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diff --git a/old/63397-0.txt b/old/63397-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 9758094..0000000 --- a/old/63397-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2030 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Select Glossary of the Texas Revolution, by -Jean Carefoot - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: A Select Glossary of the Texas Revolution - -Author: Jean Carefoot - -Release Date: October 6, 2020 [EBook #63397] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SELECT GLOSSARY--TEXAS REVOLUTION *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - - - - A Select Glossary of the - _TEXAS REVOLUTION_ - - - compiled by - Jean Carefoot - - - Archives Division - Texas State Library - - 1986 - - - - - PREFACE - - -The active period of the Texas Revolution lasted from October 2, 1835, -to April 22, 1836. The capture of General Santa Anna, coupled with the -decisive victory at San Jacinto, ended, for all practical purposes, the -war with Mexico. Mexico would mount two raids into Texas, each capturing -San Antonio temporarily. But never again did Mexico have permanent -control of any Texas territory north of the Rio Grande. The Treaty of -Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed in 1848, finally acknowledged Texas -independence from Mexico. - -The information for this select glossary of the Texas Revolution is -drawn from a number of sources, but principally from the three-volume -_Handbook of Texas_. With few exceptions, information about persons or -places is confined to the period from October 1835 through April 1836. -Additional information about the men who fought for and against Texas -independence can be found in the _Handbook_ and in the books listed in -the bibliography. - - - - - _The Texas Revolution_ - - -The summer of 1835 was filled with unrest. In June the colonists had -discovered that General Cos intended to use the military to force Texan -compliance with government regulations. William B. Travis and a body of -some 50 men responded to this threat in August by attacking and taking -the fort at Anahuac. The action, although universally condemned by the -Texans, strengthened Mexican determination to bring a military -peace-keeping force to Texas. - -Texans feared that rights and liberties guaranteed by the Mexican -Constitution of 1824 were threatened by this action and the increasing -centralization of the government in Mexico. Mexican officials viewed -Texan opposition as a direct attack on Mexican national honor, an insult -to the government which had generously allowed the colonists to settle -in Texas. - -The arrival of Mexican troops in Texas finally united the Texans in -opposition to Santa Anna’s government. When Colonel Ugartechea demanded -that a cannon at Gonzales be returned, the colonists refused. The first -battle of the Revolution took place. The Mexican commander was forced to -retreat. - -Gonzales fell on October 2; Goliad, on October 10. James Bowie and -William Barrett Travis captured Espada and Concepcion Missions in -October. Fort Lipantitlan surrendered in early November. Between -December 5 and December 10, after a month-long siege, San Antonio was -taken by the Texas Army and the Mexican troops remaining in Texas were -forced to retreat to Mexico. At year’s end, no “foreign” troops remained -on Texas soil. - -The battles of 1835 were fought mainly by Texas settlers, men who had a -vested interest in defending Texas’ soil. By the end of the year, -however, they believed the war was over, and they returned to their -homes. The 1836 campaign would be conducted principally with volunteers -from the United States, a weakness that would hamper the war effort -throughout the rest of the Revolution. - -While the Texan army drove out the Mexican forces, a “Consultation” of -delegates from each of the municipalities met to determine how best to -proceed. On November 7, they issued a declaration of causes for taking -up arms against Santa Anna. A vote of 33 to 15 favored the peace party: -Texas would fight to restore the Constitution of 1824 and to achieve -separate statehood for Texas within the Mexican confederation. - -A government of sorts was set up by the Consultation. It consisted of a -governor, council, and lieutenant governor. None of the parties held -sufficient executive or legislative powers. Furthermore, the governor, -Henry Smith, favored complete independence for Texas; a majority of the -council favored continuing as part of Mexico. Within a month these -parties were fighting among themselves. Then, on January 10, Governor -Smith attempted to dismiss the council; the council impeached Smith and -replaced him with Lt. Governor James W. Robinson. - -The split between Smith and the council was caused by attempts to mount -a Matamoros Expedition—an ill-favored plan to take the war outside of -Texas and to keep U. S. volunteers occupied. Although the Matamoros -Expedition never was organized, it drew off supplies and volunteers -desperately needed in Texas, and it divided the political and military -leaders at a time when unified action was essential. - -As winter held Texas in its grip, Santa Anna mounted a counterattack. -Arriving in San Antonio on February 23, he laid siege to the Alamo, -where 150 Texans attempted to buy time for Texas. Only 32 volunteers -from Gonzales came to reinforce the men at the Alamo. All were killed -shortly after dawn on March 6. - -While the Alamo was besieged, Texans met in Convention at -Washington-on-the-Brazos. On March 2, the Convention declared Texas -independence, and a Declaration to that effect was signed the following -day. Before the meeting adjourned, a constitution was drafted and an -interim government set up. - -Texan reverses in the field continued. Learning of the fall of the -Alamo, Sam Houston and the undermanned and untrained Texas army began a -hasty retreat eastward. - -F. W. Johnson was attacked at San Patricio on February 27, and only he -and four men survived. James Grant and his men were surrounded and -killed at Agua Dulce on March 2. - -Refugio was attacked and Amon King and the garrison were killed on March -16. William Ward, who had been sent to relieve King, was captured with -his men on March 22. They were marched to Goliad where they were -executed on March 27. - -Fannin, who had failed to respond to calls for help from the Alamo -because he lacked transport for his arms and supplies, finally began a -retreat on March 19. He and his men were caught outside Goliad at -Coleto. After fighting off several attacks, Fannin was finally forced to -surrender on the morning of the 20th. Returned to Goliad, Fannin and his -men awaited a decision about their fate. Gen. Urrea favored treating -them as prisoners of war; Santa Anna demanded that they be executed as -pirates. Santa Anna prevailed. His orders were carried out on Palm -Sunday, March 27. - -Throughout April, the remaining Texas troops fled to the east. While -they retreated, panic seized the colonists. The Runaway Scrape saw -hundreds of families take to the roads fleeing from the oncoming Mexican -army. Even the Texas government was caught up in the frenzy as Santa -Anna moved steadily eastward. Indeed, the government narrowly escaped -being captured as its members prepared to sail to Galveston. - -Finally, on April 20, the Mexican and Texan armies met at San Jacinto. A -brief skirmish was fought on April 20. Then, as the afternoon shadows -began to lengthen, on April 21 the Texan army advanced against Santa -Anna’s troops. What took place then was a slaughter of the Mexican army, -its men taken by surprise, cut off from escape. - -The Texan victory was completed the next day when a poorly-dressed -soldier was brought in from the field. The prisoners’ reactions soon -revealed that this was, indeed, President-General Antonio Lopez de Santa -Anna. For all practical purposes, the war was at an end. - - - - - A - - -Ad Interim Government The last act of the Convention of 1836 was to - elect an interim government to serve until the people of Texas - could ratify the Constitution and hold regular elections. David G. - Burnet served as president; Lorenzo de Zavala, vice-president. - This government acted from March 16 until October 16, 1836. - -Agua Dulce, Battle of Fought March 2, 1836. James Grant’s small body - of men, a part of the Matamoros Expedition, and troops commanded - by Jose Urrea met on a spot some 26 miles from San Patricio. Grant - and most of his men were killed. Those who escaped death either - were made prisoner by the Mexican army or were to join Fannin’s - forces at Goliad, only to be executed in the Goliad Massacre. - -Alamo Mission The Mission San Antonio de Valero, known as the “Alamo,” - was used as a fort by the Mexican army from 1821 until December - 1835. After a two-month siege, Texan troops took over San Antonio - on December 10, and drove the Mexican army from the city. Texan - soldiers hastened to the Alamo on February 23, 1836, as Santa - Anna’s army entered San Antonio. After a 13-day siege, the Mexican - army succeeded in taking the Alamo on March 6. None of the 187 - Texan soldiers survived the battle and its aftermath. - -Almonte, Juan Nepumoceno A colonel in the Mexican Army, Almonte - accompanied Santa Anna as an aide-de-camp. He was captured at San - Jacinto. Almonte’s report to the Mexican government in January - 1834 alerted the government to the possibility that Texas might be - taken from Mexico by force or by diplomacy. - -Anahuac Angered over the arrest of Andrew Briscoe, citizens of - Anahuac, led by William B. Travis, attacked the garrison on June - 29, 1835. Mexican troops under Antonio Tenorio were forced to - surrender and were expelled on June 30. The action was condemned - by most Texans, and numerous communities sent in protests to the - Mexican government. Mexico retaliated by sending military forces - under the command of General Cos to Texas to quell any future - demonstrations. - -Archer, Branch Tanner Before joining the Consultation, Archer - participated in the capture of Gonzales. He was the president of - the Consultation, and he was appointed by that body to serve as - one of three commissioners to the United States, empowered to - secure men and money for the war effort. - -Austin, Stephen Fuller His speech at Brazoria on September 8, 1835, - encouraged the colonists to seek independence from Mexican rule. - Austin was elected commander-in-chief of the Volunteer Army in the - field, and, as such, directed the operations of the Texan army - before Bexar. In November 1835, the Consultation appointed him a - Commissioner to the United States, where he worked throughout the - remainder of the Revolution, negotiating for men and money to - support the revolutionary forces. - -Austin, William Tennant At the beginning of hostilities, he sent - supplies to the Texas army from the mouth of the Brazos. He - participated in the siege of Bexar and later served as an aide to - Stephen F. Austin, Edward Burleson, and Sam Houston. - - - - - B - - -Baker, Moseley A leader of the war party in Texas before the - Revolution, Baker went into east Texas with F. W. Johnson to - recruit soldiers for Texas in August 1835. Baker fought in the - battle of Gonzales and the Grass Fight. He was elected captain of - his company on March 1, 1836. His command prevented the Mexicans’ - crossing the Brazos during the Texas Army’s retreat. After burning - San Felipe, he rejoined Houston’s army and was wounded in the - battle of San Jacinto. In that engagement, Baker commanded Company - D, 1st Regiment of the Texas Volunteers. - -Barrett, Don Carlos Barrett served as president of the Mina Committee - of Safety and Correspondence and represented that community at the - Consultation. Barrett was instrumental in framing the Declaration - of November 7, 1835. After the session, Barrett became a member of - the General Council. He was elected judge advocate general of the - Texas Army, but resigned because of ill health shortly after Henry - Smith’s impeachment. - -Bean, Peter Ellis Bean had served in the Mexican wars for independence - from Spain, and, for that reason, was regarded with suspicion by - the colonists. However, he is credited with having kept the Indian - tribes from interfering with the Texan army throughout the - Revolution. Neither side fully trusted him during the war. - -Beason’s Ferry Crossing on the Colorado River, south of Burn(h)am’s - Ferry. Santa Anna’s army crossed the river at this point on April - 5, 1836. - -Bexar The term encompasses both the presidio of San Antonio de Bexar - and the villa of San Fernando de Bexar, which became present-day - San Antonio. It also includes the municipality of Bexar which - eventually became Bexar county. - -Benavides, Placido Benavides organized a band of Mexican soldiers to - fight for the Texan cause at the outbreak of hostilities. In - February 1836, he was with James Grant at the battle of Agua Dulce - Creek. Grant ordered him to escape and to report the news of - Urrea’s arrival to Fannin at Goliad. - -Bonham, James Butler Bonham was commissioned a lieutenant of cavalry - on December 20, 1835. He arrived at the Alamo some time between - January 18 and 23, possibly with James Bowie. At the beginning of - Santa Anna’s siege, Travis sent Bonham to Goliad to request - reinforcements from Fannin. On Bonham’s return, he was sent to - Goliad and Gonzales to raise volunteers. In spite of the danger, - Bonham forced his way back into the Alamo on March 3 and died - there on March 6. - -Borden, Gail Jr. Borden published the _Telegraph and Texas Register_, - beginning the publication on October 10, 1835. The press had to be - moved from San Felipe to Harrisburg and then to Columbia as the - Texans retreated before Santa Anna’s advance. - -Borden, John P. Borden fought under Collinsworth at Goliad, October 7, - 1835. Along with five other men, he signed a protest addressed to - S. F. Austin, demanding that the men of Goliad be allowed to - choose their own commander. He served under Dimmitt, but was - discharged January 11. He rejoined the army on February 29, and, - as a member of Moseley Baker’s company, he fought in the battle of - San Jacinto. - -Bowie, James A leader in the battle of Concepcion and the Grass Fight, - Bowie also participated in the siege of Bexar and the surrender of - General Cos. He commanded the volunteer forces in San Antonio when - William B. Travis arrived with regular army troops. After James C. - Neill left the San Antonio on February 14, 1836, Bowie and Travis - shared command of the army: Travis in charge of the regular - forces; Bowie, of the volunteers. He was stricken with “typhoid - pneumonia” on February 24 and remained confined to his cot - throughout the siege and fall of the Alamo. - -Bowles, Chief (The Bowl) Chief of the Cherokee tribes in East Texas, - Bowles was reported to have accepted a Mexican commission during - the Revolution. However, he signed a treaty of peace with the - Texas government on February 23, 1836, and the war ran its course - with no organized Indian interference. - -_Bravo_ A Mexican war vessel blockading the Texas coast in early - November, the _Bravo_ participated in the capture of the American - ship, the _Hannah Elizabeth_. The _Bravo_, with two other Mexican - ships, fought an engagement with the Texan man-of-war - _Independence_ in April 1836. - - Another ship, formerly called the _Montezuma_ but rechristened the - _Bravo_ was engaged in battle by the _Invincible_, commanded by - Captain Jeremiah Brown. The battle took place at the mouth of the Rio - Grande, about 35 miles from Matamoros. The _Bravo_ grounded and was - crippled by a broadside fired from the _Invincible_. - -Brazoria Most men from Brazoria had joined the Texan army at the - outbreak of the war. Nearly all of the remaining population had - fled in the Runaway Scrape when Jose Urrea burned the town on - April 22, 1836. - -_Brutus_ The _Brutus_ was bought and equipped as a privateer by - Augustus C. and John K. Allen. The brothers sold the ship to the - Texas Navy on January 25, 1836. The ship did not see action in the - war, however. - -Bryan, Moses Austin While Stephen F. Austin commanded the Texan - volunteers in the field, Bryan served as his secretary. After - Austin’s retirement from the army, Bryan joined the army as - private and fought in Moseley Baker’s company in the battle of San - Jacinto. At the time, he was serving as Thomas J. Rusk’s - aide-de-camp. He was an interpreter at the conference between - General Houston and Santa Anna. - -Bryan, William A New Orleans merchant, Bryan furnished men and money - to the Revolution. He was appointed general agent for Texas by the - General Council on January 26, 1836, and, with his partner Edward - Hall, he served as purchasing agent for the revolutionary - government. - -Buffalo Bayou This stream flows east from Fort Bend County to the San - Jacinto River. On April 20, 1836, Sam Houston’s army crossed the - San Jacinto River at Lynch’s Ferry and camped on the south bank of - Buffalo Bayou. On April 21, the battle of San Jacinto was fought - on its banks, near the point where the stream flows into the San - Jacinto River. - -Burleson, Edward At Gonzales, on October 10, 1835, Burleson was - elected colonel of the only regiment raised under Stephen F. - Austin’s command. He succeeded Austin in the command of the - volunteer army in November. On December 3, Burleson was forced to - order a withdrawal of the army to Goliad, but Milam’s support of - an advance against Bexar countermanded that move. On December 18, - Burleson succeeded Philip Sublett as colonel of infantry. At San - Jacinto he commanded the 1st Regiment of Texas Volunteers. - -Burnam’s Ferry Also spelled “Burnham’s,” the ferry was at the La Bahia - Road crossing of the Colorado River. Sam Houston’s army crossed - the river at this point on March 17, 1836. The ferry was destroyed - on March 19 to prevent its being used by the Mexican army. - -Burnet, David Gouverneur Burnet represented the Municipality of - Liberty in the Consultation. The Convention of 1836 elected him - president of the interim government, a position he held until - October 16, 1836. - - - - - C - - -Centralists A Mexican political party which supported a strong central - government (instead of a federal system). Although Santa Anna had - originally gained the presidency of Mexico by supporting the - federal cause, he had decided in 1834 that Mexico was not yet - ready for democracy. He dissolved the state legislatures in - October 1835, putting the nation under a single, central governing - body. - -Chambers, Thomas Jefferson Chambers took an active part in the events - leading to the Revolution. He offered his land for security to - raise men and money for the war. The provisional government - commissioned him a major general of reserves and sent him to the - United States to secure volunteers and munitions. - -Childress, George Campbell Childress was elected a delegate to the - Convention of 1836 shortly after he arrived in Texas. There, he - called the assembly to order and, after permanent organization, - moved that a committee of five be appointed to write a declaration - of independence. The document reported out by the committee was - written by Childress. - -Coleto, Battle of Fought March 19-20, 1836, this battle was the - culmination of the Goliad campaign. James W. Fannin and some 400 - men from Goliad were falling back toward Guadalupe Victoria when - they were attacked by Urrea’s men near Coleto Creek. Although the - Texans countered three attacks, they were forced to surrender when - their water supplies ran out and Urrea’s main army arrived on the - March 20. - -Collinsworth, George Morse Collinsworth raised a company of 52 men - from Matagorda, and, along with additional troops under Ben Milam, - took Goliad on October 9, 1835. He was in command at Goliad until - November 18. The General Council appointed him collector of - customs for the port of Matagorda on December 10, 1835. - -Collinsworth, James The General Council elected Collinsworth captain - of the Texas Regiment of Infantry (probably never organized). He - represented Brazoria in the Convention of 1836, where he nominated - Sam Houston for commander-in-chief. In the army, he assisted the - families fleeing in the Runaway Scrape. He was made a major and - appointed an aide-de-camp to Houston on April 8. His conduct in - the battle of San Jacinto was commended by both Houston and Thomas - J. Rusk in their reports. - -Committee on Military Affairs Created by the General Council, the - Committee on Military Affairs, through its recommendations and its - immediate supervision of military matters, did much to influence - the conduct of the war from November 1835 through January 1836. - Its members included Wyatt Hanks, J. D. Clements, and R. R. Royal. - -Committees of Safety and Correspondence On May 8, 1835, Mina organized - a Committee of Safety and Correspondence, and Gonzales and Viesca - followed suit a few days later. By the end of the summer, most - communities in Texas had such organizations. Their purpose was to - keep people in touch with developments that affected the - Revolution. - -Concepcion, Battle of James Bowie and James W. Fannin, with a - detachment of 90 men were scouting for a secure campground when, - on October 28, they were attacked by a Mexican cavalry force about - a mile from Concepcion Mission. The battle lasted some thirty - minutes, ending when the main body of the Texan army joined the - fight. The army took over the mission grounds for a campsite. - -Consultation Called for October 16, 1836, at San Felipe de Austin, the - Consultation failed to convene a quorum until November 3. Although - sharply divided between the “war hawks” and the “peace doves,” the - body issued its “Declaration of November 7, 1835,” stating that - the war’s aim was to restore the Mexican Constitution of 1824 and - to make Texas an independent state within the Mexican - Confederation. Sam Houston was made commander-in-chief of the - regular army, a government was set up, authorized by the Organic - Law, and three commissioners were sent to the United States to - seek money and soldiers. The Consultation adjourned on November - 14. - -Convention of 1836 The General Council, over Governor Smith’s veto, - called for a Convention to assemble at Washington-on-the-Brazos on - March 1, 1836. The Convention adopted a declaration of - independence, wrote a constitution, and elected a provisional - government before adjourning hastily on March 17. - -Cos, Martin Perfecto de Cos was Santa Anna’s brother-in-law, sent to - Texas in September 1835 to investigate the colonists’ refusal to - pay duties at Anahuac. Cos landed 500 men at Matagorda Bay and - then established headquarters at San Antonio. He intended to expel - all who had come to Texas since 1830 and anyone opposed to Santa - Anna. Forced to surrender San Antonio on December 10, Cos and his - men were allowed to return to Mexico on their pledge never to take - up arms against Texas again. However, Cos returned, commanding a - column at the assault on the Alamo. He crossed Vince’s Bridge with - reinforcements for Santa Anna just before Deaf Smith destroyed the - bridge on April 21, 1836. He was captured after the battle of San - Jacinto. - -Crockett, David He came to Texas “to fight for his rights.” Crockett - and some of his “Tennessee boys” joined William B. Travis at the - Alamo, where he and his men were killed. Contemporary reports from - both Texan and Mexican sources claim that Crockett survived the - assault on the Alamo, only to be executed on Santa Anna’s order. - -Cuellar, Jesus “Comanche” Cuellar served as a guide for Ugartechea in - November 1835 and fought under Cos during the siege of Bexar. He - deserted the Mexican forces, reported to Edward Burleson the - weaknesses in the defenses, and guided the Texans into San - Antonio. He joined James Grant for the proposed Matamoros - Expedition, but attached himself to James W. Fannin’s command at - Goliad. He devised a plan for defeating Urrea’s army, but Fannin - was unable to put it into effect. Cuellar was sent to Refugio to - warn Ward of Mexican army operations, and from there he joined the - Texas Army. - - - - - D - - -de Zavala, Lorenzo A prominent Mexican Federalist and a Texas - empresario, de Zavala moved his family to a home on Buffalo Bayou - in December 1835. He supported the colonists in both their attempt - to restore the Constitution of 1824 and in their later move for - independence. He represented Harrisburg in the Consultation and in - the Convention of 1836. He was elected interim vice president on - March 17, 1836. His home was used as a hospital for the wounded - after the battle of San Jacinto. - -Declaration of Independence Issued by the Convention of 1836, the - document called for complete independence from Mexico. Written by - George Childress, the declaration was approved by the Convention - on March 2 and was signed on March 3, 1836. The original document - was deposited in the United States Secretary of State’s office; - five other copies were sent out to cities in Texas. The five - copies were lost, but the original document was returned to Texas - in 1896. - -Declaration of November 7, 1835 Adopted by the Consultation, the - document set out the reasons for making war against Santa Anna. - Among its provisions were 1) Texas pledged support of the - Constitution of 1824, whose terms Santa Anna had violated; 2) - Texas was no longer bound by the compact of union because of this - violation; and 3) Texas had the right to set up an independent - government within the federation, and it would support any other - Mexican state willing to take up arms in defense of federal - principles. - -Dickinson, Mrs. Almeron (Suzanna A.) Mrs. Dickinson and her daughter - were in the Alamo with her husband Almeron Dickinson when the - Alamo fell. One of the few survivors, Mrs. Dickinson was given a - Mexican escort when she and her child left San Antonio after the - battle. - -Dimmitt, Philip Dimmitt (also spelled “Dimitt” and “Dimmit”) joined - George M. Collinsworth in the assault on Goliad in October 1835. - He remained at Goliad as captain, but Stephen F. Austin replaced - him after receiving complaints about Dimmitt’s conduct from the - alcalde of Goliad and former Governor Agustin Viesca. He - participated in the siege of Bexar, then returned to Goliad. - Dimmitt helped to frame the Goliad Declaration of Independence. He - resigned his command on January 17, 1836. Dimmitt left the Alamo - on February 23 and returned to Dimmitt’s Landing where he - maintained a small force of men throughout the Revolution. - -Duval, Burr H. Duval gathered a band of Texas sympathizers, called the - Kentucky Mustangs, and set out for Texas in November 1835. - Arriving at Quintana, the men set out for Goliad where they joined - James W. Fannin’s command. He fought in the battle of Coleto, and - was executed on March 27. - -Duval, John Crittenden Duval joined his brother’s volunteer force and - was with him in the battle of Coleto. John Duval, however, was - able to escape. His description of the Goliad massacre, his escape - and subsequent adventures became a Texas classic. - - - - - E - - -Eleven League Grants Under the Mexican Law of March 24, 1825, the - government of Coahuila and Texas could sell eleven league grants - only to Mexicans—an attempt to place some restrictions on land - speculation by Anglo American settlers and to reward loyalty to - the Federalist cause. However, the colonists found it easy, once a - grant was issued, to transfer these titles to themselves. Traffic - in eleven league grants increased markedly after 1830. - -Espada Mission Pursuant to an order by General Stephen F. Austin, - James Bowie and James Fannin proceeded to San Francisco de la - Espada Mission to gather information and supplies. On October 22, - after a short engagement with the enemy, men in Bowie and Fannin’s - detachment captured the mission. They were able to repel a Mexican - attack on the 24th successfully. - - - - - F - - -Fannin, James Walker, Jr. Fannin participated in the battle of - Gonzales as captain of the Brazos Guards. With James Bowie, Fannin - led the Texan forces in the battle of Concepcion and the capture - of the Espada Mission. Fannin was offered the position of - Inspector General of the Texan forces by the General Council, but - he took, instead, an honorable discharge on November 22, 1835. He - then spent time campaigning for a larger army. On December 7, Sam - Houston commissioned Fannin a colonel in the regular army; on - December 10, the General Council ordered him to enlist - reinforcements and contract for war supplies. As agent for the - government, Fannin began recruiting forces for the proposed - Matamoros Expedition on January 9. He was elected colonel of the - Provisional Regiment of Volunteers at Goliad on February 7, and he - acted as commander-in-chief of the army from February 12 to March - 12, 1836. Learning that Urrea had occupied Matamoros, Fannin and - his men fell back on Goliad and began fortifying the city. Ordered - to relieve William B. Travis at the Alamo, Fannin made a - short-lived effort to transport supplies and ammunition. When the - transport wagons broke down, the soldiers voted to return to - Goliad. After the fall of the Alamo, Houston ordered Fannin to - retreat to Guadalupe Victoria. Fannin delayed, however, staying in - Goliad until March 19. Urrea’s forces surrounded Fannin’s troops - at Coleto Creek, and, after two days of pitched fighting, Fannin - was forced to surrender. He and his men were executed at Goliad on - March 27. - -Federalists A Mexican political party which supported a federal system - of government. The federalists opposed Santa Anna’s proposal to do - away with the Mexican Constitution of 1824. The party also - advocated separate statehood for Texas. These men assisted the - Texans during the 1835 campaign, abandoning the Texan cause only - when the colonists declared independence from Mexico. - -Filisola, Vicente An Italian general, second in command to Santa Anna, - Filisola supervised the troop crossings at the Colorado after the - army left San Antonio. He joined Gaona in the march eastward. On - April 23 Filisola received news of Santa Anna’s capture. Ordering - the men under his command to congregate near Fort Bend, Filisola - tried to surrender command. When his fellow generals refused to - accept the resignation, Filisola led the Mexican retreat. - -_Flash_ The _Flash_ was a privateer fitted out for Texas in the spring - of 1836. The ship picked up victims of the Runaway Scrape on the - Brazos and took them to Morgan’s Point. At Morgan’s Point, the - _Flash_ took on the Texan provisional government and transported - its members to Galveston, narrowly escaping capture by Almonte’s - forces. - -_Flora_ An American schooner, the _Flora_ took Sam Houston to New - Orleans for medical treatment after the battle of San Jacinto. - -Fort Bend Santa Anna transported his troops across the Brazos at this - point. Later, as the Mexican forces retreated before the Texan - army, Filisola gathered his available forces here and attempted to - resign command. - -Fort Defiance James Fannin wrote the government in February to say - that the men of Goliad, after strengthening the fort there, had - elected to rename it “Fort Defiance.” - -Fort Jessup The federal fort across the border in Louisiana. Secret - messages from the fort’s commander, E. P. Gaines, to Sam Houston - offered assistance in the pursuit of the war. Troops from Fort - Jessup did, in fact, come onto Texan soil when rumors of Indian - uprisings in the Nacogdoches area were received. - -Four Hundred League Grant The Coahuila and Texas legislature passed an - act on March 14, 1835, authorizing the government to sell 400 - leagues of land without regard to the size of individual grants—a - violation of previously legislated limitations on the amount of - land which could be purchased by one individual. The scandal - divided Texans throughout much of the Revolution. Attempts to - protect these extensive land purchases were the basis for repeated - efforts to mount a Matamoros Expedition. - - - - - G - - -Gaines, Edmund Pendleton At Stephen F. Austin’s invitation, General - Gaines led a troop of United States soldiers into east Texas to - quell a threatened Indian uprising. They remained in the - Nacogdoches area until the Texan government had been organized - after the end of the war. - -Galveston Members of the _ad interim_ government fled to Galveston in - April 1836. It became the temporary capital of the Republic, until - the government was sworn in at Columbia in October 1836. - -Gaona, Antonio Gaona was a general in the Mexican army. Santa Anna - ordered him to march to Nacogdoches by way of Bastrop. These - orders were changed on April 15. Gaona was to proceed from Bastrop - to San Felipe to join Santa Anna’s forces. Gaona’s men became lost - in the “desert” around Bastrop, causing them to miss their - rendezvous with Santa Anna and participation in the battle of San - Jacinto. - -Goliad Formerly called La Bahia, Goliad was a major point of military - operations in both 1835 and 1836. Texans captured Goliad on - October 9, 1835. Supplies captured in this battle allowed Stephen - F. Austin and his men to carry on the siege of Bexar. James W. - Fannin marched his command to Goliad and set up headquarters near - the presidio. He remained committed to the defense of Goliad, - seeing it as the most suitable location for a supply depot for the - Texan forces in the field. James B. Bonham’s arrival from the - Alamo, requesting men and supplies to relieve William B. Travis, - caused Fannin to attempt a rescue mission. The effort failed, and - Fannin remained at Goliad until March 19. As Urrea’s forces neared - Goliad, they fought a number of skirmishes with troops under the - command of Johnson, Ward, King, and Grant. The survivors of these - conflicts—when there were any—rallied to Goliad, only to be - captured at Coleto, marched back to Goliad and executed. - -Goliad Declaration of Independence A document drafted by Philip - Dimmitt and Ira Ingram, the Declaration was read to the citizens - of Goliad on December 20, 1835. 91 signatures were attached, and - the document was sent to the General Council. It arrived just as - the government was deep in negotiations with sympathetic - Federalists. The Declaration did not have any immediate effect on - the Texan’s conduct of the war or their reasons for fighting. It - did, however, alienate popular Mexican support for the Texan - cause. - -Goliad Massacre James W. Fannin’s men captured at Coleto along with - survivors of units commanded by Ward and Grant were returned to - Goliad after the battle of Coleto. When Fannin surrendered, he - understood that the men would be treated as prisoners of war, and - Urrea did request that the prisoners be so regarded. The Mexican - government, however, had passed the Black Decrees. Anyone taking - up arms against the Mexican government was to be considered a - pirate and was subject to immediate execution. Santa Anna wrote - back ordering immediate execution, and he backed that order up - with a similar one to Nicolas de la Portilla, the commander at - Goliad. On Palm Sunday, March 27, 1836 unwounded Texans were - divided into three columns and were marched down three roads to - points about a half mile outside Goliad. Ordered to halt, the men - were cut down by firing squads. Men from two of the columns, - halted near wooded areas, were able to make an escape and to carry - the news of the slaughter. Fannin, who had been wounded at Coleto, - and about 40 men were killed at the fort. - -Gonzales, Battle of An engagement fought four miles above Gonzales, - the battle took place on October 2, 1835. When, in the latter part - of September, Domingo de Ugartechea demanded the city surrender - its cannon, the colonists refused. They buried the cannon in - George W. Davis’s peach orchard on September 29. When the men - under Francisco Castaneda marched on the town, the colonists dug - up the cannon, mounted it, and fired the first shot of the - Revolution. When the Mexican army learned that the unit sent to - capture the cannon was taken prisoner, it stopped west of the - Guadalupe. - -Gonzales, Jose Maria A federalist colonel, Gonzales escorted former - governor Agustin Viesca in his flight to Texas. In San Antonio, - Gonzales issued a proclamation calling on Mexicans to support the - Texan cause and to restore the Constitution of 1824. In January, - he led a force against the Mexican town of Mier. Urrea marched to - intercept the army, and, although he captured 24 federalist rebels - on January 22, Gonzales and the rest made their escape. The - captives were used as guides and scouts for Urrea’s army as they - marched through Texas. - -Grant, James Dr. Grant joined the siege of Bexar. He was elected the - Goliad representative to the consultation, but remained in the - field during that body’s deliberations. In early spring 1836, - Grant and F. W. Johnson organized a Matamoros Expedition and - proceeded as far as San Patricio. Grant and a party of 15 - volunteers were attacked at Agua Dulce Creek on March 2. Grant was - killed, and most of his men who escaped were taken prisoner and - marched to Goliad where they were executed on March 27. - -Grass Fight On the afternoon of November 26, James Bowie with about - 100 men attacked a pack train believed to be carrying supplies and - pay for the Mexican troops in San Antonio. The engagement took - place about a mile from San Antonio. Seeing the battle in - progress, Cos began firing from the Alamo. Bowie’s detachment was - joined by the main army. The Mexicans eventually retreated to San - Antonio. The packs, when opened, were found to contain only grass - for the Mexican cavalry horses. - -Groce’s Landing Located on the site of the Bernardo Plantation at the - Maelina or Coushatta Crossing of the Brazos in present-day Waller - County. Leonard H. Groce was operating the plantation at the - outbreak of the Revolution. The Texas Army camped there on the - west bank of the river, one-half mile from the ferry, from March - 31 to April 14, 1836. - - - - - H - - -Hall, Warren D. C. Hall was a member of the Committee of Safety at - Columbia. David G. Burnet appointed him adjutant general, and he - served as secretary of war while Thomas J. Rusk was in the field - with the Texas army. - -_Hannah Elizabeth_ On November 19, 1835, the American schooner _Hannah - Elizabeth_ was attacked by the Mexican armed vessel _Bravo_. On - November 21, the Texan privateer _William Robbins_, which had - received letters of marque and reprisal from the Texas government, - landed 20 volunteers, the captain and 3 crew members. They took - the _Hannah Elizabeth_ from the Mexican captors. Considering the - ship as salvage, the Texans eventually sold its cargo at auction, - an action which led to considerable criticism from other Texans as - well as protests from the United States. - -Harrisburg The General Council designated Harrisburg as the seat of - government for the newly-created Municipality of Harrisburg. On - April 16 Santa Anna burned the entire town, leaving only John W. - Moore’s residence standing. - -Horton, Albert Clinton Horton came to Texas with the Mobile Grays in - late December 1835. In the spring, Horton raised a cavalry unit to - go to James W. Fannin’s relief. They arrived at Goliad on March - 16, and on March 17, the unit fought a brief skirmish with Urrea’s - troops. His men were sent out to investigate the crossing at - Coleto Creek on March 19, but when they returned, they found - Fannin already surrounded by Urrea’s forces. Horton fell back, - seeing the hopelessness of rendering any practical aid to Fannin. - -Horton, Alexander Horton served in the Consultation as the - representative of Ayish Bayou. After Sam Houston was named - commander-in-chief of the Texas Army in 1836, Horton became his - aide-de-camp. He fought in the battle of San Jacinto. - -Houston, Sam A delegate to the Consultation, Houston was elected major - general of the regular Texas Army by the General Council on - November 12. He left to join the Texas forces at Goliad and - Refugio on January 8. When he arrived, however, the volunteers - refused to serve under him because of Houston’s opposition to the - Matamoros Expedition. Houston went to east Texas and spent - February negotiating peace treaties with the Indians. He - represented Refugio in the Convention of 1836, and he was - appointed commander-in-chief of all army units—regular, volunteer, - and militia—by that body. He took command at Gonzales on March 11. - Two days later he ordered a retreat eastward after receiving news - of the fall of the Alamo. Finally halting at Groce’s Landing, - Houston spent the next month training the raw recruits who made up - the remaining Texas Army. On April 14 he then began the march - which culminated in the battle of San Jacinto on April 21. Houston - was severely wounded in the ankle in that engagement, and on May 5 - he went to New Orleans for medical treatment. - - - - - I - - -_Independence_ This Texas Navy schooner was formerly the United States - Revenue Cutter _Ingham_. The _Independence_ was flagship of the - Texas Navy, and on January 10, 1836, took her first cruise to - Mexico under the command of Captain Charles E. Hawkins. On March - 20, she undertook a second cruise to Mexico, during which she - destroyed a number of small Mexican vessels. In early April, she - exchanged fire with the Mexican brigs of war _Urrea_ and _Bravo_, - but the Mexican ships withdrew before the _Independence_’s fire. - She returned to Galveston on April 28. On May 5, Santa Anna, - President Burnet and the Cabinet sailed on the _Independence_ for - Velasco, arriving there on May 8. - -_Invincible_ McKinney and Williams purchased the _Invincible_ and sold - her to the Texas government on January 5, a move strongly opposed - by Governor Smith. Jeremiah Brown was commissioned as her captain - on March 12. The _Invincible_ engaged the _Bravo_ and wrecked her - on April 3. During this fight, the American ship _Pocket_ sailed - up and was captured by the _Invincible_. For this action, the - United Stated declared the _Invincible_ a pirate ship. The U. S. - sloop _Warren_ captured her and took the ship and crew to New - Orleans on May 1. They were tried on May 4, but were not - convicted. - - - - - J - - -Jack, William H. He was a member of the Committee of Safety from - Brazoria. During the revolution, Jack participated in the Grass - Fight and the battle of San Jacinto. From April 2 to October 22, - 1836, he was Secretary of State under President Burnet. - -Jameson, Green B. Jameson served under Bowie as aide and chief - engineer. At the Alamo he was responsible for strengthening the - defenses and remounting the cannon. He was killed in the fall of - the Alamo, March 6. - -Johnson, Francis White At the beginning of the Revolution Johnson was - appointed adjutant and Inspector General under Stephen F. Austin - and Edward Burleson. He led one of the divisions into San Antonio - during the siege of Bexar and was in command at the taking of the - Alamo in December. In January, he ordered an expedition to - Matamoros, in spite of opposition from Governor Smith and General - Houston. On February 27, Johnson with a detachment of fifty men - was surprised by Urrea at San Patricio. All but Johnson and four - men were killed. - - - - - K - - -Karnes, Henry Wax Karnes fought in the battle of Concepcion and in the - siege of Bexar. He organized a company of cavalry at Gonzales on - March 20, 1836. Before the battle of San Jacinto, Karnes was sent - on a spy mission with Erastus (Deaf) Smith to report on Mexican - troop movements around Harrisburg. He and Juan N. Seguin followed - the Mexican army’s retreat to protect Texan property. - -Kimbro, William Kimbro raised a company of volunteers for the army in - September 1835. This company fought under his command in the - battle of San Jacinto. - -King, Amon Butler Kings came to Texas in 1835 with the Paducah - Volunteers, formed from Peyton S. Wyatt’s Huntsville Company. - After reporting to Sam Houston, he was sent to Refugio in January. - In March, King and his company were ordered to Goliad. They - returned to Refugio on March 10 to bring stranded families and - supplies back to Goliad. The group was attacked by _rancheros_, - but King succeeded in getting the families to Refugio mission on - March 12. Surrounded by the _rancheros_, King sent to James W. - Fannin for relief. William Ward’s company was able to break up the - siege on March 13. King, however, refused to return to Goliad with - Ward, insisting instead on attacking the _rancheros_. Ward - remained at Refugio to await King. On March 14, King’s return to - Refugio was blocked by Urrea’s company. After a day-long battle, - King’s men attempted to make their way back to Goliad, but soaked - their guns and powder in the river as they undertook a crossing. - They were captured on March 15 by Captain Carlos de la Garza and - returned to the mission, along with stragglers from Ward’s - company. They were taken out to be shot, but German officers in - the Mexican army heard some of the prisoners speaking German. The - group of 33 were returned to Refugio, where the Germans and some - others of the prisoners were released. King and the remaining - prisoners were marched out on March 16 and shot. Their bodies were - left unburied on the plain. - - - - - L - - -La Bahia The settlement which grew up around the presidio of La Bahia - also took the name “La Bahia.” On February 4, 1829, the Congress - of Coahuila y Texas declared it a town and changed the name to - Goliad. In correspondence and reports during the Texas revolution, - the terms “La Bahia” and “Goliad” are used more or less - interchangeably. - -Lamar, Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamar joined the Texas army as it retreated - eastward after the fall of the Alamo. At San Jacinto, on April 20, - Lamar’s quick action saved the lives of Thomas J. Rusk and Walter - P. Lane when they were surrounded by the enemy. He was - commissioned a colonel on the following day and assigned the - command of the cavalry in the battle of San Jacinto. - -_Liberty_ Formerly the _William Robbins_, the _Liberty_ was purchased - from McKinney and Williams. Its name was changed in January, 1836, - when it began a cruise to seek out Mexican vessels of war. On - March 3, it captured the _Pelicano_ at Sisal, Yucatan. - -Lipantitlan Mexican fort on the Nueces captured by the Texans under - the command of Ira Westover on November 4, 1835. - -Lockhart, Byrd Lockhart commanded a company at the siege of Bexar. In - March he was sent from the Alamo to get supplies and - reinforcements. As a result, he survived the fall of the Alamo and - later joined a spy company in the Texas Army. - - - - - M - - -Martin, Wylie Martin was the political chief of Gonzales in 1835. - Although he thought the Declaration of Independence premature, he - raised a company and joined Houston at Columbus. He was sent to - guard river crossings on the Brazos, but his force was unable to - prevent the Mexican army’s crossing at Richmond. Martin returned - to headquarters, surrendered his command, and went to aid families - caught up in the Runaway Scrape. - -Matagorda Captured by Urrea on April 13, the town had been deserted, - although some of its inhabitants could be seen on Culebra Island, - south of Matagorda. Urrea took the supplies housed there and - ordered the pier fortified. - -Matamoros Expedition First proposed by the Consultation on November - 13, 1835, the Matamoros Expedition was a disrupting factor - throughout the Revolution. James Bowie was ordered to lead an - expedition on December 17; later, the General Council ordered - Houston to undertake the mission. Houston declined the command; - Bowie never received his orders. In January 1836, the General - Council ordered both James W. Fannin and F. W. Johnson to command - a Matamoros Expedition. Johnson, with James Grant, took troops to - Goliad and Refugio. However, at Refugio, Sam Houston’s protests - against the legality of the Expedition caused considerable - desertion. The remaining men were attacked by Urrea’s army at San - Patricio and at Agua Dulce. Fannin, meanwhile, marched to Goliad - where he remained until March 19. He and his men were attacked at - Coleto and defeated on March 20. - -McKinney, Williams and Company Thomas F. McKinney and Samuel May - Williams provided much-needed supplies and money during the - revolution. The Texas government purchased the _William Robbins_ - (which was renamed the _Liberty_) and the _Invincible_ from the - firm. From the United States, Williams supplied arms and - ammunition. The company provided some $99,000 worth of goods and - services to Texas during the war. The government also authorized - McKinney, Williams and Company to raise up to $100,000 on Texas - lands for the war effort. Although Williams preferred fighting to - support the Mexican Constitution of 1824, he came to accept the - war for Texas independence. McKinney, on the other hand, continued - to work for Texas but remained opposed to Texas independence for - years after the war had ended. - -Mexia, Jose Antonio In November 1835, Mexia sailed from New Orleans - for Tampico with a group of 150 men. Their attempt to capture the - city failed, and, after remaining in the fort at Tampico for - twelve days, he and most of his men retreated. They returned to - Texas in December. He attempted to raise a Matamoros Expedition, - but opposition by Governor Henry Smith and lack of funds prevented - the project from materializing. Mexia declined orders to proceed - with his troops to San Antonio, declaring that his services would - be better used in recruiting. He returned to New Orleans where he - spent the remainder of the war. - -Milam, Benjamin Rush Milam assisted in the capture of Goliad and was - in charge of the officer prisoners sent to General Austin at - Gonzales. Austin put Milam in charge of a scouting party to - determine conditions at and best means of attack on San Antonio. - When the main army arrived at San Antonio, Milam, James Bowie, and - William B. Travis were sent on a scouting mission to the Rio - Grande. Returning to San Antonio, Milam found the army about to - fall back without making an attack on the city. He convinced some - 300 volunteers to “follow old Ben Milam.” They began their attack - on December 5. Milam’s command occupied the Veramendi house. One - December 7, while crossing the courtyard, Milam was shot by a - sniper. - -Miller, Thomas R. One of eighteen men who delayed the Mexican troops - sent to seize the cannon at Gonzales, Miller also represented - Gonzales at the Consultation. He was a member of the Gonzales - Volunteers who arrived at the Alamo on March 1. He was killed in - the massacre on March 6. - -Miller, Washington Parsons Miller enlisted in the Texas Army in - September 1835 and was appointed a major in the Regular Army on - December 20. Miller and a body of volunteers from the United - States were captured on March 2, 1836, when they landed at Copano - Bay. They were marched to Goliad, but they were not among those - massacred on March 27, since none of them had yet taken up arms - against Mexico. He and his men were imprisoned at Matamoros. - -Morton’s Ferry Near the present site of Fort Bend or Richmond, the - ferry was an important crossing on the Colorado River. - - - - - N - - -Navarro, Jose Antonio A delegate from Bexar to the Convention of 1836, - Navarro was one of three native-born signers of the Texas - Declaration of Independence. He also served on the select - committee to draft the Constitution of 1836. - -Neill, James Clinton Neill joined the Texas army in September 1835. He - was appointed a lieutenant colonel by the General Council on - December 7. He commmanded an artillery company at the siege of - Bexar. On December 21, Sam Houston ordered Neill to take charge of - San Antonio and the Bexar district. He remained there until - granted a furlough on February 14, when he left the Alamo because - of illness in his family. Neill participated in the skirmish at - San Jacinto on April 20 and was wounded in that engagement. - - - - - O - - -Old Mill The Old Mill was situated on the San Antonio River, about - one-half mile north of San Antonio’s main plaza. It was - headquarters for Stephen F. Austin’s army after the battle of - Concepcion. - -Organic Law The Plan and Powers of the Provisional Government, a - document hastily drawn up by the Consultation. Although the - Organic Law set up a provisional government, there was no coherent - separation of executive and legislative powers. The powers of the - commander-in-chief extended over only the (as yet nonexistent) - regular army. Volunteer soldiers already in the field refused to - serve under the Organic Law’s provisions. - - - - - P - - -Padilla, Juan Antonio Padilla joined the Texas Army on October 22, - 1835. He later served on the General Council. - -_Pelicano_ Mexican vessel captured by the Texas navy ship _Liberty_ - outside Sisal, Yucatan, on March 3, 1836. - -Permanent Council The Permanent Council served as the governing body - of Texas from October 11, 1835, to early November, when the - Consultation achieved a quorum. It was made up of the Committee of - Safety of San Felipe and representatives from the other Texas - communities. - -_Pocket_ An American brig bound from New Orleans to Matamoros, the - _Pocket_ was captured by the _Invincible_. Taken to Galveston, the - ship’s cargo was appropriated by the Texas authorities. A Texas - court later condemned the _Pocket_ as a lawful prize on the - grounds that it was sailing under false papers and was carrying - supplies and messages for Santa Anna. To calm U. S. indignation - over the brig’s capture, William Bryan, and Toby and Brothers - Company paid $35,000 for the ship and $8,000 in damages. - -Portilla, Jose Nicolas de la Lieutenant colonel under Urrea, Portilla - was put in charge of James W. Fannin and his men after the defeat - at Coleto. On March 26, Portilla received orders from Santa Anna - to execute all prisoners; he received orders from Urrea to treat - the men as prisoners of war and to set them to rebuilding Goliad. - Deciding that Santa Anna’s orders took precedence, Portilla, on - March 27, took the prisoners out of Goliad in three columns and - had them shot. - -Potter, Robert Potter joined the Nacogdoches volunteers commanded by - Thomas J. Rusk. Until November 21, 1835, he worked with Dr. Grant - to arm and equip the siege of Bexar. On November 30, he was - commissioned in the Texas Navy. Potter represented Nacogdoches in - the Convention of 1836, and he was appointed interim secretary of - the Navy. Burnet appointed him commander of the port of Galveston - on April 20, 1836. - -Provisional Government Set up by the Consultation, the Provisional - Government served from November 15, 1835, to March 1, 1836. The - body consisted of the governor, lieutenant governor, and General - Council. From the beginning, the governor and the Council were at - odds over their respective powers. By January 10, the governor had - dismissed the Council, and the Council had impeached the governor, - replacing him with the lieutenant governor. From January 17 on, - the Council was unable to convene a quorum, and Texas remained - without a functioning government until the Convention of 1836 met - on March 1. - - - - - R - - -Ramirez y Sesma, Joaquin Sesma commanded the brigade sent in advance - of the main army under Santa Anna’s command. He joined forces with - General Cos at Laredo, then merged with Santa Anna’s forces at the - Rio Grande as it marched to Bexar. After the fall of the Alamo, - Sesma was ordered to San Felipe, then to proceed to Anahuac by way - of Harrisburg. On April 13, Sesma’s army crossed the Brazos at - Thompson’s Ferry. He was camped on the east bank of the Brazos, - near the Old Fort settlement on April 21. - -Refugio, Battle of William Ward was sent to relieve Amon B. King and - his men, surrounded by Urrea’s troops. Ward arrived at Refugio on - March 13, but he and King immediately began arguing over the - command. King and a body of men left the Mission, spent two days - wandering in the vicinity before being captured and executed by - the Mexican army. At Refugio mission, meanwhile, Ward was attacked - on March 14. He and his men escaped from the mission that night, - but they were captured at Victoria, marched to Goliad, and - executed on March 27. - -Robbins’ Ferry In operation since 1821, the ferry was located at - Thomas Ford crossing of the Old San Antonio and La Bahia Roads - over the Trinity River. It was named for Nathaniel Robbins. - -Regular Army Units, other than militia, authorized by any of the - provisional governments, particularly those commanded by - commissioned officers were considered part of the regular army. - Volunteer units, on the other hand, elected their officers from - their own ranks. Throughout much of the war, volunteer forces - would refuse to serve under commissioned officers. - -Robinson, James W. Robinson was a delegate from Nacogdoches to the - Consultation in 1835. That body appointed him lieutenant governor - of the General Council. As such, he took Governor Henry Smith’s - place when the Council impeached Smith in January 1836. After the - General Council resigned their office, Robinson left for the army, - serving from March 12. He fought at San Jacinto as a private in - William H. Smith’s cavalry company. - -Ruiz, Jose Francisco A native Texan, he was one of four - representatives from Bexar to the Convention of 1836 where he - signed the Declaration of Independence. As alcalde of San Antonio, - he identified the bodies of William B. Travis, James Bowie, and - David Crockett after the fall of the Alamo. He stopped the Mexican - soldiers who were throwing the bodies into the San Antonio River, - and gathered wood and ordered the bodies to be burned. - -Runaway Scrape Texans fled from their homes before the advancing - Mexican army. The pace of the refugee traffic increased as news of - the fall of the Alamo, Houston’s retreat, and the massacre at - Goliad circulated. Washington-on-the-Brazos, Richmond, and - settlements on both sides of the Brazos were abandoned. - Settlements between the Colorado and the Brazos followed, and then - Nacogdoches and San Augustine. The panic was increased by reports - of Mexican-inspired Indian uprisings. The panic ended only after - the news of the battle of San Jacinto became widespread. - -Rusk, Thomas Jefferson Rusk organized a company of volunteers in the - fall of 1835 at Nacogdoches and joined the army at San Antonio. He - left before the siege of Bexar, appointed a contractor for the - army. He was Inspector General of the army from December 14, 1835, - until February 26, 1836. A delegate to the Convention of 1836, he - was elected Secretary of War on March 17. He left to join the army - on April 1 and remained with the regular forces under Houston’s - command, participating in the Battle of San Jacinto. - - - - - S - - -San Antonio Captured by the Texan army after active fighting from - December 5 to 10, the town was retaken by Santa Anna on February - 23. It remained in Mexican hands until after the battle of San - Jacinto. - -San Felipe The Consultation met in San Felipe, November 1835, making - San Felipe one of the first capitals of the Republic (until the - Convention of 1836 met at Washington-on-the-Brazos). It was burned - on March 29, 1836, when retreating Texan soldiers were unable to - prevent the Mexican army’s crossing the Brazos. - -Jacinto, Battle of On April 17 Sam Houston led his army south to - Harrisburg, finally abandoning his retreat eastward. On April 19, - learning that Santa Anna and his army had crossed Vince’s Bridge - to the west bank of the San Jacinto River, Houston and his men - crossed Buffalo Bayou. On April 20, the Texans encamped. That - afternoon, Sidney Sherman with a small detachment of cavalry - fought a brief skirmish with the Mexican infantry in an attempt to - capture the Mexican cannon. Santa Anna was joined in his camp, - three-quarters of a mile from the Texan army, by a 540-man unit - commanded by Martin Perfecto de Cos on the evening of April 20. On - Thursday morning, Houston ordered Erastus (Deaf) Smith to destroy - Vince’s Bridge secretly so that no further reinforcement could - cross nor could either army retreat. The Texans formed their - battle line about 3:30 in the afternoon. Surging over the - battlefield shouting “Remember the Alamo!” and “Remember Goliad!”, - the Texans caught the Mexican army unawares. The battle ended with - a decisive victory eighteen minutes after it began. Sam Houston - was seriously wounded in the battle. General Santa Anna was - captured the next day. - -San Patricio, Battle of Francis W. Johnson and James Grant used San - Patricio as their headquarters during the Goliad Campaign of 1836. - There Johnson and his men were attacked by Urrea’s army on - February 27, 1836. Only Johnson and three or four men survived. - -Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez de President Santa Anna was appointed - Commander-in-Chief of the Mexican Army of Operations in November - 1835 by President pro-tem Miguel Barragan. In December he joined - Vicente Filisola at San Luis Potosi and began to organize the army - for the Texas Campaign. On January 2, 1836, he began his march for - Texas, crossing the Rio Grande on February 16. On February 23, his - army joined the force commanded by Ramirez y Sesma, and by the - afternoon, Santa Anna occupied San Antonio and had begun besieging - the Texan army in the Alamo. At dawn on March 6, he began the - assault of the fortress, which was subdued by 8 a.m. On March 31, - he left San Antonio for San Felipe de Austin. A surprise attack on - April 7 failed to reduce the town. On April 9 he left San Felipe - and began a forced march for the river crossing at Marion, hoping - to surprise the Texan army. His army did cross the river at - Marion, but failed to capture any Texans. From there, his army was - transported to Thompson’s Crossing on a captured flat boat. Santa - Anna reached Harrisburg on the night of April 15, only to find it - deserted. On the following day, after burning Harrisburg, his army - marched on to Lynchburg. Waiting for reinforcements commanded by - Cos, aware of the nearness of the Texan army, Santa Anna decided - to make camp on the west bank of the San Jacinto River. There, on - April 20, the army fought a skirmish with Sidney Sherman’s cavalry - detachment, but full battle was not engaged until the following - day. Captured by Texan soldiers on April 22, Santa Anna ordered - General Filisola to begin a retreat across the Rio Grande. On May - 14, he signed the treaties of Velasco and prepared to be returned - to Mexico. But on June 1, Texans under the leadership of Thomas J. - Green interfered, threatening to capture or to kill the Mexican - leader. Finally, at the end of November, President Houston sent - him under guard to Washington, D.C., to meet with President Andrew - Jackson. - -Seguin, Juan Nepumoceno Seguin and his recruits joined Austin near San - Antonio in October 1835. He participated in the capture of - Concepcion Mission, the siege of Bexar, and was on duty in the - Alamo in 1836. He escaped death only because he had been sent out - of the Alamo as a messenger. Seguin was in charge of the rear - guard of the army in its retreat east from Gonzales, and he helped - Moseley Baker in his attempt to prevent Santa Anna’s crossing the - river at San Felipe. Seguin rejoined Houston’s army and fought in - the battle of San Jacinto. He was ordered, along with Henry - Karnes, to follow the Mexican Army during its retreat in order to - protect the property of Texans. - -Sherman, Sidney In 1835, Sherman raised money to equip a company of - Kentucky volunteers. The force arrived in Texas in time to vote in - the election for delegates to the Convention of 1836, then - proceeded to San Felipe. Sherman was lieutenant colonel in the - regiment raised by Houston at Gonzales in March. On April 20, he - led a sortie to try to capture the Mexican cannon at San Jacinto. - On the following day, he commanded the left wing of the Texan - attack. After the battle of San Jacinto, Sherman served as - president of the board of officers which distributed the Mexican - spoils among the Texas soldiers. - -Smith, Benjamin Fort Smith commanded a company at the battle of - Gonzales, relieved J. M. Collinsworth at Goliad, and later joined - Austin in the siege of Bexar. He was a delegate to the - Consultation, but he did not attend. However, he put eleven - leagues of land at the government’s disposal on November 8, 1835. - Smith left for Mississippi to recruit volunteers in late November. - Returning to Texas in March, he reentered the army as a private. - He was quartermaster and acting adjutant to General Houston during - the retreat from Gonzales. At the battle San Jacinto, he served in - Henry Karnes’s cavalry company. - -Smith, Erastus (Deaf) Neutral at the beginning of the war, Deaf Smith - joined the Texans when Mexican officials refused him permission to - visit his family in San Antonio. He joined Austin’s volunteer army - and became prominent as a scout. He participated in or gave - information valuable to Texan forces at the battle of Concepcion - and the Grass Fight. He led F. W. Johnson’s troops into San - Antonio on December 5, 1835. After Cos’ surrender, Smith moved his - family to Columbia then joined Houston at Gonzales. He was sent to - reconnoiter the Alamo and returned with Mrs. Almeron Dickinson. - Deaf Smith commanded a company in the reorganized army and was - ordered to destroy Vince’s Bridge secretly before he took part in - the battle of San Jacinto. - -Smith, Henry From the beginning of the Revolution, Smith was a - supporter of independence from Mexico. He was a delegate to the - Consultation, participated in drafting the organic law, and was - chosen provisional governor. His opposition to the peace party - members of the General Council, as well as his suspicion of all - offers of help from Mexican supporters brought Governor Smith into - conflict with the rest of the government. On January 10 he - dismissed the General Council, claiming it had no further - function. The Council impeached Smith, replacing him with - Lieutenant Governor James W. Robinson. - -Stewart, Charles Bellinger Stewart was elected secretary of the - Permanent Council on October 1, 1835. He later served as secretary - to the executive and enrollment clerk by the General Council on - November 18. He represented Austin at the Convention of 1836. - - - - - T - - -Tampico Expedition Commanded by Jose Antonio Mexia, 150 volunteers - sailed from New Orleans November 6, 1835. Hoping to take the fort - and the town of Tampico by surprise, they arrived at Tampico on - November 14. Secrecy was impossible, however. The garrison’s - commandant had aroused official suspicions, and he was arrested on - November 13. And, when the ship attempted to approach the landing - at night, it ran aground on the bar, and the men were forced to - wade ashore. On November 15, they took up the march to Tampico, - arriving there about midnight. Troops commanded by Gregorio Gomez - attacked and wounded several of the expedition members. Mexia - retreated to the bar and took refuge in the garrison, remaining - there for twelve days. On November 26, what remained of the force - embarked on the _Halcyon_. They arrived at the mouth of the Brazos - on December 3. Three of the 31 prisoners left behind in Tampico - died of their wounds; the rest were tried by court martial and - shot on December 14, in spite of vigorous efforts by Texas and the - United States to ransom the men. - -Thompson’s Ferry River crossing on the Brazos, three miles above - Richmond. Houston’s army crossed at this point on April 14, 1836. - -Tolsa, Eugenio Tolsa commanded the second brigade of Santa Anna’s - forces. He was ordered to reinforce General Sesma at the Colorado, - and, on March 31, to operate against the - Bolivar-Harrisburg-Lynchburg area as far as the San Jacinto River. - -Tornel, Jose Maria Mexican Minister of War and Marine. - -Travis, William Barret Travis organized a company of volunteers in - June 1835 which expelled the Mexican garrison at Anahuac. He - commanded a scouting company as part of the Volunteer Army before - San Antonio. He was appointed a major of artillery in December, - but later took a commission as lieutenant colonel of cavalry. Sent - out to recruit volunteers, he was ordered to proceed to San - Antonio with such troops as he could muster. He arrived there on - February 2, 1836. Command fell to him when James Neill left, but - by mid-February he was sharing command with James Bowie. After - February 24, because of Bowie’s illness, Travis held sole command. - Refusing to surrender the garrison to Santa Anna, Travis died in - the assault on March 6. - - - - - U - - -Ugartechea, Domingo de Military commandant of Coahuila and Texas, he - was put in charge of the forces at San Antonio in 1835. He ordered - Lt. Francisco Castaneda to attempt to reclaim the cannon at - Gonzales, thus setting off the organized resistance of the Texan - colonists. He arrived in San Antonio with reinforcements for - General Cos on December 9, just in time to take part in the - surrender of the city. He retreated with Cos’s army to Laredo. - -Urrea, Jose On January 2, 1836, Santa Anna ordered Urrea to march to - Matamoros to prevent the expected invasion by Texans. On February - 18, Urrea left Matamoros and forced marched to San Patricio. There - he surprised F. W. Johnson and his men at San Patricio on February - 27, killing all but a handful. He attacked and defeated James - Grant at Agua Dulce on March 2, then began the advance to Goliad - on March 12. He attacked the mission at Refugio on March 14, - occupying it on the following day. He laid siege to Goliad from - March 16 to 20, finally defeating James Fannin at Coleto Creek on - March 20. Urrea continued his march, capturing Texans at Victoria - and on the Guadalupe River on March 21. On March 22 he captured - the 100-man unit led by William Ward. Units under his command - captured W. P. Miller and his men when they landed at Copano Bay. - Urrea captured Matagordo on April 13, Columbia on the 21, and - Brazoria on the 22. He was preparing to invade Velasco when - ordered to retreat. Urrea strongly opposed executing the Goliad - prisoners. The March 27 Massacre was carried out by Nicolas de la - Portilla in obedience to Santa Anna’s orders. - - - - - V - - -Velasco, Treaties of Two treaties, one public, the other secret, were - signed by Santa Anna and interim president David G. Burnet on May - 14, 1836. In the public treaty, Santa Anna agreed to cease all - hostilities against Texas, then and in the future. Mexican troops - would be withdrawn south of the Rio Grande, confiscated property - would be restored to the Texan owners, and prisoners would be - exchanged. Texas agreed to return Santa Anna to Mexico as soon as - possible, and Texas army units would approach no nearer than five - leagues to the retreating Mexican army. In the secret treaty, - Santa Anna agreed to secure Mexican recognition of Texas - independence and a permanent end to the war. The Mexican cabinet - would receive a Texas mission to conclude a treaty of commerce and - limits, Texas boundaries to extend no further south than the Rio - Grande. Although the Mexican retreat was begun almost immediately, - the Texas Army refused to allow Santa Anna’s return to Mexico. On - May 20, the Mexican government declared all Santa Anna’s acts as a - captive to be null and void. - -Victoria Urrea’s army, marching east after the battle of Coleto Creek, - captured Victoria on March 21, a few hours after it had been - burned by the Texans. - -Viesca, Agustin Former governor of Coahuila and Texas, Viesca arrived - at Goliad on November 11, 1835. His ill treatment by Phillip - Dimmitt led Viesca to protest to Texan leaders, particularly to - Stephen F. Austin. The affair at Goliad threatened to upset all - Mexican support for the revolution. - -Vince’s Bridge Crossing Vince’s Bayou, the bridge was the only viable - crossing at that point on the San Jacinto River. Erastus (Deaf) - Smith secretly destroyed the bridge on the morning of April 21, at - Houston’s orders, and all retreat for either Texan or Mexican army - was cut off. - - - - - W - - -Ward, Thomas William Ward joined the New Orleans Greys in 1835 and was - at the siege of Bexar. On the day Milam was killed, Ward’s right - leg was shot off by cannon fire. He returned to New Orleans and - recruited a company of volunteers. - -Ward, William Ward helped recruit and defray the travel expenses of - the Georgia Battalion of volunteers. On December 20, 1835, he - reported to Henry Smith and was elected major of the battalion - when it was mustered into Texas service. Ward was elected - lieutenant colonel after James W. Fannin reorganized the battalion - at Goliad. He was sent to relieve Amon B. King at Refugio on March - 13. Encountering the Mexican army commanded by Urrea, Ward joined - King in the mission. After battling Urrea on March 14, Ward and - his men escaped on March 15. They were overtaken on March 22, as - they retreated toward Dimmitt’s Landing. Returned to Goliad, Ward - and his men were executed on March 27. - -Washington-on-the-Brazos The General Council of the Provisional - Government and the Convention of 1836 met at - Washington-on-the-Brazos. By March 20, the town was evacuated as - the interim government retreated to Harrisburg. - -Westover, Ira Westover led a group of men to join the force assaulting - Goliad in October 1835. He remained at Goliad and was its first - adjutant. He commanded the successful expedition against - Lipantitlan in November. Although praised by Austin and the - General Council for this action, Westover was relieved of duty by - Philip Dimmitt. He became a member of the General Council’s - committee on naval affairs. On December 6, Westover was made - captain of artillery, resigning on December 17. Recommissioned by - the Convention of 1836, he recruited a company from Refugio and - San Patricio. It was the only regular army unit under James W. - Fannin’s command. Westover and his men were killed in the Goliad - Massacre, March 27. - -Wharton, William Harris Active in the independence movement, Wharton - was one of the leaders of the war party in Texas. He became judge - advocate of the army and served at the siege of Bexar. He was - appointed a Commissioner to the United States in November 1835, - and served in that capacity throughout the war. - -_William Robbins_ Purchased from McKinney, Williams and Company for - $3,500 by the Texas government, this schooner was renamed the - _Liberty_ in January 1836. Before its purchase, it had been used - by William Hurd as a privateer against the Mexicans. - -Williamson, Robert McAlpin (Three-Legged Willie) Crippled by illness - in his childhood, Williamson nevertheless took active part in the - war. He was a delegate from Mina to the Consultation and was - commissioned a major by the provisional government on November 19, - 1835. He was ordered to raise a corps of rangers. At the battle of - San Jacinto, he served in William H. Smith’s cavalry company. - -Woll, Adrian Woll was Quartermaster General in Santa Anna’s army. - General Filisola sent him to the San Jacinto battlefield to find - out the results of the engagement on April 21. Woll was captured - and held prisoner throughout the peace negotiations. - -Wyatt, Peyton S. Wyatt brought the Huntsville Volunteers from Alabama - in 1835. The unit was mustered into the Texas army on December 25 - and sent to relieve Phillip Dimmitt’s company at Goliad. Because - Wyatt had been sent to Alabama on a recruiting mission, he escaped - death in the Goliad Massacre. - - - - - Y - - -_Yellow Stone_ The steamboat _Yellow Stone_, purchased by McKinney and - Williams and registered to Toby and Brother Company in New - Orleans, transported the Mobile Greys to Texas on December 31, - 1835. In February, Captain J. E. Ross took the _Yellow Stone_ up - the Brazos to San Felipe. It anchored later at Groce’s Landing, - and General Houston commandeered the boat to transport his men - across the river. The steamboat continued down the Brazos, - narrowly escaping capture by the Mexican army at Fort Bend. It - transported a load of supplies and muskets to Galveston on April - 25, then picked up the government to take it to the San Jacinto - battlefield on May 4. - - - - - BIBLIOGRAPHY - - - Barker, Eugene C. - _Mexico and Texas, 1821-1835_ - New York: Russell and Russell, 1965 - - Bercerra, Francisco - _A Mexican Sergeant’s Recollections of the Alamo and San Jacinto_ - Austin: Jenkins Company, 1980 - - Binkley, William Campbell - _The Texas Revolution_ - Austin: Texas Historical Association, 1979 - - Castaneda, Carlos E. - _The Mexican Side of the Revolution_ - Salem NH: Ayer Company Publications, 1976 - - Ehrenberg, Hermann - _With Milam and Fannin_ - Austin: Pemberton Press, 1968 - - Henson, Margaret S. - _Juan Davis Bradburn, a Reappraisal of the Mexican Commander of - Anahuac_ - College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 1982 - - Huson, Hobart - _Captain Phillip Dimmitt’s Commandancy of Goliad_ - Austin: Von Boeckmann-Jones, 1974 - - Kilgore, Dan - _How Did Davy Die?_ - College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 1978 - - Newell, Chester - _History of the Revolution in Texas_ - Salem NH: Ayer Company Publications, 1973 - - Pena, Jose Enrique de la - _With Santa Anna in Texas_ - Translated by Carmen Perry - College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 1975 - - Pruett, Jakie L. and Everett B. Cole - _The Goliad Massacre: A Tragedy of the Texas Revolution_ - Burnet: Eakin Press, 1985 - - Santos, Richard G. - _Santa Anna’s Campaign Against Texas, 1835-1836_ - Salisbury NC: Documentary Publications, 1982 - - Smithwick, Noah - _The Evolution of a State or Recollections of Old Texas Days_ - Austin: University of Texas Press (Barker Texas History Center Series - #5), 1983 - - [Illustration: Texas State Library] - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - -—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - -—Silently corrected a few typos. - -—In the text versions only, underlined text is delimited by - _underscores_. - -—In the HTML version only, underlined text is shown in italics. - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Select Glossary of the Texas -Revolution, by Jean Carefoot - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SELECT GLOSSARY--TEXAS REVOLUTION *** - -***** This file should be named 63397-0.txt or 63397-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/3/3/9/63397/ - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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