diff options
| author | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-02-04 08:49:11 -0800 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-02-04 08:49:11 -0800 |
| commit | 4320013dbb031910bd8a47f91848e91152204733 (patch) | |
| tree | 3437ad5a8b7b011b708bb2e4d91b4bd3091dbbaf /old/63468-0.txt | |
| parent | 8ae4d323dcc50c1d864e94c2cc15a1420eeb395f (diff) | |
Diffstat (limited to 'old/63468-0.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | old/63468-0.txt | 1163 |
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 1163 deletions
diff --git a/old/63468-0.txt b/old/63468-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 6ba4679..0000000 --- a/old/63468-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1163 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Occupations of the Negroes, by Henry Gannett - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Occupations of the Negroes - Occasional Papers, No. 6 - -Author: Henry Gannett - -Release Date: October 16, 2020 [EBook #63468] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OCCUPATIONS OF THE NEGROES *** - - - - -Produced by Richard Tonsing, hekula03, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This -book was produced from images made available by the -HathiTrust Digital Library.) - - - - - - - THE TRUSTEES OF THE JOHN F. SLATER FUND - - OCCASIONAL PAPERS, NO. 6 - - - - - OCCUPATIONS OF THE NEGROES - - - BY - - HENRY GANNETT, - _of the United States Geological Survey_ - - - BALTIMORE - PUBLISHED BY THE TRUSTEES - 1895 - - - - - MEMBERS OF THE BOARD. - - - _Appointed._ - 1882. RUTHERFORD B. HAYES, of Ohio. [1]1893. - 1882. MORRISON R. WAITE, of the District of Columbia. [1]1888. - 1882. WILLIAM E. DODGE, of New York. [1]1883. - 1882. PHILLIPS BROOKS, of Massachusetts. [2]1889. - 1882. DANIEL C. GILMAN, of Maryland. - 1882. JOHN A. STEWART, of New York. - 1882. ALFRED H. COLQUITT, of Georgia. [1]1894. - 1882. MORRIS K. JESUP, of New York. - 1882. JAMES P. BOYCE, of Kentucky. [1]1888. - 1882. WILLIAM A. SLATER, of Connecticut. - - _Elected._ - 1883. WILLIAM E. DODGE, JR., of New York. - 1888. MELVILLE W. FULLER, of the District of Columbia. - 1889. JOHN A. BROADUS, of Kentucky. [1]1895. - 1889. HENRY C. POTTER, of New York. - 1891. J. L. M. CURRY, of the District of Columbia. - 1894. WILLIAM J. NORTHEN, of Georgia. - 1894. ELLISON CAPERS, of South Carolina. [2]1895. - 1894. C. B. GALLOWAY, of Mississippi. - 1895. ALEXANDER E. ORR, of New York. - -Footnote 1: - - Died in office. - -Footnote 2: - - Resigned. - -From 1882 to 1891, the General Agent of the Trust was Rev. A. G. -HAYGOOD, D. D., of Georgia, who resigned the office when he became a -Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. Since 1891, the duties -of a General Agent have been discharged by Dr. J. L. M. CURRY, of -Washington, D. C., Chairman of the Educational Committee. - - - - - ANNOUNCEMENT. - - -The Trustees of the John F. Slater Fund propose to publish from time to -time papers that relate to the education of the colored race. These -papers are designed to furnish information to those who are concerned in -the administration of schools, and also to those who by their official -stations are called upon to act or to advise in respect to the care of -such institutions. - -The Trustees believe that the experimental period in the education of -the blacks is drawing to a close. Certain principles that were doubted -thirty years ago now appear to be generally recognized as sound. In the -next thirty years better systems will undoubtedly prevail, and the aid -of the separate States is likely to be more and more freely bestowed. -There will also be abundant room for continued generosity on the part of -individuals and associations. It is to encourage and assist the workers -and the thinkers that these papers will be published. - -Each paper, excepting the first number (made up chiefly of official -documents), will be the utterance of the writer whose name is attached -to it, the Trustees disclaiming in advance all responsibility for the -statement of facts and opinions. - - - - - OCCUPATIONS OF THE NEGROES. - - -The statistics of occupations used in this paper are from the Census of -1890, and represent the status of the race on June 1 of that year. The -Census takes cognizance only of “gainful” occupations, excluding from -its lists housewives, school children, men of leisure, etc. Its -schedules deal only with wage-earners, those directly engaged in earning -their living. - - - GENERAL STATISTICS. - -In 1890, out of a total population of 62,622,250, 22,753,884 persons, or -34.6 per cent., were engaged in gainful occupations. Of the negroes, -including all of mixed negro blood, numbering 7,470,040, 3,073,123, or -41.1 per cent., were engaged in gainful occupations. The proportion was -much greater than with the total population. This total population, -however, was composed of several diverse elements, including, besides -the negroes themselves, the foreign born (of which a large proportion -were adult males), and the native whites. The following table presents -the proportions of each of these elements which were engaged in gainful -occupations: - - _Proportion._ _Per Cent._ - Total population 34.6 - Whites 35.5 - Native whites 31.6 - Foreign born 55.2 - Negroes 41.1 - -The diagram No. 1 sets forth these figures in graphic form. The total -area of the square represents the population. This is sub-divided by -horizontal lines into rectangles representing the various elements of -the population, and the shaded part of each rectangle represents the -proportions engaged in gainful occupations. - -The proportion was greatest among the foreign born because of the large -proportion of adults, and particularly of males, among this element. -Next to that, the proportion was greatest among the negroes, being much -greater than among the whites collectively and still greater than among -the native whites. - -Classifying the wage-earners of the country in respect to race and -nativity, it appears that 64.5 per cent. were native whites, 22 per -cent. were of foreign birth, and 13.5 per cent. were negroes. - -Analyzing the statistics of occupation by sex, it is discovered that the -proportion of native white males who had occupations was 53.4 and of -females 9.4 per cent. The corresponding proportion of male negroes was -56.3 per cent. and of female negroes 26.0 per cent. The male negroes -were slightly more fully occupied than were the native whites, while -among females the proportion of wage-earners was much greater. The -difference between native whites and negroes in the proportion of -wage-earners was, therefore, due mainly to the fuller occupation of -women. To put it in another form: Out of every hundred native whites who -pursued gainful occupations, 85 were males and 15 were females. Of every -hundred negroes, 69 were males and 31 were females. Indeed, a larger -proportion of women pursued gainful occupations among negroes than in -any other class of the population. - - - CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPATIONS. - -The primary classification of occupations made by the Census recognized -five great groups, as follows: 1. Professions; 2. Agriculture; 3. Trade -and transportation; 4. Manufactures; 5. Personal Service. These titles -are self-explanatory, with the possible exception of the last class, -which is mainly composed of domestic servants. - -[Illustration: - - Proportion of the Population and its elements, which were engaged in - gainful occupations in 1890. - - Diagram No. 1. -] - -[Illustration: - - Classification of the Wage-earners by Race and Nativity and by - Occupations. - - Diagram No. 2. -] - -The following table shows the proportion of the negro wage-earners -engaged in each of these groups of occupations. In juxtaposition, for -comparison, are placed similar figures for the native whites and the -foreign born. - - _Native White._ _Foreign Born._ _Negro._ - _Per Cent._ _Per Cent._ _Per Cent._ - Professions 5.5 2.2 1.1 - Agriculture 41.0 25.5 57.2 - Trade and transportation 17.0 14.0 4.7 - Manufactures 22.9 31.3 5.6 - Personal service 13.6 27.0 31.4 - ————— ————— ————— - 100.0 100.0 100.0 - -Similar facts are shown by diagram No. 2. In this the total area of the -square represents the number of persons in the country pursuing gainful -occupations. This is divided into rectangles by horizontal lines, the -rectangles being proportioned respectively to the numbers of the native -whites, the foreign born, and the negroes. The sub-division of these -rectangles by vertical lines indicates the proportion in each group of -wage-earners. - -The most striking facts brought out by this table and diagram are that -only a trifling proportion of the negroes were in the professions, that -much more than one-half were farmers, and nearly one-third were engaged -in personal (mainly domestic) service. Indeed, over seven-eighths of -them were either farmers or servants. The proportions engaged in trade -and transportation and in manufactures were very small. In respect to -the farming class, they contrasted sharply with the foreign born. In -trade and transportation and in manufactures the contrast was even -greater, in the contrary direction. The foreign born contained a much -larger proportion of professional men. - -Comparing the negroes with the native whites, equally interesting -contrasts appear. Professional men were much more numerous among whites -than among negroes. The proportion of the farming class, although much -smaller, was nearer that of the negroes than was the same class among -the foreign born. In trade and transportation and in manufactures the -native whites had much greater proportions, while in personal service -the proportion was much less than that of the negroes. - - - MALE AND FEMALE WAGE-EARNERS. - -It will be interesting to analyze these figures further. The following -table classifies negro wage-earners by occupation and by sex, giving for -each sex the percentage engaged in each group of occupations: - - _Male._ _Female._ - Professions 1.2 0.9 - Agriculture 63.4 44.0 - Trade and transportation 6.8 0.2 - Manufactures 7.0 2.8 - Personal service 21.6 52.1 - -These figures are also illustrated by diagram No. 3, the area of which -represents all negro wage-earners. The two rectangles into which it is -divided represent the males and females; each of these is sub-divided -into rectangles representing the number in each group of occupations. Of -the male negro wage-earners, more than three-fifths were farmers and a -little less than one-fourth were servants. The two classes jointly -accounted for nearly 85 per cent. of all. - -Of the females, considerably less than one-half were farmers and more -than one-half were servants—the two classes together accounting for 95 -per cent. of all. This large proportion of female negro farmers was -doubtless made up in the main of women and female children employed in -the cotton fields. - - - NUMBER OF WAGE-EARNERS. - -The following table, abstracted from the Census publications, shows the -number of negroes in all occupations and in each of the five great -groups of occupations by sex and by states and territories: - -[Illustration: - - Classification of Negro Wage-earners by Sex and Occupation. - - Diagram No. 3. -] - - NEGROES. - - ─────────────────────┬───────────────────┬─────────────────── - │ All Occupations. │ Agriculture, - │ │ Fisheries, and - │ │ Mining. - ─────────────────────┼─────────┬─────────┼─────────┬───────── - │ Males. │Females. │ Males. │Females. - ─────────────────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼───────── - THE UNITED STATES.│2,101,233│ 971,890│1,329,584│ 427,835 - ─────────────────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼───────── - 1. Alabama │ 192,322│ 101,085│ 146,361│ 66,123 - 2. Alaska │ │ │ │ - 3. Arizona │ 1,091│ 71│ 29│ - 4. Arkansas │ 86,861│ 30,115│ 68,219│ 19,069 - 5. California │ 4,301│ 1,041│ 1,084│ 14 - 6. Colorado │ 2,765│ 792│ 180│ 4 - 7. Connecticut │ 4,064│ 1,964│ 879│ 1 - 8. Delaware │ 9,334│ 3,016│ 4,157│ 34 - 9. Dist. of Columbia│ 21,238│ 18,770│ 553│ 16 - 10. Florida │ 46,302│ 19,071│ 23,690│ 7,629 - 11. Georgia │ 246,913│ 122,352│ 172,496│ 54,073 - 12. Idaho │ 83│ 23│ 16│ 1 - 13. Illinois │ 19,270│ 4,713│ 4,323│ 134 - 14. Indiana │ 14,648│ 4,210│ 3,273│ 37 - 15. Iowa │ 3,615│ 730│ 973│ 11 - 16. Kansas │ 13,889│ 3,400│ 4,171│ 110 - 17. Kentucky │ 76,411│ 31,255│ 38,456│ 1,013 - 18. Louisiana │ 159,180│ 83,978│ 111,820│ 49,428 - 19. Maine │ 409│ 145│ 104│ 2 - 20. Maryland │ 63,166│ 32,642│ 29,516│ 743 - 21. Massachusetts │ 7,593│ 3,435│ 601│ 4 - 22. Michigan │ 5,065│ 1,329│ 1,458│ 45 - 23. Minnesota │ 1,719│ 383│ 72│ 2 - 24. Mississippi │ 198,531│ 105,306│ 167,995│ 77,925 - 25. Missouri │ 43,940│ 16,715│ 15,757│ 324 - 26. Montana │ 971│ 140│ 41│ - 27. Nebraska │ 3,741│ 959│ 242│ 3 - 28. Nevada │ 130│ 22│ 41│ 1 - 29. New Hampshire │ 242│ 107│ 60│ - 30. New Jersey │ 16,143│ 7,738│ 4,166│ 29 - 31. New Mexico │ 888│ 156│ 163│ 3 - 32. New York │ 23,272│ 13,664│ 3,031│ 25 - 33. North Carolina │ 148,370│ 68,220│ 106,493│ 33,796 - 34. North Dakota │ 146│ 23│ 35│ - 35. Ohio │ 28,085│ 7,791│ 6,201│ 108 - 36. Oklahoma │ 958│ 125│ 635│ 17 - 37. Oregon │ 536│ 99│ 106│ 2 - 38. Pennsylvania │ 37,534│ 15,704│ 4,602│ 29 - 39. Rhode Island │ 2,337│ 1,362│ 270│ 2 - 40. South Carolina │ 186,714│ 102,836│ 149,915│ 73,588 - 41. South Dakota │ 284│ 43│ 33│ 1 - 42. Tennessee │ 121,016│ 44,701│ 72,316│ 12,510 - 43. Texas │ 123,395│ 46,691│ 85,824│ 20,758 - 44. Utah │ 298│ 51│ 21│ - 45. Vermont │ 322│ 109│ 112│ 1 - 46. Virginia │ 169,343│ 71,752│ 93,745│ 10,164 - 47. Washington │ 902│ 153│ 250│ 2 - 48. West Virginia │ 11,478│ 2,623│ 4,790│ 50 - 49. Wisconsin │ 855│ 205│ 168│ 4 - 50. Wyoming │ 563│ 75│ 141│ - ─────────────────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┴───────── - - ─────────────────────┬───────────────────┬─────────────────── - │ Professional │ Domestic and - │ Service. │ Personal Service. - │ │ - ─────────────────────┼─────────┬─────────┼─────────┬───────── - │ Males. │Females. │ Males. │Females. - ─────────────────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼───────── - THE UNITED STATES.│ 25,171│ 8,829│ 457,002│ 505,898 - ─────────────────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼───────── - 1. Alabama │ 1,471│ 491│ 25,426│ 33,380 - 2. Alaska │ │ │ │ - 3. Arizona │ 3│ │ 1,034│ 67 - 4. Arkansas │ 1,226│ 238│ 11,226│ 10,506 - 5. California │ 86│ 21│ 2,316│ 897 - 6. Colorado │ 75│ 13│ 1,702│ 715 - 7. Connecticut │ 61│ 10│ 1,925│ 1,781 - 8. Delaware │ 97│ 32│ 3,631│ 2,878 - 9. Dist. of Columbia│ 390│ 335│ 12,680│ 16,734 - 10. Florida │ 776│ 223│ 13,229│ 10,421 - 11. Georgia │ 2,122│ 958│ 39,294│ 65,025 - 12. Idaho │ │ │ 57│ 21 - 13. Illinois │ 486│ 116│ 10,865│ 4,061 - 14. Indiana │ 330│ 126│ 7,950│ 3,849 - 15. Iowa │ 78│ 11│ 1,966│ 672 - 16. Kansas │ 357│ 69│ 6,898│ 3,077 - 17. Kentucky │ 1,406│ 420│ 22,649│ 28,916 - 18. Louisiana │ 1,251│ 355│ 31,609│ 31,292 - 19. Maine │ 8│ 2│ 174│ 128 - 20. Maryland │ 640│ 275│ 21,014│ 30,406 - 21. Massachusetts │ 162│ 57│ 4,296│ 2,914 - 22. Michigan │ 115│ 39│ 2,495│ 1,102 - 23. Minnesota │ 57│ 13│ 1,286│ 315 - 24. Mississippi │ 1,970│ 775│ 17,209│ 25,729 - 25. Missouri │ 897│ 337│ 18,899│ 15,614 - 26. Montana │ 25│ 4│ 815│ 122 - 27. Nebraska │ 63│ 7│ 2,743│ 881 - 28. Nevada │ │ │ 67│ 18 - 29. New Hampshire │ 5│ │ 81│ 84 - 30. New Jersey │ 287│ 82│ 7,715│ 7,339 - 31. New Mexico │ 10│ │ 651│ 150 - 32. New York │ 571│ 135│ 13,151│ 12,445 - 33. North Carolina │ 1,619│ 565│ 20,580│ 31,393 - 34. North Dakota │ 7│ │ 90│ 22 - 35. Ohio │ 617│ 246│ 14,814│ 6,955 - 36. Oklahoma │ 22│ 3│ 231│ 102 - 37. Oregon │ 23│ 5│ 328│ 81 - 38. Pennsylvania │ 584│ 197│ 22,505│ 14,297 - 39. Rhode Island │ 38│ 18│ 1,161│ 1,169 - 40. South Carolina │ 1,543│ 506│ 18,554│ 26,213 - 41. South Dakota │ 1│ 2│ 115│ 35 - 42. Tennessee │ 1,736│ 592│ 25,606│ 30,333 - 43. Texas │ 2,031│ 563│ 23,360│ 24,840 - 44. Utah │ 1│ │ 248│ 48 - 45. Vermont │ 3│ │ 143│ 102 - 46. Virginia │ 1,654│ 911│ 39,425│ 55,941 - 47. Washington │ 16│ 2│ 480│ 134 - 48. West Virginia │ 166│ 63│ 3,515│ 2,462 - 49. Wisconsin │ 27│ 11│ 481│ 161 - 50. Wyoming │ 58│ 1│ 313│ 71 - ─────────────────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┴───────── - - ─────────────────────┬───────────────────┬─────────────────── - │ Trade and │ Manufacturing and - │ Transportation. │ Mechanical - │ │ Industries. - ─────────────────────┼─────────┬─────────┼─────────┬───────── - │ Males. │Females. │ Males. │Females. - ─────────────────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼───────── - THE UNITED STATES.│ 143,350│ 2,399│ 146,126│ 26,929 - ─────────────────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼───────── - 1. Alabama │ 9,147│ 140│ 9,917│ 951 - 2. Alaska │ │ │ │ - 3. Arizona │ 13│ │ 12│ 4 - 4. Arkansas │ 2,787│ 27│ 3,403│ 275 - 5. California │ 457│ 3│ 358│ 106 - 6. Colorado │ 406│ 5│ 402│ 55 - 7. Connecticut │ 634│ 7│ 565│ 165 - 8. Delaware │ 633│ 21│ 816│ 51 - 9. Dist. of Columbia│ 4,776│ 195│ 2,839│ 1,490 - 10. Florida │ 4,106│ 52│ 4,501│ 746 - 11. Georgia │ 16,397│ 372│ 16,604│ 1,924 - 12. Idaho │ 8│ │ 2│ 1 - 13. Illinois │ 1,994│ 41│ 1,602│ 361 - 14. Indiana │ 1,426│ 23│ 1,669│ 175 - 15. Iowa │ 289│ 1│ 309│ 35 - 16. Kansas │ 1,148│ 20│ 1,315│ 124 - 17. Kentucky │ 7,381│ 66│ 6,519│ 840 - 18. Louisiana │ 6,045│ 129│ 8,455│ 2,774 - 19. Maine │ 68│ 2│ 55│ 11 - 20. Maryland │ 7,538│ 144│ 4,458│ 1,074 - 21. Massachusetts │ 1,402│ 34│ 1,132│ 426 - 22. Michigan │ 448│ 6│ 549│ 137 - 23. Minnesota │ 216│ 5│ 88│ 48 - 24. Mississippi │ 5,671│ 74│ 5,686│ 803 - 25. Missouri │ 4,862│ 44│ 3,525│ 396 - 26. Montana │ 45│ 1│ 45│ 13 - 27. Nebraska │ 323│ 4│ 370│ 64 - 28. Nevada │ 17│ 1│ 5│ 2 - 29. New Hampshire │ 24│ │ 72│ 23 - 30. New Jersey │ 2,111│ 25│ 1,864│ 263 - 31. New Mexico │ 40│ │ 24│ 3 - 32. New York │ 4,231│ 54│ 2,288│ 1,005 - 33. North Carolina │ 7,564│ 106│ 12,114│ 2,360 - 34. North Dakota │ 10│ │ 4│ 1 - 35. Ohio │ 3,027│ 40│ 3,426│ 442 - 36. Oklahoma │ 28│ 1│ 42│ 2 - 37. Oregon │ 42│ 1│ 37│ 10 - 38. Pennsylvania │ 5,213│ 104│ 4,630│ 1,077 - 39. Rhode Island │ 546│ 3│ 322│ 170 - 40. South Carolina │ 6,860│ 188│ 9,842│ 2,341 - 41. South Dakota │ 121│ 1│ 14│ 4 - 42. Tennessee │ 10,954│ 125│ 10,404│ 1,141 - 43. Texas │ 6,386│ 69│ 5,794│ 461 - 44. Utah │ 14│ 1│ 14│ 2 - 45. Vermont │ 33│ │ 31│ 6 - 46. Virginia │ 15,655│ 253│ 18,864│ 4,483 - 47. Washington │ 69│ │ 87│ 15 - 48. West Virginia │ 2,080│ 7│ 927│ 41 - 49. Wisconsin │ 74│ 1│ 105│ 28 - 50. Wyoming │ 31│ 3│ 20│ - ─────────────────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┴───────── - -[Illustration: - - Proportion of Negro Wage-earners to Negro Population. - - Diagram No. 4. -] - -[Illustration: - - Grouping of the States and Territories. - - Diagram No. 5. -] - -[Illustration: - - Proportions of Male and Female Wage-earners. - - Diagram No. 6. -] - - - PROPORTION OF WAGE-EARNERS TO POPULATION. - -The foregoing diagram No. 4 shows by the length of the bars the -proportion which the negro wage-earners bore in 1890 to the negro -population of each state. This proportion was greatest in the states and -the territories of the west. Following these are the northeastern -states, while the lower part of the column is made up of the states in -the upper Mississippi valley and those of the south. - - - OCCUPATIONS BY GROUPS OF STATES. - -The distribution of wage-earners among the five occupation groups -differed widely in different parts of the country. To study it, it will -be sufficient to group the states and analyze the statistics of each -group. - -The groups which will be used here are those which have been in use in -the last two censuses—namely, the northeastern and southeastern, north -central and south central, and western groups. The states and -territories of which each group is composed are shown in map No. 5. - -Examination of the states forming the above groups will show that the -groups are in many respects very characteristic. The southeastern and -south central groups contain nine-tenths of the negroes of the country. -These states may be said to constitute the home of the negro, while in -the northern and western states he is an immigrant. - - - OCCUPATIONS BY SEX AND STATE GROUPS. - -Diagram No. 6 shows the distribution by sex and by groups of states of -the negro wage-earners. It appears that in the northeastern, -southeastern, and south central groups two-thirds of the wage-earners -were males and one-third were females, while in the north central and -western groups about five-sixths were males and one-sixth only were -females. This is in part due to the disproportionate number of males in -these parts of the country. - -Diagram No. 7 shows the distribution of the negro wage-earners, -classified by sex, among the five occupation groups and by groups of -states. The length of each bar represents 100 per cent., and each bar is -divided proportionately among the different occupation groups. Thus from -it we read that in the northeastern states 15 per cent. of the male -wage-earners were engaged in agriculture, 56 per cent. in personal -service, 16 per cent. in trade and transportation, 12 per cent. in -manufactures, and 2 per cent. in the professions. - -It is seen that a far larger proportion of male wage-earners were -engaged in agriculture in the southern states than in the northern and -western states, the proportion in the two groups of the former states -being 64 and 71 per cent., while in the northeastern states only 15 per -cent. were engaged in agriculture, in the north central states 26 per -cent., and in the western states 17 per cent. - -In trade and transportation the highest proportion was found in the -northeastern states, where it was 16 per cent.; in the north central -states it was 14 and in the western states 10 per cent., while in the -southeastern states it was 7 per cent. and in the south central states 7 -per cent. - -Of course, the magnitude of the proportion in the northeastern states is -due to the fact that this is the commercial and manufacturing section of -the country, where a large proportion of all the population is engaged -in these avocations. The same is the case, though in less degree, in the -north central states, while the southern states are almost purely -agricultural. The figures relating to manufacturing occupations show -similar characteristics. It will be noted that in the northern and -western states the occupations of the negroes were more diversified than -in the southern states. Agriculture and personal service in the -northeastern states occupied but 71 per cent. of all wage-earners, in -the north central states they occupied 75 per cent., and in the western -states 81 per cent., while in the southeastern states these two -occupation groups comprised 84 per cent. and in the south central 88 per -cent. of all. - -[Illustration: - - Distribution of Occupations by Sex and Sections of the Country. - - Diagram No. 7. -] - -[Illustration: - - Proportions of Males and Females among the Negro Wage-earners. - - Diagram No. 8. -] - -The diagram shows in a similar manner the distribution of the female -negro wage-earners. There were engaged in agriculture in the northern -and western states but a trifling proportion of negro women, while in -the southern states as a whole nearly one-half of the female negro -wage-earners were engaged in that avocation. On the other hand, personal -service occupied fully nine-tenths of the female wage-earners in the -northern and western states, while in the southern states less than -one-half were engaged in it. Indeed, 94 per cent. of the female -wage-earners of the west were engaged in personal service, 91 per cent. -in the northeastern states, and 87 per cent. in the north central -states. In trade and transportation the proportion was trifling, and in -manufactures it was small, although much larger in the north and west -than in the south. - -Here, also, we see that agriculture and personal service occupied nearly -all wage-earners—91 per cent. in the northeastern states, 96 per cent. -in the southeastern states, 89 per cent. in the north central states, 97 -per cent. in the south central states, and 95 per cent. in the western -states. Occupations were slightly more diversified in the north and west -than in the southern states, as was the case with the males. - - - OCCUPATIONS BY STATES. - -It will now be of interest to extend this study in detail by states, -but, in doing so, the study will be confined to the southern, the former -slave states, which are, in a sense, the home of the negro, and in which -more than nine-tenths of them live. In most of the northern states the -number of negroes is so small that any conclusions drawn from statistics -regarding them are worthless and are likely to be misleading. - -Diagram No. 8 shows the distribution by sex of the negro wage-earners of -these southern states. The total length of the bar represents in each -case all the wage-earners, the white portion representing the males and -the shaded portion the females. - -This diagram shows that the greatest proportion of female wage-earners -is in the District of Columbia, where it is nearly one-half of all negro -wage-earners, and the least in West Virginia, where it is less than -one-fifth of all. In most of the cotton states it ranges from one-fourth -to one-third of all negro wage-earners. - -Diagrams Nos. 9 and 10 present the proportion of male and of female -negro wage-earners who are engaged in agriculture, personal service, and -other occupations in the southern states. - -The first of these diagrams, representing male wage-earners, shows that -agriculture and personal service accounted for from 63 to 94 per cent. -of all male wage-earners. Indeed, excluding the District of Columbia -from consideration, from 73 to 93 per cent. were accounted for by these -two occupations. - -Again excluding the District of Columbia, which is not a farming -community, the male wage-earners who were farmers constituted in the -different states proportions varying from 36 per cent. in Missouri to 85 -per cent. in Mississippi. The proportion of farmers was highest in the -cotton states and decidedly less in the border states. On the other -hand, the proportion of males engaged in personal service was least in -the cotton states and increased decidedly in those further north. - -The second diagram, illustrating the occupations of female wage-earners, -has certain features in common with that relating to males, but these -features are more accented. In the cotton states a large proportion of -the female wage-earners worked in the fields, and was therefore reported -as engaged in agriculture, while in the border states but a small -proportion was found there. On the other hand, domestic service claimed -nearly all female wage-earners in the border states, but in the cotton -states a relatively small proportion. - -Both the diagrams, and especially the first, show an important feature. -In the cotton states wage-earners were almost entirely either farmers or -those engaged in personal service, but in the states farther north these -classes were relatively smaller and occupations were somewhat more -varied. - -[Illustration: - - Proportions of Male Negro Wage-earners engaged in Agriculture, - Personal Service and other occupations. - - Diagram No. 9. -] - -[Illustration: - - Proportions of Female Negro Wage-earners engaged in Personal Service, - Agriculture, and other Occupations. - - Diagram No. 10. -] - - - OWNERSHIP OF FARMS AND HOMES. - -The statistics of farm and home ownership and of mortgage indebtedness -of the Eleventh Census throw some light upon the pecuniary condition of -the negro race. - -The total number of farms and homes in the country in 1890 was -12,690,152, of which the negroes occupied 1,410,769, or 11.1 per cent. -The proportion of negroes to the total population was at that time 12.20 -per cent., showing a deficiency in the proportion occupying homes and -farms when compared with the population. - -The number of farms in the country was 4,767,179. Of these, 549,642, or -11.5 per cent., were occupied by negroes, being a proportion greater -than that of farms and homes combined. - -The number of homes, as distinguished from farms, in the country was -7,922,973, of which 861,137, or 10.9 per cent., were occupied by -negroes, being a proportion less than that of farms and homes combined. - -Of the 549,632 farms in the country occupied by negroes, 120,738, or -22.0 per cent., were owned by their occupants. The corresponding -proportion for whites was 71.7 per cent. Of course, as regards tenants, -the reverse was the case, the proportions being for whites 28.3 per -cent, and for negroes 78.0 per cent. More than three-fourths of the -farms occupied by negroes were rented; in other words, more than -three-fourths of the negro farmers were tenants, while less than -one-fourth of the white farmers were tenants. - -Of the farms owned by the negroes, 90.4 per cent. were without -incumbrance. Of those owned by whites, 71.3 were without incumbrance, -showing a much larger proportion encumbered than among those owned by -negroes. - -Of 861,137 homes occupied by negroes in 1890, 143,550 were owned by -their occupants and 717,587 were rented, the proportions being 19.0 per -cent. and 81.0 per cent. Corresponding proportions for whites were 39.4 -per cent. and 60.6 per cent. Of the houses owned by negro occupants, -126,264, or 87.7 per cent., were free and 12.3 encumbered. Corresponding -figures for whites were 71.3 and 28.7 per cent., showing, as before, a -much greater proportion of free holdings among negroes than among -whites. - -Diagrams Nos. 11 and 12 summarize the above facts in graphic form. The -total areas of the squares represent the number of farms and homes -respectively, those occupied by whites and negroes respectively being -represented by the rectangles into which the squares are divided by -horizontal lines. The vertical lines sub-divide these rectangles into -others proportional to the numbers occupied by owners without and with -incumbrance, and by renters. - -The male negroes occupied in agriculture numbered, in 1890, 1,329,584. -Of these, 510,619 occupied farms, the remainder, 818,965, being -presumably farm laborers. The negro farmers, _i. e._, occupants of -farms, constituted 38.3 per cent. of the male negroes engaged in -agriculture, leaving 61.7 per cent. of the number as laborers. The -corresponding figures for whites were 60.4 per cent. and 39.6 per cent. -The proportion of negroes engaged in agriculture who were farmers—_i. -e._, occupied farms—was, therefore, much smaller than that of the -whites. In spite of this low comparative showing, however, it must be -agreed that, considering all the attendant circumstances, the proportion -of negro farm occupants—more than one-third of all negroes engaged in -agriculture—is unexpectedly large. - -Summing up the salient points in this paper, it is seen that in the -matter of occupations the negro is mainly engaged either in agriculture -or personal service. He has, in a generation, made little progress in -manufactures, transportation, or trade. In these two groups of -occupations, males are in greater proportion engaged in agriculture and -females in domestic service. They have, however, during this generation, -made good progress toward acquiring property, especially in the form of -homes and farms, and, in just so far as they have acquired possession of -real estate, it is safe to say that they have become more valuable as -citizens. The outlook for them is very favorable as agriculturists, but -there is little prospect that the race will become an important factor -in manufactures, transportation, or commerce. - -[Illustration: - - FARMS. - - Diagram No. 11. -] - -[Illustration: - - HOMES. - - Diagram No. 12. -] - - - JOHN MURPHY & CO., PRINTERS, - BALTIMORE. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES - - - 1. Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling. - 2. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_. - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Occupations of the Negroes, by Henry Gannett - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OCCUPATIONS OF THE NEGROES *** - -***** This file should be named 63468-0.txt or 63468-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/3/4/6/63468/ - -Produced by Richard Tonsing, hekula03, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This -book was produced from images made available by the -HathiTrust Digital Library.) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive -specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this -eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook -for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, -performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given -away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks -not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the -trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country outside the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you - are located before using this ebook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The -Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org - - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the -mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its -volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous -locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt -Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to -date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and -official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - |