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diff --git a/old/63427-8.txt b/old/63427-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 21022a7..0000000 --- a/old/63427-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3340 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Daguerreian Journal, Vol. I, No. 8, -March 1, 1851, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Daguerreian Journal, Vol. I, No. 8, March 1, 1851 - -Author: Various - -Editor: Samuel Dwight Humphrey - -Release Date: October 10, 2020 [EBook #63427] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DAGUERREIAN JOURNAL, MARCH 1, 1851 *** - - - - -Produced by Tom Cosmas produced from files generously -provided on The Internet Archive. All resultant materials -are placed in the Public Domain. - - - - - - - - - -Transcriber Note: Text emphasis denoted as _Italics_ and =Bold=. - - - - - PUBLISHED SEMI-MONTHLY, AT $3 PER ANNUM, IN ADVANCE. - - - - - THE - DAGUERREIAN JOURNAL: - - Devoted to the Daguerrian and Photogenic Arts. - - Also, embracing the Sciences, Arts, and Literature. - - [Illustration] - - - VOL. I. MARCH 1, 1851. NO. 8. - - - NEW-YORK: - - S. D. HUMPHREY, EDITOR AND PUBLISHER, - - NO. 311 BROADWAY. - - SUBJECT TO NEWSPAPER POSTAGE.--See 3d page cover. - - - - - CONTENTS. - - - Etching Daguerreotype Plates, by W. R. Grove 225 - - Valuable Receipt 228 - - Painting--its Origin and History, by Wm. Walcott 229 - - Bromine 233 - - Nitrate of Silver decomposed by the current - of a Galvanic Battery 235 - - Potassium-Cyanide or simple Cyanuret of Potassium 236 - - Stereo-Chromic Painting 236 - - Water--Spring, River and Lake 237 - - Isinglass 238 - - Papier-Mache 238 - - Chloride of Calcium 238 - - Muriate of Ammonia 238 - - Bromide of Silver Native Bromide of Silver and - analysis 239 - - Hillotypes 241 - - Communication, by L. L. Hill 241 - - Removal 243 - - Our Daguerreotypes--Polishing Machine--Gurney-- - Thompson--McBride--Weston--Morand 243 - - Correspondence--Jas. Bennett Sykes--W. S. Gear 244 - - Ammonia 245 - - An Army of Subscribers 245 - - Strange Announcement 245 - - Examples of the Divisibility of Matter 246 - - Iron--Its Natural and Artificial Combination with Carbon 247 - - New Weigh-lock at Albany 249 - - Daguerreotyping in London 249 - - Quick Stuffs--Six Receipts 250 - - Money received 251 - - Answers to Correspondents 251 - - Notice of New Publication 251 - - Advertisements 252 - - Artists' Register 255 - - WILLIAM S. DORR, Printer, - 101 Nassau-St., New York. - - * * * * * - - - THE - - DAGUERREIAN JOURNAL. - - Vol. I. NEW YORK, MARCH 1, 1851. No. 8. - - - * * * * * - - - ETCHING DAGUERREOTYPE PLATES. - - BY W. R. GROVE. - -Dr. Berres of Vienna was the first, I believe, who published a process -for etching Daguerreotypes; his method was to cover the plates with a -solution of gum-arabic, and then to immerse them in nitric acid of a -certain strength. I have not seen any plates thus prepared, but the few -experiments which I have made with nitric acid, have given me a burred -and imperfect outline; and I have experienced extreme difficulty of -manipulation from the circumstance of the acid never attacking the plate -uniformly and simultaneously. My object, however, in this communication, -is not to find fault with a process which I have never perhaps fairly -tried or seen tried by experienced hands, and the inventor of which -deserves the gratitude of all interested in physical science; but to -make public another which possesses the advantage of extreme simplicity, -which any one, however unskilled in chemical manipulation, may practise -with success, and which produces a perfect etching of the original image; -so much so, that a plate thus etched can scarcely be distinguished from -an actual Daguerreotype, preserving all the microscopic delicacy of the -finest parts of the impression. - -One sentence will convey the secret of this process; it is to make the -Daguerreotype the anode[A] of a voltaic combination, in a solution which -will not of itself attack either silver or mercury, but of which, when -electrolyzed, the anion will attack these metals unequally. This idea -occurred to me soon after the publication of Daguerre's process; but, -being then in the country, and unable to procure any plates, I allowed -the matter to sleep; and other occupations prevented for some time any -recurrence to it. Recently having heard much conversation as to the -practicability or impracticability of Daguerreotype engraving, I became -anxious to try a few experiments in pursuance of my original notion; -and for this purpose applied in several quarters for Daguerreotypes; -but, thanks to the exclusiveness of M. Daguerre's patent, I found that -to procure a sufficient number of plates for any reasonable chance of -success, was quite out of the question. - - [A] Strictly speaking, this is a misapplication of Faraday's term; - he applied it to the surface of the electrotype; as, however, all - continental, and many English writers (among whom I may name Whewell) - have applied it to the positive electrode, and as an expression is most - needed for that, I have not hesitated so to apply it. - -On mentioning the subject to Mr. Gassiot, he, with his usual energy and -liberality, offered to procure me a sufficiency of Daguerreotypes; and it -is owing to his zealous and valuable coöperation that I have been able to -get such definite results as appear worth publication. - -Five points naturally present themselves to the consideration of the -experimenter on this subject: first, the quantity of the voltaic current; -secondly, its intensity; thirdly, the distance between the anode and -cathode; fourthly, the time during which the process should be continued; -and fifthly, the solution to be employed. - -1st. With regard to the first element or quantity, many previous -experiments had convinced me that, to give the maximum and most uniform -quantitative[B] action of any voltaic combination, the electrodes should -be of the same size as the generating plates; in other words, that the -sectional area of the electrolyte should be the same throughout the whole -voltaic circuit. It seems strange that this point should have been so -generally overlooked as it has been; an electrician would never form a -battery, one pair of plates of which were smaller than the rest; and yet -the electrodes, which offering of themselves a resistance to the current, -from the inoxidability of the anode, are, _a fortiori_, a restriction when -of small size, have generally been formed indefinitely smaller than the -gene, rating plates; I, therefore, without further experiment, applied -this principle to the process about to be detailed. - - [B] I say the quantitative action; for where great intensity is required, - as in decomposing alkalies, &c., it may be advisable to narrow the - electrodes, so as to present a smaller surface for the reaction of the - liberated elements. - -2nd. _The intensity of the voltaic current._--Here it appeared to me that, -as in the electrotype, where the visible action is at the cathode, a -certain degree of intensity throws down metal as a crystal, an increased -intensity as a metallic plate, and a further intensity as a pulverulent -mass; that degree of intensity which would show on the negative deposit -the finest impressions from the cathode, would also produce on the anode -the most delicate excavations, and consequently, an intensity which would -just fall short of the point of evolving oxygen from the plate to be -etched, would be the most likely to succeed; this point was not, however, -adopted without careful experiment, the more so, as in one instance Mr. -Gassiot succeeded in procuring a very fair etching with a series of -ten pairs of the nitric acid battery; however, the results of repeated -experiments, in which the intensity has been varied from a series of -sixteen pairs to one of the nitric acid battery, were strongly in favor of -the above idea, and, consequently, went to prove that one pair gives the -most efficient degree of intensity for the purpose required. - -3rd. _The distance between the plates._--As it was proved by De la Rive, -that in an electrolytic solution, when the electrodes are at a distance, -the action extends a little beyond the parallel lines which would join the -bounds of the electrodes, and thus, that the current as it were diverges -and converges, it appeared advisable to approximate the electrodes as -nearly as possible, so as to produce uniformity of action over the whole -plate. Provided a solution be used which does not evolve gas at the -cathode, I am inclined to think that the plates may be with advantage -indefinitely approximated; but as this was not the case with the solution -I selected for the greater number of experiments, 0·2 of an inch was fixed -on as the distance, in order that the gas evolved from the cathode should -not adhere to the anode, and thus interfere with the action. - -4th. _Time of continuing the operation._--This was a matter only to be -decided by experiment, and must vary for the voltaic combination and -solution employed. With a single pair of the nitric acid battery, from -twenty-five to thirty seconds, was after a great number of experiments, -fixed on as the proper time; and as the plate may at any period be removed -from the solution and examined, the first experiment should never exceed -twenty-five seconds, when, if not complete, the plate may be again -subjected to electrolysis. - -5th. _The solution to be employed._--Here a vast field was open, and -still is open to future experimentalists. Admitting the usual explanation -of the Daguerreotype, which supposes the light parts to be mercury, and -the dark silver, the object was to procure a solution which would attack -one of these, and leave the other untouched. If one could be found to -attack the silver and not the mercury, so much the better, as this would -give a positive engraving, or one with lights and shadows, as in nature, -while the converse would give a negative one. Unfortunately, silver and -mercury are nearly allied in their electrical relations. I made several -experiments with pure silver and mercury, used as the anode of a voltaic -combination, but found that any solution which would act on one, acted -also on the other. All then that could be expected, was a difference of -action. With the Daguerreotype plates I have used the following:-- - -Dilute sulphuric acid, dilute hydrochloric acid, solution of sulphate of -copper, of potash, and of acetate of lead. The object of using acetate -of lead, was the following:--With this solution peroxide of lead is -precipitated upon the anode; and, this substance being insoluble in -nitric acid, it was hoped that the pure silver parts of the plate, being -more closely invested with a stratum of peroxide than the mercurialized -portions, these latter would, when immersed in this menstruum, be -attacked, and thus furnish a negative etching. I was also not altogether -without hopes of some curious effects, from the color of the thin films -thus thrown down; here, however, I was disappointed; the colors succeeded -each other as much as in the steel plate used for the metallochrome; but -With inferior lustre. On immersion in nitric acid of different degrees -of dilution, the plates were unequally attacked, and the etching burred -and imperfect. Of the other solutions, hydrochloric acid was, after many -experiments, fixed on as decidedly the best; indeed, this I expected, from -the strong affinity of chlorine for silver. - -I will now describe the manipulation which has been employed by Mr. -Gassiot, and myself, in the laboratory of the London Institution, with -very uniform success. A wooden frame is prepared, having two grooves at -0·2 of an inch distance, into which can be slid the plate to be etched, -and a plate of platinum of the same size. To ensure a ready and equable -evolution of hydrogen, this latter is platinized after Mr. Smee's method; -for, if the hydrogen adhere to any part of the cathode, the opposite -portions of the anode are proportionably less acted on. The back and edges -of the Daguerreotype are varnished with a solution of shell-lac, which is -scraped off one edge to admit of metallic connexion being established. -The wooden frame with its two plates is now fitted into a vessel of glass -of porcelain, filled with a solution of two measures hydrochloride acid, -and one distilled water, (sp. gr. 1.1), and two stout platinum wires, -proceeding from a single pair of the nitric acid battery, are made to -touch the edges of the plates, while the assistant counts the time; this, -as before stated, should not exceed thirty seconds. When the plate is -removed from the acid, it should be well rinsed with distilled water; and -will now (if the metal be homogeneous) present a beautiful sienna-colored -drawing of the original design, produced by a film of the oxychloride -formed;--it is then placed in an open dish containing a very weak solution -of ammonia, and the surface gently rubbed with, very soft cotton, until -all the deposit is dissolved; as soon as this is effected, it should be -instantly removed, plunged into distilled water, and carefully dried. The -process is now complete, and a perfect etching of the original design -will be observed; this, when printed from, gives a positive picture, or -one which has its lights and shadows as in nature; and which is, in this -respect, more correct than the original Daguerreotype as the sides are not -inverted; printing can therefore be directly read, and in portraits thus -taken, the right and left sides of the face are in their proper position. -There is, however, _ex necessitate rei_, this difficulty, with respect to -prints from Daguerreotypes,--if the plates be etched to a depth sufficient -to produce a very distinct impression, some of the finer lines of the -original must inevitably run into each other, and thus the chief beauty of -these exquisite images be destroyed. If, on the other hand, the process -be only continued long enough to leave an exact etching of the original -design, which can be done to the minutest perfection, the very cleaning -of the plate by the printer destroys its beauty; and the molecules of the -printing ink being larger than the depth of the etchings, an imperfect -impression is produced. For this reason it appeared to me, that at -present, the most important part of this process is the means it offers -of multiplying indefinitely Daguerreotypes, by means of the electrotype. -An ordinary Daguerreotype, it is known, will, when electrotyped, leave -a faint impression; but in so doing it is entirely destroyed; and this -impression cannot be perpetuated; but one thus etched at the voltaic -anode, will admit of any number of copies being taken from it. To give an -idea of the perfect accuracy of these, I may mention, that in one I have -taken, on which is a sign-board measuring on the electrotype plate 0.1 by -0.06 of an inch, five lines of inscription can, with the microscope, be -distinctly read. The great advantages of the voltaic over the chemical -process of etching, appear to me to be the following:-- - -1st. By the former, an indefinite variety of menstrua may be used; thus, -solutions of acids, alkalies, salts, more especially the haloid class, -sulphurets, cyanurets, in fact, any element which may be evolved by -electrolysis, may be made to act upon the plate. - -2nd. The action is generalized; and local voltaic currents are avoided. - -3rd. The time of operation can be accurately determined; and any required -depth of etching produced. - -4th. The process can be stopped at any period, and again renewed if -desirable. - -The time I have given is calculated for experiments made with one pair -of the nitric acid battery; it is, however, by no means necessary that -this be employed, as probably any other form of voltaic combination may -be efficient. It would seem more advisable to employ a diaphragm battery, -or one which produces a constant current, as otherwise the time cannot -be accurately determined. It is very necessary that the silver of plates -subjected to this process be homogeneous. Strię, imperceptible in the -original Daguerreotype, are instantly brought out by the action of the -nascent anion; probably silver, formed by voltaic precipitation, would be -found the most advantageous. I transmit with this paper some specimens -of the prints of the etched plates, and of electrotypes taken from them; -and in conclusion would call attention to the remarkable instance which -these offer, of the effects of the imponderable upon the ponderable: thus, -instead of a plate being inscribed, as "drawn by Landseer, and engraved by -Cousins," it would be "drawn by Light, and engraved by Electricity!" - - * * * * * - -A valuable receipt, which every Daguerreian should have in his memory, -has been suggested from the fact that one of our fraternity lost his hand -by an accidental cut, caused while fitting a likeness in a locket, by the -points of copper cutting the palm of his hand, in such a manner as to -render amputation necessary. _White of eggs is the best antidote against -the poison of copper._ - - * * * * * - - - For the Daguerreian Journal. - - PAINTING--ITS ORIGIN AND HISTORY. - - BY WILLIAM WALCUTT. - -There is no doubt of painting being coeval with written language, or -it may be said, that the simple representation of figures, on tablets -prepared for the purpose, were the first means used by men to record -particular events, actions, and so forth, and may therefore be dated back -farther than any written language; and, indeed, may be considered the -foundation from which it sprung, it being not improbable, because it is so -natural, that the very first dwellers on the earth may have recorded their -young history by means of representations of corporeal objects. - -Many will say that such rude delineations were not painting, but -everything has its beginning. From these simple lines has the perfection -of painting sprung, what Artist does not remember the feeble attempts he -made at representations when but a child; does he not remember them with -pleasure, and did he not then, and does he not now, consider them, feeble -as they were, paintings? The first efforts at delineation were painting, -without regard to color, or without regard to their truth in delineation. -The origin of what may now be called painting, as an art instructive or -decorative, is altogether involved in obscurity--authorities differing -widely on the subject. Pliny dates its invention to a period antecedent -to the siege of Troy, and other writers after. The Egyptians boasted of -possessing the art six thousand years before the Greeks, but this has -always been doubted. They certainly practised painting at a very early -period, and Cambyses destroyed all the monuments of art he found in -Egypt, as much as was in his power, which is some argument in favor of -the statement; and hence all such monuments as display specimens of the -art, must be posterior to his invasion. The remains of Egyptian painting, -now extant, are but poor representations of the human, and other figures, -showing a meagre advance in the art, being weakly and falsely drawn with -no natural grouping or attempts at sentiment. The Phoenicians were an -early cultivated people, and have the credit of first inventing letters, -and therefore may, by the best authority, lay claim to the invention of -painting. King Solomon, one thousand years before Christ, held their -ingenuity in such high regard, that he employed them as the master workmen -in building his temple, and the scriptures describe the magnificence of -the columns and their capitals, and the borders and cornishes and the -doors, besides the great brazen sea, supported by twelve oxen. The coins -also of this people, that have come down to us, show in design, and -execution, a good condition in the arts. - -The scriptures abound in references to the arts. When Jacob took away the -daughter of Laban, she stole and secreted from search some of her father's -household gods. One of the great commandments, is that the children of -Israel shall "not make unto themselves any graven image, or any likeness -of any thing that is in the heavens above, or in the earth beneath, or in -the waters under the earth." As before mentioned, the temple of Solomon -appears to have been richly and elaborately decorated with works of art; -and the IV chapter Ezekiel commences with these words: "Thou also son of -man, take thee a tile, and lay it before thee, and portray upon it the -city, even Jerusalem." And in the XXIII chapter, 14 verse, it is written -thus: "For when she saw men portrayed on the wall, the images of the -Chaldeans portrayed with vermilion, girded with girdles about their loins, -exceeding in dyed attire upon their heads." Also in the VII chapter, 10 -verse: "So I went in and saw and beheld every form of creeping things, and -abominable beasts, and all the idols of the house of Israel, portrayed -upon the wall round about." Also in Numbers XXXIII chapter and 52 verse: -"Then he shall drive out all the inhabitants of the land from before you, -and destroy all their pictures, and destroy all their molten images." - -The Persians, the Arabians, and the Parthians, from their peculiar -education, have no claims whatever to the art of painting, a rude -representation of the human figure, with them, was considered as vulgar -as the appearance of a naked person. Their figures are almost invariably -clothed in clumsy draperies, profusely painted. They were worshippers of -fire, and used no representations of their deity; and it is a curious -fact, that, in their successful invasion of Egypt, they carried away with -them no taste for the arts, or imbibed any of the religious principles of -that polytheistic country. - -The art of painting appears to have remained in the same state in China, -without any particular change from time immemorial. They have never -attempted anything beyond mere imitation, and that entirely devoid of -taste or truth. The human figure, with them, is a ludicrous deformity, and -their perspective is gained, by piling one object above another, until the -picture as all ground and no sky. Invention and Imagination were never -known among them; and, although the elaborateness of many of their works -is astonishing, yet with such a people, it would be useless to look for -the origin and progress of art. - -The arts of the Etruscans are famous for the vases they produced. Etruria, -in its ancient state, was one of the most powerful and civilized countries -in Italy. Though the history of this nation is involved in obscurity, as -the Romans tried every means in their power to destroy all its claims to -refinement, yet there are sufficient proofs remaining of the height and -perfection to which they carried the fine arts. Near the town of Civita -Vecchia stood the ancient Etruscan city of Tarquinia, near which are -found numbers of sepulchral grottoes, many of which are decorated with -paintings and figures much in the style of those on the Etruscan vases. -Some of the pictures represent combats, and others dances of females, -executed with considerable spirit. The pottery before mentioned, however, -affords the greatest number of their specimens of the art of design; the -forms displayed in the contour of the vases, no less than the paintings -with which they are decorated, show the wonderful attainment in elegance -of design, purity of form, and ingenuity of delineation. The power over -line, and the facility of execution they reached, may be easily conceived -from the absorbent nature of the material upon which they wrought. No -retouching was possible; but the whole must have been completely arranged -in the mind of the artist before it could be struck off. Pliny states, -that in his day, the town of Ardea, an ancient city of Etruria, contained -some paintings which he ascribes to a period anterior to the founding of -Rome, and mentions with surprise their then perfect state of preservation. -At Lacurium also, he describes some pictures of Atalanta and Helen, which -were simply painted on the wall, and exhibited great merit in execution. -These Caligulo, after a fruitless attempt, failed in removing. Cere, -another Etruscan city, boasted some paintings of an early date. All these -specimens, although of remote date, have no positive clue by which to -ascertain anything positive as to the origin of the art of painting. And -we are obliged to turn to Greece for the foundation from whence sprung -works still the admiration of the world. - -Religion was the motive of Greek art; it was, therefore, natural that -they should endeavor to invest their own authors, for they considered -themselves of divine origin, with the most perfect forms; and as man -possessed that exclusively, they completely and thoroughly studied the -elements of his constitution. The climate was favorable to the development -of that form, and the establishment of exercises by their civil and -political institutions, created models in nature, which elevated Greek art -to the highest excellence. - -The next step of the art was the monogram, which is the outline of figures -without light or shade, with the addition, however, of parts within the -outline. From this the monochrom, or painting with a single color, and -a white ground, then covered with punic wax, first amalgamated with a -resinous pigment generally of a red, sometimes of a dark brown or black -color, was the next advance. Through this inky ground, the outlines were -traced with a firm though plyant style, called a cestrum: the line could -be altered by the finger or a sponge, and easily replaced by a new one. -When the whole was settled, it was suffered to dry, and covered with a -brown encaustic varnish; the lights were worked over again, and rendered -more brilliant with a more delicate point, according to the gradual -advance from mere outline to some indication; and at last to masses of -light and shade--thence to the superinduction of different colors, or the -invention of polychrom, which, by the addition of the pencil to the style, -raised the stained drawing to a legitimate picture, and at length produced -that vaunted harmony--"the magic scale of Grecian color." - -The period at which the pencil supplanted the cestrum cannot be -ascertained. Apollodorus in the 93d Olympiad, and Zeuxis, in the 94th, are -said to have used it with freedom and power. Parrhasins painted the battle -of the Lapithtę and centaurs on the shield of Minerva for Phidias, to -enable Mys to chase it. It was nearly a century after this that Appelles -and Protogenes had a competition in drawing lines with the pencil, in -which "delicacy and evanescent subtlety being the characteristic, some -notion of their mechanical skill may be formed." - -Encaustic painting was accomplished by using the colors in wax, as they -are used now in oil, drying them by a fire, and polishing the surface by -dry friction. - -Polygnotus is the first great name that appears in history, that any -satisfactory data of the arts may be commenced from. He lived about -400 years B. C. So great was his success in the Poecile at Athens, and -the Desche, or public hall at Delphi, that in a great council of the -Amphyctons, it was solemnly decreed "that his expenses, whenever he -travelled in Greece, should be borne at the public charge." His pictures -were admired by Pliny, at the distance of six hundred years. - -The first painting on record is the battle of Magnete, by Balarchus, and -purchased by Candaules, King of Lydia, for its weight in gold, or, as some -say, a quantity of gold coins equal to its surface. - -After Aglaophon, Phidias, Panenus, Colotes, and Evenor, the father of -Parrhasins, came Apollodorus, the Athenian. This painter applied the -essential principles of Polygnotus to the delineation of the species, by -investigating the leading forms that discriminate the different classes -of human qualities and passions. The acuteness of his taste led him -to discover, that, as all men were connected by one general form, so -were they separated by some peculiar individuality. Pliny and Plutarch -considered Apollodorus as the first colorist of his age, and it is very -probable, by their descriptions, that he was the inventor of local color -and tone. Zeuxis succeeded to Apollodorus, and by uniting in one figure -the most perfect parts of many models, produced an ideal form, which, -in his opinion, constituted the supreme degree of human beauty. Lucian -describes a picture he exhibited at the Olympic Games as remarkable for -its invention. It represented a female centaur, suckling her young. It was -carried off from Athens by Sylla, but lost on the voyage to Italy. - -Parrhasins, a native of Ephesus, but a citizen of Athens, was the son of a -disciple of Evenor, and contemporary of Zeuxis. By his subtle examination -of outline, "he established that standard of divine and heroic form, which -raised him to the authority of a legislator, from whose decisions there -was no appeal." He was a thorough master of allegory, from the fact of -his embodying by signs, universally understood, the Athenian people. In a -competition with Timanthes, he had the mortification of being declared, by -a majority of votes, inferior to him. The subject for competition, was the -contest of Ajax and Ulysses for the arms of Achilles. - -The sacrifice of Iphigenia in Aulis, by Timanthes, acquired the greatest -celebrity of all the ancient pictures. Quintilian says that it was painted -in contest with Colotes of Teos--an artist from the school of Phidias, -and crowned with victory at its rival exhibition. This picture, which has -been the subject of unlimited praise by the ancient critics, has been -in modern times objected to, from the circumstance of Timanthes hiding -the face of Agamemnon, the father of the victim, to be immolated in his -mantle, unable, as it was supposed by his art, to express the entire agony -of his grief. Sir Joshua Reynolds observes thus: "If difficulties overcome -make a great part of the merit of art, difficulties evaded can deserve -but little commendation." The French critic Falconet, has also condemned -the artifice. But Fuseli answers these objections very reasonably by -saying,--"The subject of Timanthes was the immolation of Sphigenia. -Sphigenia was the principal figure, and her form, her resignation, or -her anguish, was the painter's principal task; the figure of Agamemnon, -however important, is merely accessary, and no more necessary to make -the subject completely tragic, than that of Dytemnestra, the mother--no -more than that of Priam, to impress us with sympathy at the death of -Polyxenia." Again, "they ascribe to impotence what was the forbearance -of judgment." Timanthes felt like a father; he did not hide the face of -Agamemnon, because it was beyond the power of his art--not because it -was beyond the possibility, but because it was beyond the dignity of -expression--because the inspiring feature of paternal affection at that -moment, and the action which of necessity must have accompanied it, would -either have destroyed the grandeur of the character, and the solemnity of -the scene, or subject the painter, with the majority of his judges, to -the imputation of insensibility. The same expedient was resorted to by -M. Angelo, in the figure of Abijam, and by Raphael in the expulsion from -paradise. - -These were the artists who formed the second school of art, and -established its end and limits. On it was founded the third period of -style, in which refinement induced a grace and beauty not to be surpassed. -The masters of this period were--Appelles, Protogenes, Aristides, -Euphranor, Pausius, and the pupils of Pamphilius, and his master Eupompus. -The last named artist was of Sicyon; and his authority was so great, that -out of the Asiatic and Grecian chords of painting he formed a third, by -dividing the last into the attic and Sicyonian. Pliny says that, when -consulted by Zysippus on a standard of imitation in art, he pointed to -the crowd passing by--observing that nature, not an artist, should be the -object of imitation. Pamphilius, a Macedonian, the master of Appelles, -adopted the doctrines of Eupompus. To the art of painting, he joined the -study of mathematics, and held, that, without the aid of geometry, no -artist could arrive at any perfection. In Appelles, we are told by Pliny, -unrivalled excellence was found. Grace was his powerful and peculiar -faculty, in which he surpassed all his predecessors. His Venus Anadyomene, -which was long after purchased by Augustus for one hundred talents, or -£20,000 sterling, was esteemed the most faultless creation of the Grecian -pencil, the most perfect example of that simple yet unapproachable grace -of expression, of symmetry of form, and exquisite finish, in which may be -summed up the distinctive beauties of his genius. Hotogenes was next to -him in merit. The most celebrated of his works was his figure of Jalysus, -with his dog, which occupied him seven years. Aristides, of Theles, -and cotemporary of Appelles, was the first, who, by the rules of art, -obtained a perfect knowledge of expressing the passions and affections of -the mind. In one figure, he expressed the anguish of maternal affection, -and the pangs of death. Euphranor, the Isthmian, and pupil of Aristides, -is said to have carried this refinement of expression still further. -Skilled in Sculpture, as well as in Painting, his conceptions were noble -and elevated; his style masculine and bold; and he was the first who -distinguished himself, by imparting majesty to his heroes. - -Asclepiodorus, the Athenian sculptor, as well as painter, was as the -latter, celebrated for the beauties of a correct style, and the truth of -his proportions. Appelles allowed himself to be, in these respects, as -much his inferior to this artist as he was to Amphion on the good ordering -and disposition of his figures. About this period appeared Nichomachus, -Nichophanes, Pyreicas and others. Nichias, an Athenian, 322 B. C., was in -great repute for the great variety and noble choice of his subjects, for -the mode of distributing his lights and shadows, and for great skill in -the representation of animals. In Rome, 300 B. C., Fabius, a noble Roman, -painted the Temple of Health, and gloried so much in the art, that he -assumed the name of Pictor. Without a further enumeration of masters, for -a long period after the reigns of Vespasian and his son Titus, painting, -as well as sculpture, continued to flourish in Italy. Even under their -successors Domitian, Nerva and Trojan, they met with as much encouragement -as they did in the most palmy days of Greece, although painting was used -in mere ornamental decorations--that is, to a great extent, and artists -had sunk, for the most part, to the standard of mere mechanics. Under -Adrian, Antonine, Alexander Severns, Constantine, and Valentinian, the art -of painting continued to be an object of interest; but at length, in the -reign of Phocus, with the fall of the Empire, with the rest of the noble -arts and sciences, it was involved in the common heap of ruins. - -(To be continued.) - - * * * * * - - BROMINE. - -We give the folk wing interesting combination and experiments with -bromine, as found in Hill's Treatise:-- - -"Discovered in 1826, by M. Balard, a young chemist of Montpellier, France. -He named it _Muride_, because obtained from the sea; but it acquired its -present name from a Greek word, signifying _rank_, or _dead odor_." It -exists in nature in very small quantities. It is found in the waters of -every sea which has been tested for it: it is also found in many mineral -and salt springs. We have not been able to determine to whom belongs the -honor of discovering its use as an accelerator in Daguerreotype. Having -corresponded with Prof. Morse, (who was certainly one of the first who -took portraits by the Daguerreian process,) Dr. Draper, and others, to -whom this honor has been awarded, they refuse to claim it. Prof. Silliman, -who is supposed to know everything relating to science, writes to me that -he does not know this. I am quite inclined to place the wreath on the brow -of the inventor of the Magnetic Telegraph. - -Process.--When common salt is prepared from sea-water by evaporation and -crystallization, a liquid remains which goes under the name of _bittern_. -This liquid on passing chlorine through it, is tinged with a deep yellow -color. The liquid is now distilled, and the vapor passed over a substance, -(muriate of lime), which has a powerful attraction for water. A small -quantity of bromine is thus obtained.--Another method is to agitate the -chlorinated bittern with a portion of sulphuric ether. The ether dissolves -the bromine, from which it receives a beautiful red tint, and on standing, -rises to the surface. Agitate this solution with caustic potash, and the -bromide of potassium and bromate of potassa will be formed. Evaporate the -liquor and the bromide of potassium will be left from which bromine may be -distilled. - -Properties.--At common temperatures, it rapidly volatilizes, giving red -vapors of a most disagreeable smell. Its color, when held between the -eye and the light is a deep hyacinth red. Like oxygen, chlorine, and -iodine, it is a non-conductor of electricity, and a negative electric. It -boils at 116·5°, and congeals at 40 Fahr. into a brittle solid. It is a -powerful poison; even its vapor would no doubt prove fatal, if inhaled in -large quantities. A single drop placed in the beak of a bird destroys it -instantly. Operators cannot be too cautious in using it. A very small drop -spattered in the eye would destroy the sight. Bromine is very corrosive. A -lighted taper burns for a few moments in its vapor, with a flame green at -its base, and red at the top, and is then extinguished. It is soluble in -water, alcohol, and ether; the latter is the best solvent. With water at -32° Fahr., if forms a _hydrate_, in crystals of a fine red color. It gives -to a solution of starch an orange color. Chlorine will displace it from -all its combinations with hydrogen. - -Chloride of Bromine.--Formed by transmitting a current of chlorine through -bromine, and condensing the disengaged vapors by a freezing mixture. -The factitious article is more simply formed, and is equally good as -an accelerator, but not as quick. See page 25, Part I. M. Bissou, a -Frenchman, found that the real chloride of bromine is so sensitive, that -Daguerreotype proofs are taken by it in half a second. He succeeded in -taking persons and animals in the act of walking. - -Bromic Acid may be obtained by pouring sulphuric acid upon a dilute -solution of bromide of baryta, and evaporating. No interest. - -Bromide of Baryta.--Boil of protobromide of iron with moist carbonate -of baryta; carefully evaporate and it will crystallize in white rhombic -prisms, which have a bitter taste, are slightly deliquescent, and soluble -in water and alcohol. - -Bromide of Carbon.--Formed by mixing one part of periodide of carbon -with two of bromine. Two compounds are formed, the _bromide of carbon_, -and the _sub-bromide of iodine_; the latter is removed by a solution of -caustic potassa. It is liquid at common temperatures, but crystallizes -at 32° Fahr.; sweet to the taste, and of a penetrating ethereal odor; -distinguished from the protiodide by the vapor which it emits on being -heated. The _periodide of carbon_ is made by mixing an alcoholic solution -of pure potash and of iodine. It forms crystals of a pearly lustre, -sweet to the taste, and of a saffron odor. The _protiodide_ is formed by -distilling a mixture of the preceding compound with corrosive sublimate. -Sweet in taste, and of a penetrating ethereal odor. - -Bromide of Magnesium.--Dissolve magnesia in hydrobromic acid. It -will crystallize in small acicular crystals, of a sharp taste, very -deliquescent and soluble. - -Bromide of Sulphur.--Pour bromine on sublimed sulphur. There is formed an -oily liquid of a reddish tint. - -Bromide of Phosphorus, is formed by bringing phosphorus and bromine into -contact in a jar filled with carbonic acid gas. Vaporizes by heat, and is -decomposed by water. - -Bromide of Silicon, is prepared by burning silicon in the vapor of -bromine. A very dense, colorless liquid, emitting dense fumes. We have -used this article as an accelerator, and it produces a beautiful but -singular picture. It works quick, but possesses no particular advantage. - -Bromide of Zinc.--Prepared by digesting a solution of bromine with zinc -filings. The iodide is formed in a similar manner. No interest. - -Hydrobromic Acid.--Mix the vapor of bromine with about an equal bulk of -hydrogen gas, and introduce a coil of red-hot platinum wire. Red-hot -iron answers equally well. The combination takes place slowly without -explosion. Or, it may be formed by placing a small piece of phosphorus in -a glass tube filled with water, and dropping it upon a little bromine. -The hydrobromic acid passes over in the form of a gas, and may be -passed through water, which will absorb it. _Hydriodic Acid_ is formed in -the same way, using iodine in place of the bromine. Hydrobromic acid is -decomposed instantly by chlorine and nitric acid. - -The French and German bromine is generally considered the best; but the -American manufacture is by no means to be rejected, as it is frequently -very excellent. Bromine is sometimes adulterated with naphtha. - - * * * * * - - NITRATE OF SILVER. - - DECOMPOSED BY THE CURRENT OF A GALVANIC BATTERY. - -Mr. Matteucci has observed that the black deposit obtained on the cathode, -in the electrolysis of this salt, instantaneously becomes white when the -current ceases; that it does not occur except when the solution is weak, -because from strong solutions, crystalline silver is at once deposited; -that if a portion of the deposit, after it has became white, be suspended -between the electrodes while the current passes, those portions towards -the anode again become _black_, if the experiment is made in a solution -of the nitrate, but not if in mere acid water; it will, however, occur if -a mere drop of nitrate is added to the solution, if a plate of a glass is -interposed between the electrodes, the phenomenon does not occur; this -is attributed to the great reduction of intensity. It is suggested "that -the black deposit is formed, of oxide of silver, which is preserved by -the passage of the current, and which, when the current ceases, passes -immediately to the metallic condition." - - * * * * * - - OXIDE OF SILVER. - -Place pieces of silver in a glass vessel,, and pour on them about equal -parts of water and strong nitric acid; the metal will soon dissolve, -giving off fumes of nitric oxide. Should the solution have a green hue, -which is invariably the case, unless the metal has been obtained fine from -the refiners, it indicates the presence of copper, in which case immerse -some pieces of copper in the solution, and the nitric acid, by elective -affinity, will combine with the copper; and a precipitate of pure silver, -in the form of grayish powder, will take place. Throw away the liquid and -wash the silver precipitate several times in sulphuric acid and water, and -afterwards in water alone. Then re-dissolve it as before, in nitric acid -and water; and a _solution of pure nitrate of silver_ will be obtained. -Place this in an evaporating dish, or a saucer, and apply the heat of a -spirit-lamp, or place the saucer by the fire-side, till some portion of -the liquid is driven off in vapor. Allow the residue to cool, and it will -shoot out into long colorless transparent crystals, which are _nitrate -of silver_. They must be handled with care, as they possess the property -of staining animal and vegetable substances with an almost indelible -black;--fused nitrate of silver being the lunar caustic of surgery, and -the main ingredient of marking-ink. Next prepare some _lime-water_, by -stirring lime into water and filtering the solution. As lime is very -sparingly soluble in water, requiring, at 60° Fahrenheit, 750 times its -weight, it is necessary to make an abundant supply. Place the lime-water -in a glass or other vessel, and drop in it a few crystals of nitrate of -silver; the colorless solution will instantly assume an unsightly brown -hue; and, after remaining quiescent for a time, the _oxide of silver_ -will subside in the form of a dark brown precipitate. The liquid is then -poured off, and the precipitate is washed with water. Before throwing away -the liquid, fresh lime-water should be added to it; and if the dark hue -recurs, the precipitate must be allowed to subside again; if no change -takes place, it may be inferred that the silver is all extracted. The -oxide of silver should not be dried, but be kept in bottles with water. - - * * * * * - - POTASSIUM. - - CYANIDE OR SIMPLE CYANURET OF POTASSIUM. - -Before entering into the preparation of this ingredient, I may -mention that the _prussiate of potash_ of commerce has, by many young -experimentalists, been mistaken for the above article, because it is -often sold, by those unacquainted with chemical technicalities, under -the name of _cyanuret of potassium_. It is, in chemical parlance, termed -_ferro-cyanuret_, from its containing a certain portion of iron; and -differs in its properties, very materially, from the _simple_ salt. It -is of a bright yellow color, and is converted into the colorless, simple -cyanuret in the following manner: - -Take 4 ounces of the yellow prussiate, break it in small pieces, and well -dry it on a plate of iron; then reduce it in a mortar to exceedingly fine -powder. Dry and pound in like manner one and a-half oz. of carbonate -of potash. Incorporate the two ingredients thoroughly. Place a Hessian -crucible in the fire; and when it attains a red heat, throw into it the -prepared mixture, and closely cover the crucible. Keep up the heat, and -the contents of the crucible will soon fuse; and the fluid mass will -become red-hot. After this, immerse in it, from time to time, a hot glass -rod; the mass which adheres, is in the early stages of the process brown -on cooling; as the heat is continued, it appears yellowish, and finally, -colorless and transparent. The operation is then complete: the crucible -must be removed; and after its contents have been allowed to settle, the -fused mass may be poured off; the greater portion of which consists of the -_simple cyanuret of potassium_. This salt is very deliquescent, and must -therefore be retained in close bottles: it will readily be recognized by -its powerful odor,--that noticed in peach blossoms. The mere mention of -prussic acid entering largely into its composition, will be sufficient to -induce my reader to exercise common caution in handling it. - -Having these ingredients prepared, take one pint of pure rain or distilled -water; add to it two ounces of the cyanuret of potassium, shake them -together occasionally, until the latter is entirely dissolved; and allow -the liquid to become clear. Then add a quarter of an ounce of oxide of -silver, which will very speedily dissolve; the dissolution may be hastened -by heat, and after a short time, a clear transparent solution will be -obtained.--_Walker._ - - * * * * * - - STEREO-CHROMIC PAINTING. - -A new mode of fresco painting, called _Stereo-chromie_, which has for a -long time excited attention among the artists of Germany, has it appears -been perfected by a pupil of Kaulbach, in his own studio in Munich. The -design is Kaulbach's, and the work was executed under his superintendence. -It represents the figure and character of a Prophet, and will be sent to -the London Exhibition. 'The figure, grand and majestic as it really is, -cannot be expected to convey to the English public anything but a faint -idea of the genius and skill of Kaulbach,' but as a specimen of this new -and wonderful mode of painting, it will be regarded, by artists, with the -greatest curiosity. - -_Stereo-chromie_ was discovered by _Obergrath von Fuchs_, a distinguished -chemist; and is considered by German artists as one of the greatest -discoveries of the age. They claim for it great advantage over ordinary -fresco and encaustic painting, in its superior durability and the power -which it affords the artist of retouching and glazing his picture. -The colors are mixed with water, the whole being permanently fixed -by occasional sprinklings of water, in which a certain proportion of -fluoric-acid (_Flassspath saurs_) is mixed. - -_Stereo-chromie_ is in fact a preserver of the wall on which it is -painted, By a certain chemical action of the solution sprinkled over the -picture, while in progress, the whole ground on which it is placed, and -the picture itself becomes one hard flinty mass, the very colors of which -are converted into the hardest stone. - -This singular species of painting resists, it is said, every influence of -climate; and may be securely used as an external coating for buildings in -any part of the globe. Neither is the artist confined to any particular -time in executing it, leaving off when he pleases and for any length of -time. In these points it is a most important recommendation, which cannot -by any means apply to fresco work, nor, except within certain limits, to -oil painting. The highest advantage of all, however, is that the same part -may be painted over as often as the artist please, which is impossible in -fresco; and consequently the most perfect harmony may, by this new mode be -preserved throughout the largest possible painting. In fresco the artist -is the slave of his materials; here, he is the arbitrary master and to the -fullest extent.--_Banner of the Union, Pa._ - - * * * * * - - WATER. - -Water intended to aid in conducting chemical experiments, should, so far -as possible, be free from all foreign substances. As the Daguerreotype -process is one of the most difficult in the range of chemical science, the -Daguerreian should have at hand the best that circumstances will admit. -We have learned, from experience, the disadvantages attendant on those -who travel in the country, from village to village in the practice of the -Daguerreotype art. - -When _Distilled Water_ can be obtained, it should be used. It must have no -smell, taste, or color; it must evaporate without leaving a residue; it -must give no precipitates with solutions of nitrate of silver, chloride -of barium, superoxalate of potash, caustic alkalies, carbonated alkalies, -sulphurated hydrogen, or hydrosulphate of ammonia. - -_Rain Water_ generally contains carbonic acid, carbonate of lime, and -chloride of calcium. - -_Spring Water_ contains the same impurities as rain water, superadded to -chloride of sodium, sulphate of lime, carbonate of iron, &c. - -_River Water._--More free from salts than spring water, but often contains -a large quantity of decomposing vegetable and animal matter. This is -particularly the case with water taken from the Hudson, from Troy to its -mouth; also, the Mississippi, and, in fact, almost all large streams which -are navigated. - -_Lake Water._--All descriptions of stagnant water abound in half-putrified -organic remains, as all well know, that the smaller the bulk of liquid, -as in the case of the swamp or marsh, the more impure and the more -unwholesome it is. - -_To purify Water._--Much has been said about purifying water for -Daguerreotype use. We look upon this, so far as chemical agents are -employed, in most instances a loss of both time and money; let every one -_filter_ the water for use _often_ and freely and we will guarantee that -_success_ will be his reward. We will class water in the following order:-- - -1, Distilled water; 2, rain water; 3, brook water; 4, well water; 5, -spring water; 6, river water: yet the water from some of our Western -lakes would, we think be fully equal to rain water. We have used the water -from Seneca lake, and have found it possessing less animal and vegetable -matter, than found in the water from any well which we have been compelled -to use. - - * * * * * - -Isinglass, as it is generally called fish glue, is prepared from the -air-bladders of the sturgeon. It is found in commerce under various forms, -such as large strings, small strings, and leaves. It is always white, -semi-transparent, dry, fibrous, horny, of a faint odor and insipid taste. -When a very thin leaf is moved between the eye and the light of the sun, a -species of chatoyance is perceived. If macerated in cold water, Isinglass -swells and softens; if boiled in water, it dissolves almost without -any residue and forms a solution, which, on becoming cool produces a -semi-transparent jelly. There are several counterfeits, but all are easily -detected. - - * * * * * - - PAPIER-MACHE. - -Papier-Mache.--Pulped paper moulded into forms. It possesses great -strength and is a valuable article in the manufacturing of cases for -Daguerreotypes. It may be rendered partially water-proof by the addition -of sulphate of iron, quicklime, and glue, or white of eggs, to the -pulp; and incumbustible by the addition of borax and phosphate of soda. -The papier-mache Daguerreotype cases, tea-trays, waiters, snuff-boxes, -&c., are prepared by pasting or glueing sheets of paper together, and -submitting them to powerful pressure, by which the composition acquires -the hardness of a board when dry. Such articles are often inlaid with -mother of pearl, and japanned, and are then perfectly water-proof. - - * * * * * - - CHLORIDE OF CALCIUM. - -Chloride of Calcium.--This is so easily manufactured that any -Daguerreotypist can make it with but little difficulty. Saturate dilated -muriatic acid, say three pints of water to one of acid; this should be -filtered through a sponge and then allowed to stand until all the aquus -solution has evaporated and the calcium crystallized. This may be improved -by it being placed in a crucible; and fused with a quick fire, then poured -out on a flat stone. When cold, it should be broken and put in close -bottles. This is much used by Daguerreotypists as it possesses a strong -affinity for water; consequently, it is a valuable auxiliary in keeping -the iodine dry. It is also much used for drying gases and absorbing water -from ethereal and oily liquids, in organic analyses. - - * * * * * - - MURIATE OF AMMONIA. - -Muriate of Ammonia--_sal-ammoniac._--This is used by _few_ to bleach -Daguerreotype impressions, and relieve them of the "_blues_;" should, -however, the plates be _well_ cleaned and the mercury at a proper -temperature, there will be no need of this preparation: yet, as a number -have requested, we give the following combination, knowing that all -Daguerreotypists are troubled more or less with solarized impressions, -they may be more particularly with the _blues_. Make a saturated solution -of muriate of ammonia, in pure water, and filter through paper. This -reduced with an equal quantity of water before used; when the linen or any -portion of the impression is badly solarized, after removing the coating -with the hyposulphite solution, thoroughly rinse the plate with water, -then pour the bleaching solution over the surface of the impression in the -same manner as in gilding. - -If the solarization be very deep, apply the lamp beneath and slightly -warm the plate, pour suddenly off, and without rinsing, quickly apply the -gilding and gild in the usual way. The whole operation must be quickly -performed, or the chlorine soon attracts the shade of the picture. -There may be instances when this solution may prove of advantage, as, -for instance, when black velvet and milk white are wanted in the same -impression. We have seen it operate with pleasing success; but repeat -that _few_ only use it, yet as in a single instance it might be of value, -we have given it. As much of the muriate of ammonia, in common, is -adulterated, we will give a few tests which all can try. - -When pure, this salt is totally volatilizable by heat; if a small portion -on being heated on a piece of platinum foil over a spirit lamp leaves any -fixed residue, it is adulterated. It should dissolve entirely in water; -if it leaves an _insoluble residue_ it is adulterated. The impurities -generally found in sal-ammoniac, are sulphate of ammonia, sulphate of -soda, chloride of sodium, and chloride of potassium; neither of these -are considered injurious in the _bleaching solution_. Occasionally it -contains lead, iron, and copper. The presence of sulphuric acid may be -detected by means of a diluted solution of _chloride_ of barium, added to -a weak solution of muriate of ammonia, in water, this will produce a white -precipitate, which is the more copious and dense, the less the liquor -is diluted. If it contains lead add to a small portion of it, contained -in a test tube, a little diluted _sulphuric acid_, or a few drops of a -solution of _sulphate of soda_ (glauber's salt), if the liquid contains -lead there will be prevalent a white powder, or precipitate, this powder -scarcely dissolves at all in diluted acids, but it dissolves in a solution -of caustic of potash: _iron_, mix a solution of the yellow prussiate of -potash with a solution of red prussiate, a few drops of this added to -a weak solution of muriate of ammonia will produce a blue precipitate; -_copper_, pour about half an ounce of the liquid in a test tube, and add -to it a few drops of liquid ammonia, if copper is present, the liquid -will assume a blue color. Sal-ammonia is known by giving out the odor of -ammonia when mixed with caustic of potash: when sal-ammonia possesses a -_brownish_ color, it indicates the presence of charcoal, or empyreumatic -oil; such sal-ammoniac is good for some purposes, but wholly unfit for -_chemical purposes_. - -When sal-ammoniac leaves a non-volatile residue, it may contain _sulphate -of soda_. This is the principal cause of failures with the bleaching -solution, as the sulphate of soda has a tendency to blacken rather than -bleach Daguerreian impressions. The sulphate of soda as well as the -chloride of sodium, is often found in unpurified sal-ammoniac to the -amount of ten per cent. - -When sal-ammoniac contains much sulphate of ammonia, it fuses and sputters -before it sublimes; whereas it otherwise sublimes without fusing. When -sal-ammoniac, sublimes without residue, but gives a precipitate when its -solution is tested with a solution of chloride of barium, it contains -sulphate of ammonia; but when it leaves a non-volatile residue, the -precipitate indicates sulphate of soda or sulphate of magnesia. - - * * * * * - - BROMIDE OF SILVER. - - NATIVE BROMIDE OF SILVER AND ANALYSES. - -M. Berthier says, that in the district of Plateros, seventeen leagues from -Zacatecas in Mexico, silver ore is found in two different states; first, -native silver; and secondly and principally in a state of combination in -small olive-green or yellowish crystals, supposed to be chloride, but -which he found to be bromide of silver. According to M. Duport, from -whom M. Berthier received these specimens, this substance is not rare in -Mexico, but occurs frequently in fine cubic and octahedral crystals. - -The specimen examined by M. Berthier was from San Onofe. It was compact, -of a slightly reddish gray color; fracture uneven; splendent; penetrated -with small cavities, some of which were partially filled with a substance -of a dull pale yellow color, and which the miners call oxide of lead; -other cavities contain very small imperfect crystals; which are brilliant, -and of a pale olive green-color, and have the appearance of chloride of -silver. This specimen was very rich, for it yielded 0.0688 of silver, and -contained 0.45 of carbonate of lead, which, intimately mixed with quartz -and a little oxide of iron, formed the principal portion of the mass. - -M. Berthier has also found this mineral among the silver ores of -Huelgoeth, department of Finistčre in France. Two specimens were obtained -by him: the first of these is described as being porous or scoriform, -containing white quartz imbedded in foliated hydrate of iron. On the edges -of the foliated iron ore the naked eye could distinguish small cubic -grains of a pearl-white color, which had all the characters of chloride of -silver. - -The second specimen had the appearance of compact oxide of iron, -containing here and there milk-white quartz; it was throughout impregnated -with chloride of silver, which occasionally appeared in the form of very -small brilliant crystals. To analyze this mineral, 10 grammes were first -treated with ammonia, and heat to dissolve the chloride of silver, and -afterwards by boiling hydrochloric acid to dissolve the oxide of iron; -this acid also dissolved a certain portion of lead, which probably was -in the state of phosphate. The quartzose residue weighed 32.6 grammes: -it contained 0.17 gramme of silver, which must have been in the metallic -state: the ammoniacal solution gave by boiling and saturation with nitric -acid, 1.84 gramme of chloride of silver, which, supposing it to be pure, -contained 1.40 gramme of silver, which, added to 0.17 gramme remaining -in the quartz, gives a total of 1.57 gramme; a result which differed so -very little from that obtained by essaying, as to prove the absence of -bromide of silver, and that this was the case was confirmed by additional -experiments. - -After this a third specimen was received from Huelgoeth; it was very -small, but as rich as the foregoing, and in it there were distinguishable, -besides granular cubic crystals of chloride of silver, other grains of an -olive-green color, which had exactly the same appearance as the bromide -had. Plateros and the following experiments proved the presence of the -substance. - -Five grammes of the pulverized mineral were boiled in a solution of oxalic -acid, until the oxide of iron was perfectly dissolved: the residue weighed -about a gramme, and it evidently contained a mixture of canary-yellow and -white grains. It was digested in hot solution of ammonia until all the -yellow powder disappeared; it required a large quantity of the alkali -for this purpose, which would not have been the case to dissolve pure -chloride. The solution was gradually saturated with nitric acid, and it -was observed that the successive deposits formed had an evident yellow -tint, but gradually diminishing in intensity, except the last, which were -white. The yellow deposits were collected and examined in the following -manner:--A portion was treated with chlorine and ęther; the ęther became -of a yellow color. Another portion was dissolved in ammonia, hydrosulphate -of ammonia was added to the solution, and the black precipitate formed was -separated, and was found to be pure sulphuret of silver. The liquor was -concentrated by exposure to the air, and filtered to separate the sulphur -which was deposited; a little potash was then added, and it was evaporated -to dryness; acetic acid was added to saturate the excess of potash, and it -was again dried. - -To determine whether the saline residue contained a bromide, a small -portion of it was treated in a tube with pure nitric acid, and a yellow -liquid was immediately obtained. Another portion was mixed with peroxide -of manganese, and the mixture was placed in a glass tube; a few drops of -concentrated sulphuric acid were added, and when gently heated, red vapors -were immediately disengaged, and alter some lime there were deposited -on the sides of the tube small drops of a red liquid. The existence of -bromine was therefore evident, and it was proved that the bromide was -unmixed with iodide. Bromide of silver appears to be rare at Huelgoeth; -but it may be readily distinguished from the chloride by its greenish or -canary-yellow color, which is characteristic of it. It is remarkable that -it occurs with the chloride in the same specimens, but without there being -an intimate mixture of the two substances. - - - * * * * * - - - =The Daguerreian Journal.= - - =NEW YORK, MARCH 1, 1851.= - - - =HILLOTYPE.= - -Since the announcement of the Hillotype, in the last number of the -Daguerreian Journal, quite an excitement has prevailed, both in the -Daguerreotype and scientific world. The great question has fairly been -solved and "_natural colors_" can be produced and rendered indelible upon -the metallic plate. America can safely say she has presented to the world -one of the most invaluable discoveries that has ever been imprinted upon -the pages of history. - -Men profound in their scientific skill and learning, have long and in -vain sought for the discovery or invention of some means of securing -to the future, the colors of the present. All Europe has been alive to -this great desideratum, and many have presumed it an impossibility, -while some few persisted, flattered by hope and encouraged by the almost -daily announcement of some new discovery or invention, that heretofore -had been deemed only as having existence in the dreamy imagination or a -perspective future. We hail the discovery of the Hillotype as an epoch -bright in the history of science, as well as impregnated with interest to -aid in unfolding a volume of investigation which has so long commanded the -attention of learned and philosophical minds, as the "_colored rays of -light_." - -The subject of reflected light and its colors has long agitated the -scientific mind. Much has been said and written; elaborate and laborious -"Essays," "Researches" and "Treatises" have penetrated our libraries and -proved valuable auxiliaries in pushing the interest of those engaged in -furthering agricultural and chemical pursuits. This branch of natural -science is regarded as one of the most important, and, at the present -moment, it is rendered doubly interesting from the fact of Mr. Hill's -discovery. We may look forward for new developments, which will prove no -less surprising than that of rendering permanent, on a metallic plate, the -variegated beauties of the solar spectrum. - -We are, as it were, standing upon an eminence from which we can survey -the present, retrospect the past, and almost sketch the bright outline -of a coming future. Here lies a field for animated speculation, in which -nature's student can satiate his appetite in the study of nature, in a -province hitherto unknown and unexplored; he may here realize truths -purely sublime, painted in the glowing "colors of nature," and rendered -prominent upon the tablet of his memory. - -We present the following communication from Mr. Hill, which our readers -will peruse with pleasure: - - * * * * * - -For the Daguerreian Journal. - -S. D. Humphrey, Esq.;--Being detained here a day on my way from your city, -I relieve myself a little from the tedium of delay, by a few scribblings -to your valuable Journal. I will give a few particulars respecting my -pictures, &c. - -I have now fifty-five specimens. They are all equally perfect. It is quite -remarkable that I have never yet made a partial failure. Those impressions -which have had too much light, are nearly as strong, sound, brilliant and -beautiful as those correctly timed in the camera, being inferior only in -having the colors less deep. Even the whites retain their strength. The -folds of the linen are always well defined. Blue or solarized linen is -unknown in my process, and there is always a strength and clearness in the -whites, unattainable by mercury. During the past winter I have several -times taken a view in which there is a deep red house, while the ground -was covered with snow. For experiment I exposed the plate so long as to -reduce the bright red of the house to a _very light red_, while at the -same time, the white snow was developed with a beautiful whiteness. - -I have copied several very highly colored French prints. The copies are -far superior to the originals, in that, while they have _every_ tint of -color, they are exceedingly brilliant. This is a characteristic in which -I never fail, even with the plates merely cleaned with rotten stone--the -brilliancy depending on _other causes_. Well polished plates, however, are -preferable for other reasons. It is _essential_ that the plates should be -very pure, free from scum? dampness, and organic matter of every kind, -and I am experimenting with different substances, in hopes of finding -something that will more perfectly cleanse, while it thoroughly polishes. -I would be very thankful to any person who might furnish me with valuable -hints on this point, as I am convinced that here lies one great cause of -uncertainty. - -My trouble with the _yellow_, which you mentioned in the last number of -the "Daguerreian Journal," relates only to the homogeneous rays, orange, -buff, and all the various shades of yellow come out true except the -_chrome yellow_ which appears less brilliant. This, however, is thought by -distinguished artists, no serious objection. - -My late visit to your city was much shorter than I could have wished. -I called on a number of Artists, and the cordial manner in which -they congratulated me has added much to my kindly feelings towards -the fraternity, and strengthened my resolution to give all worthy -Daguerreotypists and Artists, my process on terms which I believe -will be satisfactory. As far as this is concerned, please say to such -their interests are safe in my hands. I met with but one person anyway -sceptical, and he is willing to be more fully satisfied when he "sees the -pictures," which is very fair I am sure. While it is very cheering to -me, in my truly arduous duties, to review the kind congratulations of my -brother Artists, the most I am entitled to _claim_ in an age when almost -every announcement is regarded as humbug, is that the Daguerreian world -will give me a fair chance to perfect my discovery. A few have seen my -pictures, and their expressed opinions agree with mine, viz., that these -pictures will astonish the world. I saw in your city, in the hands of -Mr. Hite, Artist, some exquisite ivory miniatures. It astonished me that -the human hand could paint "the form of the human face divine," in such -a mode; but I pleasantly said to the Artist, what I now repeat in all -seriousness, that the pictures by my process necessarily exceed in beauty -the finest productions of the painter, they being drawn by light and -painted by sun-beams. - -I have heard several rumors while in the city, in respect to my designs in -the disposition of my discovery. Allow me to say, for the information of -all concerned, that my purpose is _unalterably_ fixed to avoid _monopoly_, -and to take a course which will put the process into general use. - -To-morrow I start for my "mountain home," and with my invigorated health -and spirit, I hope to resume my toils with a prospect of bringing out my -process at an early day. - - I remain, - fraternally yours, - L. L. Hill. - - Woodstock, Ulster Co,, N. Y., - March 12, 1851. - - * * * * * - -[Hand] We are highly gratified to find many of our fellow Daguerreotypists -are cordially welcoming us on by manfully and numerously sending us their -names for the Daguerreian Journal for one year. When we commenced our -editorial labors we launched our hark upon a sea never before thought safe -for regular navigation, but we find only few snags in the way, and these -are every day lessened by our close application and the assistance of kind -friends. No man knows his friends until they have an opportunity to prove -themselves. - -With but few exceptions, all who subscribed for the Journal for the first -four months have sent us two dollars worth of the "root of all evil," for -their subscription for the balance of the year. We _bow_, and _thank you!_ -May you never get in a "Fog." - - * * * * * - -[Hand] T. Antisell, M. D., has been appointed Professor of Chemistry in -the Vermont Medical College, at Woodstock, Vt. He is now fulfilling his -professional duties at the above named institution. - - * * * * * - -[Hand] Mr. J. E. Mayall of London, has promised us an article on -"Photographing on Glass." This will appear as soon as received. - - * * * * * - -[Hand] Our old and learned friend Mr. Finley of Canandaigua, promised us a -communication. Where is it? - - * * * * * - -[Hand] Removal.--In our last we noticed our removal to No. 252 Broadway; -this was the case, but we found on consulting a carpenter in relation -to putting in a sky-light, he declared it unsafe. The consequence was, -that we at once abandoned the idea, and soon made very satisfactory -arrangements with Mr. Insley, the well and favorably known proprietor of -the _Insley Gallery_. Once again we are settled and would be happy to see -all who feel an interest in the Daguerreian and Photogenic arts. - -_The Office of the Daguerreian Journal is at No. 311 Broadway._ - - * * * * * - - Our Daguerreotypes. - -We are assured by one in whom we have all confidence, and withal! capable -of judging, that there is now in progress a machine for cleaning and -buffing plates. This machine is an ingenious and valuable contrivance, and -it is said will polish a plate in one-sixth of the time required by any -other process. The whole done without handling the plate. _We hope so._ - - * * * * * - -Gurney has recently taken some of the finest large size Daguerreotypes -ever produced. These wonderful specimens are on plates eleven by thirteen -inches, called mammoth plates. Such pictures four or five years ago would -have filled the world with admiration and surprise. The chemical effect is -clear and well worked, thus proving well prepared plates can present large -as well as small impressions. It is well worth while for every Daguerreian -visiting this city, to look upon these proud specimens of the art. - - * * * * * - -Thompson of this city, has just taken the whole of the upper floor of the -building occupied by him, and has built two fine sky-lights. - - * * * * * - -We understand that Mr. H. McBride, operator for Meade & Brother of this -city, is about to establish himself in Albany. We wish Mr. B. success. - - * * * * * - -Weston of this city, is now producing some of the best Calotypes we have -seen. We are happy to see Photographing on paper brought before the -public. Daguerreotypists should call and see Mr. W's. specimens, as well -also those produced by Messrs. Bertha, Wehnest, Beekman & Brothers, who -have been for some time past successfully practising in the art of "Sun -Drawing." - - * * * * * - -A. Morand has recently made very extensive additions to his former -establishment in Chatham street. We now find him lighting his subjects by -a large and well arranged sky-light. - - * * * * * - - Correspondence. - -S. D. Humphrey, Esq., - -Dear Sir:--I would fain give my testimony in favor of your excellent -Journal, which is to the Daguerreian, as a guide to the traveller, and -pilot to the untaught mariner. It needs but to meet his eye for him to -appreciate its value and secure its aid, while following in his misty -pathway. - -I have long since learned that "experience is the best teacher," but now -since the advent of the Journal, all who would be relieved of difficulties -incident to Daguerreian life, may find the cause of _atmospheric -troubles--bad light--poor subjects--clouded results_, &c., reflected on -its pages, and thus, by close application, prevent the many evils which so -frequently attend them, and thereby learn that "an ounce of prevention is -better than a pound of cure." - -But there are those in the business who do not seem to discover any -difference between the profile on the school-boy's slate, and the best -"aqua-tinta" engraving. _They_ never have any trouble in producing -_perfect_ results at _every_ sitting, and _that_ for the sum of one dollar -or fifty cents. No wonder the writer of the article on Daguerreotypes -in No. 5 of the Journal, says "_Daguerreians_ are not _artists_, nor -Daguerreotypes works of _Art_, but _mere wonders of Nature_." - -When Daguerreians adopt the motto--"Good pictures and fair prices," -they may lay claim to the enviable name of Artist, and not before. The -Daguerreian art is the most difficult art to practise with _perfect_ -success, that has ever yet been discovered. A _perfect_ Daguerreotype -is the result of a series of the most careful, delicate and complicated -experiments ever conceived of by the human mind. - -I have been considerably amused in perusing the Journal, in reading -communications from sources where I am acquainted. They remind me of the -old adage--"All is not gold that glitters," for they appear to far better -advantage in print, than as _Artists_. But enough of this. In conclusion, -permit me to speak of a method of copying pictures, which, if new to any -of your readers, they will find it well worthy of the trial. I find, -by placing the picture to be copied where the rays of the sun may fall -obliquely upon the plate, all reflection is thrown off, and the image -appears in the camera, clear and distinct, even if the original be very -faint. It also shortens the time of exposure to from one to five seconds. - - Respectfully yours, - Jas. Bennett Sykes. - - Owego, March 4, 1851. - -Note.--We think this is rather sharp firing, but, as it is already met -by the "Artists" referred to, we give it. We do like _spice_, and well -seasoned articles, but don't get too personal. A man may have been born in -a _stable_, but it is no _sign he is a horse_. We hope the above from Mr. -S. was not prompted by "a spirit of rivalry and animosity," but rather for -the good of all, as no doubt it will so prove. Give us a _pop_ from the -other side. [Ed. - - * * * * * - -Daguerreian Journals Lost.--The following Telegraph Dispatch was received -at the Daguerreian Journal Office on the 13th. - -"What is the reason of your not sending me my Journals? W. S Gear." - -The following was our answer forwarded per mail on the same day. - - Daguerreian Journal Office, - New York, March 13th, 1851. - -Dear Sir:--Your Telegraph Dispatch came to hand. In answer,--I do send a -Journal directed to you as often as published. The last was mailed last -Friday, i.e. the February 15th number, that being the last out. I find -it takes nearly as many to furnish the Post Offices as my subscribers; -however, I try it again and send one to-day. - - Respectfully, - S. D. Humphrey. - W. S. Gear. - -We wish that the persons, wishing the Daguerreian Journal would furnish -us with their names--("no questions asked") and they can have a copy -forwarded,--thereby our _honest_ subscribers would receive their Journal -regularly. We do know that we put the Journal in the Post Office--but we -don't know _why_ so many of our subscribers do not receive them. There -is no doubt but that our Journal is valuable, and should be in the hands -of all, yet it is with us as with most brother editors, we are unable to -furnish copies gratuitously. - - * * * * * - - AMMONIA. - -Ammonia should be a perfectly colorless liquid; when concentrated its -specific gravity should be 0·9. It must have a pure ammonial odor, and -must volatilize without any residue. It must not become troubled when -mixed with alcohol, or lime water, otherwise it contains carbonate of -ammonia. Neither must it for the same reason, become troubled when tested -with a solution of chloride of barium; this is the best test for carbonate -of ammonia. Care is to be taken to observe the action of the test on its -first addition, for after the mixture has been exposed to the air for a -few minutes, a troubling necessarily ensues, because the ammonia abstracts -carbonic acid from the atmosphere. - -When super-saturated with nitric acid, and tested with a solution of -_nitrate of silver_, it must give no white precipitate; otherwise it -contains sal-ammoniac. It must give no precipitate with a solution of -chloride of barium, otherwise it contains sulphuric acid, in which -case, the precipitate will be invisible in nitric acid. It must give -no precipitate with a solution of oxalic acid or superoxalate of -potash; otherwise it contains lime. When saturated with nitric acid and -tested with a solution of yellow prussiate of potash, it must give no -precipitate; otherwise it contains copper. When mixed with its weight of -oil of vitriol, it must not become brown or black; otherwise it contains -empyreumatic oil. As it is quite difficult to obtain ammonia entirely free -from carbonate of ammonia, or to preserve it in that state, the employment -of ammonia containing a small portion of the carbonate is admissible in -the practice of the Daguerreotype. - - * * * * * - -An Army of Subscribers.--It is computed that the regular subscribers to -the _New York Sun_, standing side by side, and each occupying eighteen -inches space, would form a line _seventeen miles, fourteen rods, and three -yards long_. Standing with arms extended, and occupying six feet each, -they would reach _sixty-eight miles, fifty-eight rods and one yard_, &c. -&c.--_Sun._ - -Let us see if we also cannot get up some astonishing statistics: The -regular subscribers to the _New York Tribune_, standing in single file, -each holding fast to the other's coat-tail, would form a line 176 miles, -7 rods and one yard long. Allowing that each could hop, skip and jump the -distance of 4 yards, their simultaneous performance of this feat would -extend from Cape Horn to Baffins Bay. Supposing they all sneezed at once, -the vibration of the air would overthrow the spire of Trinity Church. In -reading the 48 columns of our double sheet every morning, the distance -travelled by their eyes would reach twice round the earth. There! Is that -enough?--_Tribune._ - -Wonder if the Tribune's calculations is made from the actual measurement -of the "tail" of the "old white coat?" If so its not fair, for Horace has -the advantage over the modern fashion. - - * * * * * - -Strange Announcement.--We see by a Georgia exchange, that some one in that -State is taking "Daguerreotypes as low as seventy-five cents." Our Devil -says "Barnum is after the _wonder_, and intends having him early this -Spring." - - * * * * * - - - EXAMPLES OF THE DIVISIBILITY OF MATTER. - - -All that has been written in support of what is termed the "Infinite -Divisibility of Matter," has been advanced with an oversight of certain -axiomatic principles which immediately decide the question in the -negative. Indeed, it would suffice to say that there can be no such thing -as a division of matter into an infinite number of parts simply because -there can be no such thing as an infinite number of any thing. Number -is essentially finite, and although, in imagination, it can be extended -indefinitely, it never can be positively infinite, at any period of -futurity, from the very fact that we can always conceive of its being -extended still farther. Even as an ideal extension of parts, it has always -a beginning and an end, at any given time we may assume for measuring -it, and is, therefore, never infinite in itself at any time. In this -respect it differs essentially from infinite space, which having no parts, -is positively infinite at all times. Number is a convenient instrument -wherewith to obtain an idea of infinite space, or of infinite duration, -on account of its capacity for endless extension or continuation; and it -is because we can ideally extend and continue it forever, without even -approximating to a measurement of space and duration, that we discover -the latter to be absolutely infinite, and number to be absolutely -finite. We discover that between the capacity for endless extension and -endless extension itself, there is a manifest and decided difference. -Under any circumstances, therefore, the term infinite, as applied to -the divisibility of matter, is unphilosophical and improper. All the -matter in the universe is finite, and if it were to be doubled, or -quatrilliontupled, every instant of time, to all eternity, it would never -become infinitely extended. And, by the same rule, it can never become -infinitely subdivided. - -If, however, by the term "infinite divisibility," as applied to matter, is -merely meant its capacity for interminable subdivision, then the question -resolves itself either into one of speculative fancy or of practical -fact. If the former, then it must be admitted that, by an effort of the -imagination, we can conceive of such a divisibility beyond any assignable -limits. But if we regard the question as a practical one, it immediately -becomes too absurd for serious attention, since it is evident that -human power, limited in all things, must be so in producing artificial -subdivisions of matter. However unlimited, therefore, the capacity of -matter may be for divisibility, that of human beings, in relation to it, -must be narrow indeed. When chemists, therefore, and other philosophers, -speak of the divisibility of the present ultimate atoms of matter, they -must, however unconsciously, regard them in relation to human ability, -and thus far the question may become one of experiment. But the question -as to whether matter can actually be subdivided indefinitely and without -end, is one readily answered in the negative, by the known inability of -mankind to continue an endless experiment of this kind. The whole question -therefore, concerning the illimitable divisibility of matter, which has -been discussed from the earliest period of science to the present day, is -frivolous, fruitless, and irrational. - -As matter now exists, not only its ultimate atoms, but even its -constituent molecules, are as inconceivably minute, as its aggregations -are vast. Taking an exemplification, from organic matter, we find that -a single drop of a strong solution of indigo, in which at least 500,000 -parts are rendered distinctly visible by the microscope, colors 1,000 -cubic inches of water, and as this quantity of water is at least half a -million of times greater than the drop of indigo solution, the particles -of indigo must be smaller than 2,500,000,000,000, the twenty-five hundred -millionth part of a cubic inch. If we dissolve a particle of silver, -of 0.01 of a cubic _line_, in size, in nitric acid, it will render -distinctly milky 500 cubic inches of a clear solution of common salt; and, -consequently, the magnitude of each particle of silver thus divided and -diffused, must be somewhat less than the billionth part of a cubic _line!_ -So great a number as a billion being but imperfectly conceivable, it may -render the idea of this minute division more distinct, by stating that to -count a single billion of seconds, by a watch, every day and night without -ceasing, would require 31,675 years. In gilding silver wire, it is found, -by calculation, that a grain of gold is spread over 1,400 square inches; -and as, when examined by a microscope, the gold upon the thousandth part -of a linear inch is distinctly visible, it is demonstrated that gold may -be divided into particles of at least the billionth, 400 millionth, of a -square inch in size, and retain the color and all other characteristics -of a California prize. If a grain of copper be dissolved in nitric acid, -and then in water of ammonia, it will give a decidedly violet color to -392 cubic inches of water; and, therefore, if there was but one particle -of copper in each portion of the water of the size of a grain of sand, of -which one million make a cubic inch, it would show that the original grain -of copper had become divided into 392 particles. - -This extreme tenuity of matter, however, is far surpassed in some examples -which may be adduced from organic sources. It is upon authentic record -that an Irish girl has spun linen yarn, of which one pound was 1,432 -English miles in length, and of which, therefore, 17 pounds and 13 ounces -would have girt this world; and yet less than the 127 millionth part of -this thread would have been distinctly visible, and must have contained -other filaments still finer, each of which must have been composed of an -indefinite number of smaller particles, themselves, in all probability of -complex organization, and containing certainly, minuter atoms of carbon, -besides those of gaseous matter. - -If we employ the microscope, far greater wonders of divisibility than -these appear, even in the complex organization of animal life. Ehrenberg -has shown that tripoli, a mineral much used in the arts, is entirely -composed of the siliceous shells of the microscopic animalcula, known -as infusiorials, and that a single cubic inch of it contains at least -_forty-one thousand millions_ of these shells!--about fifty times as many -individuals as there are of human beings on the globe. Yet each of these -minute animals lived and fed; had digestive and circulative systems, -with blood possessing globules as large, probably, in proportion, as -those of ours, besides nerves of sensation and inclination, with brains -belonging to them, together with muscles and every other mechanical -apparatus for the extremely active locomotion and propagation which they -so interestingly exhibit. And every new improvement in the microscope -reveals new races of animals, apparently created for their own enjoyment, -and of which millions heaped on millions, would be utterly invisible to -the unaided eye.--These facts prove that things are great and small only -by comparison with each other, and not in relation to infinity, with which -no comparison can be instituted. And they prove, moreover, that vain, -boastful, and bigoted man, is not the sole object of creation, nor of the -profound benevolence, contrivance and design, with which it is universally -replete.--_Art's Echo._ - - * * * * * - - - IRON--ITS NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL COMBINATIONS WITH CARBON. - -The question is often asked, what constitutes the difference between -wrought iron, cast iron and steel? - -Cast Iron, when viewed under favorable circumstances, by the help of a -microscope will be found to be a mechanical aggregation of molecules of -_iron and carbon_; and the relative position of these particles may be -illustrated by a pile of cannon balls as usually arranged in navy yards, -each alternate ball being iron and carbon (charcoal). - -If a mass of cast iron be heated until softened, and then _puddled_ -(squeezed), the carbon will be forced to the surface, and will there -combine with the oxygen of the atmosphere, forming carbonic acid or -carbonic oxide gases, and thus pass off. When all the carbon has been -parted with, the mass is called Wrought Iron, and may then be welded, -when at proper heat, but cannot be melted--_the hottest blast furnace -will not melt wrought iron_. Wrought iron at red heat combines rapidly -with oxygen, and becomes oxide of iron--thus a joint of stove-pipe thrown -into a furnace will never melt, but by contact with atmosphere will -change into oxide of iron, and thus be practically lost. This operation -is technically called _burning_. If a piece of wrought iron be surrounded -by carbon (charcoal) finely pulverized, and the whole enclosed in a sheet -iron vessel to exclude the air, and this placed for a sufficient length -of time in a furnace constructed for the purpose, the iron will imbibe -an atomic quantity of carbon, and become Steel. This process is called -_cementation_, and steel so made can be melted as readily as cast iron. - -Thus it will be seen that both cast iron and steel are combinations -of iron and carbon, and in the same proportions, but not in the same -state of combination. In cast iron, the carbon and iron are a mere -_mechanical combination_, while in steel the iron and carbon are combined -_chemically_.--Wrought iron, when pure, is free from carbon, and its -ductility, toughness, &c., are due to the absence of carbon, sulphur, -phosphorus, and other substances, with which it is occasionally pervaded. - -The French chemists are experimenting, and occasionally succeeding by -accident, in causing heated iron to take the carbon from carbonic acid and -other gases containing carbon, and thus becoming steel more rapidly, and -at less cost, than when made by the process of cementation. Mr. Dixon, -of Jersey City, has succeeded in making steel direct from the Adirondack -iron ore, while Peter Cooper, Esq., Mr. Dickinson, and others, are -manufacturing wrought iron direct from the iron ores of New-Jersey without -first forming the pig or cast iron, and of course at less expense, as the -saving of fuel is very great. - -The process of _case-hardening_, or changing the immediate surface of -iron utensils into steel, is readily performed by covering their surfaces -with such organic substances as contain carbon as a constituent, and then -subjecting them to high heat for short spaces of time--thus the roller -of a paper or sugar mill may be case-hardened by a coating of prussiate -of potash, or of leather chips, and then subject the whole to high heat, -excluded from atmospheric influences. By this process the gelatine and -other constituents of the leather are reduced to carbon, and this enters -the surface particles of the iron, converting them into steel. Many -hypotheses are offered for this action, and among others, that "_the -ultimate particles of matter are always in motion_," admitting the ingress -of particles travelling in smaller orbits between them. The friends of -this hypothesis offer as proof, that a fresh cast sash-weight when broken -is a gray mass, while one taken from an old building, and broken, is -beautifully crystalline, from the centre to the outside, like speculum -metal. A freshly drawn piece of tin pipe when suddenly bent opposite the -ear gives no crackling sound, and if broken has no crystalline structure, -but if left at rest for one hour it has both. Barbers often tell us that -razors get tired of shaving, but if laid by for thirty days they will then -shave well. By microscopic examination it is found that the _tired razor_, -from long stropping by the same hand and in the same directions, has the -ultimate particles or fibres of its surface or edge all arranged in one -direction, like the edge of a piece of cut velvet; but after a month's -rest, these fibres re-arrange themselves heterogeneously, crossing each -other and presenting a saw-like edge, each fibre supporting its fellow, -and hence cutting the beard, instead of being forced down flat without -cutting, as when laid by. These and many other instances are offered by -the friends of the hypothesis named, to prove that the ultimate particles -of matter are always in motion, and they say that in the process of -welding, the absolute momentum of the hammer causes an entanglement of -orbits of motion, and hence a re-arrangement, as in one piece; indeed, in -the cold state, a leaf of gold laid on a polished surface of steel, and -stricken smartly with a hammer, will have its particles forced into the -steel so as to permanently gild it at the point of contact. - -The oxidation of metals is equally curious, and the length of time -necessary for the formation of an infinitesimal coating of oxide is less -than the one-thousandth of a second. This fact may be readily proved: a -clean surface of steel, free from oxide, when brought in contact with -mercury (quicksilver) will amalgamate, but if the least oxide be upon -the surface no such effect will take place. Prepare a trough containing -quicksilver, and place a bar of steel above it, and within one inch or -less of the surface of the quicksilver--break this bar with a smart blow -from a hammer, so that the blow which breaks it shall at the same time -force the broken ends into the quicksilver, and although the time occupied -by the ends in passing through one inch of atmosphere before reaching the -surface of the quicksilver will be immeasurably short, still they will be -so oxidized as not to amalgamate with the mercury; if, however, the bar -of steel be confined at its ends below the surface of the quicksilver, -and then be broken _upwards_, by a lever applied to its centre, the ends -of the broken bar will be beautifully amalgamated before reaching the -atmosphere above. The reason for the success of the last named experiment -is doubtless due to the absence of oxide of iron, when broken beneath the -surface of the mercury. J. J. MAPES. - - * * * * * - -New Weigh-lock at Albany.--A writer in the _Courier and Enquirer_ gives a -description of the great weigh-lock that has just been erected at Albany, -for the purpose of ascertaining the tonnage of canal boats. - -Heretofore long and vexatious delays have been the result, while now, a -boat is brought into the lock, and in a time which would have scarcely -sufficed in other days to have ascertained the weight of a small parcel, -the unerring register on the beam, has registered its weight, and the -record is on the books of the office. The weigh-lock is directly on the -side of, and attached to the large canal, and is adapted to the use of -such boats as shall hereafter be built, when the locks throughout the -entire length of the canal shall be of the uniform enlarged size. - - * * * * * - -Daguerreotyping in London.--In a recent letter from J. E. Mayall, dated -London, February 11th, he writes in his postscript:--"While I write this -letter we have the gas lighted in the streets--1 o'clock P.M., and I write -by gas-light." - -We must confess that the Daguerreotypists are in the "Fog" enough in this -country, but if "Old Sol" should get blocked up at that early hour, we -don't know what would become of our "Foggy" Daguerreotypists here. - - * * * * * - -The ground side of the "Ground Glass" should face the lenses. - - * * * * * - -Mercury baths should always be kept covered with some porous wood, in -order that the mercurial vapors cannot escape in the room. - - * * * * * - - - QUICK STUFFS. - - -We have endeavored to guard against giving useless receipts, thereby -saving our Daguerreotypes a tax which would prove in most instances of -no benefit. As many have requested us to publish a variety of receipts -for Quicks. We give them with but little comment. We will number each -combination: - -No. 1. Take pure rain or distilled water, one quart filtered through paper -into a bottle having a ground glass stopper, and add one and a half ounces -of chloride of iodine for warm weather, or little less for cold weather. -The reason of this is obvious, from the fact that during the warm summer -day, the bromine is far more volatile than in a winter day. To the above -add one ounce of best American bromine, and shake well. Now, with care, to -prevent, as far as possible, the escape of gas, add, drop by drop, thirty -drops of aqua ammonia, shaking well the mixture at each drop. - -It is necessary that caution be observed, and not add more at a time than -three drops of the aqua ammonia, as otherwise it evolves too much heat. - -_Use._ Put in the box one part quick to eight parts water. Coat to dark -yellow over dry iodine, and change to a deep rosed color over the Quick; -recoat over iodine one-tenth. - -No. 2. Lime water, one quart; chloride iodine, one ounce; add -three-fourths of an ounce of bromine--shake well. - -_Use._ Put in box one part quick to six water; coat to bright yellow over -iodine; to rose over the quick, and recoat one-fourth. - -No. 3. Take rain or distilled water, one quart; add pulverized alum until -it is a little sour to the taste; and a small piece, say one half inch -square, of magnesia,--Filter through paper, and add chloride of iodine, -one half ounce; bromine sufficient to take it up, which is a little less -than half an ounce. - -_Use._ One part quick to six parts water; coat over iodine to a soft -yellow, nearly, but not quite bordering on a rose; over the quick to a -dark purple or steel; recoat from one-sixth to one-tenth. - -The above works slow, but with a good light and proper management it can -be made to produce as good impression as any combination known, yet it is -not so easily managed as No. 1. - -No. 4. Rain or distilled water, one gallon; bromine, one and a half -drachm; sulphuric acid, two and a half drachms; hydrochloric acid,[C] two -drachms.--Shake well as each is added in the above order. - - [C] This acid dissolves glass with great rapidity. It is purchased in - leaden bottles. A single drop on the skin would make a sore difficult - to heal. Daguerreotypists should bear in mind that the accelerating - chemicals used in the Daguerreian art, are of the most volatile - substance, and more difficult to experiment with than all other in the - range of chemical science. When hydrofluoric acid is to be measured, - the graduated glass should be partly filled with the mixture to which - you intend adding it. - -_Use._ To one ounce water, add from fifteen to thirty drops quick; coat -over an incipient rose; over quick, nearly change the color to fair rose; -recoat about one-third or one-fourth as long as at first coating. The -coating box should be charged strong enough to change the plate in from -_one_ to _four seconds_. One advantage this mixture possesses, it will -work in one-half the time required for any of the foregoing combinations. -One very serious objection to its use is, it cannot, without great care, -be made to work with certainty; and another objection is, it will not last -long, as the box will require to be replenished after having coated from -_eight_ to _fourteen_ plates. The older, however, this mixture is, the -more certain in its operation. We have one gallon which has been made _two -years_. - -No. 5. _Dry Quick._ We have already given this preparation in a former -number of this Journal. - -No. 6. _Acidulated Quick._ Water, one pint: bromine, ten drops; chloride -of iodine, forty drops; nitro-muriatic acid, one-fourth ounce; sulphuric -acid, two drops. - -_Use._ One part quick to ten parts water; coat over iodine to orange; -over quick to rose red; recoat one-fourth. - -There are thousands of different combinations and agents employed, and, -after all, let every Daguerreian make up his mind to first _become -acquainted_ with some _good_ combination of bromine and iodine, there will -be less complaining of _Quicks_. - - - -_Money received since our last Number._ - - W. A.; M. R.; F. S. H.; J. W. O.; S. B. D.; H. O. N.; T. O.; - J. H. F.; S. B. B.; M. P. B.; A. B.; J. H. V.; W. A. J.; J. E. M.; - M. M.; H. H. L.; J. W. H.; S. N. R.; N. E. S.; R. B. A.; H. S. B.; - D. C.; T. C. D.; C. H. G.--each $2. G. & B.; D. McD.; S. P.; - M. S. U.; C. T. M.; S. S.; W. R. R.; S. B. jr.; E. N. H.; C. W. T.; - J. M.; S. H.; N. C.; C. M. H.; J. B.; J. B. R.; W. O. G.; N. P. S.; - L. O.; A. T.; W. S. W.; N. E. R.; D. G. K.; L. Q. V.; H. K.; Y. M.; - A. G.; U. B.; D. A. N.; V. T.; W. O. O. V.--each $3. S. B. & CO.; - M. & B.; P. C.; T. C. D.; S. & S.; H. & M.; M. W. N.; G. D. A.; - J. S.; A. T. W.; M. A. H.--each $5. N. E. S.; T. C. D.--each $10. - M. S. $15. B. F. $34. - - * * * * * - - - ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS. - -W. O. R., Mo., Mr. R. writes--"Will you have the kindness to inform me of -any new process for preparing phosphate of iron. I make the request more -particularly to obtain a process by one Mr. Routh, who I understand has a -new process." - -The preparation referred to by Mr. R., was read before the London Medical -Society, January 11, 1851, by Dr. Routh, at which time he exhibited -specimens of phosphate of iron made by dissolving the ordinary phosphate -in meta-phosphoric acid, and by then evaporating to degrees. It has been -found that this form of iron is exceedingly useful in cases where iron is -desired. - -W. B. N., Mexico--Mr. N. says--"Will some of your subscribers give, -through your Journal, a practical and first-rate process for producing -Calotypes?" - -We hope some of our "subscribers" will furnish the same. - -H. B. T., Ohio.--Mr. T. says--"Will you give a ready and easy method of -detecting chlorine? I find in a former number of your valuable Journal, -that you have been making experiments with this gas. I have had remarkable -success with this gas, although not a practical Daguerreotypist." - -Mr. J. will find 'this gas' is readily distinguished from other gases by -its color, odor, and bleaching properties. Probably the most simple method -of detecting free chloride is to hold a rod dipped in aqua ammonia over -it, when white fumes will be formed. - -Will Mr. J. have the kindness to forward to us his experiments--we would -like much to lay them before our readers. - -A Stock Dealer, in one of the Southern States, writes--"What articles of -stock will be less needed by artists, provided Mr. Hill's process proves -true, of producing pictures with all the 'colors of nature?'" - -_Colors and brushes!_ - -J. W. S , Mich.--We forwarded the article you ordered, and enclosed the -balance in the package. The view camera you had better order soon, as it -will be some time before Mr. Harrison can get it ready, he having so many -orders now on hand. You had better have one of Lewis's _new_ Camera boxes. - -T. J. C., Va.--We cannot recommend the articles you speak of; they involve -only an old vague principle, and are only worthy the person having them in -charge. - -A. G. L., Pa.--The money received and forwarded to Europe--your plan may -work, but it looks a little too "opaque." You will find by heating an iron -plate, and applying it to your apparatus, will facilitate the operation -much. Chapman has the exclusive right to the patent. - -E. W., Miss.--See page 24, Daguerreian Journal. - -R. M. H., Ala.--You will find "Silliman's Journal" a great aid and -valuable work, published the first day of every second month, price $5 per -year. New Haven, Conn. - -See answer to L. I. G., page 187. - - * * * * * - - NOTICE OF NEW PUBLICATION. - -The New York Register of Medicine and Pharmacy, published semi-monthly and -edited by Dr. C. D. Griswold. - -This valuable Medical Journal is fast making its way into the medical -ranks with marked energy. Its age is about the same as ours, and we are -happy to see that with us it is prosperous; every number is received and -read with pleasure. We find the following pithy notice in the Register, -which is only one of many from the cute pen of the Editor, who it seems -has 'cut up' as well as received a "New Dido." "We were presented with -the first number of the "New Dido" by the publisher, and from the title, -at first supposed that it might be in some way connected with the medical -profession, inasmuch as some 'pranks' in a medical way have been 'cut up' -in poetry, but in looking it over, we find that a couple of 'chaps' have -started off for a drive, although what they are 'driving at,' the author -has not yet disclosed. We think it likely enough they may "turn out" -students, for they are evidently after subjects, which no doubt will be -brought to light in the next number."--Good, Dr., that is worth the Dollar -for the subscription. - -We have also received the 15th of March number, which has a fine likeness -of Dr. John W. Francis. - - * * * * * - - - =ADVERTISEMENTS.= - - - =HILL'S= - - TREATISE ON DAGUERREOTYPE. - - TWO VOLS. IN ONE. - -The whole Art made easy, _and all the recent improvements revealed_. -Containing also--The Process for Galvanizing Plates, and the whole Art -of Electrotype; the Reproduction of Daguerre's Images by Tithonotype; an -account of Calotype Paper, and other methods of Photogenic Drawing &c. By -L. L. Hill, Westkill, Greene Co., N. Y. - - CONTENTS. - -History of Photography; Theory of the Process; Description of Apparatus; -Account of Stock, such as Plates, Cases, Chemicals, and other articles to -be purchased forming a complete Daguerreian Directory; Recipes, a large -number; Polishing Plates; Coating the Plate; Camera; Mercury; Gilding; -Coloring; Calotype, Tithonotype, &c. - -The above is but a partial outline of the subjects treated in this -work. Nothing is omitted which is necessary to render any person of the -requisite judgment and taste "a workman that need not be ashamed," The -_Recipes_ have cost the author more than $500, and no pains or expense -have been spared to render the work a complete Manual of Daguerreotype. - - TESTIMONIALS. - -The following extracts from a large number of highly flattering -Testimonials from distinguished Artists and others: - -M. A. Root, an eminent Daguerreian, Philadelphia says, "I can freely -say yours is, in my opinion, a most valuable Treatise on the Art of -Daguerreotype." - - -From the _Albany Express_, "We would recommend this useful work to all -practising the Art." - -E. Jacobs, a celebrated Operator, New Orleans, says, "I have perused the -work with much gratification as being much needed in the Art. I can sell -a large number to pupils." - -From the _Ulster Telegraph_, Saugerties, N. Y.: "Those acquainted with the -Christian character, and extraordinary skill of Mr. H. in Daguerreotyping, -need no recommend from us. His pictures are perfectly exquisite, and his -modes of operating of the most simple and scientific character. The Book -will be a treasure to those engaged in the Art. It is one of those rare -works which is as good as its title-page, and we heartily recommend it to -the Daguerreian fraternity." - -Orders should be directed to S. D. Humphrey, Agent, New York. - -Also for sale, as above, price $2, a pamphlet by the same author, on the -Magic Buff, Plate-Making, Fixing Process, Celerotype, &c. - - * * * * * - - =TO DAGUERREOTYPISTS,= - -WANTED--A PARTNER to engage in the Daguerreotype business. One having -from Five Hundred to One Thousand Dollars can now have an unequalled -opportunity to join with one of the best Artists in the country, the -advertiser possessing unequalled advantages for opening a Room in this -city, now offers a rare chance to any one possessing the above amount of -capital, none other need apply. Applications to be made by letter, which -will be _confidential_, and addressed, _post-paid_, to the Editor of the -Daguerreian Journal, References must accompany the answer to this, and -real name stated. A chance for Daguerreotypists out of the City. - - * * * * * - - =PETER SMITH,= - -Importer and Dealer in Tubes, Apparatus, Plates, Cases, Chemicals, and -every article appertaining to the Daguerreian Art. - -No. 36 Fifth Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. - - * * * * * - - =LOUIS BECKER= - -Well known CHEMICALS, for sale at Becker & Piards, No. 201 Broadway, N. Y. - - * * * * * - - =DAGUERREIAN ESTABLISHMENT.= - - JOHN ROACH, Optician, 79 Nassau Street, New York. Has always on hand - - VOIGHTLANDER INSTRUMENTS, quarter, half, and whole size. - - American Instruments, Roach's make, warranted to be superior to any - yet made in the United States. They work with sharpness, and - quickness, and persons purchasing can test them with the high - priced German Instruments. - - Coating Boxes, Flint Glass Jars, cemented in, and ground air tight. - - Mercury Baths, with Thermometer Scale in front. Head Rests, Stands, - Cases, Chemicals, &c. Plates, French 40th of the Star, and other - first quality Brands. - - Bromine Roach's Triple Compound, now called Quick-stuff, works with - certainty and quickness, in all weather, and pictures taken with - it have a rich white tone. - - GALVANIC BATTERIES, &c. - - * * * * * - - =DAGUERREOTYPE GOODS ONLY.= - - ANTHONY'S NATIONAL DAGUERREIAN DEPOT. - - _205 Broadway, N. Y._ - -THE attention of Daguerreotypists, and the Trade, is respectfully invited -to my assortment, which I believe to be unequalled in extent and variety. - - Plates, Frames, Case- - Cases, Cameras, Makers' - Chemicals, Apparatus, Materials, - -of every style and size. - -For Sale, price $1 per copy, beautifully bound in cloth, the standard -work, second edition, enlarged and greatly improved, the History and -Practice of the Art of Photography, or the production of Pictures through -the agency of light, by H. H. Spelling, illustrated with thirty-five -engravings. - -Goods can be forwarded to order, to any town or village in the United -States or Canada, and the bill collected on delivery of the goods, -provided such town has connection by express with New York. Where there is -no such connection, Daguerreotypists would do well to order their goods to -the nearest express town. - - E. ANTHONY, - - _Importer and Manufacturer of Daguerreian Materials._ - -N.B.--Good journeymen Case-Makers wanted, to whom steady employment will -be given. - - * * * * * - - =BENJAMIN FRENCH,= - - _No. 109 Washington Street, Boston._ - -DAGUERREOTYPE Apparatus, Plates, Cases, Frames, Gold Lockets, Polishing -materials, Chemicals, and every description of Goods used in the -Daguerreotype business, constantly on hand and for sale, at wholesale and -retail, at the lowest cash prices. 3tf - - * * * * * - - =S. J. THOMPSON,= - -WOULD most respectfully announce to the public, that he has one of -the best sky-lights in the United States, and is prepared to execute -Daguerreotypes. Likenesses of all sizes, put up in every style of the Art. - - No. 57 State-street, Albany, N. Y. 2ly - - * * * * * - - =$5 REWARD.= - -STOLEN from the door of Clark Brothers, 551 Broadway, one full size -Daguerreotype View, in papier mache frame, oval fire gilt mat. Said View -of a GOTHIC COTTAGE, on the steps of which can be seen a lady, two or -three boys and a dog. Any person returning the above described Picture, or -giving information where it may be found, shall receive the above reward -Oct 16. - - * * * * * - - =WANTED IMMEDIATELY.= - -A GOOD DAGUERREOTYPE OPERATOR can have steady employment to engage in a -pleasant western city in the state of Ohio. - -Also a first class operator can have good wages and engage for one year, -to go to California. - -For further particulars enquire at this office. None need apply but such -as are competent to take _full charge_ of the operating department of a -large establishment; salaries will be in accordance. - - * * * * * - - =J. D. WELLS,= - -DAGUERREIAN ARTIST, No. 6 Kirkland's Block, Main Street Northampton, Mass. -_Likenesses_ taken by a sky-light connected with a beautiful side-light. -Pictures put up in all styles of the Art. Plates, Cases, Lockets, Frames, -and all kinds of Daguerreotype Stock for sale. 2-3 - - * * * * * - - =Circular to Daguerreotypists.= - -GEORGE DABBS & JAMES CREMER, Travelling Agents for L. Chapman, 102 William -street, New York, manufacturer of Daguerreotype cases, mats, preservers, -and plates, and importer of the _genuine_ Star brand, No. 40, French -plate, and last, though of first importance, proprietor of "Peck's patent -plate holder,"--the great desideratum which only requires to be used to -be appreciated. Prices, $1,00 for medium; $1,50 for quarters; $2,00 for -halfs and $2,50 for whole size holders--a vice to hold the blocks $1,50 -and an instrument for bending the plates 75 cents. They would inform -Daguerreotypists and dealers that they will wait upon as many during the -winter, as their time will permit, for the purpose of exhibiting the -patent Plate Holder, for a description of which see advertisement headed -"Two New Inventions". 1tf - - New York, November 1, 1850. - - * * * * * - - =INSLEY'S DAGUERREOTYPE GALLERY= - - REMOVED TO - - No. 311 BROADWAY, N. Y. - - (_Between Stewart's and the City Hospital._) - -THIS, our new Sky-light Gallery, is located on the second floor at the -above number, and is universally acknowledged to be the most convenient -and effective Gallery in the City. Every real improvement is taken -advantage of, and, aided by scientific and gentlemanly assistants, we -trust our pictures cannot be excelled. - -The Clergy--the Statesman--the Artist--the Man of science--and all lovers -of really good Daguerreotypes, throughout the United States, are invited -to call and examine our collection. - -P. S.--This Gallery was for several years located on the corner of Cedar -street, but is now removed to No. 311 Broadway. - - * * * * * - - =J. E. MARTIN,= - -"EXCELSIOR ROOMS," Jefferson Avenue and Odd Fellows' Hall, Detroit. -Daguerreotype Likenesses taken in every style of the Art. 2ly - - * * * * * - - =CAMERAS.= - -C. C. HARRISON, Manufacturer of Cameras, and Camera Lenses, of all sizes -and of the latest improvements. Office 293 Broadway, New York, where in -his Gallery may be seen specimens of Daguerreotypes taken with instruments -of his own manufacture, which for accuracy of performance are unsurpassed -by any in the world. - -N. B. A new and improved Camera for taking views, is manufactured by him, -at a price unprecedentedly low. - - C. C. HARRISON, - - No. 293 Broadway, N. Y. 2tf - - * * * * * - - =PREMIUM DAGUERREOTYPE DEPOT AND MANUFACTORY.= - -W. & W. H. LEWIS, 142 Chatham Street, New Fork, keep constantly on hand, -superior CAMERAS of all sizes; also, _quick working_ Cameras, fully equal -to any imported. All kinds of Apparatus, including our Patent PLATE VICES -and GILDING STANDS; Galvanic Batteries for Electrotyping, for durability -superior to all others. Buffing Lathes, on the most approved plan, Plates, -Cases, Chemicals, Polishing Materials of every description. All kinds of -Walnut, Rosewood and Gilt Frames for Daguerreotypes, outside Show Frames, -Diploma, Certificate and Picture Frames made to order. Pressing Machines, -for Straw and Leghorn Hats, of improved construction. 1tf - - * * * * * - - =SCOVILL MANUFACTURING CO.= - - _No. 57 Maiden Lane, New York,_ - -Have constantly on hand an extensive assortment of all articles belonging -to the Daguerreian Art; embracing plates of their own, and French -manufacture, Mattings, Preservers, Frames, Cases, Lockets, Chemicals, -Cameras and Apparatus of every variety. - -Agents for the sale of C. C. Harrison's celebrated Cameras. - -All orders will receive prompt and careful attention. - - * * * * * - - =CLARK BROTHERS, & B. L. HIGGINS.= - -Daguerreian Gallery, over the "Regulator," Franklin Buildings, Syracuse, -N. Y., No. 128 Genesee St., Utica, Tremont Row Boston, and 551 Broadway, -New York. - -Likenesses by the improved Daguerreotype of various sizes, and of the most -delicate executions may be obtained at the above rooms during the day, -from 8 A M., to 5 P. M. - -Chemicals, Plate, Cases, Cameras, Apparatus, and other materials, -connected with the art, constantly on hand, and for sale at New York -prices. - -All articles are selected with great care and warranted to give the best -satisfaction. - - * * * * * - -THE SUBSCRIBER, would respectfully inform the Daguerrian Artists, that he -has _constantly on hand_ a large assortment of Daguerreotype apparatus, -plates, cases, and chemicals, comprising in part the following: - -Voightlander & Sons, Harrison's, Lewis' and Perry's Cameras and other -apparatus of the most approved styles. - -Plates--Scovill's, Chapman's and the different brands of French plates. - -Cases--silk and velvet lined, Papier Mache and a great variety of fancy -cases. - -Chemicals--American, German and French Bromine, chloride of iodine, -do gold, calcium, mercury rouge, rotten stone, black polish, colours, -brushes, rosewood and Papier mache, frames, mats, glass preservers, -prepared buck skin, &c., &c Every article used in the business, which -I will furnish to operators at retail or wholesale, as low as the same -quality of articles can be bought in New York or elsewhere. - -Our motto is small profits and quick sales. - - N. E. SISSON. - - No. 496 Broadway, Albany N. Y. 1tf - - * * * * * - - TWO NEW INVENTIONS - - =IN THE DAGUERREOTYPE ART.= - -"PECK'S PATENT PLATE HOLDER," and the "_Bent Edge Daguerreotype Plate_," -used in connection with it. An instrument is sold for seventy-five -cents, with which every operator can bend his own plates. The holder is -a desideratum, and only requires to be used to be appreciated. It is -so constructed that it will hold the plate through all the stages of -cleaning, buffing, polishing, coating, taking the picture in the camera, -and mercurializing without any change. During the whole process, the plate -need not be touched with the fingers, and does away with the use of wax, -&c., &c. - - The prices for the holders are mediums, $1 00--quarters, $1 50--Halves, - $2 00--whole size, $2 50. - -The "_Magic Back Ground_." The discovery of this is due Mr. C. J. Anthony, -of Pittsburgh, Pa. By this process the most beautiful effects can be -produced, and the pictures are set forth in bold relief on back grounds -of various shapes and tints. Pictures taken with the "Magic Back Ground," -will be emphatically the "_Pictures for the Million_." The Patent is -applied for, and the right ratified upon the receipt of the Patent, for -the sum of Twenty-Five Dollars. - - L. CHAPMAN, 102 William St., N. Y. - -Manufacturer of Cases, Mats, Preservers, Plates, Importer of the genuine -Star Brand, No. 40 French Plates, and dealer in Daguerreotype stock -generally. - - * * * * * - - =LEVI CHAPMAN,= - -No. 102 William street, New-York, Manufacturer of, and Dealer in -Daguerreotype Stock. - - =Daguerreotype Cases.= - - Medium size, from $15 to $198 per gross, - Quarter " " 24 to 288 " - Half " " 60 to 432 " - -MATS, PRESERVERS and CHEMICALS of all kinds. French and American PLATES. - -L. C. imports the genuine No. 40 Star Brand French Plate, which he keeps -constantly on hand, together with an assortment of other kinds. - -PAPIER MACHE CASES, inlaid with Mother of Pearl, exceeding in beauty any -thing of the kind heretofore made, from 90 to $1152 per gross. - -L. C. is also proprietor of Peck's patent moveable Plate-holder. - - GEORGE DABBS, } Travelling Agents. - JAMES CREMER, } - - * * * * * - - DAGUERREOTYPE FURNISHING ROOMS. - - =WM. A. WISONG.= - - _No. 2 N. Liberty Street, Baltimore, Md._ - -HAS CONSTANTLY ON HAND, a full and general assortment of Stock, for -Daguerreotype use. - -Embracing every variety of Cameras, Plates, Cases, Fixtures, Trays, -Chemicals, and Materials used by Daguerreian Artists, all of which are -offered at the lowest market rates. - -Orders from Artists are respectfully solicited, and forwarded with -dispatch. 2ly - - - =DAGUERREOTYPE PLATES.= - -2000 LOUIS L. BISHOP'S superior PLATES, offered for sale at a great -bargain, by - -VICTOR BISHOP, 23 Maiden Lane. N. B. These Plates are silvered by the -electro-magnetic process, and warranted superior to the best French -plates. 1tf - - * * * * * - - =ENGRAVING= - -THE SUBSCRIBER still continues to carry on the business of ENGRAVING ON -WOOD, in all its branches. His facilities are such that he is enabled to -execute all orders promptly, and in every style of the Art, upon the most -reasonable terms; while the experience of many years enables him to feel -confidence in his efforts to give satisfaction to all who may favor him -with their patronage. - -_Particular attention_ paid to the Drawing and Engraving of Subjects from -Daguerreotypes. - - N. ORR, - - No. 151 Fulton-st. N. Y. 2tf - - * * * * * - - =BOOK AND JOB PRINTING.= - -WILLIAM S. DORR, 101 Nassau Street, over Ackerman & Miller's Sign and -Banner Painting Establishment, is prepared to print, in the best style, -and at the usual _Low Prices_, Books, Periodicals, Newspapers, Pamphlets, -Bill Heads, Circulars, Commercial and Law Blanks, Bills of Lading, Bank -Checks, Notices, Labels, &c. Cards printed on the celebrated Yankee Press. - -Few offices in the city have greater facilities for doing work with -_neatness_ and _despatch_, as most of the materials are new, and long -editions are done by steam power presses. - - * * * * * - - =J. H. WHITEHURST'S= - - ELECTRO DAGUERREOTYPES. - - _Galleries, 207 Baltimore Street, Baltimore,_ - -Broadway, New York, 77 Main street, Richmond, Va., Main street, Norfolk, -Va., Sycamore street, Petersburg, Va., Main street, Lynchburg, Va., -Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington city. - -Likenesses taken equally well in all weather. 2tf - - * * * * * - - =DAGUERREIAN ARTISTS' REGISTER.= - - Appleby, R. B., 14 Arcade, Rochester, N. Y - Anthony, J. B., Poplar Grove, S. C. - Adams, George, Worcester, Mass. - - Brady, Matthew B., No. 205 Broadway, N. Y. - Burges, Nathan G., No. 187 Broadway, New York. - Baker, F. S., Baltimore, Md. - Broadbent, Samuel, Wilmington, Md. - Barnes, C., Mobile, Ala. - Bartlet, No. 102½ Main street, Boston, Mass. - Bogardus, A., No. 217 Greenwich street, N. Y. - Brown, F. A., Museum Building, Mashetnec, N. H. - Brown, H. S., Milwaukie, Wis. - Buxton, John, St. Catharine street, Montreal, Canada. - Bradlee, J. E., Boston, Mass. - Buell, E. M., Pittsfield, Mass. - Bowman, J. A., Berlin, Waterloo County, Canada West. - Bisbee, A., Dayton, Ohio. - Bowen, N. O., Norwich, Conn. - Beckers & Piard, 201 Broadway. N. Y. - Brown, James, 181 Broadway, N. Y. - - Campbell, B. F., Corner Hanover and Union streets, Boston, Mass. - Collins, David, Chesnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. - Cooley, O. H., Springfield, Mass. - Clark Brothers, No. 551 Broadway, N. Y., 128 Genesee Street, Utica, - Franklin Building, Syracuse, New York, and Tremont Row, Boston, Mass. - Cook, George S., Charleston, S. C. - Coombs, F., San Francisco, Cal. - Cary, P. M., Savannah, Ga. - Chuchill, R. E., 55, State Street, Albany, N. Y. - Chase, L. G., Boston, Mass - - Dodge, E. S., Augusta, Ga. - Davie, D. D. T., Utica, N. Y. - Dobyns, T. J., New Orleans, La., Nashville, Tenn., and Louisville, Ky. - Done, T. C., No. 2, Place d'Armes, Montreal, Canada. - Ducan, W. H., No. 303 Broadway, N. Y. - Die Riemer, C. R., Auburn, N. Y. - - Evans, O. B., Main Street, Buffalo, New York. - Evens, Chas., No. 380 Market street, Philadelphia, Pa. - Ennis, T. J., 106 Chestnut street, Philadelphia, Pa. - - Finley, M., Canandaigua, Ontario Co., N. Y. - Fitzgibbon, J. H., St. Louis, Mo. - Faris, Thomas, Corner Fourth and Walnut Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. - - Gurney, Jeremiah, No. 189 Broadway, N. Y. - Gavit, Daniel E., 480 Broadway, Albany, N. Y - Gay, C. H., New London, Ct. - Geer & Benedict, Syracuse, N, Y - - Hill, R. H., Kingston, Ulster Co., N. Y. - Haas, Philip, No. 280 Broadway, N. Y. - Hall, W. H., Rouse's Point, Clinton Co., N. Y. - Harrison, C. C., 293 Broadway, N. Y. - Hill, L. L., Westkill, Green Co., N. Y. - Hale, J. W., Newark, N. J. - Hough & Anthony, Pittsburg, Alleghany Co., Pa. - Hale, L. H., 109 Washington street, Boston, Mass. - Hawkins, E. C., Corner of Fifth and Walnut Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. - - Insley, Henry E., 311 Broadway, N. Y. - - Johnson, Charles E., Cleavland, Ohio. - Jacobs, E., 73 Camp St, New Orleans, La. - Joes, L. M., No. 142 Washington street, Boston, Mass. - Johnston, D. B., Utica, N. Y. - Johnson, George H., Sacramento, Cal. - - Kelsey, C. C., Chicago, Ill. - - Lawrence, Martin M., No. 203 Broadway, N. Y. - Lewis, W. and W. H., No. 142 Chatham Street, New York. - Litch & Graniss, Waterbury, Ct. - Long, H. H., St. Louis, Mo. - Long, E., St. Louis, Mo. - L'homdieu, Charles, Charleston, S. C. - - Martin, J. E., Detroit, Mich. - Moissenet, F., New Orleans, La. - Moulthroup, M., New Haven, Ct. - Manchester & Brother, Providence, and Newport, R. I. - McDonald, D., Main Street, Buffalo, New York. - Miles, Chas. T., Fayette, Jefferson Co., Miss. - McClees & Germon, Philadelphia, Pa. - Morand, A., 132 Chatham Street, N. Y. - - Naramore, William, Bridgeport, Conn. - Nichols, John P., No. 75 Court street, Boston, Mass. - - Ormsbee & Silsbee, No. 203 Washington street, Mass. - Owen, N., Goshen, N. Y. - - Prosch, G. W., Newark, N. J. - Peck, Samuel, New Haven, Ct. - Powelson & Co., 177 Broadway, N. Y. - Prod'homme, J. F., 663 Broadway, N. Y. - - Reynolds, G. L., Lexington, Va. - Rice, S. N., 194 Canal Street, N. Y. - Root, M. A. & S., No. 363 Broadway, New York, and 140 Chesnut Street, - Philadelphia, Pa. - Ritten, E. D., Dunburry, Conn. - - Swift, H. B., 312 Market St, Philadelphia, Pa. - Sawyer, Jo., Boston, Mass. - Stansbury, B., Brooklyn, L. I. - Stamm & Upman, Milwaukee, Wis. - Sissons, N. E., No. 496 Broadway, Albany, N. Y. - Shorb, J. R., Winnsboro, S. C. - Shew, Myron, Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. - - Thompson, S. J., No. 57 State Street, Albany New York. - Tomlinson, William A., Troy, New York. - - Van Alsten, A., Worcester, Mass. - Vail, J. H., New Brunswick, N. J. - Van Loan & Co., 118 Chestnut street, Philadelphia, Pa. - - Westcott, C. P., Watertown, Jefferson Co., N. Y. - Wood, R. L., Macon, Ga. - Whipple, John A., Washington Street, Boston, Mass. - Whitehurst, J. H., New York, Richmond, Norfolk, Petersburg, and - Lynchburg, Va., Baltimore, Md., and Washington City, D. C. - Wells, J. D., No. 6, Kirkland Block, Main street Northampton, Mass. - Walker, S. L., Broadway, Albany and Poughkeepsie, N. Y. - Walker & Horton, Newburgh, N. Y. - Wentworth. Henry, Fort Plain, Montgomery Co., N. Y. - Williams, J. A., Washington Square, Newport, R. I. - Williams, J. B., Philadelphia, Pa. - - * * * * * - - =PREMIUM.= - -TO any practical Daguerreian Artist who will furnish us with the largest -list of subscribers for the Daguerreian Journal, within the next six -months, we will award him one of the best full size American Cameras. -New-York, Nov. 1st, 1850. - - * * * * * - - =THE DAGUERREIAN JOURNAL,= - -=Devoted to the Daguerreian and Photogenic Arts,= _also, embracing the -Sciences, Arts and Literature_. - -The Daguerreian Journal is published semi-monthly, at 311 Broadway, on the -1st and 15th of every month. - - =Business Department.= - -Terms--_Three Dollars_ a year; in advance. - - =Inducements for Clubbing.= - -Two copies of this Journal will be furnished for one year for $5; four do. -for $9; and ten do. for $20 - - =Advertising.= - - One square of 6 lines or less, one insertion, $0 50 - Do. do. 10 " " " 75 - Do. do. 14 " " " 1 00 - -Register of Daguerreian Artists, not exceeding two lines, $1 per year. - -Yearly advertisements as may be agreed upon. - -It is particularly requested that all addressing letters to us, would put -on the State, as well as the Town in which they live. - -Subscribers are authorised and requested to send bank notes or change by -mail, at our risk, provided it is done in the presence of the Post Master, -and the letters are franked. - -All communications and remittances intended for this Journal, in order to -secure attention, should be _post paid_. - -Daguerreian Artists that are travelling in the country, can have this -Journal sent to anyplace where they may be, provided they give us notice, -and the Post Office changed from. - -[Hand] All Letters should be addressed (post-paid) to S. D. HUMPHREY, 311 -Broadway, New York. - - * * * * * - - =GURNEY'S= - - =DAGUERREIAN GALLERY.= - - _189 Broadway, N. Y.,_ - -Has been known for years as one of the First Establishments of the kind -in the country, and the oldest in this city. Mr. G. attends personally to -the Operating Department, and having a superior arrangement of Light, as -well also as every other ability; and from his long experience in the Art, -he is at all times enabled to give perfect satisfaction to all who wish -a good likeness. His collection of large size pictures of distinguished -persons, are universally pronounced superior to any heretofore taken in -this country. Ladies and Gentlemen are respectfully invited to examine -them: 189 Broadway, directly opposite John Street. - -_Copies of a Superior Daguerreotype of_ Jenny Lind _for sale_. - - * * * * * - - =JAMES BROWN'S= - - DAGUERREOTYPE MINIATURE GALLERY. - - _181 Broadway: Rear Stairs._ - -THE undersigned, for four years the principal Operator of M. B. Brady, has -the honor to announce to his friends, and the fashionable circle, that -his Rooms are now open at the above No., for the transaction of business, -where he will be pleased to see his friends and the public generally; -and hopes to receive a portion of that patronage so liberally extended -to him while principal at Brady's. He will also take the liberty of -mentioning, to those unacquainted with the fact, that the pictures which -have received the different premiums for Mr. Brady, were taken, colored, -and arranged, with the assistance of Mr. Hays, who is still with him, -entirely by himself. Particular attention is called to the very superior -coloring tone and finish of the impressions from this establishment, -which, through an incessant study of seven years, the subscriber feels -conscious in asserting can always be relied on, as he attends personally -to his sitters. Pictures taken in any weather, in any desired style, and -his charges being extremely moderate, he hopes to suit all classes. - - JAMES BROWN, - - _Member of the Society for the Promotion of - Painting in Water Colors, and for ten - years a Student in the National - Academy of Design._ - - * * * * * - - =DOBYNS & Co.= - -DEALERS in all kinds of Daguerreotype Stock, Plates, Chemicals, and -Apparatus. No. 6 & 28 Camp Street, New Orleans, La.; No. 60 Front Row, -Memphis, Tenn.; No. 489 Main Street, Louisville, Ky. - - * * * * * - - =INSLEY'S DAGUERREOTYPES.= - -HAYING had the honor, in the early part of 1840, to establish ONE of the -THREE Galleries first opened to the public, in this city or the world, -viz: by Mr. Wolcott, Professors Morse & Draper, and Insley and Prosch, the -undersigned flatters himself that his prolonged experience will enable -him to give entire satisfaction to those who desire Likenesses by this -charming process. - - INSLEY, - - 311 Broadway, N. Y. - - * * * * * - - =M. A. & S. ROOTS= - - =DAGUERREIAN ROOMS.= - -CORNER of Broadway and Franklin Street, New York. M. A. & S. Root, -celebrated for years as Daguerreian Artists in Philadelphia, have opened -a magnificently furnished SUITE OF ROOMS, in the most fashionable part of -the city, (No. 363 Broadway, corner of Franklin Street,) where, having an -admirably arranged light, they flatter themselves that they will be able -to furnish Daguerreotype Likenesses, equal in finish, accuracy and effect, -to anything of the kind in the world. They have received Six Medals from -the various Fairs and Institutes of our country; also the two highest -Medals at the Fair of 1850 in New York and Philadelphia, for the best -specimens of Daguerreotypes ever exhibited. The public are respectfully -invited to visit their Rooms and examine their Gallery of Likenesses of -the most distinguished people. Gallery Free. - - * * * * * - - =MYRON SHEW,= - -DEALER in Daguerreotype Apparatus and Materials, Wholesale and Retail, 116 -Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. - - * * * * * - - =A. MORAND= - - DAGUERREIAN ARTIST, - - 132 Chatham Street, N. Y. - - * * * * * - - =J. W. THOMPSON'S= - -DAGUERREIAN GALLERY and Depot of Daguerreian Materials of all kinds, -Instruments, Apparatus, and everything belonging to the Art, for sale -at low prices. Every Operator knows the advantage of buying his Stock -(especially plates and chemicals) of a person who not only sells Stock, -but is also a practical Daguerreotypist. - -315 Broadway, N. Y. - - * * * * * - - =POSTAGE ON THE DAGUERREIAN JOURNAL= - -THERE has been a few instances where Postmasters have charged pamphlet -postage on this Journal. We say the Daguerreian Journal is "subject to -newspaper postage only," because that is all that can legally be charged -on it. A newspaper must be published as often as "once a month," and -contain intelligence of passing events. - -This publication is semi-monthly, and contains, a general summary of -"passing events." The law says it may contain two sheets, if the two -together do not exceed 1,900 square inches. This Journal contains less -than 1,100 square inches. These sheets may be folded in any shape, or -printed on paper of any color. The following is an extract from the Act of -Congress for regulating postage. - -"A newspaper is defined to be any printed publication issued in numbers, -and published at stated intervals of not more than a month, conveying -intelligence of passing events. It generally consists of a sheet, but may -be composed of two sheets of paper. In such case, it is chargeable with -newspaper postage only; provided that the sheets in the aggregate do not -exceed 1,900 square inches. - -"A pamphlet is a small, unbound, printed book." - - * * * * * - - ANTHONY'S - - =NATIONAL DAGUERREIAN DEPOT,= - - 203 & 205 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. - - DAGUERREOTYPE GOODS ONLY. - -The attention of Dealers and Daguerreotypists is respectfully requested to -my assortments of Apparatus and Materials, which will be found to be very -extensive and complete. - - - DAGUERREOTYPE PLATES. - -The celebrated Crescent Brand Plate, exclusively of my own importation, -stamped with my name, and warranted. - -The Sun 40th Plate, (guaranteed to be 40th.) Star 40th Plate, French -Plates, 20th and 30th. (quality guaranteed.) Scovill Plates, of all sizes -and qualities. French Galvanized Plates. - -_All the plates of my importation are carefully examined in Paris by an_ -experienced _agent, practically acquainted with the manufacture of plates, -and all that are_ visibly, _imperfect, are rejected and returned to the -manufacturer. The great number I import, enables me to sell a_ genuine -article _at a low rate._ - - CASES. - - [Exclusively of my own manufacture.] - -1-15 size, 1-9 size, 1-6 size, 1-4 size, 1-2 size, 2-3 size, 4-4 size, of -every style and quality. Papier Mache or Pearl Inlaid Cases of every size -and style. _My Papier Mache work will be found to be superior to any in -the market._ Turkey Morocco Bookcases. Snap' Cases of various styles. - -_Cases manufactured to suit the taste of any customer_, or adapted to any -particular Gallery, the name being beautifully embossed on the cushion -without extra charge, except for the die. - - CASEMAKERS' MATERIALS. - -Heavy leather for embossing. Thin leather for binding. Crimson silk for -cushions. Silk velvet, ruby and maroon, of different qualities. Cotton -velvet, crimson. Patent velvet, silk finished, crimson. Satin, maroon. -Varnish, of superior quality. Hooks. Clasps, for bookcases, &c., &c. -Embossing done at moderate rates. - - PLATE GLASS. - -Of the very best quality, cut to order, of any size, for cases or show -frames, and furnished by the quantity to dealers, in original packages -as imported. Also, Half white German Glass, in original packages or cut. -Green English Glass, by the gross. - - METALLIC MATTINGS. - -Burnished and fire gilt, of all sizes and styles, for cases or frames, all -of my own manufacture, and superior in color and beauty of finish to any -in the market. - - ROSEWOOD AND BLACK WALNUT FRAMES. - -Of all sizes, made in a durable manner, and fitted in a style to do -justice to a good specimen of Daguerreian art. - -Fancy Frames, of various styles, of French manufacture. - - PRESERVERS. - -1-9 size, 1-6 size, 1-4 size, 1-2 size, of a new and beautiful style of -chasing. - - APPARATUS. - -Cameras of Voightlander, Harrison, Roach, and Lewis' make; also Coating -Boxes, Mercury Baths, Plate Vices, &c., &c., comprising every thing -required for the successful prosecution of the art. - - HARRISON'S PATENT BUFFING WHEEL. - - LEWIS' BUFFING WHEELS. - - NEW STYLE PLATE BENDER. - -Neat simple, and effectual, Price, $1,50. - - - CHEMICALS. - -Iodine, best English resublimed. Chloride of Iodine. Bromine, pure German; -do. American. Chloride of Gold, of the best makers. Salt of Gold, or -Hyposulphite of Gold. Distilled Mercury. Rotton Stone, of all the various -makers. Rouge, best French; do. American. Photogine. Hyposulphite of Soda, -best French; do. do. American. Cyanide of Potassium. Dry Quick-stuff, -Anthony's Anhydrous. Roach's Triple Compound of Bromine. Chloride of -Bromine. Fluoride of Bromine. Oxide of Silver. Gallic Acid. Crystailizable -Acetic Acid. Bromide of Potassium, Nitrate of Silver. Muriate of Potash. -Chloride of Calcium. Succinic Acid. Hydrofluoric Acid. Drying Powder. -Pure liquid Ammonia. Iodide of Lime, a new and valuable preparation for -iodizing the plate. - -Those desiring to commence the practice of Daguerreotyping, fitted out -with everything necessary for their success at moderate cost. - -LOCKETS, Gold or Gilt, of all sizes and styles, oval, round, single or -double, open or hunting. - -Goods can be forwarded to any town in the United States or Canada -(provided said town have connection by Express with New York) and the -money collected on delivery of the goods. Persons will do well, when in -places that have no such connection, to have what they order forwarded to -the nearest express town. - -Terms--Cash. No allowance for breakage after goods have left the City. - -I have been compelled to adopt the rule of not sending lists of prices, -because it only injures such country dealers as buy of me. But all who -send _orders for goods_ may depend upon getting them at my regular New -York prices. - - E. ANTHONY, - - _Importer and Manufacturer of - Daguerreian Materials._ - - 308 Broadway, New York. - -N.B.--Good journeymen Case-Makers wanted, to whom steady employment will -be given. - - - - WILLIAM S. DORR, PRINTER, No. 101 Nassau St., N. Y. - - - - - * * * * * - - -Transcriber Note - -Minor typos may have been corrected. Images moved to prevent splitting -paragraphs. Various formats were used to display pricing these were not -standardized. The listing of Registered Users was left in the order -published. Illustrations of a right pointing hand for advertisements -is denoted as [Hand]. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Daguerreian Journal, Vol. I, No. -8, March 1, 1851, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DAGUERREIAN JOURNAL, MARCH 1, 1851 *** - -***** This file should be named 63427-8.txt or 63427-8.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/3/4/2/63427/ - -Produced by Tom Cosmas produced from files generously -provided on The Internet Archive. All resultant materials -are placed in the Public Domain. - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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