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} -p.review { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; font-size:80%; } -p.pcap { margin-left:0em; text-indent:0; text-align:center; margin-top:0; } -p.pcapc { margin-left:4.7em; text-indent:0em; text-align:justify; } -span.attr { font-size:80%; font-family:sans-serif; } -span.pn { display:inline-block; width:4.7em; text-align:left; margin-left:0; text-indent:0; } -</style> -</head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Place Names in Kent, by John Horsley - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Place Names in Kent - -Author: John Horsley - -Release Date: September 22, 2020 [EBook #63263] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PLACE NAMES IN KENT *** - - - - -Produced by Brian Coe, Stephen Hutcheson, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - -<div id="cover" class="img"> -<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Place Names in Kent" width="1000" height="1550" /> -</div> -<div class="box"> -<h1>PLACE NAMES -<br />IN KENT.</h1> -<p class="tbcenter"><span class="smallest">BY</span> -<br />CANON J. W. HORSLEY, -<br /><span class="smaller"><i>Late Vicar of Detling</i>.</span></p> -<p class="tbcenter"><b>Price 3/6 Net.</b></p> -<p class="center smaller">MAIDSTONE: -<br /><span class="sc">“South Eastern Gazette” Newspaper Co., Ltd., -<br />4, High Street</span>. -<br />1921.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_i">i</div> -<h2 id="toc" class="center">INDEX</h2> -<dl class="toc"> -<dt class="small"><span class="sc">Page.</span></dt> -<dt><a href="#c1">Place-names of Celtic Origin</a> 9</dt> -<dt><a href="#c2">Roman Names in Kent</a> 17</dt> -<dt><a href="#c3">Teutonic (Jutish) Names in Kent</a> 20</dt> -<dt><a href="#c4">Saxon or Jutish Suffixes</a> 26</dt> -<dt><a href="#c5">Some Common Saxon Elements in Place-names</a> 29</dt> -<dt><a href="#c6">The Northmen in Kent</a> 42</dt> -<dt><a href="#c7">The Islands of Kent</a> 46</dt> -<dt><a href="#c8">Variations in the Spelling of Place-names</a> 49</dt> -<dt><a href="#c9">Ecclesiastical Place-names</a> 52</dt> -<dt><a href="#c10">Place-names from Persons</a> 54</dt> -<dt><a href="#c11">Absurdities in Derivation</a> 57</dt> -<dt><a href="#c12">Our “Tons” and “Stones”</a> 60</dt> -<dt><a href="#c13">Our “Hams”</a> 63</dt> -<dt><a href="#c14">Our “Soles,” “Burys” and “Hithes”</a> 68</dt> -<dt><a href="#c15">Our “Cold Harbours”</a> 71</dt> -<dt><a href="#c16">Anderida</a> 74</dt> -<dt><a href="#c17">Land Divisions of Kent</a> 78</dt> -</dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_iii">iii</div> -<h2><span class="small">INTRODUCTION.</span></h2> -<p>When I was a school boy at Canterbury, in -the fifties and sixties, my first interest in -philology was evoked by Trench on <i>The -Study of Words</i>, and by the more elaborate -pioneer work, Isaac Taylor’s <i>Words and Places</i>, -while oral instruction was afforded by the lectures -of Dean Alford and the class teaching of my -Headmaster, Mitchinson. All four of these -leaders having been clergymen, it is perhaps -fitting that, at a considerable distance, both of -time and of ability, another cleric should attempt -to localize some of their general teaching.</p> -<p>Becoming aware in 1920 that there was no -book dealing with the <i>Place Names of Kent</i>, such -as has been produced by individuals or small -committees in the case of some other counties, -twenty in number; finding also by correspondence -that McClure, the author of <i>British Place -Names in Their Historical Setting</i>, says “Kent -is one of the most difficult regions in England to -trace its topographical history,” I set to work to -read all I could that bore upon the subject. -Especially when laid up by an ailment, I read -through twenty-six volumes of <i>Archælogia -Cantiana</i>, and found therein a productive quarry. -Then, to facilitate the future labours of those -more competent to deal fully with the subject, I -wrote a series of weekly articles in the <i>South -Eastern Gazette</i> last winter, which were found -<span class="pb" id="Page_iv">iv</span> -of interest, Mr. E. Salter Davies asking me to -write something for the <i>Kent Education Gazette</i> -to enlist the co-operation of school teachers, and -to remind them of the educational benefit to -their pupils of a study of local names.</p> -<p>In some parts of England and Wales this study -of local place names has been taken up with -enthusiasm by teachers and scholars, and in this -connexion it should be noted that the names of -every lane, house, and field and wood, should be -ascertained and recorded, even if no meaning can -be found. Names of this kind change, and the -old folk who could say why a name was given -will not be always with us. “Terriers” and -Tithe Maps, which can be consulted, if not borrowed, -will give more names than ordinary maps.</p> -<p>To such enquiries we may be stimulated by -shame when we know that Kent is one of the -counties without a work on its place names, and -even more by the fact that Norway has been at -work in this direction since 1896—the Church and -the State collaborating and a State grant helping -in the production of the nineteen volumes already -published. So too, in Sweden, a committee was -appointed by Royal authority in 1901, and one -province has already been dealt with exhaustively. -Denmark also from 1910, under the Ministry of -Education, and with State grants, thus recognised -the linguistic and historico-archæological -importance of such studies.</p> -<p>And yet none of these enlightened and progressive -kingdoms have anything like the advantage -that England possesses in its Saxon Charters and -its Domesday Book. More honour to them, -more shame to us!</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_v">v</div> -<p>Let it be clearly understood, however, from the -first that I am not writing as an expert on these -matters, nor as having a direct knowledge of -Celtic or of Saxon. All I have attempted has -been simply to collect, for the benefit of those who -shall be attracted to the study of our place-names -as elucidating the ancient history of the County, -information from many sources which will save -them the time and labour of finding out for themselves -whether a particular name is old enough -to be found in Domesday Book, or in later Saxon -charters and wills; and especially there has been -in my mind the hope that a committee may be -appointed to deal as well with Kent as other -Counties have been, especially by the great -Anglo-Saxon scholars, Professor Skeats, Professor -Craigie, of Oxford, and Professor Mawer, -of Newcastle. For such literary artizans and -architects as I hope may shortly arise, I am more -than content to have been but a day labourer, a -collector of material which others may find worthy -of scrutiny and perhaps of use.</p> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p1.jpg" alt="decorative glyph" width="538" height="111" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_9">9</div> -<h1 title="">PLACE NAMES IN KENT.</h1> -<hr /> -<h2 id="c1"><span class="small"><span class="sc">Place Names of Celtic Origin.</span></span></h2> -<p>Men of Kent must not make too much -of their county motto, <i>Invicta</i>. As a -matter of fact, we have been conquered -at various times, and sometimes before the rest -of England succumbed to the invader. The -aborigines, who were probably somewhat like the -Esquimeaux, a small race, having only stone -weapons and tools, lived on the fringe of the -great glacier of the last Ice Age (perhaps 50,000 -years ago), which enabled one (though doubtless -no one tried) to walk from what is now Middlesex -and Kent to the North Pole; even the present -North Sea being part of the great sheet of ice -which covered all our land down to the north -bank of the Thames. When climatic conditions -altered for the better, England (to call it by its -much later name) became desirable to the great -west-ward migration of the Celts, who had -already over-run all North Europe. This was -the first of the five great waves of peoples who -from the East seized on Europe, each driving its -predecessor westward. The Celtic is, at any -rate, the first to be clearly traced. It was divisible -into the Gadhelic and the Cymric (or Brythonic) -element, from the former the Erse, Gaelic, -and Manx languages being derived, and from the -latter the Welsh and the Breton (Ancient British -and Gaulish, the Cornish, and probably the -Pictish).</p> -<p>The first branch is said to have passed into -Britain about 800 B.C., and the second about -630 B.C. Thenceforward, but for a few place-names, -<span class="pb" id="Page_10">10</span> -chiefly of rivers and heights, and still -fewer words which have survived in our tongue, -we know little until the visit of Julius Cæsar in -B.C. 54, from whose <i>Gallic War</i> we learn of -some of the Celtic tribe-names and place-names. -Otherwise we know little apart from the river -roots which we find all over N. Europe (and -hardly any in England are non-Celtic), especially -the five main words for river or water—Afon—Dur—Esk—Rhe—and -Don.</p> -<p>Kent itself in the earliest records is found as -Ceant from the Celtic Cenn—a head or headland, -which again appears on the other side of our -land as the Mull of Cantire. We have also our -Chevening, which, like Chevenage, embodies the -Celtic Cefn—ridge (still Cefn in Welsh). And -“Kits Coty House” on our neighbouring Down -gives us Ked—a hollow, and Coit—a wood, i.e., -the hollow dolmen in the wood. Mote Park sounds -modern enough to some; but our “park” is the -Celtic parwyg, an enclosed place, while the much -later Anglo-Saxon Mote denotes a place of local -assembly. Dun was their word for a hill-fort, -and so we have Croydon (with a Saxon prefix) for -the fortress on the chalk range, though most of -the old British fortresses which preserved the -name when occupied by Romans or Saxons are in -other counties. Penshurst, on the other hand, -has a Saxon suffix to the Celtic Pen, still unchanged -in Welsh as meaning a head or hill, -perhaps only a dialectic form of the Gaelic Ceann, -or Ken, which we have already noted in “Kent.”</p> -<p>As to whether the names of Romney and -Romney Marsh have a Celtic element, opinions -differ. Isaac Taylor, in his <i>Words and Places</i>, -has little doubt that they come “from the Gaelic -ruimne,” a marsh, and instances Ramsey, in -the Fens, as coming from the same source, and -finds it also in Ramsgate, i.e., the passage -through an opening in the cliffs to the marshes -behind. But he wrote in 1864, and in some -<span class="pb" id="Page_11">11</span> -respects is considered too imaginative by modern -philologists. Ruim is undoubtedly the British -name of Thanet—Ruoihm, or Ruoichim—preceding -Tenit, Tenitland, Thanet—so perhaps the -situation of Ramsgate in Thanet is all we have to -consider. McClure ignores “ruimne” as a derivation; -but does not explain the Rumin as a name -of the district. The oldest English form is in -a charter of 697 A.D. Rumining—seta, i.e., the -dwellings of the people of Rumin, and he inclines -(though admitting it may be far-fetched) to derive -from “Roman,” since the whole region is full of -Roman associations. Our common suffix “den,” -for a deep wooded valley, gives us probably a -Celtic word adopted by the conquering Jutes. -Perhaps the explanation for so few Celtic names -of places having survived is accounted for by the -thoroughness with which the invading Jutes -either slew or drove far westwards the Celts, and -so re-named whatever settlements they made. -Thus, in 452 A.D., according to the <i>Saxon -Chronicle</i>, Hengist slew 4,000 Britons at Crayford, -and these must have formed a large proportion -of the population, and this was only one of -a series of victories which drove the Celts backward -into the far west. Purely Celtic Kent was -prehistoric; Romano-Celtic it was from B.C. 55 -to A.D. 413, and yet marvellously little remains -of either element.</p> -<p>This mighty race has left us little record, -though its language survives in Scotland, Ireland, -and Wales. In Maidstone Museum we can -study its weapons, its ornaments, and its -methods of sepulture; but in our walks in Kent -we are rarely reminded of its long, as well as -ancient, occupation of the soil. Yet in what we -might consider the purest English some undoubtedly -Celtic words survive, such as basket, crook, -kiln, fleam, barrow, ashlar, rasher, mattock, -bran, gown, flannel.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_12">12</div> -<p>Availing myself of what has been written by -Celtic or Saxon scholars, I turn to the river names -of Kent, of which some are obviously Celtic and -others as obviously Saxon.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Ash.</span>—The western branch of the Stour is so -named, and Ashford was anciently Esshetsford. -Rivers have sometimes been named from the -trees on their banks, and besides our Ash-ford, -we find elsewhere Ashbrook and Ashbourne; -though the common Celtic esk for water or river -may also be considered. In this connection I -note that in a direct line we have near Detling, -Boxley, Thornham, Hollingbourne (Anglo-Saxon -Holeyn is holly), possibly Bearsted from the -Saxon Berc for birch, and Ashford from Aesc, -our ash.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Brook.</span>—This later, or English, name for a -small stream appears only as a termination. We -have Cranbrook, a reminder, like Cranbourne -elsewhere, of the time when cranes were not uncommon -in England. These are the places: -Brook, a village on a tributary of the Stour; -Brookland, near a branch of the Rother; and -Brook Street, near Woodchurch. And may not -Kidbrooke, or Kedbrook, be “the brook from the -Coed”—the Celtic word for a wood?</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Bourne.</span>—The Anglo-Saxon Burne for stream -appears not only in the Bourne and Bourne Park, -and the various Nail-bournes, or intermittently -flowing brooks, but also in Bekesbourne, Bishopsbourne, -Patrixbourne, Littlebourne, the Ravensbourne, -Hollingbourne, Brabourne (the broad -bourne), Northbourne, and perhaps Sittingbourne, -although this is on a creek rather than a -brook.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Cray.</span>—From the Saxon Cregga, a small -brook, a tributary of the Darent or Derwent. In -457 A.D. Hengist and his son Æsc (Ash, or, -metaphorically, ship) slew 4,000 Britons at -Crecganford, and drove the rest out of Kent to -<span class="pb" id="Page_13">13</span> -Lundenbyrg (London). So the <i>Saxon Chronicle</i> -records. Another old chronicler calls this the -battle of the Derwent. The valley of the Cray -contains the villages of Crayford, St. Paul’s (probably -S. Paulinus’) Cray, St. Mary’s Cray, Foot’s -Cray, and the district is commonly called the -Crays.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Darent.</span>—Like Dover’s Dour, from the Celtic -root Dur for water or river, comes the Der-went, -of which Darent is a variation. Dwr-gwyn in -Welsh is the clear water. There are four Derwents -in England, besides Lake Derwent Water. -Dartford is the ford of the Darent.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Dour.</span>—The living Celtic tongues of Wales, -Ireland and Scotland preserve the Celtic Dur—Dwr -in Welsh, Dur in Gælic and Erse. There -are other Dours in Fife and Aberdeen, and the -Dover or Dur-beck in Notts, and in Sussex the -Roman itinerary gives Portum Adurni, whence it -has been assumed that there was an Adour river. -But Prichard gives forty-four ancient names containing -this root in Italy, Germany, Gaul, and -Britain.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Eden.</span>—The Eden, on which is Edenbridge, is -a tributary of the Medway. Various rivers of this -name are found also in Cumberland, Yorks, Fife -and Roxburgh, containing the Celtic root Dan, -Don, or Den, for water or river.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Lee.</span>—This is a brook rising at Eltham Place, -and giving its name to Lee Street and Lee, thence -flowing to Lewisham. The more important river -Lea on the opposite side of the Thames is called -Lygan in the <i>Saxon Chronicle</i>. In Essex also -there is the Lea-beck, which shows a Celtic name -with a suffix attributable to the Danish marauders -whose becks are more common in the north of -England. The dropping of the last syllable of -Lygan would give the Lee.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Len.</span>—This short tributary of the Medway has -been neglected by writers on place-names; but it -<span class="pb" id="Page_14">14</span> -might be the Celtic Levn, smooth, as in Loch -Leven and three rivers of that name in Scotland, -besides others in Gloucestershire, Yorks, Cornwall, -Cumberland, and Lancashire.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Medway.</span>—The first syllable is adjectival, like -the Tam (broad or still) in Tamesa or Thames, -and is the Celtic Mwg, vapour, whence our -“muggy.” The second is from a varying Celtic -root, represented in Welsh by gwy or wy, for -water. Most of the river-names from this root are -in Wales; but besides the Medway there is the -Solway, on the Scottish border, and such names -as Weymouth and Weybridge. In the <i>Saxon -Chronicle</i> it is spelled Medewægan. Worth recording -(if only to discard them) are some derivations -given in Ferguson’s <i>River Names</i>. Writing -in 1862 (since when some study has been more -scientific), he gives the suggestion of the German, -Grimm, that the name refers to a cup of mead -overturned by a river god! Also that Gibson’s -<i>Etymological Geography</i> derives it from the -Latin medius because the river flows through the -middle of Kent! and this, says Gibson, is the -usual acceptation. Ferguson throughout has -Sanscrit on the brain, and so refers us to a -Sanscrit root, mid, to soften, and thinks it named -from its gentle flow. But which of our Kentish -rivers are not gentle?</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Quaggy.</span>—One of the two brooks at Lewisham. -Quag may be the same as Quag in quagmire, and -the second syllable the Anglo-Saxon “ea” for -water or river, cognate with the old High German -“aha” and the Latin “aqua.” In Rosetti’s -poem we find “I fouled my feet in quag-water.”</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Ravensbourne.</span>—When Teutonic colonists or -invaders, dispossessing the Celts, inquired the -name of a stream, they took the Celtic word to -be a proper instead of a common name, and so -added their own name for water or river. -Later, when the English tongue was evolved, -<span class="pb" id="Page_15">15</span> -“water” was sometimes added to the Celtic, or -Celtic-plus-Saxon, name. Thus, in Wansbeck-water, -Wan is Alfon and Evon; S is a vestige of -the Gadhelic visge; Beck is the Norse addition; -and Water the later English when it was forgotten -what Wansbeck meant. Thus our present -name means River-water-river-water! So -Ravensbourne (interpreted inanely in a Lewisham -print by a legend of a raven and a bone) is really -the Celtic Avon, with the Saxon addition of -Bourne, so common in Kent for stream.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Rother.</span>—A mainly Sussex stream which -forms part of the boundary of Kent. It is said -to be the Celtic Rhud-dwr—that is Red Water.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Stour.</span>—There are other rivers of this name in -Suffolk, Dorset, Warwickshire, and Worcestershire, -besides the Stör in Holstein, the Stura, a -tributary of the Po, and the Stura (now the Store) -in Italy, all probably named from the union of -two Celtic words for water, Is and Dwr. Some -regard it as merely the intensitive of Dwr, as in -Welsh the prefix Ys is used to intensify. Note -that a unique river name is a rarity.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Swale.</span>—Bede, the Saxon historian, writes of -the baptisms by S. Paulinus, in the Sualua. This -is the Swale, which makes Sheppey an island. -There are the East and the West Swale and -Swalecliff, and the origin may be from the Anglo-Saxon -Swellan, to swell. There are other -Swales in Britain and Germany.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Thames.</span>—This means the Broad, or Still, -Water, from the Celtic adjective Tam and the -root Is for water, which is reduplicated in the -name Isis for the river at Oxford, higher than -where the Thames falls into it. There is a river -Tame in four of our counties.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Wantsum.</span>—This much-dwindled stream -separates Thanet from the mainland, and is called -Wantsumu by Bede. The word is said to be not -Celtic (as are most river names here and on the -<span class="pb" id="Page_16">16</span> -Continent); but Teutonic. Want or Went, meant -a Way, and Som had the same qualifying force -as in the word “winsome,” that is, equivalent to -the “able” in “lovable.” There is a Wensum, -a tributary of the Yare, near Norwich. While -in early days the north branch of the Stour by -Thanet was not fordable, this water was “go-able”—to -coin a word. The “way” is not necessarily -a water way. At Ightham, Seven Vents is -the name of a place where seven roads meet.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Yenlade</span> or <span class="sc">Yenlet</span>.—“Applied by Lewis to -the north and south mouths of the estuary of the -Wantsum, which made Thanet an island. The -A.S. gen-lad means a discharging of a river into -the sea, or a smaller river into one larger.” Ladan -or hladan means to load or lade. Lambarde -wrote in 1570 “Yenlade or yenlet betokeneth an -Indraught or Inlett of water into the land.” -There are two or three places of this name in the -mouth of the Thames. Yantlet Creek is in the -Isle of Grain.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Beult.</span>—The final t is not found in the earliest -records I have seen, where the name is Beule. -One of our best Kent archæologists suggests the -Saxon verb Beauland, to turn or twist, as the -origin. I think, however, we may go further -back and find no exception to the rule that most -of our rivers were named by the Celts, for I find -the Erse or Irish Buol or Biol for water, and in -addition to Continental rivers which contain this -root there is the Buil (now called the Boyle) in -Ireland, the Beela in Westmorland, and the -Beauly in Inverness.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_17">17</div> -<h2 id="c2"><span class="small"><span class="sc">Roman Names in Kent.</span></span></h2> -<p>The first appearance of Kent in history is in -the Gallic War of Julius Cæsar, who paid -us the compliment of saying, <i>Ex his omnibus, -longe sunt humanissimi qui Cantium -incolunt</i>, on which Shakespeare wrote, “Kent -in commentaries Cæsar writ, Is termed -the civil’st place in all the isle.” Of his -presence here, however, the only relic is -perhaps more in the realm of legend than of history. -There is a mound or barrow at Chilham -known as Julaber’s or Juliberry’s grave, which -has been referred to Julius Laberius, an officer of -Julius Cæsar, slain in a battle here against the -British Celts. Julius Cæsar left our shores 54 -B.C., and our history is a blank until A.D. 43 -(roughly for a hundred years) when the Emperor -Claudius came to conquer us, in which campaign -Titus took a part, who in A.D. 70 captured -Jerusalem—as later some Detling young men entered -Jerusalem under General Allenby! Kent and -the Thames tribes were first conquered, and in -the occupation of Britain from A.D. 43 to A.D. -418 it was the rest of the country which gave -military work to the Romans.</p> -<p>Considering this long occupation, ended only -by the necessary recall of the troops to defend -falling Rome, it is surprising that so few place-names, -not only in Kent but anywhere, are attributable -to our masters. Those usually instanced -are Speen (anciently Spinæ, thorns); Pontefract -(the broken bridge); Chester (Castra, a camp), -with its later derivations, the Anglian Caster and -the Saxon Chester; and Caerleon (Castra -Legionum—the camp of the Legions); and of -these not one is in Kent. The chief centres of the -sparse population, and the natural landmarks of -rivers and mountains, preserved the names given -<span class="pb" id="Page_18">18</span> -earlier by the Celts, while our villages with few -exceptions are Scandinavian or Teutonic, otherwise -Norse or Saxon. Prof. Green, in his <i>History -of the English People</i>, is doubtless right in saying -that “only in the great towns were the -Britons Romanized. The tribes of the rural districts -remained apart, speaking their own tongue -and owing some traditional allegiance to their -native chiefs.”</p> -<p>Kent had more than its share of the mighty -road-making of Rome; more than its share -(except in the turbulent northern boundary of -England) of Roman military stations; but though -the roads remain, forts are only bits of ruins or -foundations, and the names have perished or been -changed. So, too, in Kent were most of the nine -Roman ports put under the jurisdiction of the -Comes Littoris Saxonici. In the Antonine -Itinerary of the fourth century the route from the -Northern Wall in Dumfriesshire to our Richborough -has as its last station Londonio (London), -Noviomago (site unknown), 10 miles; Vigniacis -(? Springhead), 18 miles; Durobrivis (Rochester), -9 miles; Durolevo (? near Sittingbourne), 13 -miles; Duroverno (Canterbury), 12 miles; and -Rutupis (Richborough), 12 miles. In no case has -the Roman name survived, with the exception -of the twisted Rutupis, for Lundon-ium is the old -name adopted by the Romans. Other routes add -Dubris (Dover), 14 miles from Duroverno, and -Portus Limanis (Lympne), 16 miles from Dubris. -Where we find Street it is, of course, the Saxon -form of the Roman Strata Via, <i>i.e.</i>, paved road, -and so our Kentish Stone Street ran from the -fortified port (as it was then, though inland now) -of Lympne to Canterbury; and Watling Street -(the name still surviving in London and Canterbury) -from their other fortified ports of Rutupiæ -(Richborough) to Canterbury, London, Stony -Stratford, and Chester. But Watling is not -Latin, and in the <i>Saxon Chronicle</i> the name is -<span class="pb" id="Page_19">19</span> -Wæclingastræt. So, too, the Well Street which -ran from Maidstone into the Weald—with no -definite end—is the road in the Wald, or Weald, -forest. We may perhaps add the places ending -in “hall” as a relic of the Roman aula. These -are more common in Thanet and Romney Marsh -than elsewhere, and in both these places Romans -had much to do.</p> -<p>The names given to the two Roman fortresses -which guarded the Wantsum (then an important -water way), Regulbium and Rutupiæ, were hard -for Saxon lips, and so were changed into Raculf-cestre, -whence Reculvers, and Repta-caester, -later Ratesburgh, whence our Richborough. So -also the Roman name of Rochester—Durobrevis -(the stronghold of the bridges) became in Saxon -times, Roribis, then Hrofibrevi. This was shortened -into Hrofi, which again was later assumed -to be the name of a man, and so Bede (twelve -hundred years ago) gives us Hrofes-cæster, -whence our Rochester.</p> -<p>Chislet, however, earlier Cistelet, probably -preserves the Roman Casteletum, a small castle -or camp. And Cheriton (there are others in -other counties) is said to be derived as to its -first two syllables from cerasus, cherry, the -Romans having introduced this tree about A.D. -60. They also brought the plum—prunes—and -so we get our Plumstede for Plumstead, adjoining -Woolwich, and Plumford, in Ospringe.</p> -<p>Also where Wick as a termination is not the -Scandinavian Wic or Bay, and so a coastal -name, it comes from the Latin Vicus, a row of -houses, and is the Saxonised form. Thus our -West Wickham, Wickhambreux, Sheldwich, -and so forth, record how the Saxons adopted but -changed the name given by the Romans. -McClure suggests that Faversham (Fefres-ham -in 811, Febresham in 858, and Faversham in -Domesday) may be a survival of the Latin Faber, -smith, in the most Latinized part of Kent, and -<span class="pb" id="Page_20">20</span> -on their chief road. The first part of the word -is plainly a genitive case, and there seems to be -no similar Saxon designation.</p> -<p>On the Continent, as well as in England, the -name Ventum, or Venta, is the Latin for a -market or sale place. Venta Silurum, for -example, has now as its neighbour Chepstow, -<i>i.e.</i>, Ceapstow, the Market. Having lived for -eight years as a boy in Wincheap, outside the -walls of Canterbury, it occurs to me that Win -may be Ven from Ventum, while cheap gives the -Saxon synonym. Its earlier forms are Wencheape, -Wyndcheps, and Wincheapfield. Of -course, it looks like winemarket, but would the -Romans have had one? And, if so, would it -not have been within the walls? On the other -hand, vineyards—probably first started by the -Romans—were not uncommon much later in -Kent, several near Maidstone, and one’s estimation -of the pleasantness of wine from outdoor -grapes is increased by finding in old charters -that in some cases tenants were bound to bring -to an abbot or a lord of the manor “a bushel of -blakenberis.” This would sweeten and colour -the English port!</p> -<p>Few, indeed, are the verbal relics of the -Romans, though they were here for 400 years. -While the earlier Celts have bequeathed to us -many words and names, but few works, the -Romans left us few words but some mighty -works.</p> -<h2 id="c3"><span class="small"><span class="sc">Teutonic (Jutish) Names in Kent.</span></span></h2> -<p>The Romans who had conquered, ruled, -and exploited our land for four centuries, -departed in A.D. 411, owing to the dire -necessity of defending their own land against -the Goths from Northern Europe. Already here -they had been attacked and pressed southwards -<span class="pb" id="Page_21">21</span> -by the Picts of the Highlands, aided by the Scots -of Ireland. To avoid Pictish conquest the -Britons offered land and pay to the English, who -up to then had been aiding the Picts.</p> -<p>Who were these English? A long peninsula -runs northwards (as few do) from Denmark, and -separates the North Sea from the Baltic. Herein, -our real home or cradle, dwelt three tribes of -the Low German stock, Angles, Jutes, and -Saxons, and as to Kent it was the Jutes from -Jutland who, under Hengist and Horsa, in A.D. -449, landed at Ebbsfleet in Thanet, as did others -in the Isle of Wight, the Islands in both cases -forming a great naval and military station, from -which the hinterlands of Kent and Hants could -be overrun. The later, and larger, seizures of -the Saxons were all the southern counties, -Essex, Sussex, Middlesex, and Wessex, while -the sphere of the Angles spread upwards from -what we still call East Anglia. Quarrels with -these mercenaries arose as to pay, and the Britons -of Kent resolved to fight. Hrofesceastre -was too strong, and so southward turned -Hengist along the Celtic country by Kits Coty -House, and then swooped down on Aylesford -and won a battle which meant the winning of -England. Horsa fell in the moment of victory, -and the flint heap of Horsted preserves his -name, and has been held to mark his grave. -Kentish landowners fled to France; the British -labourers to the vast forest; churches gave no -sanctuary, for the heathen Jutes raged most -against the clergy.</p> -<p>And so for two centuries the war of dispossession -and slaughter went on, until Britain was -a land, not of Britons, but of Englishmen -(Angles, or Anglo-Saxons, as they are also -called), while even of their language, as we have -seen, few words lingered. Six years later the -shore-castles of Dover, Richborough, and -Lympne succumbed. Then, in A.D. 447, another -<span class="pb" id="Page_22">22</span> -tribe, the Saxons, came for a share in the goodly -spoil, overran Anderida, the fortress of the -great forest, and “slew all that were herein, nor -was there afterwards one Briton left,” at any -rate, in Kent. This Saxon, or strictly speaking, -Jutish, invasion has given us most of our blood, -and the greater part of our tongue, our territorial -divisions, most names of places, and those -of the days of the week.</p> -<p>Following the conquerors came colonists, and -in the Saxon districts of England (and Kent is -the most Saxon of all) we find the names, not -of individual immigrants, but of families or -clans. These family settlements are denoted by -the termination <i>ing</i>, which was the usual Anglo-Saxon -patronymic, corresponding to our later -“son” in Johnson, etc. So the sons of Charles -Brown, who died in Detling, would in earlier -days be called the Brownings—as the progeny -of a duck are ducklings, and of a goose goslings. -It has been held that when the suffix -ham or ton is added it denotes a filial colony or -offshoot from the original settlement of the clan. -There are between two and three thousand -places in England which contain the root “ing,” -although some (mainly in the north) come from -a Norse and substantive “eng” or “ing” which -means meadow. Kemble makes 22 original settlements -in Kent, and 29 filial offshoots, whereas -the western or northern counties have no original, -although, between them, 169 filial settlements.</p> -<p>If we may thus distinguish two classes of place -names which survive in Kent, we have the Bobbings -at Bobbing, the Hôcings at Hucking, the -Harlings at Harling, the Boerlings at Barling, -the Berlings at Birling, the Bollings at Bowling, -the Garlings at Garlinge, the Hallings at Halling, -the Hircelings at Hecklinge, the Horings -at Herringe, the Mollings at Mailing, the Wealings -at Welling, the Beltings at Beltring, the -<span class="pb" id="Page_23">23</span> -Cerrings at Charing, the Petlings at Pedling, -the Wickings at Witchling, the Bermarings at -Barming. In one case, however, an individual -is commemorated in a place-name—Hemmings -Bay, near Margate, is the scene of the landing -of a Danish chieftain in 1009 A. D. There were -many Saxons in Thanet under Roman rule (as -interments have shown), but few place names -are found there of the patronymic kind, the exceptions -being Garlinge, Birchington, Halling -Court, Osinghelle, Ellington, and Newington—of -which some are doubtful. What about -Detling? one of my readers may say. I inclined -for some time to the meaning deep meadow (as -Deptford is the deep fiord or bay), in allusion to -its position between the vast forest above and -the extensive marshes below; but Mr. McClure -will not hear of “ing” a meadow, in the South -of England, and one Oxford Professor of Anglo-Saxon -writes me as follows: “The evidence for -ing ‘meadow,’ south of Lincolnshire is so scanty -or dubious that it would require pretty strong -evidence to establish its recurrence in Kent -place-names.” In that case one must fall back -upon a Saxon ancestor, and lately in Maidstone -were found both Major D’Aeth and Mr. De’Ath, -whose families would be Deathlings in early -Saxon days.</p> -<p>Then, of offshoots, we have in Kent the -Ælingtons at Allington, the Ellings at Ellington, -the Aldings at Aldington, the Eorpings at -Orpington, the Bennings at Boddington, the -Gillings at Gillingham, the Cennings at Kennington, -the Cosings at Cossington, the Dodings -at Doddington, the Dœfings at Davington, the -Leasings at Lossenham, the Pœfings at Pevington, -the Syfings at Sevington, the Wickings at -Wickinghurst, the Lodings at Loddington, the -Ellings at Ellington, the Bosings at Bossingden -(and Bossenden), the Adings at Addington, the -Œslings at Ashlingham, and possibly the -<span class="pb" id="Page_24">24</span> -Beecings at Birchington and Beckenham. As -illustrating the westward migration of the Teutonic -race we may note, to take one clan, that, -starting from Germany, the Hemings name -Hemingen in Germany, Hemminghausen in -Westphalia, Hemingstadt in Holstein, Heming -in Lorraine and in Alsace, Hemington in Northamptonshire -and Somerset, and Hemingbrough -in Yorks.</p> -<p>It may help some in their enquiry into the -origin of place-names if I note that of old, and -by Saxon lips, the vowel “e” was pronounced -like our “a.” So, in the case of Berfreystone, -Berham, Bernefield, Chert, Chertham, Crey, -Dertford, Esseherst, Essetlesford, Freningham, -Herietsham, Herty, Hertleye, Hese, Mergate, -Remmesgate, Reyersh, Smeredenne, and Werehorne—the -vowel sound remaining although the -vowel was changed when, for example, Hese -became our Hayes. And another point is that -in the Kentish dialect th (a separate character in -Saxon) often becomes d, <i>e.g.</i>, gardering for -gathering, and dare and dem for there and them. -This still survives in remote places and aged -persons. So Beddersden for Bethersden.</p> -<p>I may here add some instances of what in -some cases aids, and in other cases hinders, -a knowledge of the origin and meaning of a -place-name—that is the very various ways in -which the name has been spelled. Generally, -the earlier the form the better guide to the -meaning. It will be found that spelling was -often so vague that even a lawyer in writing an -old record or will may spell a name differently -in the same document, and in most cases in -mediæval times the sound of the word ruled its -spelling. Some examples of multiform names in -Kent I give here.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Edenbridge.</span>—Edeling-bridge, 1225, Ethonbrigge -1457, Edonbregge 1473, Edinbregg and -Edingbregg 1483, Etonbrigge 1499, Etonbreg -<span class="pb" id="Page_25">25</span> -1528, Etonbridge 1534, Edulwestbridge 1539, -with other forms of which I have not noted the -dates, Edelmesbrigge, Pons Edelmi. The bridge -element is clear throughout, but it would also -seem that the old name of the river Eden was -the Edel. Of this there may be evidence which -I have not yet come across.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Bethersden</span> in its earliest form is Beatrichesdenne -(1194), which, on the analogy of other -places, would seem to point to the church being -dedicated to a local S. Beatrice; but at the same -date, and since, its patron saint was S. Margaret. -Possibly an heiress Beatrice held the -manor, as Patrixbourne is called, not from the -saint of the Church, but from one who held -the manor, which in Domesday was simply -called Bourne. Later I find Beterisdenne 1389, -Betrycheden 1468, Betresden 1535, Beatherisden -1552, and later Beathersden, Beddersden (by -Kent dialect change of th into d), and Bethersden.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Charing</span> is Ciorminege in a Saxon charter of -799 A.D., which proved too hard for old English -or middle English mouths, so that one finds -many later variants, such as Cheerynge 1396, -Carings, Cerringes (and Cherinche in Domesday -Book 1036), Cherrving (temp. Edw. 3rd), and at -last Charing in 1505.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Cuxton</span>, probably derived from a personal -name, like Cuckfield in Sussex, is Codestane in -Domesday, Coklestone 1472, Cokston 1503, -Cokynston 1533, Coxston 1538, Cokestone 1559, -and Codstan, Coklestane, Colestane, Cukelstane, -and Cookstone in other documents.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Goodneston</span>, near Ash and Wingham, is no -doubt Goodwin’s Town, and once had the name -of “Godstanstone-les-Elmes, alias Nelmes, near -Wingham.” In 1208 it was Gutsieston, but in -1512 had settled down into Godenston, previous -variations having been Goldstaneston, Gounceston, -Groceston, Gusseton, and Guston.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_26">26</div> -<h2 id="c4"><span class="small"><span class="sc">Saxon or Jutish Suffixes.</span></span></h2> -<p>In the earliest days of which we have knowledge -all Kent was practically either forest -or marsh, with a little cornland in Thanet -and sheep pastures in Sheppey, and it was -plainly on the edges of the forests (Blean and -Anderida running right across the county from -Whitstable to Cranbrook) that the early settlers -from Jutland made their homes. Like pioneer -backwoodsmen in Canada and elsewhere, they -had first to clear of trees, and then to fence, the -spot each family had chosen. For 25 years I -have passed annually through the agricultural -districts of Belgium, Alsace, Lorraine, and -Switzerland (and sometimes France), and two -things always strike me—that English agriculturists -are not on the whole so thrifty, so tidy, -or so hardworking, as their Continental brethren, -and that abroad they seem to have neither need -nor desire for hedges or other fences. Our -colonists in England, however, show in place-names -how necessary they thought enclosures -to be.</p> -<p>First there is the ubiquitous “<i>ton</i>” as a suffix. -The sons of Ælla, the Ellings, made their Ellington. -Now “ton” means an enclosure, and -especially enclosed land with a dwelling thereon. -Then it comes to signify the house on the enclosure. -In Scotland even now the “toun” is -the farmhouse and outbuildings, and in Kent I -find in a charter of 1432 a conveyance of “land -with all Houses ... called Wattyshagh, formerly -called Taune.” Then, as the original -house became a nucleus, and a hamlet swelled -into a village, and a village into a town, we got -our modern sense of the word, which, however, -is later than the Norman conquest.</p> -<p>Even earlier than “ton” would be “<i>field</i>,” -which is not the same as lea or mead, but -<span class="pb" id="Page_27">27</span> -denotes a patch of felled or cleared land. So -we have our Chelsfield, Oakfield, Ifield, Broomfield, -Whitfield, Swingfield, Fairfield, Hothfield, -Stalisfield, Clexfield, Longfield, Fieldgreen, and -Netherfield, in the more forestal part of Kent, -while in the list of parishes in the Rochester -diocese, where marsh and down prevailed, I find -only one parish—Matfield—which suggests old -felling of trees. Sometimes, however, there -would be attractive glades or <i>leys</i> on the outskirts -of the forest, already pastured or cultivated -to a certain extent. Hence arose not only -place-names, but nick-names (sur-names came -much later) of persons who lived or worked -therein, such as John of the Horse Ley, John of -the Cow Ley, John of the Sheep Ley, John of -the Swine Ley, which later became surnames. -Isaac Taylor enumerates 22 leys in Central Kent, -but one cannot test his figures without knowing -what map he used. Hence as place-names our -Hartley, Swanley, Langley, Bromley, Oakley or -Ockley, Hockley, Bickley, Whitley, Boxley, -Mydley, Barley, Brenchley, Elmley, Ripley, -Angley, Beverley, Gorseley Wood, Harley, -Pluckley, Throwley, Bexley, Leybourne, Shirley, -Kelmsley, Ridley, Tudeley, etc.</p> -<p>Then there were, and are, the <i>Dens</i>, forty-two -of them in Central Kent, says Isaac Taylor; -but Mr. Furley, in his <i>Weald of Kent</i>, says that -the great manor of Aldington alone possessed -forty-four dens. It was probably a Celtic word -adopted by the Saxons, and designated a wooded -valley mostly used for swine pasture. So we -have the Ardenne forest in France and Belgium, -and elsewhere in England Henley in Arden and -the Forest of Arden, which stretched from -Gloucestershire to Nottingham. Down to the -17th century the “Court of the Dens” was held -at Aldington, near Hythe, to determine pasture -rights and wrongs.</p> -<p>One cannot enumerate all the Kentish dens -which might be found not only on the map but -<span class="pb" id="Page_28">28</span> -in old manorial records. In old Tenterden alone -there were Pittesden, Igglesden, Strenchden, -Godden, Gatesden, Bugglesden, Finchden, -Twisden, Lovedene, Haffendene, Brissendene, -Haldene, and Little Haldene as manors, of some -of which even the names have departed. I find -that of the 16 parishes in the rural deanery of -West Charing eight end in den and five in hurst, -and I think Furley is in error when he says that -only 16 extant parishes (as distinct from manors) -in Kent end in den. A small original settlement -in a den might soon increase in size even in -early Saxon times, and so we have several -parishes and manors called Denton. Other -local place-names which are due to their position -in the old forest land are those which end in -<i>hyrst</i> or, later, hurst. Hursts and Cherts were -the denser parts of the forest, and the word is -said to apply specially to wooded high ground. -The two words may be originally the same, with -the old German Hart (whence the Hartz mountains), -as parent. So we have Bredhurst, Goudhurst, -Hawkhurst, Hurst Wood near Peckham, -Penshurst, Sandhurst, Staplehurst, Chart, and -two or three score more.</p> -<p>Another forest name is <i>Holt</i> or Hot—more -common in Surrey than in Kent. The German -is Holtz, which means both a wood and wood -the material. It is also a common prefix or -suffix in Iceland. Isaac Taylor gives us only -one Holt in his table, for Central Kent at any -rate, but we know Knockholt beeches, Birchholt -near Smeeth, an Acholt (Oakwood) in each of -the manors of Dartford, Wingham, and Monkton, -and Hot Wood; while further study is -necessary to determine whether from Holt or -from Hoath or Hoth (a heath) come Hothfield, -Oxenhoath, and Hoath or Hoad near Reculver. -“Another common suffix in the neighbourhood -of ancient forests,” says Isaac Taylor, “is -Hatch—a hitch-gate, Hêche in French.” He -<span class="pb" id="Page_29">29</span> -gives no example from Kent, but we know our -Chartham Hatch, Ivy Hatch, and Mersham -Hatch and Snoll Hatch. <i>Wold</i> or Weald, a -wood, is not so common as one would expect, -but we have Sibertswold and Wymynswold, and -Waltham and Waldershare. <i>Snœd</i> is a Saxon -word for a piece of wood in 8th century charters, -and this survives in Hamersnoth near Romney, -Nod Wall near Lydd, Frisnoth near Appledore, -Sibersnode in the Hundred of Ham, Snode Hill, -Snodehurst, Snodland, and Snodebeam, a manor -in Yalding.</p> -<h2 id="c5"><span class="small"><span class="sc">Some Common Saxon Elements in Place-Names.</span></span></h2> -<p>—<span class="smaller">HAM</span> = Ham means homestead, but—hamm -an enclosure or bend in a river, the former being -the more common. It is only by early Saxon -documents that we can tell which word is meant. -Alkham for the first, perhaps the Hundred of -Ham for the latter.</p> -<p class="tb">—<span class="smaller">ING</span>, in the middle or end of a name means -“sons of.” A final ling is also a patronymic -when the name ends in ol or ele. Thus Donnington -is the settlement of the sons of Donna, -and as Didling or Dudelyng in Sussex (with 13th -century forms of Dedling and Dedlinge) was -derived from Dyddeling as descendants of -Dyddel, this may throw some light on Detling -in Kent.</p> -<p class="tb">—<span class="smaller">MERE</span> = lake, or gemæru boundary. Lakes -are few in Kent, so Baddlesmere may indicate a -boundary, while Mereworth (anciently Marewe) -may indicate neither. Mearesflete in Thanet, -and Mere, a manor in Rainham, may point to a -personal name. Walmer is said to be named -from the marshy ground behind the Wall, or old -raised beach, which begins by Walmer Castle.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_30">30</div> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Brōc</span> = a brook, as in the dialects of Kent and -Sussex, also low-lying ground, not necessarily -with running water. So Brook, and Brookland, -and Kidbrook.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Burna</span> = stream. So Bourne, Littlebourne, -etc.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Cnoll</span> = hillock (Cnol in Welsh and knöl in -Swedish). So Knole, and perhaps Knockholt.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Cop</span> = a top or head, German kopf. Our Copt -Point.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Cumb</span>, or comb = a hollow in a hillside, or a -narrow valley. So Ulcombe. A word borrowed -from the Celtic.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Dell</span> = low ground or valley. Hence Deal.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Ēā</span> = water, river. So Stur-ea, now Sturry, -or watery land. So probably Romney, from -Ruimea. But ey also is īēg, or ēg = an island. -Sceapige, now Isle of Sheppey.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Denu</span> is a valley, and denn a retreat, but these -often interchange in early forms with dun, which -survives in our downs, and Down, the village.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Ford.</span>—Here we have to distinguish between -the Saxon ford (a natural place-name when -bridges as yet were few), and fiord, which is -purely coastal, and comes from our Norse -marauders. Thus Ashford and Deptford come -from quite different words.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Grāf</span>, in Saxon, is our grove, so that Ashgrove -is pure Saxon, Æsc-graf.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Heall</span> means a hall, or larger house, and may -be simply the Latin aula, especially as place-names -ending in hall are more frequent near -Roman centres. But there is also halk, a corner -or angle, which may suit other places. Our -several Whitehalls would indicate the former -word.</p> -<p class="tb">The Saxon <span class="smaller">HEATH</span> survives unaltered in some -cases, and also as Hoath, and perhaps as Hoth -in Hothfield.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_31">31</div> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Hlinc</span>, a slope, accounts for the Linch and -Linchfield in Detling, a cultivated slope at the -foot of the Downs. More common in Sussex. -Golfers will recognise the word.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Hōh</span> = a hough or heel of land, whence our -Hundred of Hoo.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Hyrcg</span> is our ridge, and names Eridge, and -Colbridge, and Sundridge.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Hyll</span> = our hill, partly names many places, -Bosehill, Hinxhill, Maze Hill, Ide Hill, etc.; but -I think there are more in Sussex, where Roberts -enumerates forty-eight.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Mersc</span> = march—whence Stodmarsh, Burmarsh, -Mersham, Westmarsh, Marshton.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Ofer</span> and <span class="sc">Ora</span> are difficult to distinguish in use, -the former meaning bank or shore and the latter -bank of a stream. Bilnor and Oare may come -from the former, and Bicknor and Denover (on -the Beult) from the latter.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Ell</span>, <span class="smaller">WIELL</span>, <span class="smaller">WYLL</span>, as a prefix, becomes our -well.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Wudu</span> = wood. So Saltwood is Sautwud in -1230.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Beorg</span> = a hill, dative beorge, is easily confused -with <span class="sc">Burg</span> = bush, dative byrg, a fortified -place, and then a city. From the former we get -our modern beogh, ber or barrow; from the -latter our prefix Bur, and the suffixes borough, -burg, boro, and bury. The first syllable of -Bearsted may be either Beorg or Beorc, birch. -Canterbury is the burg or fortified city of the -Cantwara or Kent-folk.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Hlu</span> = a burial mound, developing later into -the suffix low, lane, and lew, may be found in -Hadlow, and perhaps in the Hundreds of -Ryngelo and Cornilo in the Lathe of Borowart -(now S. Augustine’s).</p> -<p class="tb">Considering the mainly forestal character of -Saxon Kent, it is not strange that many places -<span class="pb" id="Page_32">32</span> -are named from trees. Thus Ac = oak, appears -in Ockholt, Ackhanger, Ockley. Æsc in Ashford, -Ashhurst, and several Ashes. Our Nursted -was Nutstede earlier. Perhaps to Ac also we -may refer Hocker’s Lane in Detling as a prefix -to another Saxon word, ofer, a shore or bring, -though it may also be but a corruption of Oakham. -In numerous place-names, especially those -derived from trees, we find this suffix: Oakover -(in Derbyshire), Ashover, Haselover, Birchover, -commonly shortened into Oaker, Asher, Hasler, -and Bircher. So the lane near the oak-tree or -oak-wood would be Oakover Lane, Oaker or -Ocker Lane, and eventually Hocker’s Lane. -With but one cottage in it, I can find no tradition -or trace of any personal name from which -it might be called.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Apuldor</span>, as for appletree, remains in Appledore; -Birce or beorc, perhaps in Bearsted, Birchington (?), -Bekehurst.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Box</span>, or byxe (derived from the Latin buxus) -names many places, and early forms in Bex, -Bix, Bux, are found both as to Boxley and -Bexley, as with Boxhill and Bexhill in other -counties.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Holegn</span> = holen, adj. of holly, survives in -Hollingbourne and Holborough; <span class="sc">Per</span> (pear) in -Perhamstead; <span class="sc">Cherry</span> in Cheriton; <span class="sc">Plum</span> in -Plumstead; <span class="sc">Elm</span> in Elmley, Elmstone, Elmstead, -but only the wych-elm was indigenous, -and called Wice by the Saxons. <span class="sc">Thorn</span> we find -in Thornham.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Haga</span>, a Saxon name survives in our <span class="sc">Haw</span>thorn, -and may help us to understand the meaning -of Eythorne, near Dover, and the Hundred -of Eyhorne, in which Detling is situated. The -early name of Eythorne is Hegythorne, <i>i.e.</i>, Hawthorn, -and the Hundred of Eythorde or Eyhorne -(so from 1347 A.D.) might well be the same, -and named from the hamlet of Iron Street is -<span class="pb" id="Page_33">33</span> -Hollingbourne, where Iron is plainly a late corruption -of an old word.</p> -<p class="tb">The Rev. E. McClure, in his <i>British Place-Names</i>, -gives (p. 207 <i>et seqq.</i>) a list of words in -old Saxon glossaries, ranging from the 7th to -the 9th centuries, which appear in British place-names. -I extract those which seem to apply to -place-names in Kent.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Bodan</span> = bottom, common in Kent for a -narrow valley, <i>e.g.</i>, East Bottom at Kingsdown, -near Walmer.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Hœgu-thorn</span> = hedge-thorn, hawthorn, whence -our Eythorne (anciently Hegythe Thorne), Hundred -of Eyhorne (Haythorn, temp. Henry III.), -and Iron Street, a hamlet in Hollingbourne in -that Hundred.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Mapuldur</span> = maple-tree, in our Maplescombe, -<i>i.e.</i>, the bowl-shaped valley where maples -abound.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Holegn</span> = holly. Our Hollingbourne, and perhaps -Hollandon.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Holt-hona</span> = woodcock, or more exactly woodhen, -like moorhen. Worhona is Saxon for -pheasant. So our Henhurst, Henwood, and -Hengrove are the same.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Boece</span> = beech. So our Mark Beech and -Bough Beech, near Chiddingstone. This derivation -is also one of those suggested for Bearsted, -whereof the Saxon name is Beorhham-stede, and -the first syllable would be either Beorg-hill or -Beorc-beech.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Goss</span> = furze. Gorsley Wood, in Bishopsbourne.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Fleota</span> = estuary or creek. Our Northfleet, -Southfleet, Ebbsfleet, and Mearesflete, and -Flete.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Haesl</span> = hazel. Hazelwood Hill, in Boughton -Malherbe.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_34">34</div> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Beber</span> = beaver. Beavers flourished in England -even in historical times, and gave their -name to Beverley, Beaverbrook, etc. May -Beaver, near Ashford, derive thus? And the -Beverley at Canterbury?</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Pearroc</span> = literally a grating—a place fenced -in for deer, etc. So Park and Paddock. Paddock -Wood.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Hreed</span> = reed. Our Reedham possibly; but it -is not on marshy ground.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Hythae</span> = a harbour. Our Hythe, Greenhythe, -New Hythe (East Malling), Small Hythe (Tenterden), -West Hythe, and Erith (Erehithe—the -old landing-place for Lesnes Abbey on the -Thames).</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Thyrne</span> = thorn. Our Thornham.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Cisil</span> = gravel. Our Chislehurst (Cyselhurst -in 973), or gravelly wood.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Cnol</span> = hill-top, as in Knowle, Knowle Hill (in -Boughton Malherbe), and Knowlton.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Beyr</span> = shed, cottage. Dr. Sweet makes it the -same as Bur (modern Bower). Hence perhaps -our Burham and Burmarsh; but the old forms -of Burham would point rather to Borow or -Borough—the walled settlement.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Aesc</span> = ash. Our Ash, Ashenden, Ashford, -Ashley, and Ashurst.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Hlep</span> = leap. Hence Hartlip, of old Hertelepe. -There are two places thus named.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Pirge</span> = pear tree. Possibly Perrywood and -Perry Street. And Perhamstede according to -authorities.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Plum-treu</span> = plum tree. Hence Plumstead—and -Plumpton?</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Faerh</span> = a young pig, whence our word -“farrow.” Considering that the rearing of swine -was the chief occupation in the dens, I wonder -that no one has suggested this word for the first -syllable of Farleigh and Fairlight.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_35">35</div> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Brycg</span> = bridge. The Saxon had the word, but -not many bridges. Most of our eleven place-names -in Kent containing this word are of post-Saxon -date, while we have fifteen “fords.”</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Sae</span> = sea. So our Seasalter and Seabrook.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Aac</span> = oak. We have Ackholt, Acol, Acryse, -Oakhurst, Oakley, and Ockholt (now Knockholt).</p> -<p><span class="sc">Elm</span>, borrowed from the Latin Ulmus. The -Witch-elm, called Wice in Saxon, is indigenous, -the other elm imported. We have Elmley, Elmstead, -and Elmstone.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Mistel</span> = mistletoe (ta. fem.—tdig) may -appear in Mistleham, near Appledore.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Caelf</span> = calf. The Saxon name for Challock -was Caelf-loca-n, <i>i.e.</i>, enclosed place for calves. -The second syllable suggests the Latin locus, but -is the source of our English Lock, <i>i.e.</i>, shut up. -So the locks on the river; and pounds for straying -cattle are “lokes” in East Anglia.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Pleg-huses</span> = theatres (or recreation grounds). -Our Plaistow and Plaxtol.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Syla</span> = wallowing place. So our numerous -Soles, which I later enumerate.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Dimhus</span> and <span class="sc">Dimhof</span> = hiding or dark place. -Our Dymchurch are instances.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Crocc</span> and <span class="sc">Hweras</span> are both Saxon for pots. -Few know what pure Saxon they use when they -talk of crockery-ware. Pottery was always a -great industry from Sittingbourne to Sheppey, -and the Romans appreciated and extended it. -This may account for our Crokham Hill, Crockham, -Crockhurst Street, and Crockshard.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Cocca</span>, gen. plural = chickens. Cock St., -Cockham Wood, Cockshill, Coxheath, Cockadam -Shaw, while in Detling we have Cock-hill, Upper -and Lower Cox Street. Some may, of course, -be modern and personal names; but I cannot so -trace them.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_36">36</div> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Boley Hill</span>, near Rochester, was undoubtedly -a place of civic importance in very early days. It -was a Danish meeting place corresponding to -our shire-mote at Pennington Heath, and we -may best trace its name to a Danish word which -we still use—the bole of a tree. This is found in -various parts of the Danish district of Lincolnshire, -and the reference may be to the hill with -a famous tree under which the court of the community -was held. Trees, as well as cromlechs -or great stones, were common landmarks in -Saxon times—hence our various Stones in Kent. -Others, however, consider it a corruption of -Beaulieu, a name given by the Templars to the -sites of their preceptories, and they instance a -Boley or Bully Mead in East London, which -belonged to the Templars. And others, because -of its ancient legal associations, think it should -be Bailey Hill, and refer us to the Old Bailey in -London.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Farleigh.</span>—On a clear day from Detling Hill we -can see, not only Farleigh, near Maidstone, but -Fairlight Church, near Hastings. In Saxon days -and documents these place-names were the same, -and so in Domesday (1086), each is Ferlega, the -passage or fareing through the pastures or leys, -just as our modern Throwley is Trulega, with -the scribes’ variations in 12th century deeds of -Thruleghe, Trulleda, Trulea, Thrulege, and -Trudlege. Fairlight, therefore, is simply a -modern corruption after a fashion which once -corrupted the name of Leigh, near Tonbridge, -which I find written Legh in 1435, Ligth in 1513, -Lyghe in 1525, and Lyght in 1531. It has been -suggested that the first syllable may indicate a -personal name, Fær; but this seems less tenable.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Borstall</span>, from the Anglo-Saxon Beorg, a -hill, and stal, a dwelling (as in Tunstall), means -a path up a steep hill. So there is Borstall Hill -near Rochester, Bostall Hill near Woolwich, and -Borstall Hill by Whitstable. And I have noted -<span class="pb" id="Page_37">37</span> -a passage in White’s <i>Selborne</i>—he made a path -up the wooded steep hill near his vicarage called -the Hanger, and he writes: “Now the leaf is -down, the Bostall discovers itself in a faint, delicate -line running up the Hanger.”</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Eastry.</span>—Lambarde thought this village was -so named to distinguish it from West-Rye, now -called simply Rye, but the places are too far -apart, especially when the great forest of -Anderida came between them. McClure, our -most recent authority on British place-names, -would refer it to the Rugii, a Continental clan -from the Island of Rugen in the Baltic, whom -he finds represented in Sûthryge (Surrey). So -he would make the word East-ryge, and in a -charter of 780 it is Eastrygena, and in another -Eastryge. But amongst the various early spellings -is Eastereye, <i>i.e.</i>, Eástoregg (No, not Easter -Egg!), the island of Eástor. In a will of 929, -“Æthelnoth, the reeve to Eastorege,” is mentioned. -Now the next parish is Woodnesborough, -the town of Woden, the Saxon god. So here -may well be, named at the same time and by the -same people, the name of Eástor, the goddess of -spring; while, as to its suffix, the centre of the -village stands higher than the rest, and is almost -entirely surrounded by a valley, though not now -by water. Fewer greater authorities than Professor -Skeat are to be found, and he inclines to -this interpretation.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Folkestone.</span>—Here we find several interpretations, -the more modern being the most absurd. -Thus Phillipott suggests the town full of folk! -and Murray’s Handbook to Kent Fulke’s Town -(whoever this Fulke may have been)! Both, -however, forgot that the final syllable is always -stane or stone, and not ton. Another imaginative -worthy says that its stone quarries were much -used in the 13th and 14th centuries, and belonged -to the community, and so it was the Folks’ -Stone! Folcland we know; Folcmote we know; -<span class="pb" id="Page_38">38</span> -but what is this? The <i>Anglo Saxon Chronicle</i> -says that Harold seized ships at Folcesstane, and -in Domesday it appears as Falchestan. Harris -simply Latinizes the name and calls it Lapis -populi, the stone of the people, and as in Ninnius -(8th cent.) there is a reference in his description -of England to the “stone of inscription on the -Gallic sea,” which some would identify with -Folkestone; he may be more right than he knew.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Plaxtol</span>, near Sevenoaks.—In many Kentish -parishes (and elsewhere) the name Pleystole or -Playstool clings to a piece of land on which -miracle and other plays were acted when amusements -had to be mainly home-grown. So at -Lynsted, Herbert Finch, in the sixth year of -Queen Elizabeth, bequeathed the “Playstall et -Playstollcroft” fields. A variant of the name we -may find in Plaistow, by Bromley. So in Selborne -(Gilbert White’s renowned village) the -Plestor is the old playground. Would that in all -villages, especially since the looting of old commons, -there might be a field thus consecrated to -healthy recreation.</p> -<p class="tb">Amongst the sources of enlightenment as to -the meaning of our place-names I have turned to -the volume of the English Dialect Society, which -is on the <i>Kentish Dialect and Provincialisms</i>, -and was prepared by the Revs. W. D. Parish -and W. F. Shaw. It does not contain, as I have -found, nearly all our local words, and not a few -of the words it does give are by any means -peculiar to Kent. Still, it is useful and interesting, -and it may well be that some of our Kent -place-names are almost peculiar to Kent, especially -as the neighbouring counties of Sussex and -Essex were populated by Saxons, but Kent was -populated by the Jutes, and no doubt their -common tongue had its tribal variations. I take -from this dictionary all the words which are -illustrative of place-names.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_39">39</div> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Forstall</span> = “a farm-yard before a house; a -paddock near a farm house; or the farm buildings.... -As a local name, Forestalls seem to -have abounded in Kent.” Two instances are -given; but I have noted Broken Forestall, Buckley; -Clare’s Forestall, Throwley; Mersham -Forstall; Forstall Farm, Egerton; The Forstall, -Hunton; Preston Forstall, Wingham; Painter’s -Forestall, Ospringe; Hunter’s Forstall, Herne; -Fostal, Herne Hill; Forstall, Lenham; Forstall, -Aylesford; Shepherd’s Forstall, Sheldwich—and -no doubt there are more.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Tye.</span>—“An extensive common pasture, such as -Waldershare Tie and Old Wives’ Lees Tie, and -in a document of 1510, a croft called Wolves’ -Tie.” I would add the places called Olantigh, -one near Wye and another near Fordwich. Teig-r -is really a Norse word meaning a piece of grassland, -and when borrowed or used by the Saxons -it became Tigar, Tig and Tey in such place-names -as Mark’s Tey.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Yokelet.</span>—“An old name in Kent for a little -farm or manor.” Cake’s Yoke is the name of a -farm in Crundale. The yoke was a measure of -land, probably such as one yoke of oxen could -plough. Thus it corresponds to the Latin jugum, -which means a yoke, and also a land measure. -We have also West Yoke in Ash-next-Ridley; -Yoklet, a borough in Waltham; land so named -in Saltwood; and Ickham was of old Yeckham -or Ioccham, from the A.S. yeok, a yoke of arable -land. Iocclet is also given in the dictionary as -a Kenticism for a small farm.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Bodge.</span>—“A measure of corn, about a bushel.” -May this suggest a derivation for Bodgebury, -some land with a cottage thereon, part of the old -glebe of Detling?</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Brent.</span>—“The Middle-English word Brent -most commonly meant burnt; but there was -another Brent, an adjective which signified -steep.” Thus Brentwood in Essex is the same -<span class="pb" id="Page_40">40</span> -as Burnt Wood in Detling, but the Brents or -North Preston near Faversham, and the Brent -Gate therein refer to the steep contour of the -land. A Celtic root, found in Welsh as bryn, a -ridge, accounts for many such names as Brendon -Hill, Birwood Forest, Brandon, a ridge in Essex, -Breandown near Weston-super-Mare, and many -Swiss and German names for steep places.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Court</span>, or Court Lodge.—“The manor house, -where the court leet of the manor is held.” So -in Detling we have East Court and West Court -because, in default of a son, the old manor was -divided between two co-heiresses in the 16th -century. So we have as place-names North -Court in Eastling, a Court at Street in Lympne, -besides very many names of old houses, such as -Eastry Court, Selling Court, etc.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Down.</span>—“A piece of high open ground, not -peculiar to Kent, but perhaps more used here -than elsewhere. Thus we have Updown in -Eastry, Hartsdown and Northdown in Thanet, -Leysdown in Sheppey, and Barham Downs.” I -may add Puttock’s Down (the Kite’s Down), -three villages called Kingsdown, Derry Downs, -Downe, Hackemdown, Harble Down, Housedown, -Kilndown, two Underdowns, besides probably -some of the names ending in don. The -Celtic dun, a hill-fortress, found all over Europe, -is directly found in our Croydon, as in London, -Dunstable, etc., and the Saxon extended its use, -especially in the plural, to high ground, whether -crowned with a fort or camp or not. Trevisa -wrote in 1398 “A downe is a lytel swellynge or -aresynge (arising) of erthe passynge the playne -ground ... and not retchyng to hyghnesse of -an hylle.”</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Fright</span> or Frith.—“A thin, scrubby wood.” -So the Fright Woods near Bedgebury. And I -learned to skate as a boy at the Fright Farm on -Dover Castle Hill. This may account for Frith -by Newnham, and possibly also for Frittenden.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_41">41</div> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Polder.</span>—“A marsh: a piece of boggy soil.” -A place in Eastry now called Felder land was of -old Polder land, and nearer Sandwich is a place -still called Polders. Poll (Celtic), Pool (Early -English), Proll (Welsh), is a common prefix to -the name of a brook. Polhill, however, in Harrietsham, -is more likely to come from the great -Kent family of the Polhills. So we have Polhill -Farm in Detling, and a Polhill was Vicar in -1779.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Rough.</span>—“A small wood; any rough, woody -place.” So Bushy Rough in the Alkham Valley, -where rises one of the sources of the river Dour. -Hence also Rough Hills in Hernhill; Rough -Common near Canterbury; and perhaps Roughway -in Plaxtol, the wood being used in the -Kentish rather than the usual sense.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Saltings</span>, or Salterns, or Salts.—“Salt -marshes on the sea-side of the sea-walls.” A -North Kent word, naming Saltbox, and Salterns, -both in Sheppey, and probably Seasalter near -Whitstable. We must find, however, if we can, -another derivation for Saltwood Castle.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Selynge.</span>—Toll, custom, tribute. The Prior -of Christ Church, Canterbury, used to take in -the Stoure a certain custom, which was called -Selynge, of every little boat which came to an -anchor before the mouth of the said Flete. The -compilers of the Dictionary say: “The parish of -Sellindge, near Hythe, probably takes its name -from some such ancient payment.” Is it possible -that the old name of Sentlynge, given to S. -Mary’s Cray in Domesday Book, may point to -another place of tolling craft on the Cray?</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_42">42</div> -<h2 id="c6"><span class="small"><span class="sc">The Northmen in Kent.</span></span></h2> -<p>A <i>Furore Normanorum</i> was a petition -in an old litany in England before it -had gained that name. And with reason, -for the success of Angles, Jutes and Saxons in -the conquest of England drew the attention of -Scandinavian and other Vikings, who found that -booty could be gained by rapid raids. It was at -the end of the eighth century that the Danes (as -they came to be called, although the wider -“Northmen” would be a better term), reached -the land of the Angles, coming from Norway to -Dorset, and generally harrying the eastern and -southern coasts for a couple of hundred years. -They also remained and settled, mainly to the -north of the Humber, until at last the greater -part of England came under their power, and -in 1016 Cnut became the Danish King of England.</p> -<p>Our forefathers in Kent should have our sympathy -for the continuous state of alarm in which -they were kept. In 832 Scandinavian pirates -ravaged Sheppey. In 838 they won a battle in -Merscware (<i>i.e.</i>, the land of the Marsh-folk, <i>i.e.</i>, -Romney Marsh), and slew many in Canterbury. -In 851 nine of their piratical ships were taken in -battle at Londovic (Sandwich) by Æthelstan, the -under-king of Kent; but they remained to winter -in Thanet for the first time, and in the same year -350 of their ships entered the Thames and took -both Cantwaraburg and Lundenburg (London). -In 853 the men of Kent, under the Alderman -Ealchere, with the men of Surrey, fought in -Tenet (Thanet), but were worsted. Next year -they wintered in Sceap-ige (Sheppey). In 865 the -men of Kent tried to buy off the heathen invaders, -who, however, ravaged all East Kent.</p> -<p>Then arose the great man, Alfred, who in 871 -<span class="pb" id="Page_43">43</span> -had eight battles with the Danes south of the -Thames. In 885 they besieged Hrofceastre -(Rochester), but King Alfred relieved it, and -the Danes took to their ships, having lost all -their horses. In 893 two hundred and fifty -Danish ships came to Limenemouth (Lympne), -took their fleet four miles up the river, and made -a strong fort at Apuldore, while Hasting with -80 ships entered the Thames estuary, made a -fort at Milton, and later one at Sceobyrig (Shoebury). -In 969 Eadger orders Tenet land to be -pillaged, and in 980 Thanet is overrun by the -Danes. In 986 the bishopric of Hrofceastre was -devastated. In 993 a fleet of nearly four hundred -ships came to “Stone,” which may be the one in -the Isle of Oxney, or another near Faversham -on the Watling Street, or another on the Swale, -and went on to Sandwic, which was their chief -southern haven, and embodies in its name the -Scandinavian wic or bay (Sandwic is a common -place-name in Iceland and Norway).</p> -<p>In 994 Anlaf, King of Norway, and Sweyn, -King of Denmark, with a fleet of nearly 500, -failed to take London, but ravaged Kent and -other counties. In 998 they sailed up the Medway -estuary to Rochester, and there beat the -Kentish army. In 1005 a fleet came to Sandwic -and despoiled the country.</p> -<p>In 1007 England despaired, and paid a tribute -of £36,000, while Thurkell’s army came to Sandwich -and thence to Canterbury, where the people -of East Kent bought peace at the cost of £3,000, -while the Danes spent the winter in repairing -their ships. In 1012 they took Canterbury and -martyred the Archbishop Ælfheah, better known -to us as S. Alphege. In 1013 Sweyn came again -to Sandwich; but in 1014 Eadmund (Edmund -Etheling) attacked the Danes in Kent, drove -them into Sheppey, and met their leader in battle -at Æglesforda (Avlesford). But in 1016 Cnut -(Canute) became King of all England, and to -him in 1018 £72,000 was paid in tribute.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_44">44</div> -<p>In 1203 the body of S. Alphege was allowed -by Cnut to be taken to Canterbury, and England -remained a Danish province. In 1040 Harda-Cnut -was brought from Bruges to succeed -Harold as King, and landed at Sandwich. In -1046 Thanet was ravaged again by the Northmen; -but in 1049 King Edward gathered a great -fleet at Sandwich against Sweyn, and later this -fleet lay at Dærentamutha (<i>i.e.</i>, Darentmouth, -<i>i.e.</i> Dartford). In 1051 King Edward’s brother-in-law, -Eustace, lost some followers in a fracas -at Dofra (Dover).</p> -<p>But a great change was imminent, and England -was to change one domination for another, -and in 1052 Wilhelm (afterwards the Conqueror) -visited King Edward the Confessor (or Saint) -with a great host of Normans, and he exiled -Earl Godwin, who came from Bruges to Nœsse -(Dungeness) was driven back. Returning with -his son Harold to Dungeness, they took all the -ships they could find at Rumenea (Romney), -Heda (Hythe), and Folcesstane. Thence to -Dofra and Sandwich, ending up with ravaging -Sheppey and Middeltun (Milton, near Sittingbourne). -Then, in 1066, Harold dies in battle at -Hastings, and William begins our Norman -dynasty, Northmen being succeeded by -Normans.</p> -<p>Traces of the visits to Kent are found in -various place-names, though more common in -other parts of Britain, and indeed in other -countries, since as marauders, colonists, or conquerors -they were for three centuries the terror -of Europe, from Iceland to Italy. The many -places with the suffixes byr or by, thorpe, throp, -or trop, toft, thwaite, ville in Normandy, or well -and will in England, garth, beck, haugh, with, -tarn, dale, force, fell, are all almost exclusively -northern to Kent and mainly Norwegian. As to -“by” for town, there are 600 north of the -Thames and east of Watling Street, and hardly -any in the south. The one apparent exception in -<span class="pb" id="Page_45">45</span> -Kent—Horton Kirkby—is no exception, for it -was simply Horton until the time of Edward the -First, when Roger de Kirkby, <i>from Lancashire</i>, -married a Kentish heiress and the manor and -place were re-named after him.</p> -<p>We have, however, certain records of their -piratical visits, as at Deptford and Fordwich, -where the termination is not the Anglo-Saxon -ford, meaning a passage across a river, but the -Norse fiord, a roadstead for ships. Deptford is the -deep fiord, where ships could anchor close to -the bank, and Fordwich, the smallest “limb” of -the Cinque Ports, was once the port of Canterbury -on the Stour, and gives us wic, the Norse -for station for ships, a small creek or bay. So, -in Kent, we have also from the same source -Wick in Romney Marsh, Greenwich, Woolwich, -and Sandwich. Inland, however, Wich or Wick, -is an Anglo-Saxon borrowing from the Latin -vicus, and means houses or a village.</p> -<p>Another Norse word in Kent is Ness or Naze, -a nose or promontory, such as Dungeness, Shoeburyness, -Pepperness, Foulness, Shellness, -Sheerness, Sharpness Cliff at Dover, whence -criminals were hurled, Whiteness, Foreness, -Bartlett Ness and Oakham Ness. The Nore, in -Kent, is the Norse, or perhaps Jutish, Nôr, a -bay with a narrow entrance, and the word is -unique in Britain, unless we may find it also in -Normarsh, near Rainham. Again attributable to -our invaders, and again purely coastal, are the -places ending in <i>fliot</i>, a small river or creek, such -as Northfleet, Southfleet, Ebbsfleet, with Purfleet -on the opposite bank of the Thames. Thanet -and Sheppey were for us their chief points of -attack and their naval stations, while the Danelagh -or Kingdom whence the Norse element predominated -had the Wash as the chief entrance -whence they radiated out.</p> -<p>The suffix “gate” may be either from the -Saxon geat or the Scandinavian gata, but when -<span class="pb" id="Page_46">46</span> -we find Ramsgate, Dargate, Margate, Westgate, -Kingsgate, Snargate, and Sandgate, all -on the coast, while in Romney Marsh “gut” -takes the place of “gate,” as in Jervis Kut, -Clobesden Gut, and Denge Marsh Gut, we may -incline to a Scandinavian origin.</p> -<p>It is in the north, and the north only according -to the best authorities, that the suffix ing represents -the Norse <i>eng</i> for grass-land.</p> -<h2 id="c7"><span class="small"><span class="sc">The Islands of Kent.</span></span></h2> -<p>Most islands are attached portions of the -nearest mainland, severed in prehistoric -times by subsidence of the intervening -soil and the action of strong currents. Thus -even England is a portion of the Continent, as -its fauna and flora proclaim, while Ireland was -severed earlier still. Thus also the Isle of Wight -is Hampshire. So our Kentish islands, now only -two and neither now to be effectually circumnavigated, -are practically absorbed in the mainland. -“Sheppey, Thanet—what else?” most -would say. Yet the early geographer Nennius, -writing in the eighth century, has the following -quaint passage:—“The first marvel is the Lommon -Marsh” (<i>i.e.</i>, Limen, now Romney), “for -in it are 340 islands with men and women living -on them. It is girt by 340 rocks, and in every -rock is an eagle’s nest, and 340 rivers run into -it, and there goes out of it into the sea but one -river, which is called the Lemn.” Truly a picturesque -account of the numerous spots, where -dry land first appeared in the shallow bay, and -the countless sluices which intersected them.</p> -<p class="tb">“<span class="sc">Romney</span>” is probably formed by the addition -of the Saxon Ige, By, or Ea—island, to the -earlier Celtic Ruim—marsh, and so gives an -idea of what the district was before the Romans -<span class="pb" id="Page_47">47</span> -reclaimed much by building their great Rhee -Wall. Certain names in Romney Marsh preserved -the same history. <span class="sc">Oxeney</span> (still we have -the Island and the Hundred of Oxney, containing -Wittersham and Stone parishes) is even now -insulated by two branches of the Rother, and -here, in the ancient and now diverted channel, -was found in 1824 an oaken ship buried deep in -sand and mud. Its name is said to mean the isle -of the fat beeves. On pagan altars discovered -there oxen were carved, and still it is a great -cattle-raising district. We should look now in -vain for the three ferries by which it was -once entered. In its centre is <span class="sc">Ebony</span>, no doubt -originally a sort of island, once called “Ebeney -in Oxney,” and in an early document it appears -as Hibbene. It has been suggested that the first -part of the word is the old Celtic Avon, <i>i.e.</i>, -water or river, and I find that a Saxon charter -of 793 A.D. calls the Gloucester Avon by the -name of Aben. The third syllable is, of course, -the Saxon word for island. Scotney Court, Lydd, -and Scotney Castle, Lamberhurst, no doubt -preserve the name of the Barons de Scotini, who -came from Scotigny in North France, and possessed, -in the 12th century, much land, which -they held until the reign of Edward the Third, -while Scot’s Hall, near Smeeth, was the seat of -Knights of that name down to the time of the -Armada. But for this history one might have -classed Scotney with Oxney and Ebony.</p> -<p class="tb">Coming now to <span class="sc">Sheppey</span>, still an island, -washed on the north by the estuary of the -Thames, on the west by that of the Medway, and -insulated by the Swale (Saxon Suala), crossed -by a railway bridge and two ferries, the Celtic -name is said to have been Malata, from Mohlt, -a sheep, which the Saxon conquerors translated -into Sceap-ige, Sheep Isle. It includes <span class="sc">Elmley</span> -and <span class="sc">Harty</span>, once its little islands, and now -peninsulas. An old name for Harty was Hertai, -<span class="pb" id="Page_48">48</span> -in which we may perhaps find the Saxon Heorat—stag, -hart—as in Hartlip and Hartbourne, and -ea—island. And Elmley, which island would -simply denote the ley or glade in the forest in -which elms were frequent, might here be Elm-isle. -And another islet was <span class="sc">Graven-ea</span>, the grain -island, on the opposite side of the Swale, now in -the Faversham marshes.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Thanet</span>, the best known and most important -island, was in the 5th century separated from the -mainland by the Wantsum and the estuary of the -Stour, which gave an expanse of water mainly -two miles broad, so that vessels from or to London -sailed from Reculver to Richborough, and -avoided the longer and rougher route round the -North Foreland. To guard this sea-way the -Romans had placed their forts of Regulbium -(Reculver) and Rutupia (Richborough) at its -northern and eastern entrance. Now, and for -long, by the dwindling of the Stour and the practical -extinction of the Wantsum, Thanet is but -in name an island. Even writing in 1570, Lambarde -calls it a peninsula. It is said that its -Celtic name was Rimn—a headland, and that -its later Saxon name, Tenet, means a beacon. -Solinus, who wrote about A.D. 80, calls it Ad-Tanatos -(Thanatos, Greek for Death, because its -soil killed snakes even when exported for that -purpose!). Nennius, in the 8th century, says -Guorthigern handed to Hengist and Horsa the -island, “which in their language is called Tenet, -but in British speech Ruoihm,” or Ru-oichim. -In a charter of 679 it appears as Tenid. The -name, says McClure, may involve the Celtic -Tann for oaks, as in Glastenec, an early form of -Glastonbury, surviving in the English, Tanner, -Tanyard, etc. From this root is derived the -Breton place-name Tannouet. Tenid is its oldest -Saxon form, and the <i>Saxon Chronicle</i> records -that in 969 Eadgar ordered Tenetland to be -pillaged.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_49">49</div> -<h2 id="c8"><span class="small"><span class="sc">Variations in the Spelling of Place-Names.</span></span></h2> -<p>In the search for the meaning of a place-name -it is necessary to go back as far as possible -and discover, if we can, its earliest form. -The <i>Anglo Saxon Chronicle</i>, and the later -Domesday Book of 1086; the gradual blending -of Saxon and Norman into the English tongue; -and then the invention of printing; all may have -had an effect on the pronunciation, and so the -spelling, of a word. Also there is the tendency -to shorten a long word, as when Pepingeberia -becomes Pembury, or Godwinston, through -Gusseton, becomes Guston. And before the -standardization of spelling which printing to a -great extent effected, and in written documents -such as charters or wills, the most remarkable -variations will occur according to personal varieties -of pronunciation. Even now, though every -one reads “I am going,” in one county you may -hear “I’m a gowin’,” in another “I be gooin’,” -in another “I be gwaine,” and so forth, and so -one wonders less at the various forms in which -a name appears in writing in Saxon, in Norman, -or in Early English days.</p> -<p>As a general rule the earliest form will be -best and most likely to indicate why a name was -given. To illustrate this source, both of information -and of error, let me take two Kentish -place-names—Westenhanger and Tenterden—giving -the dates at which I find the various -forms.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Westenhanger.</span>—There is a Teutonic stem -hanh which means to hang, with the Anglo-Saxon -later forms, Hôn, Hêng, from which we -get our place names of hanger, Ongar, etc. A -hanger is a wood or copse hanging on the side -of a hill, and in Kent we find Betteshanger, -<span class="pb" id="Page_50">50</span> -Hangherst, and Ackhanger, as well as Westenhanger, -concerning which Leland in his Itinerary -writes of “Ostinhaungre ... of sum now corruptly -called Westenanger.” I find it spelled -Ostrynghangre in 1274 and 1291, Westynghangre -in 1343, Westingangre in 1346, Ostrynhangre -in 1376 and 1381, Estynghangre in 1383, -Westynganger in 1385, Ostynhangre in 1409, -Ostrynghanger in 1468, Westinganger in 1472, -Ostrynhanger in 1478, Westynghanger in 1511, -Westhanger in 1519, and Oystenhanger in 1541. -The changes of the first syllable illustrate the -continuance of the Saxon Wœst and the Norman -Ouest until there is the reversion to the Saxon -form in our West.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Tenterden</span>, again, has a long list of variants. -Probably its Saxon name indicated the place -where the Theinwarden, or Thane’s Warden or -Guardian, looked after the rights and dues of -various other dens where his swine had pannage -and his tenants tended them. It is not mentioned -in Domesday, as not of sufficient importance or -taxability; but in 1190 I find it as Tentwarden, -in 1252 as Thendwardenne and Tentwardenn, in -1255 as Tentwardene—this early and probably -original form cropping up at intervals for another -three hundred years. But in 1259 we get nearer -to the extant form, as Tendyrdenn. In 1300 -there is Tenterdenne, and in 1311 Tentredenne. -From this point I take the spellings from the -Archbishop’s register of the institutions of its -parish priests, and here the earliest record is -Tenterdenne in 1311. Thenceforward Tent’denne -and Tant’denn in 1322, Tentrdenn in 1327, Tenterdenne -in 1333, Tentwardene in 1342, Tenterdenne -in 1346, Tentwardyn in 1390, Tynterden -in 1394, Tent’den in 1404, Tenterden (for the -first time exactly in its present form) in 1407, -Tendirden in 1436, Tentwarden at various dates -from 1464 to 1531, Tentreden in 1501 and 1525, -Tenterden in 1511, 1523, 1539, and 1546, “Tentwarden -<span class="pb" id="Page_51">51</span> -alias Tenterden” in 1541, Tynterden in -1546, Tenterden in 1556, Tentwarden in 1560, -Tenterden in 1571 and 1615, Tentarden in 1619, -Tendarden in 1626, Tentarden in 1627 and 1636. -Henceforth it is always Tenterden in the Lambeth -Registers. These variations are the more -noticeable as all occurring in one office, where one -would have expected a settled and continuously -adopted form, whereas in such documents as -wills the testator, or even the scrivener who -wrote the will, would have only the current or -the personal idea as to the right spelling of a -name.</p> -<p class="tb">Elsewhere I have given variations of the places -we now know as Edenbridge, Cuxton, Shepherdswell, -Bethersden, Eastry, Throwley, etc. One -might add the cases of Freondesbyry (Saxon), -Frandesberie (Domesday), Frenesbery, and -Frendesbury, for our <span class="sc">Frindsbury</span>; of Estbarbrenge, -Barmyage, Barmling, Barmelinge, and -Berblinge, for our <span class="sc">Barming</span>; Æpledure (Saxon), -Apeldres (Domesday), Apoldre (1381), Apeltre, -Appledrau, and Appuldre, for our <span class="sc">Appledore</span>; -of Pœdlewrtha (Saxon), Pellesorde (Domesday), -and Pallesford, for our three <span class="sc">Paddlesworths</span>; -Hertlepeshille (temp. Edw. II.), Herclepe, Hertelepe, -and Harclypp (1534), for our <span class="sc">Hartlip</span>; and -Ok’olte (<i>i.e.</i>, Oak Wood), Ocholte, Sud-Acholt, -Scottesocholt, and Nokeholde, for our <span class="sc">Knockholt</span>. -The etymological advantage of going -back is seen in the case of <span class="sc">Ringwould</span>, which -becomes more intelligible when down to the time -of Henry 3rd it was known as Ridelinwalde or -Rydelynewelde (<i>i.e.</i>, the settlement of the clan -of Ryddeling by the wood), whereas not till 1476 -do I find Ringeweld, and Ringewold in 1502.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_52">52</div> -<h2 id="c9"><span class="small"><span class="sc">Ecclesiastical Place-Names.</span></span></h2> -<p>There are not so many as one would expect -considering the importance and power and -the possessions of the Church in Kent. -Taking some as they occur to me, there are <span class="sc">All -Hallows</span>, in Sheppey, so named from the dedication -of its church to All Saints’. The Latin -Sanctus and the Teutonic Helige are the same in -meaning. So we have, too, in Lower Halstow -the Saxon helige stow—the holy place. In a list -of Jack Cade’s Kentish followers, in 1450, the -parish of Omi Scor is mentioned, which puzzled -me for a moment until I saw it was a contraction -for Omnium Sanctorum, All Saints’.</p> -<p class="tb">The two <span class="sc">Minsters</span>, one in Thanet and one in -Sheppey, both of Saxon foundation, are the -Latin Monasterium, found later as Moynstre and -then as Menstre. <span class="sc">Monkton</span>, earlier Moncstun -and Monkynton, marks a manor given A.D. 961 -by Queen Eadgiva to the monks of the community -of Holy Trinity, which afterwards became -the greater Christ Church, Canterbury. There -are also, for the same reasons, Monks Horton -and Monks Hill, by Herne Hill, in Blean. -<span class="sc">Bishopsbourne</span>, earlier Bishopstone, and -Bishopsdenne, denotes an episcopal manor. The -old nucleus of <span class="sc">Lydd</span> was Bishopswic, and in -Domesday <span class="sc">Boughton Malherbe</span> appears as Boltone -Archiepiscopi. <span class="sc">Preston</span>, near Wingham -(there is another by Aylesford, and a third near -Faversham) is Priest’s Town, and denotes a -place where there was a small college of clergy. -That near Wingham is recorded in Domesday as -Prestetune, and in a fine of Edward II. we have: -“Preston next Wengham and Wykham -Brewouse.” It belonged to S. Augustine’s -Abbey at Canterbury. <span class="sc">S. Nicholas at Wade</span> -is named from the dedication of the ancient -church. At Wade represents the Latin Ad -<span class="pb" id="Page_53">53</span> -Vadum, at the ford, over the Wantsum, into -Thanet, near the existing-bridge at Sarre.</p> -<p class="tb">S. Margaret’s Bay and <span class="sc">S. Margaret’s at -Cliffe</span> retain their Norman dedications. The -church originally belonged to S. Martin’s Priory -at Dover. <span class="sc">Lillechurch</span> House, near Higham, -marks the site of the old Priory of Higham. The -Hundred of Lesnes (A.S. leswes, pastures) is the -district once attached to the Augustinian Abbey -(whence the present name of <span class="sc">Abbey Wood</span>) -founded in 1178 by the Chief Justice and Regent -Richard de Lucy.</p> -<p class="tb">Of the five parishes named from the river Cray -two are named from the patron saints of their -churches. <span class="sc">S. Mary Cray</span> is, however, called -Sentlynge in Domesday Book. <span class="sc">S. Paul’s Cray</span> -is a misnomer, since the dedication is to S. -Paulinus, Bishop of Rochester, and afterwards -Archbishop of York. So in a deed of 1291 I find -it as Creypaulin, and in a fine of Edward II., -1314, as Paulynescraye. In 1560, however, it -appears as Powle’s Crey.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Brenzett</span>, in Romney Marsh, does not suggest -in its present form either a Celtic or a Saxon -origin; but as its old church was dedicated to S. -Eanswith, a popular Saxon Saint, also commemorated -in the S. Mary and S. Eanswith of -the original church at Folkestone, it has been -suggested that Brenzett has been evolved in process -of time out of Eanswith. Bresett and Brynsete -(1416) are variants of the place-name. There -is also the parish of <span class="sc">S. Mary in the Marsh</span> -hard by. <span class="sc">Newchurch</span>, also in the Marsh, is -Neucerce in Domesday (1036), but as there is no -Norman work in the church, which is of Early -English architecture, it is supposed that shortly -before Domesday an older church had been pulled -down. Then and still it gives its name to the -Hundred of Newchurch in the Lathe of Limea -or Limowart, which was re-named Shepway in -the time of Henry the Third. Also in the Marsh -<span class="pb" id="Page_54">54</span> -is <span class="sc">Dymchurch</span>, earlier Demchurche. But earlier -still it is said to have been called simply Dimhus -or Dimhof, which would mean in Saxon the -dark or hiding place; so that “church” may be -a later addition to an old name. <span class="sc">Eastchurch</span>, -in Sheppey, was, and is, the easternmost church -in the island.</p> -<h2 id="c10"><span class="small"><span class="sc">Place-Names from Persons.</span></span></h2> -<p>We have seen how common in Kent are -place-names derived from patronymics of -the name of a family or clan, such as -Kennington, the settlement of the Cennings, but -there are others, mainly more modern, which -include the name of an individual, who usually -would be the lord of the manor. Thus some have -imagined that <span class="sc">Swingfield</span>, near Dover, is -Sweyn’s Field, as if the Saxons would have -named a place after their piratical enemy. The -older forms, Swonesfelde and Swynefelde, would -more naturally point to swine, the keeping of -which was the chief pastoral pursuit of the -Saxons in the dens and clearings of the forest. -<span class="sc">Queenborough</span>, or Quinborowe, however (earlier -known as Bynnee), was named by Edward the -Third (who built a strong fort there) in honour -of Queen Philippa in 1368. <span class="sc">Rosherville</span> is -very recent, being named after Jeremiah Rosher, -lord of the manor in the nineteenth century. -<span class="sc">Sutton Valence</span> was Town Sutton until 1265, -when it became part of the possessions of William -de Valence, half-brother of Henry the -Third.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Boughton Aluph</span>—Bocton Anulphi in a charter -of Edward the Second—was the seat in the -time of Henry the Seventh of the family of -Aloff, to which Wye belonged. <span class="sc">Boughton -Monchelsea</span> (Bocton Chanesy in the time of -Edward the Second) owes its additional name to -<span class="pb" id="Page_55">55</span> -a Norman noble; and <span class="sc">Boughton Malherbe</span> -(another Bush-ton, or town in the woods) was -given as a manor to the Norman family of Malherbe. -<span class="sc">Bethersden</span> can be traced back to -Norman times as Beatrichesdenne, probably as -held by an heiress of that name. So <span class="sc">Patrixbourne</span> -appears earliest as Bourne until a Patrick -held the manor. <span class="sc">Capel le Ferne</span>, near Dover, -was originally Mauregge; but in 1175 the Capel -family owned Capel’s Court in Ivychurch, and -had estates in several parts of Kent. In the -fifteenth century it was called sometimes S. -Mary Marige and sometimes Capelle le farne, -and in a deed of 1511 it appears as “Capelferne -or S. Mary Merge.”</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Shepherdswell</span>, near Dover, has nothing to -do with a shepherd or a well; but is an early -corruption of Sibertswalt, as it appears in -Domesday, <i>i.e.</i>, the wood of Sibert. The phonetic -changes are found in later charters and wills, -Sybersysweld in 1474, Sybberdiswold 1484, Shipriswold -1501, Shepswold 1506, and Sheperterswold -in 1522. Suabert, or Sieberht, was a great -Saxon thane, and granted land in Sturgeth -(Sturry) and Bodesham to St. Domneva’s new -Minster in Thanet, while in a charter of 814 we -read of Selebertineg-lond. Great Chart was -originally Selebert’s Chart. Sibbertston (or -Selebertston) was a sub-manor in Chilham, and -there is still the Hundred of Sebrittenden or -Selebertsden in what was the old Lathe of Wye.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Mongeham</span> is probably Monyn’s Home, for the -Monins family have been there or near there -since the time of Henry the Third, and are there -still. <span class="sc">Goodneston</span>, commonly called Guston, was -no doubt Godwinston, as in the territory of the -great Earl Godwin, and we trace its present -name through the earlier forms Gounceston, -Goceston, Gusseton, to Guston. Another Goodnestone, -near Faversham, appears as Gudewynston -in 1469 and Goodwinston in 1529. The -<span class="pb" id="Page_56">56</span> -Breux, of <span class="sc">Wickham Breux</span>, is another Norman -addition to a Saxon name.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Ebbsfleet</span>, the so important landing place, -first of Hengist and then of S. Augustine, has, -of course, been explained by ignorant guessers -as the place where the sea ebbs! But its earliest -name to be traced is Ypwine’s fliot, <i>i.e.</i>, the creek -where some Jute of that name settled. Yp is -probably the Eop in Eoppa, which is a common -Saxon name, also found as Eobba, so that -Eobbe’s fleet easily becomes Ebbsfleet. <span class="sc">Upper -Hardres</span> may take us to the Norman family -which came from Ardres in Picardy, although -it is possible to find a common Celtic origin for -the name both of the French and the English -village in the Celtic Ardd, that is, ploughland. It -is Heg Hardres, <i>i.e.</i>, High Hardies, in early -documents.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Horton Kirby</span> was simply Horton until the -reign of Edward III., when a Lancashire Kirby -married the heiress of the manor and rebuilt the -castle. Even in 1377 I find it still called Hortune -only. <span class="sc">Offham</span> is Offa’s home, and several places, -including probably <span class="sc">Otham</span>, bear his name. Here -this Christian King of Mercia is said to have -conquered Edmund of Kent. So Old Romney -was earlier Offeton, Effeton, or Affeton. Offa -ruled Sussex and Kent, and so we have Offham -near Lewes, Offington near Worthing, Offham -near Arundel, and Ufton near Tunstall. But the -name of Offeton for Old Romney disappears after -1281. <span class="sc">Foot’s Cray</span>, and Footbury Hill near -there, is named from Godwin Fot the Saxon. -<span class="sc">Chelsfield</span> is said to record the name of a -Saxon Ceol, a shortened form of Ceolmund, or -Ceolbald, or Ceolwulf, all of which were common -names. <span class="sc">Scotney Castle</span>, Lamberhurst, belonged -in the 12th century to the Barons de Scoterni, -who came from Pontigny, in N. France. They -had also Scotney Court, at Lydd.</p> -<p class="tb">One may add to these samples of places named -from persons, two or three that very probably -<span class="pb" id="Page_57">57</span> -take us back to mythical personages. <span class="sc">Woodnesborough</span> -(Wodenesbergh 1465, Wynsbergh -1496), was named by the Jutish conquerors after -their god Woden, whom they commemorated -among the Teutonic names they bequeathed to -our names of the week. There is another Woodnesborough -in Wilts, and Wednesbury and Wednesfield -in Staffordshire. And we note that the -next parish is <span class="sc">Eastry</span>. For the name of this -very old and important place in Saxon time -various derivations have been proposed, but it is -more than possible that it is the town of Eástor -or Eostre, the goddess of Spring, whose name -survived when the conversion of the heathen -Saxons gave a new light to the festival in the -Spring, which henceforth was to celebrate a -greater Resurrection than that merely of the -flowers. And possibly a third instance may be -found in the name of <span class="sc">Aylesford</span>, which is -Egelesford in the <i>Saxon Chronicle</i>, and Elesford -in Domesday. Amongst various possible derivations -that of Eigil, the Teutonic hero-archer or -demigod, is worthy of consideration, since it is -found as naming places elsewhere; for example, -Aylesbury, in Buckinghamshire, which in the -<i>Saxon Chronicle</i> appears as Ægelesburh.</p> -<h2 id="c11"><span class="small"><span class="sc">Absurdities in Derivation.</span></span></h2> -<p>When a language is not pure, but the result -of the intermingling and interaction of -several tongues as distinct as Celtic, -Saxon and Norman; and when, by the wear and -tear of daily use through centuries, place-names -have altered in detail of spelling and pronunciation; -and when for a long time spelling and reading -were arts known but to a small minority of -<span class="pb" id="Page_58">58</span> -the population, it is plainly inevitable that the -original form and real meaning of a place-name -should often be difficult to trace. But always -in an enquiring mind there was the insistent -WHY? which is a characteristic and a glory of -man as a reasoning animal, and hence often a -meaning was given to a word that is simply a -sort of pun, an endeavour to explain a word by -what it looks like in current speech or dialect -when there was not the knowledge of earlier -times and older tongues which elevates mere -guessing into the science of etymology.</p> -<p>Some Kentish examples of this source of error -may be useful. Thus, when we trace <span class="sc">Maidstone</span> -back into the earliest records we find that it has -nothing to do with either Maid or Stone, but -comes through many variations from the Celto-Saxon -Medwegston, or town on the Medway. -Yet though Lambard knew and quoted this in -1570 he suggested also a meaning of “mighty -stone, a name given for the quarry of hard stone -there!” So, too, Hasted thinks <span class="sc">Loose</span> is so -called because the stream loses itself underground -(like the Mole in Surrey) for some eight -hundred yards at Brishing! He might as well -have ascribed the name to Loose and Detling -having been long only Chapelries of Maidstone, -but at last having been cut loose and made into -separate parishes in Elizabethan times!</p> -<p><span class="sc">Tenterden</span> is named, says an old Kentish -writer, as “some vulgar fancies conjecture, from -the tenderness of its soil”; <span class="sc">Feversham</span>, says -another old Kentish writer, Phillipott, useful as -an historian, useless to etymologists, “is an unhealthy -town, and carries the tokens of it in its -name.” <i>Id. est.</i>, the home of fevers! <span class="sc">Harbledown</span>, -says Black, is so-called “in allusion to its -grassy downs and hills,” as if grassiness were -not a characteristic of any and every down and -hill in Kent. <span class="sc">Gadshill</span>, we are solemnly told, is -named from “gads,” clubs used by footpads who -<span class="pb" id="Page_59">59</span> -were not unknown there (or anywhere else) on -Watling Street. We should smile less if the -name was Padshill.</p> -<p>And one of the most ancient, and indeed prehistoric, -names in Kent is Penypot, a hill opposite -Chilham. “Here once,” one old rustic would -say, “they dug up a pot full of pennies.” -“Nay,” another would respond, “it was where -they used to sell ale for a penny a pot in the -good old days!” To such vile meanings may -descend the venerable Celtic Pen y wlh—the -Head of the Mound.</p> -<p>One of the earliest Roman geographers heard -of Thanet under its earliest name of Tanet, and -because he knew a Greek word Thanatos, which -means death, he so interpreted Thanet. On -this absurdity he based a baseless legend which -Lambarde in 1570 thus describes: “There be no -snakes in Tanet (saith he), and the earth that is -brought from thence will kill them.” (Why -death to snakes any more than to sheep or -shepherds? Why not go further and make -Thanatos a lifeless place like the Dead Sea?) “But -whether he wrote this of any sure understanding -that he had of the quality of the soil, or only by -conjecture at the woord Thanatos, which in -Greeke signifieth death, I wote not.” This is -as strong an example of conjectural derivation, -with nothing but a superficial resemblance to -support it, as we could find. But Lambarde himself, -great as he is in many ways, gives derivations -almost as baseless, <i>e.g.</i>, Blackheath, -“called of the colour of the soil!” Wrotham, -“given for the great plentie of woorts or good -hearbs that growe there.” Farley, “interpreted -the place of the Boares, or Bulles” (which? and -why?). Sittingbourne, “one interprets it -Seethingbourne, Rivus Fervens aut Hulliens” -(<i>i.e.</i>, the boiling or bubbling river—in that flat -country!). This is too much even for him and -his times, and so he adds, “but how likely let -others see.”</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_60">60</div> -<h2 id="c12"><span class="small"><span class="sc">Our “Tons” and “Stones.”</span></span></h2> -<p>As given in <i>Kelly’s Kent Directory</i>, our Tons -and Stones are: Addington, Aldington, -Allington, Barfreston, Bedmonton, Bilsington, -Birchington, Blackmanstone, Bonnington -(two), Bossington, Boughton (four), Brompton, -Charlton (two), Cheriton, Chiddingstone, -Chilmington, Chilton, Cliftonville, Cossington, -Cozenton, Crofton, Culverstone, Cuxton, Davington, -Denton (two), Doddington, Dumpton, Dunton -Green, Eddington, Ellington, Egerton, -Eggerton, Elmstone, Elvington, Folkestone, -Foston Green, Funton, Garrington, Goldstone, -Goodnestone (two), Guston, Hackington, Hampton -(two), Hamptons, Holmstone Camp, Horton -(two), Horton Kirby, Hunton, Kenardington, -Kennington, Keston, Kingston or Kingstone, -Kippington, Knowlton, Langton Green, Linton, -Littlestone, Liverton Street, Loddington, Lullingstone, -Lowton, Luton, Maidstone, Manston, Milton -(two), Milton Regis, Milton Street, Monks -Horton, Monkton, Murston, Nackington, Newington -(three), Nonington, Horton, Orlestone, -Orpington, Pevington, Plumpton, Poulton, Preston -(two), Ripton, Salmestone, Scuddington, -Seaton, Sevington, Sibton, Stone (four), Stonebridge -(two), Stonebridge Green, Stone Cross -(three), Stone Crouch, Stone Hill, Stone House, -Stone Stairs, Stone Street, Stonehill (two), Sutton -(three), Swanton Street, Tankerton, Teston, -Thanington, Tilmanstone, Tottington, Twitton, -Ufton, Upton, Wanstone, Weddington, Wierton -Street, Wilderton, Willington Street, Wilmington, -Wootton (three)—147 in all. One may add, -for purposes of investigation, Stone, an old -borough in Maidstone.</p> -<p>First, one must endeavour to separate the tons -and the stones—the Saxon settlements or towns -and the places named from stones set for boundaries -<span class="pb" id="Page_61">61</span> -or for marks where manor courts or motes -were held. And this is not always easy, since -mediæval spelling was vague, and in some cases -an original “stone” has become “ton” in later -years, or <i>vice versa</i>. Generally, a reference to -the earliest forms (where such can be found in -Saxon or Norman, or even Early English documents) -will settle the point. Thus Folkestone -is by some identified with the site of the “stone -of inscription on the Gallic sea,” mentioned by -Nennius, the Saxon geographer. It is Folcesstane -in the <i>Saxon Chronicle</i>, and Falchestan in -Domesday, and therefore no explanation involving -ton need be entertained. Keston, again, is -Cystaninga, hence in Saxon charters between -862 and 966, as being or having a boundary -mark stone. It is Chestan in Domesday. But -Chiddingstone should probably lose its final e -and derive from a Saxon patronymic, although -a modern and grotesque suggestion is that the -dolmen there was used as a Chiding or judgment -stone by Celtic or Saxon priests. Maidstone, -again, should probably be Maidston, being -Medwegston in the <i>Saxon Chronicle</i>, and almost -certainly meaning the town on the Medway; although -it is fair to say that an ending in stane -is early found. Tilmanstone was earlier Telmeston, -and Elmstone was Elmerston, and the -earlier spellings of Goodnestone are Goodwinston, -Gudewynston, and Goodneston.</p> -<p>Stones are much fewer than “tons,” although -no doubt the number of such marks (origin of -our milestones) was increased by the Romans. -Thus the place Stone, two miles west of Faversham -and on their great main road Watling -Street, is thought to mark the site of their -military station of Durolevo, and thus to be -named from the distance mark. We must also -note that stone bridges were practically unknown -to the Saxons, except those the Romans had left, -and Stone Cross would not appear as a place-name -<span class="pb" id="Page_62">62</span> -until after their conversion, while a stone -house, except as the castle of a Norman noble, -would be of quite late date.</p> -<p>As to the Tons, some are named from geographical -position, such as Norton (Northtown), -near Faversham, and the Suttons (South-town), -on the edge of the Weald or south of Dartford; -and, whatever may be the case with others, the -Milton near Sittingbourne is called Middeltuna -in the <i>Saxon Chronicle</i> and in Domesday, since -it was reckoned the central town of Kent when -Watling Street was far the greatest and most -frequented route to be considered, being 42 miles -from London and 31 from Dover. Our various -Boughtons are “settlements in the wood,” as -are also the Woottons. Monkton and the Prestons -were settlements of monks and of colleges of -priests.</p> -<p>The great majority, however, denote the -settlement of some Saxon (<i>i.e.</i> Jutish) family, -such as Seafings or Sevingas at Sevington, the -Ælings at Allington, the Noningas at Nonington, -the Cennings at Kennington, and so forth. -We find this Saxon patronymic “ing” in 37 of -our Kentish place names ending in ton, and -when we add the ings like Barming (Bamling, -Barmelinge, and Berblinge in Early English -documents), Beltring, Bilting, Birling, Bobbing -(Bobing-seata in a Saxon charter of 798—compare -Bobbingsworth in Essex), Bramling. -Bazing (at the junction of Kent, Sussex and -Surrey), reminds us of Basing and Basingstoke -in Hants and Basingham (in Domesday Book) in -Sussex. Charing, Chevening (although this -may be earlier and Celtic), Cooling, Detling, -perhaps Drelingore, Eastling, Etching, Garlinge, -Geddinge, Hacklinge, Hailing, Hawkinge, -Hucking, Kemsing, Lidsing (not Lyminge, however), -Mailing, Nullinge, Ospringe, Ottinge, -Pedlinge, Postling, Ratling, Rawling, Reading -Street (three), Rowling, Ruckinge, Sandling -<span class="pb" id="Page_63">63</span> -(two), Selling, Sellinge, Shelving, Spratling -Street, Stelling, Stowting, Weavering Street, -Welling, Witchling, and Yalding; and when to -these we add the “inghams” I have given in a -previous article, we might alter Tennyson’s -“Saxon, and Norman, and Dane are we,” into -“Mostly Saxon are we as to our place-names in -Kent.” Our two Charltons are of old Ceorletone—the -town of the ceorls or husbandmen. Some -“tons” come from personal names also, <i>e.g.</i>, -Cuxton (compare Cuckfield in Sussex), Cuca and -its diminutive Cucola are found as Anglo-Saxon -names, and as Cockstane the place appears in -Domesday, and as Cokelstone in 1472, nearly -400 years later, with other forms Cockston, -Coklestane, Cukelestane, Cookstone, etc. (all -pointing to stone, and not ton, being properly -the final syllable).</p> -<p>There is, however, obviously much to be done -before we can know—or even in some cases -guess—as to the origin of some “tons” or -“stones.”</p> -<h3 class="inline" id="c13"><span class="sc">Our “Hams.”</span></h3> -<p>In considering the three score and ten, or -more, place-names in Kent which end in -<i>ham</i>, we are met with the initial difficulty that -there are two Saxon words Ham—home, and -Hamm—land drained by dykes, an East Friesian -word, though the far more common Ham is the -Teutonic heim, familiar as a suffix in Germany, -which in Picardy becomes hen, and in Friesland -um. Either ton or ham as a suffix after <i>ing</i> -denotes where a Saxon family or clan had settled -and made its toun or heim. Thus the Pæfings -made a Pevington in Kent and a Pavingham in -Bedfordshire, and the Aldings an Aldington in -Kent and Worcester, and an Aldingham in -<span class="pb" id="Page_64">64</span> -Lancashire, the Leasings a Lossingham in Kent -and a Lissington in Lancashire. Such instances -do not uphold what some have held—that there -were two words spelled the same, the one -meaning home and the other an enclosure.</p> -<p>As to the Hamm or Haam for marshy ground, -it would seem to be found in Kent as accounting -for Ham Ponds, near Sandwich, marshy ground -dear to botanists, and Mersham (A.S. Mersc—marsh) -in Romney, and Merston (Merxton in -74), near Rochester. Ham Green and Ham -Street are also Romney Marsh names. Waterham -and Wetham would suggest the same -origin, the latter being in the Rainham marshes -and the former, I think, not far from the Faversham -marshes. Dagenham also (as elsewhere) is -Decca’s marsh land. But the ordinary hams, -as we may call them, have again to be subdivided -into those which indicate the settlement -of a Saxon family; those which enshrine a personal -name; and those which relate to the environment -or situation of the home.</p> -<p>In the first division would came the cases in -which ham followed the patronymic ing, denoting -“the sons of.” Thus Gillingham (Gelingham in -Domesday) was the settlement of the Gillings, -who are also found at Gilling in Yorkshire, Gillingham -in Norfolk, and Gillingham in Dorset. -The home of the Mottings was at Mottingham, -and that of the Leasings at Lossenham. Our -Chilham would not at first sight seem to come -in here; but in a charter of King Wihdraed in -699 it is called “Cilling,” and in another of 814 -“the port which is called Cillincg” (the Stour -was then navigable up to here for small craft), -and a manor in Chilham is Shillingfield, so that -a connection with the Gillings may be suggested. -Farningham might seem <i>prima facie</i> to add -another to this unexpectedly small class; but -there is no known tribe of Farnings, and the old -name was Fremyngham (again with no tribe -<span class="pb" id="Page_65">65</span> -name to support it). It has been suggested that -it derives from the A.S. Frem or foreign, and -denotes a settlement of foreigners (possibly -Danes) coming from the Thames up the Darenth -valley.</p> -<p>In the second division we might place any -hams recording the personal names of those who -founded them. Here Isaac Taylor may err in -saying: “In the Anglo-Saxon charters we frequently -find this suffix united with the names of -families—never with those of individuals.” In -this he follows Leo in his <i>Anglo Saxon Names</i>. -And yet on another page (compare p. 331 with -p. 131) he gives a list of places derived from the -names of individuals. But certainly Godmersham -and Rodmersham suggest personal names, and -no one has ascribed any other origin to Harrietsham, -which, even down to the fifteenth century, -appears as Heryotesham. In one probably -illiterate will of 1594 it is called “Henry Etisham -alias Harrysam,” the latter being no doubt the -vernacular pronunciation. So surely Meopham -is Mepa’s Home. No letter o appeared in the -name before or during the 14th century, when -Simon de Mepham was Archbishop of Canterbury. -It is a modern intrusion, left unpronounced. -Icelham, McClure gives as meaning -the Home of Icel, like Icelsham in Sussex, thus -contravening the dictum of Taylor and Leo as to -personal names. So Offham, and probably -Otham, is said by the learned <i>Sussex Place-Names</i> -to be named after King Offa, who had such -power and made such great benefactions to the -Church in Sussex and Kent. Finglesham, called -Flenguessa in Domesday and Fengesham in 1206, -suggests a person rather than a family when the -common ing is not then found in the name, and -so does Wittersham, especially in its old forms -of Westricheshamme and Witrychesham. -Faversham was Febres-ham in 811 (Charters -and Rolls), and Febresham in 858. In Domesday -(1086) it appears as Faversham, and as to -<span class="pb" id="Page_66">66</span> -this McClure, a great recent authority in Saxon, -says: “The first element is a personal name in -the genitive.” As, however, there seems to be -no similar Saxon designation, he suggests a -possible survival of the Latin Faber, <i>i.e.</i>, Smith, -in a thoroughly Latinized part of Kent. But -this pre-supposes that the place was named from -a single unnamed operative. Betsham is -obscure, but when we find, also in Kent, Betshurst -and Betteshanger, a personal origin seems -likely. As McClure says, our Luddesdown seems -to involve a personal name; he might say the -same of Luddenham.</p> -<p>The third division introduces us to settlements -or homes named from their environment or -situation. Thus Higham (Heahhaam in a -charter of 770, and Hehham in one of 774), is -plainly from the A.S. Heah, whence our High; -and so is Hougham (earlier Hugham), near -Dover. Burham is the fortified place or Burh, -found in 1498 as Borowham, in 1511 as Borougham, -and in 1549 in its present form. Homes -between Rochester and Aylesford had to be -strong in the days and the place of constant -maraudings and wars. Mersham is the Mersc -home in Romney Marsh. Westerham, of old -Ostreham (compare Westenhanger alias Ostringhanger) -is the little white “home in the west” of -Kent. Ickham—Ioccham in a charter of 785, -in Andrededa—otherwise Yeckham, is probably -the settlement on the yoke of arable land, from -the Saxon measure Yeok. Chartham (Certeham -in Domesday) is the home in the forest, chart and -hart being varying forms of the Teutonic word -for forest, the former more common in England, -the latter in Germany. Perhamsted, says -McClure, is the homestead where pears were -cultivated. Thornham (though Turnham in -Domesday) is said to derive from Hawthorns, -Thynne being Saxon for thorn, and haegathorn -later for hedge-thorn—whence also probably our -<span class="pb" id="Page_67">67</span> -Kentish Eythorne (anciently Hegythe Thorne), -and Eyhorne (Haythorne in Plea of Henry III.), -as place-names. Weald, Wold, Wald, and Wood -(A.S., Wudu and Weald), all mean woods, so -that we can understand our Wouldham and -Waltham. Lenham must be the settlement of -the Len, unless it could be proved that the river -ever had another name, Celtic as it probably is.</p> -<p>The following is a full list of the “Hams” in -Kent according to <i>Kelly’s Directory of Kent</i>, -and I have extracted them in the hope that it -may save some trouble to a future writer on our -place-names. I am not of the class of those who -say: “Posterity has done nothing for me, so -why should I do anything for posterity?”</p> -<p>Adisham, Alkham, Barham, Bagham, Beckenham, -Burham, Bentham, Betsham, Bayham, -Cudham, Cobham, Clapham, Chatham, Chartham, -Chilham, Crowdleham, Crockham, Dagenham, -Eltham, Elham, Fawkham, Faversham, -Farningham, Finglesham, Frogham, Godmersham, -Gillingham, Ham ponds, Ham Green -(two), Ham Hill, Ham Street, Heverham, Ham, -Harrietsham, Hougham, Higham, Horsham, -Ickham, Ightham, Lenham, Luddenham, Lossenham, -Meopham, Mersham, Mongeham, Mottingham, -Newnham, Offham, Otham, Otterham, -Petham, Peckham, Rayham, Rainham, Rodmersham, -Sydenham, Shoreham, Teynham, Thornham, -Waltham, Waterham, Wetham, Wickham, -Wickhambreux, Westerham, Wrotham, -Wingham, Wittersham, Wouldham, Yaldham. -Kilburne wrote that there were 49, but here I -enumerate 71, and one might add Perhamsted, -Iselham, Freckenham, Mistelham, and the Hundreds -of Kinghamford and Downhamford, making -77, all of undoubtedly Saxon origin.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_68">68</div> -<h3 class="inline" id="c14"><span class="sc">Our “Soles,” “Burys,” and “Hithes.”</span></h3> -<p>The word Sole occurs frequently as a Kentish -place-name, and is purely Saxon. Dr. Bosworth’s -<i>Anglo-Saxon Dictionary</i> gives Sol -as meaning “soil—dirt—a wallowing place”; -while Lewis defines it as “a dirty pond of standing -water.” The Saxon verb is Sylian, “to soil -or cover with mud.” So an old Kentish will has -the words “beside the wateringe sole in trend -(<i>i.e.</i>, the end) of Yckhame streete.” Now, as -the chief industries of the Saxons in Kent were -pigs and pots—as now they are bricks and beer—it -is obvious that pigs, especially in clay soil, -would create many wallowing places. So we find -Sole Street, near Broadstairs (now corrupted -into Sorvell and so made unmeaning and unintelligible), -another by Cobham, another by -Crundale, and another by Selling. We find also -Bradsole (S. Radigund’s near Dover), Buttsole -in Eastry, Blacksole at Wrotham, Maidensole, -Longsole Heath by Allington, Thewsole, and -Hangmansole in Romney Marsh, Eastsole, Newsole -near Coldred, Esole near Nonington, Podsole -near Headcorn, a Mote-sole Street in Sandwich, -Mudshole by Hawkinge, Barnsole Lane, -Gillingham, Capel Sole, Barnsole in Staple, -Westfield Sole in Boxley, Rigsol Road in Otterden, -and last, but not least, Paddisole, or Padsole, -at Maidstone.</p> -<h3><span class="sc">Our “Burys.”</span></h3> -<p>There are two Anglo-Saxon words which have -to be distinguished—Beorh, like the German -Berg, meaning a hill; and Buruh or Byrig, -which comes later into the suffix Bury, which -again later comes to be used for a division of -<span class="pb" id="Page_69">69</span> -Hundred or simply for a town. In the south of -England we have most of the distinctively Saxon -or Jutish Bury, while in the north we have the -Anglian and Norse forms of Burgh, Brough, -Borough, more common. And one must add, -as a variant of the same word, Barrow, which -in modern use we confine to a tumulus for the -sepulture of a great warrior or leader. As these -British camps were generally on high ground for -observation and for defence, the ideas represented -by Beorh and by Buruh would inevitably -intertwine. The British and Saxon camps were -no doubt numerous when we consider the centuries -of marauders and invaders which kept our -earliest forefathers in a constant fear. They -were usually round or oblong, whereas the fewer -and later camps or forts of the Romans were -rectangular. Surrounded by a deep ditch, the -earth of which was thrown up to make a wall, -into them in troublous times were collected -families and flocks, so that the transition of -meaning from the Byrig or fort to the Borough -or town was easy. Canterbury, for example, -began as Cantwara-byrig, the fort of the folk of -Kent, long before it developed into its most important -borough or city. So, in another county, -Glæstingaberig became Glastonbury.</p> -<p>In Kent we find Farnborough, Frindsbury, -Wateringbury, Hildenborough, Pembury, Cobhambury, -Southborough, Oldbury, Bigbury, -Glassenbury, two Hawkenburies, Holborough, -Howbury, Scadbury, Goodbury, Eastbury, Fallburie, -Stockbury (where the ditch and bank had -been supplemented by a palisade of stocks, the -predecessor of our fathers’ cheveaux de frise in -warlike defence), Binbury, Westborough (in -Maidstone above and defending the Medway), -Woodnesbury, Willesborough, Queenborough, -Richborough, Bidborough, Marshborough, -Statenborough, Tattlebury, Downbury, Hockenbury, -Dunbury and Tatlingbury—a long list -<span class="pb" id="Page_70">70</span> -which predicates long years, or rather centuries, -of fighting in defence, as much as my previous -list of forestal names proves how much of Kent -was covered with woods.</p> -<p>Some of these, like Oldbury and Bigbury, are -undoubtedly old British camps or forts; others -were adapted, or newly made, by Romans and, -later, by Saxons, while again later still a -Norman castle might be reared on the old -strategic spot, as in the case of Thornham -Castle, near me. Flinders Petrie, however, says -that “many sites which by their name of bury -suggest a camp or fort are now bare of remains.” -So he writes after examining Downbury Farm, -near Pembury, Hockenbury, and Dunbury, near -Staplehurst, Tattlebury near Headcorn, Tatlingbury -near Capel, Perry Hill near Cooling, Pembury, -Frindsbury and Wateringbury.</p> -<p>Our Barrows in Kent are mainly small, graves -rather than mounds, but we have the place-names -Barrow Green, Barrow Hill near Ashford, -and Barrow Hill by Sellindge.</p> -<h3><span class="sc">Our “Hithes.”</span></h3> -<p>Hithe is the Saxon for haven, or place where -ships could lie, and Hythe (Heda in Domesday -Book, and Hee in a deed of 1229) was near the -edge of the sea when history begins; but West -Hythe, which is now three miles from the sea, -was the old port used by the Romans and by -them called Limene, the harbour. Hence our -modern Lympne—Portus Lemanis, in which the -p is a modern addition. I find it Limene in 1291, -Lymen in 1396, Limne in 1475, and Lymne in -1480.</p> -<p>Then, right in the Weald, is the hamlet of -Smallhythe, three miles south of Tenterden. -Down to 1509, however, there was a channel -from the sea up to here.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_71">71</div> -<p>Newheth, or New Hythe, is a hamlet of East -Malling—and it was a sort of port (or perhaps a -wharf) on the Medway for shipping goods from -South Kent and the Weald.</p> -<p>On the Thames, below Dartford, is Greenhithe, -which has kept both its name and the -justification thereof from the times of the Saxons -to the present day. There the Danish King had -an entrenched camp as a winter station for his -soldiers. Here William the Conqueror was -stopped by the men of Kent until he confirmed -them in their old Saxon laws and privileges. From -here Sir John Franklin and Captain Crozier -sailed in the Erebus and Terror (in the year and -month of my birth) on their last and fatal voyage -to the Pole. Here still the hithe discharges its -lime and chalk, and has an environment and -background of green fields and woods.</p> -<p>Ærrehythe, “the old haven,” known to us as -Erith, the landing place for what was from 1178, -when it was founded, the important Abbey of -Lesnes, which still gives its name to the Hundred.</p> -<h3 class="inline" id="c15"><span class="sc">Our “Cold Harbours.”</span></h3> -<p>Perhaps the most common place-name in -England is that of Cold Harbour; though -Sutton and Norton may run it close. Over -one hundred and seventy have been enumerated -in England, a number which would be brought -up to over two hundred if we added the Caldecots -and the Calcotts (we have a Calcott in -Sturry parish) which are names with the same -meaning. And yet in a sense Cold Harbour is -not a place-name, for the only parish of that -name was not formed and named until 1842. It -is near Dorking. However, as a name of a -manor or a farm it is common. Thus in London -(where we should hardly expect Cold Harbours -<span class="pb" id="Page_72">72</span> -of the kind found in country places) there was -the Manor of Coldherberghe, of which we know -much since 1327. Situated on the bank of the -Thames near London Bridge, its mansion was -tenanted by royal dukes, a bishop, a Lord -Mayor, and afterwards became the Hall of the -Watermen’s Company, and at last the City of -London Brewery. The other is in Camberwell, -which was one great manor at the time of the -Conquest, but later divided into minor lordships, -to two of which the name of Cold Harbour was -given, of which one was Cold Herbergh, -Hachesham (Hatcham now), while the other -survives in the well known Cold Harbour Lane, -in Camberwell. In early 19th century maps Cold -Blow Farm was the representative of the old -manor (Kent has a Cold Blow in Bexley). A -curious 15th century corruption was Coldabbeye, -though there was never an abbey there. The -farm succumbed to suburban expansion in the -19th century; but Harbour Road, Cold Harbour -Lane, and Cold Harbour Place, tell us of its -site.</p> -<p>The Cold Harbours in Kent are thirty in -number, while ten are found in each of the contiguous -counties of Surrey and Sussex. They -are found at Addington, Aldington, Aylesford, -Barham Downs, Bishopsbourne, Bridge, Chislehurst, -Deptford, Ditton, Eltham, Higham, Hildenborough, -Eltham, Lamberhurst, Lymne, -Maidstone, Newington, Northfleet, Penshurst, -Sellinge, Sittingbourne, Stoke-in-Hoo, Sutton-at-Hone, -Tenterden, Trench, Tunbridge, Woodnesborough, -Woolwich, Wrotham, and Wye. -The majority of these are upon or near Roman -sites, or on the Roman main roads, a fact to be -borne in mind when we come to consider their -origin. For Isaac Taylor says of early travelling: -“Where no religious house existed to receive -the traveller he would usually be compelled to -content himself with the shelter of bare walls. -<span class="pb" id="Page_73">73</span> -The ruins of deserted Roman villas were no -doubt so used, and such places seem commonly -to have borne the name of Cold Harbour. In -the neighbourhood of ancient roads we find no -less than seventy, and about a dozen more bearing -the analogous name of Caldecot or ‘cold -cot.’” His figures have now been shown to -be very much under the mark. So Forbes and -Burmester, in their <i>Our Roman Highways</i>, -say: “The appearance of such names is believed -to be a sure indication of the use in comparatively -modern times of Roman buildings for -purposes of temporary shelters; and the occasional -discovery of tessellated pavements injured -by fires lighted in the corners of rooms suggests -their utilization by wayfarers.”</p> -<p>Not that all would have been villas or private -residences. The orderly and practical Romans -on their great military roads had a colonia at -each 15 or 20 miles with a mansio or government -posting station, and between each, at about -five miles distance, was a mutatio with less -accommodation, and used by a humbler class. -The manager of each was called a Strator—like -our Way Warden. In many cases we find that -the Cold Harbours come exactly where we -should look for the regularly set mutatio. The -same kind of arrangement is found in the Hans -or Khans of the East, which provide shelter for -traveller and stabling for his horse or other -beast of burden; but no bed or food. Analogous -also are the dak-bungalows familiar to us in -India.</p> -<p>The name, however, is pure Saxon, like the -German Kalt Herberg, and the surviving French -Auberge for a small place of rest and refreshment. -Mr. Unthank, a friend and church-worker -of mine in Walworth, enlisted my interest -in the name a dozen years ago, and since he has -written learnedly on the subject in <i>Notes and -Queries</i> (1914) and the <i>Home Counties Magazine</i> -<span class="pb" id="Page_74">74</span> -(1912). He calls them “the leanest shadows of -our cheerful inns,” and though bare walls and -a bit of a roof would be better than nothing to a -traveller over Barham Downs, yet, compared -with the “warmest welcome in an inn” -experienced elsewhere, he would no doubt call -it a cold harbour. Later, and in Middle English, -the Heribeorg, shelter for a host, became as -Herberg a synonym for any inn, and later still -Harbourers or harbingers were the caterers or -victuallers, who at last gained the right to sell -ale in competition with the more normal -hostelries. Then the trade-name became a surname, -and John le Herberger appears, and -perhaps the Harpers of to-day indicate an innkeeper -rather than a musician as their ancestor.</p> -<p>Of course, the perverse ingenuity of some has -invented strange derivations for the name. Stow -suggests that they were coal-stations! Another -writer (who apparently only knew of one Cold -Harbour near London Bridge) that it was where -the Köln or Cologne merchants had their headquarters! -Another derives from Col (ubris) -arbor—the tree or staff round which a serpent -twines. This is the emblem of Mercury the -messenger of Jupiter, and may have been therefore -the sign of the Roman posting-stations!</p> -<h3 class="inline" id="c16"><span class="sc">Anderida.</span></h3> -<p>As I have already said, Kent was once mainly -either dense primæval forest, or marshland, -which fringed nearly all its coastal -border from Sussex to London. The greater part -of the forest was that which extended along the -northern border of the South Saxons with a -breadth of thirty and a length of one hundred -and twenty miles. But the royal forest of Blean -(in which I was born) is continuous with -Anderida, although it bears a separate name in -<span class="pb" id="Page_75">75</span> -a charter of King Offa in 791. This would make -the forestal land extend from Whitstable through -East and Mid Kent, Northern Sussex, Southern -Surrey, and Eastern Hampshire, right down to -Petersfield. Distinct, but contiguous, was the -Cestmwarowalth or Cestersetta Wald, of which -part remains in the woods between Rochester -and Maidstone, although some would place it -near Lyminge.</p> -<p>This primæval forest is still marked by a great -survival of woodland and parks, as a coloured -map of Kent would show, and also by the -abundance of the characteristic terminations of -burst, den, ley, holt, and feld. It names the -Weald (Teutonic Wad—wood), although therein -more cleared than anywhere else, and the less -known Roman road, Well Street, which ran -through it from Maidstone, should be probably -the Wald road.</p> -<p>Generally called Anderida from the name the -Romans gave to their fort and garrisoned place -near Pevensey, this is only a change from the -earlier Andred. Coed-Andred was its Celtic -name, from Coed, a wood, which word appears -also in Ked Coed (the hollow dolman in the -wood), which was corrupted into Kits Coty -House; while the Cotswolds give the Saxon -addition to the Celtic name, so that the meaning -is Wood-wood, just as Durbeck or the Ravensbourne -mean Water-water by the Saxon surnaming -of a Celtic name. In early Saxon -charters, which are written in Latin, it appears -as Saltus-Andred, Silva-Andred, Saltus communis, -or Silva regalis, while in Saxon it is -Andred, Andredsleage, or Andredsweald.</p> -<p>As to the meaning of the name, Edwards -thinks it a proper name, which is very improbable -considering its extent. Lambarde says -Andred in the Celtic means great, which is -simplest and best, provided that such a word is -<span class="pb" id="Page_76">76</span> -proved to exist. Dr. Guest refers it, less probably, -to a Celtic negative an and dred, a dwelling, -and Lewin to “an” for the “deni,” for oak-forest, -and by a “dhu” for black.</p> -<p>It may be here interesting to give a list of the -names borne nearly a thousand years ago by -some towns and villages in Kent, especially -those in the Weald. In a map in Furley’s -<i>Weald</i>, he gives the manors and places mentioned -in the Domesday Book (A.D. 1086), and -by this it appears that settlements and cultivation -were nearly all on the north and east edges -of the great forest of Anderida. The only exceptions -are Tivedale (now Tudely), Benindene -(Benenden), Tepindene (Tiffenden), and -Belicedene, which are deeper in the forest.</p> -<p>Taking the line of the Kentish Weald from -west to east, we find fringing the primæval -wood, Distreham (Westerham), Briestede -(Brasted), Sondresse (Sundridge), Brotenham -(Wrotham), Nargourde (Mereworth), Pecheham -(W. Peckham), Pecheham (East Peckham), -Otringebury (Wateringbury), Nedstede (Nettlestead), -Hallinges (Yalding), Meddestane (Maidstone), -Boltone Monchensei (Boughton Monchelsea), -Certh (Chart Sutton), Suttone (Sutton -Valence), Sudtone (East Sutton), Olecumbe -(Ulcombe), Boltone Archiepiscopi (B. Malherbe), -Bogelei (Bewley in B. Malherbe), Piventone -(Pevington), Pluckelei (Pluckley), Rotinge (Roting -in Pluckley), Litecert (Little Chart), Certh -Mill, Certh (Great Chart), Eshetesford or Estefort -(Ashford), Merseham (Mersham), Aldingtone -(Aldington), Limes (Lymne), Boningtone -(Bonnington), Bilsvitone (Bilsington), Rochinges -(Ruckinge), Orleverstone (Orleston), Werahorne -(Warehorne), Tintintone Dene (Tinton in Warehorne), -Apeldres (Appledore), Palestre (Palster -in Wittersham), Newedene (Newenden).</p> -<p>In the rest of Chenth (Kent) the chief places -mentioned in Domesday were Bromlei (Bromley), -<span class="pb" id="Page_77">77</span> -Lolingstone (Lullingstone), Tarenteforte (Dartford), -Gravesham (Gravesend), Rovescestre -(Rochester), Esledes (Leeds), Scapige (Sheppey), -Favershant (Faversham), Wi (Wye), Goversham -(Godmersham), Cantuaria (Canterbury), -Forewic (Fordwich), Roculf (Reculver), Tanet -(Thanet), Sandwice (Sandwich), Estrei (Eastry), -Addelam (Deal), Douere (Dover), Fulchestan -(Folkestone), Heda (Hythe), and Romene -(Romney).</p> -<p>One thing that strikes one at once is the proof -any list of Kentish villages gives of the forestal -character of Kent. As one of my aims is to save -trouble on the part of some future writer who -shall produce the long overdue History of -Kentish Place-Names, I will here transcribe all -which indicate a woodland origin. About a few -I am doubtful, but probably others which I have -in ignorance left out would balance them. There -are in this list 20 of the characteristic dens, -although far more survive as the names of -manors or now uninhabited parts; there are 15 -hursts and 35 woods—some of the last being -no doubt modern as names of places. I make -174 of these forestal names as under:—</p> -<p>Abbey Wood, Ackhold (Oakwood), Acol (alias -Wood), Acrise? (Oakridge), Appledore, Arnold’s -Oak, Ash, Ashenden, Ashford, Ashley, Ashurst, -Bargrove, Bellegrove (Benenden), Betteshanger, -Bircholt, Boghurst Street, Bough Beech, Boughton -(four), Boxhurst (Boxley), Bredhurst, Broad -Oak, Brogueswood, Broome, Broomfield, High -Brooms, Broomstreet, Bush, Challock Wood, -Chart (four), Chartham, Chartham Hatch, -Cheriton, Chesnut Street, Cobham Wood, Cowden, -Cockham Wood, Colds Wood, Comp -Woods, Crookhurst Street, Denstead, Denstroud, -Denton (three), Denwood, Dingleden, -East Malling Woods, Eastwood, Eggringe -Wood, Elmley, Elmley Ferry, Elmstead (two), -Elmstone, Eyehorne Hatch, Eyhorne Street, -<span class="pb" id="Page_78">78</span> -Eythorne, Hawkenhurst, Filmer’s Wood, Five -Oak Green, Forest Hill, Four Elms, Frogholt, -Goathurst Common, Gore Wood, Forsley -Wood, Goudhurst, Grove, Grove End, Grove -Ferry, Grove Green, Hatch Green, Hawkhurst, -Hazelwood Hill, Hengrove, Henhurst, Henwood, -Heronden, Hoaden, Hockenden, Hollingbourne, -Hollanden, Holm Mill, Holmstone, Holt -Street, Holwood Hill, Hookstead Green (Oakstead?), -Horsmonden, Hurst, Ivy Hatch (Ileden), -Kidbrooke?, King’s Wood, Kingsnorth, -Knockhall, Knockholt, Lamberhurst, Leywood, -Maiden Wood, Maplescombe, Marden, Mark -Beech, Marwood, Mereworth Woods, Molash, -Mussenden, Nagden, Northwood, Norwood -(two), Nurstead (old Nutstead), Oakhurst, Oakley, -Old Tree, Otterden, Oxenden Corner, Paddock -Wood, Penenden Heath, Penshurst, Perry -Street, Perry Wood, Pickhurst Green, Pinden, -Plumstead, Plumpton, Quarry Wood, Rainden, -Ringwould, Rolvenden, Saltwood, Sandhurst, -Sevenoaks, Shadoxhurst, Sibertswold, Shottenden, -Silcox Wood, Sissinghurst, Smarden, Snoll -Hatch, Snoad Street, Southernden, Southwood, -Speldhurst, Standen, Staplehurst, Swanscombe -Wood, Tenterden, Thornham, Three Beeches, -Eickenhurst, Waldershare, Waltham, Warden, -Weald, Westenhanger, Westwood (two), Wissenden, -Womenswould, Woodchurch, Woodcut -Hill, Woodlands (two), Woodruff, Woodside -Green, Wouldham.</p> -<h2 id="c17"><span class="small"><span class="sc">Land Divisions of Kent.</span></span></h2> -<p>Uninterruptedly from Saxon times -Kent has been divided into districts called -Lathes, and these into Hundreds, and -these again into Borowes or Townes, the last -being in Kent synonymous and used to the -<span class="pb" id="Page_79">79</span> -exclusion of the name parish down to the times -of Elizabeth.</p> -<p>First, as to the meanings and uses of these -three words.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Lathe</span> takes us back to the Saxon Læth for -land, and in Latin documents appears as Lestus -or Lastus, <i>e.g.</i>, “In Lasto Sanctii Augustini” -in a deed of 1347. Lambarde, however, derives -it from a verb gelathian, to assemble; while -Latham, following the German writer Zeuss, says -the Terræ lœticæ were lands given to the Lœti. -Lœti is the Roman form of Leute, <i>i.e.</i>, People, -<i>i.e.</i>, the Teutonic mercenaries who were imported -to defend the Litus Saxonicum—the eastern and -south-eastern coast—which was especially open -to the attacks of Scandinavian pirates. The -abstruse and involved explanation will hardy -be preferred. It is a purely Kentish word.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Hundred.</span>—This familiar word, first found in -the Laws of King Edgar, 1000 A.D., comes -from the old High German (Allemannisch), -Huntare or Huntre. The Huntares in N. Europe -were the sub-divisions of the Gau, the primary -settlement with independent jurisdiction, a word -to be traced in such place-names as Spengay -and Wormegay, and even in Ely, for its earliest -form was Eligabirig. But why Hundred? Some -say each contained an hundred hides of land -(but hundreds vary much in size). Some say -each was a district wherein 100 soldiers had to -be forthcoming in war—this approves itself to -Lambarde and Spelman. Some refer it to the -original settlement of 100 Jutish warriors, as -sub-divisions of the Teutonic army which conquered -the Britons. Brampton thinks each was -to contain 100 villages. But in view of the historical -and legal use of the word one may prefer -the number of the freeholders in an area as constituting -the Hundred. Thus the great legal -authority, Blackstone, says: “As 10 families of -<span class="pb" id="Page_80">80</span> -freeholders made a town or tithing, so 10 tithings -made an Hundred.” Each had its Hundred -Court for civil and criminal jurisdiction; each -its Hundred man or constable; each its Hundred -Mote or assembly or parliament; each its Hundred-penny, -or local tax on and in the Hundred. -Most English counties were, and are, divided -into Hundreds, wapentakes, or wards. So -Caxton, writing in 1485, says: “In Yorkshire -ben xxii hondredes.” Of these words Wapentake -indicates the defensive military organisation -of the Danish intruders, and Hundred the more -peaceful settlements of Jutes and Saxons. A -synonym peculiar to Sussex is the word Rape, -the origin of which is said to be that lands seized -by the Conqueror were plotted out by the hrepp -or rope.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Tithings</span> were the divisions of the Hundred -or Wapentake or Ward or Rape, and the term -is used in most counties. But in Kent Borowe or -Ton or Towne is used instead. A Tything, Freeburgh -or Decennary, was a district containing ten -householders, who were answerable to the King -for each other’s good behaviour. Each tything -formed a little commonwealth, and chose its -own dean (decanus or chief man of ten) or head, -who was sometimes called Alderman on account -of his age and experience. Most commonly, -however, he was called the Borsholder from the -Anglo-Saxon Bohr a surety, and Ealder, head or -chief. The members of each tything formed a -court of justice in which disputes were heard. -Right down to 1836 the inhabitants of an Hundred -where damage was done were each liable -to pay compensation for it. The tendency of -small bodies to take petty and shortsighted -views in social matters is evidenced in John -Bunyan’s <i>Pilgrim’s Progress</i>, where, quoting a -much earlier proverb, he speaks of “Mr. Penny-wise-pound-foolish,” -and “Mr. Get-i’-th’ Hundred -and lose i’ the Shire.”</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_81">81</div> -<p>Originally there were seven Lathes in Kent—Borowart, -Estrei, Middletune, Wiwarlet, Limowart, -Sudtone, and Elesford, of which the first -five covered East Kent and the last two West -Kent. Each derived its name from the chief -town in each. Those in East Kent had previously -been Roman Villas or towns, while Sutton-at-Hone -and Aylesford were of great antiquity.</p> -<p>Later Borowart and Estrei were united under -the name of S. Augustine’s, and Middletune and -Wiwarlet together formed the Lathe of Sherwinhope, -which again, by the addition of the Seven -Hundreds of the Weald and the Hundred of -Marden, received its present territory and name -of the Lathe of Scray.</p> -<p>One finds also a Lestus de Hedelynge containing -the three Hundreds of Eastry, Quernilo -and Beawesberghe. In this district an old wood -in Waldershare is still Hedlinge.</p> -<p>Since the time of Henry the Third there have -been but five Lathes, named S. Augustine’s, -Shepway, Scray, Aylesford, and Sutton-at-Hone.</p> -<p>Now as to their names.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Borowart</span>, Boro-wara-lest, was named from -Canterbury, the chief borough in Kent, and so -means the people of the borough, the chief one. -Later it was named from S. Augustine’s Abbey -in Canterbury, to which a great part of the land -in the Lathe belonged.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Estrei</span>, or Estre Last, named from the -ancient town of Eastry (which may enshrine the -name of the Saxon goddess of Spring, Eastre—whence -our Easter, from the Christian festival -coinciding in time with the heathen festival) was -absorbed into the Lathe of S. Augustine.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Middletune</span> (Middeltuna both in the <i>Anglo-Saxon -Chronicle</i> and in Domesday) is our Milton -by Sittingbourne, and is said to be named from -being the central town of Kent, as it was then -populated and of importance.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_82">82</div> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Wiwarlet</span> (Wi-wara-lest), the lest of the -people of Wye, together with Middletune, -became later part of the Lathe of Sherwinhope -(Scrawynghop, temp. Hen. 3, and Shewynghope -1347). This name was later changed into that -of Scray. What is the meaning of Sherwinhope? -Hope in Saxon denotes a river valley, -and Sands, in his <i>Memorials of Old Kent</i>, -speaks of the brook Sherway, which falls into -the Beult. But what of Scray?</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Limowart</span>, or Limea, denotes the people of -Lymne, the old Roman Portus Lemanis, called -Limene in 1291, then Lymene, Lymen 1396, -Limne 1475, and Lymne 1480. I do not find -the intrusive and erroneous p in the name earlier -than 1504. The name was changed to Shippeway -or Shipway, temp. Henry III., and a place -in Lymne is still called Shipway Cross.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Sudtone</span>, <i>i.e.</i>, the town south of Dartford, -distinguished from other Suttons by the later -addition of “at Hone,” which is said to mean -low in the valley.</p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">Elesford</span>, our Aylesford, is so spelled in -Domesday, but in the <i>Saxon Chronicle</i> it is -Egelsford, and in Nennius Egisford. It may -very well have been named by the Saxons after -the Teutonic hero-archer or demigod Eigil, -though the Celtic Eglwys, a church, has been -suggested. It also appears as Ægelesthrep, and -for this a personal name (<i>e.g.</i>, Ecglaf), with -threp or thorp for town has been suggested. But -thorp we get from the Danes, and find chiefly -in the N.E. There are none in Kent.</p> -<p>The place-name difficulty, however, is intensified -when we find, according to Lambarde -in 1570, 13 Hundreds in S. Augustine’s, 14 in -Shepway, 18 in Scray, 14 in Aylesford, and 8 in -Sutton-at-Hone, many of them being long -obsolete names, such as Cornilo in S. Augustine’s, -Franchesse in Shepway, Calehill in -<span class="pb" id="Page_83">83</span> -Scray, Eythorde in Aylesford, and Coddeshethe -in Sutton-at-Hone. And then in some places -there are Half-Hundreds, which, however, did -not exist before the reign of Edward II.</p> -<p>As a matter of nearer local interest I may -quote the divisions and assessments in the time -of the Black Prince of the boroughs of the -Hundred of Maydstone.</p> -<table class="center"> -<tr class="th"><th> </th><th> </th><th class="r">£ </th><th class="r">s. </th><th class="r">d.</th></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Borough of Maydestone was assessed </td><td class="l">at </td><td class="r">19 </td><td class="r">9 </td><td class="r">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><span class="hst">Westre</span> (now West Borough) </td><td class="l">at </td><td class="r"> </td><td class="r">44 </td><td class="r">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><span class="hst">Stone</span> (now Stone St. Ward) </td><td class="l">at </td><td class="r"> </td><td class="r">78 </td><td class="r">2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><span class="hst">Loose</span> </td><td class="l">at </td><td class="r"> </td><td class="r">34 </td><td class="r">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"><span class="hst">Detlinge</span> </td><td class="l">at </td><td class="r"> </td><td class="r">58 </td><td class="r">4</td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="5" class="l">(These two villages were attached to Maidstone ecclesiastically until the reign of Elizabeth).</td></tr> -<tr class="th"><th> </th><th> </th><th class="r">£ </th><th class="r">s. </th><th class="r">d.</th></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Lynton and Crookherst </td><td class="l">at </td><td class="r"> </td><td class="r">50 </td><td class="r">8</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">East Farleyghe </td><td class="l">at </td><td class="r"> </td><td class="r">45 </td><td class="r">1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Boxley </td><td class="l">at </td><td class="r">4 </td><td class="r">3 </td><td class="r">4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Sum </td><td class="r">£38 </td><td class="r">18 </td><td class="r">3</td></tr> -</table> -<p>I do not understand the omission of the -borough of Week or Wyke—whence Week -Street—of which the old manor house still -remains in Week Street, unless it was then -included in Boxley.</p> -<hr /> -<p>The study of the place-names of a county (as -has been well done for our neighbour Sussex) -mainly confines itself to the derivation and -meaning of existing towns and villages, rivers, -and hills, and I have done little more in these -notes. But the subject is not then exhausted, -for there is much of great interest to be gathered -from the names of Hundreds, of Manors, and -even of separate farms, and their consideration -would largely extend the enquiry. For example, -the Hundred Eyhorne in 1347 had the manors -of Herbyltone (Harbledown in Harrietsham), -Rissheforde in Hedcorne, Bromfield and Ledes, -<span class="pb" id="Page_84">84</span> -Sutton Valence, Olecombe, Heryetesham, -Thorneham, Eynton, Bengebery, Wrensted, -Frensted, Yoke, Wytchlinge, Aldington Septvance, -Bocton, Malherbe-cum-Wormsell, Fokeham, -Stockberye, Langele, Bygnor, Aldington -Cobham, Otteham, B. Monchelsey alias Westboltone, -West Farnebourne, Shelve in Lenham, -Leneham, Downe, Berghestede, Bugeley, -Cherletone, and Bressinge, many of these names -being very unfamiliar now.</p> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p2.jpg" alt="decorative glyph" width="657" height="163" /> -</div> -<h2>Transcriber’s Notes</h2> -<ul> -<li>Silently corrected a few typos.</li> -<li>Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.</li> -<li>In the text versions only, text in <i>italics</i> is delimited by _underscores_.</li> -</ul> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Place Names in Kent, by John Horsley - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PLACE NAMES IN KENT *** - -***** This file should be named 63263-h.htm or 63263-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/3/2/6/63263/ - -Produced by Brian Coe, Stephen Hutcheson, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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