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diff --git a/old/63428-8.txt b/old/63428-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index a145e56..0000000 --- a/old/63428-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3548 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Daguerreian Journal, Vol. II, No. 2, -June 1, 1851, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Daguerreian Journal, Vol. II, No. 2, June 1, 1851 - -Author: Various - -Editor: Samuel Humphrey - L. L. Hill - -Release Date: October 10, 2020 [EBook #63428] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DAGUERREIAN JOURNAL, JUNE 1, 1851 *** - - - - -Produced by Tom Cosmas produced from files generously -provided on The Internet Archive. All resultant materials -are placed in the Public Domain. - - - - - - - - - - - -Transcriber Note: Text emphasis denoted as _Italics_ and =Bold=. - - - - - VOL. II. JUNE 1, 1851. NO. 2. - - - =THE= - =DAGUERREIAN JOURNAL:= - - =Devoted to the Daguerrian and Photogenic Arts.= - - Also, embracing the Sciences, Arts, and Literature. - - [Illustration] - - S. D. HUMPHREY AND L. L. HILL, EDITORS. - - - - NEW-YORK: - - PUBLISHED SEMI-MONTHLY, AT $3 PER ANNUM, IN ADVANCE. - - NO. 311 BROADWAY. - - SUBJECT TO NEWSPAPER POSTAGE.--See 3d page cover. - - - - - =CONTENTS.= - - - Some experiments and remarks on the changes which bodies are - capable of undergoing in darkness, and on the agent producing - these changes, by Robert Hunt, 33 - - Railroad to the Pacific, 35 - - Experiments on the colored films formed by iodine, bromine, and - chlorine, upon various metals, by Augustus Waller, M. D., 36 - - Iodine with silver and copper, 39 - - Bromine with silver and copper, 40 - - Chlorine with silver and copper, 40 - - Iodine with titanium, 40 - - Bromine with titanium, 40 - - Chlorine with titanium and copper, 40 - - Iodine with bismuth and silver, 40 - - Iodine with mercury, 40 - - Bromine with mercury and copper, 41 - - Chlorine with mercury and copper, 41 - - Bromine with lead, 41 - - Iodine with iron, 41 - - The American electric telegraph, 42 - - Iron pavement, 43 - - Claudet's specification, 44 - - Interesting experiment with strychnia, 48 - - Editorial--Operation of light on silver surfaces, 49 - - Letter from L. L. Hill, 50 - - Papers of S. A. Wolcott, 51 - - The natural colors in photography, 52 - - Our Daguerreotypes--Butler--E. Long--L. M. Ives--N. E. Sissons-- - J. D. Wells, 53 - - Submarine telegraph between England and France, 53 - - Action of solutions of chlorides and air on mercury, 55 - - The heat of combinations, 55 - - Daguerreotype, by John Johnson, 56 - - Galvanized Daguerreotype plates, 57 - - Answers to Correspondents, 58 - - Advertisements, 59 - - Artists' Register, 63 - - * * * * * - - =S. J. THOMPSON,= - -WOULD most respectfully announce to the public, that he has one of -the best sky-lights in the United States, and is prepared to execute -Daguerreotypes. Likenesses of all sizes, put up in every style of the Art. - -No. 57 State-street, Albany, N. Y. - - 21y - - * * * * * - - =J. H. WHITEHURST'S= - - =ELECTRO DAGUERREOTYPES,= - - _Galleries, 207 Baltimore Street, Baltimore,_ - -Broadway, New York, 77 Main street, Richmond, Va., Main street, Norfolk, -Va., Sycamore street, Petersburg, Va., Main street, Lynchburg, Va., -Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington city. Likenesses taken equally well in all -weather. - - 2tf - - * * * * * - - =J. D. WELLS,= - -DAGUERREIAN ARTIST, No. 6 Kirkland's Block, Main Street; Northampton, -Mass. Likenesses taken by a sky-light connected with a beautiful -side-light. Pictures put up in all styles of the Art. Plates, Cases, -Lockets, Frames, and all kinds of Daguerreotype Stock for sale. - - 2-3 - - * * * * * - - =J. E. MARTIN,= - -"EXCELSIOR ROOMS" Jefferson Avenue and Odd Fellows' Hall, Detroit. -Daguerreotype Likenesses taken in every style of the Art. - - 21y - - * * * * * - - =HARRISON'S CAMERAS.= - -The attention of those about purchasing instruments, is directed to the -following recommendation from one of the oldest operators in the country, -and one who has been "tried in the furnace" of experience: - - Waterbury, Ct., April 1, 1851. - -C. C. Harrison, - -_Dear Sir_,--It affords me much pleasure, after giving the instrument -I purchased of you last week a fair trial, and having had eleven years -experience as an operator, to be enabled to bear testimony to the -superiority of your Cameras over all others, not excepting those made -by "Voightlander & Sohn," for the sale of which I was sometime agent at -Boston. - - Yours respectfully, - - Albert Litch, - - Formerly of the firm of Litch & Whipple, - Boston, Mass. - * * * * * - - - - - =THE= - - =DAGUERREIAN JOURNAL.= - - ======================================================= - Vol. II. NEW YORK, JUNE 1, 1851. No. 2 - ======================================================= - - - - - =SOME EXPERIMENTS AND REMARKS= - - =ON THE CHANGES WHICH BODIES ARE CAPABLE OF UNDERGOING= - =IN DARKNESS, AND ON THE AGENT PRODUCING THESE CHANGES.= - - BY ROBERT HUNT. - - - [Concluded.] - -With the view of testing Dr. Draper's results, I carefully iodized two -silver plates and exposed them to light. I then placed them so that half -of one plate was covered by half of the other, and allowed them to remain -in the dark 1-24th of an inch apart for four hours. On mercurialization -I could not detect the slightest difference between the covered and -uncovered portions of either of the plates. - -Another silver plate was iodized and exposed to light. It was then placed -in the dark wish a sensitive plate which had been carefully kept from the -light, 1-16th of an inch above it, and a small engraving placed between -them. They were allowed to remain thus for six hours. When exposed to the -vapor of mercury, the plate which had been subjected to the light whitened -all over, and the space occupied by the engraving was distinctly marked -by lines of vapor thicker than the other parts. The plate which had been -preserved in the dark was scarcely at all influenced by the vapor, except -on those parts which had been touched by the supports of card-board on -which it rested. These were so arranged that no radiation could have -influenced those parts of the plates. - -An iodized silver plate was placed in the dark with a little fine string -coiled over parts of it, and a polished silver plate supported 1-8th of an -inch above it. After four hours both plates were subjected to mercurial -vapor. On the iodized plate the deposit of vapor was uniform, although -slight; but on the superposed plate of silver a strong and beautiful image -of the string on the under plate became visible. I found that neither of -the two iodized plates had lost their sensitiveness by the operations to -which they had been subjected in the dark. - -Hoping to detect some evidence of the process by which these singular -results were produced, I instituted a series of experiments, of which the -following are some of the most interesting results. - -A. A silver plate was iodized, a piece of card was placed upon it, and a -well-polished mercurial plate (amalgamated copper) was suspended 1-8th of -an inch above it, and left in this state for a night. The space on the -silver plate corresponding with the mercurial plate, except under the -card, was nearly freed of its iodine, which had evidently combined with -the mercury on the upper plate. On exposing the mercurial plate to the -vapor of mercury the image of the card was rendered visible, the vapor -covering every part of the plate except that opposite the card. The silver -plate received the vapor only on those parts which were not influenced by -the mercurial plate. The upper plate was suspended by strings; these were -faithfully imaged on both plates; by a thick line of mercurial vapor on -the under plate, by the absence of it in the upper one. - -B. An iodized _silvered_ plate was exposed to light until brown, and a -mercurial plate suspended above it for twelve hours. The browned silver -plate was _whitened_, and all the irregularities of the mercurial plate -strikingly marked on it: the mercurial plate was slightly tarnished. On -rubbing the silvered plate it was found that the silver was removed more -readily over the whitened portion, but had lost none of its adhesion in -other parts. - -C. Over an iodized silver plate, plates of gold, platina, silver, brass, -copper, copper amalgamated, and zinc were placed at the distance of -1-8th of an inch. After three hours the amalgamated plate had made a -decidedly visible impression on the silver one. On exposure to vapor, the -mercury lodged on every part of the plate except that affected by the -mercurial plate; some irregularities were observed, but none which could -be decidedly traced to the other metals in juxtaposition. I have some -evidence that different metals near each other seriously interfere with -each other's influence. - -D. A mercurial plate was iodized, and another mercurial plate placed 1-8th -of an inch above it. The upper plate became covered with a bright yellow -film; and on exposing them to mercurial vapor, marks became apparent which -corresponded with those in the opposite plate. - -E. A silver plate was iodized and placed in the dark with an engraving, -face down, upon it. An amalgamated copper plate was laid on this, and -left for fifteen hours. The mercurial plate was reddened, and on exposure -to the vapor of mercury, a very nice impression of the engraving was -brought out, it having been effected through the thickness of the paper. -On the silvered plate the space covered by the paper was well marked; -but vaporization produced no trace of the engraving. The space beyond -the paper was rendered white. It was curious that both plates had -several spots which corresponded, particularly two, distinguished by -a well-defined circle and a comet-like appendage, in length ten times -the diameter of the circle. These spots could not be traced to anything -visible in the print or either of the plates, and must, I think, be -referred to some electrical influence. I find it indeed commonly the -case, that the plates, after being subjected to these kind of experiments -a few times, become mottled, or present on their polished faces all the -appearances of a finely-grained wood, and in this state they are less -susceptible of receiving any impression than when not so. - -F. A silver plate was iodized and placed upon an engraving laid on a -brightly polished mercurial plate, and left in the dark for twenty-four -hours. The mercurial plate was turned brown, and the silver plate was left -in the same state as if it had been exposed to sunshine, being _brown and -black_. Neither of these plates gave a copy of the picture. - -G. A mercurial plate was iodized, and above it was placed a plate of -polished iron, a disc of paper being first laid on the mercurial plate, -and they were left in this state for some hours. On exposing the iron -plate to mercurial vapor, it was abundantly lodged over that space -opposite the paper disc, but not at all on the other parts. The mercurial -plate was attacked by vapor over every part but that which the paper disc -protected. - -Lead and zinc plates were used instead of the iron one, with nearly -similar results. - -H. A Daguerreotype was taken, and without removing the iodine a mercurial -plate was placed a little above it, and left for ten hours. When removed, -well-defined traces of the Daguerreotype picture were evident on the -mercurial plate, which leads me to hope that by careful manipulation we -may succeed in multiplying these beautiful productions by an easy method. - -I became desirous of ascertaining whether the mercurial plates would -produce any change upon the precipitated iodide of silver. I find by many -experiments, that if the iodide of silver is pure, no more change is -produced than is produced upon it by diffused light; but if it is rendered -sensitive by a trace of the nitrate of silver, it is then darkened as by -solar influence. - -Sensitive iodide of silver being placed upon a plate of glass, a mercurial -plate was fixed 1-8th of an inch above it. In three days the iodide of -silver had become a deep brown, almost a black, and the mercurial plate -was covered with the yellow iodide of mercury. Nitric acid dissolved -the dark portion of the silver salt, as did also ammonia, on which was -formed Faraday's oxide of silver, thereby proving the change, either by a -primary or a secondary process, of the iodide into the oxide of silver. -This experiment has been repeated at least a dozen times, and always with -the same results. If a little heap of the iodide of silver is placed -under a mercurial plate, it is exceedingly interesting to witness the -gradual formation of the very beautiful colored rings on the mercury in -the progress of its conversion into an iodide. By prolonged action the -yellow iodide passes into the bright red biniodide of mercury. I have -some experiments now in hand, which convince me that similar chemical -changes are to be effected through considerable spaces. I have succeeded -in decomposing the iodide of copper and the iodide of gold by mercurial -plates placed nearly a quarter of an inch above them. - -I have an extensive record of results similar to those I have now -detailed, all of them showing that the changes brought about by this -mysterious agent, whether it be heat, light, or an undiscovered element, -cannot be referred to those rays which the admirable researches of Sir -John Herschel have shown to be the operative ones in producing the -photographic phenomena which have so interested the world by their -novel beauty, and which professor Draper includes within his general -term--tithonicity. With regard to the detithonizing influence of the gases -mentioned by Dr. Draper in his paper in your March number, I can only -consider the results, which I find to be as he has stated, as the simple -reconversion of the decomposed iodide of silver into another definite -chemical compound. An iodized plate is exposed to light, the iodide of -silver or other sensitive salt is decomposed, and in a state to receive -mercurial vapor. It is now passed through an atmosphere of iodine, of -chlorine, of bromine, or of nitrous gas. Chemists are well aware of the -surprising energy with which these bodies attack the metals, consequently -the exposure of a moment is quite sufficient to convert the surface which -has undergone a change, into an iodide, chloride, bromite, or nitrite of -silver. I certainly cannot see the necessity of going so far out of our -way for an explanation of this effect as Dr. Draper has done. - -I fear I have already occupied too much of your valuable space, or I might -be inclined to trespass further. I shall, however drop my pen for the -present, again assuring you that I only desire to keep the image of Truth -which is just shadowing our path, as free as possible from mists which -might in any way obscure it.--_Philosophical Magazine_, 1843. - - * * * * * - -Railroad to the Pacific.--Forest Shepherd, of Sacramento City, says it is -now ascertained almost beyond doubt, that a railroad can be constructed -from the Mississippi to the Pacific, without crossing any mountains, or -meeting more impediment from snow than between Albany and Boston. - - * * * * * - - - - - =EXPERIMENTS ON THE COLORED FILMS= - - =FORMED BY IODINE, BROMINE, AND CHLORINE UPON VARIOUS METALS.= - - BY AUGUSTUS WALLER, M. D. - - -In a paper presented by me to the Academy of Sciences of Paris, an extract -from which may be seen in the _Comptes Rendus_ for October 5, 1840, I -first demonstrated the error committed in ascribing to the iodide of -silver alone the power of fixing the vapors of mercury, after it had been -exposed to the action of light. Instead of this property being exclusively -confined to a film of iodide of silver, as obtained in the process of M. -Daguerre, I found that it existed in many other substances when presented -to the action of light in the state of thin films, viz. by the bromide -and chloride of silver; by the oxide, bromide, iodide and chloride of -copper, and some others; all these, however, possessing less sensibility -than the iodide of silver of Daguerre, and therefore less available for -the reproduction of the images of the camera than the compound originally -discovered by that gentleman. The iodide of Daguerre was found already too -little sensitive to the influence of light in this climate, especially -when applied to the reproduction of the image of animate objects, so that -those films discovered by me seemed still less suitable to be employed -for that purpose; this objection has, however, been completely removed by -recent improvements, more particularly those of M. Claudet, who effected -this principally by combining the original discovery of Daguerre with -those mentioned above as having been subsequently made by myself. Pursuing -the first stage of Daguerre's process, he obtained the film of iodide of -silver, and added to this another film of bromide, either in a simple -state,--as practised in my experiments published more than six months -before--or after two of these substances had been combined together, as -the chloride of iodine and the bromide of iodine, which he was the first -to employ. - -These colored films, however, merit attention independently of the -purposes to which they may be applied in photography: the beauty of some -of the phenomena themselves is peculiarly attractive; the numerous changes -of color they undergo, either by a variation in the thickness of the film, -or by the action of light, assign them a place among the most curious -facts of science, and the extreme facility with which they are obtained -adds to the interest they excite. - -Impressed with these ideas, I was induced to pursue a train of -investigation on this subject; among the results of which, one of the most -interesting was a new method of making colored rings, like those generally -known under the name of "Newton's colored rings," on many of the metals, -by the same chemical process as that employed for forming the films of -uniform thickness in photography. In order to procure these colored -rings, and at the same time to show the identity of the origin of the -colors with those of the ordinary transparent films, that is, as residing -simply in the thickness of the lamina and not dependent on the ordinary -cause of color, we have but to place a piece of iodine on a well-polished -surface of silver or copper, and in a short time we find around the iodine -a series of colored zones of the various tints of the spectrum, and -approaching in a greater or less degree to the form of a circle, according -as they have been more or less disturbed in their formation by currents -of the surrounding air. In order that they may be perfectly regular, as -large as possible, and with tints undisturbed by the action of light, it -is necessary to place a piece of iodine in the centre of a well-polished -plate, as before described; this is then to be shaded by an opake screen -superimposed a few lines from the surface to cause the vapors which would -otherwise ascend and partially escape, to expand over its silver surface. -Colored rings may be formed in the same manner by bromine and chlorine and -the various combinations of these bodies with each other, except that for -those that are gaseous or liquid it is requisite to pay a little attention -to the manner of disengaging them on the surface of the metal, either by -passing them through a glass tube, or by some other contrivance easy to -execute. - -These rings correspond to those formed by reflected light in Newton's -experiments, with this difference, however, that in the colored films of -the soap bubble, and in those formed by the glass lenses, the thinest film -is in the centre; whilst in these rings, obtained by chemical action, it -exists at the circumference, as is the case with the colored rings of -Nobili. In watching the formation of these phenomena, at first are seen -two or three very small circles, which appear almost as soon as the iodine -and the metal are placed in contact with each other; as the experiment -continues, the circumference of these circles become gradually greater; -whilst the external colors extend themselves over a great space, those of -the centre grow fainter; red and green now only remain visible, and these -at last, when the film has attained a certain thickness, in their turn -also give place to a dull coating of brown. - -The formation of these rings evidently depends on the vaporization of the -iodine from the solid nucleus. The variety in color and extent of these -zones is caused by the difference between the strength of the vapor at the -centre and the circumference of the iodic atmosphere whilst expanding over -so large a surface. In the metal thus combining with the vapor, we have -to consider,--1, the force of the vapor of different distances from the -centre; 2, the obstacle which a film of iodine, once formed, opposes to -any further action between the iodine and the metal. - -This experiment may be varied in different ways: two pieces of iodine -of about the same size, placed at a small distance from each other on a -silver plate, form separate colored circles, until these come in contact -at their circumferences, when the two systems will slowly coalesce and -produce one common outline of the form of an ellipsis. - -As the colors formed on various metals by the above-mentioned agents are -very similar to one another, it may be sufficient to examine in particular -those produced on silver by iodine. - -The external film of the iodide of silver rings, which corresponds to the -central black spot in those of Newton, is completely invisible, it being -impossible to perceive any difference between the parts so covered and -those where the metal is intact; but by exposing half the plate to the -influence of light, whilst the other part remains covered, the silver is -then found darkened far beyond the limits of the external gold-colored -zone, where previously the surface was perfectly clear. The dark film -thus rendered apparent is now liable to be rubbed off by the slightest -friction, whereas before it was very adherent to the subjacent surface. -The first zone is of a pale gold color, which assumes a deeper tint as -the thickness of the film increases: the second zone is blue, the third -white: after these appear the different colors of the spectrum in regular -succession, as in the films studied by Newton and others, viz. yellow, -orange, red, blue green, yellow &c. - -The presence of the golden-colored zone in the place mentioned is worthy -of remark, as in the tables of Newton of the colors presented by films -of various thicknesses, the blue is stated as immediately following the -black. The same gold film is the first which appears on most metals when -their surface is attacked in this manner. Chlorine and bromine on silver; -oxygen on steel; chlorine and bromine on titanium, bismuth, &c., commence -their colors in the same way. Copper, however, is in one respect an -exception, this metal first becoming of a dark red, which increases to a -ruddy brown and then changes into blue. This deviation is fully accounted -for by the color of the copper itself. With this single particularity, -this metal undergoes the same alterations as the others. - -The action of light on the different colors of the iodide of silver is -very interesting: the most correct way of studying this is to protect one -half of a system of colored rings by an opake screen, while the other half -is exposed for a short time to the influence of the solar rays. The golden -zone undergoes the greatest change; at first it grows darker, then red, -and at length is converted into a beautiful green. The blue film, which -comes next in thickness, suffers considerable alteration in its tint, -assuming a much deeper and more brilliant shade; the rest of the colors -appear to be similarly affected by the action of light, though to a very -slight degree, acquiring a trifling accession in their brilliancy. It has -already been remarked that light destroys the adherence of the external -invisible film; the same thing obtains with the second or gold-colored -film, which turns green, _but only to a certain depth_ of the film, as may -be proved by slightly rubbing the part thus altered; the green color is -then seen to disappear, and beneath the pulverulent portion thus removed -is found the gold color, having almost the same appearance as before the -plate had been exposed. As this experiment may be repeated several times -with the same results, it shows to how inconceivably small a depth the -light has acted to produce this effect. - -To ascertain what would take place on augmenting the thickness of the -portion turned green, and the adherence of which was destroy ed, a piece -of iodine was placed on the plate so that its vapor, by expanding, -might arrive upon the green, at the same time the whole being kept from -the light; the result was that the additional film combined with the -one already existing, producing a blue, being the color which would -have resulted by the combination of the unaltered yellow films. I have -found no chemical substance possessing the power of arresting, or in -any way influencing these changes of color; strong adds, provided they -do not attack the silver--for then, of course, the experiment would be -destroyed,--and alkalies in concentrated solution, allow the action of -light to go on as usual. The hyposulphate of soda, and ammonia in solution -have no longer the power of dissolving the green film as they had before -the action of light. - -When the plate is left still longer exposed, after the changes above -stated have taken place, the colors become more faint, and within the -zone of green a white cloudy film is caused by the light, which, as it -increases, veils the spectral colors beneath. - -The knowledge we at present possess in chemistry of the affinities with -which different bodies are endowed for combining with each other is but -very imperfect, and the causes which complicate most chemical phenomena -are so numerous, that it is scarcely possible to compare any two chemical -actions to each other. Most of the facts upon which chemical science is -founded, are acquired either by bringing the two bodies destined to act on -each other into contact by dissolving them in a liquid, or by subjecting -them to a temperature more or less elevated. - -In the first of these methods, we are so far from being able to calculate -the force of the chemical powers called into play, that Berthollet was -induced to deny the existence of chemical power in the various phenomena -of solution and precipitation of saline substances, and according to him -what is called insolubility in a body is merely the result of its strength -of cohesion, an entirely physical property. - -When the intervention of caloric is required, the effects are still more -complicated, as they vary according to the intensity of the heat employed, -and the time its action is exerted; besides, the chemical action, when -it does take place, is frequently so instantaneous that it is impossible -in our present state of science to imagine any means by which it might -be measured. In the combination of the three bodies, iodine, bromine -and chlorine, with the metals, however, most of these objections cease -to exist, or may be easily avoided. As their vapors combine with the -metallic surfaces at the ordinary temperature, they are all of them in -the same circumstances in that respect; and if the temperature should be -required more elevated, the gasiform state of these substances, iodine not -excepted, enables us to submit the metals to be experimented upon all at -the same time to the same influence. If, therefore, it were possible to -reduce the metallic substances into fine powders the particles of which -were of the same dimensions, by acting upon them with either of these -vapors, an idea might be formed of the affinities which produce their -binary compounds by the increased weight acquired by the powders in this -process; but the difference which exists in the physical properties of -the various metals would preclude the possibility of any near approach -to accuracy in this mode of proceeding; but by acting on the polished -metallic surfaces, as in the preceding experiments, all the advantages -offered by the process with the powders are included, whilst several of -the difficulties are removed. - -As the film of the compound augments, it undergoes the various changes of -color which take place in all transparent films, thus affording a means of -ascertaining the absolute thickness obtained in different circumstances, -when it would be difficult to detect the slightest difference in weight -by means of the most delicate balance. The depth of this coating may be -ascertained when either the index of refraction of the compound itself is -known, or if the angle of polarized light is given by means of the law -discovered by Sir David Brewster, between the tangent of the angle of -polarization, and the index of refraction. The most convenient way which -occurred to me of performing these experiments, was the employment of a -bell-glass within which some iodine is fixed at the top; this apparatus -being placed over the metal to be acted on, the experiment may be watched -in all its progress, and the action can be retarded or accelerated at -pleasure by varying the interval of the iodine from the metal, or by -interposing at some distance from its surface a disc of paper so as to -cause the vapors of iodine to pass through it. Bromine may be made use of -likewise by pouring a few drops of it over some carded cotton, and using -it in a similar manner with the iodine. In respect to chlorine, it is most -convenient to disengage it slowly by dropping a little sulphuric acid upon -some chlorinated lime. - -In illustration of the objects of this mode of experimenting, I will -aduce some of the results it has given me with various metals. Some of -the experiments below were performed before I had the idea of watching -the progress of the combination through a transparent medium; they are -therefore less exact than they might otherwise have been: but I have -preferred stating them as I had inserted them in my note-book before I -had conceived any idea as to their probable utility in the elucidation of -chemical affinity, and when I intended them for other purposes, which I -shall hereafter explain. - - - _Iodine with Silver and Copper._ - - 1st change. Silver--pale gold. - " Copper--assumes a darker red. - " Silver--blue. - 2nd do. Copper--blue. - " Silver--white. - 3rd do. Copper--white. - " Silver--yellow. - 4th do. Copper--yellow more extended than on the silver. - " Silver--Orange. - 5th do. Copper--Red. - " Silver--blue, bluish-red. - " Copper--red, with a tinge of green on some parts. - " Silver--greenish blue. - " Copper--red, tinged with green. - " Silver--green. - " Copper--orange. - " Silver--yellowish green. - " Copper--orange tending to red. - " Silver--yellowish green. - " Copper--orange-red. - " Silver--red. - " Copper--dull green. - " Silver--red. - " Copper--green. - " Silver--deep green. - " Copper--dull red. - - _Bromine with Silver and Copper._ - - 5th change. Copper--sensibly darkened. - " Silver--unchanged. - " Copper--deep red. - " Silver--unchanged. - " Copper--red, blue. - " Silver--pale gold. - " Copper--white, orange of the 2d order. - " Silver--yellow. - " Copper--green of the 1st order, red 3rd order. - " Silver--blue. - - - _Chlorine with Silver and Copper._ - -The affinity of chlorine with silver is much inferior to that which it -possesses for copper. - - - _Iodine with Titanium._ - -Iodine at the common temperature has no action upon this metal. - - - _Bromine with Titanium._ - -Bromine, when the surface of this substance is perfectly dry, has no more -action upon it than iodine; but if it have a slight coating of moisture, -as is formed by merely condensing on it the vapor of the breath, the -colored films are formed without difficulty by the vapors of bromine. -Their appearance is the same as those of the iodide of silver, viz. gold, -deep gold, blue, white, yellow, orange, red, &c. - - - _Chlorine with Titanium and Copper._ - -Titanium has a stronger affinity than it has for either of the preceding -vapors. The combination takes place when the metallic surface is either -dry or moist. - - Copper--much reddened. - Titanium--not affected. - Copper--passed through several of the spectral orders of red and green - until it arrived at almost its last changes of colors. - -Titanium under the same action received a dull film, which viewed -obliquely showed red, green, yellow. - -Silver, exposed to the same influence as the two former, had yellow in the -centre and blue more externally. - - - _Iodine with Bismuth and Silver._ - - Silver--pale gold. - Bismuth--some parts yellow, others not attacked. - Silver--blue, white, yellow-orange. - Bismuth--blue, yellow, orange. - -In the action of iodine on bismuth, the influence of the physical -condition of metallic surface is very manifest. The crystaline texture of -this metal may be perceived, and the difference of its hardness admits, -to a certain point, of being measured by the difference of the color of -the films that are formed on various points; while most parts are yellow, -there exist others of an angular outline which remain still unattacked; -the same difference is remarked in the other stages of the combination. - - - _Iodine with Mercury._ - -It is impossible to estimate the affinity between mercury and iodine by -means of the colored films, because, on combining, these two substances -merely cause a dirty white appearance on the surface of the latter. -Their combining affinity appears to be considerable, for when exposed -together with silver the action produced with both was red at the edges, -little altered in color; on the rest of its surface a dull white film, -in the midst of which were seen several dark spots, where the metal was -apparently unaltered. - - - _Bromine with Mercury and Copper._ - - 1st. Mercury--gold color. - " Copper slightly darkened. - 2nd. Mercury--blue. - " Copper dark red. - 3rd. Mercury--green on some parts. - " Copper white. - -After this the copper underwent its usual changes of color on prolonging -the action of the vapor of bromine, but the color of the mercury suffered -no further change. - - - _Chlorine with Mercury and Copper._ - - Mercury--a slight film. - Copper no alteration of color. - Mercury--deep gold color. - Copper deep red on some parts, blue on others. - Mercury--red tinged with blue. - Copper blue, white. - Mercury--blue. - Copper same as before. - -"With respect to the bromide and chloride of mercury, it is necessary -to view them obliquely in order to perceive all the changes of color -they undergo; for if looked at perpendicularly, there is seen on both -a dull uneven film of white which reflects none of the above colors: -consequently, to avoid any error, the copper must be inspected under the -same angle. - - - _Bromine with Bismuth and Silver._ - - Silver--pale gold. - Bismuth--not apparently changed. - Silver--deep gold, blue. - Bismuth--yellow, blue. - Silver--blue, yellow. - Bismuth--dull colorless film. - - - _Chlorine with Bismuth and Silver._ - -Bismuth is slowly attacked with chlorine gas, much in the same way as with -iodine and bromine in vapor. - - - _Bromine with Lead._ - -At the common temperature neither bromine nor chlorine forms colored films -upon this metal, which it is very difficult besides to bring to any high -state of polish on account of its softness. But when lead is heated, as -over the flame of a spirit-lamp, the vapors of bromine then form very fine -colored films, which are in succession gold, deep blue, &c. - - - _Iodine with Iron._ - -These two may be made to form colored films when combined rapidly -together, but generally a dull coating without any spectral color is -obtained, on account of the deliquescence of that salt. - -Until we know the index of refraction of the different films enumerated, -it would be impossible to give a correct table of the combining powers -in the experiments that have been detailed; nor is the table of the -relative thickness of transparent plates as it has been transmitted to -us by Newton, sufficient in the present instance, if any great degree of -precision be required. Besides these objections, it is necessary before -leaving this subject to pass in review several others inseparable from the -mode of performing the experiments themselves. The principal circumstances -complicating these experiments and liable to vary in different -observations, are,-- - -First, the hardness of the metal acted upon; 2ndly, the obstacle opposed -to the continuation of chemical action by the inert film formed upon the -metal; 3rdly, the force of the vapors that attack the metal. The influence -of the texture of the metallic surface on chemical action is most evident -when bismuth is the metal employed. Here the chemical action may be -seen to commence on small isolated portions of the surface, which have -already assumed a deep gold color, before other parts are in the least -changed, from the natural appearance of the metal. To determine how far -this might influence the formation of the iodide of silver, a silver coin -was exposed to iodine with a piece of pure silver; as the former was so -much the harder of the two, it was naturally supposed that the chemical -action would be slower in exerting itself on it than on the latter. This, -however, was not the case, as may be seen by the following statement of -the result of the experiment: - - Silver coin--pale gold color. - Pure silver--pale gold. - Silver coin--deep gold. - Pure silver--deep gold. - Silver coin--light blue. - Pure silver--light blue. - Silver chin--yellow. - Pure silver--blue, white, yellow not visible. - Silver coin--yellow, red at edges. - Pure silver--yellow, no red edges. - Silver coin--red, blue at edges. - Pure silver--yellow, no red apparent. - -The intensity of the resistance offered by the different films of iodide -of silver to a continuation of the chemical combination, may be determined -by noting the moment at which the various spectral tints make their -appearance. - - Color of the film of iodide of silver. - ' " - 0 50--beginning to darken. - 2 0--pale gold. - 4 40--deep gold. - 6 40--orange blue. - 7 30--blue. - 9 30--light blue. - 11 30--commencement of yellow. - 18 30--orange red. - 20 15--blue. - 22 55--deep blue. - 24 40--green. - 28 0--yellowish green. - 30 25--ruddy brown. - 40 10--green. - 46 30--green. - 50 10--red. - 53 15--green. - -By comparing the thickness of the colors with the space of time required -for their production, it will be found, however imperfect the table given -by Newton may be when applied to this subject, that towards the end of -the experiment above given, the chemical combination is retarded by the -presence of the inert film, and that to obtain the same thickness of film -as at the commencement, about double the time is required. - -The third cause of error may be avoided by operating with vapors of about -the same force. In those described, the average time employed in passing -to the maximum was generally about half an hour; if that were not taken -into consideration, different results might be obtained. - -In regard to chlorine, there exists another cause of complication--the -affinity which it possesses for water; for when disengaged in the ordinary -manner, chlorine carries with it a certain quantity of water which may -very much alter the results of the experiment.--_Philosophical Magazine,_ -1842. - - * * * * * - - - - - =THE AMERICAN ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH.= - - -In each of the countries of Europe where the Electric Telegraph is -established, viz.: Britain, France, Germany, and Russ a, the people seem -anxious to claim for one or more of their own countrymen some merit -in connection with the invention. The English speak of Wheatstone and -Bain; the French of Le Sage; the Germans of Steinheil and Siemen; and -the Russians of Schilling or Jacobi. Most of these inventors have their -agents or representatives in different countries, ready on every suitable -occasion to speak or write in behalf of their principal. - -The inventor of the American Electric Telegraph has, we believe, no -agent in Europe; and no person there who has any special interest in -promoting the introduction of his system. The adoption of it by the -Prussian government for great distances, as decidedly the best which it -could obtain, after advertising extensively in Europe, is, therefore, -the more remarkable; and especially, as the only knowledge which the -Prussians possess of the American system seems to have been derived from -one imperfectly acquainted with its powers; for we can account in no other -way for the fact that Siemen's needle apparatus is adopted for short -distances; Morse's instruments being clearly superior to Siemen's, or to -any other needle apparatus, for short as Well as for long distances; since -they are much more rapid in their motion, and have, besides, the advantage -of making a permanent record on paper, instead of merely indicating to the -eye by an evanescent sign. No one using the telegraph in America, would -think of employing a needle apparatus in any of its operations. - -In addition to the evidence of the high estimation of the American -Telegraph by Europeans, furnished by this adoption of it in Prussia, -we learn also from an elaborate work on Telegraphs by Dr. H. Schellen, -recently published in Dusseldorf, that it is now introduced into other -countries on that continent. Dr. S. says: "Of late the Morse Telegraphs -are much used in Europe, viz: in England; between Hamburg and Cuxhaven; -between Bremen and Bremer-haven; in Prussia, Austria, Bavaria and -Hanover." Dr. S. might have added also that it is used in Turkey. Among -the advantages of the American Telegraph, Dr. S. says, is its "quickness -in making and marking the signs upon paper. * * * _It records under the -hand of a skilful operator 100 to 120 letters, in the same time in which -the best needle telegraphs are able to indicate 20._" - -While the superiority of the American Electric Telegraph to all others is -thus acknowledged by Europeans, they do not seem to be aware that the date -of the American invention is also prior in point of time to that of any of -their own electric telegraphs. They very naturally regard the date of the -patent as the date of the invention, because in every country in Europe -the patent is given to the person who first promulgates the invention in -that country; and it is not safe, therefore, in Europe, for an inventor to -permit others to know any thing of his invention until he has patented it. -But in America, where the law permits no one to take out a patent but the -inventor, he is perfectly safe in communicating the knowledge of what he -has done, and even in publicly exhibiting his invention, before he takes -out his patent, provided he secures himself by a caveat, and does not -offer it for sale, or permit it to go into common use. - -The inventor of the American Electric Telegraph, it is well known, -exhibited his instruments in operation in the N. Y. University, in the -presence of hundreds of our citizens in September, 1837, and privately to -his friends at various times as far back as November 1835, although his -first patent was not secured until 1838. No one claims for the inventions -of either Wheatstone or Steinheil a date prior to 1837; and when European -writers on the telegraph come to understand our laws, and the error into -which they have fallen, by confounding the date of the American invention -with the patent, they will no doubt do our country the justice to admit -its claims to priority as well as to _superiority_.--_N. Y. Observer._ - - * * * * * - -Iron Pavement.--Iron is daily coming into more general use for almost -every purpose. A letter from Paris, of a late date says: - -"A new pavement, to upset the Macadam and other inventions of the kind, -has been proposed by Mr. Tobard, who intends paving, in this way, the -streets and boulevards of Paris. This gentlemen has proved, by figures, -that melting iron is only worth 11 francs in Paris, 7 francs in Belgium, -and 4½ francs by 100 kilogrammes in England, whilst the stone costs 25 -francs in London, 15 francs in Paris, and 8 and 10 francs in Belgium. This -new mode of pavement will be grooved, in order not to become slippery, and -it is said that the electricity occasioned by the rolling of the carriages -will prevent rust. Here is a new field open to industry." - - - CLAUDET'S SPECIFICATION. - -Sealed 21st November, 1843. - -We give the following as copied at the Patent Office in London. Many of -our Daguerreotypists have enquired of us in relation to the patents on the -Daguerreotype in England. - - To Autoine Jean Claudet, of High Holborn, in the county of Middlesex, - glass merchant, for an invention of improvements in the process and - means of obtaining the representation of objects of nature and - art,--being a communication. [Sealed 21st November, 1843.] - -These improvements consist in rendering the Daguerreotype picture -susceptible of producing, by printing, a great number of proofs or copies; -thereby transforming it into a complete engraved plate. - -The process is established on the following facts, which have come to the -knowledge of the inventor:-- - -1st. A mixed acid, composed of water, nitric acid, nitrate of potassa, and -common salt, in certain proportions, being poured upon a Daguerreotype -picture, attacks the pure silver, forming a chloride of that metal, and -does not effect the white parts, which are produced by the mercury; but -this action does not continue long. Then, by a treatment with ammonia -(ammonia containing already chloride of silver in solution, is preferable -for this operation), the chloride of silver is dissolved, and washed -off, and the metal being again in its naked state, or cleansed from the -chloride, it can be attacked afresh by the same acid. This acid acts -better warm than cold. - -2d. As all metallic surfaces are soon covered (when exposed to the -atmosphere) with greasy or resinous matters, it is necessary, in order -that the action of the acid upon the pure silver should have its full -effect, for the surface to be perfectly purified; this is effected by the -employment of alcohol and caustic potash. - -3d. When a Daguerreotype picture is submitted to the effects of a boiling -concentrated solution of caustic potash, before being attacked by the -acid, the state of its surface is so modified that the acid spares or -leaves, in the part which it attacks, a great number of prints, which form -the grain of the engraving. - -4th. When the effects of the acid are not sufficient, or, in other words, -it is not bitten deep enough, the effect is increased by the following -process:--Ink the plate as copper-plate printers do, but with a siccative -ink; when the ink is sufficiently dry, polish the white parts of the -plate, and gild it by the electrotype process; then wash it with warm -caustic potash, and bite it in with an acid, which will not attack the -gold, but only the metal in those parts which having been protected by the -ink, have not received the coating of gold. By these means the engraving -is completed, as by the acid alone it is not generally bitten in deep -enough. - -5th. To protect the plate from the effects of wear, produced by the -operation of printing, the following process is employed: The surface of -the plate is covered with a thin coating of copper, by the electrotype -process, before submitting it to the operation of printing; and when -that pellicle or coating of copper begins to show signs of wear, it -must be removed altogether, by plunging the plate in ammonia, or in a -weak acid, which, by electro-chemical action, will dissolve the copper, -without effecting the metal under it; the plate is then coppered again, -by the same means, and is then ready for producing a further number of -impressions. This re-coating operation may be repeated as many times as -may be required. The following is the description of the whole process, -which is divided into two parts, consisting of a preparatory and printing -process. - -_Preparatory Engraving._--For this operation which is the most delicate, -it is necessary to have--1. A saturated solution of caustic potash. 2. -Pure nitric acid at 36° of the barometer of Beaumé (spec. grav. 1·333). -3. A solution of nitrate of potassa, composed of 100 parts of water, and -5 parts of nitrate, by weight. 4. A solution of common salt, composed -of water 100 parts, and salt 10 parts by weight. 5. A weak solution of -ammoniacal chloride of silver, with an access of ammonia. The ammoniacal -chloride of silver must be diluted with 15 or 20 parts of pure water. In -the description of the process, this solution will be called ammoniacal -chloride of silver. 6. A weak solution of ammonia, containing 4 or 5 -thousandths of liquid ammonia. This solution will be called ammoniacal -water. 7. A weak solution of caustic potash, containing 4 or 5 thousandths -of the saturated solution, which will be called alkaline water. 8. A -solution composed of water 4 parts, saturated solution of potash 2 parts, -alcohol 1 part, all in volume. This solution will be called alcoholized -potash. 9. Acidulated water, composed of water 100 parts, and nitric acid -2 parts, in volume. Besides, it is necessary to have three capsulæ or -dishes, made of porcelain, large enough to contain the plate, and covered -with an air-tight piece of ground plate glass, and two or three more -capsulæ, which do not require to be covered; two or three glass funnels, -to wash the plate; and two or three glass holders, in the shape of a spoon -or shovel, by which the plate is supported when put in and taken out of -the solution, without touching it with the fingers. - -The Daguerreotype plate is submitted to the engraving process, after -having been washed in the hyposulphate of soda, and afterwards in -distilled water. - -_First process for biting in or engraving the plate._--The following -solutions must be put in the capsulæ, in sufficient quantity, so as to -entirely cover the plate:--1. Acidulated water. 2. Alkaline water. 3. -Alcoholized potash, in covered capsulæ. 4. Caustic potash, in covered -capsulæ. 5. Distilled water. - -The plate being then put upon the glass holder or spoon, is plunged in -the acidulated water, and agitated during a few seconds, then put into a -glass funnel, and washed with distilled water. It is taken again with the -glass spoon, and plunged in the capsulæ containing alcoholized potash. -This capsulæ is covered with its glass cover, and then heated, by means -of a spirit lamp, to about 140° Fahrenheit. The plate must remain in the -capsulæ half an hour, during which the solution is heated now and then, -and agitated. During that time the following acid solution, which will be -called _nomal acid_, must be prepared: it is composed as follows:--Water -600 parts, nitric acid 45 parts, solution of nitrate of potassa 12 parts, -solution of common salt 45 parts. These proportions are in volume. The -nomal acid must be poured in a capsulæ, covered with its glass cover, and -a sufficient quantity must be kept in the bottle. - -When the plate has been immersed in the alcoholized potash during half an -hour, it is taken out of the solution by means of the glass holder, and -immediately plunged in the alkaline water, and agitated pretty strongly; -from thence it is put in distilled water (A). This being done, the plate -is plunged in the acidulated water, and moved about therein for a few -seconds: it is then put into the nomal acid. When the plate has been -immersed a few seconds in the acid, it is taken out by means of the glass -holder, taking care to keep it as much as possible covered with the -solution, and it is immediately placed horizontally upon a stand, and as -much acid as the plate can hold is poured upon it from the bottle; it is -then heated with a spirit lamp, but without attaining the boiling point. -During this operation it is better to stir or move about the acid on the -plate by pumping it, and ejecting it again, by means of a pipette or glass -syringe; after two or three minutes the acid is thrown away, the plate is -put in the glass funnel, and then well washed with water, and afterwards -with distilled water (B). - -Thus, without letting the plate dry, it is put upon the fingers of the -left hand, and with the right hand some ammoniacal chloride of silver, -which is moved about the surface by balancing the hand is poured upon it; -the solution is renewed until the chloride, formed by the action of acid, -is dissolved; the plate is then washed by pouring upon it a large quantity -of ammoniacal water, and afterwards some distilled water. (C.) - -Without allowing the plate to dry, it is then put in the caustic potash, -and the capsula being then placed upon the stand, the potash is heated up -to the boiling point; it is then left to cool (D); and beginning again the -operations described from A, to D, a second biting is obtained; and by -repeating again the operations described in A, and B, a third biting is -produced. The plate is then dried; in this state the black parts of the -plate are filled with chloride of silver. - -The plate is then polished until the white parts are perfectly pure and -bright. This polishing is soon done with cotton and ('ponce') (pumice -stone); afterwards, the chloride of silver, filling the black parts, is -cleansed by the means described in B, and C. The plate is dried, but -before drying, it is well to rub the plate slightly with the finger, in -order to take off from the black parts any remains of an insoluble body, -which generally remains on it. The preparatory engraving is then finished, -and the plate has the appearance of a very delicate acquatint engraved -plate, not very deeply bitten in. - -Nevertheless, if the operation has been well managed, and has been -successful, it is deep enough to allow the printing of a considerable -number of copies. - -_Note._--Sometimes, instead of treating the plate with the boiling potash -in the capsula, a similar result may be obtained by placing the plate -upon the stand, covering it with the solution, and heating it by means -of a spirit lamp, until, by evaporation the potash becomes in a state of -ignited fusion. By this means the grain is finer, but the white parts are -more liable to be attacked. - -Last operation of biting in: This operation requires some of the -re-agents, before-named, and also, - -1. A siccative ink, made of linseed oil, rendered very siccative by -boiling it sufficiently with litharge; it may be thickened with calcined -lampblack. - -2. An electrotype apparatus, and some solutions of it to gild, and copper -the plate. - -Means of operating: The plate must be inked as copper-plate printers do, -taking care to clean off the white parts more perfectly than usual; the -plate is then to be placed in a room sufficiently warm, until the ink is -well dried, which requires more or less time, according to the nature of -the oil employed. The drying of the oil may be hastened by heating the -plate upon the stand with the lamp, but the slow process is more perfect -and certain. - -When the ink is well dried, the white parts are cleaned again, by -polishing the plate with cotton and ponce, or any other polishing powder; -a ball of cotton, or any other matter covered over with a thin piece of -caoutchouc or skin, can be used for this purpose. When polished the plate -is ready to receive the electro-chemical coating of gold, which will -protect the white parts. - -_Gilding._--The gilding is obtained by any of the various processes -of electrotyping that are known. The only indispensable condition is, -that the surface obtained by the precipitation must not be liable to be -attacked by the weak acid; a solution answering this purpose is made of -10 parts, (by weight), of ferocganide of potassium; 1 part of chloride -of gold, and 1,000 parts of water, used with a galvanic battery. During -the gilding the plate must be turned in several positions, in order to -regulate the metallic deposit. In some cases the gilding may be made more -perfect, if the plate is covered with a thin coating of mercury before -putting in the gilding solution. - -When the plate is gilded, it must be heated with the boiling caustic -potash, by the process already indicated for the preparatory engraving, -in order to cleanse it from all the dried oil or ink, which fills the -hollow. The plate is then washed and dried, and when the oil employed has -been thickened with the lampblack, the surface of the plate is rubbed with -crumbs of bread, in order to cleanse and take off the black remaining; -then, the white parts being covered and protected by varnish not liable -to be attacked, and the black parts being uncovered and clean, the plate -can be bitten in by aqua-fortis, according to the ordinary process used by -engravers. - -This operation must be used upon the stand, and not by immersing the plate -in the solution. - -Before this biting in, if the preparatory engraving has not succeeded -well, and the plate still wants a sufficient grain, it can be given by the -various processes of aquatint engraving. - -Before submitting the plate to the operation of printing, in order to -insure an unlimited number of copies, it is necessary, as before stated, -to protect it by a slight coating of copper, which is obtained by the -electrotype process; otherwise the printing would soon wear the plate. -This coating must be kept very thin, but the fineness of the engraving, -and the polish of the white parts, should be destroyed. In this state the -plate can be delivered to the printer. - -After a certain number of impressions have been obtained, it will be -perceived that the coating of copper is worn in some places; then this -coating must be removed, and a fresh one applied in its place. For this -purpose, the plate must be purified and cleansed by warm potash, and -plunged in a weak acid, composed as follows:--Water, 600 parts; nitric -acid, 50 parts; nitrous acid of engravers, 5 parts; all in volume. -This acid will dissolve the coating of copper, and the plate being -coppered again, by the same means as before, may be again submitted to -the operation of printing; and as nothing can prevent the success of -a repetition of the same operation, any number of impressions may be -obtained. The coating of copper can also be removed by caustic ammonia. -The Daguerreotype plate engraved by this process, may also be reproduced -and multiplied by the electrotype process, the same as any other engraved -plate. - -The essential points of this process, which constitute the present -invention, consist,-- - -First,--in the discovery and employment of certain properties of a -mixture composed of nitric acid, nitrous acid, and hydrochloric acid, in -detrimental or fixed proportions. The two last mentioned acids may be -employed either in a free state, or combined with alkaline or other bases. -This mixed acid has the property of biting the pure silver, which forms -the black parts of the Daguerreotype picture, without attacking the white -parts formed by the amalgam of mercury. - -The result of the action of the biting is, to form on the black part of -the picture an insoluble chloride of silver; and this chloride of silver, -which, when formed, stops the action of the acid, is dissolved by the -ammonia, which allows the biting to continue. - -Secondly,--In the discovery of certain properties of a warm solution of -caustic potash, and in the employment of the said solution, by which the -mercury forming the picture is better and deeper amalgamated with the -silver under it, so that many imperceptible points of the amalgam are -affected in such a manner that the action has no action upon them. - -Thirdly,--In the discovery and employment of a process which produces a -grain favourable to the engraving, by which the biting on the plate is -rendered deeper. This is effected by filling the parts engraved with a -siccative ink, or any other substance, and then gilding the plate by the -electrotype process: the gold is not deposited on the parts protected by -the ink. When the plate is gilded, the ink is cleansed by the caustic -potash, and the plate may be submitted to the effect of an acid, which -does not attack the coating of gold, but bites only on the silver in the -parts already engraved by the first operation. - -Fourthly,--In the employment of a process by which the plate is protected -from the wear of the printing operation. This is effected by covering the -plate before printing, with a slight coating of copper; by the electrotype -process, and when the coating begins to wear, by printing, it is removed -by a weak acid or by ammonia, which dissolves the copper without effecting -the silver under it. The plate is coppered again, and after another -printing, the same operation is repeated, so that a considerable number of -copies may be printed without injury to the engraving. - -Enrolled in the Pitty Bag Office, May, 1844. - - * * * * * - - - - - =INTERESTING EXPERIMENT WITH STRYCHNIA.= - - -An interesting experiment, illustrative of the poisonous effects of -strychnia, was recently made by Professor Agassiz, at Cambridge. The -subject was a large black bear, about eighteen months old. The animal -was taken when young, and had been kept in captivity for a considerable -period. Professor Agassiz being desirous of killing it for the purpose of -dissection, about three grains of strychnia were administered. The poison, -though extremely bitter was readily swallowed. At the expiration of ten -minutes, no effect having been produced, a second dose of about the same -quantity was also inclosed in a biscuit and offered. The cunning animal -broke open and swallowed the biscuit, but rejected the poison. The first -portion, however, had proved efficacious, and in exactly fifteen minutes -from the time when first administered, the animal was seized with terrible -convulsions, and soon died. - -The whole time which elapsed between the taking of the poison and the -death of the animal, did not exceed twenty-five minutes. In order to -alleviate its sufferings and hasten death, a quantity of hydrocyanic acid -was poured upon the nose and mouth of the bear. It did not, however, -produce any sensible effect, and was not apparently taken into the system, -as the animal at the time was nearly dead. But the subsequent effects of -the poison were most remarkable. Although the bear, at the time of death, -was in perfect health and strength, twenty-four hours had not elapsed -before the body was in an advanced stage of decomposition. Indeed the -appearances indicated that the animal had been dead for nearly two months. -The interior of the body, when opened about twenty hours after death, -still retained its warmth in a considerable degree, while an offensive -gas issued from every pore. The blood had not coagulated, the spinal -marrow and nerves were in a semi-fluid state, and the flesh had assumed a -leaden-gray color. The hair of the hide readily came out on being slightly -pulled. No smell of the hydrocyanic acid could be perceived. - -The origin of this singular and speedy decomposition is not fully known, -though it is supposed to be due to the agency of the hydrocyanic acid. A -chemical examination of the muscle, brain, nerves, liver and kidneys is -now going on at the Cambridge laboratory, under the direction of Professor -Horsford. One singular fact connected with the spontaneous decomposition -of these parts is, that they all yielded or disengaged hydrosulphuric -acid gas, with the exception of the liver, which did not.--_Annual of -Scientific Discovery._ - - * * * * * - - - =NOTICE.= - -A few copies only of Volume I. of the Daguerreian Journal can be had by -applying at this office. Price three dollars. - -This is the most complete work ever published on the Daguerreian Art. -Orders addressed to the publisher of this Journal. - - * * * * * - - - - - =THE DAGUERREIAN JOURNAL= - - =NEW YORK, JUNE 1, 1851.= - - -The metal which the Daguerreotypists have most to deal with is silver. -To obtain plates of this perfectly clean and keep them so is one of -the most difficult parts of his art; in order to accomplish it he is -obliged to have resource to circuitous mechanical processes, or to some -chemical means whereby the old surface may be removed, or a new surface -deposited. He uses tripoli and rotten stone, rouge and buffing, fatty -matters, alcohol, ammonia, and nitric acid, for the first purpose; and -electro-plating for the second. The operator must not mistake the object -he has in view. By all his mechanical operations, where friction is -concerned, he obtains a _polished_ surface; but it is not to _polish_ -the plate that he uses the buff, and the other materials; the object is -to clean the plate, and the _polish_ of the surface follows as a natural -result. That a polished surface is not necessary for the formation of an -image is evident from photography on paper, and Hyalotype. In these cases -the surfaces do not reflect light; they are not polished; they are merely -clean. The fact of a plate freshly taken out of a cell where silver has -been deposited on it receiving beautiful images, is another proof that -polish is unnecessary for success. What is wanted is a surface of pure -silver, one not coated with the slightest trace of oxide, carbonate, or -sulphuret of silver, or with any impurity derived by contact with foreign -matter. The Daguerreotypist has, then, two objects in view.--1st, to -get a clean surface on his plate; and 2nd, this once obtained, to keep -it so without further alteration. Although silver is classed with gold -and platinum, as one of those metals which do not tarnish or oxidize -readily on exposure to the air, yet it is now well known in practice -what a difference exists in the character of the picture brought out on -a plate recently polished and one set aside even for a few hours. It is -true that the atmosphere alone will not affect or oxidize a plate of -polished silver, but that is only true of a very dry atmosphere; for an -atmosphere which contains even a small amount of moisture in it, will -in a short time dull the surface of the plate. In this instance the -moisture is deposited first, and brings the air into closer contact with -the surface of the metal, promoting the union of the latter with the -oxygen of the air. This is exemplified every day in the case of iron, -which does not rust in dry weather, but when the air begins to deposit -its moisture it rapidly oxydizes. So is it with lead and zinc, but in -a less degree. Pure water has no effect in tarnishing the surface of a -silver plate, but if it contains even a very small quantity of animal or -vegetable matter it darkens the surface in consequence of the presence -of sulphur. The ordinary tarnish of silver is due to the fastening upon -the surface of sulfurous vapors, which are constantly floating in the -air. We are scarcely yet in possession of sufficient facts to justify the -statement that sun-light materially aids in this alteration. We do know -that oxidizement in any substance goes on much more rapidly in sunshine -than under any other circumstances. In the vegetable kingdom it is of -hourly occurrence; but the different effects of shade and shine upon the -oxidizement of plates of metal has not been minutely studied. However this -may be, after a time the silver surface does get coated with a film, of -partly sulphuret, partly oxide, and a complete layer of air, which so -closely attaches itself to the plate that water when poured on it rolls -off and does not wet the surface. It is this film, of air which mechanical -friction and bulling are so serviceable in removing. The tarnish of a -sulphuret is not so readily removed by friction as by ammonia, for the -sulphuret of silver is, to some extent, soluble in ammonia; but as the -sulphuret when present gives a yellowish brown tint to the surface, it is -only then that it is needful, and even a weak solution of commom salt or -hydrodate of potash cleans the surface much quicker. - -As nitric acid is the best solvent of silver, so is it the best agent to -remove films of oxide and carbonate from the surface; it does so readily, -effectually, and leaves a clean new surface of silver, similar to a plate -newly prepared, or one which has received a new coating in the electrotype -cell. The acid, however, must be very much diluted, otherwise its local -action is so immediate as to eat down the surface of the plate faster than -it spreads, producing inequalities,--even when left long on, although -diluted, it produces roughness; hence its use has not been happy in many -hands. To such, the longer, but less failing processes of mechanical -action are to be recommended in preference. - - * * * * * - - -Friend Humphrey:-- - -I have thought for some time past that I would furnish a few thoughts for -the _Daguerreian Journal_, under the head of _General Rumors_. A fear -of injuring the Daguerreian business, by giving an additional publicity -to my discovery, for the present has kept me from this, as well as from -furnishing several other articles. - -A _very few_ persons (for the honor of humanity, I am glad the number is -small) have made statements which reflect seriously upon the integrity -and motives of myself and friends. By means of certain legal processes, -of which I am not wholly ignorant, I could do _these gentry_ more simple -justice than by dignifying them by a notice in our Journal, yet I bear -them no ill will, and _for the present_ shall act on the principle that -it is better to suffer wrong than to engage in a quarrel, especially with -men who have so little regard for the feelings and reputation of their -fellows, as to condemn, denounce, and accuse, without discrimination, and -without the slightest knowledge of facts. - -The "head and front of my offending" is this--that I _have_, by dint of -unwearied pains and perseverance, succeeded in imprinting the colors of -nature, in all their inimitable glory, upon the metallic surface. The -process, when brought out, it is believed, by the best of judges, will -be an astonishment to, the world, and a delight to our nation; and I -have felt, from the first, that I am but an instrument in the hands of -the Almighty, and am therefore bound in duty, as well as by inclination, -to dispose of the secret in a way to accomplish the greatest amount of -good. In this spirit I have frequently published my unalterable resolve -that my process _shall never be monopolized, or used for the purposes of -extortion_. If I had no other reason for this course, the fact that there -are great numbers of worthy persons engaged in our art, who, like myself, -are poor, this would be sufficient. Various plans have been suggested to -me, for the best possible method of disposing of my discovery. Numerous -gentlemen of high standing, have honored me with personal intercourse and -friendly advice. I have even suffered the claims of courtesy to interfere -with my experiments, and, I believe I have the good will and confidence of -those who have honored me with their visits; but I have never swerved from -my original determination, and have given no person the slightest reason -to think otherwise. - -In view of these _facts_, it is not strange that I should feel annoyed at -the various rumors to which I refer, and some of the intimations which -have been thrown out, I _feel_ are but poor pay for my having nearly, -if not quite, ruined my health, by laboring from morn till midnight for -the good of others. More especially have I been _grieved_ that _some -of my best friends, and the best friends of the fraternity_, should be -accused of having outwitted me, and drawn me into obligations to them -which would compel me to pursue a grasping course. Now, it is true that -certain gentlemen have, from the most honorable motives, made me very -liberal offers of aid, and it is also true that my mind is about settled -in regard to the parties with whom I shall act; but it is not true that I -am under obligations to give notoriety to my _business affairs_, and it is -certain that I shall not do so until I see fit. Neither is there the least -foundation for the assertion that I am committed to any person. There -confidence in me is not based on paper, but on a much surer foundation. - -The process which I have been so fortunate as to discover, is _my -property_. No man on earth has any claim, upon it, and I have a perfect -right to dispose of it as I please, in case I do not interfere with the -rights of others. This, I think, is the philosophy of _Professor Morse_, -so admirably and clearly expressed in the last number of the Journal. This -distinguished man recently favored me with a visit, and, in the course -of the interview, shed much light on this subject for which I feel truly -thankful. - -My intention has been, and is, to _do right_, and I believe the majority -approve of the course I have pursued thus far. The many marks of -approbation I have received from eminent men, both in this profession -and others, is truly encouraging to me in my poor health and arduous -labors, and will never be forgotten. Those who seem to possess a different -spirit, and who have apparently endeavored to hedge up my way by means -of "rumors," "new discoveries," "threats," &c., have my forgiveness, and -I trust that, in future, if they are not disposed to aid, they will do -nothing to hinder me. - -The brotherhood have nobly aided me, by purchasing my book. My sales are -exceeding my most sanguine expectations, and are placing me on a footing -to make me _feel that I am free_. All may be assured that I shall not -use my freedom "as a cloak," but to serve their interests, of which both -myself and friends hope to give them _full proof_ hereafter. - -Now that I have been compelled to close my doors against visitors, I would -state that I am doing my utmost to bring out my process in a short time, -and I will hereafter give, in the _Daguerreian Journal_, such notices of -my success as will meet the wishes of the public, as well as the interest -of our fraternity, - - I am yours &c., - L. L. Hill. - - Westkill, Greene Co., N. Y., - _May 30, 1851._ - -[Hand] The foregoing letter was addressed to me privately, and as it -contains some of Mr. Hill's views in relation to the various rumors -afloat, I have thought it best to insert it for the public. - - S. D. H. - - * * * * * - -We take pleasure in saying to our friends that, through the kindness of -John Johnson, Esq., of this city, we have received many of the valuable -letters and papers written by Mr. S. A. Wolcott, a former partner of the -first named gentleman. Mr. W. is well and favorably known as one of our -early and most successful investigators in the Photogenic Art. Many of -the most valuable improvements had their origin in his hands. We were -surprised to find so great an amount of information as is here presented. - -Our Daguerreotypists of the present day may consider themselves fortunate, -when looking back upon the difficulties experienced by those early -engaged in putting a shadow on the silver plate. We find here many a -mystery unravelled, and set forth in a light heretofore unexplained. As -these letters, written by Mr. W. to his partner, Mr. J., (at the time -they were written) were many of them confidential, and some few contain -business matter of a foreign character, it will require some little time -to prepare them for the press in the order in which they were written. We -shall make no alteration in the manuscript, and exclude such matter only -as relates to business of a foreign character. They present a team of -investigation and research worthy the first in the scientific circle. - -We would here take occasion to speak of a curious specimen of our art, -which we saw while recently spending an evening with Mr. Johnson. This -specimen is a profile view of a gentleman, and if not the _first_ likeness -from life, it is said to claim age with the oldest Daguerreotype ever -produced, and is no less interesting for its antiquity than for its size, -it being on a plate _less than one quarter of an inch square_. To produce -an impression on such a plate it would require the superior skill of the -most successful operator of the present day. The outline is distinctly -marked, the features remarkably well delineated, being in fact, one of the -most interesting curiosities we have ever witnessed. The plate is cemented -by means of Canada Balsam to a piece of plate glass about three-fourths of -an inch square, and thus it has been preserved in its present state. - -We saw many other specimens of Daguerreian antiquity, but as we intend -to speak more fully of our evening visit at Mr. Johnson's, we will defer -further notice for the present. - -We would here say to such as may have Mr. Walcott's letters relative to -the art, that we would consider ourselves especially favored if we could -be allowed the perusal of them. - - * * * * * - - - =THE NATURAL COLORS IN PHOTOGRAPHY.= - -The subscriber begs to request those interested in the above discovery -_not to visit him_ until further notice, which will be given in the -Daguerreian Journal. It is _absolutely essential_ that he should have his -time, and be left undisturbed. Stern necessity, arising from the fact -that I can never complete my process if disturbed as hitherto, compels me -to say both to friends and strangers, that my doors are locked, and will -continue to be until I have completed my experiments. As this notice is -given with a regard to the general good, it is presumed no offence will be -taken. - - L. L. Hill. - - Westkill, Green Co., N. Y., - May 25, 1851. - -Editors by inserting the above in their papers will confer a favor, and -save many from spending their time and money to no purpose. - - * * * * * - - - - - =OUR DAGUERREOTYPES.= - - -Butler, of this city, is now producing fine likenesses in oil. This -gentlemen calls these pictures "Daguerreotypes in Oil." We never have seen -better likenesses transferred from a Daguerreotype, and in an economical -point of view, they are the best oil paintings that can be had. - - * * * * * - -E. Long, of St. Louis, Mo. In our last, we spoke of H. H. Long as the -gentleman who had produced likenesses of Jenny Lind. This was incorrect; -we should have said E. Long. However, they both are a _long_ ways from -taking poor Daguerreotypes. - - * * * * * - -L. M. Ives, of Boston, will please pardon us (or rather our printer) for -the mistake in the Journal in his name and locality. Mr. I. being himself -a sure operator, will certainly pardon a failure in others. We will -endeavor to do better in future. - - * * * * * - -N. E. Sissons, of Albany. This gentleman has completed an extensive -addition to his former establishment. W e find here one of the most -substantial proofs that close application and honorable dealing are -awarded by success. Mr. S. has now five rooms--one for reception, a -gallery or operating room, and three stock rooms. It is highly gratifying -to his friends to learn of his success, and we predict for him a large and -profitable business. We have ordered one of C. C. Harrison's best full -sized camera tubes, and one of W. & W. H. Lewis' camera boxes, which will -be forwarded to Mr. S., he being entitled to it from the fact that he -has obtained for us the largest list of subscribers. He is a "practical -operator." - - * * * * * - -J. D. Wells, Northampton, Mass., has recently fitted up a large -establishment in that place. Mr. W. is an old an experienced operator, and -has five rooms in his establishment, a very fine sky and side light, and -is prepared to execute such likenesses as will please the inhabitants of -that beautiful village in the valley of the Connecticut. - - * * * * * - - - - - =SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH BETWEEN ENGLAND AND FRANCE.= - - -The project of constructing a submarine telegraph between England and -France, across the Straits of Dover, first announced during the year -1349,[A] has been in part accomplished. The following description of the -laying down of the wire, we copy from an English Journal:-- - -[Footnote A: See Annual of Scientific Discovery, 1850, page 128.] - -At one o'clock the steamer Goliath was ready to start across the Channel, -with all the necessary apparatus on board, and a crew of about thirty men. -Between the paddle-wheels, in the centre of the vessel, was a gigantic -drum, or wheel, nearly fifteen feet long and seven feet in diameter, -weighing seven tons, and fixed on a strong framework. Upon it was coiled -up, in careful, close convulsions, about thirty miles of telegraphic wire, -one-tenth of an inch in diameter, incased in a covering of gutta-percha, -the thickness of the little finger. The point proposed to be reached, Cape -Grinez, the nearest landmark to the English coast, and between Calais and -Boulogne, is a distance of twenty-one miles, so that a surplus supply of -nine miles of wire was held in reserve for the purpose of slackening. -The connecting wires were placed in readiness at the Government pier in -the harbor, and likewise at the Cape, where they run up the face of the -acclivity, which is 194 feet above the sea-mark. - -Some interesting experiments were first made upon a small scale to show -the practicability of the plan. A mile of wire was paid out off the deck, -from the pier to Shakspeare's Cliff, and the sinking process was proved -to be a practicable performance. A communication was also sent through -twenty four miles of wire. On Wednesday morning the experiment of sinking -submarinely was practically commenced. The Goliath put out to the pier, -with her telegraphic tackle and apparatus on board, under a calm sea -and sky and a favoring wind. The connection between the thirty miles of -telegraphic wire was then made good to 300 yards of the same wire inclosed -in a leaden tube on shore, to prevent it being bruised by the shingle on -the beach, and to enable the experimenters, as they proceeded out to sea, -to send communications on shore. The vessel steamed out at the rate of -three or four miles an hour into the open sea, in a direct track for Cape -Grinez. The wire weighed five tons and the cylinder two. The operation of -paying out the thirty miles of wire commenced on a signal to the sailors -to "Go-ahead with the wheel, and pay out the wire," which was continuously -streamed out over a roller at the stern of the vessel, the men at every -16th of a mile being busily engaged in riveting on to the wire, square -leaden clamps, or weights of iron, from 14 lbs. to 24 lbs. in weight, -which had the effect of sinking the wire to the bottom, which, on the -English coast commences at a depth of 30 feet, and goes on varying from -that to 100 and 180 feet, which latter, or 30 fathoms, is the greatest -depth. - -The whole of the casting out and sinking was accomplished with great -precision and success, owing to the favorable state of the day. The only -conjectured difficulty on the route was at a point in midchannel, called -the Ridge, between which and another inequality called the Varne, both -well known and dreaded by navigators, there is a deep submarine valley, -surrounded by shifting sands, the one being seventeen miles in length, and -the other twelve, and in their vortex, not unlike the voracious one of -Godwin Sands, ships encounter danger and lose their anchors, and trolling -nets of fishermen are frequently lost. Over this, however, the wire was -successfully submerged, below the reach, it is believed, of either ship's -anchors, sea-animals, or fishing nets. The remainder of the route, though -rougher on approaching the coast of France, was accomplished cleverly, -but slowly. A communication, dated Cape Grinez, Coast of France, half -past eight, P. M., and received at Dover by submarine telegraph, was -as follows:--"The Goliath has just arrived in safety, and the complete -connection of the under-water wire with that left at Dover this morning is -being run up the face of the cliff; complimentary interchanges are passing -between France and England, under the strait and through it, for the first -time." - -Notwithstanding this apparently successful result of the work, the line -was cut asunder soon after the connection was completed on the rocks near -Cape Grinez, the physical configuration of the French coast being very -unfavorable. The precise point where the breakage took place was about two -hundred yards out to sea, just where the twenty miles of electric line -that had been laid down from Dover joins on to a leaden tube designed to -protect it from the surge beating against the beach, and which also serves -a similar purpose up the front of the cliff to the station upon the top. -The leaden conductor, it would appear, was of too soft a texture to resist -the oscillation of the sea, and thereby became detached from the coil of -gutta-percha wire that was thought to have been safely encased in it. The -occurrence was, of course, quickly detected by the sudden cessation of -the series of communications, though it was at first a perplexing point -to discover at what precise spot the wire was broken or at fault. This, -however, was done by hauling up the line at intervals, a process which -disclosed the gratifying fact, that, since its first sinking, it had -remained in situ at the bottom of the sea, inconsequence of the leaden -weights or clamps that were strung to it at every sixteenth of a mile. The -experiment, as far as it has gone, proves the possibility of the gutta -percha wire resisting the action of the salt water, of the fact of its -being a perfect waterproof insulator, and that the weights on the wire -are sufficient to prevent it being drifted away by the currents, and for -sinking it in the sands. - -The work at present has been suspended, but will be resumed again during -the spring of 1851; a somewhat different plan, however, has been proposed -to be followed from that at first adopted. Instead of one slender wire, -it is intended to lay down cables inclosing four lines. These cables -will be composed of gutta-percha, four or five inches in thickness, the -whole encased in wire rope, chemically prepared, to protect it from rot, -and kyanized. There will be two of these cables, each twenty miles -long, and three miles apart, the whole weight representing 400 tons; -and it is expected, when chained down in the bottom of the sea, they -will be of sufficient consistency and strength to resist the anchor of a -120-gun ship. The expense of the cables is estimated at £40,000. It is -thought that the whole work may be accomplished by May, 1851.--_Annual of -Scientific Discovery._ - - * * * * * - - - - - =ACTION OF SOLUTIONS OF CHLORIDES AND AIR ON MERCURY.= - - -We have given in previous Numbers the results of M. Mialhe's experiments -on the action of chlorides on some mercurial compounds, and he states that -he had nearly concluded his experiments when it occurred to him to try -whether mercury itself would not be acted upon by this class of substances. - -Experiment, he states, confirmed his suspicions, for he found that the -solutions of the alkaline chlorides put into contact with mercury and -atmospheric air always produced bichloride of mercury, the quantity of -which was greater in proportion to the concentration of the solution of -the chloride, and the more perfect state of division of the metal, but no -effect is produced unless oxygen, that of the air being sufficient, is -present. - -_1st Experiment._--Mercury treated with the solution of alkaline chlorides -(described in our last Number as the assay liquor ), gave by stove heat -0·4 part of sublimate. - -_2nd Experiment._--The above repeated with the mercury finely divided by -mucilage, yielded 0·7 part of sublimate. - -The researches already detailed sufficiently prove, in the opinion of M. -Mialhe, that the decomposing power of the alkaline chlorides is great, but -they do not teach us anything as to their relative energy. The following -experiments will supply this deficiency. - -_Hydrochlorate of Ammonia._--One hundred and twenty parts of hydrochlorate -of ammonia and 30 parts of calomel were placed in an open bottle containg -1000 parts of distilled water, the temperature of which was gradually -raised to 122° Fahr., and kept for half an hour; the sublimate produced -amounted to 0·9 of a part. - -The experiment repeated with the following salts gave the annexed -quantities of sublimate:-- - - Chloride of Sodium, 0·4 of a part. - Chloride of Barium, 0·4 " - Chloride of Potassium, 0·3 " - -It results from these experiments that the hydrochlorate of ammonia is the -most powerful of these four salts. - -In concluding his experiments, M. Mialhe remarks that the reactions which -he has pointed out take place at common temperatures, but better at -the temperature of the human body. All of them are produced in a short -time, and some occur instantaneously, the greater part requiring only a -few hours' contact for action. As then the different fluids contained -in the human body contain oxygen, chloride of sodium, and hydrochlorate -of ammonia, accompanied or not with hydrochloric and other acids which -may facilitate their action, it follows that all the chemical phenomena -produced under the circumstances described, occur in the human body when -any mercurial preparation whatever is introduced into it; these always -produce a certain quantity of corrosive sublimate in which their medicinal -properties reside; and this fact explains, in the opinion of M. Mialhe, -the hitherto unexplained physiological action and therapeutic properties -of metallic mercury when introduced into the animal economy.--_Ann. de -Chim. et de Phys._, Juin 1842. - - * * * * * - - =THE HEAT OF COMBINATIONS.= - -Every molecular change in the condition of matter is almost invariably -connected with the evolution or absorption of heat, and the quantity of -heat thus set free or absorbed bears always a definite relation to the -amount of the mechanical or chemical action. To ascertain this relation -has been the object of my investigations, and the following are a few -of my principal results. 1. The solution of a salt in water is always -accompanied by an absorption of heat. 2. If equal weights of the same salt -be dissolved in succession in the same liquid, the heat absorbed will be -less on each new addition of salt. 3. The heat absorbed by the solution of -a salt in water holding other salts dissolved is generally less than that -absorbed by its solution in water. 4. The heat absorbed by the solution of -a salt in the dilute mineral acids is generally greater than that absorbed -by its solution in water. In reference to the combination of acids and -bases, the heat developed during the union is determined by the base, and -not by the acid. An equivalent of the same base combined with different -acids produces nearly the same quantity of heat. When a neutral salt is -converted into an acid salt by combining with one or more equivalents of -acids, no disengagement of heat occurs. When a double salt is formed by -the union of two neutral salts, the same is the case, but when a neutral -salt is converted into a basic salt, there is a disengagement of heat. -When solutions of two neutral salts are mixed, and a precipitate formed -from their mutual decomposition, there is always a disengagement of -heat, which, though small, is perfectly definite in amount. The diamond -disengages 7,824 units of heat during its combustion in oxygen gas, in the -form of graphite, 7,778 units, and in that of wood charcoal, 8,080.--Dr. -Andrews before the British Association at Birmingham. - - * * * * * - -[The following papers have been furnished us by Mr. Pirsson, one of the -former editors of the Eureka, they having been previously published in -that Journal; for the cuts, which will appear in our next number, we are -indebted to Mr. Starr, one of the present editors of the _Farmer and -Mechanic_, and formerly publisher of the _Eureka_.] - - * * * * * - - - - - =DAGUERREOTYPE.= - - BY JOHN JOHNSON. - - -As a general thing, however perfect any invention may be deemed by the -inventor or discoverer, it falls to the lot of most, to be the subject of -improvement and advancement, and especially is this the case with those -new projects in science which open an untrodden field to the view of the -artizan. Such has been in an eminent degree, the case with the discovery -first announced to the world by Mons. Jean Jacques Claude Daguerre, -of Paris, in the year 1839, and which excited unbounded astonishment, -curiosity and surprise. It may be questioned had any other than Daguerre -himself discovered a like beautiful combination, whether the world would -have been favored with details exhibiting so much care, patience and -perseverance as the Daguerreotype on its introduction. Shortly after -these details reached the United States, by Professor S. F. B. Morse, of -New York, who was, at the time of the discovery, residing in Paris. By -this announcement, the whole scientific corps was set in operation, many -repeating the experiments, following carefully the directions pointed -out by Daguerre, as being necessary to success. Among the number in the -United States, was Alexander S. Wolcott (since deceased) and myself, both -of this city. On the morning of the 6th day of October, 1839, I took to -A. Wolcott's residence, a full description of Daguerre's discovery, he -being at the time engaged in the department of Mechanical Dentistry, on -some work requiring his immediate attention, the work being promised -at 2 P. M., that day; having, therefore, no opportunity to read the -description for himself, (a thing he was accustomed to do at all times, -when investigating any subject,) I read to him the paper, and proposed -to him that if he would plan a camera, (a matter he was fully acquainted -with, both theoretically and practically) I would obtain the materials as -specified by Daguerre. This being agreed to, I departed for the purpose, -and on my return to his shop, he handed me the sketch of a camera box, -without at all explaining in what manner the lens was to be mounted. This -I also undertook to procure. After 2 P. M., he had more leisure, when he -proceeded to complete the camera, introducing for that purpose a reflector -in the back of the box, and also to affix a plate holder on the inside, -with a slide to obtain the focus of the plate, prepared after the manner -of Daguerre. While Mr. Wolcott was engaged with the camera, I busied -myself in polishing the silver plate, or rather silver plated copper, but -ere reaching the end preparatory to iodizing, I found I had nearly or -quite removed the silver surface from off the plate, and that being the -best piece of silver plated copper to be found, the first remedy at hand -that suggested itself, was a burnisher, and a few strips were quickly -burnished and polished. Meantime, the camera being finished, Mr. Wolcott, -after reading for himself Daguerre's method of iodizing, prepared two -plates, and placing them in the camera, guessed at the required time they -should remain exposed to the action of the light; after mercurializing -each in turn, and removing the iodized surface with a solution of common -salt, two successful impressions were obtained, each unlike the other! -Considerable surprise was excited by this result, for each plate was -managed precisely like the other. On referring to Daguerre, no explanation -was found for this strange result; time, however, revealed to us that one -picture was positive, and the other negative. On this subject I shall -have much to say during the progress of the work. Investigating the cause -of this difference occupied the remainder of that day, However, another -attempt was agreed upon, and the instruments, plates, &c., prepared and -taken up into an attic room, in a position most favorable for light. -Having duly arranged the camera, I sat for five minutes, and the result -was a profile miniature, (a miniature in reality,) on a plate not quite -three-eighths of an inch square. Thus, with much deliberation and study, -passed the first day in Daguerreotype--little dreaming or knowing into -what a labyrinth such a beginning was hastening us. - -(_To be continued._) - - * * * * * - - - - - =GALVANIZING DAGUERREOTYPE PLATES.= - - -The Battery. The best way is to purchase a good Daniel's Battery. Price $2 -00. To be had at any of the dealers. - -For the benefit of those who cannot procure one, I would give the -following directions for making one: Procure a copper cup, (sheet copper) -6 inches high, and 4 inches in diameter; also a cup of porous earthenware, -(a small unglazed flower pot answers,) or a leather cup made water tight -by sewing, or even a cylinder of porous wood, (say maple or ash,) 3 inches -diameter, and about 6 inches high. This is to stand in the centre of the -copper cup. Now, procure a solid cylinder of zinc, 6 inches high and 1 -inch diameter. This is to stand in the centre of the porous cup. Fastened -to the upper end of the zinc cylinder there should be a copper wire, -pretty thick. It should be held by a screw, or soldered on, and previous -to the fastening, both the wire and zinc should be made clean and bright, -that there may be a perfect connection. A similar wire is to be fastened, -in the same way, to the upper rim of the copper cup. Let these wires be -about 6 inches long. To the end of the one coming from the copper fasten a -plate of pure silver, about as large as a quarter plate, unless you wish -to galvanize whole plates, in which case the silver plate must be larger, -say, the size of a half plate. For small plates a silver dollar, enlarged -to twice its size by hammering, will answer, but is not so good. To -hammer it, it must be first heated, red hot, and allowed to cool slowly. -This plate is to be immersed in the silver solution, described below, near -the side of the solution jar. The other wire must be bent at the end like -a hook, to receive the catch. This catch may be a piece of copper wire -about 4 inches long, hooked at one end, and having several turns at the -other end, to strengthen it. Between these turns the Daguerreotype plate, -well polished, is inserted, as in a sort of jaw. The wire holding the -catch should be so bent that the Daguerreotype plate will stand from one -to three inches from, and face the annode, or silver plate. - -Let the silver solution be well stirred, just before immersing a plate; -then, blowing away the froth and scum, immediately dip the plate, and hang -it on the wire. Let it remain until it takes on a deep blue color, take -it out, grasp it with the plyers, rinse it freely with clean water, and -dry it carefully with a spirit lamp. Buff again to a polish, galvanize to -a light blue, rinse, dry, and buff again, and it is ready for the coating -box. - -_Silver Solution._ Dissolve in 1 quart of soft water, half a pound of -_Cyanide of Potash_. In this dissolve the _Chloride of Silver_ procurable -from a silver dollar. Filter, through paper, or clean sponge, and it is -ready for use, excepting that it will probably have to be reduced with -water. It should be reduced till it works mellow, and free from streaks. -The occasional addition of a lump of cyanide will prevent a flowery -deposite of oxyde of silver. Occasionally, also, add a little chloride -of silver, and more cyanide. The cyanide should always be in excess. The -reason why this should be occasionally added, is that the solution becomes -too strong, with the silver, from the annode. The connections must be kept -bright, with a file or otherwise. - -The manner of charging the above battery is as follows: Nearly fill the -porous cup with water, and stir in about a tea-spoonful of sulphuric acid. -Two or three drops of acid added once a week is enough. The copper cup -should be filled with a saturated solution of sulphate of copper, (blue -vitriol,) and the solution kept saturated by suspending in it a little -sack of the blue vitriol. - -[Hand] The zinc cylinder, previous to use, should be amalgamated, as -follows: Place it in a plate, and brighten it by rubbing it with a swab, -wet with dilute sulphuric acid. Then with the same swab, rub on mercury, -until the whole surface is bright. - -Chloride of Silver. Dissolve a silver dollar in about a gill of a mixture -of nitric acid and water, equal parts, by the aid of a gentle heat. Let it -cool. Throw it into an earthen or glass vessel, containing about 1 quart -of strong salt water. Let the precipitate settle. Pour away the liquid, -add a large quantity of water, let the chloride of silver settle, pour -away the water, and repeat this at least fifty times. The residue is pure -chloride of silver. - -Any glass or earthen cup, of suitable shape and dimensions, will answer -for a solution dish. - -It should be remembered that a strong battery, and a strong solution -require the plate to be kept at a greater distance from the annode. This -distance will range from one to three inches.--_Hill's Treatise._ - - * * * * * - - - - - =ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.= - - -Notice.--Those persons subscribing for this Journal will please bear -in mind to write in a plain hand the name, town, county, and state. By -observing the above you will save us much trouble, and, at the same time, -receive the Journal with more promptness. - -G. K. W., Mass.--We have been unable to prepare the chemicals you ordered. -Our arrangements are somewhat extensive in the department referred to. - -M. S. W., Ala.--Mr. W. says, "Will you inform me, through your Journal or -otherwise, Is iodine entirely lost when it combines with a few drops of a -solution of potassa!" - -It is not. The following experiment will better illustrate:--Put a few -grains of iodine into a clean and dry Florence flask, warm it gradually -over a spirit lamp, and the iodine rises in a vapor of beautiful violet -color. When cool, pour in "a few drops of a solution of potassa," the -iodine disappears at once, and a solution of iodide of potassium is -formed; this may be heated to redness without evolving any violet fumes, -and yet it is certain that iodine is there, but not in a free but a -combined state, and heat cannot expel it from combination with the -potassium. Let the flask cool a little, and add a few drops of sulphuric -acid; the violet fumes of iodine instantly appear; the sulphuric acid has -induced the formation of sulphate of potassa, and expelled the iodine -unchanged. - -F. B. B., Ky.--Your money is received, and the first Vol. forwarded per -order. Thank you for your hearty congratulations. - -J. G. P. R. I.--Yours of the 26th in hand. We advise you for the present -to say nothing of your discovery: it probably has more valuable importance -than you are at present aware of. - - * * * * * - - - - =ADVERTISEMENTS= - - - * * * * * - - =NOTICE TO ADVERTISERS.= - -As our Advertising List is already large, and the demand rapidly -increasing, we are under the necessity of requesting those who wish to be -made known through our Advertising Columns, to make their Advertisements -as short as possible. The Daguerreian Journal is devoted to the interest -of all. - - * * * * * - - =DAGUERREIAN LIBRARY.= - -All of the works published on the Daguerreian Art, for sale at the Office -of the Daguerreian Journal. - - Address (_post-paid_) S. D. Humphrey, - - No. 311 Broadway, New York. - - * * * * * - - =DAGUERREOTYPE WORK,= - -PHOTOGRAPHIC RESEARCHES AND Manipulations, including the Author's former -Treatises on Daguerreotypes, - - By L. L. HILL. - -The above work is now ready, price $3 per copy. - -Orders addressed to S. D. Humphrey, - - No. 311 Broadway, N. Y. - - * * * * * - - =WANTED.= - -A SITUATION by an experienced Operator. One who can come well recommended, -and has been engaged in the Daguerreotype business for the last eight -years. Has no objection to any city in the United States. - -For further information inquire at the Office of the Daguerreian Journal. - - * * * * * - - =WANTED.= - - TO - - =DAGUERREOTYPISTS OF PHILADELPHIA.= - -WANTED--A situation, by an old and experienced Operator, to engage in some -establishment in the above named city. The Advertiser can produce the best -of Testimonials, and satisfactory specimens of Daguerreotypes. - -For further information, inquire at the office of the Daguerreian Journal. - -None need apply unless prepared to give a permanent situation to a good -operator. - - * * * * * - - =SCOVILL MANUFACTURING CO.,= - - =DEALERS IN DAGUERREOTYPE MATERIALS,= - - =WHOLESALE AND RETAIL,= - - No. 57 Maiden Lane, New York, - -Agents for Voightlander & Sons, and C. C. Harrison's celebrated Cameras; -Harrison's, Brinckerhoff's, and Lewis' Buffing-Wheels. - -The Scovill Manufacturing Co. are now prepared to offer to the public, -cases of their own manufacture, which, for style, workmanship and superior -finish, are not excelled by any in the market, and it is their intention -to put them at prices which cannot fail to satisfy both the dealer and -operator. - -They think it quite unnecessary to enumerate all the articles which they -may have on hand for sale, but simply to state that they are prepared to -furnish every description of Daguerreotype Goods of the best quality at -low prices, and to fill all orders with promptness and dispatch. - -May 15_th_, 1851. - - * * * * * - - =MYRON SHEW,= - - =DEALER IN DAGUERREOTYPE APPARATUS AND MATERIALS,= - - =WHOLESALE AND RETAIL,= - - _No. 118 Chestnut street, Philadelphia, Pa._ - -German and American Cameras of all sizes and of the best manufacture, -Coating Boxes, Camera Stands, Mercury Baths, Buffing Vices, Head Rests, -Plates, Cases, Chemicals, Frames, Gold and Gilt Lockets, Fancy Book Cases, -Papier-Mache Cases, Preservers, Mats, Glass, and all articles used in the -Art constantly on hand in great variety at the lowest prices. - -Mr. S. having had a number of years practical experience in the -Daguerreian Art, feels confident that he is prepared to give satisfaction -to his customers in the selection of articles used in the business. - -This being the only establishment in Philadelphia devoted exclusively to -Daguerreotype materials. Artists will find it to their interest to call at -once where they are sure of finding every article used in the Art. - -Orders from the country promptly and faithfully attended to. - - * * * * * - -=WANTED.=--A Partner wanted in the Daguerreotype business. Any person who -is a first-rate practical operator, and can command from five hundred -to a thousand dollars, can now have one of the best opportunities of -investing his capital in one of the best locations in a western city. - -The establishment is now doing a very profitable business, and is capable -of increasing to such an extent as to warrant the success necessary to -induce a partner. - -No one need apply unless he has the Cash Capital. - -For further information inquire at the Office of the Daguerreian Journal. - - * * * * * - - =CHEMICAL, LABORATORY.= - -DR. ANTISELL has Removed his Chemical Laboratory to 63 Franklin St., where -he is prepared to undertake chemical analysis and examinations into the -purity of materials. - -Dr. A. will also take charge of any series of experiments to elucidate -particular subjects. - -Assays, analyses of ores, minerals, soils, and mineral water, made with -correctness and despatch. May 1, 1851. - - * * * * * - - =$10 REWARD.= - -A LARGE SIZED (plate, 11 by 13 inches) Daguerreotype has been recently -stolen from my door, supposed to have been taken by some person about -visiting Europe. Said Daguerreotype was a large sized head, and is a -likeness of myself. - -Any person returning said picture, and the large gilt frame that contained -it, shall receive the above reward. - - J. Gurney, - - No. 189 Broadway, N. Y. - - * * * * * - - =REMOVAL.= - - =MYRON SHEW,= - - =DEALER IN= - - =DAGUERREOTYPE MATERIALS,= - - =No. 118 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia.= - -MR. SHEW would respectfully inform his friends and customers that he has -removed his place of business from his old stand. No. 116, to 118 Chestnut -street, two doors from his former place, where he has made a permanent -location, and, having greater facilities, will be better able to meet -the increasing demands of his business. No pains will be spared in the -selection of articles used by Daguerreian Artists, and every effort used -to give satisfaction to his customers. A good supply of all articles -used in the business constantly on hand, comprising German and American -Cameras, of all sizes, Camera Stands, Coating Boxes, Mercury Baths, Head -Rests, Buffing Vices, Gilding Stands, Lamps, Plates, Cases, Frames, Gold -and Gilt Lockets, a variety of Fancy Cases, &c., &c. - -Mr. S. would take this opportunity of returning his sincere thanks for -former patronage, and solicits a continuance of the same. All orders -either from the city or country, promptly and faithfully attended to. - - MYRON SHEW. - - _Philadelphia, June 1st, 1851._ - - * * * * * - - =DAGUERREOTYPE.= - - =JOHN SAWYER,= - -Successor to WILLIAM SHEW, dealer in Daguerreotype Apparatus and -Materials, wholesale and retail. Also, manufacturer of Cases. - -No. 123 Washington Street, Boston, Mass. - - * * * * * - - =LOUIS BECKER= - -Well known CHEMICALS, for sale at Becker & Piards, No. 201 Broadway, N. Y. - - * * * * * - - =CLEVELAND DAGUERREOTYPE STOCK= - - =DEPOT,= - - =JOHNSON & FELLOWS,= - - =SUPERIOR ST., CLEVELAND, O.,= - -Keep a large and well selected assortment of Daguerreotype Goods on hand, -and for sale at the lowest New York prices. - -We respectfully call the attention of operators to our assortment of -goods, which we warrant genuine. - -Every exertion will be made to keep the best, latest and cheapest goods on -hand. - -Our assortment consists of every variety of Cameras, Plates, Cases, -Chemicals, Polishing Materials, Apparatus, Fixtures, Frames, Sockets, &c., -&c. - -Instructions in the Art are carefully given. - - Chas. E. Johnson, - Parker Fellows. - - * * * * * - - =NEW YORK= - - =DAGUERREOTYPE= - - =STOCK ESTABLISHMENT.= - -The undersigned would call the attention of Daguerreotypists and the trade -to the recent improvements in their manufacture of plates, which, by a new -method of finishing, enables them to present an article possessing a finer -and softer surface, and requiring much less polishing than formerly. The -edges of all are neatly bent. - -Owing to greater facilities in manufacturing, the prices have been -reduced, so as to bring them at about the same cost as the best imported -brands. - -They have constantly on hand a large assortment of - - Plates, - Cases, - Frames, - Mattings, - Preservers, - Lockets, - Chemicals, - -and Apparatus of every style and variety which they offer at the lowest -prices. - -Agents for Voightlander's, Harrison's and other Cameras; Harrison's new -Buffing Wheel, &c., &c. - - Scovill Manufacturing Co., - - No. 57 Maiden Lane, New York. - - * * * * * - - =BENJAMIN FRENCH,= - - _No. 109 Washington Street, Boston._ - -DAGUERREOTYPE Apparatus, Plates, Cases, Frames, Gold Lockets, Polishing -materials, Chemicals, and every description of Goods used in the -Daguerreotype business, constancy on hand and for sale, at wholesale and -retail, at the lowest cash prices. - - 3tf - - * * * * * - - =$5 REWARD.= - -STOLEN from the door of Clark Brothers, 551 Broadway, one full size -Daguerreotype View, in papier mache frame, oval fire gilt mat. Said View -of a GOTHIC COTTAGE, on the steps of which can be seen a lady, two or -three boys and a dog, Any person returning the above described Picture, or -giving information where it may be found, shall receive the above reward -Oct 16. - - * * * * * - - =TWO NEW INVENTIONS= - - =IN THE DAGUERREOTYPE ART.= - -"PECK'S PATENT PLATE HOLDER," and the "_Bent Edge Daguerreotype Plate_" -used in connection with it. An instrument is sold for seventy-five -cents, with which every operator can bend his own plates. The holder is -a desideratum, and only requires to be used to be appreciated. It is -so constructed that it will hold the plate through all the stages of -cleaning, buffing, polishing, coating, taking the picture in the camera, -and mercurializing without any change. During the whole process, the plate -need not be touched with the fingers, and does away with the use of wax, -&c., &c. - - The prices for the holders are mediums, $1 00--quarters, $1 50--Halves, - $2 00--whole size, $2 50. - -The "_Magic Back Ground_." The discovery of this is due Mr. C. J. Anthony, -of Pittsburgh, Pa. By this process the most beautiful effects can be -produced, and the pictures are set forth in bold relief on back grounds of -various shapes and tints. Pictures taken with the "_Magic Back Ground_," -will be emphatically the "_Pictures for the Million_." The Patent is -applied for, and the right ratified upon the receipt of the Patent, for -the sum of Twenty-Five Dollars. - - L. CHAPMAN, 102 William St., N. Y. - -Manufacturer of Cases, Mats, Preservers, Plates, Importer of the genuine -Star Brand, No. 40 French Plates, and dealer in Daguerreotype stock -generally. - - * * * * * - - =CLARK BROTHERS, & B. L. HIGGINS.= - -Daguerreian Gallery, over the "Regulator," Franklin Buildings, Syracuse, -N. Y., No. 128 Genesee St., Utica, Tremont Row Boston, and 551 Broadway, -New York. - -Likenesses by the improved Daguerreotype of various sizes, and of the most -delicate executions may be obtained at the above rooms during the day, -from 8 A M., to 5 P. M. - -Chemicals, Plate, Cases, Cameras, Apparatus, and other materials, -connected with the art, constantly on hand, and for sale at New York -prices. - -All articles are selected with great care and warranted to give the best -satisfaction. - - * * * * * - - =DAGUERREIAN ESTABLISHMENT.= - - JOHN ROACH, Optician, 79 Nassau Street, New York. Has always on hand - - VOIGHTLANDER INSTRUMENTS, quarter, half, and whole size. - - American Instruments, Roach's make, warranted to be superior to any - yet made in the United States. They work with sharpness, and - quickness, and persons purchasing can test them with the high - priced German Instruments. - - Coating Boxes, Flint Glass Jars, cemented in, and ground air tight. - - Mercury Baths, with Thermometer Scale in front. - - Head Rests, Stands, Cases, Chemicals, &c. - - Plates, French 40th of the Star, and other first quality Brands. - - Bromine Roach's Triple Compound, now called Quick-stuff, works with - certainty and quickness, in all weather, and pictures taken with - it have a rich white tone. - - GALVANIC BATTERIES, &c. - - * * * * * - - =CINCINNATI= - - =DAGUERREOTYPE STOCK ESTABLISHMENT.= - -The undersigned would call the attention of those washing Daguerreotype -goods, to his large and general assortment of all articles appertaining to -the Daguerreian arts. The following named articles comprise only a few, -compared with the great variety of his stock. - -_Cameras_--"_Voightlander and Sohn's_" German Cameras. - -C. C. Harrison's Quarter, Halves, Wholes, Mammoth, View, and Quick Working -Cameras! Also a general assortment from other manufacturers. - -Complete sets of Apparatus--such as Coating Boxes, Mercury Baths, Plate -Holders, Buffs, Buff Wheel, Peck's and Scovill's Patent Blocks, Lewis' new -Iron Rests, Iron and Chair Head Rests, Gilding Stands. - -Cases--Papier-Mache inlaid with Mother of Pearl, Velvet in and out with -Clasps and Locks, Morocco lined with Velvet, Silk and Satin, Plain and -Gilt, also a great variety of fancy patterns. - -Plates of all sizes--Scovill's, French, 40th of the Star, and other first -quality Brands. - -Chemicals--American, German and French Bromine, Dry and Chloride of -Iodine, Hydroflouric Acid, Cyanide of Potassium, Pure Distilled Mercury, -a superior article of Chloride of Gold for Gilding, Hyposulphite of Gold, -Chloride of Calcium, Colors, Rotten Stone, Rouge, an excellent article. - -Lamps, Nippers, Glass Funnels, Glass Graduates, Prepared Buckskins, -Brushes, &c., &c. - -All of the above articles are of the first quality, and will be furnished -at reasonable rates. - -Orders punctually attended to and satisfaction given. - - PETER SMITH, - - No. 36 Fifth street, Cincinnati, Ohio. - - * * * * * - - - =DAGUERREOTYPE= - - =STOCK ESTABLISHMENT.= - -THE SUBSCRIBER, would respectfully inform the Daguerreian Artists, that -he has constantly on hand a large assortment of Daguerreotype apparatus, -plates, cases, and chemicals, comprising in part the following: - -Voightlander & Sons, Harrison's, Lewis and Perry's Cameras and other -apparatus of the most approved styles. - -Plates--Scovill's, Chapman's and the different brands of French plates. - -Cases--Silk and velvet lined, Papier Mache and a great variety of fancy -cases. - -Chemicals--American, German and French Bromine, chloride of iodine, do -gold, calcium, mercury, rouge, rotten stone, black polish, colours, -brushes, rosewood and Papier mache, frames, mats, glass preservers, -prepared buck skin, &c., &c. Every article used in the business, which -I will furnish to operators at retail or wholesale, as low as the same -quality of articles can be bought in New York or elsewhere. - -Our motto is small profits and quick sales. - - N. E. SISSON. - - No. 496 Broadway, Albany N. Y. - 1tf - - * * * * * - - =LEVI CHAPMAN,= - -No. 102 William street, New-York, Manufacturer of, and Dealer in -Daguerreotype Stock. - - =Daguerreotype Cases.= - - Medium size, from $15 to $198 per gross, - Quarter " " 24 to 288 " - Half " " 60 to 432 " - -MATS, PRESERVERS and CHEMICALS of all kinds. French and American PLATES. - -L. C. imports the genuine No. 40 Star Brand French Plate, which he keeps -constantly on hand, together with an assortment of other kinds. - -PAPIER MACHE CASES, inlaid with Mother of Pearl, exceeding in beauty any -thing of the kind heretofore made, from 90 to $1152 per gross. - -L. C. is also proprietor of Peck's patent moveable Plate-holder. - - GEORGE DABBS, } Travelling Agents. - JAMES CREMER, } - - * * * * * - - =PREMIUM DAGUERREOTYPE DEPOT AND MANUFACTORY,= - -W. & W. H. LEWIS, 142 Chatham Street, New York, keep constantly on hand, -superior CAMERAS of all sizes; also, _quick working_ Cameras, fully equal -to any imported. All kinds of Apparatus, including our Patent PLATE VICES -and GILDING STANDS; Galvanic Batteries for Electrotyping, for durability -superior to all others. Buffing Lathes, on the most approved plan, Plates, -Cases, Chemicals, Polishing Materials of every description. All kinds of -Walnut, Rosewood and Gilt Frames for Daguerreotypes, outside Show Frames, -Diploma, Certificate and Picture Frames made to order. Pressing Machines, -for Straw and Leghorn Plats, of improved construction. - - 1tf - - * * * * * - - =DAGUERREOTYPE FURBISHING ROOMS.= - - =WM. A. WISONG,= - - No. 2 N. Liberty Street, Baltimore, Md. - -HAS CONSTANTLY ON HAND, a full and general assortment of Stock, for -Daguerreotype use. - -Embracing every variety of Cameras, Plates, Cases, Fixtures, Trays, -Chemicals, and Materials used by Daguerreian Artists, all of which are -offered at the lowest market rates. - -Orders from Artists are respectfully solicited and forwarded with dispatch. - - 2 - - * * * * * - - =Circular to Daguerreotypists.= - -GEORGE DABBS & JAMES CREMER, Travelling Agents for L. Chapman, 102 William -street, New York, manufacturer of Daguerreotype cases, mats, preservers, -and plates, and importer of the genuine Star brand, No. 40, French plate, -and last, though of first importance, proprietor of "Peck's patent plate -holder,"--the great desideratum which only requires to be used to be -appreciated. Prices, $1,00 for medium; $1,50 for quarters; $2,00 for -halt's and $2,50 for whole size holders--a vice to hold the blocks $1,50 -and an instrument for bending the plates 75 cents. They would inform -Daguerreotypists and dealers that they will wait upon as many during the -winter, as their time will permit, for the purpose of exhibiting the -patent Plate Holder, for a description of which see advertisement headed -"Two New Inventions". - - 1tf - New York, November 1, 1850. - - * * * * * - - =INSLEY'S DAGUERREOTYPE GALLERY= - - REMOVED TO - - No. 311 BROADWAY, N. Y. - - (_Between Stewart's and the City Hospital._) - -THIS, our new Sky-light Gallery, is located on the second floor at the -above number, and is universally acknowledged to be the most convenient -and effective Gallery in the City. Every real improvement is taken -advantage of, and, aided by scientific and gentlemanly assistants, we -trust our pictures cannot be excelled. - -The Clergy--the Statesman--the Artist--the Man of science--and all lovers -of really good Daguerreotypes, throughout the United States, are invited -lo call and examine our collection. - -P. S.--This Gallery was for several years located on the corner of Cedar -street, but is now removed to No. 311 Broadway. - - * * * * * - - =CAMERAS.= - -C. C. HARRISON, Manufacturer of Cameras, and Camera Lenses, of all sizes -and of the latest improvements. Office 293 Broadway, New York, where in -his Gallery may be seen specimens of Daguerreotypes taken with instruments -of his own manufacture, which for accuracy of performance are unsurpassed -by any in the world. - -N. B. A new and improved Camera for taking views, is manufactured by him, -at a price unprecedentedly low. - - C. C. HARRISON, - - No. 293 Broadway, N. Y. - 2tf - - * * * * * - - =DAGUERREOTYPE PLATES.= - -2000 LOUIS L. BISHOP'S superior PLATES, offered for sale at a great -bargain, by - -VICTOR BISHOP, 23 Maiden Lane. N. B. These Plates are silvered by the -electro-magnetic process, and warranted superior to the best French plates. - - 1tf - - * * * * * - - =ENGRAVING= - -THE SUBSCRIBER still continues to carry on the business of ENGRAVING ON -WOOD, in all its branches. His facilities are such that he is enabled to -execute all orders promptly, and in every style of the Art, upon the most -reasonable terms; while the experience of many years enables him to feel -confidence in his efforts to give satisfaction to all who may favor him -with their patronage. - -_Particular attention_ paid to the Drawing and Engraving of Subjects from -Daguerreotypes. - - N. ORR, - - No. 151 Fulton-st. N. Y. - 2tf - - * * * * * - - =BOOK AND JOB PRINTING.= - -WILLIAM S. DORR, 101 Nassau Street, over Ackerman & Miller's Sign and -Banner Painting Establishment, is prepared to print, in the best style, -and at the usual Low Prices, Books, Periodicals, Newspapers, Pamphlets, -Bill Heads, Circulars, Commercial and Law Blanks, Bills of Lading, Bank -Checks, Notices, Labels, &c. Cards printed on the celebrated Yankee Press. - -Few offices in the city have greater facilities for doing work with -neatness and despatch, as most of the materials are new, and long editions -are done by steam power presses. - -[Hand] Daguerreian Journal Print. - - * * * * * - - =DAGUERREIAN ARTISTS' REGISTER.= - - Appleby, R. B., 14 Arcade, Rochester, N. Y. - Anthony, J. B., Poplar Grove, S. C. - Adams, George, Worcester, Mass. - - Brady, Matthew B., No. 205 Broadway, N. Y. - Burges, Nathan G., No. 187 Broadway, New York. - Baker, F. S., Baltimore, Md. - Broadbent, Samuel, 138 Chestnut st. Philadelphia. - Barnes, C., Mobile, Ala. - Bowmau, Isrial, Berling, Canada. - Benson, W., Boonville, Mo. - Bailey, Thomas, Ives, Columbia, Maury Co., Tenn. - Bartlet, No. 102½ Main street, Boston, Mass. - Bogardus, A., No. 217 Greenwich street, N. Y. - Brown, F. A., Museum Building, Manchester, N. H. - Brown, H. S., Milwaukie, Wis. - Buxton, John, St. Catharine street, Montreal, Canada. - Bradlee, J. E., Boston, Mass. - Buell, E. M., Pittsfield, Mass. - Bowman, J. A., Berlin, Waterloo County, Canada West. - Bisbee, A., Dayton, Ohio. - Bowen, N. O., Norwich, Conn. - Beckers & Piard, 201 Broadway. N. Y. - Brown, James, 181 Broadway, N. Y. - - Campbell, B. F., Corner Hanover and Union streets, Boston, Mass. - Collins, David, Chesnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. - Cooley, O. H., Springfield, Mass. - Clark Brothers, No. 551 Broadway, N. Y., 128 Genesee Street, Utica, - Franklin Building, Syracuse, New York, and Tremont Row, Boston, Mass. - Cook, George S., Charleston, S. C. - Coombs, F., San Francisco, Cal. - Cary, P. M., Savannah, Ga. - Chuchill, R. E., 55, State Street, Albany, N. Y. - Chase, L. G., Boston, Mass. - - Dodge, E. S., Augusta, Ga. - Davie, D. D. T., Utica, N. Y. - Dobyns, T. J., New Orleans, La., and Louisville, Ky. - Done, T. C., No. 2, Place d'Armes, Montreal, Canada. - Durang. W. H., No. 303 Broadway, N. Y. - - Ellicott, E., Main Street, Chester C. H., S. C. - Evans, O. B., Main Street, Buffalo, New York. - Evens, Chas., No. 380 Market street, Philadelphia, Pa. - Ennis, T. J., 106 Chestnut street, Philadelphia, Pa. - - Finley, M., Canandaigua, Ontario Co., N. Y. - Finley, A. C., Jerseyville, Ill. - Fitzgibbon, J. H., St. Louis, Mo. - Faris, Thomas, Corner Fourth and Walnut Street Cincinnati, Ohio. - - Gurney, Jeremiah, No. 189 Broadway. N. Y. - Gavit, Daniel E., 247 Broadway, N. Y. - Gay, C. H., New London, Ct. - Geer & Benedict, Syracuse, N. Y. - Gatewood, E. H., Boonville, Mo. - - Holcomb, J. G., Augusta, Me. - Howell, W. B., Lexington, Mo. - Hill, R. H., Kingston, Ulster Co., N. Y. - Haas, Philip, No, 289 Broadway, N. Y. - Hall, W. H., Rouse's Point, Clinton Co., N. Y. - Harrison. C. C., 293 Broadway, N. Y. - Hill, L. L., Westkill, Green Co., N. Y. - Hale, J. W., Newark, N. J. - Hough & Anthony, Pittsburg, Alleghany Co., Pa. - Hale, L. H., 109 Washington street, Boston, Mass. - Hawkins, E. C., Corner of Fifth and Walnut Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. - - Insley, Henry E, 311 Broadway, N. Y. - Ives, L. M., No. 142 Washington street, Boston, Mass. - - Johnson, Charles E., Cleveland, Ohio. - Jacobs, E., 73 Camp St, New Orleans, La. - Johnston, D. B., Utica, N. Y. - Johnson, George H., Sacramento, Cal. - - Kelsey, C. C., Chicago, Ill. - Knight, W. M. Racine, Wis. - - Lawrence, Martin M., No. 203 Broadway, N. Y. - Lewis, W. and W. H., No. 142 Chatham Street, New York. - Litch & Graniss, Waterbury, Ct. - Long, H. H., St. Louis, Mo. - Long, E., St. Louis, Mo. - L'homdieu, Charles, Charleston, S. C. - - Martin, J. E., Detroit, Mich. - Marks, H. R., Baltimore street, Baltimore, Md. - Mayall, J. E., No. 433 West Strand, London, England. - Merrick, Dr. G. W., Adrian, Mich. - Moissenet, F., New Orleans, La. - Moulthroup, M., New Haven, Ct. - Manchester & Brother, Providence, and Newport, R. I. - McDonald, D., Main Street, Buffalo, New York. - Miles, Chas. T., Fayette, Jefferson Co., Miss. - McClees & Germon, Philadelphia, Pa. - M'Intyre, S. C., San Francisco. California. - Morand, A., 132 Chatham Street, N. Y. - - Naramore, William, Bridgeport, Conn. - Nichols, John P., No. 75 Court street, Boston, Mass. - - Ormsbee & Silsbee, No. 203 Washington street, Mass. - Owen, N., Goshen, N. Y. - - Prosch, G. W., Newark, N. J. - Peck, Samuel, New Haven, Ct. - Powelson & Co., 177 Broadway, N. Y. - Prod'homme, J. F., 663 Broadway, N. Y. - - Reynolds, G. L., Lexington, Va. - Rice, S. N., 194 Canal Street, N. Y. - Root, M. A. & S., No. 363 Broadway, New York, and - 140 Chesnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. - Ritten, E. D., Dunburry, Conn. - - Swift, H. B., 312 Market St, Philadelphia, Pa. - Sawyer, Jo., Boston, Mass. - Stansbury, B., Brooklyn, L. I. - Stamm & Upman, Milwaukee, Wis. - Sissons, N. E., No. 496 Broadway, Albany, N. Y. - Shorb, J. R., Winnsboro, S. C. - Shew, Myron, Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. - - Thompson, S. J., No. 57 State Street, Albany, New York. - Terry, Arther, Lima, Peru. - Tomlinson, William A., Troy, New York. - - Van Alsten, A., Worcester, Mass. - Vail, J. H., New Brunswick, N. J. - Van Loan & Co., Chestnut street, Philadelphia, Pa. - - Westcott, C. P., Watertown, Jefferson Co., N. Y. - Wood, R. L., Macon, Ga. - Whipple, John A., Washington Street, Boston, Mass. - Whitehurst, J. H., New York, Richmond, Norfolk, Petersburg, - and Lynchbury, Va., Baltimore, Md., and Washington City, D. C. - Wells, J. D., No. 3, Pleasant street, Northampton, Mass. - Walker, S. L., Broadway, Albany and Poughkeepsie, N. Y. - Warren, Geo. K., 128 Merrimack st., Lowell, Mass. - Walker & Horton, Newburgh, N. Y. - Wentworth. Henry, Fort Plain, Montgomery Co., N. Y. - Williams, J. A., Washington Square, Newport, R. I. - Williams, J. B., Philadelphia, Pa. - * * * * * - - - - - =THE DAGUERREIAN JOURNAL,= - - -=Devoted to the Daguerreian and Photogenic Arts,= _also, embracing the -Sciences, Arts and Literature_. - -The Daguerreian Journal is published semi-monthly, at 311 Broadway, on the -1st and 15th of every month. - - =Business Department.= - -Terms--_Three Dollars_ a year; in advance. - - =Inducements for Clubbing.= - -Two copies of this Journal will be furnished for one year for $5; four do. -for $9; and ten do. for $20 - - =Advertising.= - - One square of 6 lines or less, one insertion, $0 50 - Do. do. 10 " " " 75 - Do. do. 14 " " " 1 00 - Half page, one insertion, 6 00 - One page, " " 10 00 - Less than a half page, a year, per line, 1 00 - Half page, per year, 50 00 - One page, " 100 00 - Register of Daguerreian Artists, not exceeding - two lines, $1 per year. - -It is particularly requested that all addressing letters to us, would put -on the State, as well as the Town in which they live. - -Subscribers are authorised and requested to send bank notes or change by -mail, at our risk, provided it is done in the presence of the Post Master, -and the letters are franked. - -All communications and remittances intended for this Journal, in order to -secure attention should be post paid. - -Daguerreian Artists that are travelling in the country, can have this -Journal sent to any place where they may be, provided they give us notice, -and the Post Office changed from. - -[Hand] All Letters should be addressed (post paid) to S. D. HUMPHREY -Publisher, 311 Broadway, New York. - - * * * * * - - =GURNEY'S DAGUERREIAN GALLERY.= - - _189 Broadway, N. Y.,_ - -Has been known for years as one of the First Establishments of the kind -in the country, and the oldest in this city. Mr. G. attends personally to -the Operating Department, and having a superior arrangement of Light, as -well also as every other ability; and from his long experience in the Art, -he is at all times enabled to give perfect satisfaction to all who wish -a good likeness. His collection of large size pictures of distinguished -persons, are universally pronounced superior to any heretofore taken in -this country. Ladies and Gentlemen are respectfully invited to examine -them: 189 Broadway, directly opposite John Street. - -_Copies of a Superior Daguerreotype of_ Jenny Lind _for sale_. - - * * * * * - - =JAMES BROWN'S= - - DAGUERREOTYPE MINIATURE GALLERY. - - _181 Broadway: Rear Stairs._ - -THE undersigned, for four years the principal Operator of M. B. Brady, has -the honor to announce to his friends, and the fashionable circle, that -his Rooms are now open at the above No., for the transaction of business, -where he will be pleased to see his friends and the public generally; -and hopes to receive a portion of that patronage so liberally extended -to him while principal at Brady's. He will also take the liberty of -mentioning, to those unacquainted with the fact, that the pictures which -have received the different premiums for Mr. Brady, were taken, colored, -and arranged, with the assistance of Mr. Hays, who is still with him, -entirely by himself. Particular attention is called to the very superior -coloring tone and finish of the impressions from this establishment, -which, through an incessant study of seven years, the subscriber feels -conscious in asserting can always be relied on, as he attends personally -to his sitters. Pictures taken in any weather, in any desired style, and -his charges being extremely moderate, he hopes to suit all classes. - - JAMES BROWN, - - _Member of the Society for the Promotion of - Painting in Water Colors, and for ten - years a Student in the National - Academy of Design._ - - * * * * * - - =DOBYNS & Co.= - -DEALERS in all kinds of Daguerreotype Stock, Plates, Chemicals, and -Apparatus. No. 6 & 28 Camp Street, New Orleans, La.; No. 60 Front Row, -Memphis, Tenn.; No. 489 Main Street, Louisville, Ky. - - * * * * * - - =INSLEY'S DAGUERREOTYPES.= - -HAYING had the honor, in the early part of 1840, to establish ONE of the -THREE Galleries first opened to the public, in this city or the world, -viz: by Mr. Wolcott, Professors Morse & Draper, and Insley and Prosch, the -undersigned flatters himself that his prolonged experience will enable -him to give entire satisfaction to those who desire Likenesses by this -charming process. - - INSLEY, - - 311 Broadway, N. Y. - - * * * * * - - =M. A. & S. ROOTS DAGUERREIAN ROOMS.= - -CORNER of Broadway and Franklin Street, New York. M. A. & S. Root, -celebrated for years as Daguerreian Artists in Philadelphia, have opened -a magnificently furnished SUITE OF ROOMS, in the most fashionable part of -the city, (No. 363 Broadway, corner of Franklin Street,) where, having an -admirably arranged light, they flatter themselves that they will be able -to furnish Daguerreotype Likenesses, equal in finish, accuracy and effect, -to anything of the kind in the world. They have received Six Medals from -the various Fairs and Institutes of our country; also the two highest -Medals at the Fair of 1850 in New York and Philadelphia, for the best -specimens of Daguerreotypes ever exhibited. The public are respectfully -invited to visit their Rooms and examine their Gallery of Likenesses of -the most distinguished people. Gallery Free. - - * * * * * - - =MYRON SHEW,= - -DEALER in Daguerreotype Apparatus and Materials, Wholesale and Retail, 116 -Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. - - * * * * * - - =A. MORAND= - - DAGUERREIAN ARTIST, - - 132 Chatham Street, N. Y. - - * * * * * - - =J. W. THOMPSON'S= - -DAGUERREIAN GALLERY and Depot of Daguerreian Materials of all kinds, -Instruments, Apparatus, and everything belonging to the Art, for sale -at low prices. Every Operator knows the advantage of buying his Stock -(especially plates and chemicals) of a person who not only sells Stock, -but is also a practical Daguerreotypist. - -315 Broadway, N. Y. - - * * * * * - - =POSTAGE ON THE DAGUERREIAN JOURNAL= - -THERE has been a few instances where Postmasters have charged pamphlet -postage on this Journal. We say the Daguerreian Journal is "subject to -newspaper postage only," because that is all that can legally be charged -on it. A newspaper must be published as often as "once a month," and -contain intelligence of passing events. - -This publication is semi-monthly, and contains, a general summary of -"passing events." The law says it may contain two sheets, if the two -together do not exceed 1,900 square inches. This Journal contains less -than 1,100 square inches. These sheets may be folded in any shape, or -printed on paper of any color. The following is an extract from the Act of -Congress for regulating postage. - -"A newspaper is defined to be any printed publication issued in numbers, -and published at stated intervals of not more than a month, conveying -intelligence of passing events. It generally consists of a sheet, but may -be composed of two sheets of paper. In such case, it is chargeable with -newspaper postage only; provided that the sheets in the aggregate do not -exceed 1,900 square inches. - -"A pamphlet is a small, unbound, printed book." - - * * * * * - - =LAWRENCE SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL,= - - HARVARD UNIVERSITY - - =CAMBRIDGE, MASS.= - -Special Students attend daily from nine o'clock, A. M., till five o'clock, -P. M., in the Laboratories, and under the direction of the following -Professors: - -Louis Agassiz, L. L. D., Professor of Geology and Zoology; Jeffries Wyman, -M. D., Professor of Comparative Anatomy and Physiology; Henry L. Eustis, -A. M., Professor of Engineering; Eben Norton Horsford, A. M., Professor of -Chemistry. - -Instruction is also given by Professor Peirce, in Mathematics; Professor -Lovering, in Physics; and the Messrs Bond, at the Astronomical Observatory. - -All lectures delivered to under-graduates of the College, are free to -members of the Scientific School. - - For further information apply to - - E. N. Horsford, Dean of the Faculty. - - * * * * * - - =DAGUERREOTYPE.= - -The undersigned would call the attention of Daguerreotypists and the trade -to the recent improvements in their manufacture of plates, which, by a new -method of finishing, enables them to present an article possessing a finer -and softer surface, and requiring much less polishing than formerly. The -edges of all are neatly bent. - -Owing to greater facilities in manufacturing, the prices have been -reduced, so as to bring them at about the same cost as the best imported -brands. - -They have constantly on hand a large assortment of - - Plates, - Cases, - Frames, - Mattings, - Preservers, - Lockets, - Chemicals, - -and Apparatus of every style and variety which they offer at the lowest -prices. - -Agents for Voightlander's, Harrison's and other Cameras; Harrison's new -Buffing Wheel, &c., &c. - - Scovill Manufacturing Co., - No. 57 Maiden Lane, New York. - - * * * * * - - =CINCINNATI= - - DAGUERREOTYPE STOCK ESTABLISHMENT. - -The undersigned would call the attention of those wishing Daguerreotype -goods, to his large and general assortment of all articles appertaining to -the Daguerreian arts. The following named articles comprise only a few, -compared with the great variety of his stock. - -_Cameras_--"_Voightlander and Sohn's_" German Cameras. - -C. C. Harrison's Quarter, Halves, Wholes, Mammoth, View, and Quick Working -Cameras. Also a general assortment from other manufacturers. - -Complete sets of Apparatus--such as Coating Boxes, Mercury Baths, Plate -Holders, Buffs, Buff Wheel, Peck's and Scovill's Patent Blocks, Lewis' new -Iron Rests, Iron and Chair Head Rests, Gilding Stands. - -Cases--Papier-Mache inlaid with Mother of Pearl, Velvet in and out with -Clasps and Locks, Morocco lined with Velvet, Silk and Satin, Plain and -Gilt, also a great variety of fancy patterns. - -Plates of all sizes--Scovill's, French, 40th of the Star, and other first -quality Brands. - -Chemicals--American, German and French Bromine, Dry and Chloride of -Iodine, Hydroflouric Acid, Cyanide of Potassium, Pure Distilled Mercury, -a superior article of Chloride of Gold for Gilding, Hyposulphite of Gold, -Chloride of Calcium, Colors, Rotten Stone, Rouge, an excellent article. - -Lamps, Nippers, Glass Funnels, Glass Graduates, Prepared Buckskins, -Brushes, &c., &c. - -All of the above articles are of the first quality, and will be furnished -at reasonable rates. - -Orders punctually attended to and satisfaction given. - - PETER SMITH, - No. 36 Fifth street, Cincinnati, Ohio. - - * * * * * - - =MYRON SHEW,= - - DEALER IN DAGUERREOTYPE APPARATUS AND MATERIALS, - - WHOLESALE AND RETAIL, - - No. 116 Chestnut street, Philadelphia, Pa. - -German and American Cameras of all sizes and of the best manufacture, -Coating Boxes, Camera Stands, Mercury Baths, Buffing Vices, Head Rests, -Plates, Cases, Chemicals, Frames, Gold and Gilt Lockets, Fancy Book Cases, -Papier-Mache Cases, Preservers, Mats, Glass, and all articles used in the -Art constantly on hand in great variety at the lowest prices. - -Mr. S. having had a number of years practical experience in the -Daguerreian Art, feels confident that he is prepared to give satisfaction -to his customers in the selection of articles used in the business. - -This being the only establishment in Philadelphia devoted exclusively to -Daguerreotype materials, Artists will find it to their interest to call at -once where they are sure of finding every article used in the Art. - -Orders from the country promptly and faithfully attended to. - - - * * * * * - -Transcriber Note - - -Minor typos have been corrected. Images moved to prevent splitting -paragraphs. Various formats were used to display pricing these were not -standardized. The listing of Registered Users was left in the order -published. Illustrations of a right pointing hand for advertisements is -denoted as [Hand]. - - - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Daguerreian Journal, Vol. II, No. -2, June 1, 1851, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DAGUERREIAN JOURNAL, JUNE 1, 1851 *** - -***** This file should be named 63428-8.txt or 63428-8.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/3/4/2/63428/ - -Produced by Tom Cosmas produced from files generously -provided on The Internet Archive. 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