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diff --git a/old/63459-0.txt b/old/63459-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 6eb01bc..0000000 --- a/old/63459-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1288 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Paradise (to be) Regained, by Henry David Thoreau - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Paradise (to be) Regained - -Author: Henry David Thoreau - -Release Date: October 14, 2020 [eBook #63459] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PARADISE (TO BE) REGAINED *** - - - - -Paradise (To Be) Regained[1] - -by Henry David Thoreau - - -We learn that Mr. Etzler is a native of Germany, and originally -published his book in Pennsylvania, ten or twelve years ago; and now a -second English edition, from the original American one, is demanded by -his readers across the water, owing, we suppose, to the recent spread -of Fourier’s doctrines. It is one of the signs of the times. We confess -that we have risen from reading this book with enlarged ideas, and -grander conceptions of our duties in this world. It did expand us a -little. It is worth attending to, if only that it entertains large -questions. Consider what Mr. Etzler proposes: - -“Fellow Men! I promise to show the means of creating a paradise within -ten years, where everything desirable for human life may be had by -every man in superabundance, without labor, and without pay; where the -whole face of nature shall be changed into the most beautiful forms, -and man may live in the most magnificent palaces, in all imaginable -refinements of luxury, and in the most delightful gardens; where he may -accomplish, without labor, in one year, more than hitherto could be -done in thousands of years; may level mountains, sink valleys, create -lakes, drain lakes and swamps, and intersect the land everywhere with -beautiful canals, and roads for transporting heavy loads of many -thousand tons, and for travelling one thousand miles in twenty-four -hours; may cover the ocean with floating islands movable in any desired -direction with immense power and celerity, in perfect security, and -with all comforts and luxuries, bearing gardens and palaces, with -thousands of families, and provided with rivulets of sweet water; may -explore the interior of the globe, and travel from pole to pole in a -fortnight; provide himself with means, unheard of yet, for increasing -his knowledge of the world, and so his intelligence; lead a life of -continual happiness, of enjoyments yet unknown; free himself from -almost all the evils that afflict mankind, except death, and even put -death far beyond the common period of human life, and finally render it -less afflicting. Mankind may thus live in and enjoy a new world, far -superior to the present, and raise themselves far higher in the scale -of being.” - -It would seem from this and various indications beside, that there is a -transcendentalism in mechanics as well as in ethics. While the whole -field of the one reformer lies beyond the boundaries of space, the -other is pushing his schemes for the elevation of the race to its -utmost limits. While one scours the heavens, the other sweeps the -earth. One says he will reform himself, and then nature and -circumstances will be right. Let us not obstruct ourselves, for that is -the greatest friction. It is of little importance though a cloud -obstruct the view of the astronomer compared with his own blindness. -The other will reform nature and circumstances, and then man will be -right. Talk no more vaguely, says he, of reforming the world,—I will -reform the globe itself. What matters it whether I remove this humor -out of my flesh, or this pestilent humor from the fleshy part of the -globe? Nay, is not the latter the more generous course? At present the -globe goes with a shattered constitution in its orbit. Has it not -asthma, and ague, and fever, and dropsy, and flatulence, and pleurisy, -and is it not afflicted with vermin? Has it not its healthful laws -counteracted, and its vital energy which will yet redeem it? No doubt -the simple powers of nature, properly directed by man, would make it -healthy and a paradise; as the laws of man’s own constitution but wait -to be obeyed, to restore him to health and happiness. Our panaceas cure -but few ails, our general hospitals are private and exclusive. We must -set up another Hygeian than is now worshipped. Do not the quacks even -direct small doses for children, larger for adults, and larger still -for oxen and horses? Let us remember that we are to prescribe for the -globe itself. - -This fair homestead has fallen to us, and how little have we done to -improve it, how little have we cleared and hedged and ditched! We are -too inclined to go hence to a “better land,” without lifting a finger, -as our farmers are moving to the Ohio soil; but would it not be more -heroic and faithful to till and redeem this New England soil of the -world? The still youthful energies of the globe have only to be -directed in their proper channel. Every gazette brings accounts of the -untutored freaks of the wind,—shipwrecks and hurricanes which the -mariner and planter accept as special or general providences; but they -touch our consciences, they remind us of our sins. Another deluge would -disgrace mankind. We confess we never had much respect for that -antediluvian race. A thorough-bred business man cannot enter heartily -upon the business of life without first looking into his accounts. How -many things are now at loose ends. Who knows which way the wind will -blow to-morrow? Let us not succumb to nature. We will marshal the -clouds and restrain the tempests; we will bottle up pestilent -exhalations, we will probe for earthquakes, grub them up; and give vent -to the dangerous gases; we will disembowel the volcano, and extract its -poison, take its seed out. We will wash water, and warm fire, and cool -ice, and underprop the earth. We will teach birds to fly, and fishes to -swim, and ruminants to chew the cud. It is time we had looked into -these things. - -And it becomes the moralist, too, to inquire what man might do to -improve and beautify the system; what to make the stars shine more -brightly, the sun more cheery and joyous, the moon more placid and -content. Could he not heighten the tints of flowers and the melody of -birds? Does he perform his duty to the inferior races? Should he not be -a god to them? What is the part of magnanimity to the whale and the -beaver? Should we not fear to exchange places with them for a day, lest -by their behavior they should shame us? Might we not treat with -magnanimity the shark and the tiger, not descend to meet there on their -own level, with spears of sharks’ teeth and bucklers of tiger’s skin? -We slander the hyæna; man is the fiercest and cruelest animal. Ah! he -is of little faith; even the erring comets and meteors would thank him, -and return his kindness in their kind. - -How meanly and grossly do we deal with nature! Could we not have a less -gross labor? What else do these fine inventions suggest,—magnetism, the -daguerreotype, electricity? Can we not do more than cut and trim the -forest,—can we not assist in its interior economy, in the circulation -of the sap? Now we work superficially and violently. We do not suspect -how much might be done to improve our relation to animated nature; what -kindness and refined courtesy there might be. - -There are certain pursuits which, if not wholly poetic and true, do at -least suggest a nobler and finer relation to nature than we know. The -keeping of bees, for instance, is a very slight interference. It is -like directing the sunbeams. All nations, from the remotest antiquity, -have thus fingered nature. There are Hymettus and Hybla, and how many -bee-renowned spots beside? There is nothing gross in the idea of these -little herds,—their hum like the faintest low of kine in the meads. A -pleasant reviewer has lately reminded us that in some places they are -led out to pasture where the flowers are most abundant. “Columella -tells us,” says he, “that the inhabitants of Arabia sent their hives -into Attica to benefit by the later-blowing flowers.” Annually are the -hives, in immense pyramids, carried up the Nile in boats, and suffered -to float slowly down the stream by night, resting by day, as the -flowers put forth along the banks; and they determine the richness of -any locality, and so the profitableness of delay, by the sinking of the -boat in the water. We are told, by the same reviewer, of a man in -Germany, whose bees yielded more honey than those of his neighbors, -with no apparent advantage; but at length he informed them that he had -turned his hives one degree more to the east, and so his bees, having -two hours the start in the morning, got the first sip of honey. Here, -there is treachery and selfishness behind all this; but these things -suggest to the poetic mind what might be done. - -Many examples there are of a grosser interference, yet not without -their apology. We saw last summer, on the side of a mountain, a dog -employed to churn for a farmer’s family, travelling upon a horizontal -wheel, and though he had sore eyes, an alarming cough, and withal a -demure aspect, yet their bread did get buttered for all that. -Undoubtedly, in the most brilliant successes, the first rank is always -sacrificed. Much useless travelling of horses, _in extenso_, has of -late years been improved for man’s behoof, only two forces being taken -advantage of,—the gravity of the horse, which is the centripetal, and -his centrifugal inclination to go a-head. Only these two elements in -the calculation. And is not the creature’s whole economy better -economized thus? Are not all finite beings better pleased with motions -relative than absolute? And what is the great globe itself but such a -wheel,—a larger tread-mill,—so that our horse’s freest steps over -prairies are oftentimes balked and rendered of no avail by the earth’s -motion on its axis? But here he is the central agent and motive power; -and, for variety of scenery, being provided with a window in front, do -not the ever-varying activity and fluctuating energy of the creature -himself work the effect of the most varied scenery on a country road? -It must be confessed that horses at present work too exclusively for -men, rarely men for horses; and the brute degenerates in man’s society. - -It will be seen that we contemplate a time when man’s will shall be law -to the physical world, and he shall no longer be deterred by such -abstractions as time and space, height and depth, weight and hardness, -but shall indeed be the lord of creation. “Well,” says the faithless -reader, “ ‘life is short, but art is long;’ where is the power that -will effect all these changes?” This it is the very object of Mr. -Etzler’s volume to show. At present, he would merely remind us that -there are innumerable and immeasurable powers already existing in -nature, unimproved on a large scale, or for generous and universal -ends, amply sufficient for these purposes. He would only indicate their -existence, as a surveyor makes known the existence of a water-power on -any stream; but for their application he refers us to a sequel to this -book, called the “Mechanical System.” A few of the most obvious and -familiar of these powers are the Wind, the Tide, the Waves, the -Sunshine. Let us consider their value. - -First, there is the power of the Wind, constantly exerted over the -globe. It appears from observation of a sailing-vessel, and from -scientific tables, that the average power of the wind is equal to that -of one horse for every one hundred square feet. “We know,” says our -author— - -“that ships of the first class carry sails two hundred feet high; we -may, therefore, equally, on land, oppose to the wind surfaces of the -same height. Imagine a line of such surfaces one mile, or about 5,000 -feet, long; they would then contain 1,000,000 square feet. Let these -surfaces intersect the direction of the wind at right angles, by some -contrivance, and receive, consequently, its full power at all times. -Its average power being equal to one horse for every 100 square feet, -the total power would be equal to 1,000,000 divided by 100, or 10,000 -horses’ power. Allowing the power of one horse to equal that of ten -men, the power of 10,000 horses is equal to 100,000 men. But as men -cannot work uninterruptedly, but want about half the time for sleep and -repose, the same power would be equal to 200,000 men.... We are not -limited to the height of 200 feet; we might extend, if required, the -application of this power to the height of the clouds, by means of -kites.” - -But we will have one such fence for every square mile of the globe’s -surface, for, as the wind usually strikes the earth at an angle of more -than two degrees, which is evident from observing its effect on the -high sea, it admits of even a closer approach. As the surface of the -globe contains about 200,000,000 square miles, the whole power of the -wind on these surfaces would equal 40,000,000,000,000 men’s power, and -“would perform 80,000 times as much work as all the men on earth could -effect with their nerves.” - -If it should be objected that this computation includes the surface of -the ocean and uninhabitable regions of the earth, where this power -could not be applied for our purposes, Mr. Etzler is quick with his -reply—“But, you will recollect,” says he, “that I have promised to show -the means for rendering the ocean as inhabitable as the most fruitful -dry land; and I do not exclude even the polar regions.” - -The reader will observe that our author uses the fence only as a -convenient formula for expressing the power of the wind, and does not -consider it a necessary method of its application. We do not attach -much value to this statement of the comparative power of the wind and -horse, for no common ground is mentioned on which they can be compared. -Undoubtedly, each is incomparably excellent in its way, and every -general comparison made for such practical purposes as are -contemplated, which gives a preference to the one, must be made with -some unfairness to the other. The scientific tables are, for the most -part, true only in a tabular sense. We suspect that a loaded wagon, -with a light sail, ten feet square, would not have been blown so far by -the end of the year, under equal circumstances, as a common racer or -dray horse would have drawn it. And how many crazy structures on our -globe’s surface, of the same dimensions, would wait for dry-rot if the -traces of one horse were hitched to them, even to their windward side? -Plainly, this is not the principle of comparison. But even the steady -and constant force of the horse may be rated as equal to his weight at -least. Yet we should prefer to let the zephyrs and gales bear, with all -their weight, upon our fences, than that Dobbin, with feet braced, -should lean ominously against them for a season. - -Nevertheless, here is an almost incalculable power at our disposal, yet -how trifling the use we make of it. It only serves to turn a few mills, -blow a few vessels across the ocean, and a few trivial ends besides. -What a poor compliment do we pay to our indefatigable and energetic -servant! - -“If you ask, perhaps, why this power is not used, if the statement be -true, I have to ask in return, why is the power of steam so lately come -to application? so many millions of men boiled water every day for many -thousand years; they must have frequently seen that boiling water, in -tightly closed pots or kettles, would lift the cover or burst the -vessel with great violence. The power of steam was, therefore, as -commonly known down to the least kitchen or wash-woman, as the power of -wind; but close observation and reflection were bestowed neither on the -one nor the other.” - -Men having discovered the power of falling water, which after all is -comparatively slight, how eagerly do they seek out and improve these -_privileges?_ Let a difference of but a few feet in level be discovered -on some stream near a populous town, some slight occasion for gravity -to act, and the whole economy of the neighborhood is changed at once. -Men do indeed speculate about and with this power as if it were the -only privilege. But meanwhile this aerial stream is falling from far -greater heights with more constant flow, never shrunk by drought, -offering mill-sites wherever the wind blows; a Niagara in the air, with -no Canada side;—only the application is hard. - -There are the powers too of the Tide and Waves, constantly ebbing and -flowing, lapsing and relapsing, but they serve man in but few ways. -They turn a few tide mills, and perform a few other insignificant and -accidental services only. We all perceive the effect of the tide; how -imperceptibly it creeps up into our harbors and rivers, and raises the -heaviest navies as easily as the lightest chip. Everything that floats -must yield to it. But man, slow to take nature’s constant hint of -assistance, makes slight and irregular use of this power, in careening -ships and getting them afloat when aground. - -The following is Mr. Etzler’s calculation on this head: To form a -conception of the power which the tide affords, let us imagine a -surface of 100 miles square, or 10,000 square miles, where the tide -rises and sinks, on an average, 10 feet; how many men would it require -to empty a basin of 10,000 square miles area, and 10 feet deep, filled -with sea-water, in 6¼ hours and fill it again in the same time? As one -man can raise 8 cubic feet of sea-water per minute, and in 6¼ hours -3,000, it would take 1,200,000,000 men, or as they could work only half -the time, 2,400,000,000, to raise 3,000,000,000,000 cubic feet, or the -whole quantity required in the given time. - -This power may be applied in various ways. A large body, of the -heaviest materials that will float, may first be raised by it, and -being attached to the end of a balance reaching from the land, or from -a stationary support, fastened to the bottom, when the tide falls, the -whole weight will be brought to bear upon the end of the balance. Also -when the tide rises it may be made to exert a nearly equal force in the -opposite direction. It can be employed wherever a _point d’appui_ can -be obtained. - -“However, the application of the tide being by establishments fixed on -the ground, it is natural to begin with them near the shores in shallow -water, and upon sands, which may be extended gradually further into the -sea. The shores of the continent, islands, and sands, being generally -surrounded by shallow water, not exceeding from 50 to 100 fathoms in -depth, for 20, 50, or 100 miles and upward. The coasts of North -America, with their extensive sand-banks, islands, and rocks, may -easily afford, for this purpose, a ground about 3,000 miles long, and, -on an average, 100 miles broad, or 300,000 square miles, which, with a -power of 240,000 men per square mile, as stated, at 10 feet tide, will -be equal to 72,000 millions of men, or for every mile of coast, a power -of 24,000,000 men.” - -“Rafts, of any extent, fastened on the ground of the sea, along the -shore, and stretching far into the sea, may be covered with fertile -soil, bearing vegetables and trees, of every description, the finest -gardens, equal to those the firm land may admit of, and buildings and -machineries, which may operate, not only on the sea, where they are, -but which also, by means of mechanical connections, may extend their -operations for many miles into the continent. (Etzler’s Mechanical -System, page 24.) Thus this power may cultivate the artificial soil for -many miles upon the surface of the sea, near the shores, and, for -several miles, the dry land, along the shore, in the most superior -manner imaginable; it may build cities along the shore, consisting of -the most magnificent palaces, every one surrounded by gardens and the -most delightful sceneries; it may level the hills and unevennesses, or -raise eminences for enjoying open prospect into the country and upon -the sea; it may cover the barren shore with fertile soil, and beautify -the same in various ways; it may clear the sea of shallows, and make -easy the approach to the land, not merely of vessels, but of large -floating islands, which may come from, and go to distant parts of the -world, islands that have every commodity and security for their -inhabitants which the firm land affords.” - -“Thus may a power, derived from the gravity of the moon and the ocean, -hitherto but the objects of idle curiosity to the studious man, be made -eminently subservient for creating the most delightful abodes along the -coasts, where men may enjoy at the same time all the advantages of sea -and dry land; the coasts may hereafter be continuous paradisiacal -skirts between land and sea, everywhere crowded with the densest -population. The shores and the sea along them will be no more as raw -nature presents them now, but everywhere of easy and charming access, -not even molested by the roar of waves, shaped as it may suit the -purposes of their inhabitants; the sea will be cleared of every -obstruction to free passage everywhere, and its productions in fishes, -etc., will be gathered in large, appropriate receptacles, to present -them to the inhabitants of the shores and of the sea.” - -Verily, the land would wear a busy aspect at the spring and neap tide, -and these island ships—these _terræ infirmæ_—which realise the fables -of antiquity, affect our imagination. We have often thought that the -fittest locality for a human dwelling was on the edge of the land, that -there the constant lesson and impression of the sea might sink deep -into the life and character of the landsman, and perhaps impart a -marine tint to his imagination. It is a noble word, that _mariner_—one -who is conversant with the sea. There should be more of what it -signifies in each of us. It is a worthy country to belong to—we look to -see him not disgrace it. Perhaps we should be equally mariners and -terreners, and even our Green Mountains need some of that sea-green to -be mixed with them. - -The computation of the power of the Waves is less satisfactory. While -only the average power of the wind and the average height of the tide -were taken before, now the extreme height of the waves is used, for -they are made to rise ten feet above the level of the sea, to which, -adding ten more for depression, we have twenty feet, or the extreme -height of a wave. Indeed, the power of the waves, which is produced by -the wind blowing obliquely and at disadvantage upon the water, is made -to be, not only three thousand times greater than that of the tide, but -one hundred times greater than that of the wind itself, meeting its -object at right angles. Moreover, this power is measured by the area of -the vessel, and not by its length mainly, and it seems to be forgotten -that the motion of the waves is chiefly undulatory, and exerts a power -only within the limits of a vibration, else the very continents, with -their extensive coasts, would soon be set adrift. - -Finally, there is the power to be derived from Sunshine, by the -principle on which Archimedes contrived his burning-mirrors, a -multiplication of mirrors reflecting the rays of the sun upon the same -spot, till the requisite degree of heat is obtained. The principal -application of this power will be to the boiling of water and -production of steam. - -“How to create rivulets of sweet and wholesome water, on floating -islands, in the midst of the ocean, will be no riddle now. Sea-water -changed into steam, will distill into sweet water, leaving the salt on -the bottom. Thus the steam engines on floating islands, for their -propulsion and other mechanical purposes, will serve, at the same time, -for the distillery of sweet water, which, collected in basins, may be -led through channels over the island, while, where required, it may be -refrigerated by artificial means, and changed into cool water, -surpassing, in salubrity, the best spring water, because nature hardly -ever distils water so purely, and without admixture of less wholesome -matter.” - -So much for these few and more obvious powers, already used to a -trifling extent. But there are innumerable others in nature, not -described nor discovered. These, however, will do for the present. This -would be to make the sun and the moon equally our satellites. For, as -the moon is the cause of the tides, and the sun the cause of the wind, -which, in turn, is the cause of the waves, all the work of this planet -would be performed by these far influences. - -“But as these powers are very irregular and subject to interruptions; -the next object is to show how they may be converted into powers that -operate continually and uniformly for ever, until the machinery be worn -out, or, in other words, into perpetual motions” . . . “Hitherto the -power of the wind has been applied immediately upon the machinery for -use, and we have had to wait the chances of the wind’s blowing; while -the operation was stopped as soon as the wind ceased to blow. But the -manner, which I shall state hereafter, of applying this power, is to -make it operate only for collecting or storing up power, and then to -take out of this store, at any time, as much as may be wanted for final -operation upon the machines. The power stored up is to react as -required, and may do so long after the original power of the wind has -ceased. And though the wind should cease for intervals of many months, -we may have by the same power a uniform perpetual motion in a very -simple way.” - -“The weight of a clock being wound up gives us an image of reaction. -The sinking of this weight is the reaction of winding it up. It is not -necessary to wait till it has run down before we wind up the weight, -but it may be wound up at any time, partly or totally; and if done -always before the weight reaches the bottom, the clock will be going -perpetually. In a similar, though not in the same way, we may cause a -reaction on a larger scale. We may raise, for instance, water by the -immediate application of wind or steam to a pond upon some eminence, -out of which, through an outlet, it may fall upon some wheel or other -contrivance for setting machinery a going. Thus we may store up water -in some eminent pond, and take out of this store, at any time, as much -water through the outlet as we want to employ, by which means the -original power may react for many days after it has ceased. . . . Such -reservoirs of moderate elevation or size need not be made artificially, -but will be found made by nature very frequently, requiring but little -aid for their completion. They require no regularity of form. Any -valley, with lower grounds in its vicinity, would answer the purpose. -Small crevices may be filled up. Such places may be eligible for the -beginning of enterprises of this kind.” - -The greater the height, of course, the less water required. But suppose -a level and dry country; then hill and valley, and “eminent pond,” are -to be constructed by main force; or, if the springs are unusually low, -then dirt and stones may be used, and the disadvantage arising from -friction will be counterbalanced by their greater gravity. Nor shall a -single rood of dry land be sunk in such artificial ponds as may be -wanted, but their surfaces “may be covered with rafts decked with -fertile earth, and all kinds of vegetables which may grow there as well -as anywhere else.” - -And, finally, by the use of thick envelopes retaining the heat, and -other contrivances, “the power of steam caused by sunshine may react at -will, and thus be rendered perpetual, no matter how often or how long -the sunshine may be interrupted. (Etzler’s _Mechanical System_).” - -Here is power enough, one would think, to accomplish somewhat. These -are the powers below. Oh ye millwrights, ye engineers, ye operatives -and speculators of every class, never again complain of a want of -power; it is the grossest form of infidelity. The question is, not how -we shall execute, but what. Let us not use in a niggardly manner what -is thus generously offered. - -Consider what revolutions are to be effected in agriculture. First, in -the new country a machine is to move along, taking out trees and stones -to any required depth, and piling them up in convenient heaps; then the -same machine, “with a little alteration,” is to plane the ground -perfectly, till there shall be no hills nor valleys, making the -requisite canals, ditches, and roads as it goes along. The same -machine, “with some other little alterations,” is then to sift the -ground thoroughly, supply fertile soil from other places if wanted, and -plant it; and finally the same machine, “with a little addition,” is to -reap and gather in the crop, thresh and grind it, or press it to oil, -or prepare it any way for final use. For the description of these -machines we are referred to “Etzler’s _Mechanical System_, pages 11 to -27.” We should be pleased to see that “_Mechanical System_,” though we -have not been able to ascertain whether it has been published, or only -exists as yet in the design of the author. We have great faith in it. -But we cannot stop for applications now. - -“Any wilderness, even the most hideous and sterile, may be converted -into the most fertile and delightful gardens. The most dismal swamps -may be cleared of all their spontaneous growth, filled up and levelled, -and intersected by canals, ditches and aqueducts, for draining them -entirely. The soil, if required, may be meliorated, by covering or -mixing it with rich soil taken from distant places, and the same be -mouldered to fine dust, levelled, sifted from all roots, weeds and -stones, and sowed and planted in the most beautiful order and symmetry, -with fruit trees and vegetables of every kind that may stand the -climate.” - -New facilities for transportation and locomotion are to be adopted: - -“Large and commodious vehicles, for carrying many thousand tons, -running over peculiarly adapted level roads, at the rate of forty miles -per hour, or one thousand miles per day, may transport men and things, -small houses, and whatever may serve for comfort and ease, by land. -Floating islands, constructed of logs, or of wooden-stuff prepared in a -similar manner, as is to be done with stone, and of live trees, which -may be reared so as to interlace one another, and strengthen the whole, -may be covered with gardens and palaces, and propelled by powerful -engines, so as to run at an equal rate though seas and oceans. Thus, -man may move, with the celerity of a bird’s flight, in terrestrial -paradises, from one climate to another, and see the world in all its -variety, exchanging, with distant nations, the surplus of productions. -The journey from one pole to another may be performed in a fortnight; -the visit to a transmarine country in a week or two; or a journey round -the world in one or two months by land and water. And why pass a dreary -winter every year while there is yet room enough on the globe where -nature is blessed with a perpetual summer, and with a far greater -variety and luxuriance of vegetation? More than one-half the surface of -the globe has no winter. Men will have it in their power to remove and -prevent all bad influences of climate, and to enjoy, perpetually, only -that temperature which suits their constitution and feeling best.” - -Who knows but by accumulating the power until the end of the present -century, using meanwhile only the smallest allowance, reserving all -that blows, all that shines, all that ebbs and flows, all that dashes, -we may have got such a reserved accumulated power as to run the earth -off its track into a new orbit, some summer, and so change the tedious -vicissitude of the seasons? Or, perchance, coming generations will not -abide the dissolution of the globe, but, availing themselves of future -inventions in aerial locomotion, and the navigation of space, the -entire race may migrate from the earth, to settle some vacant and more -western planet, it may be still healthy, perchance unearthy, not -composed of dirt and stones, whose primary strata only are strewn, and -where no weeds are sown. It took but little art, a simple application -of natural laws, a canoe, a paddle, and a sail of matting, to people -the isles of the Pacific, and a little more will people the shining -isles of space. Do we not see in the firmament the lights carried along -the shore by night, as Columbus did? Let us not despair nor mutiny. - -“The dwellings also ought to be very different from what is known, if -the full benefit of our means is to be enjoyed. They are to be of a -structure for which we have no name yet. They are to be neither -palaces, nor temples, nor cities, but a combination of all, superior to -whatever is known. Earth may be baked into bricks, or even vitrified -stone by heat,—we may bake large masses of any size and form, into -stone and vitrified substance of the greatest durability, lasting even -thousands of years, out of clayey earth, or of stones ground to dust, -by the application of burning mirrors. This is to be done in the open -air, without other preparation than gathering the substance, grinding -and mixing it with water and cement, moulding or casting it, and -bringing the focus of the burning mirrors of proper size upon the same. -The character of the architecture is to be quite different from what it -ever has been hitherto; large solid masses are to be baked or cast in -one piece, ready shaped in any form that may be desired. The building -may, therefore, consist of columns two hundred feet high and upwards, -of proportionate thickness, and of one entire piece of vitrified -substance; huge pieces are to be moulded so as to join and hook on to -each other firmly, by proper joints and folds, and not to yield in any -way without breaking.” - -“Foundries, of any description, are to be heated by burning mirrors, -and will require no labor, except the making of the first moulds and -the superintendence for gathering the metal and taking the finished -articles away.” - -Alas! in the present state of science, we must take the finished -articles away; but think not that man will always be a victim of -circumstances. - -The countryman who visited the city and found the streets cluttered -with bricks and lumber, reported that it was not yet finished, and one -who considers the endless repairs and reforming of our houses, might -well wonder when they will be done. But why may not the dwellings of -men on this earth be built once for all of some durable material, some -Roman or Etruscan masonry which will stand, so that time shall only -adorn and beautify them? Why may we not finish the outward world for -posterity, and leave them leisure to attend to the inner? Surely, all -the gross necessities and economies might be cared for in a few years. -All might be built and baked and stored up, during this, the term-time -of the world, against the vacant eternity, and the globe go provisioned -and furnished like our public vessels, for its voyage through space, as -through some Pacific Ocean, while we would “tie up the rudder and sleep -before the wind,” as those who sail from Lima to Manilla. - -But, to go back a few years in imagination, think not that life in -these crystal palaces is to bear any analogy to life in our present -humble cottages. Far from it. Clothed, once for all, in some “flexible -stuff,” more durable than George Fox’s suit of leather, composed of -“fibres of vegetables,” “glutinated” together by some “cohesive -substances,” and made into sheets, like paper, of any size or form, man -will put far from him corroding care and the whole host of ills. - -“The twenty-five halls in the inside of the square are to be each two -hundred feet square and high; the forty corridors, each one hundred -feet long and twenty wide; the eighty galleries, each from 1,000 to -1,250 feet long; about 7,000 private rooms, the whole surrounded and -intersected by the grandest and most splendid colonnades imaginable; -floors, ceilings, columns with their various beautiful and fanciful -intervals, all shining, and reflecting to infinity all objects and -persons, with splendid lustre of all beautiful colors, and fanciful -shapes and pictures. All galleries, outside and within the halls, are -to be provided with many thousand commodious and most elegant vehicles, -in which persons may move up and down like birds, in perfect security, -and without exertion. Any member may procure himself all the common -articles of his daily wants, by a short turn of some crank, without -leaving his apartment; he may, at any time, bathe himself in cold or -warm water, or in steam, or in some artificially prepared liquor for -invigorating health. He may, at any time, give to the air in his -apartment that temperature that suits his feeling best. He may cause, -at any time, an agreeable scent of various kinds. He may, at any time, -meliorate his breathing air,—that main vehicle of vital power. Thus, by -a proper application of the physical knowledge of our days, man may be -kept in a perpetual serenity of mind, and if there is no incurable -disease or defect in his organism, in constant vigor of health, and his -life be prolonged beyond any parallel which present times afford. - -“One or two persons are sufficient to direct the kitchen business. They -have nothing else to do but to superintend the cookery, and to watch -the time of the victuals being done, and then to remove them, with the -table and vessels, into the dining-hall, or to the respective private -apartments, by a slight motion of the hand at some crank. Any -extraordinary desire of any person may be satisfied by going to the -place where the thing is to be had; and anything that requires a -particular preparation in cooking or baking may be done by the person -who desires it.” - -This is one of those instances in which the individual genius is found -to consent, as indeed it always does, at last, with the universal. -These last sentences have a certain sad and sober truth, which reminds -us of the scripture of all nations. All expression of truth does at -length take the deep ethical form. Here is hint of a place the most -eligible of any in space, and of a servitor, in comparison with whom, -all other helps dwindle into insignificance. We hope to hear more of -him anon, for even a crystal palace would be deficient without his -invaluable services. - -And as for the environs of the establishment, - -“There will be afforded the most enrapturing views to be fancied, out -of the private apartments, from the galleries, from the roof, from its -turrets and cupolas,—gardens as far as the eye can see, full of fruits -and flowers, arranged in the most beautiful order, with walks, -colonnades, aqueducts, canals, ponds, plains, amphitheatres, terraces, -fountains, sculptural works, pavilions, gondolas, places for public -amusement, etc., to delight the eye and fancy, the taste and smell. . . . -The walks and roads are to be paved with hard vitrified, large -plates, so as to be always clean from all dirt in any weather or -season. . . . The channels being of vitrified substance, and the water -perfectly clear, and filtrated or distilled if required, may afford the -most beautiful scenes imaginable, while a variety of fishes is seen -clear down to the bottom playing about, and the canals may afford at -the same time, the means of gliding smoothly along between various -sceneries of art and nature, in beautiful gondolas, while their surface -and borders may be covered with fine land and aquatic birds. The walks -may be covered with porticos adorned with magnificent columns, statues, -and sculptural works; all of vitrified substance, and lasting forever, -while the beauties of nature around heighten the magnificence and -deliciousness. - -“The night affords no less delight to fancy and feelings. An infinite -variety of grand, beautiful and fanciful objects and sceneries, -radiating with crystalline brilliancy, by the illumination of -gas-light; the human figures themselves, arrayed in the most beautiful -pomp fancy may suggest, or the eye desire, shining even with brilliancy -of stuffs and diamonds, like stones of various colors, elegantly shaped -and arranged around the body; all reflected a thousand-fold in huge -mirrors and reflectors of various forms; theatrical scenes of a -grandeur and magnificence, and enrapturing illusions, unknown yet, in -which any person may be either a spectator or an actor; the speech and -the songs reverberating with increased sound, rendered more sonorous -and harmonious than by nature, by vaultings that are moveable into any -shape at any time; the sweetest and most impressive harmony of music, -produced by song and instruments partly not known yet, may thrill -through the nerves and vary with other amusements and delights. - -“At night the roof, and the inside and outside of the whole square, are -illuminated by gas-light, which in the mazes of many-colored -crystal-like colonnades and vaultings, is reflected with a brilliancy -that gives to the whole a lustre of precious stones, as far as the eye -can see. Such are the future abodes of men. . . . Such is the life -reserved to true intelligence, but withheld from ignorance, prejudice, -and stupid adherence to custom.” ... “Such is the domestic life to be -enjoyed by every human individual that will partake of it. Love and -affection may there be fostered and enjoyed without any of the -obstructions that oppose, diminish, and destroy them in the present -state of men.” ... “It would be as ridiculous, then, to dispute and -quarrel about the means of life, as it would be now about water to -drink along mighty rivers, or about the permission to breathe air in -the atmosphere, or about sticks in our extensive woods.” - -Thus is Paradise to be Regained, and that old and stern decree at -length reversed. Man shall no more earn his living by the sweat of his -brow. All labor shall be reduced to “a short turn of some crank,” and -“taking the finished article away.” But there is a crank,—oh, how hard -to be turned! Could there not be a crank upon a crank,—an infinitely -small crank?—we would fain inquire. No,—alas! not. But there is a -certain divine energy in every man, but sparingly employed as yet, -which may be called the crank within,—the crank after all,—the prime -mover in all machinery,—quite indispensable to all work. Would that we -might get our hands on its handle! In fact no work can be shirked. It -may be postponed indefinitely, but not infinitely. Nor can any really -important work be made easier by co-operation or machinery. Not one -particle of labor now threatening any man can be routed without being -performed. It cannot be hunted out of the vicinity like jackals and -hyenas. It will not run. You may begin by sawing the little sticks, or -you may saw the great sticks first, but sooner or later you must saw -them both. - -We will not be imposed upon by this vast application of forces. We -believe that most things will have to be accomplished still by the -application called Industry. We are rather pleased after all to -consider the small private, but both constant and accumulated force, -which stands behind every spade in the field. This it is that makes the -valleys shine, and the deserts really bloom. Sometimes, we confess, we -are so degenerate as to reflect with pleasure on the days when men were -yoked like cattle, and drew a crooked stick for a plough. After all, -the great interests and methods were the same. - -It is a rather serious objection to Mr. Etzler’s schemes, that they -require time, men, and money, three very superfluous and inconvenient -things for an honest and well-disposed man to deal with. “The whole -world,” he tells us, “might therefore be really changed into a -paradise, within less than ten years, commencing from the first year of -an association for the purpose of constructing and applying the -machinery.” We are sensible of a startling incongruity when time and -money are mentioned in this connection. The ten years which are -proposed would be a tedious while to wait, if every man were at his -post and did his duty, but quite too short a period, if we are to take -time for it. But this fault is by no means peculiar to Mr. Etzler’s -schemes. There is far too much hurry and bustle, and too little -patience and privacy, in all our methods, as if something were to be -accomplished in centuries. The true reformer does not want time, nor -money, nor co-operation, nor advice. What is time but the stuff delay -is made of? And depend upon it, our virtue will not live on the -interest of our money. He expects no income, but our outgoes; so soon -as we begin to count the cost the cost begins. And as for advice, the -information floating in the atmosphere of society is as evanescent and -unserviceable to him as gossamer for clubs of Hercules. There is -absolutely no common sense; it is common nonsense. If we are to risk a -cent or a drop of our blood, who then shall advise us? For ourselves, -we are too young for experience. Who is old enough? We are older by -faith than by experience. In the unbending of the arm to do the deed -there is experience worth all the maxims in the world. - -“It will now be plainly seen that the execution of the proposals is not -proper for individuals. Whether it be proper for government at this -time, before the subject has become popular, is a question to be -decided; all that is to be done, is to step forth, after mature -reflection, to confess loudly one’s conviction, and to constitute -societies. Man is powerful but in union with many. Nothing great, for -the improvement of his own condition, or that of his fellow men, can -ever be effected by individual enterprise.” - -Alas! this is the crying sin of the age, this want of faith in the -prevalence of a man. Nothing can be effected but by one man. He who -wants help wants everything. True, this is the condition of our -weakness, but it can never be the means of our recovery. We must first -succeed alone, that we may enjoy our success together. We trust that -the social movements which we witness indicate an aspiration not to be -thus cheaply satisfied. In this matter of reforming the world, we have -little faith in corporations; not thus was it first formed. - -But our author is wise enough to say that the raw materials for the -accomplishment of his purposes are “iron, copper, wood, earth chiefly, -and a union of men whose eyes and understanding are not shut up by -preconceptions.” Aye, this last may be what we want mainly,—a company -of “odd fellows” indeed. - -“Small shares of twenty dollars will be sufficient,”—in all, from -“200,000 to 300,000,”—“to create the first establishment for a whole -community of from 3,000 to 4,000 individuals”—at the end of five years -we shall have a principal of 200 millions of dollars, and so paradise -will be wholly regained at the end of the tenth year. But, alas, the -ten years have already elapsed, and there are no signs of Eden yet, for -want of the requisite funds to begin the enterprise in a hopeful -manner. Yet it seems a safe investment. Perchance they could be hired -at a low rate, the property being mortgaged for security, and, if -necessary, it could be given up in any stage of the enterprise, without -loss, with the fixtures. - -Mr. Etzler considers this “Address as a touchstone, to try whether our -nation is in any way accessible to these great truths, for raising the -human creature to a superior state of existence, in accordance with the -knowledge and the spirit of the most cultivated minds of the present -time.” He has prepared a constitution, short and concise, consisting of -twenty-one articles, so that wherever an association may spring up, it -may go into operation without delay; and the editor informs us that -“Communications on the subject of this book may be addressed to C.F. -Stollmeyer, No. 6, Upper Charles street, Northampton square, London.” - -But we see two main difficulties in the way. First, the successful -application of the powers by machinery (we have not yet seen the -“Mechanical System,”) and, secondly, which is infinitely harder, the -application of man to the work by faith. This it is, we fear, which -will prolong the ten years to ten thousand at least. It will take a -power more than “80,000 times greater than all the men on earth could -effect with their nerves,” to persuade men to use that which is already -offered them. Even a greater than this physical power must be brought -to bear upon that moral power. Faith, indeed, is all the reform that is -needed; it is itself a reform. Doubtless, we are as slow to conceive of -Paradise as of Heaven, of a perfect natural as of a perfect spiritual -world. We see how past ages have loitered and erred. “Is perhaps our -generation free from irrationality and error? Have we perhaps reached -now the summit of human wisdom, and need no more to look out for mental -or physical improvement?” Undoubtedly, we are never so visionary as to -be prepared for what the next hour may bring forth. - - Μέλλει τὸ θεῖον δ’ ἔστι τοιοῦτον φύσει. - -The Divine is about to be, and such is its nature. In our wisest -moments we are secreting a matter, which, like the lime of the shell -fish, incrusts us quite over, and well for us if, like it, we cast our -shells from time to time, though they be pearl and of fairest tint. Let -us consider under what disadvantages science has hitherto labored -before we pronounce thus confidently on her progress. - -“There was never any system in the productions of human labor; but they -came into existence and fashion as chance directed men.” “Only a few -professional men of learning occupy themselves with teaching natural -philosophy, chemistry, and the other branches of the sciences of -nature, to a very limited extent, for very limited purposes, with very -limited means.” “The science of mechanics is but in a state of infancy. -It is true, improvements are made upon improvements, instigated by -patents of government; but they are made accidentally or at hap-hazard. -There is no general system of this science, mathematical as it is, -which develops its principles in their full extent, and the outlines of -the application to which they lead. There is no idea of comparison -between what is explored and what is yet to be explored in this -science. The ancient Greeks placed mathematics at the head of their -education. But we are glad to have filled our memory with notions, -without troubling ourselves much with reasoning about them.” - -Mr. Etzler is not one of the enlightened practical men, the pioneers of -the actual, who move with the slow deliberate tread of science, -conserving the world; who execute the dreams of the last century, -though they have no dreams of their own; yet he deals in the very raw -but still solid material of all inventions. He has more of the -practical than usually belongs to so bold a schemer, so resolute a -dreamer. Yet his success is in theory, and not in practice, and he -feeds our faith rather than contents our understanding. His book wants -order, serenity, dignity, everything,—but it does not fail to impart -what only man can impart to man of much importance, his own faith. It -is true his dreams are not thrilling nor bright enough, and he leaves -off to dream where he who dreams just before the dawn begins. His -castles in the air fall to the ground, because they are not built lofty -enough; they should be secured to heaven’s roof. After all, the -theories and speculations of men concern us more than their puny -execution. It is with a certain coldness and languor that we loiter -about the actual and so called practical. How little do the most -wonderful inventions of modern times detain us. They insult nature. -Every machine, or particular application, seems a slight outrage -against universal laws. How many fine inventions are there which do not -clutter the ground? We think that those only succeed which minister to -our sensible and animal wants, which bake or brew, wash or warm, or the -like. But are those of no account which are patented by fancy and -imagination, and succeed so admirably in our dreams that they give the -tone still to our waking thoughts? Already nature is serving all those -uses which science slowly derives on a much higher and grander scale to -him that will be served by her. When the sunshine falls on the path of -the poet, he enjoys all those pure benefits and pleasures which the -arts slowly and partially realize from age to age. The winds which fan -his cheek waft him the sum of that profit and happiness which their -lagging inventions supply. - -The chief fault of this book is, that it aims to secure the greatest -degree of gross comfort and pleasure merely. It paints a Mahometan’s -heaven, and stops short with singular abruptness when we think it is -drawing near to the precincts of the Christian’s,—and we trust we have -not made here a distinction without a difference. Undoubtedly if we -were to reform this outward life truly and thoroughly, we should find -no duty of the inner omitted. It would be employment for our whole -nature; and what we should do thereafter would be as vain a question as -to ask the bird what it will do when its nest is built and its brood -reared. But a moral reform must take place first, and then the -necessity of the other will be superseded, and we shall sail and plough -by its force alone. There is a speedier way than the “Mechanical -System” can show to fill up marshes, to drown the roar of the waves, to -tame hyænas, secure agreeable environs, diversify the land, and refresh -it with “rivulets of sweet water,” and that is by the power of -rectitude and true behavior. It is only for a little while, only -occasionally, methinks, that we want a garden. Surely a good man need -not be at the labor to level a hill for the sake of a prospect, or -raise fruits and flowers, and construct floating islands, for the sake -of a paradise. He enjoys better prospects than lie behind any hill. -Where an angel travels it will be paradise all the way, but where Satan -travels it will be burning marl and cinders. What says Veeshnoo Sarma? -“He whose mind is at ease is possessed of all riches. Is it not the -same to one whose foot is enclosed in a shoe, as if the whole surface -of the earth were covered with leather?” - -He who is conversant with the supernal powers will not worship these -inferior deities of the wind, waves, tide, and sunshine. But we would -not disparage the importance of such calculations as we have described. -They are truths in physics, because they are true in ethics. The moral -powers no one would presume to calculate. Suppose we could compare the -moral with the physical, and say how many horse-power the force of -love, for instance, blowing on every square foot of a man’s soul, would -equal. No doubt we are well aware of this force; figures would not -increase our respect for it; the sunshine is equal to but one ray of -its heat. The light of the sun is but the shadow of love. “The souls of -men loving and fearing God,” says Raleigh, “receive influence from that -divine light itself, whereof the sun’s clarity, and that of the stars, -is by Plato called but a shadow. _Lumen est umbra Dei, Deus est Lumen -Luminis._ Light is the shadow of God’s brightness, who is the light of -light,” and, we may add, the heat of heat. Love is the wind, the tide, -the waves, the sunshine. Its power is incalculable; it is many -horse-power. It never ceases, it never slacks; it can move the globe -without a resting-place; it can warm without fire; it can feed without -meat; it can clothe without garments; it can shelter without roof; it -can make a paradise within which will dispense with a paradise without. -But though the wisest men in all ages have labored to publish this -force, and every human heart is, sooner or later, more or less, made to -feel it, yet how little is actually applied to social ends! True, it is -the motive-power of all successful social machinery; but, as in physics -we have made the elements do only a little drudgery for us,—steam to -take the place of a few horses, wind of a few oars, water of a few -cranks and hand-mills,—as the mechanical forces have not yet been -generously and largely applied to make the physical world answer to the -ideal, so the power of love has been but meanly and sparingly applied, -as yet. It has patented only such machines as the almshouses, the -hospital, and the Bible Society, while its infinite wind is still -blowing, and blowing down these very structures too, from time to time. -Still less are we accumulating its power, and preparing to act with -greater energy at a future time. Shall we not contribute our shares to -this enterprise, then? - - [1] _The Paradise within the Reach of all Men, without Labor, by - Powers of Nature and Machinery. An Address to all intelligent Men._ In - Two Parts. By J.A. Etzler. Part First. Second English Edition. London, - 1842. 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