—</div> -<div>'Tis these that make the warp</div> -<div>And woof of human life. But</div> -<div>Be faithful to right and duty,</div> -<div>And you will have done</div> -<div>Something to make the whole world better."</div> -</div></div></div> - -<h2>XVII. Well Done.</h2> - -<p>What has been done by the Negro since his emancipation to make -himself an industrious, christian citizen? How well is he meeting -the expectations of his friends? How successfully has he defeated -the prophecies of his enemies? How is he working out his destiny? -Go to the farms and the work-shops—go examine the tax-books of the -country—go see the million colored boys and girls attending the -industrial and other schools of the South—go count the hundreds -of magnificent temples, all over the land, erected to God—go ask -good men, who have informed themselves on the Negro question—go -read the history of the industrial civilization of the last quarter -century, and the answer will be, WELL DONE. There have been many -discouragements—there have been many days as dark as the brow of -midnight—as black as the curtains of hell—yet scintillations of Hope -ever shot forth from the altars of religion and patriotism, which are -bursting into refulgent light and heat to chase away the shadows, -dispel the mist, disperse the clouds, and drive all animosities into -the Red Sea of fraternal love. The asps which dropped from the head of -the Medusa of slavery, are being driven out by the good St. Patrick of -mutual interests and fellow-feeling. We are treading upon new ground, -without the lamp of experience, or the lessons of history, to guide -our feet. The conditions surrounding the races of the South are new -problems in the political annals of the human family. The solution is -proceeding according to the rules of Providence. Only the Negro and -white man of the South can handle the crayon.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> External intermeddling -can be productive of no good. The races of the South, alone, are -responsible to God—amenable to the generations of the future for -the figures and calculations which are being made upon the slate -of southern development. It is true that we have had our Copiahs, -Carrolltons and Danvilles, but the great wonder is that these conflicts -have been so few, and so small. It is a marvel that the races have -maintained such amicable relations, when the former conditions and the -bitterness engendered by the change of those conditions are taken into -consideration. It has required the exercise of profound wisdom, great -foresight, and almost supernatural patience on the part of both races -to bring us where we are with such propitious environments.</p> - -<p>A Western paper says: "The negroes of the South are rapidly solving -their own problem by their religious and educational progress since -their freedom. In view of the ignorance, superstition and degradation -that enthralled them, we do not believe any other race on the globe has -ever made more rapid progress than this people in the twenty-two years -of their emancipation."</p> - -<p>The <i>People's Advocate</i>, whose able editor is worthy authority upon -Negro statistics, says: "The close of the first century of the -constitution finds us after a record of twenty years, fourteen men -having been in congress, a thousand men in state legislatures; to-day -with 16,086 schools, 1,030,463 pupils, 22,183 in normal and high -schools, academies and colleges, 1,900 studying theology, 100 reading -law, 150 studying medicine; pay taxes on $150,000,000, and fully two -millions are invested in business."</p> - -<h2>XVIII. Conclusion.</h2> - -<p>When a young man, just arrived at majority, leaps beyond parental -control, into the wide world of personal responsibility, it is -true that his immunities are greater, but his cares have increased -also. So the Negro, being clad in the habiliments of freedom, steps -out of the tomb of thralldom into liberty and citizenship. But his -responsibilities are in proportion to his new liberties. He has graver -cares and more arduous duties than when he rose and retired at the -sounding of the overseer's horn. He must look at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> these duties to -himself, his family, his neighbor, his state and his God, calmly and -in the new light which must accompany freedom in order that it may be -permanent. Freedom is a contradictory term. It is a deceptive word. -There is no absolute freedom in civilized society. Among civilized -people freedom means restraint—restriction. The farther man is removed -from barbarism, the less freedom he has, and the greater the curb and -restraint upon his conduct. Obedience to law and a regard for the -general interests of society are fetters stronger than the chains which -bound Prometheus to the mountain rocks. When a citizen throws off this -restraint, he ceases to be a healthful factor in the state. As long -as the great Mississippi River is held in restraint by its banks, it -floats upon its bosom the commerce of our nation, carrying joy and -comfort into millions of homes. But if the great Father of Waters leaps -beyond the lawful bounds he becomes harmful and destructive; or if we -remove the curbs and permit the water to flow as it will, we could no -longer derive the least benefit from this grandest stream in North -America.</p> - -<p>I have spoken as I think the interests of labor demand, without -appealing to the prejudices or caprices of the laborer. I have -endeavored to be candid, as I am sincere. I know that men, generally, -do not like statements which differ from their views, though such -statements be the embodiment of truth and virtue. I know, also, that -the common ear leans to the titillations of flattery, however illogical -and damaging.</p> - -<p>The Negro is here to stay. He is a citizen according to forms of law. -He must be, and can be, according to the light of the nineteenth -century civilization. Let the past be as oblivious as the contents of -an ante-deluvian reliquary. Turn the eye and the effort to the living -present, and the rising sun of the future, which shall make his course -across the skies of the nations, to the adjustment of all difficulties -and the guidance of mankind up the broad plains of highest christian -development, and <span class="smcap">the Negro shall be thrifty, intelligent, honest -and faithful in all things</span>.</p> - -<div class="center"><img src="images/dec1.jpg" alt="decoratiion" /></div> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p> - -<h2>USEFUL INFORMATION.</h2> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<h2>Negro Vital Statistics.</h2> - -<p>It is a fact that the death rate among the colored people of the United -States is greater since than before the war, and that it is far in -excess of the white race, often doubling it.</p> - -<p>Consumption and pneumonia are the diseases which are mowing down -the ranks of our colored population. "In Charleston, S. C., the -number of deaths from consumption for 1882-5 were 830 colored to 234 -white; Memphis, Tenn., 471 colored to 323 white; Savannah, Ga., 391 -colored to 212 white; Nashville, Tenn., 330 colored to 232 white. The -mortality from pneumonia for the same period stands: Charleston, S. -C., 219 colored to 85 white; Memphis, Tenn., 262 colored to 159 white; -Savannah, Ga., 166 colored to 60 white; Nashville, Tenn., 155 colored -to 100 white. The difference is also excessive in heart diseases, -dropsy, scrofula, venereal diseases, and, when prevalent, from -small-pox."</p> - -<p>"In Savannah, Ga., in 1885, 7 whites and 114 blacks died without having -a physician in attendance; in 1883, 6 whites and 145 blacks. Moreover, -the fact should not be ignored that numbers of negroes are also the -victims of empiricism and experiment. Some poor negroes are undoubtedly -sacrificed for the benefit of science." This is the case all over the -country.</p> - -<p>Scrofula is said to be more fatal to mulattoes than to Negroes, and -more deadly to both than to whites. It is seven times greater among -colored than whites.</p> - -<p>I believe, also, that the prevalence of scrofula among the Negroes is -promoted by the immense quantities of meat consumed by them, to the -exclusion of a sufficient quantity of vegetable food. I am led to this -conclusion for two reasons: firstly, so far as I have been able to -ascertain, scrofula is rarely found among the native Africans, whose -diet is purely vegetable; seldom do they eat meat. Again, from a recent -medical journal, I learn that the Esquimaux, whose diet is exclusively -meat, usually die between the ages of 30 and 45, and among them -scrofula is exceedingly prevalent.—<i>Conrad.</i> </p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span></p> - -<p>The number of still births is greater among colored than whites. This -is due to many causes. Among them exposure of the mother, poor living, -and lack of attention during the period of gestation.</p> - -<p>Huntsville, situated in Northern Alabama, is renowned as a healthful -place. The colored people thereabouts are in fair circumstances. The -death rate for the part of the year 1887 to November 1, reveals a -startling disparity between the races: There were 42 deaths among -the whites and 98 among the colored; 4 whites and 13 colored died of -consumption; still born, 1 white and 6 colored. The colored death rate -is 39 per 1000, allowing the colored population to be 3000. But it must -be remembered that the winter of 1886-7 was the severest for nearly a -half century.</p> - -<p>"But the greatest disparity in the death rates of the two races is the -number of deaths under five years. Here there is, indeed, in the negro -race, a woful 'slaughter of the innocents.' The death rate of Negro -children is always more than double that of the white, and from that to -even four times as great." May not the unskillful midwife have much of -this laid at her door?</p> - -<p>A well informed writer says: "More than half of the deaths under five -years among Negro children, is caused by trismus nascentium.<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> To -well-meaning but ignorant old women can be laid this 'slaughter in -hecatombs' of children. Unwholesome food also has much to do with the -deaths of infants and children, especially in summer. There is a woful -need of training schools to educate nurses, and similar institutions -throughout the South. Skilled female physicians (colored) are -peculiarly fitted for lessening this infant mortality."</p> - -<p>Another strange thing with regard to Negro statistics is, that more -women than men become nonagenarians. With the whites it is the reverse; -more single males than single females die; more widows than widowers -die; more females than males die of consumption; more males than -females die of pneumonia. The cause of some of these facts is plain.</p> - -<p>Only one Negro in 1,037 becomes insane, while one in every 434 whites, -according to good authority.</p> - -<p>A writer in <i>The Sanitarian</i> for June, 1887, says that many deaths -among the Negroes are caused by indifference to personal cleanliness -and medical attention—many dying without applying for medical aid. The -same writer gives the following:</p> - -<p>"In the following table is given the total death-rate per 1000,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> and -also the death-rate under five years of age, in Charleston, S. C., -Savannah, Ga., Nashville and Memphis, Tenn., for the years 1883-85. The -upper figures give the white rate and the next the colored:</p> - -<table summary="Death rates"> - <tr> - <td class="left"></td> - <td> Charleston.</td> - <td> Memphis.</td> - <td> Nashville.</td> - <td> Savannah.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left">1883.</td> - <td>21.60</td> - <td>15.19</td> - <td>18.68</td> - <td>20.47</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left"></td> - <td>47.13</td> - <td>35.83</td> - <td>31.29</td> - <td>39.57</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left">1884.</td> - <td>23.68</td> - <td>18.80</td> - <td>16.77</td> - <td>19.54</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left"></td> - <td>44.63</td> - <td>41.66</td> - <td>26.94</td> - <td>42.21</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left">1885.</td> - <td>17.64</td> - <td>16.56</td> - <td>14.69</td> - <td>12.9</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left"></td> - <td>38.49</td> - <td>36.96</td> - <td>27.07</td> - <td>34.4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="5" class="left"> Rate of deaths under five years:</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left"></td> - <td> Charleston.</td> - <td> Memphis.</td> - <td> Nashville.</td> - <td> Savannah.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left">1883.</td> - <td>5.88</td> - <td>3.75</td> - <td>5.65</td> - <td>7.59</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left"></td> - <td>21.03</td> - <td>13.91</td> - <td>12.44</td> - <td>18.01</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left">1884.</td> - <td>6.48</td> - <td>4.47</td> - <td>5.46</td> - <td>6.54</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left"></td> - <td>16.52</td> - <td>15.63</td> - <td>11.55</td> - <td>16.68</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left">1885.</td> - <td>4.45</td> - <td>4.67</td> - <td>4.37</td> - <td>4.23</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left"></td> - <td>14.38</td> - <td>13.46</td> - <td>10.78</td> - <td>13.70</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>"The per cent. of increase for the total population from 1870 to -1880 was 30.08—white, 29.30; black, 34.67. To show the relative -increase between the two races at the South, I take from the last -official census the three Southern States—Tennessee, Alabama and -Mississippi—which may be accepted as a fair criterion for the rest of -the South. Rate of increase in these, taken as one State—white, 23.90; -black, 33 per cent. It is still more apparent, in South Carolina, -because it is less affected by immigration from other States, and shows -more accurately the natural increase. There it is 45.33 for the blacks, -and for the white population, 35 per cent."</p> - -<h2>Comment on Negro Vital Statistics.</h2> - -<p>The foregoing facts are very startling and should arouse every -intelligent Negro and every friend to the race, to devise a way by -which this awful wave of death shall be checked. The history of all -civilizations presents seeming unaccountable vital statistics. All -races passing into civilization have increase in both birth and -death rates. But the case of the Negro in the United States is one -deserving profound study. It presents many seeming contrarieties, -hardly met elsewhere. The question naturally arises, What shall be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> -done to check this harvest of death? Begin in the school room. Teach -the children sound sanitary principles. Begin in the pulpit. Let the -minister constantly call attention to this matter and advise a way -out of it. Begin the work in all the societies of the race. Establish -and maintain schools for nurses and to teach the general principles -of housekeeping. The demand is great for competent colored male and -female physicians—especially female, as the work must be largely -among the women of the race. An organization for the promotion of -the sanitary condition of the Negro should be started, and its work -vigorously prosecuted. They must be induced to seek better houses, -better clothing, better food, and have better care of their bodies. -I have known men who would get up every rainy night in the year, and -pull their beds from under a leak in the roof, or who would lay abed -and the wife set pans and buckets on them to catch the water, rather -than bestir themselves two hours in patching the roof. Then I have seen -some handsome looking women, most handsomely attired in beautiful white -dresses or costly cloaks, hats and feathers, and I have often wondered -where they would find a decent place in their homes for those articles -when they returned from their perambulations or from the church or -party. The old root doctor must be driven out by the lash of the law.</p> - -<p>The idea, advanced by some writers, of shutting the Negro up in the -lower valley of the Mississippi, or his natural tendency in that -direction, is narrow and illogical. Why should the Negro huddle there? -I confess that a large per cent. may forever remain there, but there -is no natural or legal reason for assigning the Negro any particular -locality in this cosmopolitan Republic. Driving him to the unhealthful -localities of certain cities is the cause of much of this unnatural -death rate. God has made man to inhabit any part of this great globe, -and there is no part of it in which any race can not live, though it -may require generations for adaptation and acclimatement. For monetary -reasons I would be glad if the Negro would not only own that whole -region, but monopolize its staple production, as I have before said. -But at present there is not the slightest drift in that direction.</p> - -<h2>General Vital Statistics.</h2> - -<p>From 53 to 85 per cent. of the population marry under the age of 30 -years. The per cent. is lowest among rich, and highest among poor -families.</p> - -<p>Men marry at a later period than women. The average age for men is -27 9-10, for women 25 7-10 years. </p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span></p> - -<p>There is no reason why children should die, except it be found in the -violation of the laws of nature, by foreparents.</p> - -<p>Carpenters and country laborers live longer than any other laborers.</p> - -<p>The average life, after the commencement of intemperate habits, -is 21 7-10 years for beer drinkers, 16 6-10 for spirituous liquor -drinkers. It is thus seen that distilled liquors are most dangerous.</p> - -<p>It is shown that the death rate among soldiers, even though they are -well provided for and remaining in barracks, is enormous. It far -surpasses civilians. Lung diseases and cholera are twice as fatal to -soldiers as to civilians. This large death rate among soldiers is -due to overcrowded barracks, sameness of diet, and want of healthful -exercise. The mortality in the navy is nearly double that in the -merchant service—all being of disease.</p> - -<p>Mortality is affected by population, location and climate.</p> - -<p>It is a mistaken notion that mild winters are fatal to human life. -Extremes are always harmful.</p> - -<h2>Sanitary and Medical.</h2> - -<p>All dwellings should be well lighted and ventilated.</p> - -<p>Never stop up your grate or fire place in summer.</p> - -<p>In and around all dwellings should be kept clean, and lime should be -freely used.</p> - -<p>Do not crowd people in a room, for lung troubles will surely follow. -Each person requires a certain quantity of fresh air per minute, and -too many persons in the same room will cut off this necessary supply.</p> - -<p>Take all of the out door exercise you can get, and stay as much amid -the wholesome air of the country as you can.</p> - -<p>Do not buy cheap food, because it is cheap, but always have an eye to -quality. Musty meal, tainted meat and other half decayed and decaying -food have carried many a person to a premature grave.</p> - -<p>Be careful about your drinking water. Use that of the best wells and -springs. Never use water which has stood over night in a bed room. It -is so much poison.</p> - -<p>See that your food is properly prepared, as health depends largely upon -the observance of this rule. Boiled, stewed or roasted food is always -preferable to fried. Have plenty of vegetable food, and as little -animal as possible. </p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span></p> - -<p>All bed rooms and bed clothing should be constantly thoroughly aired, -whether used or not. So should parlors.</p> - -<p>Let some member of the family thoroughly post himself on all matters -pertaining to buying and cooking food, the laws of health, &c. In fact -these things should be discussed daily in the family that all may -understand them.</p> - -<p>The meal hours should be the jolliest of the day. All at the table -should combine in jest and joke, as well as in giving valuable -suggestions and information. The children should take part also.</p> - -<p>You can not be too careful about your dress. Have respect more for -comfort than for fashion. Teach your children this principle, and -it will not be long before finger and earrings, dangling chains, -bracelets, and such other relics of barbarity will be thrust aside by -common sense. The lowest savage bedecks his person with trinkets and -gewgaws.</p> - -<p>The average festival and night meeting where people huddle together -are fruitful of disease. The inhaling of this bad air is equal to a -serpent's bite.</p> - -<p>Carry method into your life and home. Have hours of prayer, reading, -sleeping, conversation, writing, working, &c.</p> - -<p>More people die of want of sunlight and pure air than of any other -cause, even war.</p> - -<p>When a person's clothes catch fire, smother the fire with blankets or -clothing.</p> - -<p>From a few drops to a teaspoonful of coal oil is a splendid remedy for -croup, colds in the breast and like complaints. Saturate sugar with the -oil and it is easily taken.</p> - -<p>A weak gargle of salt and water is a good remedy for sore throat.</p> - -<p>Colds in the head may be cured by bathing the feet in very hot water -and wrapping them well. A little mustard added to the water will prove -beneficial.</p> - -<p>A teaspoonful, each, of salt and mustard in water will prove effectual -where poison has been swallowed. It must be taken at once.</p> - -<p>Dash water into the eye to remove dust. Don't rub the eye.</p> - -<p>Burns and scalds may be relieved by dipping in cold water or flour.</p> - -<p>If you are severely cut, tie a string tightly both below and above the -wound until the doctor arrives.</p> - -<p>Very ugly warts have been cured by small doses of sulphate of magnesia, -or three grains of epsom salts taken morning and evening. </p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span></p> - -<p>Mix 5 grains of carbolic acid and one ounce of glycerine. Rub the scalp -thoroughly at night and wash out in the morning, and your worst case of -dandruff will be cured.</p> - -<p>Clean stoves when cold with any stove-polish mixed with alum water.</p> - -<p>It is said that snuffing powdered borax up the nostrils will cure a -catarrhal cold.</p> - -<p>Ceilings that have been smoked by a kerosene lamp should be washed off -with soda water.</p> - -<p>Drain pipes and all places that are sour or impure may be cleansed with -lime water or carbolic acid.</p> - -<p>Strong lime may be used to advantage in washing bedsteads. Hot alum -water is also good for this purpose.</p> - -<p>Lemon juice and sugar, mixed very thick, is useful to relieve sore -throat and coughs. It must be very acid as well as sweet.</p> - -<p>To sweep carpets use wet newspapers wrung nearly dry and torn to -pieces. The paper collects the dust but does not soil the carpet.</p> - -<p>It is said if feather beds and pillows be left out in a drenching rain -every spring and afterward exposed to the sun and air on every side -until dry, they will be much freshened and lightened.</p> - -<p>Medicine stains may be removed from silver spoons by rubbing them with -a rag dipped in sulphuric acid and washing it off with soapsuds. Stains -may be removed from the hands by washing them in cold water, to which a -little sulphuric acid has been added; use no soap.</p> - -<h2>Some Noted Colored Women.</h2> - -<p>The Philadelphia Press, of last Sunday, contains the following -concerning a few notable colored women of the country: Colored women -have hardly had opportunity to do much that is sensational, but -still there are several who have earned a solid reputation. The most -prominent colored women in Washington, in the best sense of the word, -are teachers—such women as Miss M. B. Briggs, professor of English -in Howard University, a most talented woman; or Josephine T. Turpin, -of the same school, who is a frequent contributor to newspapers; or -Lucy Moten, who is the efficient principal of a big training school; -or Mary Nalle, or Marian Shadd—all highly cultured women, respected -and esteemed by those who know them. In the ranks of prominent colored -women of Philadelphia, there is the skilled woman physician, Dr.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> -Caroline V. Anderson. She is the daughter of William Still, a wealthy -colored merchant, and a regular graduate of the medical department -of Howard University, and enjoys a big practice. Then there is Mrs. -Fancy Jackson Coppin, the lecturer, who devotes most of her time -to the Institute for Colored Youth, and Mrs. Gertrude Mossell, who -used to conduct the women's department on the New York Freeman, and -who has written for the Philadelphia Press as well as for papers -published in the interest of the Negro race. Mrs. Mossell is, also, a -member of the Woman's National Press Association. Mrs. Frances E. W. -Harper, the temperance lecturer and writer, has also been a resident -of Philadelphia. Among colored women who have become more or less -renowned in the arts and professions, must be mentioned Mrs. Nellie -Brown-Mitchell. She is a musician with a mechanical turn of mind. She -has invented and patented two or three appliances now in common use by -musical instructors. Equally well known in another branch of the fine -arts is Edmonia Lewis, the sculptor. She is an Afro-Indian, and was -born in New York state, but now has her studio in Rome, where she has -plenty of commissions and has done some fine work. "The Old Arrow-Maker -and his Daughter," is one of her best known productions and is owned -in England. Ida B. Wells—"Iola" whose suit for damages under the -Mississippi laws for being forcibly thrust out of a passenger car in -Memphis by three or four white men, brought her before the public a few -years ago—is probably the best known of colored women journalists, -and Mrs. M. E. Lambert, of Detroit, is a poetess of genius. There -are two colored women in the ranks of the law, Miss Florence Ray, of -Brooklyn, and Mrs. M. S. Cary, of Washington. There is at least one -colored minister, the Rev. Mrs. Freeman, of Providence, and there has -been one woman at the head of a newspaper published in the interest -of Afro-Americans, Miss Carrie Bragg, who for sometime edited the -Lancet at Petersburg, Va. Nor would it be difficult to pick out a dozen -colored women in the country whose property in the aggregate might be -expressed "on information and belief," by seven figures. In such a -list would come the Gloucesters, the rich boarding house keepers of -Brooklyn; Miss Amanda Eubanks, of Rome, Ga., whose white father left -her $400,000; Mrs. Mary A. Wilson, a wealthy Florida woman; Mrs. Mary -Pleasants, of San Francisco, who made something more than $35,000 in -government bonds, owns a ranch and has some real estate; Mrs. James -Thomas, of St. Louis, who is worth something like $300,000, and whose -barber shop, the "Lindell," is the most luxuriant in the country, and -Mrs. Catherine Blake, who owns the Kenmore Hotel at Albany, which is -reputed worth $150,000. Miss Blake, a wealthy young colored <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span>woman of -Nash, N. C., has taken the prize for the best production of cotton at -all the State fairs, and several other Afro-American women with ample -incomes are doing solid industrial work.—<i>Chr. Recorder.</i></p> - -<p>There are many noble women throughout the South who have done great -work for the race, and whose names should be added to the above number. -If Dr. Simmons, who wrote that excellent book, "Men of Mark," will get -up a similar work of our "Women of Mark," he will find fully as much -meritorious material among our women as he found among the men.</p> - -<div class="center"><img src="images/dec2.jpg" alt="Decoration" /></div> - -<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTE:</h3> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> This statement is contradicted by Dr. M. C. Baldridge, an -Alabama Health Officer. He says the number is large, but not one-half.</p></div></div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's The Negro Laborer, by William H. Councill - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE NEGRO LABORER *** - -***** This file should be named 63511-h.htm or 63511-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/3/5/1/63511/ - -Produced by hekula03, Martin Pettit and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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