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If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Report of the committee appointed to investigate the causes and extent of the late extraordinary sickness and mortality in the town of Mobile - -Author: Committee on Causes and Extent of the Late Extraordinary Sickness and Mortality in the Town - -Release Date: October 8, 2020 [EBook #63408] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REPORT OF COMMITTEE--MORTALITY--MOBILE *** - - - - -Produced by Richard Tonsing and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - This ebook (originally published in 1820) was created in honour of - Distributed Proofreaders 20th Anniversary. - - - - - REPORT - OF - THE COMMITTEE -APPOINTED TO INVESTIGATE THE CAUSES AND EXTENT OF THE LATE EXTRAORDINARY - SICKNESS AND MORTALITY - IN THE - TOWN OF MOBILE. - - - PHILADELPHIA: - PUBLISHED BY S. POTTER AND CO. - NO. 55, CHESNUT-STREET. - - 1820. - - - - - B. MIFFLIN, PRINTER. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - REPORT. - - - _The Committee appointed to investigate the causes and extent of the - late extraordinary sickness and mortality in this town_, - - REPORT: - -That they have carefully attended to the duties assigned them, and have -examined all the wharves, the docks, and vessels, the buildings and lots -near the river, as well as in other parts of the town, and find in their -examination numerous local causes, which, under the co-operating -influence of the late season, might, in their opinion, have produced the -fever, independent of the supposition of its foreign importation. - -Some of the most prominent we will mention, and first, the condition of -the wharves, built with hewn timber, closely laid, confining the water -within the outward dimensions of the wharves, and filled up with rotten -logs, bushes, shavings, and other vegetable matter, covered lightly with -swamp mud of earth, presenting to view an immense mass, in the most -noxious state of decay. Two of these wharves, about 450 feet in length, -and 30 to 40 in breadth, were commenced in the spring, and the work of -filling them up with logs, mud, and bushes, was carried on during the -summer, till the storm on the 28th July, and the sickness of the workmen -put a stop to it. They were, however, nearly filled up to the length and -breadth mentioned, and to the depth of four to ten feet, and the surface -of about a third part covered with pieces of swamp marsh, cut in -convenient sizes for the purpose, and marsh mud. When the committee -viewed these wharves, the sight was most disgusting, and the smell so -offensive, that they felt their health endangered by delaying about -them. - -The other wharves, five in number, also deserve a more particular -notice. Three of them appear to be built upon the plan of the former; -and with like materials, two are partly built upon piers, giving a more -wholesome circulation to the water. One was built during the spring and -summer, but chiefly destroyed by the storm of July, the others from one -to four years since, each of them, affording a mass of decaying -vegetable matter, from 200 to 400 feet in length, 25 to 30 in breadth, -and 3 to 10 in depth, covered with a thin layer of earth, or mud. Such a -quantity of noxious materials collected together in a state of decay, -must necessarily produce miasmata, and mortal disease. - -Water street is also observed to be filled up with the same kind of -materials, in many places to the depth of from 4 to 6 feet, and computed -together might afford a mass of such matter, several hundred feet in -length, and fifty in breadth, thinly covered with earth. The lots -adjoining this street, on one side, are found to have been chiefly -filled up with rotten logs, green pine saplings, and pine tops, with a -thin layer of earth, and might comprise more than an acre of ground, -thus filled from one to two feet; and on the water side, the docks are -observed to have been much clogged up with timber, drift logs, and old -boats, which during the low summer tides, and north wind, collected -together in the docks, great quantities of sea-weed, and other filthy -matter, in a state of decay, particularly under the stores standing over -the water. The prevalent north wind, and low tide, during the months of -September and October, left the docks, and a large extent of marsh mud -about them, exposed to the heat of the sun, and the water, variously -obstructed about the docks and wharves, became itself stagnant and -offensive. - -The committee also observe that many old boats, or barges, damaged -during the storm on the 28th July, were suffered to remain filled with -water, as well as the schooners Sally and Piper, at the wharves south of -the fort, during the months of August, September, and October, even to -the time the committee visited them. The water in these boats and -vessels, we scarcely need to add, was in a most putrid and offensive -state. Several lots upon Water street were suffered to remain covered -with stagnant water, filled up with old rotten logs, old casks, bushes, -and, in short, seem to have been receptacles for refuse and offal -substances of every kind. - -The badly constructed foundations of the stores and buildings near the -river, retaining beneath them much unwholesome matter, or stagnant -water, affecting the inhabitants with their deleterious damps and -effluvia, must have proved a fertile source of disease, under the -influence of the late season. - -To these causes we must add, the general condition of the back yards and -enclosures in the town. All the prudential measures of an effective -police seem to have been totally abandoned, and the committee are -compelled to say, that every part of the town presented a striking proof -of the extreme neglect of a large portion of our citizens to the -ordinary duty they owe themselves and their neighbours—that of keeping -their yards and possessions clear from every species of filth, which may -be injurious to health. Ponds of water in various parts of the town were -suffered to remain, undrained after the rains, and became stagnant, thus -affecting the air with poisonous exhalations. Dead animals, heaps of -oyster shells, and other offensive matter, were commonly observed -through the town. Weeds were cut down, and suffered to decay without -removal. A store upon one of the new wharves contained a large quantity -of hides during the months of August and September, and the greater part -of October, in a most offensive state—such an outrage against the health -of the inhabitants is scarcely credible. - -In this general state of the town, succeeded the violent hurricane of -the 28th and 29th of July, from the S. and S. E. which raised the water -to an uncommon height, overflowing all the wharves, and the foundations -of the buildings on Water Street, even to the height of several inches -in many store rooms; leaving, as the water subsided, a vast quantity of -logs, drift wood, sea-weed, and other vegetable matter in the streets -and lots, much of which was there suffered to decay and infect the air. -The docks were clogged up with like materials, and damaged barges and -vessels. No attention whatever seems to have been paid to cleaning the -docks after the storm, to give a free circulation to the water, too much -confined before by the mode of building wharves. - -The committee feel much regret that they are compelled, in discharge of -the duty assigned them, to present such a view of the town anterior to, -and immediately after the storm in July; but the facts were obvious to -all, whether citizens or strangers, and evince an almost unparalleled -indifference in regard to our own health. In such a state of our town, -the most strenuous advocates for foreign importation of the yellow -fever, will surely admit that there existed abundant causes for less -malignant fever. - -But we have to add to the causes enumerated, the potent influence of a -most unprecedented season. The last winter was generally moderate, very -dry, and less severe than usual. The rivers Alabama and Tombecbe -scarcely reached the height of their banks; during the winter, not more -than half the quantity of rain fell. The spring was cool and chilly; in -March, a severe frost, which killed the early garden beans, corn, and -other tender plants.—April, May, and the earlier part of June, afforded -light falls of rain, very seasonable for vegetation: winds generally S. -and S. West. June and July were uniformly hot, greatest heat 92 degrees. -The storm of July 28, terminated a long drought, and deluged the whole -country around; all the lesser rivers and creeks overflowed their banks -to the height of winter floods. From the 28th of July to the 11th of -September it rained without a day’s intermission: and often descended in -torrents. All the neighbouring swamps, and low grounds about the town, -were filled with water to a height unexampled at that season of the -year. The sun at times burst forth with sultry, suffocating heat. The -brick walls, houses, furniture, books, and clothing, all became mouldy, -and the latter required frequent sunning to preserve them from -destruction. - -On the evening of the 10th September, it cleared off, wind N. W. with -hot sun, and so continued for 66 days, to November 16th, the wind -varying from N. W. to N. and N. E.—during the whole of this period, -there was scarcely rain sufficient to lay the dust in the streets: in -November, however, the wind was occasionally S. and S. W.—The effect of -such an unexampled series of weather, such an excessive drought -following a flood of rain, in the month of August, with the influence of -the combined causes afore-mentioned, upon the human constitution, as -exhibited in this town, the committee will carefully relate. During the -previous winter, spring, and summer, to the first of July, the town was -healthy, and no unusual sickness appeared. In the latter part of July, a -number of violent cases of bilious fever occurred among persons -unaccustomed to the climate, and some of a more questionable character. -Several persons employed as workmen, in filling up one of the new -wharves, were taken violently ill, and died after a short illness of two -or three days. About the same time two persons, usually employed about -Dauphin street wharf, were taken in like manner, and died, after a short -illness. A number of carpenters and sailors employed about the wharf -south of the fort, and were much on board the schooner Sally, filled -with stagnant water, and the steam saw-mill, where there was a pond of -like offensive water, were taken with violent fevers, and several of -them died; but as the physicians who attended all the persons alluded -to, are dead, the particular symptoms of the fever cannot be well -ascertained. It is, however, known, that Dr. Lawton, one of the -attending physicians, spoke of these cases as malignant fever. Soon -after these cases occurred, Snyder, an engineer, at work on a -steam-boat, at the same wharf, died with violent symptoms of fever, -after an illness of five days. Plank, who attended Snyder, and employed -at the same place, and a Dutch servant boy, who lived in the house where -Snyder died, were a few days after taken with like symptoms of fever, -and died on the third or fourth day. All these cases, were, by the -attending physicians, (now dead) declared cases of yellow fever, and it -is in evidence to the committee that they died with _black vomit_. -Snyder died on the 7th August, and Plank on the 9th, several other cases -occurred about the same time among the workmen, at one of the new -wharves, and terminated fatally, after a short illness. At the two -wharves mentioned, the first unequivocal cases of the yellow fever made -their appearance, and about the same time, other cases occurred, which -terminated fatally, with persons usually about the stores, near the -wharves and river, about the same period. A young man of the name of -Carson died on the 26th August, after an illness of 48 hours, with -unequivocal symptoms of yellow fever, he occupied a store near the river -and the wharves. Ellsworth died on the 5th September, after an illness -of about 48 hours, and 17 days after the arrival of the sloop Patriot, -from the Havanna, in which he came passenger from that place. He also -occupied a store near the river and wharves. - -But as there are persons who strenuously maintain an opinion that the -fever was imported into this town from the Havanna, in the above named -vessel, the committee have given the subject diligent attention, and -have examined a number of persons, and taken their examinations in -writing, particularly the officer of the customs, who first visited the -vessel, and a sailor, who was on board the vessel during the voyage. The -vessel arrived at the wharf, direct from sea, on the 19th of August, -after a passage of 15 days from Havanna. The officer states that “he was -the first person on board the Patriot after her arrival—that he examined -her cabin, hold, and cargo—that the cabin and hold of the vessel -appeared, from any thing he could discover, in a pure and wholesome -state. Sixteen bags of coffee, however, were wet, and considerably -damaged, and some fruit rotten; the rest of the cargo in good order—that -he attended the unlading of the cargo three days: the master, -passengers, and crew appeared to be in good health, excepting Graham, a -seaman, and the cook, who appeared to have had a fever—Graham was able -to do duty on board—the cook not much unwell—that the vessels which -arrived at Mobile during the months of June, July, and August, were -generally healthy—no vessel, except the Patriot, arrived from a West -Indian port. The schooner M’Donough arrived the 17th of July, from -Nassau, N. P.” He further states that “he took care of Snyder and Plank -during their illness, and assisted in burying them—that the attending -physicians, Lawton and Robinson, pronounced their disease _yellow -fever_, both before and after their deaths—that they both died with -_black vomit_ on the third or fourth day.” - -Graham, the seaman, states that “he shipped on board said sloop at -New-Orleans, and was on board when she sailed from Mobile—nine persons -were on board outward, four of which were passengers, one passenger died -at the Havanna three days after he arrived—had seven passengers on board -when the vessel left Havanna—no person unwell when they left there, or -during the voyage, excepting the cook and himself—the cook was sick all -the time he was on board—was himself sick at Havanna, and went on board -unwell—thinks he had not a malignant fever—took no medicine—had none on -board—and that the passengers knew his situation when they came on -board.” - -From the most diligent enquiry in regard to the state of the town, and -the cases of fever, which had existed before the arrival of the Patriot, -the condition of that vessel, the passengers and crew, as well as the -vessels which arrived from New Orleans and elsewhere, the committee are -constrained to express their decided conviction, that the malignant -fever which so recently afflicted our town, originated in the numerous -causes they have mentioned, favoured by the destructive effects of the -storm and the subsequent season. The effects of the change of weather on -the 10th of September, were very obvious to all. In a few days after the -wind changed to the northward, with a clear sky and hot sun, the fever -made its appearance in different parts of the town in all its fearful, -deadly type. On the 16th, 17th, and 18th, _thirty_ persons are reported -to have died. Alarm spread through the town, and those who could -conveniently, left it. Many, however, remained, and those of the poorer -class of people, who either lived in small, crowded, filthy dwellings, -or even without any, frequenting the grog-shops near the wharves, -lodging under the market-house, or other places exposed to the damps and -vapours of the night. In addition to these circumstances, many of them -were intemperate. Among this class of people, which embraces nearly all -those who arrived in town from the public works on Mobile bay, the fever -was observed to be dreadfully mortal—almost all of them died. Of more -than a hundred discharged at those works, who came to Mobile, it is -believed that very few are alive. At certain places in town, there was a -continual succession of these people arriving, and passing to the grave. -Regardless, through intemperance, of all the usual cautions for the -preservation of health—they were often crowded into rooms with the dying -and the dead, till they became themselves the victims of their temerity. -We cannot doubt that this class of people greatly increased and spread -the disease. The old cloaths, bedding, and such like articles, belonging -to them were, after their death, thrown into the streets, or back yards, -and there suffered to remain to infect the air with their poisonous -effluvia. - -The want of proper attention, nursing, and nourishment, to the sick -(which could by no means be had) was a cause, ever to be lamented, of -the great mortality attending the disease. - -Medical aid, also, was often neglected till the disease had made a -mortal progress beyond the power of medicine. In many cases medical aid -could not be obtained when desired. Several of the physicians themselves -were sick, and the others unable to attend the numerous calls for their -assistance—hence, many perished without medicine, or physician. - -The building used for a hospital for the poor was in the centre of the -town, and probably contributed to spread wider the disease, and increase -its malignity. _Fear_ in many instances was observed to produce most -unfortunate effects upon the patient, and defeated the intended -operations of medicine.—Some, in dreadful apprehension of the disease, -seemed to abandon hope of life, and sunk in death. - -With all these causes for the increased prevalence and mortality of the -fever, it plainly exhibited in its progress and various symptoms, the -most malignant character. The number of those who recovered from an -attack, between the 15th September, and 10th October, the period of its -greatest prevalence, was small; though the number cannot be ascertained. -After the latter period, as cooler weather advanced, the disease assumed -a milder character, and more frequently yielded to the powers of -medicine. - -In its type and symptoms it seems to have exhibited no peculiar -characteristic marks or effects to distinguish it from the yellow fever -of other seasons and places, as described by physicians; unless it be -the greater mortality which attended it, and that is believed to be -justly attributed to the causes already mentioned. Patients died -commonly in one, three, or five days after taken, with all the symptoms -of decided yellow fever. In the character of the disease, all the -physicians agreed, but different methods of treating it were practised. - -The committee find difficulty in ascertaining “the extent of the -sickness and mortality” with arithmetical exactness; although four of -their number were continually in town, during the prevalence of the -fever, and two others a considerable portion of the time. For a while -the disease seemed to be mostly confined to those employed about the -river and wharves, but in a few days after the prevalence of north wind, -and clear, hot sun, (September 10th,) it spread rapidly thro’ the whole -town, and from that date seems to have affected the Creole inhabitants, -people of colour, and even slaves. It is also noticed to have been -equally mortal with the female, as the male population; though the -former might be supposed less exposed to the influence of the general -causes of the disease, but they were, perhaps, oftentimes more exposed -to the fever in their immediate attendance on the sick. The number of -deaths from the first August to the tenth September, embracing every -description of people, was estimated by the physician who attended the -hospital, and the greatest number of the poor, and was probably better -informed on the subject than any other person, at an average of one a -day—forty souls. This may be nearly correct: and of this number it is -ascertained that only nine were inhabitants of the town, or embraced in -any estimate of our population. These persons are known to have died of -various diseases incident to the climate, excepting five or six—who are -supposed to have died of yellow fever. After the above period, the fever -assumed the predominant type, and spread death and dismay. From the -tenth of September to the termination of the fever in November, 113 -died, (four not of fever;) making the number of our inhabitants, who -probably died of the malignant fever, 115. From July first to December -first, the total number of deaths, including those who died out of town, -and those who died by casualties, was 137. The number of boatmen, -sailors, and workmen discharged from the public works, and transient -persons, who died at Mobile, during the latter period named, is -supposed, from the best information that can be obtained, to have -equalled that of the inhabitants, giving a total of 274. - -But to give an adequate idea of “the extent of the sickness and -mortality,” it seems necessary to notice the population of the town at -different periods of its prevalence; and here we must necessarily resort -to conjectural estimates. In the month of July, the resident population -of the town is estimated at 1,300 souls, and on the tenth September, -800, which were, in a few days after the known prevalence of yellow -fever, reduced to 500, and it is to be remarked that a considerable -portion of these were in the suburbs of the town, where the fever did -not prevail. - -But in a proportional view of the mortality to the population, exposed -to the disease, the number of our citizens who died of other diseases -antecedent to the prevalence of the fever, boatmen, sailors, and other -transient persons are to be deducted, which would shew the loss of our -inhabitants by the recent fever to be 115: and affords a proof of its -dreadful malignity. - -It was observed that the suburbs of the town, at no greater distance -than one mile from the river, were as healthy, during the prevalence of -the fever, as more distant parts of the country; and it is not known -that the disease was communicated, in any instance, to persons out of -the town, by the removal and attendance of the sick. Hence we infer that -the disease is only communicable in the atmosphere where it originated; -and even there, some pre-disposing causes appear to have been -necessarily existing, as a number of persons frequently in rooms with -the sick, the dying and the dead, in circumstances of the greatest -exposure, never took the fever. - -Some remarks upon the general state of the country around, in regard to -sickness or health, being intimately connected with this subject, as -influenced by general and common causes, may not be deemed improper. At -New-Orleans, Baton-Rouge, Natchez, and perhaps, generally upon the -Mississippi, as high as the latter place, the same species of fever -seems to have prevailed with great mortality. Natchez and New-Orleans, -it is understood, have suffered beyond any former examples; and in fact, -almost all our cities upon the sea coast, from Maine to Louisiana, -appear to have suffered in a greater or less degree from the same -species of fever; though they were favoured by a long established and -well regulated police. - -In the interior of the country, upon the waters of the Tombecbe and -Alabama, the sickness and mortality was greater than was ever known -before. At St. Stephens, Jackson, Fort Claiborne, and other places on -those rivers, bilious fevers, of the worst grade prevailed; and in many -instances we are warranted in saying, that in type and symptoms it -differed little from the fever, which prevailed in this town. - -The season has been a very uncommon one, and has produced as uncommon -effects; and wherever it has operated upon local causes, it appears to -have produced malignant fevers. In the town of Mobile,[1] art and labour -could scarcely have combined a more destructive mass, for the production -of malignant fever, under the operation of such a season, than is found -to have been laboriously collected together in filling up lots, streets, -and wharves: and the committee would do injustice to their own feelings, -and their sense of the duty they owe their fellow-citizens, were they to -suppress a warning voice of the danger that yet awaits them: if they be -not zealous and active in removal of the numerous causes of disease, -daily trodden under their feet, daily presented to their view. While -they walk the streets, disease will assail them in every quarter, while -they slumber in their beds, they will breathe the poison of death, until -the yards and enclosures are cleansed—until the streets and wharves are -radically reformed; and then, by the blessing of God, we shall prosper -in health. - - JACOB LUDLOW, } - DAVID RUST, } - H. V. CHAMBERLAIN, } - ADDIN LEWIS, } _Committee._ - DR. MAJOR, } - EDWARD HALL, } - PHILIP M’LOSKEY. } - -Footnote 1: - - Limits of the town—three miles in circumference. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES - - - 1. Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling. - 2. Archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as printed. - 3. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Report of the committee appointed to -investigate the causes and extent of, by Committee on Causes and Extent of the Late Extraordinary Sickness and Mortality in the Town - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REPORT OF COMMITTEE--MORTALITY--MOBILE *** - -***** This file should be named 63408-0.txt or 63408-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/3/4/0/63408/ - -Produced by Richard Tonsing and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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