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diff --git a/old/63246-h/63246-h.htm b/old/63246-h/63246-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index d3cb2de..0000000 --- a/old/63246-h/63246-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,23070 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> - <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> - <title> - The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Plague of Lust, Volume II, by Dr. Julius Rosenbaum. - </title> - <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> - <style type="text/css"> - -body { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - -h1 -{ - margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em; - text-align: center; - font-size: x-large; - font-weight: normal; - line-height: 1.6; -} - - h2,h3,h4{ - text-align: center; - clear: both; - } -h3 {margin-top: 1.5em;} - -div.chapter {page-break-before: always;} - -.half-title { - margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em; - text-align: center; - font-size: x-large; - font-weight: normal; - line-height: 1.6; - } - -/* Paragraphs */ - -p {text-indent: 1em; - margin-top: .75em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: .75em; - } - -hr.tb {width: 45%; margin-left: 27.5%; margin-right: 27.5%;} -hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%;} - -ul.index { list-style-type: none; } -li.ifrst { margin-top: 1em; } -li.indx { margin-top: .5em; } -li.isub1 {text-indent: 1em;} -li.isub2 {text-indent: 2em;} -li.isub3 {text-indent: 3em;} - -table { - margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; -} - - .tdr {text-align: right;} - .tdlt {text-align: left; vertical-align: top;} - .tdrb {text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;} - .tdlb {text-align: left; vertical-align: bottom;} - -.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ - /* visibility: hidden; */ - position: absolute; - left: 92%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; -} /* page numbers */ - - -.blockquote { - margin-left: 5%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - -div.hangsection p {text-indent: -3em; margin-left: 3em;} - -.bbox {border: solid thin;} - -.center {text-align: center;} - -.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} - -.xs {font-size: x-small;} -.small {font-size: small;} - -.gesperrt -{ - letter-spacing: 0.2em; - margin-right: -0.2em; - font-style: normal; -} - -/* Images */ - -img {border: none; max-width: 100%} - -.figcenter { - margin: 2em auto; margin-bottom: 6em; - text-align: center; - } - -/* Footnotes */ - - .footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} - - .footnote { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; - font-size: 0.9em; - } - -.footnote .label { - position: absolute; - right: 84%; - text-align: right; - } - -.fnanchor { - vertical-align: super; - font-size: .8em; - text-decoration: none; - white-space: nowrap - } - -/* Poetry */ - -.poetry-container {text-align: center;} -.poetry {text-align: left; margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 5%;} -.poetry {display: inline-block;} -.poetry .stanza {margin: 1em auto;} -.poetry .verse {text-indent: -3em; padding-left: 3em;} -@media handheld, print { .poetry {display: block;} } - -.poetry .indent2 {text-indent: -2em;} -.poetry .indent4 {text-indent: -1em;} -.poetry .indent6 {text-indent: 0em;} -.poetry .indent8 {text-indent: 1em;} -.poetry .indent18 {text-indent: 8em;} - - -@media handheld { - .poetry { - display: block; - margin-left: 1em; - } - -} - -/* Transcriber's notes */ - -.transnote { - background-color: #E6E6FA; - color: black; - font-size:smaller; - padding:0.5em; - margin-bottom:5em; - font-family:sans-serif, serif; - } - - </style> - </head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Plague of Lust, Volume II (of II), by -Julius Rosenbaum - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Plague of Lust, Volume II (of II) - Being a History of Venereal Disease in Classical Antiquity - -Author: Julius Rosenbaum - -Translator: Anonymous - -Release Date: September 19, 2020 [EBook #63246] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PLAGUE OF LUST, VOLUME II *** - - - - -Produced by Turgut Dincer, Les Galloway and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This -book was produced from images made available by the -HathiTrust Digital Library.) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div class="transnote"> -<h3>Transcriber’s Notes</h3> - -<p>Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected. Variations -in hyphenation, accents, spelling and punctuation remain unchanged. -</p> - -<p>Anchors for footnotes 373, 379, 383, 391, 392, 394, 404, and 406 were -missing and have been added in appropriate places. -</p> - -<p>The images in Arabic are of poor quality so the transcriptions should -be treated with caution.</p> - -<p>The book contains several blank pages and long and multi page footnotes -hence there are gaps in, and variable spacing of, page numbers. Many -index entries refer directly to multi-page footnotes, where this is -clearly the case, the index link directs to the footnote.</p> - -<p>The use of parentheses, especially in the footnotes, is rather wayward -and they have been paired wherever possible. -</p></div> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p class="half-title"> -THE<br /> -PLAGUE OF LUST</p> - -<hr class="small" /> -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Volume II</span></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - - -<div class="bbox"> -<h1> -THE<br /> - -PLAGUE OF LUST,</h1> - -<p class="center">BEING A HISTORY OF VENEREAL DISEASE<br /> -<br /> -<small>IN</small><br /> -<br /> -CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY,</p> - -<p class="center"><small><span class="smcap">and Including:—Detailed Investigations into the<br /> -Cult of Venus, and Phallic Worship, Brothels,<br /> -the</span> Νοῦσος Θήλεια <span class="smcap">(Feminine disease) of the<br /> -Scythians, Paederastia, and other Sexual<br /> -Perversions amongst the Ancients,</span></small></p> - - -<p class="center"><small>AS CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS<br /> -<br /> -THE EXACT INTERPRETATION OF THEIR WRITINGS</small></p> - -<p class="center"> -<small>BY</small><br /> - -Dr. JULIUS ROSENBAUM</p> -<p class="center"> -<small>TRANSLATED FROM THE SIXTH (UNABRIDGED) GERMAN EDITION<br /> -<br /> -BY</small></p> -<p class="center"> -AN OXFORD M.A.</p> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><small>The Second of Two Volumes</small></span></p> - -<p class="center"><b>Paris</b><br /> -CHARLES CARRINGTON<br /> -<small><span class="smcap">Publisher of Medical, Folk-lore and Historical Works</span><br /> -13, <span class="smcap">Faubourg Montmartre</span>, 13<br /> -MDCCCCI</small></p> -</div> - - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_v">v</span></p> - - -<div class="figcenter" > -<img src="images/i_pv.jpg" alt="Decoration" /> -</div> - - -<h3 id="CONTENTS_OF_THE_SECOND_VOLUME">CONTENTS OF THE SECOND VOLUME.</h3> - -<hr class="small" /> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> -<tr> - <td colspan="4"><a href="#FIRST_SECTION">FIRST SECTION</a>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr" colspan="4"><span class="xs">Page</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdlt">Irrumare</td> - <td class="tdlt" colspan="2">and Fellare, (see below)</td> - <td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdlt">”</td> - <td class="tdlt" colspan="2">Diseases of the “Fellator”</td> - <td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdlt" colspan="3">Cunnilingus, (see below)</td> - <td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdlt">—</td> - <td class="tdlt" colspan="2">Morbus Phoeniceus (Phoenician Disease)</td> - <td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdlt">—</td> - <td class="tdlt" colspan="2">Diseases of the Cunnilingus</td> - <td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdlt">—</td> - <td class="tdlt" colspan="2">Mentagra and Lichenes (Tetter of the Chin and other Eruptions)</td> - <td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdlt">—</td> - <td class="tdlt" colspan="2">Morbus Campanus (Campanian tumour)</td> - <td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdlt" colspan="3">Sodomy</td> - <td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdlt" colspan="3">Climate</td> - <td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_116">115</a></td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdlt">—</td> - <td class="tdlt">Influence of Climate on</td> - <td class="tdlb">Sexual Activity</td> - <td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdlt">—</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdlt">Genital Organs</td> - <td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdlt">—</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdlt">Maladies of the Genital Organs</td> - <td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdlt">—</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdlt">Activity of the Skin</td> - <td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdlt">—</td> - <td class="tdlt" colspan="2">Leprosy</td> - <td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdlt" colspan="3">Genius Epidemicus</td> - <td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_167">167</a></td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdlt">—</td> - <td class="tdlt" colspan="2">Effect of Weather according to Hippocrates</td> - <td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdlt">—</td> - <td class="tdlt" colspan="2">Plague of Athens</td> - <td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td></tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="4"><a href="#SECOND_SECTION">SECOND SECTION</a>.</td></tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Influences which hindered to a greater or less -degree the inception of Diseases consequent -upon Use or Misuse of the Genital Organs.</span></td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdlt" colspan="3">Cleanliness</td> - <td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdlt" colspan="3">Depilation</td> - <td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_191">191</a></td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdlt" colspan="3">Circumcision</td> - <td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_198">198</a></td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdlt" colspan="3">Baths and Bathing</td> - <td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_207">207</a> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_vi">vi</span></td></tr> -<tr><td></td></tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="4"><a href="#THIRD_SECTION">THIRD SECTION</a>.</td></tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Relation of Physicians towards Diseases consequent -upon the Use or Misuse of the Genital Organs.</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdlt" colspan="3">Scarcity of opportunities for Observation</td> - <td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_224">224</a></td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdlt" colspan="3">Shame on the part of Patients</td> - <td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_227">227</a></td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdlt" colspan="3">Delusions</td> - <td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdlt" colspan="3">Mildness of the Disease</td> - <td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_237">237</a></td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdlt" colspan="3">Pathology and Therapeutics of Disease</td> - <td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_239">239</a></td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdlt" colspan="3">Nomenclature</td> - <td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_249">249</a></td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdlt" colspan="3">Gonnorrhoea</td> - <td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_254">254</a></td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdlt" colspan="3">Ulcers of the Urethra</td> - <td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_276">276</a></td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdlt" colspan="3">Caruncles in the Urethra</td> - <td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_280">280</a></td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdlt" colspan="3">Inflammation of the Testicles (Orchitis)</td> - <td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_283">283</a></td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdlt" colspan="3">Ulcers of the Genitals</td> - <td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_286">286</a></td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdlt" colspan="3">Ulcers of the Anus</td> - <td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_301">301</a></td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdlt" colspan="3">Buboes</td> - <td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_303">303</a></td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdlt" colspan="3">Exanthema (Eruptions) on the Genitals</td> - <td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_307">307</a></td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdlt" colspan="3">Morbid Growths on the Genitals</td> - <td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_311">311</a></td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdlt" colspan="3">Recapitulation</td> - <td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_314">314</a></td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdlt" colspan="3">Conclusion</td> - <td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_321">321</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdlt" colspan="3">Index</td> - <td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_327">327</a></td> -</tr> - -</table></div> - - - - -<div class="figcenter" > -<img src="images/i_pvi.jpg" alt="Decoration" /> -</div> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_vii">vii</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" > -<img src="images/i_p259.jpg" alt="Decoration" /> -</div> - -<h3 id="DEFINITIONS">DEFINITIONS.</h3> - - -<div class="hangsection"> - -<p><b>Irrumare</b>: Penem in os alienum inserere, ut sugatur, itaque -voluptas quaedam libidinosa paretur; to put the penis -into another’s mouth to be sucked—a form of vicious -indulgence.</p> - -<p><b>Fellare</b>: Penem alienum in os admittere, ibique eo sugere -ut voluptas quaedam libidinosa paretur; to allow another’s -penis to be put in the mouth and to suck it—the -active form of the above vicious practice.</p> - -<p><b>Fellator</b>: Is qui pro habitudine fellat; one who practices -this vice.</p> - -<p><b>Cunnilingus</b>: Qui mulierum pudenda lingit; a man who -licks women’s private parts.</p></div> - -<div class="figcenter" > -<img src="images/007.jpg" alt="Decoration" /> -</div> - - -<p class="half-title"> -THE PLAGUE OF LUST<br /> - -IN<br /> - -CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY.</p> - -<hr class="small" /> - -<h2><span class="smcap">Second Part.</span></h2> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">3</span></p> - -<p><a id="FIRST_SECTION"></a></p> - - -<div class="figcenter" > -<img src="images/i_p003.jpg" alt="Decoration" /> -</div> - - - - -<h3><a name="S_21" id="S_21">§ 21.</a><br /> - -<small>Irrumation and Fellation.</small></h3> - -<p class="center">(<i>Irrumare</i>, <i>Fellare</i>).</p> - - -<p>Very much more abominable and repulsive still is -the habit of Irrumation<a id="FNanchor_1_1" href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">1</a> (<i>penem in os arrigere est -irrumare</i>—to erect the <i>penis</i> and insert it into the -mouth of another person) and the practice of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">4</span> -<i>Fellator</i><a id="FNanchor_2_2" href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">2</a> (<i>si quis vel labris vel lingua perfricandi -atque exsugendi officium peni praestat</i>—one who with -the lips or the tongue performs the office of rubbing -and sucking another’s <i>penis</i>). This the Greeks called -λεσβιάζειν (to follow the Lesbian mode), because -the vice was especially practised by the Lesbian -women, though in common with all others of the -sort it came originally from Asia. <i>Lucian</i> in his -<i>Pseudologista</i><a id="FNanchor_3_3" href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">3</a>, in which he severely criticizes the -the dissolute Timarchus, who had taken the expression -ἀποφρὰς (unmentionable) in ill part, says: -“By the gods, what should make you fly into a -passion, since it is a matter of common report that -you are a <i>Fellator</i> and a <i>Cunnilingus</i><a id="FNanchor_4_4" href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">4</a>. Are you<span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">5</span> -as much in the dark as to the meaning of these words -as you are about that of ἀποφρὰς (unmentionable)? -and do you take them for titles of honour? Or is -it that you are now accustomed to them, but not to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">6</span> -ἀποφρὰς, and so wish to erase it as something -unknown to you from the list of your Titles? -(ch. 28).—I am well aware what were your practices -in Palestine, in Egypt, in Phoenicia and Syria, as -well as in Hellas and Italy, and above all just now -in Ephesus, where you set the crown on your -extravagances, (ch. 11).—However you will never -persuade your fellow-citizens that they ought not to -regard you as the filthiest of all men, the very -refuse of the whole city. Now it may be you rely -on the belief of the generality in Syria, that you -have never been accused (there) of any guilt or vice. -But by Hercules! the city of Antioch looked on -at the whole history, when you carried off the young -man who came from Tarsus, and—but there, it would -not become me to go over such ground again. All -who were there know the facts and remember it all, -that time when they saw you sitting at his knees -(καὶ σὲ μὲν ἐς γόνυ συγκαθήμενον ἰδόντες), and -doing you know very well what to him, that is if -you have not utterly and entirely forgotten the whole -matter, (ch. 20).—But when they caught you lying -at the knees of the son of Oinopion the Cooper -(τοῦ μειρακίου ... ἐν γόνασι κείμενον—lying at the -knees of the stripling), what make you of that? Did -they not surely take you for a man of the sort to -be expected, when they saw you doing such a thing? -(ch. 28).—How, by Zeus! after such a deed, have -you the effrontery to give us the kiss of salutation?—Sooner -kiss an adder or a viper? The danger and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">7</span> -pain of the bite a Physician may yet remove, if -called in. But after your kiss and with such poison -on his lips who dare draw near to Temple or altar? -What god would listen to the suppliant? how many -vessels of holy water, how many lustrations, would -be needful? (ch. 24).—In Syria you are known as -ῥοδοδάφνη (rose-laurel)<a id="FNanchor_5_5" href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">5</a>; why, a man cannot explain -for very shame, great Athené!—But in Palestine as -φραγμὸς (the hedge)<a id="FNanchor_6_6" href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">6</a>, on account of the prickles -of your beard, I suppose. In Egypt again as συνάγχη -(sore throat),—and this is a well known business. -It must have been a close thing with you not to be -choked, that time you came across the sailor of a -three-master, who fell upon you and stopped your -mouth for you (ὃς ἐμπεσὼν ἀπέφραξέ σοι τὸ -στόμα).”</p> - -<p>This passage brings us next to a gloss of the -<i>Pseudo-Galen</i><a id="FNanchor_7_7" href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">7</a>, on which <i>Naumann</i><a id="FNanchor_8_8" href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">8</a>, after laying<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">8</span> -down his view as to the <i>Morbus phoeniceus</i> (Purple -Plague),—a subject to be discussed presently,—goes -on to express himself thus: “However we must go -yet farther. In the above cited work of the Pseudo-Galen -is included an Index of words, <i>which with a -high degree of probability we may conclude to refer to -Venereal diseases, so far as known to the Ancients</i> -(loco citato, under word στρυμάργου, p. 142). We -read there that <i>Dioscorides</i> called στρυμάργους or -στομάργους (evil-mouthed) men in whom the longing -for sensual indulgence had risen to frenzy. Of similar -meaning to this would seem to be the expressions -μυοχάνη (<i>maxillarum hiatu insignis</i>—conspicuous for -the wide opening of the arm-pits) or μυσάχνη -(<i>meretrix</i>—prostitute), μῦσος (<i>facinus abominandum</i>—an -abominable act), σαράπους (crura ambulando -divaricans—straddling the legs in walking), and -γρυπαλώπηξ (from γρύπος <i>curvus</i>—curved, hooked,) -probably denoting the erection of the <i>penis</i>; at any -rate a dissolute man is called in Aristophanes -κυναλώπηξ (fox-dog). But most notable is the added -observation, to the effect that Erasistratus called such -persons ῥινοκολοῦροι (<i>i.e.</i> <i>qui mutilati naribus sunt</i>—men -who have been mutilated in their noses). Just -at the time of the Greek occupation of Egypt, -<i>Rhinocorura</i> or <i>Rhinocolura</i> was the name of a -wretched sort of “Botany Bay” situated at the -North-Eastern extremity of the country, lying in the -desert on the shores of the Mediterranean between -Gaza and Pelusium, and serving as a place of -residence for lepers (<i>Pliny</i>, Hist. Nat., Bk. V. ch. 4. -<i>Livy</i>, Hists. Bk. XXXV. ch. 11). Now if we bring -together all the information given here, and especially -if we consider the various shameful forms of -indulgence of the sexual impulse and the mutilation -of the nose that is connected with them, <i>there -cannot be much doubt left that these ancient and fragmentary -notices refer to Venereal evil</i>, whether in conjunction -with leprous affections or not.”</p> - -<p>But to test the correctness of these explanations<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">9</span> -and conclusions, it will be necessary first of all to -quote the gloss itself in full: <em class="gesperrt">στρυμάργου.</em> οἶδε -καὶ ταύτην τὴν γραφὴν ὁ Διοσκουρίδης, οὐ μόνον -τὴν <em class="gesperrt">στομάργου</em>, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῦτο οὐχ ὡς κύριον -ὄνομα ἐξηγεῖται, ἀλλὰ τὸν μανικῶς ἐπτοημένον -περὶ τὰ ἀφροδίσια δηλοῦσθαί φησιν· εἰρῆσθαι -γὰρ παρὰ τῷ Ἱπποκράτει καὶ ἀλλὰ πολλὰ κατὰ -τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον ἐπίθετα, καθάπερ <em class="gesperrt">μυοχάνη, -σαράπους, γρυπαλώπηξ</em>· ἀλλὰ καὶ παρ’ -Ἐρασιστράτῳ φησὶν ὁ <em class="gesperrt">ῥινοκολοῦρος</em>, that -is to say:—στρυμάργου: Dioscorides knows this -form also, not merely that of στομάργου, but this -too he regards not as a proper name, but says that -it signifies one who is madly set upon love-indulgences; -for that in Hippocrates as well many other -epithets of the same sort (which refer to the same -sort of vice) are mentioned, e.g. μυοχάνη, σαράπους, -γρυπαλώπηξ; also he says that in Erasistratus (the -expression) ῥινοκολοῦρος is found.</p> - -<p>The reader sees in the first place that it is not -merely expressions peculiar to Dioscorides that are -here cited, as we might be led to suppose by -Naumann’s statement, but that they are every one -of them found, as we shall presently prove more -particularly, in <i>Hippocrates</i>, the ῥινοκολοῦρος of -Erasistratus of course excepted. <i>Dioscorides</i> mentions -them only in his commentary on the Second Book -of the “Epidemia”, when laying down the passages -to be cited immediately, and declares them not to -be proper names, but adjectives which all refer to -insane indulgence in the pleasures of love; accordingly -there can be no question here of <i>bodily disorders</i>, -let the words in themselves signify what they -will. Now if we examine into this more closely, we -shall find first of all that we must obviously read -στυμάργου in place of στρυμάργου, for not only -is this form given by the author of the gloss (under -στομάργου<a id="FNanchor_9_9" href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">9</a>), quoted on the preceding page, but<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">10</span> -the text also of Hippocrates<a id="FNanchor_10_10" href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">10</a> offers it in both -passages; whereas στρυμάργου gives no sort of -sense.</p> - -<p>The word στυμάργος in fact is derived either<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">11</span> -from στῦμα<a id="FNanchor_11_11" href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">11</a>, the act of erecting the penis, and -and ἔργον (work), so signifying anyone who performs -the work of causing an erection of the penis,—or -else from στύω<a id="FNanchor_12_12" href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">12</a>, I erect the penis, and μάργος<a id="FNanchor_13_13" href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">13</a>,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">12</span> -(mad), i. e. one who erects, uses, the penis in a -madly lascivious fashion, so an <i>Irrumator</i>, and with -this <i>Hesychius’</i> interpretation agrees: λεσβιάζειν,—πρὸς -ἀνδρὸς στόμα στύειν, (to lesbianize,—to erect -the penis in a man’s mouth). Στομάργος on the -other hand is formed by a combination of στόμα, -the mouth, and ἔργω or ἔργον (I work, work), a -word constantly used to express the employment of -the genital organs<a id="FNanchor_14_14" href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">14</a>, in fact indulgence in love -generally, and signifies a man who performs the work -(of love) with the mouth, so a <i>Fellator</i><a id="FNanchor_15_15" href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">15</a>. Now<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">13</span> -since only the most abandoned lust, lust that has -really grown into a form of insanity, is capable of -undertaking such obscenities, the interpretation of -<i>Dioscorides</i> μανικῶς ἐπτοημένον περὶ τὰ ἀφροδίσια -(one that is insanely, madly, set on the pleasures of -love) is quite satisfactory, assuming a hesitation on -the part of the author to set forth the actual fact -more explicitly, especially as we have already proved -under the head of Paederastia<a id="FNanchor_16_16" href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">16</a> how unnatural -sexual desires were commonly regarded as a <i>Mania</i><span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">14</span> -or form of insanity. Even if we were not in a -position adequately to explain the rest of the words, -yet the phrase that comes next to them καὶ ἄλλα -πολλὰ κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον (and many others -of the same fashion) at once shows that they bear -the same signification as στύμαργος and στομάργος, -or at any rate that they must all alike refer to -unnatural satisfaction of the sexual impulse, for -τρόπος (fashion) is the very word particularly appropriated -to imply such-like practices, as we see -from the expressions Κρῆτα τρόπον, Ἑλληνικὸν -τρόπον<a id="FNanchor_17_17" href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">17</a>, (Cretan fashion, Greek fashion) used to -indicate paederastia.</p> - -<p>In relation to the word μυοχάνη the readings -differ greatly in the different MSS. of Galen. Franz -in his edition of the Glossaries to Hippocrates gives -μιοχάνης and μυοχάνης, while the Pseudo-Galen -explains it under the word μυοχάνη as ἐπίθετον -χασκούσης· εἰ δὲ <em class="gesperrt">μυριοχαύνη</em> γράφοιτο, ἡ ἐπὶ -μυρίοις ἂν εἴη χαυνουμένη (epithet applied to a -woman who gapes; now if <em class="gesperrt">μυριοχαύνη</em> were -read, it would mean “the woman who gapes wide -for ten thousand men”); besides, various readings are -found here,—μηοχάνη for μυοχάνη, also μιριοχάνη, -and μυιοχάνη for μυριοχαύνη. Erotian says<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">15</span> -μηριοχάνη ὄνομα γυναικὸς (Meriochané—a woman’s -name). In the text of Hippocrates<a id="FNanchor_18_18" href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">18</a> is found -Μυριοχαύνη, and the same form is given by the -editions of Galen<a id="FNanchor_19_19" href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">19</a>. Inasmuch as χάνω and χαύνω -both have the same meaning of gaping wide, that -is with the mouth, it will practically make no difference -which we choose as the end of the word; -hence we have merely to consider the first part -μου- or μυριο-, all the rest of the forms being -obviously erroneous. If we read μουχάνη, we must -suppose it compounded of μύος and χάνη; but -inasmuch as μύος is merely a mistaken variant for -μῦσος, the word must be read μυσοχάνη. Μῦσος -in its turn we must derive either from μύζω, I -suck,—so a woman who sucks with open mouth<a id="FNanchor_20_20" href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">20</a>, -or from μυσιάω, I snort through the nose, particularly -in the act of coition, and consequently read -μυσιοχάνη, i.e. a woman who with mouth open -snorts through the nose, precisely what the fellatrix -undoubtedly does when at her work. This emendation -certainly makes better sense, and is all the more -likely from the fact that μυιοχάνη and μυριοχάνη -are also found as <i>variae lectiones</i>. Naumann would -seem desirous of reading μυσάχνη (μυζάχνη), in -which case it must be formed from μύζω, I suck, -and ἄχνη (froth), in fact the secretion that adheres -to the surface (of the <i>glans penis</i>)<a id="FNanchor_21_21" href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">21</a>. This last reading<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">16</span> -is all the more admissible, as according to Suidas<a id="FNanchor_22_22" href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">22</a> -the word also occurs in Archilochus. Possibly however -we must regard as equally correct the form -μυριοχαύνη, and take it in the meaning given by<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">17</span> -the Gloss, viz. <i>in millibus hians</i>! (gaping in a thousand -openings!), bearing in mind <i>Lampridius’</i><a id="FNanchor_23_23" href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">23</a> expression -about Heliogabalus: <i>Quis enim ferre posset principem -per cuncta cava corporis libidinem recipientem!</i> (For<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">18</span> -who could endure a Prince <i>that welcomed lustful -pleasure by every opening of the body</i>!)</p> - -<p>The readings also vary as to σαράπους (turning -out the feet); <i>Franz</i> gives ἀγράπους and ἀράπους; -in the text of Hippocrates<a id="FNanchor_24_24" href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">24</a> on the other hand, as -well in the Commentary of Galen it appears as -ἡ Σεραπὶς, the latter also giving it in the genitive—τῆς -Σεράπιδος. But inasmuch as the name of the -goddess occurs sometimes as Σέραπις, sometimes -as Σάραπις;, and as the genitive ending—πιδος -easily admits of change into—πόδος, it may very -likely be that after all Σαράπους stood originally -in Hippocrates’text. The author of the Gloss (loco -citato p. 136.) explains the word by ἡ διασεσηρότας -καὶ διεστῶτας ἔχουσα τοὺς δακτύλους τῶν ποδῶν -that is, a woman who has the toes drawn apart and -separated. But how are we to bring this explanation -into agreement with the κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον, -(after the same fashion), that is to say, with one of -the modes of Love that are under discussion? Think -of the <i>fellator</i> or <i>fellatrix</i>, we are told, cowering -down (ἐν γόνασι,—on the knees) according to -<i>Lucian’s</i> picture (p. 229 above), and you will see -the stress of the body’s weight must always fall on -the front part of the foot, and to widen the point -of support he is instinctively compelled to spread -the toes. Well! but who can fail to see how very -forced such an explanation is? still we do not in -the least know how we are to deal with it further. -Of course we might leave the author of the Gloss -his interpretation and proceed to look about for -another of our own, though we have in many cases -to confess the fact that our investigations undertaken -with this end in view have not exactly led to any -definite results. With the reading Σεραπίς we really -do not know how to deal. Perhaps the common -representation, or else some particular quality, of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">19</span> -goddess so named gave occasion for a comparison -which we now fail to understand, one that might -possibly suggest an explanation of the <i>Harpocratem -reddere</i> (to recall Harpocrates) of Catullus (69.) -implying <i>irrumare</i><a id="FNanchor_25_25" href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">25</a>. Whether the reader will take<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">20</span> -within his purview the Σεραφίμ, ἐμπρηστάς· ἔμπυρα -στόματα· ἢ θερμαίνοντας (Seraphim: kindlers; fiery -mouths: or, making hot) of <i>Suidas’</i> Lexicon, we -must leave to him; in that case <i>Martial’s</i> (II. 28.) -<i>calda Vetustinae nec tibi bucca placet</i> (nor does -Vetustina’s hot mouth please you) might afford an -analogy. Proceeding to consider σαράπους, we find -<i>Hesychius</i> has σαραπίους, which he explains by -μαινίδας (mad-women), and <i>Dioscorides</i> is at one -with him in regarding the vice as something done -μανικῶς (madly). In <i>Diogenes Laertius</i> (I. 4.) we -read Pittacus was called: σαράποδα καὶ σάραπον -διὰ τὸ πλατύπουν εἶναι καὶ ἐπισύρειν τὼ πόδε. -(<i>turning out the feet</i>, because of his being flat-footed -and trailing his two feet). It would be hardly credible -to suppose that the author of the Gloss borrowed -his explanation cited just above from Diogenes -Laertius or Suidas, in whom the passage occurs as -well. Further, the MSS. of Diogenes give also -συράπους, a word found several times in the sense -of “to stand with legs apart,” and Naumann too -must have understood this in our passage, for he -gives as his rendering <i>crura ambulando divaricans</i> -(straddling the legs in walking). Now leaving altogether -out of the question the fact that the feminine -form is found in Hippocrates, and assuming the -word to be used of men, it might perfectly well -signify the <i>irrumator</i>, who takes the <i>fellator</i> between -his opened thighs<a id="FNanchor_26_26" href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">26</a>, a posture that was generally<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">22</span> -regarded as obscene<a id="FNanchor_27_27" href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">27</a>. Indeed if we think of the <i>fellator</i> -as sitting on the ground at his work, the word of course -can be equally well used of a woman, or <i>fellatrix</i>.</p> - -<p>As to γρυπαλώπηξ we read in <i>Hippocrates</i> (loco -citato p. 629.) as follows: “Satyrus in Thasos bore -the nick-name of γρυπαλώπηξ; when about twenty -five he suffered from frequent nightly pollutions, -and yet by day the same happened him even more -constantly. When he was thirty years of age, he -got consumption and died.” From this we see at -once the question is of a dissolute man, who in -consequence of his vicious practises had brought on -such a weakness of the genitals, that he suffered -from continual evacuation of seed, the result being -that eventually Phthisis was set up, to which he -succumbed. As variations of reading we find noted -in <i>Franz’s</i> Gloss ῥυπαλώπηξ and τρυπαλάπηξ; -Schneider in his Lexicon renders γρυπαλώπηξ by -“griffin-fox”, so he must evidently have derived it -from γρύψ (a griffin) and ἀλώπηξ (a fox). The -Ancients depict the fox as a cunning, crafty animal -and assign several characteristics as marking his -behaviour that must probably be taken into consideration -in the present connection,—and particularly -the way he seizes and kills the hedge-hog. According -to <i>Aelian</i><a id="FNanchor_28_28" href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">28</a> he endeavours to throw the creature on<span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">23</span> -its back, so that its mouth comes uppermost, and -then discharges its urine into it. Now in order to -signify the <i>irrumator</i>, the Ancients really could hardly -have invented a better expression, when they, firmly -convinced of course of the fact as stated, compared -him to a fox. But what is a γρυπαλώπηξ? <i>Hesychius</i> -under the word γρυπός (hooked, curved) explains it -as τὰ ἔξω τοῦ στόματος καμπυλόῤῥις· ὁ ἐπικαμπῆ -τὴν ῥῖνα ἔχων. (hook-nosed outside the mouth; a -man having his nose bent down). <i>Suidas</i> again says -γρυπός, ὁ καμπυλόῤῥιν (γρυπός,—a hook-nosed -man); so a man with a nose bent down crooked -over the mouth. Now this we might very well -understand as applying to the <i>fellator</i>, inasmuch as -his nose, when the <i>irrumator</i> presses down hard on -him, as the sailor does to <i>Timarchus</i> (p. 230 above), -is of necessity compressed and bent down towards -the mouth; γρυπαλώπηξ would according to this -be a man who, like Timarchus in <i>Lucian</i>, is at once -an <i>irrumator</i> and a <i>fellator</i>. Of yet another word, -κυναλώπηξ (fox-dog) cited by Naumann, we propose -to speak under the head of the <i>Cunnilingue</i>, who -as we shall see might likewise be signified by the -expression.</p> - -<p>Finally, as to ῥινοκολοῦρος (nose-docked), for -which the MSS. also have ῥινοκλοῦρος, it is certainly -the case that in Antiquity the man who -practised vice with strange women (<i>Moechus</i>,—adulterer) -had his nose cut off<a id="FNanchor_29_29" href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">29</a>, and as <i>Moechus</i><span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">24</span> -equally signifies the <i>fellator</i><a id="FNanchor_30_30" href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">30</a>, the latter also may -very well have been obliged to forfeit his nose. -Following this hint, it would be quite legitimate to -suppose the punishment to have been put for the -vice, and a <i>fellator</i> called ῥινοκολοῦρος (nose-docked) -on this ground; in the same way as the loss of the -nose might be looked upon as a consequence of -vice, and anyone seeing a man in this case would -at once think of his dissolute past life, as indeed -frequently happens at the present day amongst -ourselves.</p> - -<p>The town of Rhinocolurus,—and its history is -more than problematical,—would seem to have nothing -whatever to do with the question. The passages -from <i>Pliny</i> and <i>Livy</i> which Naumann quotes give -absolutely nothing beyond the name; and the mere<span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">25</span> -existence of the name <i>Diodorus</i><a id="FNanchor_31_31" href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">31</a> certifies, in his -story of how Actisanes proceeded against the Robbers -in a way of his own: “He did not wish to put the -guilty to death, nor yet to leave them unpunished. -So he had the accused brought up out of the whole -country and inquired into each case most scrupulously; -such as were found to be guilty all had their -noses cut off by his orders, and were banished to -the most remote spot in the Desert. The town he -founded for them there received in remembrance of -the punishment inflicted on its inhabitants the name -of Rhinocolura. It lies on the borders of Egypt -and Syria, not far from the sea-shore that borders -the desert in that region, and displays an almost -complete absence of all requisites for comfortable -habitation. For the surrounding district possesses -a soil thoroughly saturated with salt, while inside -the town very little water is to be found and that -positively tainted and of quite a bitter taste.” -Diodorus relates further that these Colonists lived -by catching quails; but of <i>Leprosy</i> there is no mention -either here or in Strabo or Seneca, so that Naumann’s -statement to the effect that it served as a dwelling-place -for Lepers lacks entirely, up to the present -and at any rate so far as we know, any historical -foundation, though the character of the place is not -against such a hypothesis. Nor is any question -raised in any author as to the vicious life of the -inhabitants of Rhinocolura,—in fact in later times -it was actually famous for the number of its <i>men -of piety</i><a id="FNanchor_32_32" href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">32</a>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">26</span></p> - -<p>Though the explanation of ῥινοκολοῦρος given -just now might very well at a pinch be regarded as -satisfactory, still we think it hardly answers sufficiently -well to the κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον (after -the same fashion), while the variant ῥινοκλοῦρος -seems to point to ῥιναύλουρος or ῥιναύλουρις as -the true reading. In <i>Tatian</i> (Orat. ad Graecos p. 83.) -in fact we read: <em class="gesperrt">ῥιναυλοῦσι</em> τὰ αἰσχρά, κινοῦνται -δὲ κινήσεις ἃς οὐκ ἐχρῆν, καὶ τοὺς ὄπως δεῖ -μοιχεύειν ἐπὶ τῆς σκηνῆς σοφιστεύοντας αἱ θυγατέρες -ὑμῶν καὶ οἱ παῖδες θεωροῦσι. (They flute -their obscenities through the nose, and make movements -that in decency they should not make, while -actors who teach on the stage the whole art of how -to debauch a woman are the spectacle your daughters -and your boys gaze at.) The Scholiast observes on -this ῥινοκτυποῦσιν, οἱονεὶ τὸ πνεῦμα τοῖς ῥώδωσι, -συνέλκοντες ποιὸν ἦχον ἐπὶ καταγέλωτι ἀποτελοῦσι, -(they make a noise with the nose, a sort of -breathing with the nostrils; by drawing in these -they produce a certain sound by way of mockery), -and in <i>Lucian</i>, Lexiphanes ch. 19., we find ἔοικα -δὲ καὶ ῥιναυστῆσειν, (and I am like to go nose-playing), -of which the Scholiast gives the following -explanation: ἀντὶ τοῦ ταῖς ῥισὶ καταυλῆσαι, ἐποίουν -γὰρ τοῦτο <em class="gesperrt">ῥιναυλοῦντες</em>, ἤτοι διὰ τῶν ῥινῶν -ψοφοῦντες ἐπὶ διασυρμῷ τινῶν καὶ χλεύῃ. (put -instead of <i>fluting with the nostrils</i>; for they used to -do this when they nose-fluted, or in other words,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">27</span> -made a noise with the nostrils by way of mocking -people and joking). Now if we take ῥιναυλεῖν (to -nose-flute) in these passages,—and all this confirms -what has been previously said (above p. 144.) on -the word ῥέγχειν (to snort) in the Speech of Dio -Chrysostom,—for <i>fistulam canere per nares</i>, <i>to play the -flute with the nose</i>, and at the same time remember -that <i>Eustathius</i> (as was noted above, p. 236. Note 2.) -derived ἀπομύζουρις and μύζουρις from μυζᾶν-οὐράν -(οὐρά,—the tail, the penis), the Greeks would -seem to have said ῥιναυλεῖν-οὐράν, <i>penem pro fistula -canere</i>, (to play on the penis instead of a flute), -and we should have the adjective or substantive -ῥιναύλουρις, <i>qui penem pro fistula canit per nares</i>, -(one who plays on the penis instead of a flute with -the nostrils), which admirably expresses not only the -action of the <i>fellator</i>, but also the music he makes -to accompany it, as he is compelled to snort, drawing -his breath heavily through the nose.</p> - -<p>Which explanation the reader will choose, we must -really leave to him, for interpretations of words of -this sort can never be brought to the absolute test -of evidence, inasmuch as nick-names as a rule take -their origin only too often in external circumstances. -Still this much we think we may pronounce with -certainty, that the words of the Gloss have to do -simply <i>de rebus venereis</i>, with matters of love, and -not with Venereal complaints, and thus Naumann’s -propositions<a id="FNanchor_33_33" href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">33</a> at least are devoid of foundation. -Perhaps it may be possible by means of a comparison -of the licentious representations on old -Vases, of which the late <i>Hofrath</i> Böttiger would -seem to have possessed a choice collection, and -some examples of which are preserved also at Berlin, -in connection with one or other of the words given -in the Gloss, as generally with the embodiments in -Art of the <i>Venus ebria</i> (drunken Venus), to afford a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">28</span> -better explanation, one that may indeed be of no -particular value to the student of Antiquity pure and -simple, but nevertheless is indispensable to the -Physician for the correct understanding of sundry -diseases of the Ancients, or at any rate one sufficient -to avoid incorrect assertions and false conclusions, -and to refute such.</p> - -<p>We are not in a position to give a systematic -history of the spread of the vice of the <i>fellator</i> and -<i>irrumator</i>; but at any rate this much is certain that -in Imperial times the Vice was most widely indulged -in, as the Epigrams of <i>Martial</i>, and what <i>Suetonius</i> -relates in his Life of Tiberius (chs. 44, 45.) sufficiently -bear witness.</p> - - -<h4><a name="Diseases_of_the_Fellator" id="Diseases_of_the_Fellator">Diseases of the Fellator.</a><br /> - -<small>§ 22.</small></h4> - -<p>Now to pass on to the medical point of view, no -one presumably will deny that the mouth of the -<i>fellator</i> must necessarily be exposed to various complaints -as a consequence of his Vice. Nevertheless -there prevails universally, so far as our studies up to the -present have enabled us to judge, complete silence -among the Physicians of Antiquity as to the practice of -λεσβιάζειν (to Lesbianize, to practise <i>fellation</i>) as a -cause occasioning morbid affections of the mouth -and the contiguous parts. This is the more surprising, -as we find that non-professional Writers are -not entirely unacquainted with such effects, as we -shall show directly. For our purpose this silence is -doubly unfortunate, depriving us as it does of all -means of submitting such affections of the mouth as -are described by Physicians to any proper appreciation -in regard to their ætiological relationships,—an -appreciation that in any case must naturally have -been in view of our knowledge of the vice of the -<i>fellator</i> one of extreme difficulty. The difficulty is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">29</span> -this: <i>fellator</i> and <i>fellatrix</i>, equally with the <i>Cunnilingue</i>, -the fornicater and fornicatrix, were liable to suffer -from ulcers of the throat, for example, as a result -of their peculiar vice, but in the former case these -ulcers were primary, in the latter secondary,—now -how is an inquirer to discover any diagnostic sign -here, whereby to distinguish the one class from the -other? Yet all the while, certainty on this point is -of the very highest importance in view of the question -as to the existence of Venereal disease in Antiquity, -the chief argument always alleged against accepting -the fact of such existence being the absence of -secondary symptoms such as are nowadays commonly -met with, especially about the throat<a id="FNanchor_34_34" href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">34</a>.</p> - -<p>It is remarkable that not one, so far as we know, -of the authors who have studied the history of -Venereal Disease makes any mention of this circumstance; -neither do the Pathologists ever bring -forward the vice of the <i>fellator</i> as an ætiological -factor. <i>Clossius</i><a id="FNanchor_35_35" href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">35</a> it is true speaks of <i>Irrumatio</i>, -relying on <i>Perenotti di Cigliano</i> and <i>Fabre</i>; but these -last are really speaking of the <i>Cunnilingue</i>, not of -the <i>fellator</i>. Probably they are of Erasmus’opinion: -λείχαζειν <i>ni fallor tale quiddam est Graecis, quale -fellare Latinis. Nam vox etiamnum manet, tametsi -rem iam olim e medio sublatam arbritor.</i> (λειχάζειν—to -practise licking,—if I am not mistaken, is a similar -practice with the Greeks to that of <i>fellation</i> with the -Romans. The word indeed still remains, but the -thing I believe to have long since entirely disappeared). -On this however <i>Forberg</i> (loco citato p. 304.) -very justly adds: <i>Vereor ut vere: certe audio, ne ab -nunc hominum quidem moribus plane abhorrere id -schematis, quid viderint ii, quibus magnas urbes adire -licet.</i> (I fear this is not true: at any rate I am told<span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">30</span> -this sort of practice is not entirely repugnant to the -habits of some men even of our own day, to judge -by what those see who have the opportunity of -visiting large cities). How many primary ulcers of the -throat, especially in the case of common Prostitutes, -may have been mistaken for secondary ones, and -have been treated accordingly, in fact are treated so -still, without the Physician having a suspicion of -how they were actually incurred! But what the -Physicians of our own times are ignorant of, though -familiar enough to many of the Laity, this knowledge -we cannot reasonably demand from the Physicians -of Antiquity. Yet supposing they did actually possess -this knowledge, it was very excusable if they looked -at what lay nearest before their eyes and regarded -all throat ulcers as being primary,—in just the same -way as any Practitioner of to-day finds it excusable -in a Colleague that he thinks only of secondary -ulcers, inasmuch as what in Ancient times happened -very commonly is practised at the present day at -any rate much less frequently. Consequently the -absence of mention on the part of the old Physicians -of secondary ulcers of the throat in connection with -complaints of the genital organs cannot be considered -as any sort of proof of their non-existence.</p> - -<p>Among the maladies to which the <i>fellator</i> was -exposed, we have in the first place to reckon the -<i>foul smell from the mouth</i><a id="FNanchor_36_36" href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">36</a>, which is mentioned as<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">31</span> -especially prevalent among the Romans. The Physicians -as a rule derived it, if no local symptoms, -of ulcers, etc., were apparent, from some fault of the -stomach<a id="FNanchor_37_37" href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">37</a>,—an instance surely where the Laity were -cleverer than the Profession! The sympathy between -the mouth and the genitals and anus makes it -evident why at the present day we notice, particularly -in immoral women, an evil smell from the mouth, -which they endeavour to conceal by chewing burned -coffee and the like. No doubt this was the case in -Antiquity<a id="FNanchor_38_38" href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">38</a> as well, so we are by no means justified -in attributing every instance of foul breath in harlots -and cinaedi to the practice of <i>fellation</i>.</p> - -<p>Yet another consequence of <i>fellation</i> was <i>pain in -the mouth</i> (στομαλγία, mouth-ache; only we must -remember as to this that <i>Pollux</i>, Onomast. III. -7. 69., cites ἀλγεῖν,—to suffer pain, as a synonym -of <i>to love</i>), <i>tongue-ache</i> (γλωσσαλγία<a id="FNanchor_39_39" href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">39</a>) and <i>toothache</i><a id="FNanchor_40_40" href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">40</a>, -and generally pains of the palate and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">32</span> -throat, rendering voice and speech indistinct. Hence -<i>Martial</i> says<a id="FNanchor_41_41" href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">41</a>:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Qui recitat lana fauces et colla revinctus,</div> - <div class="verse">Hic se posse loqui, posse <em class="gesperrt">tacere</em> negat.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>(The man who reads aloud his works, his throat and -neck bound about with wool, declares he cannot -speak, yet cannot hold his tongue).</p> - -<p>But the evil by no means stopped here; there -more often occurred as the result of the habit of -<i>fellation</i> acute no less than chronic inflammations of -the palate (sore throats, quinseys). In the passage -quoted a little above from <i>Lucian’s</i> Pseudologistae, -it is said of Timarchus: “In Egypt on the other -hand they called you συνάγχη (sore throat),—as -everybody knows.” In explanation <i>Lucian</i> adds: -“It must have been a close thing with you not to -be choked, that time you came across the sailor of -a three-master, who fell upon you and stopped your -mouth for you.” Without in any way detracting -from the importance of what we are told here, it -still appears to us, on full consideration, that Timarchus<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">33</span> -was not merely a <i>fellator</i>, but an <i>irrumator</i> as well, -and this is the more probable as he no doubt -acquired this nickname, because he, <i>bene vasatus</i> -(well provided with a big <i>member</i>), frequently brought -on sore throat, that is to say in those who served -him as <i>fellators</i>!</p> - -<p>Moreover this reveals to us the real meaning of -a passage of <i>Aretaeus</i>, one that has often been quoted -before as connected with Venereal disease. This -occurs in the 9th Chapter of the Book<a id="FNanchor_42_42" href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">42</a>, which -would certainly seem to admit only of a direct -application; still we are convinced that much of the -pathological description of sore throat (Ch. 7.) and -many symptoms of the complaints of the uvula -(Ch. 8.) owe their origin to <i>fellation</i>. Undoubtedly -we have nowadays much fewer occasions to note -affections of the uvula, which were of very common -occurrence among the Ancients<a id="FNanchor_43_43" href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">43</a>, as is shown by -their own accounts,—a circumstance hardly to be -wondered at if we consider the particulars told us -about Timarchus. <i>Aretaeus</i> in Ch. 9. makes a distinction -between κίων (pillar, uvula) or columella -(little pillar, uvula), when the whole uvula is inflamed -and swollen, σταφυλὴ or uva (bunch of grapes), -when only the lower part is affected, and ἰμάντιον -(little strap), when the palatal membrane is attacked. -“Κίων”, he goes on, “occurs most frequently with -old men, σταφυλὴ with young men and such as are -in the prime of life, affection of the palatal membranes -(τὰ ὑμενώδεα) in those who are at the age of -puberty and in boys.” The ninth Chapter runs as -follows:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">34</span></p> - - -<h4>Of Ulcers of the Throat.</h4> - -<p>Ulcers arising in the throat of a benignant and -harmless nature are common, the malignant and -dangerous rare. Benignant ulcers of the sort are -clean, of slight extent and superficial, neither inflamed -nor painful. The malignant on the contrary are -broad, hollow, lardaceous, with a white, livid, or -black covering. These ulcers are known as <i>aphthae</i>. -But if the covering is very tough, then the malady -is an eschar, and is so called. At the edge of the -eschar are set up an intense redness, inflammation -and a congested state of the veins, as in <i>anthrax</i> -(carbuncle, malignant pustule), while small, distinct -and unconnected, elevations of the mucous membrane -appear, which are continually uniting with fresh ones -that successively follow, and so an extensive ulcer -is established. If this extends from the outer mouth -too far inwards, in fact once it has attacked the -uvula and relaxed it, the disease spreads over the -tongue, gums and lips, while the teeth become loose -and blackened. Further the inflammation attacks -the throat. Patients so affected die in a few days -after the inflammation and fever are set up, of the -evil odour and of hunger; the ulcer propagates itself -by way of the wind-pipe to the chest, so that very -likely suffocation supervenes the same day. For -lungs and heart can tolerate neither so foul an odour -nor the ulcers themselves nor the ichor (puriform, -septic matter) coming from them, but cough and -difficulty of breathing supervene. Origin of this -affection of the throat is the swallowing of cold, -pungent, hot, sour, or strongly astringent, substances. -Now these parts serve the chest on behalf of the -voice and the breathing, as also the abdomen for -sifting the nutriment, and the stomach for swallowing -food. But when these inward parts, viz. abdomen, -stomach and chest, are attacked by a disease, the -disease is in turn conveyed and carried to the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">35</span> -œsophagus, the tonsils and neighbouring regions.</p> - -<p>Children up to the age of puberty suffer most in -this way, for children have the very greatest and -most marked desire for coolness, because with them -the natural heat is at its greatest; the longing for -foods of various sorts and cold beverages is boundless; -while they shout loudly both in quarrel and -at play. This is equally true of girls up to the -commencement of menstruation.</p> - -<p>With regard to locality, <i>Egypt</i> gives most numerous -examples of the disease, for this country has at once -a dry air to breathe, and many sorts of comestibles,—roots, -herbs, garden vegetables, pungent seeds; while -the drink is either thick, being Nile water, or artificially -made pungent with barley or with grape-skins. -In <i>Syria</i> the disease is also found, especially -in Coelesyria. For this reason the ulcers in question -are known as <i>Egyptian</i> or <i>Syrian</i> ulcers.</p> - -<p>The mode and fashion in which death occurs in -these cases is deplorable. The pain is a cutting -and burning pain, as in anthrax (carbuncle, malignant -pustule), the breath foul-smelling, the patient exhaling -an intensely offensive breath, and re-inhaling into -the chest another no less so. Patients are so loathsome -to themselves they cannot tolerate their own -smell; the face is pale or livid, the temperature -excessively high, the thirst as distressing as in fever. -Yet they reject drink when offered from dread of -the pain of swallowing; for they undergo great -agony both by the compression of the palate and -by the return of the liquid through the nose. No -sooner have they lain down than they spring up again; -then finding they cannot bear an upright posture, -no sooner have they sat down than they are forced -by their agony to lie back once more. Most commonly -they move about in an upright attitude. For -as they are unable to sleep, they avoid all rest, as -though they were fain to drive away one torture -with another. Inhalation is deep, for they long for -fresh air to cool themselves; exhalation on the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">36</span> -contrary short and hurried, for the ulcers already -burning like fire are heated yet further by contact -of the feverish breath as it streams out. Hoarseness -comes on, and loss of voice, and this goes on continuously -increasing, until suddenly coming to the -end of their resistance they give up the ghost.”</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>In the portion of the work devoted to Therapeutics -(Bk. I. ch. 9.), which bears the title: Θεραπεία τῶν -κατὰ τὴν φαρύγγα λοιμικῶν παθῶν, (Pestilential -Affections of the Throat Regions, their Curative -Treatment), caustics are especially recommended, as -the actual cautery cannot be employed, and finally -we read: “In some cases the uvula is destroyed -right back to the bones of the palate, and the throat -to the root of the tongue and the epiglottis, and in -consequence of this destruction they can get down -neither solid food nor liquid, for liquids return through -the nose, and so the patient dies of hunger.”</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Now if we examine these statements more closely, -we cannot first of all help wondering how the -ætiological factors named by <i>Aretaeus</i> could possibly -be regarded by him as sufficient to account for such -dangerous ulcerations,—ulcerations which he himself -even calls λοιμώδεα (of pestilential character), though -of course they are perfectly adequate to explain -simple ulcers of the throat. Indulgence in pungent -comestibles and beverages is as little adequate to -cause such symptoms as are the shouting and greediness -of children, not to mention the fact that these -are in no way peculiar to Egypt or Syria. The -whole account shows us clearly that while <i>Aretaeus</i> -was well acquainted with the forms the disease took, -the ætiological factors were obscure to him and it -was merely in a spirit of ill-timed speculation he subjoined -them, proving once more how right <i>Appuleius</i> -was when he exclaims: <i>Dii boni! Quam facilis, -<em class="gesperrt">licet non artifici medico</em>, cuivis tamen docto -Venereae cupidinis comprehensio.</i> (Great gods! how<span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">37</span> -easy it is for any educated man, <i>always excepting -a medical practitioner</i>, to understand the passion -of love).</p> - -<p>We have already more than once in the course -of these investigations proved how Egypt and Syria -must be regarded as the nursery of licentiousness in -Antiquity, and the passage quoted from <i>Lucian</i> -(above p. 229.) directly establishes the fact for us; -again, a little further on (p. 240. Note I.) it was -mentioned how boys particularly, (but also young -girls), were used and specially trained as <i>fellators</i>. -Hence <i>Martial</i><a id="FNanchor_44_44" href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">44</a> wishes he had a boy,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Niliacis primum puer is nascatur in oris:</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Nequitias tellus scit dare nulla magis.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>(In the first place my boy must be born on the banks -of Nile: no other land can produce more finished -wickedness). From all this, as well as from a comparison -of the passage in Lucian, we believe we are -amply justified in concluding that Aretaeus’ulcers -of the throat, these Αἰγύπτια καὶ Συριακὰ ἕλκεα -(Egyptian and Syrian sores) were not unfrequently -a consequence of <i>fellation</i><a id="FNanchor_45_45" href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">45</a>. That this should be -so is readily intelligible, when we consider the -liability to corruption and the acrid quality of -secretions from the <i>glans penis</i> in hot countries. -Again the βουβαστικὰ ἕλκεα (Bubastic sores), which -<i>Salmasius</i> cites from <i>Aëtius</i><a id="FNanchor_46_46" href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">46</a> as being identical with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">38</span> -the Egyptian and Syrian ulcers, find a satisfactory -explanation on this hypothesis, for <i>Herodotus</i><a id="FNanchor_47_47" href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">47</a> tells -us in his time of the licentious worship of Bubastis, -daughter of Isis, at Bubastos. In this expression -(βουβαστικὰ ἕλκεα) the malady is named from one -particular place, where it was probably specially -prevalent, whereas in Aretaeus it is spoken of as -general throughout the country.</p> - -<p>In this connection we must not pass over the fact -that Casaubon commenting on the passage of Persius -(V. 187.) to be quoted directly is inclined to regard -the ἕλκεα Συριακὰ (Syrian sores) as a punishment -of the Dea Syra (Syrian goddess). In this he relies -on a passage of <i>Plutarch</i><a id="FNanchor_48_48" href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">48</a> that runs to this effect: -“But of the Syrian goddess the superstitious believe -that, if a man eat a sprat or anchovy, the goddess consumes -his shin-bones, fills his body full of sores, melts -down his liver.” The legend must at any rate be -of great antiquity, for we meet with it in <i>Menander</i>, -in a fragment which <i>Porphyrius</i><a id="FNanchor_49_49" href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">49</a> has<span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">39</span> -preserved,—in which however swelling of the belly and the feet -is in question. To this also would seem to refer -what <i>Persius</i> (loco citato) says:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Hinc grandes Galli et cum sistro lusca sacerdos,</div> - <div class="verse">Incussere <em class="gesperrt">Deos inflantes corpora</em>, si non</div> - <div class="verse">Praedictum ter mane caput gustaveris alli.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>(Then the tall Galli, and the one-eyed priestess with -her sacred rattle, instil terror of <i>the gods that make -men’s bodies swell</i>, unless three times at dawn you -have eaten the prescribed head of garlic). True we -cannot from the passage of Plutarch directly conclude -that ulcers of the throat also were ascribed to the -anger of the Syrian goddess in consequence of -indulgence in a fish diet; rather should we expect -what is said to apply primarily to external skin-ulcers, -occurring on other parts, as just on the shin-bone. -Still we shall be quite justified in making the -reference general, more particularly as liver-complaint -is also ascribed to the goddess’s interference, and -we shall see that in Antiquity the cause of all ulcers -was supposed to lie in some fault of the liver. Now -as the fish had necessarily to be put into the mouth -to be swallowed, and as it was always supposed the -punishment of the goddess followed immediately on -the offence, and affected the immediately active -part, throat-ulcers might very naturally be taken to -be a result of such punishment. This again only -further confirms our explanation just above to the -effect that ulcers of the throat were a consequence -resulting from vicious indulgence. For the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">40</span> -Temple-service of the Dea Syra was of course connected -with every sort of licentious practice.</p> - -<p>Taking into consideration this marked prevalence -of <i>Corrosion of the Shin-bones</i>, we might argue with -considerable probability that it pointed to the existence -of a disease of the bones following as a result -of vicious indulgence. On the other hand the -observation that the precise time the body became -covered with ulceration was after indulgence in fish-eating -cannot help being of weight in connection -with the doctrine of Leprosy; for to the present day -we note as very frequent among peoples whose -chief nutriment is fish various forms of Leprosy. -And again, we may very likely see in this prohibition -of a fish diet, which is also mentioned by <i>Athenaeus</i><a id="FNanchor_50_50" href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">50</a>, -a sanitary regulation justified by experience as -necessary in Syria, where skin-diseases and ulcerations -were so common.</p> - -<p>But not alone in Egypt and Syria did <i>fellation</i> -lead to suchlike unhappy results; we find the same -to have been the case at Rome, as is proved by -the following passage of <i>Martial</i><a id="FNanchor_51_51" href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">51</a>, a passage that -has hitherto been completely overlooked in this -connection, but which is none the less of great -importance:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">41</span></p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse"><em class="gesperrt">Indignas premeret pestis cum tabida fauces</em></div> - <div class="verse indent2"><em class="gesperrt">Inque ipsos vultus serperet atra lues</em>:</div> - <div class="verse">Siccis ipse genis flentes hortatus amicos</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Decrevit Stygios Festus adire lacus.</div> - <div class="verse">Nec tamen obscuro pia polluit ora veneno,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Aut torsit lenta tristia fata fame:</div> - <div class="verse">Sanctam Romana vitam sed morte peregit,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Dimisitque animam nobiliore via.</div> - <div class="verse">Hanc mortem fatis magni praeferre Catonis</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Fama potest: huius Caesar amicus erat.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>(<i>When corrupting disease began to sorely afflict his -unworthy throat and black contagion was creeping to -his very face</i>, Festus, himself with dry cheeks, comforted -his weeping friends, and determined to seek -the pools of Styx. But still he never disgraced his -dutiful lips with darkling poison, nor brought on a -painful, miserable end by slow hunger; nay! rather -by a Roman death he completed his holy life, and -dismissed his soul the nobler way. Such a death -fame may well exalt above great Cato’s end; Caesar -was his friend).</p> - -<p>The words <i>indignae fauces</i> (unworthy throat) obviously -point to the practice of <i>fellation</i>, whereby he -had brought on himself the <i>pestis tabida</i> and <i>atra -lues</i>, (corrupting disease, black contagion), and so we -have here a clear statement of the cause by one -<i>doctus venereae cupidinis</i> (learned in the passion of -love), which cause was quite unknown to the <i>artifex -medicus</i> (medical practitioner). The <i>pia ora</i> (dutiful -lips) are therefore to be taken merely ironically, as -also the <i>sancta vita</i> (holy life). Even the Cinaedus, -as well as the maidens who prostitute themselves in -honour of Astarté, are invariably, as we have seen, -described in the Old Testament as <i>sanctus</i> (holy), -and we read e. g. in Job. Ch. XXXV. 14., of a -good-for-nothing, how he will die like such a <i>sanctus</i>. -It was precisely this signification of <i>sanctus</i> that led -us to the idea of taking the throat affection for a -secondary consequence of paederastia, especially if -we understand a <i>double entendre</i> to underlie the last<span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">42</span> -words <i>huius Caesar amicus erat</i> (Caesar was his -friend). The Commentators it is true take them -merely as said by way of contrast with the death -of Cato of Utica, who was forced by Caesar’s enmity -to take his own life, and as implying this was not -the case with Festus, consequently that his suicide -is so much the more remarkable<a id="FNanchor_52_52" href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">52</a>. However it is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">43</span> -doubtful which Caesar is meant, whether the word -is merely a Title or a proper name. In the second—and -certainly this at first appeared to us to be -the more likely,—view we were of course bound -then to turn our attention to his character for -dissoluteness. However as both <i>Catullus</i><a id="FNanchor_53_53" href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">53</a> and -<i>Suetonius</i><a id="FNanchor_54_54" href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">54</a> represent him merely as a <i>Cinaedus</i> in -regard to the male sex, if that is to say we subscribe -to the accepted opinion, we afterwards came to the -conclusion it was rather the <i>Emperor</i> generally that -is spoken of here, and consequently that any other -Emperor, e. g. Tiberius, or Nero, or another, might -be intended. It is true that if <i>pathicus</i> (pathic) and -<i>omnium virorum mulier</i> (wife of all men) are taken -in a wider sense, there would be nothing to make -the supposition impossible that Julius Caesar is -pointed at. Only that perhaps another passage of -<i>Martial</i> would seem to go against this, a passage -where he seeks to excuse the several excesses and -vices of a certain Gaurus by instancing an exalted -personage as patronizing each of them, and says -finally (Bk. II. 89.):</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">44</span></p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Quod fellas; vitium dic mihi cuius habes?</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>(But for your <i>fellation</i>: tell me whose vice you follow -in this?) Still against the <i>cinaedus</i> view the words -<i>indignae fauces</i> (unworthy throat) speak clearly. -Probably in this connection the following passage of -<i>Martial</i> should also come in,—where the Poet says -of his servant (Bk. I. Epigr. 102.):</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Destituit primos virides Demetrius annos:</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Quarta tribus lustris addita messis erat.</div> - <div class="verse">Ne tamen ad Stygias famulus descenderet umbras,</div> - <div class="verse indent2"><em class="gesperrt">Ureret implicitum cum scelerata lues</em>,</div> - <div class="verse">Cavimus et domini ius omne remisimus aegro:</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Munere dignus erat convaluisse meo.</div> - <div class="verse">Sensit deficiens sua praemia, meque patronum</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Dixit, ad infernas liber iturus aquas.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>(Demetrius left us in the first years of his bloom; -the fourth summer was but just added to his three -lustres. We took all means to save our faithful -house-slave from descending to the shades of Styx, -when he was consuming under a malignant contagion -that had fastened upon him, and remitted all my -master’s rights for the sick lad,—who indeed well -deserved to win recovery at my hands. On his -death-bed he recognized what I had done for him, -and called me his <i>master</i>, though so soon to go forth -a free man to the streams of the nether world.)</p> - -<p>Was this <i>famulus</i> (house-slave) the same person as -the <i>puer</i> (boy, slave), who is mentioned by <i>Martial</i>, -bk. XI. 95.?</p> - -<p>That not boys only, but girls too, had to suffer -in this way among the Romans, and lost their lives -from the complaint in question, is shown, we think, -by the following Epigram of <i>Martial</i>, Bk. XI. -Epigr. 91.:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Aeolidon Canace iacet hoc tumulata sepulchro,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Ultima cui parvae septima venit hiems.</div> - <div class="verse">Ah scelus, ah facinus! properas quid flere viator?</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Non licet hic vitae de brevitate queri.</div><span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">45</span> - <div class="verse"><em class="gesperrt">Tristius est leto leti genus: horrida vultus</em></div> - <div class="verse indent2"><em class="gesperrt">Abstulit et tenero sedit in ore lues:</em></div> - <div class="verse"><em class="gesperrt">Ipsaque crudeles ederunt oscula morbi;</em></div> - <div class="verse indent2"><em class="gesperrt">Nec data sunt nigris tota labella rogis.</em></div> - <div class="verse">Si tam praecipiti fuerant ventura volatu,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Debuerant alia fata venire via.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>(Canacé of the Aeolians lies buried in this tomb, -who died a child,—her seventh winter was her last. -Oh! the shame and horror of it! haste, a tear, thou -that passest by. Here is no occasion to lament the -short span of human life. Sadder than death is the -way of her death; a dread contagion ate away her -face, and settled in the tender little mouth. Cruel -disease infected her very kisses; and her lips were -half gone when they were consigned to the grim -pyre. If death must needs have come to her with -a flight so swift, at least he should have taken another -way. Death so hasted to close the issue of her -persuasive voice, that her tongue might not have -time to bend the cruel goddesses to mercy).</p> - -<p>Besides the passages quoted, there are several -others to be found in <i>Martial</i>, that must be taken -as referring to the <i>fellator</i>; but since the maladies -that occur are equally prevalent in the case of the -<i>Cunnilingue</i>, it will be more convenient to adduce -them under that head. Further, we only require to -mention the fact that <i>pale lips</i> seem to have been -regarded as a mark of the <i>fellator</i><a id="FNanchor_55_55" href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">55</a>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">46</span></p> - - -<h3><a id="The_Cunnilingue"></a>The Cunnilingue.<br /> - - -<small>§ 23.</small></h3> - -<p>But the vice of the <i>fellator</i> is far surpassed in -baseness by that of the <i>Cunnilingue</i> (<i>qui opus peragit -linguam arrigendo in cunnum, eumque lambit</i>,—one -who works by putting his tongue up into the female -organ, and licking it). The Greeks called this -practice σκύλαξ (a puppy), because it is a habit of -dogs<a id="FNanchor_56_56" href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">56</a>, and Hesychius explains it by<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">47</span> -σχῆμα ἀφροδισιακὸν, ὡς τὸ τῶν φοινικιζόντων (a method of -love, resembling that of those who phoenicize). We -have already, in the passage of <i>Lucian</i> quoted a -little above, found φοινικίζειν and λεσβιάζειν put<span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">48</span> -side by side; <i>Galen</i> moreover<a id="FNanchor_57_57" href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">57</a> does the same in -the following passage, a noteworthy one for our<span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">49</span> -purpose on several accounts: “The drinking of -sweat, urine and the menstrual blood of women is -vicious and shameful, and not less so when a person, -as Xenocrates proposes to do, smears the regions -of the mouth and throat with excrement, and swallows -it down. He speaks also of taking the wax of the -ears. For my part I could never bring myself to -take this, even though by that means I were never -to be ill again. But excrement I consider yet more -disgusting, and it is for a man of any decency far -more shameful to be called an Excrement-Eater<a id="FNanchor_58_58" href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">58</a> -than an αἰσχρουργὸς (worker of obscenities) or a -<i>cinaedus</i>. But of αἰσχρουργοὶ<a id="FNanchor_59_59" href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">59</a> (workers of obscenities),<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">50</span> -we abominate Phoenicians more than the Lesbians, -and it seems to me the man does something of the -same sort as the former who drinks menstrual blood -(μᾶλλον βδελλυττόμεθα τοὺς <em class="gesperrt">φοινικίζοντας</em> -τῶν λεσβιαζόντων ᾧ<a id="FNanchor_60_60" href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">60</a> φαίνεταί μοι παραπλήσιόν -τι πάσχειν ὁ καὶ καταμηνίου πίνων.) <i>A sensible -man will neither seek to collect experiences on the point, -nor yet on a practice, which it is true involves less</i>, -but still is sufficiently shameful, that of smearing a -part of the body with excrement, because he has -some hurt at that spot,—or with human seed. -Xenocrates calls this latter commonly γόνος (seed, -semen), and distinguishes with minute care between -cases where simple seed rubbed in by itself is of -benefit, and cases where the female has the same -effect after combination with the male, as it is -discharged from the woman’s womb.”</p> - -<p>This explanation of Galen’s to the effect that the -φοινικίζων (one who phoenicizes) resembles the -man who drinks menstrual blood, shows clearly that -φοινικίζειν is <i>not</i>, as all the Lexicons give it, and -<i>Forbiger</i> (loco citato) also assumes, identical with -λεσβιάζειν. It is true <i>Forbiger</i> (p. 329. Note v.) -gives the meaning <i>cunnilingere</i> as well, although the -explanation is undoubtedly unsatisfactory which he -offers <i>à propos</i> of an Epigram,<a id="FNanchor_61_61" href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">61</a>—one certainly apposite -in this connection, to the effect that the reason<span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">51</span> -for this signification is, <i>quod cunnilingos a natando -in mari quodam Phoenicei coloris (mari rubro) dixissent</i>, -(that they had called them <i>cunnilingues</i> from -their swimming as it were in a sea of Phoenician -purple colour—a red sea); for the words in the -Epigram, ἐν φοινίκῃ δὲ καθεύδεις (but you sleep -in Phoenicia) cannot stand for anything else but -simply φοινικίζειν, as indeed the passage from -<i>Aloisia Sigaea</i>, which is quoted by Forbiger himself, -proves conclusively<a id="FNanchor_62_62" href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">62</a>: <i>Cum vellet mediam lambere, -se velle dicebat in Liguriam</i>, (When he wanted to -lick my middle, he used to say he would fain <i>be -into Liguria</i>—that is, would fain lick, <i>ligurire</i>). -Accordingly just as λεσβιάζειν came into use as the -distinctive name for the vice of the <i>fellator</i>, because -it was practised to a distinctive degree in Lesbos, -so too to be a <i>cunnilingue</i> was called φοινικίζειν,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">52</span> -because the habit was at home among the Phoenicians. -Undoubtedly men’s shamelessness was carried so far -that they actually used women and girls at their -period of menstruation for this purpose,—a fact of -the highest interest for us, as we shall show directly. -<i>Seneca</i><a id="FNanchor_63_63" href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">63</a> expresses himself plainly enough on the -subject: “Quid tu, cum Mamercum Scaurum consulem -faceres, ingnorabas, <em class="gesperrt">ancillarum suarum menstruum -ore illum hiante exceptare</em>? num -quid enim ipse dissimulabat? num quid purus -videri volebat?” (How came it you were ignorant, -when making Mamercus Scaurus consul, <i>that he was -in the habit of catching in his open mouth the menstrual -discharge of his maidservants</i>? Did he make any -concealment of it himself? did he pose as a pure-minded -man? nay! not he). Again in another place<a id="FNanchor_64_64" href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">64</a>:</p> - -<p>“Nuper Natalis tam improbae linguae quam impurae, -<em class="gesperrt">in cuius ore feminae purgabantur</em>.” -(Quite lately Natalis showed himself as malignant of -tongue as he is unchaste, <i>into whose mouth women -were used to purge themselves</i>).</p> - -<p>Now if first of all we bear steadfastly in mind -that this φοινικίζειν was a vice, which prevailed -primarily and especially among the Phoenicians and -was later on disseminated abroad by them, and then -consider how the Greeks designated every vice, and -particularly excesses in love, as νόσος (disease), in -the same way precisely as the Romans used <i>morbus</i> -(disease),—comp. § 17—we <i>must</i> see that φοινικίζειν -is the same thing as νόσος φοινικίη (Phoenician -disease), and shall be in a position to form an -opinion on the Gloss<a id="FNanchor_65_65" href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">65</a> falsely ascribed to <i>Galen</i>, -which reads: <em class="gesperrt">φοινικίη νόσος</em>· ἡ κατὰ Φοινίκην -καὶ κατὰ τὰ ἄλλα ἀνατολικὰ μέρη πλεονάζουσα. -δηλοῦσθαι δὲ κἀνταῦθα <em class="gesperrt">δοκεῖ</em> ἡ ἐλεφαντιάσις. -(<i>Phoenician disease</i>: a disease prevalent in Phoenicia -and about the Eastern parts. Elephantiasis <i>appears</i><span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">53</span> -to be signified by this).</p> - -<p>Even granting the first part of this Gloss to have -been really written by <i>Galen</i>, the last sentence at -any rate is obviously an extraneous and later addition. -This is at once indicated by the use of the word -δοκεῖ (it appears), which comes in curiously, standing -as it does next-door to the <i>definite</i> statement that -this νόσος (disease) was common in Phoenicia; for -surely anyone who knew this, must also have known -what the disease was. Again if he had wished to -describe it by some such phrase as the English -“a sort of Elephantiasis”, he could hardly have -failed to express himself in a different way to what -he has. But as a matter of fact, <i>Galen</i> knew perfectly -well, as we have already seen, what φοινικίζειν -was, and consequently what the φοινικίη νόσος -(Phoenician disease) was, and it could not by any -possibility have occurred to him to suppose it any -form of Elephantiasis. Unfortunately <i>Prof. Naumann</i><a id="FNanchor_66_66" href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">66</a> -has allowed himself to be misled by this extraneous -addition; he writes: “In the Work of a Pseudo-Galen -is given a short explanation of the φοινικίη -νόσος (Phoenician disease), or rather to speak strictly, -the <i>conjecture</i> is made,<a id="FNanchor_67_67" href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">67</a> that this malady, a common -one in Phoenicia and the East, may have been -Elephantiasis.” True indeed the word might <i>with -equal likelihood</i> express a disease characterized by -redness of the skin φοινίκιος s. φοινίκεος i. q. -puniceus, purpureus, cruentus; φοινιγμὸς irritatio -cutis per vesicantia—φοινίκιος or φοινίκεος =<span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">54</span> -Phoenician purple, purple, blood-red; φοινιγμὸς = -irritation of the skin by rubefacients). Or should -we suppose <i>some leprous-venereal malady</i> endemic and -aboriginal among the trading Phoenicians to be -signified, which was called the <i>Morbus Phoeniceus</i> -(Phoenician disease) in the same way as in more -modern times people spoke of the <i>Morbus Gallicus</i> -(French disease,—Syphilis)? In any case it is remarkable -that <i>Themison</i> (who also noted incidentally that -Satyriasis at times attacks a population epidemically,—speaks -of the special frequency of Satyriasis in Crete -(<i>Caelius Aurelianus</i>, Acut. Morb. bk. III. ch. 18). -As is well known, Phoenician and Hellenic Colonies -had converged here; and the island remained in -uninterrupted and active commercial intercourse with -the maritime cities of Phoenicia.</p> - -<p>According to the general supposition the Gloss of -the Pseudo-Galen has reference to a passage of -<i>Hippocrates</i> occurring in the Second book of the -Prorrhetica,<a id="FNanchor_68_68" href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">68</a> where we read as follows: “But -λειχῆνες—tetters, as also λέπραι and λεῦκαι,—scaly -leprosies and white leprosies, where any of -these occur in the young or mere children, or after -appearing on a small scale shall then increase but -slowly, in these cases it is not right to call the -exanthema or eruption an apostasis, (transitional -state), but a νόσημα,—condition of disease. On the -other hand where any of these affections occurs on<span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">55</span> -a large scale and suddenly, it would then be an -apostasis. But whereas λεῦκαι arise out of <i>the most -deadly diseases</i>, as e. g. the νοῦσος ἡ φθινικὴ,—wasting -disease, as it is called, λέπραι and λειχῆνες -do so from the melancholic, or diseases proceeding -from black bile. And of such the easier to cure are -those that occur in the youngest patients and are -of the latest origin, and arise in the softest and most -fleshy parts of the body.” <i>Foesius</i> observes on the -passage: “Nemini autem dubium est, quin hac parte -<em class="gesperrt">mendosi sint codices omnes</em>, cum ἡ νοῦσος -ἡ φθινικὴ καλουμένη scribitur. Nam φοινικίη -νόσος ex Galeni exegesi procul omni dubio reponendum.” -(Now no one can doubt that <i>all the -MSS. are deceptive</i> here, reading as they do ἡ νοῦσος -ἡ φθινική. For φοινικίη vόσος must undoubtedly -be restored from the Exegesis of Galen). <i>J. W. Wedel</i><a id="FNanchor_69_69" href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">69</a> -on the contrary writes: “Legunt quidam pro φοινικίη—φθινικὴ, -et vertunt tabem seu morbum tabidum, -<em class="gesperrt">sed contra fidem codicum correctiorum</em>, -quibus Galenus ipse assentitur, et rei ipsius, de qua -textus agit, evidentiam.” (Some read φθινικὴ for -φοινικίη, and render it <i>wasting</i> or <i>wasting disease</i>,—<i>but -against the authority of the better class of MSS.</i>, -with which Galen himself agrees, and against the -evidence of the context of the matter treated of). -In the latter of these two statements Wedel, in spite -of his mistaken view of the matter generally, is -perfectly right; whether he is so in the former as -well, we are not in a position to say, for alas! we -lack the critical apparatus absolutely indispensable for<span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">56</span> -such a decision, not so much as the Edition of -<i>Mackius</i> being on the shelves of our University -Library.</p> - -<p>In the first place we ought to make quite sure -what Hippocrates understood under the name λεῦκαι. -A disease of the Skin no doubt; but of what particular -nature it was, would seem not to be so easy -to determine. According to <i>Coac. praenotion.</i> (Vol. I. -p. 321.) Hippocrates distinguished a λεύκη συγγενής -and a λεύκη μὴ συγγενής (λεύκη inborn, and not -inborn), the latter attacking individuals only after -puberty. <i>Hesychius</i> says λεύκη, ἄνθος τι τῶν περὶ -τὸ σῶμα γινόμενον, ἄλφος δὲ λευκή τις ἐν τῷ -σώματι. (λεύκη—white leprosy, an eruption coming -out on the exterior parts of the body, but ἄλφος—dull-white -leprosy, a form of λεύκη in the body). -<i>Galen</i>, <i>Definit. med.</i> (Vol. XIX. p. 140) λευκή ἐστιν -ἡ ἐπὶ λευκὸν χρῶμα τοῦ σώματος παρὰ φύσιν -μεταβολή. (λεύκη is the change to an unnatural -white colour of the body). According to this it would -appear to be merely superficial discolorations of the -skin that writers understood by λεῦκαι,—a view that -<i>Rayer</i><a id="FNanchor_70_70" href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">70</a> seems to coincide with. <i>Pollux</i> on the other -hand offers an explanation as follows: ἀλφὸς μέλας, -ἐπιδρομὴ σκιώδης, ἐπιπόλαιος, εὐίατος, ἀλφὸς -λευκὸς, λευκότης ἐπιτρέχουσα τῇ ἐπιδερματίδι, -αὐχμηρὰ, δυσίατος· <em class="gesperrt">λεύκη</em>, ὅταν ἐπιτείνῃ <span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">57</span>ἡ -λευκότης, καὶ φύσῃ τρίχωσιν λευκήν, εἰ δὲ κεντήσειας, -ὕφαιμος, δυσίατος, ἐστιν ὅτε ὑπέρυθρος· -<em class="gesperrt">ἐπανθεῖ δὲ</em> αὐτὸ (?) τοῖς <em class="gesperrt">χείλεσιν, οἷον -ἁλὸς ἄχνη</em>. (Black ἀλφός, a dark-coloured spreading -eruption, superficial and easily curable; white -alphos, a whiteness running over the epidermis (of -the prepuce), dry harsh and difficult to cure; λεύκη, -when the whiteness extends, and produces a growth -of white hairs, and if you prick it, it is suffused with -blood, difficult to cure, also sometimes reddish in -hue. And the eruption comes out on the lips <i>like -sea-foam</i>). Here λεύκη is evidently a much more -deeply penetrating malady, as indeed it is described -by <i>Celsus</i><a id="FNanchor_71_71" href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">71</a> and <i>Galen</i>.<a id="FNanchor_72_72" href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">72</a> It corresponds with the -white Leprosy of Moses. But the most curious thing -is the statement appended to the effect that the -affection broke out on the lips like sea-foam. This -is certainly to be referred to some other form of -λεύκη, unless indeed we are to take it in connection -with the succeeding words in the text, λειχὴν ἄγριο<span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">58</span>ς -(malignant tetter), in which case, as we have seen -with regard to Mentagra (Tetter of the chin), the -remark is based on a perfectly sound observation; -and besides, the αὐτὸ gives absolutely no sense. -On the other hand if Pollux’datum in reference to -the seat of λεύκη is correct, it must obviously afford -much light for clearing up the meaning of the passage -in Hippocrates, and in deference to it we shall be -bound to read φοινικίη instead of φθινικὴ,<a id="FNanchor_73_73" href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">73</a>—an<span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">59</span> -emendation that presents no difficulty, since φθινικὴ -might very easily be read for φοινικίη, and indeed -(as pointed out in the Note) was actually so read.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">60</span></p> - -<p>But one emendation leads on to another, and we -shall find ourselves bound, on the analogy of the -θαυμαστὸν πάθος (wonderful complaint) in Dio<span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">61</span> -Chrysostom, to read here also θαυμαστωτάτων -νοσημάτων (of the most wonderful diseases) for -θανατωδεστάτων ν., and translate accordingly: -“but λεῦκαι arise out of the most terrible aberrations -of the mind,” such for instance as the vice of the -<i>cunnilingue</i> is. If we examine further, we shall see -it is not λευκαὶ but λεῦκαι that stands in the text, -so it cannot be a question of a skin-affection of the -leprosy type at all, for λευκὸς (white) rather implies -transparent and shiny, and <i>Martial</i> (XI. 99.) in a -passage to be discussed more fully later on, says:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Non ulcus acre, <em class="gesperrt">pustulaeve lucentes</em>,</div> - <div class="verse">Nec triste mentum, sordidique lichenes,</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>(No biting ulcer, or <i>shiny pustules</i>, nor yet disfigured -chin, and foul scabs). Accordingly we have here -nothing whatever to do with the leprous-like λευκὴ, -but only with <i>pustulae lucentes</i> (shiny pustules), -which as we shall show presently were a consequence -of the practices of the <i>cunnilinigue</i>. We -have the more right to assume this, as the old -Physicians ascribe λευκὴ to the φλέγμα (phlegmatic -humour),—an explanation all the more likely -to have been given, as directly afterwards follow the -words, αἱ δὲ λέπραι καὶ οἱ λειχῆνες ἐκ τῶν -μελαγχολικῶν (but leprosies and tetters arise out of -the melancholic diseases). True this is in contradiction -with another passage of Hippocrates,<a id="FNanchor_74_74" href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">74</a> for in this -we read: <em class="gesperrt">λέπρη</em> καὶ κνησμὸς καὶ ψώρη καὶ -<em class="gesperrt">λειχῆνες</em> καὶ ἀλφὸς καὶ ἀλώπεκες ὑπὸ <em class="gesperrt">φλέγματος</em> -γίνονται. (<i>leprosy</i>, and itch, and scab, and -<i>tetters</i>, and dull-white leprosy, and manges, arise -from <i>phlegm</i>). This much at any rate appears to -us to result, viz. that the whole passage under -discussion cannot possibly be by Hippocrates, but -much more probably is due to some author of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">62</span> -Alexandrine age, who enjoyed ample opportunities -for studying the consequences of the unnatural excesses -as so often observed since Pompey the Great’s time.</p> - -<p>To assume that Hippocrates was actually acquainted -with these in any completeness would up to the -present be premature; at any rate we are bound, -so far as our study of his writings enables us to -judge, to deny him any knowledge of the fact that -sexual excesses were the cause of the different -affections of the genital organs chronicled by him. -Of course he may have supposed all this to be -notorious and the knowledge of it common property, -but a host of statements would be found to tell -against any such supposition. Opportunities of making -acquaintance with the vice of the <i>cunnilingue</i> could -certainly not have been lacking, it being so familiar -a thing in his time that <i>Aristophanes</i><a id="FNanchor_75_75" href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">75</a> again and -again derided it in his Comedies. Whatever conclusion -we come to on this head, at least the passage -of Hippocrates cannot justify anyone in maintaining<span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">63</span> -that the φοινικίη νοῦσος,—(Phœnician disease) was -true Elephantiasis, even if, as may be, the preliminary -proposition that elephantiasis was a <i>consequence</i> of -debauchery be made good,—a point to which we -propose later on to return. On the subject of -Satyriasis in Crete, we have already expressed our -views.</p> - -<p>Just as the Phoenicians carried the seed of the -vice to Greece and other lands, so at a later period -was it disseminated from Syria to Italy; and so -<i>Ausonius</i> says (Epigr. 128.):</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Eunus Syriscus inguinum liguritor,</div> - <div class="verse">Opicus<a id="FNanchor_76_76" href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">76</a> magister (sic eum ducet Phyllis)</div> - <div class="verse">Muliebre membrum quadriangulum cernit:</div> - <div class="verse">Triquetro coactu Δ literam ducit.</div> - <div class="verse">De valle femorum altrinsecus pares rugas,</div> - <div class="verse">Mediumque, fissi rima qua patet, callem</div> - <div class="verse">Ψ dicit esse: nam trifissilis forma est.</div> - <div class="verse">Cui ipse linguam quum dedit suam, Λ est:</div> - <div class="verse">Veramque in illis esse Φ notam sentit.</div> - <div class="verse">Quid imperite, Ρ putas ibi scriptum</div> - <div class="verse">Ubi locari Ι convenit longum?</div> - <div class="verse">Miselle doctor, Ȣ tibi sit obscoeno,</div> - <div class="verse">Tuumque nomen Θ sectilis signet.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>(Eunus from Syria, glutton of the privy parts, Opican -(clownish) master (Phyllis teaches him his letters) sees -the woman’s organ four-cornered: when compressed -to a triangle he makes it out the letter Δ. From -the valley between the thighs start two furrows, a -pair one on either side, while between them is a -line, where lies the opening, the crack of the fissure; -this he declares is Ψ; for ’tis three-pronged in -outline. Then when he puts in his own tongue to -it, lo! it is Λ; and he can feel there is a true Φ -marked therein. What, dunce, think you a Ρ is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">64</span> -inscribed there, where a long Ι should by rights be -placed? Miserable, contemptible scholar, may the Ȣ -(a noose) reward your foulness, and the cleft Θ (letter -of condemnation, being initial of θάνατος,—death) -be set against your name!) The more detailed -interpretation of these obscene hieroglyphics the reader -may find in the commentators on the passage, as -well as in <i>Forberg</i>, loco citato p. 335.</p> - - -<h4><a name="Diseases_of_the_Cunnilingue" id="Diseases_of_the_Cunnilingue">Diseases of the Cunnilingue.</a> - - -<small>§ 24.</small></h4> - -<p>Can anyone believe such a vice as this was practised -without incurring punishment? Yet there prevails -amongst the Physicians of Antiquity, even including -Galen, who knew the facts, an unbroken silence. It is -impossible to suppose that girls and women could -have their genital organs purged in this mode altogether -without evil results, more particularly as actual -experience in more modern times has proved that -as a consequence of the habit of <i>cunnilingere</i> inflammations -of the external genitals have been set up -in girls, as well as ulcerations in older women through -the licking of these parts by dogs. Among Ancient -writers we have found no vouchers for this; but on -the other hand several such exist to show the mischief -that results from the habit to the <i>cunnilingue</i> himself. -Excluding from consideration the <i>pale complexion</i><a id="FNanchor_77_77" href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">77</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">65</span> -and evil <i>smell from the mouth</i>, which were equally -consequences of the other forms of vice already -mentioned, we have <i>paralysis of the tongue</i> mentioned, -at any rate in one passage<a id="FNanchor_78_78" href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">78</a>:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Sidere percussa est subito tibi, Zoile, lingua,</div> - <div class="verse indent4">Dum lingis. Certe, Zoile, nunc futuis.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>(Your tongue, Zoilus, has been stricken with a sudden -doom, while in the act of licking. Why! surely, -Zoilus, you copulate now). True this malady must -be counted as one of very rare occurrence; but this -is by no means the case with the ulcerations, which -would seem not always to have confined their attacks -to the tongue, but to have extended also, just as -with the <i>fellator</i>, to the other parts of the mouth as -well. This cannot but have had the effect of making -it very difficult in diagnosis to distinguish between -an affection of the sort due to <i>fellation</i> and one due -to the vice of the <i>cunnilingue</i>.</p> - -<p>Here again it is <i>Martial</i> to whom we are indebted -for the proofs of our assertions. He leaves no room -for doubt as to the way Manneius was punished for -his debauchery in the following passage<a id="FNanchor_79_79" href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">79</a>:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse"><em class="gesperrt">Lingua maritus, moechus ore Manneius,</em></div> - <div class="verse"><em class="gesperrt">Summoenianis inquinatior buccis:</em></div> - <div class="verse">Quem cum fenestra vidit a Suburrana</div> - <div class="verse">Obscoena nudum lena, fornicem claudit,</div> - <div class="verse">Mediumque mavult basiare, quam summum:</div> - <div class="verse">Modo qui <em class="gesperrt">per omnes viscerum tubos</em> ibat,</div> - <div class="verse">Et voce certa consciaque dicebat:</div> - <div class="verse">Puer, an puella matris esset in ventre;</div> - <div class="verse">(Gaudete cunni, vestra namque res acta est!)</div> - <div class="verse"><em class="gesperrt">Arrigere linguam non potest fututricem</em></div> - <div class="verse"><em class="gesperrt">Nam, dum tumenti mersus haeret in vulva</em><a id="FNanchor_80_80" href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">80</a></div><span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">66</span> - <div class="verse">Et vagientes intus audit infantes,</div> - <div class="verse"><em class="gesperrt">Partem gulosam solvit indecens morbus;</em></div> - <div class="verse"><em class="gesperrt">Nec purus esse nunc potest, nec impurus.</em></div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>(<i>Manneius was a husband with his tongue, a fornicator -with his mouth, a more polluted wretch than the big-cheeked -wenches of the suburbs.</i> When a vile bawd -saw him naked from a window in the Suburra, she -shuts her brothel up, and had rather kiss his middle -than his head. The man who but now could <i>penetrate -every vessel of the inwards</i>, and say with assured -voice and certain knowledge whether it were a boy -or a girl in the mother’s belly,—rejoice, rejoice, -organs of women, for your business is done for -you,—the same <i>cannot erect a fornicating tongue</i>. -For at the very moment <i>he is plunged tight in the -swollen vulva</i>, and hears the babes whimpering within, -lo! <i>a shocking disease paralyses his greedy tongue</i>. <i>Now -can he be neither clean, nor yet unclean</i>).</p> - -<p>The Commentators, in particular <i>Farnabius</i>, refer -the complaint spoken of in the passage just quoted -to paralysis of the tongue. Farnabius says in fact: -“Paralysisne ἀπὸ τῆς ἀφέδρου καὶ τῶν ἐμμηνιῶν, -quorum malefico humore marcescunt segetes, apes -moriuntur etc., Plin. c. 15 Lib. V., an sideratio?” -(Is paralysis intended, <i>resulting from the menstruation -and menstrual</i> discharges, the poisonous humour of -which will wither up crops, kill bees, etc.—Pliny ch. -15. Bk. V., or a sudden stroke?) Even supposing -us willing to admit the possibility of menstrual blood -bringing on paralysis of the tongue, there can at any -rate be no question of such a thing here, inasmuch -as it was with a pregnant woman Manneius carried -out his vicious practises, and women in pregnancy -do not <i>usually</i> menstruate,—a fact about which the -Philologist naturally enough was only imperfectly -posted. Of course the possibility is always there,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">67</span> -although the Poet says nothing about it; and the -expression <i>vulva tumens</i> (swollen organ) evidently -stands here, as is clearly shown by what follows, for -<i>uterus gravidus</i> (pregnant womb)<a id="FNanchor_81_81" href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">81</a>. The <i>solvere</i> (to -loose, destroy) points in any case to a destruction, a -dwindling, of the part, brought about by the <i>indecens -morbus</i> (shocking disease),—which disease might very -likely find its explanation in the <i>scelerata lues</i> (noxious -contagion) mentioned on page 258 above. As a -result of this, naturally enough not only did <i>arrigere</i> -(to erect—the tongue) become impossible, but the -<i>impurus</i> (<i>Cunnilingus</i>) (unclean cunnilingue) grew generally -incapable of practising his vice. Nor yet was he -<i>purus</i> (clean)<a id="FNanchor_82_82" href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">82</a> altogether, for was he not a <i>cunnilingue</i>?—and -now he was even less <i>purus</i>, because -he suffered from the <i>indecens morbus</i> (shocking disease), -which even Farnabius has so far rightly understood, -that he explains <i>nec purus</i> (nor yet clean) by <i>morbo -illo contaminatus</i> (because contaminated by the said -disease).</p> - -<p>Rather more doubtful and difficult is the interpretation -of the following passage of <i>Martial</i><a id="FNanchor_83_83" href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">83</a>, which -would yet appear to be pertinent here:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">68</span></p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Non dixi, Coracine, te cinaedum;</div> - <div class="verse">Non sum tam temerarius, nec audax,</div> - <div class="verse">Nec mendacia qui loquar libenter.</div> - <div class="verse">Si dixi, Coracine, te cinaedum,</div> - <div class="verse">Iratam mihi Pontiae lagenam,</div> - <div class="verse">Iratum calicem mihi Metili.</div> - <div class="verse"><em class="gesperrt">Iuro per Syrios tibi tumores,</em></div> - <div class="verse"><em class="gesperrt">Iuro per Berecynthios furores.</em></div> - <div class="verse">Quod dixi tamen, hoc leve et pusillum est.</div> - <div class="verse">Quod notum est, quod et ipse non negabis:</div> - <div class="verse"><em class="gesperrt">Dixi te</em>, Coracine, <em class="gesperrt">cunnilingum</em>.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>(I never called you a <i>cinaedus</i>, Coracinus; I am not -so rash or so reckless, not being one to speak lies -willingly. If I called you a <i>cinaedus</i>, Coracinus, may -Pontia’s jar be my enemy, and Metilius’poisoned -cup. <i>I take oath by your Syrian tumours, by your -Berecynthian frenzies.</i> What I <i>did</i> say is a trivial, -an insignificant thing, a thing well known, that you -will not yourself deny,—<i>I said</i>, Coracinus, <i>you were -a cunnilingue</i>).</p> - -<p>What were these <i>Syrii tumores</i> (Syrian tumours) -that afflicted the <i>cunnilingue</i> Coracinus? <i>Beroaldus</i>, -Annotat. ch. 25., understands them as “tumores et -vibices a cultris et flagris quibus sacerdotes Cybeles -(quam deam Syriam esse volunt) se sauciabant.” -(the swellings and weals from the knives and scourges -with which the priests of Cybelé,—whom they claim -to be the Syrian goddess—used to wound themselves). -<i>Farnabius</i> on the contrary thinks only <i>Berecynthios -furores</i> (Berecynthian frenzies) to be intended in this -explanation, and makes the <i>tumores Syrii</i> mean -“<i>ulcera et morbos quibus credebatur irata Isis inflare -peierantes</i>,” (ulcers and maladies with which the angry -Isis was supposed to afflict false swearers), appealing -to the passage of Persius<a id="FNanchor_84_84" href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">84</a>, already brought forward -a few pages back (p. 254.), which reads:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Hinc grandes Galli et cum sistro lusca sacerdos,</div> - <div class="verse"><em class="gesperrt">Incussere Deos inflantes corpora</em>, si non</div> - <div class="verse">Praedictum ter mane caput gustaveris alli.</div> -</div></div></div> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">69</span></p> -<p>(Then the tall Galli, and the one-eyed priestess with -her sacred rattle, instil terror of <i>the gods that make -men’s bodies swell</i>, unless three times at dawn you -have eaten the prescribed head of garlic).</p> - -<p>Whether this passage affords any direct proof would -seem doubtful, inasmuch as the <i>inflare corpus</i> (to make -the body swell) properly speaking only refers to the -abdomen. To this also the eating of the allium -(garlic), which no doubt first won its magic significance -on account of its carminative properties, appears -to point.</p> - -<p>However another explanation is possible. Referring -back to the passage of <i>Porphyrius</i> quoted above -on p. 254., the <i>tumores</i> Coracinus had contracted in -consequence of his general incontinence with women, -which incontinence had at last brought him as a -<i>senex</i>? (old man) to such a condition of weakness -that nothing was left him but the vice of <i>cunnilingere</i> -to satisfy his still unexhausted lubricity. A side light -in this case may be thrown on the matter by Horace’s -description of the <i>Anus libidinosa</i> (The lecherous old -woman) in Epodes VIII. 9. 19.:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Venter mollis et femur <em class="gesperrt">tumentibus</em></div> - <div class="verse indent2">Exile <em class="gesperrt">suris</em> additum.—Fascinum</div> - <div class="verse">Quod ut superbo provoces ab inguine</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Ore allaborandum est tibi.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>(Flabby belly and skinny thigh joined with swollen -calves,—A tool, that requires you, in order to call -it up from the supercilious groin, to work it with -the mouth). <i>Casaubon</i> in his commentary on the -passage of <i>Persius</i> is for connecting this, as well as -the <i>Tumores Syrii</i>, with ἕλκεα Συριακὰ (Syrian -sores), and—as quoted on p. 253 above—to regard -them as a consequence of the wrath of the <i>Dea Syria</i> -(Syrian goddess). No doubt as a matter of fact the -<i>tumores</i> were a result of debauchery, one that was -prevalent in Syria and was disseminated thence to -Rome, for they attacked a <i>cunnilingue</i> no less than -other debauchees; but this brings us no nearer to a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">70</span> -knowledge of their nature. We should perhaps be -inclined to regard them as swellings of the tonsils -or of the lympathic glands of the throat, having the -same significance as the inguinal buboes in affections -of the genitals.</p> - -<p>But what are the <i>Berecynthii furores</i> (Berecynthian -frenzies)? Possibly nocturnal pains in the bones, -that torment a patient to the pitch of frenzy? The -metaphor, drawn from the nocturnal rites of Cybelé, -must be admitted to be a happy one. Still, however -acceptable conjectures of the sort may be to many, -we cannot take them seriously. It appears to us -most judicious to regard the <i>Syrii tumores</i> as being -ulcerations that covered the body of Coracinus, and -by their violent itching reduced him to a state of -frenzy. Our view as stated is confirmed by Epigram -108. of <i>Ausonius</i>:</p> - - -<p><span class="smcap">In scabiosum Polygitonem.</span></p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Thermarum in solio si quis Polygitona vidit</div> - <div class="verse">Ulcera membrorum scabie putrefacta foventem,</div> - <div class="verse">Praeposuit cunctis spectacula talia ludis.</div> - <div class="verse">Principio tremulis gannitibus aëra pulsat,</div> - <div class="verse">Verbaque lascivos meretricum imitantia coetus</div> - <div class="verse">Vibrat et obscoenae numeros pruriginis implet.</div> - <div class="verse"><em class="gesperrt">Brachia deinde rotat velut enthea daemone Maenas,</em></div> - <div class="verse">Pectus, crura, latus, ventrem, femora, <em class="gesperrt">inguina</em>, <em class="gesperrt">suras</em>,</div> - <div class="verse">Tergum, colla, humeros luteae Symplegadis antrum.</div> - <div class="verse">Tam diversa locis vaga carnificina pererrat,</div> - <div class="verse">Donec marcentem calidi fervore lavacri</div> - <div class="verse">Blandus letali solvat dulcedine morbus.</div> - <div class="verse">Desectos sic fama viros, ubi cassa libido</div> - <div class="verse">Femineos coetus et non sua bella lacessit,</div> - <div class="verse">Irrita vexato consumere gaudia lecto:</div> - <div class="verse">Titillata brevi quum iam sub fine voluptas</div> - <div class="verse">Fervet et ingesto peragit ludibria morsu.</div> - <div class="verse">Turpia non aliter Polygiton membra resolvit,</div> - <div class="verse">Et quia debentur suprema piacula vitae,</div> - <div class="verse">Ad Phlegethonteas sese iam praeparat undas.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>(<i>To the scabby Polygiton.</i>—If any man caught sight -of Polygiton on the seat of the Thermae bathing<span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">71</span> -the sores on his limbs all rotten with scab, he preferred -so entertaining a spectacle to all the games. -First he beats the air with twittering, whining noises, -and utters broken sounds in imitation of the wanton -embraces of harlots, and completes the symphony -of his foul-minded lechery. <i>Then he twirls his arms -about like a Maenad under the god’s afflatus</i>; breast, -legs, flank, belly, thighs, <i>groin</i>, <i>calves</i>, back, neck, -shoulders, cave of the bemired Symplegades,—i.e. -hollow between buttocks,—in so many different -places does the shooting torture fly, until he droops -and faints in the warmth of the hot bath and the -disease is soothed and gives a fatal respite. So it -is said castrated eunuchs, when barren desire tries -hard for embraces with women and for contests they -cannot properly engage in, are consumed with empty -transports on the tossed and tumbled bed,—till eventually -their lust, tickled and tickled, flames high for -a last moment, and completes the wanton act by -applying the mouth and biting. So with Polygiton -a final spasm relaxes his disfigured limbs, and the -last sin-offerings of his life being due, thus makes -himself ready for the waves of Phlegethon).</p> - -<p>True the connexion with the vice of <i>cunnilingere</i> -is apparently lost here, but this also may be preserved -without any great straining of the words, as we shall -see presently; and accordingly the <i>Tumores Syrii</i> -can be quite well regarded as a consequence of the -vice of the <i>cunnilingus</i>.</p> - - -<h4><a name="Mentagra_Tetter_of_the_Chin" id="Mentagra_Tetter_of_the_Chin">Mentagra (Tetter of the Chin).</a><br /> - -<small>§ 25.</small></h4> - -<p>Ever since the so-called first appearance of Venereal -Disease, most of the advocates of the antiquity of -the complaint have made a point of bringing in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">72</span> -<i>Mentagra</i><a id="FNanchor_85_85" href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">85</a> within the purview of the quotations -they adduce to prove their contention, although -strictly speaking they were never likely to succeed -in a direct demonstration that the disease was really -and truly connected with sexual excesses. Accordingly, -to the present day the majority of them see -in it nothing more than a form of Leprosy, particularly -as <i>Hensler</i><a id="FNanchor_86_86" href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">86</a> and <i>Sprengel</i> were among those -who decided in favour of its leprous character. -Instead of giving a useless list of names of the different -authors, who in former days declared for the -one view or the other, we think it more expedient -to quote first of all the capital authority, a passage -in Pliny<a id="FNanchor_87_87" href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">87</a>, setting this down as it stands so as to -be able afterwards to form a correct appreciation of -its bearing:</p> - -<p>Cap. I. “Sensit et <em class="gesperrt">facies</em> hominum novos omnique -aevo priore incognitos, non Italiae modo, -verum etiam universae prope Europae morbos: -tunc quoque non tota Italia, nec per Illyricum<span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">73</span> -Galliasve aut Hispanias magnopere vagatos, aut -alibi, quam Romae circaque: sine dolore quidem -illos ac sine pernicie vitae: sed tanta foeditate, ut -quaecunque mors praeferenda esset.</p> - -<p>Cap. II. “Gravissimum ex his <em class="gesperrt">lichenas</em> appellavere -<em class="gesperrt">Graeco nomine: Latine</em>, quoniam a -mento fere oriebatur, <em class="gesperrt">ioculari primum lascivia</em> -(ut est procax natura multorum in alienis -miseriis) mox et usurpato vocabulo, <em class="gesperrt">mentagram</em>: -occupantem in multis totos utique vultus, oculis -tantum immunibus, descendentem<a id="FNanchor_88_88" href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">88</a> vero et in colla -pectusque ac manus, foedo cutis furfure<a id="FNanchor_89_89" href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">89</a>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">74</span></p> - -<p>Cap. III. “Non fuerat <em class="gesperrt">haec lues</em> apud maiores -patresque nostros. Et primum <em class="gesperrt">Tiberii Claudii, -Caesaris</em> principatu medio irrepsit in Italiam, -quodam Perusino equite Romano Quaestorio scriba, -quum in Asia apparuisset inde contagionem eius -importante. Nec sensere id malum feminae aut -servitia, plebesque humilis, aut media: sed proceres -veloci transitu osculi maxime: foediore multorum -qui perpeti medicinam toleraverant, citatrice, quam -morbo. Causticis<a id="FNanchor_90_90" href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">90</a> namque curabatur, ni usque in -ossa corpus exustum esset, rebellante taedio. Advenerunt -ex Aegypto, <em class="gesperrt">genitrice talium vitiorum</em>, -medici, hanc solam operam afferentes, -magna sua praeda. Siquidem certum est, Manilium -Cornutum, e Praetoriis legatum Aquitanicae provinciae, -H.S. CC. elocasse in eo morbo curandum -sese.”</p> - -<p>(Ch. I. Moreover the human <i>face</i> experienced -new diseases, and such as had been unknown in -any former age not merely to Italy but to the whole -of Europe very nearly, and these not widely diffused -over Italy generally, or through Illyricum or the -provinces of Gaul or of Spain, or indeed anywhere -else but just in Rome and its neighbourhood. They -were painless, it is true, and did not involve loss of -life, but were of such a horrible nature that death -in any form would have been preferable.</p> - -<p>Ch. II. The most serious of these diseases they -called <i>lichenes</i>,—scabs, a Greek name; in Latin, as -the malady generally showed itself first on the chin, -it was known as <i>mentagra</i>,—chin-bane, scab or tetter<span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">75</span> -of the chin, at the first by way of jest and mockery—for -it is the nature of the multitude to make merry -at others’misfortunes,—but soon this became the -recognized word. In many persons it covered absolutely -the whole countenance, the eyes alone being -left unaffected, with a horrible scurf of the skin, going -down sometimes to the neck as well, and breast, -and hands.</p> - -<p>Ch. III. <i>This plague</i> had not existed among our -ancestors or fathers. For the first time it crept into -Italy in the middle of the reign of <i>Tiberius Claudius -Caesar</i>, a certain Perusinius, a Roman knight and -Quaestorian secretary, after a period of service in -Asia, importing the contagion from there. But women -did not suffer from the malady, or slaves, nor yet -common folk of humble or middle-class station; but -nobles, and this particularly by the rapid infection -of an embrace. In many cases the scar, where -patients had submitted to medical treatment, was -more horrible than the disease itself. For indeed -it was curable by caustics, except when the body -had been consumed to the very bones, the slowness -of the treatment defeating its own end. Physicians -arrived from Egypt, <i>mother-land of such taints</i>, practising -this cure exclusively, to their own great profit. -If, that is, it is true that Manilius Cornutus, of the -Praetorians and governor of the Province of Aquitania, -offered 200,000 sesterces for his cure when attacked -by this disease).</p> - -<p>Here if ever, it particularly behoves us to begin -with an elucidation of the meaning of the name -given to the malady under discussion. <i>Gruner</i><a id="FNanchor_91_91" href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">91</a> -long ago called attention to the divergence of opinion -as to the signification of λειχῆνες (scabs) among the -writers of Antiquity, but without success in putting -the actual facts in a clear light. We must try if we -can be more fortunate. An old etymologist says: -λειχὴν παρὰ τὸ λείχω, καὶ γὰρ φάσιν ἐκ το<span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">76</span>ῦ -λείχειν τὸ πάθος ἐπαίρεται<a id="FNanchor_92_92" href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">92</a>, (λειχὴν comes from -λείχω,—I lick, because they say the complaint is -set up by licking). On this we may say.—there is -no doubt λειχῆνες and λιχῆνες are derived from -λείχειν or λίχειν, but the explanation <i>Kraus</i> gives -of the reason in his Lexicon we cannot think conceivable, -viz. “because Lichen, the same as a parasitic -plant does, or a skin-disease in animals, always creeps -round further and further (see <i>Herpes</i>,—creeping -eruption), or <i>as it were licks its way</i>,” for λείχειν -is not so much <i>lambere</i>, λάπτειν,—to lick over, lick -along, as <i>lingere</i>, <i>ligurire</i><a id="FNanchor_93_93" href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">93</a>,—to lick up, lick up greedily. -At the same time it is true the word (<i>lambere</i>) was -used by the Romans in a somewhat similar sense, -so perhaps we ought not to refer to <i>lambit flamma</i> -(a flame licks), but rather to Plautus’expression -(<i>Pers. prolog. 5.</i>), “<i>quorum imagines lambunt hederae -sequaces</i>” (whose images creeping ivy-tendrils lick, -i.e. entwine). Most probably there are two different -stems underlying the word. Of these one is λέγειν,—to -lay, etc., hence λέγνη, the edging, the border, -λίγνυς, soot (depositing itself on the edge), together -with the bye-forms λέχω, λίχω with which in fact -λιχὴν, <i>moss</i><a id="FNanchor_94_94" href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">94</a>, so far as it forms on the edge, the -surface, fringes it, would be connected. The other -stem will be λίγω, or λείγω (comp. λίβω and λείβω), -λείχω and λείχην, λίγγω, λίζω, to which would -have to be referred also λίγυς and λιγυρὸς,—clear, -shrill (ligurire, lingere,—to lick greedily, to lick), in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">77</span> -all of which the underlying sense is of licking, and -the noise connected with it.</p> - -<p>It is plain that later on the derivatives of these -stems suffered manifold variations and corruptions; -but how much of all this is to be attributed to -speakers and writers among the Greeks themselves, -and how much to subsequent transcribers and editors -of their work, it might be difficult to decide. But -every day we have occasion to note a number of -words, to which accident or other circumstances -have given an ambiguous character. These, used -quite unsuspectingly by the ignorant, make the better -informed person blush, or else extort a smile from -him that often enough causes the speaker no little -embarrassment to know the reason. Undoubtedly -it was the same with the Greeks and Romans, and -so confusions between λίχω and λείχω, λιχὴν and -λειχὴν, might have easily arisen, from which people -were subsequently unable to extricate themselves. -Originally perhaps λείχω, equally with <i>lingo</i> and -<i>ligurio</i> (to lick), may have had the simple sense of -licking, and only through later accretions to the -meaning, have acquired an ambiguous character; -soon however this got transferred to it to the exclusion -of all others, and we find it used preferentially -as the regular word for <i>cunnilingere</i>. The correctness -of our conclusion would seem to follow -above all from the passage of <i>Aristophanes</i><a id="FNanchor_95_95" href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">95</a> given<span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">78</span> -below, where it is the additional words that narrow -down the meaning of λείχω (I lick), and definitely -bring out the special signification. The words are -said of Ariphrades, who reminds us of the ἀποφρὰς -(unmentionable), the name Lucian appropriates to -Timarchus:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Οὐδὲ παμπόνηρος, ἀλλὰ καὶ προσεξεύρηκέ τι·</div> - <div class="verse">τὴν γὰρ αὑτοῦ <em class="gesperrt">γλῶτταν αἰσχραῖς ἡδοναῖς μαίνεται,</em></div> - <div class="verse"><em class="gesperrt">ἐν κασαυρίοισι λείχων τὴν ἀπόπτυστον δρόσον</em>,</div> - <div class="verse">καὶ μολύνων τὴν ὑπήνην, καὶ κυκῶν τὰς ἐσχάρας.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>(Nor yet utterly villainous is he, but he has discovered -yet another device; for he polluted his own -tongue with foul delights, <i>in the stews licking up the -abominable dew</i>, defiling the hair on the upper lip, -and tumbling the girls’<i>nymphae</i>).</p> - -<p>In the following Epigram<a id="FNanchor_96_96" href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">96</a> of an unknown author<span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">79</span> -λείχω is found used absolutely, without any supplementary -words:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">80</span></p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse"><em class="gesperrt">Χείλων</em> καὶ <em class="gesperrt">λείχων</em> ἴσα γράμματα· ἐς τί δὲ τοῦτο;</div> - <div class="verse"><em class="gesperrt">Λείχει</em> καὶ <em class="gesperrt">Χείλων</em>, κἂν ἴσα, κἂν ἄνισα.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>(Χείλων,—a proper name, also means <i>of the lips</i>,—and -λείχων,—licking,—have the like letters; now -what does this point to? Chilon licks lips, whether -lips like his own, or whether unlike). In explanation -of this Epigram <i>Forbiger</i> says (loco citato p. 326.): -“Lusus in Chilonem cunnilingum. Hunc ait iure -quodam suo lingere, qui vel nomine iisdem literis -constante prae se fert lingentem et lingentem quidem -tum labra oris, ut labris ligentis similia, tum -cunni, ut dissimilia.” (Pun on the name of Chilon, -a <i>cunnilingue</i>. The poet says he (Chilon) licks by -a sort of inherent right of his own, who even in his -name, made up of the same letters, proclaims himself -as licking, and licking now the lips of the mouth, -which are like the lips of the licker, now those of -the female organ, which are unlike). Χεῖλος was -in fact used also of the lips of a woman’s organ, -the <i>nymphae</i>; the Scholiast on τὰς ἐσχάρας (the -<i>nymphae</i>) in the passage from Aristophanes given a -little above, interprets this word by τὰ χείλη τῶν -γυναικείων αἰδοίων (the lips of the female privates). -According to <i>Schneider</i> in his Lexicon χείλων (adj.) -signifies <i>thick-lipped</i>. Perhaps it was this very Epigram -that led <i>Lambert Bosius</i> to make the statement that -χείλων arose by a mere transposition of the letters -from λείχον.</p> - -<p>Now if λείχην,—for we consider it should be thus -accented,—is derived from λείχω (I lick), we cannot -but regard it as meaning: something <i>produced by -licking, a complaint brought on by licking</i>, and particularly -<i>by the licking of the cunnilingue</i>! Surely the -Greeks could hardly have expressed themselves more -clearly. Then the fact that the name came from -the mouth of the common people is the very best -reason for its not having been understood by the -educated. Yet all the while an entirely similar form<span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">81</span> -of expression has grown up in the mouth of the -German common people, the real meaning of which -very few have fathomed, but which most certainly -arose in the same way as the Greek λείχην. No -doubt many of my readers have again and again -heard it said of some one with an eruption round -the mouth, that is, someone suffering from <i>Herpes -labialis</i> (Creeping eruption of the lips): “Well! you -<i>have</i> been licking!”—for which educated people -substitute the obviously insufficient, “You <i>have</i> been -picking!” Very commonly again one may hear: -“You <i>have</i> been licking <i>greben</i>, or picking <i>greben</i>; -and this word <i>greben</i> is understood as being identical -with <i>grieben</i>,—<i>greaves</i> in English, i.e. the remnants -of lard that has been cut up into pieces and fried, -because the separate pustules of the <i>herpes labialis</i> -resemble in appearance the <i>greaves</i>. So people sometimes -also say still more explicitly, “You <i>have</i> been -licking, or picking, <i>greaves</i>; and one of them has -been left sticking to your mouth, to prove your -greediness!”</p> - -<p>This explanation may seem a very likely one to -many; nevertheless we incline to believe the word -to be of later origin, and to have arisen from ignorance -of the actual facts. We consider it more -probable that <i>greben</i> owes its origin to some corruption -of language growing out of <i>gremium</i>, the bosom. -We have been led to this conjecture by a statement -of <i>Adelung’s</i> in his Dictionary, Article “Grieben”, -where he says: “In middle-Latin <i>grieben</i>, (greaves), -were called, in accordance with a common interchange -change of the letters b. and m. <i>gremium</i>”,—though -indeed we cannot regard the word as solely and -entirely mediæval Latin, for it is found occurring -as early as <i>Pliny</i> (Hist. Nat. XII. 19.) and <i>Columella</i> -(Res Rust. XII. 19. 3.), and is evidently connected -with <i>cremare</i> (to burn). So just as in this case -<i>cremium</i> and <i>gremium</i> may have been used interchangeably, -has <i>grebe</i> grown out of <i>greme</i> in German, -and the latter come to be used as a synonym of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">82</span> -<i>griebe</i>,—the latter words according to this having as -little in common with one another as the former. -However those better practised in the science of -word formation must here decide!</p> - -<p>Now as to the word <i>Mentagra</i> (Tetter, Scab). -This was evidently a word first framed by the -Romans, as is distinctly stated not alone by <i>Pliny</i>, -but by <i>Galen</i> as well (De compos. medic. secundum -locos Bk. V., edit. Kühn Vol. XII. p. 839.). The -latter says: Ἐκδόριον λειχήνων· ταύτῃ Πάμφιλος -χρησάμενος ἐπὶ Ῥώμης πλεῖστον ἐπορίσατο <em class="gesperrt">ἐπικρατούσης -ἐν τῇ πόλει τῆς μεντάγρας -λεγομένης</em>. (Blister for Lichenes (Scabs); in this -way Pamphilus in his practise at Rome made most -headway against <i>the Mentagra as it was called, then -prevalent in the city</i>). It is usually considered to be -formed on the analogy of <i>Podagra</i>, <i>Chiragra</i> (gout -of the feet, gout of the hands) etc. from <i>mentum</i>, -the chin, and ἄγρα, the act of catching, seizing -hold of,—so a disease that attacks the chin. But -more probably all these words are compounded not -with ἄγρα at all, but with ἄλγος (suffering). That -is to say just as ἀλγαλέος, by Attic interchange of -letters, becomes ἀργαλέος (grievous), κεφαλαλγία -becomes κεφαλαργία (head-ache), and ληθαλγία, -ληθαργία (drowsiness, lethargy), so from ποδαλγία -we get ποδαργία, and then by metathesis ποδάγρα -(gout). (Comp. <i>Doederlein</i> “Lateinische Synonyme -und Etymologien”,—Latin Synonyms and Etymologies -Pt. 4. p. 424.). The remark <i>Pliny</i> adds however -“<i>ioculari primum lascivia</i>” (at first by way of -jesting mockery) evidently points to some ambiguity -underlying the word. But whether this consists in -the recognition of the likeness in sound between -<i>mentum</i>, the chin, and <i>menta</i>, or <i>mentula</i>, the virile -member, or is to be looked for in the ἄγρα, it might -be difficult to determine. Still it seems probable, -but without wishing to entirely exclude the former -hypothesis, that the latter is the case, as will appear -directly.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">83</span></p> - -<p><i>Galen</i><a id="FNanchor_97_97" href="#Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor">97</a> distinguishes between λειχὴν ἁπλοῦς and -λειχὴν ἄγριος (simple <i>lichen</i>, and malignant <i>lichen</i>) -in his enumeration of Skin-diseases, and still more -plainly in another place<a id="FNanchor_98_98" href="#Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor">98</a> he says: “λειχὴν is likewise -a Skin-disease; there are two forms of it, -ὁ μὲν ἥμερος καὶ πρᾳότερος, ὁ δὲ ἄγριος καὶ -χαλεπώτερος (the one benignant and milder, the -other malignant and more serious). But in both of -them minute scales are detached from the skin, and -the part of the skin underneath the scales is reddened -and almost ulcerated. The affection arises -from a salt phlegmatic humour (φλέγματος ἁλμυροῦ) -and yellow gall, hence the scales fall from the skin -as in glazed pottery-ware (? ἐπὶ τῶν ἁλμῶν τῶν -κεραμίων). The affection is cured by internal phlegmagogues -and external embrocations.” We have -already on p. 139. above, in the footnote on ἄγριος -(wild, savage) and χαλεπός (hard, harsh), noted how -these words are used with special reference to the -vice of paederastia, but they are also applied generally -to the vice, the different forms of which we -have been examining here. This follows from <i>Plato</i><a id="FNanchor_99_99" href="#Footnote_99_99" class="fnanchor">99</a> -and <i>Plutarch</i><a id="FNanchor_100_100" href="#Footnote_100_100" class="fnanchor">100</a>, at any rate so far as ἄγριος is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">84</span> -concerned, which indeed we may conveniently render -by <i>vicious</i>. The original meaning being overlooked, -λείχην and λιχὴν had been taken as synonymous,—possibly -the Latin <i>lichenos</i> first led to the mistake; -then naturally enough an appropriate epithet was -sought, to signify the <i>lichen</i> which was the result of -licking in a vicious fashion. But this according to -the already existing mode of speech could be nothing -else than ἄγριος<a id="FNanchor_101_101" href="#Footnote_101_101" class="fnanchor">101</a> again,—λειχὴν ἄγριος, with which -λειχὴν ἁπλοῦς, <i>lichen insons</i>, (simple, innocent <i>lichen</i>) -was naturally contrasted.</p> - -<p>Yet while <i>Criton</i>, as cited in <i>Aëtius</i>, simply and -quite correctly interpreted Mentagra by ἄγριος λειχὴν -(fierce, malignant lichen), <i>Galen</i> appears to have been -still ignorant of the special meaning. This is shown -by the words ἥμερος and πρᾳότερος (gentle, benignant,—milder), -which obviously are correct opposites -of ἄγριος only <i>if</i> the latter is understood, as it is -in <i>Celsus</i>, as equivalent to <i>ferus</i> (fierce, malignant), -but in no way account for the ἁπλοῦς (simple, -innocent), which Galen no doubt found already -established as distinguishing epithet of λιχὴν. How -little he fathomed the nature of the evil, is proved -by his ætiology of it, which makes the complaint -result from the φλέγμα ἁλμυρὸν (salt phlegmatic -humour) and the χολὴ ξανθὴ (yellow gall). The -unprofessional <i>Martial</i> had a better word to say on -the subject when he wrote his <i>sordidique lichenes</i> -(filthy, squalid-looking lichens). Similarly it would -seem the <i>agra</i> in Mentagra should be taken as -pointing to ἄγριος (fierce, malignant). Can it be -perhaps that in this way the μολύνων τὴν ὑπήνην -(polluting the hair on the upper lip) of <i>Aristophanes</i>,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">85</span> -the Latin <i>barbam inquinare</i> (to pollute the beard), -have come to be used as synonyms for <i>cunnilingere</i>? -<i>Martial</i> seems to imply it by his <i>triste mentum</i>, -<i>mentum periculosum</i> (disfigured chin, perilous chin). -Perhaps too the <i>Sycosis menti</i> (Sycosis,—fig-like -eruption, of the chin) of <i>Celsus</i> and the later Greek -medical writers should likewise be regarded as coming -under this head. At a matter of fact, <i>Archigenes</i> -says so in so many words, as cited in <i>Galen</i> (De -comp. med. secundum locos. Bk. V. edit. Kühn -Vol. XII. p. 847.), ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν συκωδῶν τῶν -ἐπὶ τοῦ γενείου, λεγομένων δὲ μενταγρῶν, -ὑπὸ δέ τινων λειχήνων ἀγρίων, ποιεῖ κ. τ. λ. -(but in the case of the sycotic, or fig-like, eruptions -on the chin, which are called mentagrae, and by -others malignant lichens, he proceeds as follows, etc.), -and calls the affection of the chin, as do other -Physicians, generally ἐξανθήματα ἐν τοῖς γενείοις -(efflorescences, eruptions on the chin),—p. 824.</p> - -<p>If we have thus succeeded in establishing the -meanings of <i>lichens</i> and <i>mentagra</i>, the rest of the -passage of <i>Pliny</i> will admit of easy explanation. -The disease in many cases it seems invaded the -whole face, in the same way as the <i>atra lues</i> (black -contagion) in the passages quoted above from -<i>Martial</i> under <i>fellation</i>. Perhaps all of these,—indeed, -<i>Pliny</i> also says <i>lues</i>,—are the be referred, -as is actually done by <i>Farnabius</i> in his notes, -to <i>mentagra</i>, seeing that the disease could perfectly -well, though certainly much seldomer, arise equally -from the practise of <i>fellation</i>. The <i>double entendre</i> -between <i>mentum</i> (the chin) and <i>menta</i> or <i>mentula</i> -(the virile member) would so acquire all the more -point.</p> - -<p>The expression <i>foedo cutis furfure</i> (with a horrible -scurf of the skin) appears to have led a number of -authors to believe that this was the capital characteristic -of the complaint, and that the distinction -between λιχὴν and λείχην was merely one of -degree. This view was advocated in particular by<span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">86</span> -<i>Willian</i><a id="FNanchor_102_102" href="#Footnote_102_102" class="fnanchor">102</a>, who ascribes it also to <i>Paulus Aegineta</i><a id="FNanchor_103_103" href="#Footnote_103_103" class="fnanchor">103</a> -as well as to <i>Oribasius</i><a id="FNanchor_104_104" href="#Footnote_104_104" class="fnanchor">104</a> though both of these authors -limit themselves to saying that the moderately siccative -remedies are of no benefit in λείχην ἄγριος -(malignant lichen), whereas the more violent ones -aggravate it, and that for this reason it was called -ἄγριος. Hence Willian’s <i>Lichen agrius</i> (malignant -lichen) has nothing in common with the <i>lichen</i> of -the Greeks and Romans but the mere name, for it -follows clearly from the words <i>foediore cicatrice</i> (with -a more horrible scar) that occur a little further down -in <i>Pliny</i>, that a process of skinning over by ulceration -was part of the disease, and did not owe its -existence solely to the caustic remedies employed.</p> - -<p>The <i>immunity of women</i><a id="FNanchor_105_105" href="#Footnote_105_105" class="fnanchor">105</a> equally admits of easy<span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">87</span> -explanation, for in the first place women were not -likely to have readily conceived the idea of acting -after the manner of a <i>cunnilingue</i><a id="FNanchor_106_106" href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">106</a>, and even if -<i>fellation</i> is admitted to be an occasionally concurrent -cause of <i>mentagra</i>, still it would seem, as already -stated, to supervene much less often as a consequence -of the latter vice; while in cases where it does, it -is of a milder form and it is rather the internal parts -of the mouth that are imperilled. Besides, it is to -be remembered that women generally speaking suffer -less frequently from pustulous disorders of the cutaneous -glands affecting the face than men do, as is well -seen at the present day with Acne. In the parts -neighbouring on the genitals this is exactly reversed. -Still this immunity of women must not be insisted -on too far, as those persons of the female sex who -used to practise <i>fellation</i>, the Summoenianae (women<span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">88</span> -of the suburbs) lay too completely outside the range -of <i>Pliny’s</i> observation.</p> - -<p>As to the <i>servi</i> (slaves) and <i>Plebs humilis</i> (Commons -of humble station), these were surely unlikely, however -little restraint they may have put on their sensual -appetites, to have readily fallen into suchlike forms -of vice,—forms which spring as a rule from the brain -of unoccupied, rich idlers. We have only to appeal -to modern experience to substantiate this. How -many individuals of the lowest and middle classes -have the records of forensic medicine to show as -having been paederasts and so on? Wild aberrations -in morals have at no period begun with the common -man! So we see it was the Proceres (Nobles) who -were in an especial degree attacked by the <i>mentagra</i>.</p> - -<p>At the same time the most conspicuous cause of -<i>mentagra</i>, the practice of <i>cunnilingere</i> was by no means -the <i>only</i> way of getting it, for the malady, like <i>condylomata</i> -on the genital organs, was evidently connected -with a contagion,—a fact which is clearly enough -brought out by the layman <i>Pliny</i>, whereas the Physicians -say nothing about this. Accordingly the disorder -was capable of being disseminated by <i>kissing</i> from -one individual to another. But it was not the <i>velox -transitus osculi</i> (swift transmission of a kiss) that was -instrumental in spreading the disease, but rather the -<i>basium</i> (wanton kiss),—which depended on some yet -unidentified lascivious device<a id="FNanchor_107_107" href="#Footnote_107_107" class="fnanchor">107</a>, sucking, playing with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">89</span> -the tongue or the like. Still we must remember that -at the very time the <i>mentagra</i> was spreading with -such terrible rapidity, a perfect <i>mania for kissing</i> had -broken out at Rome. <i>Martial</i> describes this admirably -in the two following Epigrams, which are of -the very highest importance in connection with our -subject:</p> - - -<p><i>Book XII.</i> <i>Epigram 59:</i></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">De importunis basiatoribus.</span></p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Tantum dat tibi Roma basiorum</div> - <div class="verse">Post annos modo quindecim reverso,</div> - <div class="verse">Quantum Lesbia non dedit Catullo.</div> - <div class="verse">Te vicinia tota, te pilosus</div> - <div class="verse">Hircoso premit osculo colonus.</div> - <div class="verse">Hinc instat tibi textor, inde fullo,</div> - <div class="verse">Hinc sutor modo pelle basiata,</div> - <div class="verse">Hinc <em class="gesperrt">menti dominus periculosi</em>,</div> - <div class="verse">Hinc defioculusque et inde lippus,</div> - <div class="verse">Fellatorque recensque cunnilingus.</div> - <div class="verse">Iam tanti tibi non fuit redire.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>(<i>Of pestilent Kissers</i>: Rome bestows more kisses -on you, on your return to her after fifteen years’ -absence, than ever Lesbia gave Catullus. The whole -neighbourhood kisses you, and the hirsute countryman -presses you in his goaty embrace. One side the -weaver is upon you, the other the fuller, here the -cobbler who but now kissed his leather; here comes -<i>the owner of a perilous chin</i>, here the one-eyed man -and here the blear, and the <i>fellator</i>, and the <i>cunnilingue</i><span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">90</span> -fresh from work. Now surely to return was not of -such importance to you as all this.)</p> - - -<p class="center"><i>Book XI.</i> <i>Epigram 98:</i></p> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Ad Bassum.</span></p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Effugere non est, Basse, basiatores.</div> - <div class="verse">Instant, morantur, persequuntur, occurrunt</div> - <div class="verse">Et hinc et illinc, usquequaque, quacunque.</div> - <div class="verse"><em class="gesperrt">Non ulcus acre pustulaeve lucentes</em>,</div> - <div class="verse"><em class="gesperrt">Nec triste mentum sordidique lichenes</em>,</div> - <div class="verse">Nec labra pingui delibuta ceroto,</div> - <div class="verse">Nec congelati gutta proderit nasi.</div> - <div class="verse">Et aestuantem basiant et algentem,</div> - <div class="verse">Et nuptiale basium reservantem.</div> - <div class="verse">Non te cucullis asseret caput tectum,</div> - <div class="verse">Lectica nec te tuta pelle veloque,</div> - <div class="verse">Nec vindicabit sella saepius clausa.</div> - <div class="verse">Rimas per omnes basiator intrabit.</div> - <div class="verse">Non consulatus ipse, non tribunatus,</div> - <div class="verse">Saevique fasces, nec superba clamosi</div> - <div class="verse">Lictoris abiget virga basiatorem.</div> - <div class="verse">Sedeas in alto tu licet tribunali,</div> - <div class="verse">Et e curuli iura gentibus reddas:</div> - <div class="verse">Ascendet illa basiator atque illa:</div> - <div class="verse">Febricitantem basiabit et flentem:</div> - <div class="verse">Dabit oscitanti basium natantique,</div> - <div class="verse">Dabit et cacanti. Remedium mali solum est</div> - <div class="verse">Facias amicum, basiare quem nolis.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>(<i>To Bassus</i>: Escape the kissers, no! it is not to -be done, Bassus. They set upon you, wait for you, -pursue you, meet you, here, there, and everywhere, -in every street, at every corner. <i>Neither acrid ulcer -nor shiny pustules, neither disfigured chin</i> nor foul -scabs, nor lips anointed with pink salve, nor the -drop at the tip of a frozen nose will save you. They -kiss a man sweating with heat and starving with cold, -nay! even a man keeping his lips pure for the nuptial -kiss. A head muffled in hoods will not exempt you, -nor a litter guarded with rug and curtain, nor the -sedan kept closed most of the time get you off.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">91</span> -The kisser will in by every chink. Not the very -consulship, not the tribuneship, not the stern fasces -and threatening rod of the shouting lictor will keep -away the kisser. Though you sit exalted on the -high tribunal, or give laws to the people from the -curule seat, both to one and the other the kisser -will climb up. He will kiss a man shaking with fever, -and drivelling with cold. He will give a kiss to a -man gaping, to a man swimming, even to a man -shitting! The one and only cure for the plague is -to make a real friend, whom you will not need -to kiss).</p> - -<p>Now we shall be in a position to explain to our -satisfaction what <i>Martial</i> meant by <i>basia lasciva</i> -(wanton kisses),—XI. 24.—<i>basia maligna</i> (pestilent -kisses),—XII. 55.—and <i>Petronius</i> (ch. 23.) by his -<i>conspuere aliquem basio immundissimo</i> (to beslobber -anyone with a most filthy kiss); and we shall be in -no way surprised at the fact that <i>mentagra</i> not only -attacked the Roman nobles as a virtual epidemic, -but that the <i>velox transitus osculi</i> (the swift transmission -of a kiss) was alleged by Pliny as a reason -of its communication.</p> - -<p>Finally as to the historical factor in connection -with <i>mentagra</i>,—it is implied in the account Pliny -gives that it was <i>only at Rome</i> it was regarded as a -new disease. It must have been already known to -the Greeks, for they possessed the name <i>Lichen</i> for -it. The Greek physicians, of whom several of the -ones quoted by <i>Galen</i> lived some considerable time -before Claudius, know nothing about the disease -being a new one, while <i>Galen</i> himself says simply, -<em class="gesperrt">ἐπικρατούσης</em> ἐν τῇ πόλει τῆς μεντάγρας -λεγομέμης, (when the <i>mentagra</i> as it was called <i>was -prevalent</i> in the city). <i>Plutarch</i> again, though he -(Symposiaca bk. VIII. Quaest. 9.) wrote a special -Chapter on new diseases, with particular reference -to Elephantiasis, never mentions <i>mentagra</i> at all. He -represents it as having been introduced into Rome -from Asia, and it was from Egypt, the <i>Genetrix<span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">92</span> -talium vitiorum</i> (Mother-land of suchlike abominations), -the Physicians<a id="FNanchor_108_108" href="#Footnote_108_108" class="fnanchor">108</a> were imported who understood how -to cure the disorder. We have more than once -noted that Asia was the breeding place of sexual -excesses, and described how vice spread from thence -over different countries and how as a result of these -practices the affections of the parts naturally concerned -that arose first in Asia subsequently passed on to -these same countries. For Rome this was in an -especial degree the case with Egypt, where the -undermining of morality had gone farthest; <i>Martial</i><a id="FNanchor_109_109" href="#Footnote_109_109" class="fnanchor">109</a> -spoke justly when he said “<i>Nequitias tellus scit dare -nulla magis</i>,” (No other land knows better how to -produce finished rascality). But the intercourse with -Asia and Egypt arose mainly in the time of Pompey, -and became from that period ever more active, -while concurrently luxury was on the increase and -the old Virtus (manly virtue) of the Romans disappearing -more and more every day,—above all when -Tiberius by his own example elevated every form of -vice into a sort of fancy article demanded by fashion.</p> - -<p>Not that the Emperor went unpunished, for he -himself probably suffered from <i>mentagra</i>. <i>Julian</i><a id="FNanchor_110_110" href="#Footnote_110_110" class="fnanchor">110</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">93</span> -says of him, that when Romulus had invited to the -feast of the Saturnalia all gods and Caesars, Tiberius -appeared with the rest, “but when he turned round -to take his seat, on his back could be seen in -thousands scars, marks of burnings and scrapings, -indurated weals and callosities, results of his excesses -and wild lusts, cankers and scabs as it were burnt -in”. Nay! according to <i>Suetonius</i><a id="FNanchor_111_111" href="#Footnote_111_111" class="fnanchor">111</a> his face itself -bore <i>crebri et subtiles tumores</i> (a multitude of minute -swellings); and <i>Tacitus</i><a id="FNanchor_112_112" href="#Footnote_112_112" class="fnanchor">112</a> says of him: <i>Praegracilis et -incurva proceritas, nudus capillo vertex, ulcerosa facies, -ac plerumque medicaminibus interstincta</i>, (Tall and of -a most graceful, albeit bowed, figure; the head bald, -the face covered <i>with ulcers</i>, and generally patched -with medical plasters). When <i>Galen</i><a id="FNanchor_113_113" href="#Footnote_113_113" class="fnanchor">113</a> mentions a -τροχίσκος πρὸς ἕρπητας ὁ Τιβηρίου Καίσαρος (a -lozenge for creeping eruptions, Tiberius Caesar’s), -this does not in any way necessarily imply that this -was prescribed as a remedy against eruptive symptoms -on the <i>face</i>, for Tiberius, as we see from the passage -quoted from <i>Julian</i>, suffered from eruptions on all -the other parts of his body. Even if an affection -of the face was intended, the expression ἕρπης -(creeping eruption), in view of the marked tendency -of the disease to spread to neighbouring parts, was -not at all an unnatural one to be used; and we -may say, speaking generally, that the view which -holds the Greeks to have indicated by the word -ἕρπης any one definite and distinct form of eruption -is entirely mistaken. <i>Bertrandi</i><a id="FNanchor_114_114" href="#Footnote_114_114" class="fnanchor">114</a> indeed endeavours -to show that <i>mentagra</i> was a form of malignant -tetter. That the application of plasters as a remedy -in <i>mentagra</i> was frequently recommended and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">94</span> -employed is shown both by <i>Galen</i> and <i>Aëtius</i><a id="FNanchor_115_115" href="#Footnote_115_115" class="fnanchor">115</a>.</p> - -<p>But in proportion as the exciting cause grew ever -more and more common, the <i>cunnilingue</i> being now -no longer contented with girls, but employing for -the satisfaction of his shameful mania women and -even pregnant women as well, and at last actually -women during menstruation, the resulting consequences -were bound to occur not only more frequently -but also in a more dangerous form. At -first it was merely single pustules, which appeared -round the mouth and took possession of the chin, -and which were confounded with <i>Sycosis menti</i> -(Sycosis,—fig-like eruption of the chin), a complaint -liable to arise from other causes as well and one -long since familiar, without attracting particular attention -as anything uncommon. Later on when -neither morbid vaginal phlegm nor yet menstrual -blood repelled the <i>cunnilingue</i> any longer, there was -set up a diseased process in the cutaneous glands, -the resulting secretion rapidly drying formed a white -crust or scurf, and this was detached in flakes -resembling bran. All this could not fail to arouse -remark, and accordingly the Romans, little practised -in medical diagnosis, saw in it a new disease, which -in turn received a new name. Just as in more -modern times the introduction of Venereal disease -was attributed to a leprous Knight from the Holy -Land, so now at Rome <i>Perusinus, eques Romanus, -Quaestorius scriba</i> (Perusinus, a Roman knight, a -secretary in the Quaestorian office) was held<span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">95</span> -responsible for bringing <i>mentagra</i> from Asia. As -a matter of fact he probably got his <i>mentagra</i> -in Asia in exactly the same manner in which it was -acquired in Rome,—if indeed we are on general -grounds to give any weight to this part of the story. -At any rate modern times have given us many examples -of how much credence mankind is ready to -give to an account of the introduction of a disease -by one definite individual. But the disease did not -stop at the cutaneous glands, the hair-glands were -also involved, the hair fell away, and ulcers formed, -which spread around with destructive virulence, as -was particularly the case in Martial’s day. On the -other hand it is true deep-seated ulceration never -supervened, but the disease rather extended on the -surface from the face onwards, spreading more or -less over the whole of the rest of the body<a id="FNanchor_116_116" href="#Footnote_116_116" class="fnanchor">116</a>, and -thus assumed the form of Psora (Itch) or Lepra -(Leprosy),—a phænomenon we shall have to return -to once more later, its right appreciation being of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">96</span> -utmost importance for the History of Venereal Disease.</p> - -<p>Now, since on the one hand every <i>cunnilingue</i> is -not attacked by <i>mentagra</i>, while on the other sometimes -ulcers of the inner portion of the mouth, -sometimes <i>mentagra</i>, and the latter sometimes local, -sometimes of wide extent, are noted, the following -question calls for an answer. What circumstances -conditioned these phænomena and, generally, the -special frequency of <i>mentagra</i> in Italy? Leaving -out of account a variety of other considerations, we -are bound in this place to call in along with other -factors of our explanation some special and particular -influence of the <i>Genius epidemicus</i> (the aggregate of -epidemical conditions at large), which just at that -time favoured the rise of skin complaints. However -slight the material Antiquity affords us on this point, -and especially so far as concerns the time a little -before and after Our Lord’s birth, still we <i>do</i> find -a datum for Italy at any rate which we certainly -ought not to leave unutilized. This is the statement -of <i>Pliny</i> (ch. 5. and Bk. XX. ch. 52.) to the effect -that it was in the time of Pompey the Great, or -according to <i>Plutarch</i> (loco citato) in that of Asclepiades, -that <i>elephantiasis</i> first showed itself in Italy. -It follows that at that period favourable external -circumstances also were in existence in connection -with the conditions of disease at large,—as indeed the -ready extension of <i>mentagra</i> from the chin onwards -to the rest of the body proves even more clearly.</p> - -<p>But it must not for a moment be supposed that -therefore <i>mentagra</i> was of <i>epidemic origin</i>. Without -at all wishing to embark on the consideration of the -ætiological factors of <i>elephantiasis</i>, we may just mention -the fact that according to Pliny’s account this -disease too, equally with <i>mentagra</i>, would seem to -have always begun with the <i>face</i><a id="FNanchor_117_117" href="#Footnote_117_117" class="fnanchor">117</a>. The conjecture<span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">97</span> -is all but unavoidable, that very possibly in either -case it was the practices of the <i>cunnilingue</i> that -supplied the exciting cause for the misfortune; and -this would also probably explain how it was <i>elephantiasis</i> -came to be connected in men’s minds with -the <i>Morbus phoeniceus</i> (Phoenician disease). Still, -as already explained, this would only be equivalent -to making it responsible in <i>individual</i> cases,—cases -that tend inevitably to render the proper<span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">98</span> -understanding of the action of <i>elephantiasis</i>, as well as of -its history, considerably more difficult. May it not -also be to some extent the case that under the -general name of <i>elephantiasis</i> forms of disease of -very different sorts have been confounded? The -views held by the Ancients on this and on the other -skin diseases still remain in too much obscurity for -anyone to be able to give a decisive judgement on -the point. For the rest most probably the <i>atra lues</i> -and <i>scelerata lues</i> (black contagion, abominable contagion), -spoken of above, likewise come under -the category of <i>mentagra</i>. This we have felt -ourselves constrained to ascribe not solely to the -practise of the vice of the <i>cunnilingue</i> as a cause, -but to <i>fellation</i> also,—only that in the latter case, -as we have pointed out, it is rather the inner, in -the former rather the external parts, that became -affected.</p> - - -<h4><a name="Morbus_Campanus" id="Morbus_Campanus">Morbus Campanus.</a><br /> - -<small>(Campanian Disease).<br /> - -§ 26.</small></h4> - -<p>Several of the commentators on <i>Horace</i>, and particularly -<i>Laevinus Torrentius</i><a id="FNanchor_118_118" href="#Footnote_118_118" class="fnanchor">118</a> have referred the much-discussed -<i>Morbus Campanus</i><a id="FNanchor_119_119" href="#Footnote_119_119" class="fnanchor">119</a> to the head of <i>mentagra</i>;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">99</span> -accordingly this will be no inappropriate place at -any rate to mention it, though without aiming at a -complete explanation. <i>Horace</i> represents two buffoons, -<i>Messius</i> and <i>Sarmentus</i>, as rallying each other for -the amusement of the company:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent4">— — Messi clarum genus Osci,</div> - <div class="verse">Sarmenti domina extat, ab his maioribus orti</div> - <div class="verse">Ad pugnam venere. Prior Sarmentus: <em class="gesperrt">Equi te</em></div> - <div class="verse"><em class="gesperrt">Esse feri similem dico.</em> Ridemus: et ipse</div> - <div class="verse">Messius: <em class="gesperrt">Accipio</em>; caput et movet. <em class="gesperrt">O, tua cornu</em></div> - <div class="verse"><em class="gesperrt">Ni foret exsecto frons</em>, inquit, <em class="gesperrt">quid faceres, cum</em></div> - <div class="verse"><em class="gesperrt">Sic mutilus miniteris?</em> At illi foeda cicatrix</div> - <div class="verse">Setosam laevi frontem turpaverat oris.</div> - <div class="verse"><em class="gesperrt">Campanum in morbum</em>, in faciem permulta iocatus</div> - <div class="verse">Pastorem saltaret uti Cyclopa, rogabat;</div> - <div class="verse">Nil illi larva aut tragicis opus esse cothurnis.</div> - <div class="verse">Multa Cicirrus ad haec.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>(Messius was sprung of the renowned race of the -Oscans, Sarmentus’mistress is yet living; from these -ancestors derived, they came to the fray. First -begins Sarmentus: “I declare you are just like an -unbroken horse.” At this sally we laugh, and Messius -himself says: “I accept the likeness,” and tosses his -head. “Oh! if your horn had not been amputated -from your brow,” says he then, “what <i>would</i> you -do, since you threaten us so fiercely, mutilated as -you are?” Now an ugly scar disfigured the left -side of his shaggy brow. After making a number -of jibes at his <i>Campanian disease</i>, and his face, he -asked him to dance the shepherd Cyclops; saying -there needed no mask and tragic buskins. Many -jests Cicirrus added as well).</p> - -<p>Messius who is chiefly spoken of in the above -passage, is in the first place represented as an Oscan -by birth. Now the whole race of the Oscans was,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">100</span> -as <i>Festus</i> informs us, notorious for its unnatural -excesses in matters of Love; we read in him, p. 191: -“<em class="gesperrt">Obscum</em> duas diversas et contrarias significationes -habet. Nam Cloatius putat eo vocabulo significari -sacrum, quo etiam leges sacrae Oscae dicuntur, et -in omnibus fere antiquis commentariis scribitur -<em class="gesperrt">Opicum</em> pro Obsco, ut in Titini fabula quinta: -Qui Obsce et Volsce fabulantur, nam Latine nesciunt. -A quo etiam verba impudentia, et elata appellantur -obscena, <em class="gesperrt">quia frequentissimus fuit usus -Oscis libidinum spurcarum</em>.” (<i>Obscum</i> has -two different and contrary meanings. For Cloatius -considers <i>sacred</i> to be signified by the word, in which -sense sacred laws are spoken of as leges Oscae -(<i>Oscan</i> laws), and in almost all the old commentaries -<i>Opicum</i> is written for <i>Obscum</i>, as in the fifth Fable -of Titinius: “Who converse in <i>Obscan</i> and Volscian, -because they know not how in Latin.” Whence -also indecent words, and swelling ones, are called -<i>obscene, because the practice of unclean lusts was most -frequent among the Oscans</i><a id="FNanchor_120_120" href="#Footnote_120_120" class="fnanchor">120</a>.)</p> - -<p>Again on p. 194., “Oscos, quos dicimus, ait Verrius -Opscos ante dictos, teste Ennio, cum dicat: De -muris res gerit Opscus. Adiicit etiam, quod <em class="gesperrt">stupra -inconcessae libidinis obscena dicantur, -ab eius gentis consuetudine inducta</em>. -Quod verum esse non satis adducor, cum apud -antiquos omnes fere obscena dicta sint, quae mali -ominis habebantur.” (The <i>Oscans</i>, as we call them,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">101</span> -Verrius says were formerly called <i>Opscans</i>, on the -evidence of Ennius, for he says: “The Opscan -directs his attack upon the walls.” He adds further -that <i>debaucheries of lawless love are called “obscene”, as -taking this name from the habits of the nation in question</i>. -But I am not sufficiently convinced of the truth of -this, inasmuch as in nearly all the ancient writers -things are called <i>obscene</i> that were held to be of evil -omen). However what the <i>spurca libido</i> (unclean lust) -consisted in may be readily conjectured from the -following explanations of <i>Festus</i>: <i>Oscines aves</i> Appius -Claudius esse ait, quae <i>ore canentes</i> faciant auspicium, -ut <i>corvus</i><a id="FNanchor_121_121" href="#Footnote_121_121" class="fnanchor">121</a>, cornix, noctua, (Divinatory birds—<i>Oscines</i> -aves—are, says Appius Claudius, such as give an -augury by <i>singing with the mouth</i>, as <i>the raven</i>, the -crow, the owl); if only we remember how the <i>fellator</i>, -as was shown on a previous page, was nicknamed -<i>corvus</i> (raven). Again in an Epigram of <i>Ausonius</i> -already quoted a <i>cunnilingue</i> is called <i>Opicus magister</i>; -so that we cannot doubt the question is here -of that vice which is practised with the mouth.</p> - -<p>In another Epigram of <i>Ausonius</i> quoted and -explained above, where the different forms of the -<i>obscoena Venus</i> (obscene Love) are specified, Crispa -there mentioned practises,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse"><i>Et quam Nolanis capitalis luxus inussit</i>,</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>(That vice too which headlong wantonness branded -on the men of Nola), and this <i>capitalis luxus</i><a id="FNanchor_122_122" href="#Footnote_122_122" class="fnanchor">122</a> of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">102</span> -the men of Nola, as the general sense of the whole -passage clearly shows, is nothing else but <i>fellation</i>. -But the town of Nola was in Campania, and the -inhabitants of Campania again consisted for the most -part of Oscans; so whatever is true of the latter, -must needs also apply to the Campanians. The -Nolans and Oscans or Opicans being <i>fellators</i> and -<i>cunnilingues</i>, the Campanians must be so too; and -as a matter of fact <i>Plautus</i> (Trinum. II. 4. 144.) -tells us: <i>Campas genus multo Syrorum antidit -patientia</i>, (The Campanian race far outdoes that of -the Syrians in <i>passivity</i>).</p> - -<p>Now Messius being represented as an Oscan, and -this by way of mockery, as all expounders admit, -the point of the jest must evidently refer to this -<i>luxus capitalis</i>, and Messius accordingly be regarded -as a <i>fellator</i>. Now let us look if this view finds any -confirmation in what follows<a id="FNanchor_123_123" href="#Footnote_123_123" class="fnanchor">123</a>. First of all Sarmentus -says Messius is <i>equi feri similis</i> (like an unbroken -horse). Wherein precisely the satire of this consists<span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">103</span> -is indeed somewhat doubtful, the commentators -maintaining an obstinate silence on the point; but -there <i>must</i> be some allusion of some sort intended. -We can scarcely suppose this to be to the <i>Hectoreus -equus</i> (the Hectorean stallion) of Ovid<a id="FNanchor_124_124" href="#Footnote_124_124" class="fnanchor">124</a> or the <i>equus -supinus</i> (the stallion lying supine) of Horace,—Sat. -II. 7. 50.<a id="FNanchor_125_125" href="#Footnote_125_125" class="fnanchor">125</a>. The unbroken horse is noticeable as -galloping with head down between the fore-feet, a -position taken, as we have already pointed out, -by the <i>cunnilingue</i>, but which in accordance with -the passage of Lucian quoted above can equally -well be that of the <i>fellator</i><a id="FNanchor_126_126" href="#Footnote_126_126" class="fnanchor">126</a>. Messius must have -understood the allusion, for he says, “<i>Accipio</i>”,—<i>caput -et movet</i>, (“I accept”,—and moves his head). -Sarmentus takes the movement as a threat, for he -in his turn understands the <i>equus ferus</i> (wild horse) -in yet another sense as <i>aries</i> (a ram)<a id="FNanchor_127_127" href="#Footnote_127_127" class="fnanchor">127</a>, and adds:<span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">104</span> -If only your horn had not been amputated! What -should make you threaten to butt, <i>mutilus</i> (mutilated)<a id="FNanchor_128_128" href="#Footnote_128_128" class="fnanchor">128</a> -as you are?</p> - -<p>Now in explanation of what it was led Sarmentus -to indulge in this jest, Horace goes on to say that -Messius carried on the left side of his brow a hideous -scar. At this Sarmentus directs his wit, making -allusion to the <i>Campanus morbus</i> (Campanian disease) -and Messius’disfigured face, finishing up by asking -the latter <i>pastorem saltaret uti Cyclopa</i> (to dance the -shepherd Cyclops), adding that for this he would -need neither mask nor tragic buskins. But the -<i>Campanus morbus</i><a id="FNanchor_129_129" href="#Footnote_129_129" class="fnanchor">129</a> is indeed nothing else but the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">105</span> -<i>capitalis luxus</i> (headlong wantonness) of the Nolans, -the peculiar vice of the Oscans, <i>fellation</i> in fact, -which Messius practised, and to which he owed his -<i>foeda cicatrix</i> (hideous scar), his disfigured face; -and on both these points Sarmentus proceeds to -rally him at great length (<i>permulta iocatus</i>,—indulging -in very many jests), without Horace however recording -his wit any further. In the <i>pastorem Cyclopa saltare</i> -(to dance the shepherd Cyclops) again is contained -an allusion that has hitherto been quite misunderstood, -one which <i>Lucian</i> in his Pseudologistae (ch. 27.) -will best explain for us. He says to Timarchus: -“But in Italy, great gods! you acquired the -heroic nickname of ὁ Κύκλωψ (the Cyclops), -because at one time you wanted to practise -your vice in imitation of the old legend, as it is -found in <i>Homer</i>, and actually, as you lay there -drunk, held the κισσύβιον (wassail-bowl) in your -hand like a wanton Polyphemus; and the young -man hired for the purpose with outstretched <i>hasta</i> -(spear), that was well sharpened, threw himself upon -you like another Odysseus, to thrust out your eye<a id="FNanchor_130_130" href="#Footnote_130_130" class="fnanchor">130</a>.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Yet did he miss his aim, and the spear turned slantwise beside you;</div> - <div class="verse">So that its point sped past, the edge of your chin merely grazing.</div> -</div></div></div> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">106</span></p> -<p>Thus it is by no means unreasonable to speak of -you as using “cold-mouthed phrases” (Ψυχρολογεῖν). -But you, Cyclops, opening your mouth, and gaping -as wide as mortal man can, had your cheeks plugged -by him, or better you longed, as Charybdis with the -ships was fain to swallow down helm and sail and -all, you longed to absorb the whole Οὖτις (No-man).”</p> - -<p>Finally the nickname Messius bears, <i>Cicirrus</i> or -<i>Cicerrus</i>, would seem to embody a jesting allusion, -as it was no doubt given him on account of -his throaty, croaking voice. It signifies the same -thing as κερκίδες (hawks) in Dio Chrysostom, -and like that word is to be derived from κέρχω -(to croak)<a id="FNanchor_131_131" href="#Footnote_131_131" class="fnanchor">131</a>.</p> - -<p>The <i>Morbus Phoeniceus</i> (Phoenician disease) was -not, as we have seen, elephantiasis at all, and neither -was the <i>Morbus Campanus</i> (Campanian disease) -mentagra. But just as elephantiasis might supervene -as a consequence of <i>Morbus Phoeniceus</i>, so the <i>foeda -cicatrix</i> (hideous scar), a mark left behind it by a -previous malady, was a consequence of the <i>Morbus -Campanus</i>. Now what was the nature of this malady -that the mark it left behind showed as a <i>foeda -cicatrix</i>, is precisely what we would wish to determine. -The Commentators all take the <i>cornu exsectum</i> -(a horn amputated) as giving the explanation, though -this is by no means absolutely necessary according -to the general drift of the passage as explained; -and Sarmentus might perfectly well under these -circumstances, arguing from the presence of a scar, -assume or at any rate profess to assume as the cause -from which this had originated, the previous existence -of a horny excrescence, without the latter as an -actual matter of fact having ever had any previous -existence. To us at any rate the <i>cornu exsectum</i> -appears to stand in only a remote connection with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">107</span> -the <i>foeda cicatrix</i>, which was no doubt later on made -the subject of manifold further witticisms; only -Horace has given us no more details about the matter, -either because they had entirely escaped his memory, -or possibly because he had not perfectly grasped -the point of these jokes. Certainly the conspicuously -placed <i>at</i> (but) seems to point to a distinction of what -follows from what precedes—unless indeed it is so -placed merely to mark the transition from the <i>oratio -directa</i> to the <i>oratio indirecta</i>.</p> - -<p>However, granted there actually was an excrescence -previously existing, which had been removed -by the knife, of what nature was the said excrescence? -It is scarcely possible, with Heindorf, to -suppose the Satyriasis of Aristotle<a id="FNanchor_132_132" href="#Footnote_132_132" class="fnanchor">132</a> to be intended -here; with much greater probability <i>Schneider</i> in his -Greek Dictionary, under the word διονυσιακὸς -(Dionysiac, connected with Dionysus) drew attention -to the definition of <i>Galen</i> (edit. Kühn XIX. p. 443.): -διονυσίσκοι εἰσὶν ὀστώδεις ὑπεροχαὶ ἐγγὺς κροτάφων -γιγνόμεναι. λέγονται δὲ κέρατα ἀπὸ τῶν -κερασφορούντων ζάων κεκλημένα. (διονυσίσκοι -are bony excrescences growing near the temples, -and they are called horns, so named from the -animals that carry horns). A passage of <i>Heliodorus</i> -(<i>Cocchi Ant., Graecorum chirurgici libri, e collect. -Nicetae Florent.</i> 1754. fol., p. 125.) which <i>Oribasius, -De fracturis</i>, has preserved, gives a slightly different -account; it reads: Ὀστώδης ἐπίφυσις ἐν παντὶ μὲν -γίγνεται μέρει τοῦ σώματος, πλεοναζόντως δὲ ἐ<span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">108</span>ν -τῇ κεφαλῇ, μάλιστα δὲ πλησίον τῶν κροτάφων· -Ὅταν δὲ δύο ἐπιφύσεις γένωνται πλησιάζουσαι -τοῖς κροτάφοις, κέρατα ταῦτα τινες εἴωθασιν -ὀνομάζειν, ἔνιοι δὲ <em class="gesperrt">διονυσιακοὺς</em> τοὺς οὕτω -πεπονθότας ἀνθρώπους προσηγόρευσαν. (Bony -outgrowth may occur in every part of the body, but -pre-eminently on the head, and particularly near -the temples. But when there are two such growths -in the neighbourhood of the temples, some are wont -to call them <i>horns</i>, but others name the patients so -afflicted διονυσιακοὶ). Then follows the description -of the outgrowth, and the method of its removal -by excision. On this passage <i>Cocchi</i> found an old -marginal gloss from the hand of Nicotas (?), κέρατα -μὲν λέγεται ἀπὸ τῆς τῶν κεράτων ἐκφύσεως, τῶν -γιγνομένων τοῖς ἀλόγοις ζώοις. <em class="gesperrt">Διονυσιακοὺς</em> -δὲ αὐτοὺς προσαγορεύουσιν, ἀπὸ τῆς πρὸς τὸν -θεὸν ἐμφερείας <em class="gesperrt">ὡς αὐτός</em> φησιν ἐν τοῖς χειρουργουμένοις,—(they -are called horns from the -growth of the horns that appear on the lower -animals. And they name them διονυσιακοὶ from -the likeness to the god Dionysus, as he says himself, -in the carved figures),—which on the whole -confirms the statement of Heliodorus, though he -(Cocchi) prefers, following this indication, to -emend the passage of Galen also so as to read, -διονυσιακοί, <em class="gesperrt">οἷς</em> ὀστώδεις ὑπεροχαὶ ἐγγὺς κροτάφων -<em class="gesperrt">γίγνονται</em>, (Dionysiaci, so they are called, -i.e. those in whom bony excrescences grow near -the temples). This much, that we should read -διονυσιακοὶ for διονυσίσκοι, is evident, but whether -the rest of the emendations are to be accepted may -well be open to doubt, as the second clause of the -sentence, “and they are called κέρατα (horns), so -named from the animals that carry horns”, obviously -implies that the term διονυσιακοὶ is used in reference -not to the individual, but to the outgrowth. -Schneider indeed agrees with the emendation of -Cocchi, but has in error put Sarmentus in the place -of Messius.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">109</span></p> - -<p>Now supposing the latter has actually had an -earlier bony outgrowth, it is not exactly evident why -after its skilful removal a <i>foeda cicatrix</i> (hideous scar) -should have remained,—if indeed we do not prefer -to regard the <i>foedus</i> (hideous, foul) as perhaps pointing -to the <i>cause</i> that had occasioned the outgrowth in -question. In that case it would certainly be interesting -to see thus referred to the vice of the <i>fellator</i> -affections of the bones carrying the same meaning -as our own tophi (concretions on the bone in -gouty affections). But in all probability it was -merely cutaneous tubercles that had been removed -by surgical means, the actual cautery or the knife, -and these, as is invariably their nature to do, had left -behind an ugly scar. Thus Messius would seem to -have resembled Calvus <i>tuberossimae frontis</i> (with brow -most thickly covered with tubercles) in Petronius -(ch. 15.) and the face represented on a gem, of -which a delineation is said to be found in <i>Corius’</i> -Museum Etruriae Plate II. fig. 3.,—a work we have -been unable to procure. But enough of the Morbus -Campanus<a id="FNanchor_133_133" href="#Footnote_133_133" class="fnanchor">133</a>!</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">110</span></p> - - -<h3><a id="Sodomy_or_Bestiality"></a>Sodomy, or Bestiality.<br /> - -<small>§ 27.</small></h3> - - -<p>In the various forms of vice hitherto considered -we have seen mankind approximating more and more -closely to the animal and putting himself to a greater -or less degree on the same footing; now we behold -him in <i>Sodomy</i><a id="FNanchor_134_134" href="#Footnote_134_134" class="fnanchor">134</a> sinking finally far <i>below</i> the level -of the animal, renouncing not merely the human but -even the animal nature, in virtue of which he has -been able so far to call himself at lowest a member -of the species. So it is with complete justice that -<i>Plutarch</i><a id="FNanchor_135_135" href="#Footnote_135_135" class="fnanchor">135</a> says:<span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">111</span> “At gallus si gallum conscendat -absente gallina, vivus comburitur, aruspice aliquo -pronuntiante grave atroxque id esse ostentum. Ita -ipsi homines hoc confessi sunt, castitate a brutis -se superari, eaque naturae vim non facere voluptatum -percipiendarum causa. Vestras libidines natura, -quamquam legis auxilio fulta, tamen intra suos non -potest coercere fines: quin eae instar fluvii exundantes -atrocem foeditatem, tumultum confusionemque -naturae gignant in re venerea. Nam et capras, -porcas, equas iniverunt viri, et feminae insano -mascularum bestiarum amore exarserunt. Ex huiusmodi -enim coitibus vobis sunt Minotauri, Silvani -seu Aegipanes atque (ut mea fert sententia) etiam -Sphinges et Centauri nati[136]. Enimvero fame coactus -canis aut avis aliquando cadavere humano vescitur; -ad coitum nullus unquam est homo a bestia sollicitatus, -bestias vero cum ad hanc, tum ad alias -voluptates vos vi trahitis ac contra jus usurpatis.” -(But if the cock tread the cock in the absence of -the hen, he is burned alive, any augur pronouncing -this to be a serious and sinister prodigy. -Thus men have themselves admitted that they are -surpassed by brutes in chastity, and that the latter -do not do violence to nature with a view to the -gratification of their desires. Whereas your lusts -nature cannot, though seconded by the aid of law, -restrain within their due bounds, or stay them from -overflowing like a river in flood and producing horrid -abominations, a wild cataclysm and confusion of -nature in matters of love. For men have had intercourse -with she-goats and sows and mares, while -women have been inflamed with mad love of male -beasts. Indeed it is from such unions that your -Minotaurs have been engendered, and Silvani or -Aegipans, and—as I suppose,—the Sphinxes too and -Centaurs<a id="FNanchor_136_136" href="#Footnote_136_136" class="fnanchor">136</a>. True under compulsion of hunger, dog -and bird sometimes feed on a human corpse; but -no man has ever been invited to coition by any -beast, though you constrain beasts by force to this -as well as to other shameful pleasures, and use them -contrary to all right).</p> - -<p>Like all other forms of vicious lust, Sodomy too -was an outcome of Asiatic<a id="FNanchor_137_137" href="#Footnote_137_137" class="fnanchor">137</a> and Egyptian luxury,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">112</span> -and already in quite early times familiar in those -regions,—in fact, as is the case with sexual excesses -generally, this vice appears to have developed from -the religious cult of the countries named. Among -the Egyptians<a id="FNanchor_138_138" href="#Footnote_138_138" class="fnanchor">138</a> at any rate we meet with Mendes, -the sacred Goat or Pan, worshipped by means of -Sodomy on the part of his female devotees, who -were shut up along with him.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_113">113</span></p> - -<p><i>Boettiger</i><a id="FNanchor_139_139" href="#Footnote_139_139" class="fnanchor">139</a> goes so far as to conjecture that the -tame snakes in the temple of Aesculapius, which -were also kept in private houses<a id="FNanchor_140_140" href="#Footnote_140_140" class="fnanchor">140</a> as a plaything of -the women, were trained and employed by them -for purposes of Sodomy. In confirmation a passage -is brought forward in this connection by <i>Forberg</i>, -loco citato, p. 368, from <i>Suetonius</i><a id="FNanchor_141_141" href="#Footnote_141_141" class="fnanchor">141</a>, in which the -mother of Augustus, Atia, is spoken of: “In Asclepiadis -Mendetis Θεολογουμένων libris lego, Atiam -cum ad sollemne Apollinis sacrum media nocte -venisset, posita in templo lectica, dum ceterae -matronae dormirent, obdormisse; draconem repente -irrepsisse ad eam paulloque post egressum: illamque -expergefactam <em class="gesperrt">quasi a concubitu mariti -purificasse se</em> et statim in corpore eius -exstitisse maculam, velut depicti draconis, nec -potuisse unquam eximi, adeo ut mox publicis balneis -perpetuo abstinuerit”<a id="FNanchor_142_142" href="#Footnote_142_142" class="fnanchor">142</a>. (In the books of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">114</span> -<i>Theologoumena</i> (sacred writings) of the Asclepiad -Mendes I read how Atia, who had come to the -wonted festival of Apollo at midnight, when her litter -had been set down in the Temple, and the other -matrons were sleeping, herself fell asleep; how a snake -suddenly crept in to her, and presently emerged -again; and how on waking she <i>purified herself as -after intercourse with her husband</i>, and immediately -there appeared a mark on her body, representing -the likeness of a snake, which could never be got -rid of, so much so that soon she left off ever after -frequenting the public baths).</p> - -<p>However the Roman women seem to have especially -made use of the ass<a id="FNanchor_143_143" href="#Footnote_143_143" class="fnanchor">143</a> for the satisfaction of their -<i>nymphomania</i>, an animal that was famed in Antiquity -for its salaciousness.</p> - -<p>That under such circumstances the women’s genitals, -and the men’s no less, were exposed to many sorts -of injury, may be readily supposed; though we have<span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">115</span> -sought in vain so far for any direct evidence of the -fact. So we may perhaps be allowed to quote here -an observation originating with <i>Abu Oseibah</i>, De -vitis medicorum illustrium, (On the Lives of Famous -Physicians), according to <i>Reiske</i><a id="FNanchor_144_144" href="#Footnote_144_144" class="fnanchor">144</a>. This properly -speaking belongs to a later period chronologically, -but it is pertinent in the present connection. Reiske -says: “Caput XIII. habet observationem—2. de -ingenti <em class="gesperrt">penis inflammatione, quae nata -fuerat ex impuro cum bestia concubitu</em>, -cum coruncula urethram obstruente, -sanata modo prorsum empirico atque crudeli. Impositum -glabro lapidi penem medicus subito praeter -aegri expectationem, qua poterat vi percutiebat -manu in pugnum coacta, ut obturaculum et ulcus -dissiliret. Sapit hic casus <em class="gesperrt">luem veneream</em>; -et posset inservire illis pro argumento, qui morbum -hunc etiam veteribus cognitum fuisse contendunt. -Cadit autem is casus circa annum Christi 940.” -(Chapter XIII contains the following observation,—2. -Of a violent <i>inflammation of the penis, which had -originated in unclean intercourse with a beast</i>, with a -coruncle, or knot, constricting the urethra, cured in -a manner to the last degree empirical and cruel. -The penis being laid on a rough stone, the Physician -suddenly when the patient was not expecting it, struck -it as heavily as ever he could with his doubled fist, -so that the stoppage and ulcer might burst. This -case has a smack of the <i>Venereal disease</i> about it; and -might serve as an argument for those who hold that -this disease was known to the Ancients as well. But -the case falls about the year of Our Lord 940.)</p> - - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">116</span></p> - - -<h3><a name="Climate" id="Climate">Climate.</a><br /> - -<small>§ 28.</small></h3> - -<p>Now that we have made ourselves acquainted with -the various use to which the Ancients put the genital -organs, we are confronted inevitably with the question,—how -were the genitals themselves affected by -it all? Impossible to suppose they can have preserved -their integrity absolutely intact, while at the same -time such parts as were substituted in use for the -one or the other form of them, were exposed,—as -is abundantly proved by the different diseases -described, diseases affecting the <i>pathic</i>, the <i>fellator</i> -and the <i>cunnilingue</i> respectively,—to manifold complaints, -and very often had to pay severely for the -misuse to which they were put. Granting that the -unnatural use of the mouth and the rectum must -necessarily have endangered those parts specifically -more than the penis, an organ particularly adapted -and intended for friction, still this will by no means -imply the entire immunity of the latter from ill -effects. Indeed the fact of such immunity is sufficiently -disproved by the passages quoted specifically -under paederastia, without taking into account -at all the large number of actual maladies of the -genitals that are mentioned by professional and -non-professional writers of Antiquity. With some -of these we have already made acquaintance,—maladies -which no one would for a moment think -of ascribing <i>exclusively</i> to the practice of the vice of -paederastia.</p> - -<p>Accordingly we must look for other factors, which -being in part unconnected with the use of the -genitals, are not like this to be regarded as an -immediately efficient cause, but rather as predisposing -circumstances, exercising from the first an independent -influence on the normal condition of those organs. -For mere use or misuse cannot possibly be taken -as in itself a sufficient reason to account for disease, -even though the Ancients may have looked upon<span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">117</span> -complaints of the genitals partly as a direct consequence -of <i>illicita Venus</i> (unlawful Love), or in other -words as it were a result of the vengeance of outraged -Nature. The genitals, like all organs of the human -body, exhibit over and above their functional activity -on behalf of the general organism and its reproduction, -evidences also of an independent activity directed -towards the maintenance of their own integrity and -individual existence,—and these are bound to differ -more or less according to difference of locality and -difference of time, as indeed may be predicated of -the organism as a whole, if we trust the indications -it gives.</p> - -<p>Now this differentiation according to locality is -conditioned above all else by climate; hence the -question we have now first of all to answer is this: -<i>what influence did climate manifest in Ancient times -on the activity of the genital organs in general and in -particular?</i> and, <i>to what extent may a factor favourable -to the rise of affections of the genitals be deduced -from it?</i> True, direct information on the point has -so far reached us only sparingly, still such as we -have is enough to justify a general view on the -whole question, especially if we reinforce it with the -results of more recent observation,—always provided -this be done with proper precaution, for we sometimes -find the Ancients commending the climate of -a particular country as being exceedingly healthy, -whereas in more modern times exactly the opposite -is noted. As the evidence extant and available -extends only to Asia, and in particular Syria, -Palestine and Asia Minor, to Egypt, Greece and -Italy, there can for the present be no question except -as to the climate of these countries.</p> - -<p>Next as to <i>the influence of sexual activity in general</i>, -<i>Hippocrates</i><a id="FNanchor_145_145" href="#Footnote_145_145" class="fnanchor">145</a> himself tells us, after discussing the -climate of Asia:<span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">118</span> “But ἡδονή (pleasure) must necessarily -predominate (among them), and this is why -among animals so many varieties are found; and I -suppose this to be equally true in the case of the -Egyptians and Lydians also.” Of course ἡδονή in -this passage signifies concupiscence in particular;—no -special proof is needed of this. As a matter of -fact we observe at the present day how in hot -climates, where the whole vegetative life presents a -luxuriant character, and all Nature appears to feel -the procreative impulse unceasingly, man too falls -in with the universal stress and strain of each species -to maintain its foothold. Yet as this must inevitably -be done at the expense of the individual life, we -see the effort very frequently resulting in the production -of barren or sexless blossoms, and not fruit at -all. The son of the South is like a tree growing in -rich, rank soil; he ripens betimes to the sexual life, -but equally early is constrained to abandon it again. -The youthful imagination springs up in its fresh -quick activity, while the body withers concurrently, -and stung by lust,—lust that is yet further exaggerated -by the misuse of <i>aphrodisiacs</i>, at last has nothing -left but to drag out an invalid existence, finding a -morbid gratification in the artificial ways and means -whereby imagination, sickened and debauched by its -own extravagances, seeks to supply from extraneous -sources the failing titillation of desire the organ -craves. No better confirmation of all this can be -found than what is supplied already in our investigations -as so far conducted.</p> - -<p>We saw how in Asia lust and its abominable -brood arose and extended thence over neighbouring -lands, and how the rhythmic rites of the <i>Venus -ebria</i> (drunken Venus) could indeed refine, but hardly -increase their excesses. Babylon, Syria and Egypt -were the nurseries of licentiousness, finding only at -Rome a really self-taught and competent rival. The -clear sky of Greece could cover only inhabitants of -corresponding character in body and mind, and -none but a Greek was capable of setting up the -ideal, and verifying it in practice, of a fair soul in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">119</span> -a fair body. Deep as the Greek may have sunk -in degradation after the fall of national liberty and -under foreign influence, and though unbridled lust -may have often mastered individuals, it never -dominated the nation as a whole, it was artificially -brought into existence and was never dependent on -climate. Even at Rome, colossal as was the scale -on which vice manifested itself, it ever remained -but a foreign importation, for which foreign wantons -had first paved the way at a period when the -climate of Asia exerted a more immediate influence -there than that of Greece.</p> - -<p>Like licentiousness in general, Polygamy also, in -part owing its existence to it as it does, was a -consequence of the Asiatic climate; but how far it -may be fairly held to have influenced the rise of -Venereal disease, we do not as yet venture to decide; -we feel constrained to keep this point over for later -investigations. The same applies to Polyandry,—in -its strict sense, when we regard it as a form of -marriage; though of course over and above this it -comes into connection with vice, inasmuch as every -prostitute lives in a state of Polyandry, as does -every amateur of the sex in one of Polygamy. Under -these circumstances affections of the genitals cannot -but arise among persons otherwise healthy, as every -Physician of large practice can verify by examples, -and as experiments on animals have sufficiently -demonstrated to be the case<a id="FNanchor_146_146" href="#Footnote_146_146" class="fnanchor">146</a>. Nevertheless these -hints, for we cannot and ought not to look upon -them as anything more than hints, as any more -complete discussion would carry us too far a-field -for our present purpose,—may very well suffice to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">120</span> -recall to the reader’s memory the influence exerted -by climate on the genital functions, especially as -adequate proofs in confirmation of all this are -comprised in our preceding Sections.</p> - - -<h4>§ 29.</h4> - -<p>Far more important in view of our immediate -object is the <i>influence exerted by Climate on the -individual activity of the genital organs</i>, and here -again we have in the first place to fix our eyes on -Asia and Egypt. The burning rays of the sun to -which these regions and their inhabitants are exposed, -increase in a marked way the activity of the skin, -and of course in the same proportion do the secretions -from the mucous surfaces become less in quantity, -but their product more highly charged in quality. -Then, this being the case, a certain acridity or -corroding quality of the secretion is readily set up, -often making itself noticeable by a characteristic -smell. This same influence must equally manifest -itself in the mucous membrane of the inner parts -of the genitals, and vaginal mucus accordingly acquire -an acrid quality<a id="FNanchor_147_147" href="#Footnote_147_147" class="fnanchor">147</a>, if it is not removed pretty frequently -from the surface of the membrane, and -becoming as it were rancid, exert a corrosive effect -on everything it comes in contact with<a id="FNanchor_148_148" href="#Footnote_148_148" class="fnanchor">148</a>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">121</span></p> - -<p>Now shortly before as well as shortly after the -commencement of menstruation the secretion of -mucus in the genitals is increased, and thus the -menstrual blood, having in any case a tendency to -decomposition, will mingle with this acrid, strong-smelling -mucous discharge, and in this way assume -a foul, acrid character itself<a id="FNanchor_149_149" href="#Footnote_149_149" class="fnanchor">149</a>. This is the origin<span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">122</span> -of the ill repute into which menstrual blood, and -this especially in hot climates, has fallen from the -earliest times onwards, for no doubt the virulent -qualities alleged against it really belong to it solely -and entirely as a result of the admixture with it of -this vaginal mucus. Sea-water and fresh river-water -are each of them separately innocuous for health, -but mix them together so as to make brackish water, -and the exhalations given off become highly detrimental!</p> - -<p>A similar state of things exists also in connection -with the male genital organs. The surface of the -<i>glans penis</i>, where it lies contiguous to the external -skin, exhibits along with the latter an increased -secretion from the sebaceous follicles<a id="FNanchor_150_150" href="#Footnote_150_150" class="fnanchor">150</a>, the discharge -from which, if it is allowed to remain any length<span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">123</span> -of time between the prepuce and the <i>glans</i><a id="FNanchor_151_151" href="#Footnote_151_151" class="fnanchor">151</a>, likewise -acquires an acrid quality; then re-acting on these -parts, sets up an inflammatory condition of the aforesaid -sebaceous follicles. “In fact”, says <i>Niebuhr</i><a id="FNanchor_152_152" href="#Footnote_152_152" class="fnanchor">152</a> -“the Medical Officer of the English at Haleb (Russel) -ascertained that in hot countries more copious -humours collect about the <i>glans penis</i> than in cold; -and a friend of mine in India, who in that hot -climate had employed only the ordinary European -precautions to ensure cleanliness, got a sort of ulcers -on the <i>glans</i>, an inconvenience he would have been -much more likely to escape, had he been circumcised. -Subsequently he always washed this part of his -person very carefully, and from that time forth -experienced no trace of a recurrence of the trouble. -Washing the whole body and particularly the privates -is an absolute necessity in hot countries; and it is -perhaps for this reason that the religious founders -of the Jews, the Mohammedans, the Fire-Worshippers, -the Heathen in India, etc., have commanded the -observation of this practice.”</p> - -<p>In close accord with this is the story <i>Flavius -Josephus</i><a id="FNanchor_153_153" href="#Footnote_153_153" class="fnanchor">153</a> relates of <i>Apion</i> the Egyptian:<span class="pagenum" id="Page_124">124</span> “Wherefore -it appears to me Apion deservedly paid a fitting -penalty for his scorn of ancestral customs; for only -when forced by necessity was he circumcised, -ulceration having been set up about his privates (his -<i>glans penis</i>); and as a matter of fact the circumcision -proved vain, for gangrene supervened, and he died -in terrible pain.” Again the passage just quoted will -also afford a clear understanding of the following -from <i>Philo</i><a id="FNanchor_154_154" href="#Footnote_154_154" class="fnanchor">154</a>:</p> - -<p>“Therefore were it more becoming, quitting childish -and frivolous mockery altogether, intelligently and -earnestly to investigate the causes in which this -custom (Circumcision) originated, rather than to -accuse whole nations of folly in a spirit of mere -prejudice. It certainly does not seem probable to -an intelligent enquirer, approaching the question in -this mood, that so many thousands of folk in every -age should have been circumcised without a sufficient -cause, submitting to great pain merely to mutilate -their own and their children’s bodies. On the other -hand there are many inducements to adopt outright -and follow up the custom of our forefathers; and -in an especial degree the four following. First, <i>the -prevention of a virulent disease and one very difficult -to cure</i>. This is known as <i>Anthrax</i>,—a denomination -derived, as I suppose, from the ardent (fierce)<span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">125</span> -burning (ἀπὸ τοῦ καίειν ἐντυφόμενον) that accompanies -it, and <i>readily arises in such as have the -foreskin intact</i>. Secondly, to secure that purity of -the whole person obligatory upon the Priestly caste. -Whence it comes that the Priests in Egypt also -scrupulously shave the whole body; for there is -something collects and is deposited underneath the -hair as well as under the foreskin, that must be -removed.”</p> - -<p>From a comparison of these two passages from -Niebuhr and from Philo respectively it may be -gathered that the <i>anthrax</i> disease above mentioned -did not in any way owe its rise to a <i>specifically</i> -syphilitic origin, as has been now and again assumed -by different enquirers. What we really learn from -them is to recognize the liability of the sebaceous -follicles of the <i>glans penis</i> to lapse into a condition -of ulceration. True this tendency can be minimised -to some extent by circumcision, as well as by -unremitting care to secure cleanliness; yet it can -never be completely removed, conditioned as it -really is by climatic influences that do not admit -of elimination. When once the corroding vaginal -mucus of the woman, particularly in combination with -the menstrual blood with its readiness to undergo -putrefaction<a id="FNanchor_155_155" href="#Footnote_155_155" class="fnanchor">155</a> re-acting on the mucous membrane,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_126">126</span> -has set up sores and ulcers, then follows as a necessary -consequence a still more dangerous mixture of -matter and mucus. Next when under these conditions -the man’s <i>glans</i>, possessing as it does an equally -great liability in its cutaneous glands to be attacked -by ulceration, enters in coition a vagina in this -state, it cannot occasion much surprise if blennorhoea -of the urethra or ulceration of the <i>glans penis</i> -supervene<a id="FNanchor_156_156" href="#Footnote_156_156" class="fnanchor">156</a>, especially if we consider the fact that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">127</span> -the act of coition sets the organs concerned in -enhanced activity, making them more susceptible -than ever to external injurious irritations. This is -yet more likely to be the case, as concurrently a -large amount of secretion is yielded by the morbidly -affected mucous surface of the vagina, and very -possibly this secretion undergoes under the influence -of nervous excitation (as the saliva does under the -influence of anger) some vital-chemical, contagious -alteration of composition. Again supposing the woman -to be at the time of coition actually in menstruation, -a period when her genital organs are <i>ipso facto</i> -roused to a condition of exaggerated activity, the -disturbance must be yet greater, and the mischief -resulting even more manifest.</p> - -<p>This will in part account for the fact that ulcers -on the genitals, brought about by coition, are so -ready in Asia to assume a putrid character, and -show that the Ancients had good reason to designate -them by the name ἄνθραξ (anthrax, malignant -pustule). For that ἄνθραξ was actually a consequence -of coition we may see from a passage, already cited -by Hensler and Simon, from Bishop <i>Palladius</i><a id="FNanchor_157_157" href="#Footnote_157_157" class="fnanchor">157</a>, who<span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">128</span> -relates of a certain Hero, how the Demon led him<span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">129</span> -to Alexandria, how he there visited theatres and horse-races, -and roamed round the taverns. “And<span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">130</span> -thus, being by this time a glutton and a drunkard, -he <i>fell moreover into the mire of lust after women</i>; -and being now set upon sinning, <i>he lived with a -certain actress</i>, (and had carnal intercourse with her?). -<i>Then when he had done all this, by a (Divine) providence -he got an “anthrax” on the glans penis; and was so -sick for six months that his (private) parts rotted away -and dropped off of themselves.</i> But subsequently -recovering and getting off with the loss of these -members, coming to a knowledge of God and a -remembrance of the heavenly kingdom, and after -confessing all that had befallen him, he fell asleep -a few days afterwards, without having had the time -to manifest works (of repentance).” In spite of the -difficulties some of the expressions in the text -exhibit, the main fact is perfectly plain, and admits -of no doubt whatever, viz. that Hero had brought -the ἄνθραξ on himself by carnal intercourse with -an actress, and the moral reflections Palladius tags -on to it cannot invalidate the fact. The objections -<i>Astruc</i> raises against the conclusiveness of the passage -have already been refuted by <i>Hensler</i> (Geschichte -der Lustseuche,—History of Venereal Disease, I. -pp. 317 sqq.), who while citing as parallel instances -the passages adduced by <i>Becket</i> from the early -XVth Century, very justly remarks: “What proof -<i>would</i> they have, if this is not conclusive?”</p> - -<p>Did the female genitals perhaps receive the names -ἐσχάρα (scab) and ἄνθραξ (malignant pustule), -<i>because</i> they very often made men a present of -these things?!</p> - -<p>In any case it is an interesting fact that to this -day in India <i>anthrax</i> and chancrous ulcers are -looked upon as akin, and both according to <i>Sir -William Jones</i> (Asiatic Researches Vol. II.) are known -by the name Nar Farsi or Ateshi Farsi (<i>Ignis -Persicus</i>—Persian Fire) to the Cabirajas or Indian -physicians. Now if we think of the great care taken<span class="pagenum" id="Page_131">131</span> -by the Jews to ensure the multiplication of their -race, the readiness with which various forms of -ulceration pass over into mortification in hot localities,—as -is shown by the examples of Apion and -Hero,—and consequently the serious liability of the -organs of generation to be destroyed, it will occasion -less surprise when we read among the laws of -<i>Moses</i><a id="FNanchor_158_158" href="#Footnote_158_158" class="fnanchor">158</a> the following injunction: “And if a man -shall lie with a woman having her sickness, and shall -uncover her nakedness; he hath discovered her -fountain, and she hath uncovered the fountain of her -blood; and both of them shall be cut off from -among their people.” Surely great and serious -resulting injuries must in no inconsiderable number -of instances have been before his eyes for a Lawgiver -to feel himself constrained to assign the death penalty -to the act of coition with women during menstruation,—and -this in spite of the fact that he had -already in a general way declared the woman at -this time, as well as everything she touched, to be -unclean. Again on the other hand coition with -women in this condition must with the Jews have -been amongst things practised with more than ordinary<span class="pagenum" id="Page_132">132</span> -frequency, if only such an extreme punishment availed -to check it; and so we cannot really be surprised -to find that the Holy Books of that Nation perhaps -earlier than the writings of any other People were -acquainted only too well with diseases of the genital -organs acquired by coition. The particular disease -that broke out in consequence of the worship of -Baal-Peor has been discussed above in §§ 8 and 9; -while the fact that the Mosaic books contain the -first traces of a knowledge of <i>Gonorrhoea</i> has long -been regarded as proved beyond a doubt<a id="FNanchor_159_159" href="#Footnote_159_159" class="fnanchor">159</a>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_133">133</span></p> - -<p>If the Climate already exerted such an influence -on the aboriginal inhabitants, how much greater must -this have been where foreigners were concerned, on -whom all endemic excitants of disease in a country -notoriously work with augmented virulence. In -Antiquity this fact must have been even more -conspicuously true, inasmuch as at that period the -Nations still remained much more unmixed than -they subsequently became. It is a thing which -always hitherto, speaking generally, has been far too -little taken account of by Pathologists, but which is -surely of vast importance in connection with the rise -and spread of Venereal disease,—without its being -in any way implied that we must necessarily therefore -adopt the theory of its American origin<a id="FNanchor_160_160" href="#Footnote_160_160" class="fnanchor">160</a>. If<span class="pagenum" id="Page_134">134</span> -we are not much mistaken, this factor was operative -also in the case of the Plague of Baal-Peor. Now -what holds good for the Jews, must equally hold -good for the other peoples of Asia and of Egypt, -and even in an enhanced degree, since these, as -we have seen above, gave way to vicious indulgence -to a yet more excessive degree.</p> - -<p>Nevertheless, then as now distinctions no doubt -existed, and probably in Antiquity as at the present -day there were districts, whose physical conditions -of climate might be regarded as actually forming a -counteracting factor, and where in spite of excesses -the genital organs seldom became diseased. The -evidence for this must be given by later investigations, -for we must of necessity first possess a geographical -Nosology of Venereal disease at the present day, if -we are ever to succeed in finding and utilizing the -materials for the same in Antiquity. What has been -so far collected by the meritorious <i>Schnurrer</i> in his -Geographical Nosology is too incomplete to justify -us at present in drawing any certain conclusions, -more particularly as the greatest part of the material -contributed by him is drawn from the communications -of non-medical enquirers.</p> - -<p>The climate of <i>Greece</i> neither exercised any <span class="pagenum" id="Page_135">135</span>pre-eminently -stimulating effect on the sexual activity -of the genitals, nor yet did it afford a ground for -the enhancement of their individual activity. Thus -enjoying as it did in consequence of that happy -combination of its seasons justly celebrated by ancient -Writers<a id="FNanchor_161_161" href="#Footnote_161_161" class="fnanchor">161</a> the advantages, without the disadvantages, -of the Tropics, and its inhabitants possessing all -functions in a more vigorous proportion, the climate -could not possibly have been directly favourable to -the rise of affections of the genitals; and for this -reason made unnecessary all precautionary measures -aimed at them, such as were required in Asia. <i>Italy</i> -exhibits but little analogy with the Greek climate; -still it cannot certainly without considerable qualification -be reckoned among factors favourable to maladies -of the genital organs. From this we may at any -rate partly explain why the physicians of Greece -and Rome give so little satisfactory information on -the diseases in question, though indeed, as we shall -see presently, in this case other and quite distinct -factors were at work.</p> - - -<h4>§ 30.</h4> - -<p>We have now seen that Climate is <i>ipso facto</i> an -important factor favourable to the rise of affections -of the genital organs. How much <i>more</i> powerful an -influence must it exert on such affections when<span class="pagenum" id="Page_136">136</span> -already in existence. Thus the question, <i>what -influence did Climate manifest in Antiquity on the -character and course of affections of the genitals</i>, is one -of the utmost moment in connection with a History -of Venereal disease,—the more so as on a correct -answer being given to it depends the correctness of -our views as to the form taken in such cases by the -morbid process in Ancient times. True such a -question presupposes the existence of these affections, -and ought therefore, strictly speaking, only to be -raised after the conclusion of our present investigations. -However we think enough evidence has already been -adduced in the preceding pages to remove all possible -doubt from the mind of an attentive reader as to -such being the case. Besides, this appears to us the -more convenient course,—to survey in its entirety -the influence exerted by Climate, rather than to take -up our investigation of the subject afresh in different -places, and thus to a greater or less extent mangle -the discussion of it.</p> - -<p>Preponderance of the vegetative principle combined -with a certain slackness of tissue is the character of -all organisms coming under the influence of the -climate of Southern lands. In these countries an -extra-ordinary stimulus acts on the mucous membrane -of the genitals, and the character described will find -its expression here also. Reaction will proceed not -so much from the arterial side, or show itself under -the guise of sthenic inflammation, but rather take -the form merely of intensified secretion. What this -increased secretion aims at is the removal of the -abnormal stimulus, and the flow of mucus so originating -manifests itself as simple, so to speak merely -catarrhal, blennorrhoea. This, where the atmosphere -is not impregnated with moist vapours, readily disappears, -if only somewhat greater care is bestowed -on the maintenance of cleanliness,—and all the more -so, as re-absorption, which in hot climates acts -vigorously on all the mucous membranes generally, -very soon gets the upper hand again in the case of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_137">137</span> -that of the genital organs, seconded as it is by the -activity of the external skin. The latter is always -in a condition of enhanced action at the same time, -while the extent of its surface of course markedly -exceeds that of the mucous membrane of the genitals. -On the other hand where the atmosphere is especially -moist, the activity of the skin, as well as the process -of re-absorption internally, appears to be less; and -so under these circumstances the mucous flow will -assume more of a chronic character, but at the same -time to an even greater degree be free from inflammatory -reaction.</p> - -<p>All the more recent observations agree in one -thing, viz. that in Southern countries the gonorrhoeal -forms predominate, and speaking generally, almost -always run a mild course that hardly calls for medical -interference. There is no doubt Climatic conditions -in Antiquity differed but little from those of to-day; -so that we may safely assume that equally in Ancient -times blennorrhoea showed the same general characteristics, -a fact which existing traditions moreover -prove beyond question. The frequency of blennorrhoea -of the genital organs in Antiquity is shown at -once by the just quoted passage from the Mosaic -Books, while its mildness of character may be gathered -amongst other things from the remedies employed -by the old Physicians, who almost without exception -followed the principle laid down by <i>Celsus</i> (VI. 18.), -to treat gonorrhoea <i>levibus medicamentis</i> (with gentle -remedial measures), if they were called upon to apply -treatment at all. At least this is true of acute -blennorrhoea; the chronic form of the complaint, -with which alone as a general rule they had to do, -of course required astringents. No doubt each failure -of arterial reaction afforded yet another reason for -the belief on the part of the Ancients that gonorrhoea -was a result of weakness of the seed-secreting vessels, -and their idea that the discharge was merely badly -prepared semen. Supposing, as must have happened, -that marks of increased activity appeared, these<span class="pagenum" id="Page_138">138</span> -proceeded not so much from the circulatory system -at all as from the nerves, and <i>Galen</i><a id="FNanchor_162_162" href="#Footnote_162_162" class="fnanchor">162</a> was correct -in referring Priapism under these conditions to -spasmodic convulsion.</p> - -<p>So much for mucous discharge. It was the same -also with the various forms of ulceration of the -genitals. The conditions to be enumerated presently -in the next Section were already present to counteract -their rise in any considerable proportion. Further, -if they did appear in the high lands of Asia and in -Upper Egypt more frequently than did blennorhoea,—this -much is shown plainly at any rate by present-day -experience,—still they lasted but a short time, as the -preponderant activity of vegetative growth, seconded -by extraneous assistance, soon mastered the disease, -and quickly restored again the loss of tissue. The -course of events was otherwise indeed on lower -levels, as in Syria and Lower Egypt, districts which -besides their high temperature also showed a considerable -degree of moisture in the atmosphere and -soil. Here accordingly the different forms of ulceration, -unless careful precautions were taken, assumed -a malignant character, and readily passed over into -gangrene (ἄνθραξ), as we saw a little above happened -in the cases of Apion and Hero. By this means it -is true every specific characteristic of the morbid -alteration was annihilated; <i>but</i> this only made the -risk to the individual so much the greater, the patient -being at best only too apt to lose the organ attacked</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_139">139</span></p> - -<p>Again, though sometimes the part escaped destruction -by gangrene, even then its cure was often -difficult owing to the fact that, where the malady -had been neglected, worms made their appearance -in the ulcers<a id="FNanchor_163_163" href="#Footnote_163_163" class="fnanchor">163</a>, and set up so profuse and so far<span class="pagenum" id="Page_140">140</span> -spreading a suppuration that the patient eventually -succumbed to it. Of this we have an example in -the Emperor Galerius Maximianus, mentioned by -<i>Eusebius</i><a id="FNanchor_164_164" href="#Footnote_164_164" class="fnanchor">164</a>, and to which allusion is made as early<span class="pagenum" id="Page_141">141</span> -as in the Book of Ecclesiasticus (XIX. 2, 3.), when -the Author, Jesus the son of Sirach, says: “Wine -and women will make men of understanding to fall -away: and he that cleaveth to harlots will become -impudent. <i>Moths</i> (<i>otherwise<a id="FNanchor_165_165" href="#Footnote_165_165" class="fnanchor">165</a>—Rottenness and worms</i>) -shall have him to heritage, and a bold man shall -be taken away.” The use of knife and actual -cautery must naturally have played an important -part under these circumstances in the treatment -adopted; but these the patient often dreaded more -than the malady itself, and chose suicide rather -than submit to them, like the “Municeps” whose -story Pliny tells in the passage quoted in a previous -chapter. But now supposing suchlike ulcers to be<span class="pagenum" id="Page_142">142</span> -situated in the mouth of a <i>fellator</i> or <i>cunnilingue</i>, -then their course must have been all the more -rapid, and the danger involved all the greater, if -the patient lived in such a climate as described; -and it was in this way the Αἰγύπτια καὶ Συριακὰ -and Βουβαστικὰ ἕλκεα (Egyptian and Syrian sores, -Bubastic sores) mentioned above acquired their evil -repute. Still in the majority of cases these climatic -influences could be counteracted by appropriate -medical aid and dietetic measures, or at any rate -their effect considerably reduced. Hence it was -that cases of the sort only very rarely appeared -in Antiquity, and for this very reason were noted -by the Historians, when they did occur.</p> - -<p>The human organism possessed in Southern lands -yet another way of combating the enemy’s attacks, -one which would seem to have escaped the notice -of the Physicians of Antiquity, and which, though -recognized in modern times, has yet never been at -all adequately appreciated and utilized in the history -of Venereal disease, viz. <i>the reaction exhibited by the -skin in diseases of the genital organs in hot climates</i>. -So long as authorities thought of the external skin -as merely compacted of separate and distinct layers -of tissue, there could not really be any question of -an accurate knowledge of its functions whether -under healthy or under morbid conditions. The -investigations of <i>Breschet</i> and <i>Roussel de Vauzène</i><a id="FNanchor_166_166" href="#Footnote_166_166" class="fnanchor">166</a> -as confirmed and reinforced by <i>Gurlt</i><a id="FNanchor_167_167" href="#Footnote_167_167" class="fnanchor">167</a>, have now<span class="pagenum" id="Page_143">143</span> -taught us to understand that the skin, over and -above these layers, possesses as a matter of fact,—a -fact formerly only conjectured,—special organs -belonging to the same class as the glands, to wit the -skin, hair and sweat glands. These share amongst -them the function hitherto ascribed to the skin -generally, and especially bring into correlation the -sympathies of the different parts, so much so that -they may be said to be almost the sole and only -seat of the manifold forms of skin-diseases. All -this we endeavoured first to demonstrate in the series -of Articles on Skin-diseases in “<i>Blasius’</i> Handwörterbuch -der Chirurgie und Augenheilkunde” (Manual -of Surgery and Ophthalmology), and so pave the -way for a compendious Survey of our knowledge of -the Skin-diseases up to the present time.</p> - -<p>Now while the sweat-glands stand in a special -connection of sympathy and antagonism with the -lungs, the same correlation exists in a peculiar degree -between the glands of the mucous membrane of the -intestinal canal and of the genital organs on the -one hand and the cutaneous glands on the other -which secrete the <i>sebum</i> or sebaceous humour. It -would take us too far a-field, if we undertook in -this place to enter upon a detailed explanation of -this circumstance, which however is still in sore need -of further clearing up. We shall content ourselves -with recalling the fact that Onanists (Masturbators) -not only often betray themselves by having a nose -with a shiny, tallowy looking surface that comes from -excessive secretion of <i>sebum</i>, but also not less -frequently by their face being covered with <i>acne</i> -pustulus. One more fact we must mention is that -the outbreak of <i>acne</i> very often with girls heralds -the approach of each period of menstruation, and -accompanies it<a id="FNanchor_168_168" href="#Footnote_168_168" class="fnanchor">168</a>. These are signs clearly pointing<span class="pagenum" id="Page_144">144</span> -to the conclusion that stimulations of the genitals -are reflected back on the glands of the skin, for -<i>acne</i> is nothing else but an affection of these glands, -as we have demonstrated in the Work just mentioned.</p> - -<p>But indeed there are proofs of this antagonism -still nearer to hand. How frequently have our -physicians observed an eruption<a id="FNanchor_169_169" href="#Footnote_169_169" class="fnanchor">169</a> resembling <i>roseola</i> -or <i>urticaria</i> in character, at the—very often sudden—appearance -of which the gonorrhoeal symptoms have -much decreased in severity or disappeared altogether! -These skin affections have been ascribed to the -balsam of Copaiva or the Cubebs pepper administered -in these cases, which are supposed to have stimulated -the intestinal mucous membrane and so sympathetically -excited the skin. This may very possibly sometimes -be the case; but it could not but occur much -more frequently, if the remedial agents mentioned -are to bear the sole and entire blame. No doubt -in some patients a particular idiosyncrasy may have<span class="pagenum" id="Page_145">145</span> -given rise to sympathetic action stimulative of the -intestinal canal, but in the majority the reaction of -the mucous membrane of the genitals on the cutaneous -glands has undoubtedly been a chief contributory -factor under epidemic influences, while the drugs -exhibited have played only a subordinate part in -producing the result. There are cases where the -gonorrhœa has been treated simply and solely by -mere antiphlogistic methods, and yet such an eruption -has been observed.</p> - -<p>But it is not in gonorrhœa only that these -phænomena appear; they have been noted as well -in chancre, being then ascribed to the sublimate of -mercury and looked upon as affording a criterion -that the drug had exercised its full effect on the -original complaint. In most cases this was without -doubt a mistake, for Biett, Rayer and other authorities -have noted the most widely divergent forms of skin-disease -to appear concurrently with the existence of -chancre, and in consequence have come to regard -them as primitive symptoms. In fact cases have -actually been observed, where these were the sole -primary symptoms of contagion after indulgence in -unclean coition. At the same time it is only fair -to say that this has been doubted in many quarters, -observers trying to explain the fact of the absence -of other symptoms by saying the ulcers, which are -frequently very minute, may have been overlooked. -At least experience has sufficiently taught us this -much, that the so-called secondary symptoms, and -therefore the skin-affections as well, appear the more -readily in proportion as the ulcers of the genitals -are smaller and more superficial; and we ourselves -believe that never without local reaction on the -genital organs from coition do so-called secondary -appearances arise,—only it is not invariably ulcers -that are to looked for.</p> - -<p>Now when even in our temperate climate the -cutaneous glands play a not unimportant part in the -morbid processes of Venereal disease, how much<span class="pagenum" id="Page_146">146</span> -more must this be the case in Asia and Egypt, -where the activity of the skin generally and that of -the cutaneous glands in particular is even under -normal conditions far more conspicuously energetic, -as may be seen from the constant oily state of the -skin, more particularly in Negroes. This oily grease -on the skin is in fact nothing more nor less than -the product of the action of the cutaneous glands. -These glands are peculiarly apt to become morbidly -affected in travellers visiting the South during their -acclimatisation; though natives too are yearly attacked -in the Summer months by complaints of the skin-glands.<a id="FNanchor_170_170" href="#Footnote_170_170" class="fnanchor">170</a> -The fact has long been recognized<a id="FNanchor_171_171" href="#Footnote_171_171" class="fnanchor">171</a> that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_147">147</span> -in Southern countries not only the greater number -of skin-diseases, but even Venereal disease itself -in an especial degree, appear as an exanthema of -the skin, and for this reason it there displays far -less destructive effects; but as a rule enquirers have -contented themselves with the general habit, without -(as pointed out before) adequately turning the fact -to advantage in connection with the History and -Theory of Venereal disease.</p> - -<p>This preponderating bias towards the external skin<span class="pagenum" id="Page_148">148</span> -must obviously manifest itself equally in other diseases -of the mucous membranes, and so too in those of -the genital organs. Reabsorption in particular, acting -with increased vigour on the mucous surfaces, will -prove its beneficial presence also in the diseases -affecting them. The foreign matter that comes in -contact with these surfaces is assimilated to a less -degree by the mucous glands and by those of the -<i>glans penis</i>, and no time is allowed it to exert a -destructive influence on the small surface receiving -it; on the other hand it is quickly thrown back on -the much more extensive surface of the external -skin, and there dealt with by the cutaneous glands -with their powerful secretive and assimilatory action, -being either assimilated or expelled externally.</p> - -<p>In particular localities this quickly happens without -any striking symptoms being locally perceptible in -the skin, as e.g. in Numidia, Libya<a id="FNanchor_172_172" href="#Footnote_172_172" class="fnanchor">172</a> and the -Northern part of Peru<a id="FNanchor_173_173" href="#Footnote_173_173" class="fnanchor">173</a>, where the disease is said -to cure itself without extraneous medical aid, and -among the inhabitants generally to be practically<span class="pagenum" id="Page_149">149</span> -non-existent(?). Though this is not the case in other -countries, still the cutaneous glands become involved -in the morbid process of the disease, and secrete -with augmented copiousness, and the secretion being -simultaneously altered in character, it fails to be -driven out externally, inasmuch as external elimination -is at once stopped owing to the fact that the -cutaneous glands, like the uterus in pregnancy, close -their orifice, so as to be enabled to carry out their -function in their recesses. For this reason the glands -swell, and manifest themselves in the form of <i>papillae</i> -or tubercles (very often as little bladders, or blebs), -changing later either into pustules, if the morbid -products are eventually expelled<a id="FNanchor_174_174" href="#Footnote_174_174" class="fnanchor">174</a>, or else gradually<span class="pagenum" id="Page_150">150</span> -disappear, if the process of assimilation and re-absorption -has been sufficiently vigorous. Supposing damp, -cold or other unfavourable influences to be at work, -suppuration may very well supervene, or degenerative -processes commence, and so on, and <i>the disease pass -over into leprosy and elephantiasis</i>. This is above all -the case in Egypt, where from the first, chancres on -the genitals would seem to possess a marked tendency -towards scurfy and scabby formations<a id="FNanchor_175_175" href="#Footnote_175_175" class="fnanchor">175</a>.</p> - -<p>If these are the facts at the present day,—and -no one doubts they are,—there only remains the -question: were they so in Ancient times as well? -Here we come face to face with the difficult problem -as to the relation of leprosy with Venereal disease,—a -problem which for Centuries has been the subject -of dispute, and in spite of the very careful enquiries -of a Hensler and of other investigators, cannot by -any means be regarded as solved. Our own investigations -on the Leprosy of the Ancients are as yet -too incomplete, and the nature of the subject demands -such far-reaching inquisition into the most widely -different individual phænomena, that we are -compelled, in order to economise our space, to -renounce all idea of submitting the subject to any -more detailed examination in the present Work. -Besides, in our Second Part we shall be coming -back to it again, when we have under investigation the -question as to whether or no the Venereal disease -of the XVth Century was developed from leprosy.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_151">151</span></p> - -<p>For our present purpose the following statement -must suffice: The Climate of Asia and Egypt was -in Antiquity, as mentioned already, undoubtedly but -little different from what it is to-day, and the -influence it exerted therefore must have shared in -this resemblance<a id="FNanchor_176_176" href="#Footnote_176_176" class="fnanchor">176</a>.</p> - -<p>As to <i>mentagra</i>, we have already proved a little -above that it was a consequence of the vice of the -<i>cunnilingue</i>, and as according to Pliny’s report the -latter claimed Egypt for its fatherland, obviously -the climate of that country must have been in part -responsible for its origination. Now affections of the -genital organs being found in Antiquity as the result -of sexual intercourse, it follows that in this direction -also Climate must have exerted its influence, and -that in the very same way as we have just above -seen it do,—in other words manifold affections of -the skin must have originated in consequence of -irritation and other morbid effects on the genital -organs. True the Ancient physicians say not a word -of this; but then they derive the greater proportion -of the skin-diseases, which they mass all together in -the most admired confusion, from internal mischief -of various sorts, and regard them all as <i>apostases</i> -(suppurative inflammations carrying off the effect of -fevers, etc.),—at any rate a proof they were not entirely -unacquainted with the antagonistic relations existing -between the skin and other organs.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_152">152</span></p> - -<p>So far as the genitals are concerned, they seem -to have adequately realized only the <i>consensus</i> between -the uterus and the skin<a id="FNanchor_177_177" href="#Footnote_177_177" class="fnanchor">177</a>, whereas in male subjects -they appear to have put down most of the effects -observed to the liver. But on these points we shall have -something further to say later on. Still the assertion -to the effect that Eunuchs are not attacked by <i>calvities</i> -(baldness) (<i>Hippocrates</i>, I. 400; <i>Galen</i>, XVIII. A. 40., -also p. 42., where mention is made of the excesses <i>in -Baccho et Venere</i>—in Wine and Love—peculiarly prevalent -at his epoch), which was a frequent consequence of -vice in Antiquity<a id="FNanchor_178_178" href="#Footnote_178_178" class="fnanchor">178</a>, points to the <i>consensus</i> between -genitals and skin having been already noted. Even -more is the fact, vouched for by <i>Archigenes</i><a id="FNanchor_179_179" href="#Footnote_179_179" class="fnanchor">179</a>, that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_153">153</span> -castration was recommended by some Physicians as -a cure for elephantiasis, such as to arouse the -suspicion that the physicians of Antiquity knew -perfectly well what influence affections of the genital -organs exerted on diseases of the skin. This is made -all the more likely by Archigenes (ch. 120.) not only -speaking of the disease as being contagious, but also -describing the skin-affection as secondary in character. -He further declares its cause to be unknown, puts -on record the extreme lubricity of the patients -(Satyriasis pp. 74, 133, 269.), and even says in so -many words that such as were castrated did not -contract elephantiasis!</p> - -<p>We have seen how <i>mentagra</i> attacked the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_154">154</span> -<i>cunnilingue</i>, and afterwards passed over into <i>psora</i>; in -just the same way might elephantiasis,—a complaint -indeed which the Gloss of the Pseudo-Galen actually -puts in connection with the Morbus Phoeniceus -(Phoenician Disease),—be brought on by indulgence -in coition. This is in no way contradicted by the -preference the disease exhibits for first making its -appearance in the face, inasmuch as the cutaneous -glands of the face are in a relation of special sympathy -with the genital organs. That leprosy too no less -than elephantiasis was communicated and contracted -by coition is shown by a host of examples given in -the Mediæval Historians<a id="FNanchor_180_180" href="#Footnote_180_180" class="fnanchor">180</a>; in fact, a large number -of Physicians held Venereal disease to be a species -of leprosy or elephantiasis, while some made it -actually originate in the act of coition with leprous -persons; yet for all that we do not, according to -<i>Hensler</i>, (“Vom Aussatz”,—On Leprosy, p. 396.), -find it anywhere recorded that the genital organs -were first affected,—apart that is from what <i>Astruc</i> -has brought forward on purpose to support his own -view. As everybody knows, <i>he</i> refers all local evils -existing prior to the end of the XVth Century to -Leprosy.</p> - -<p>But what would follow supposing traces <i>were</i> -actually to be found proving that what was known -in Asia as leprosy did as a matter of fact first show -itself in the genitals? Before we enter upon the -closer examination of reasons for this supposition, -we must quote a passage from the Work of <i>Von -Roeser</i> already several times mentioned, a passage -equally important for the pathology of Venereal -disease as for its History. <i>Von Roeser</i>, (p. 68.) writes -thus: “Primary syphilis manifests itself <i>in Egypt in -the very rarest cases on the prepuce or glans of the -verge</i>; the chancres are more commonly found on -the outer skin of the penis nearer the <i>mons Veneris</i>,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_155">155</span> -or actually on this in the hairy parts which among -Egyptians and Arabs are generally kept shaved, <i>or -else on the scrotum</i>. <i>Pruner</i><a id="FNanchor_181_181" href="#Footnote_181_181" class="fnanchor">181</a> told me that the occurrence -of a chancre on the prepuce, which indeed is -absent in Mohammedans owing to circumcision, or -on the <i>glans penis</i> is in the ratio of 1: 3 to chancres -on the last mentioned parts, hence in that country -Astruc’s opinion that syphilitic ulcers hardly ever -formed on the exterior of the verge, is strongly -contradicted,—as is no less true amongst ourselves. -That circumcision is not the sole cause of this -phænomenon is manifest from the fact that in Smyrna -and Constantinople I saw plenty of chancres on the -<i>glans</i>, as well as amongst Jews at home, though I am -not going to deny that circumcision may have some -share in causing the rarity of the appearance of a -chancre on the <i>glans</i>,—but this does not in any way -explain the frequency of their appearance on the -scrotum and the <i>mons Veneris</i>. A tendency to take -the exanthematic type, a tendency which makes -itself known also by the fact of <i>many chancres</i> -commonly appearing at once and <i>showing in a -marked degree a preference for scurfy and scabby forms</i>, -might very possibly afford a better explanation of -the phænomenon in question.”</p> - -<p>Now as to the supposition just expressed, this is -based on a repeated examination of a passage -of the very utmost importance in the history of -leprosy, viz. Ch. XIII. of Leviticus—a chapter -which has exercised Theologians no less than -Physicians for Centuries, but without our being -enabled to regard the investigations it has given rise -to as in any way concluded. However it is no -intention of ours to provide in this place a commentary -on this Chapter, more particularly as we -do not possess the philological acquirements necessary -for a critical appreciation of the results so far obtained. -Neither, speaking in general terms, has anything like<span class="pagenum" id="Page_156">156</span> -sufficient progress in the study of original sources -for the history of leprosy as yet been made to enable -an adequate judgement to be formed; we much -prefer to limit our efforts at present to contributing -sundry observations, which stand in close connection -with our immediate object, and at the same time -may afford readers, whether scientific or philological -authorities, an opportunity of favouring us with their -judgement as specialists.</p> - -<p>The correct understanding of the whole passage -appears to us to depend in the first place on the -success of the endeavour to find a certain and definite -explanation of the expression בְּעוֹר בְּשָׂרוֹ (b’ôr b’sarô,—“skin -of the flesh” in English Authorized Version). -Luther rendered this by: <i>on the skin of his flesh</i>; -the Septuagint translators give it as ἐν δέρματι -χρωτὸς αὐτοῦ (in the skin of the surface); while -<i>de Wette</i> (whose Translation of the passage generally -we hereby ask the reader to consult, space not -allowing us to quote the whole Chapter) translates -it <i>on the skin of his body</i>, and understands by the -expression every part of the external skin.</p> - -<p>Supposing this translation the correct one, it will -be a hard matter to explain how it was the hair -should simultaneously have turned <i>white</i>, a circumstance -which strangely enough caused even Hensler -no surprise. Rosenmüller in his Scholia on the -passage says: <i>Schilling</i> (<i>De lepra p. 7.</i>) <i>observat, in -lepra alba pilos albescere</i>, (<i>Schilling</i>, On Leprosy p. 7. -notes that in white leprosy the hair grows white); -but it is only the <i>partes pilosae aut capillatae</i> (hairy -parts, parts covered with long hair) that are here -intended, and these are to be understood as including -merely the head, eye-brows, chin, armpits and pubic -region. Obviously the hair on other parts of the -body cannot be taken here into consideration, as it -is specifically almost colourless, and though it is true -it may have had a stronger coloration in many Jews, -surely they did not <i>all</i> belong to the race of Esau. -Again all writers on leprosy, when this mischief affecting<span class="pagenum" id="Page_157">157</span> -the hair is in question, speak solely of the hair of -the parts named<a id="FNanchor_182_182" href="#Footnote_182_182" class="fnanchor">182</a>. So when <i>Haly Abbas</i> in a passage -quoted by Hensler (<i>Excerpta</i> p. 9.), in which he is -treating of <i>Allopitia</i> and <i>Tyria</i> (forms of leprosy), -says, <i>Nonnunquam totius accidit pilis corporis</i> (Sometimes -this happens to all the hair of the body), this -also is to be understood merely of the parts above -named. Indeed <i>Hensler</i> himself (Vom Aussatz,—On -Leprosy, p. 304.) assumes this when, after speaking -of the hair of the head and beard, he goes on: -“But this mischief may also attack other hairy parts -of the body. <i>Haly Abbas</i> says, (<i>Excerpta</i> p. 9.) At -times this affects also the hair of the whole body. -True the passage of <i>Hippocrates</i>, in view of the -erroneous punctuation, seems to belong more properly -to what follows, still even by itself it would be -probable enough, as <i>the preliminary symptoms are -found particularly in the arm-pit and the groin</i>, and -might of course extend their ravages there, just as -much as on the head.” However should anyone -wish to understand here <i>all</i> the hairy parts of the -body mentioned, and suppose the Author to be -speaking in the first instance in a general sense, then<span class="pagenum" id="Page_158">158</span> -what follows will not agree, for the hair of the head -and beard was <i>not</i> changed into <i>white</i>, but into -<i>yellow</i> ( צָהֹב ), as V. 30 states. There are left therefore -only the eye-brows, arm-pits and the pubic region, -to which the transformation to white can apply.</p> - -<p>Granting these considerations to be correct, it is -impossible to understand the <i>b’ôr b’sarô</i> as signifying -the whole exterior surface of the skin; it must imply -a local limitation. But the limited area intended -can be nothing but <i>the genitals</i>, and this agrees best -at once with the facts and with the usages of Biblical -phraseology. In more than one passage, in fact, -of the Old Testament <i>basar</i>, like σάρξ (flesh) in the -New, has the meaning of “sexual parts”; and even -in English the word <i>flesh</i>, particularly in ecclesiastical -language, is consecrated by custom in this sense. -So Luther was perfectly justified in the passage -under discussion in translating as he did: <i>on the -skin of his flesh</i>, that is to say, of his genitals. The -particular combination of <i>b’ôr b’sarô</i> we have not it -is true been able to find used generally in the books -of the Old Testament, but we must not therefore -conclude absolutely that it is unique and peculiar -to this XIIIth. Chapter; though indeed, if such <i>were</i> -the case, it would merely be an additional confirmation -of the explanation we have given.</p> - -<p>So far as the matter of fact goes, such an assumption -offers no difficulties,—indeed it actually removes -several, as e.g. that connected with the coloration -of the skin, and not only proves that already at that -date pustules on the genitals had been observed that -were free from any suspicion of malignant character, -but further that along with a suspicious pustule or -similar symptom (scurf, ulcer) there went a simultaneous -general affection of the skin as a whole, -which was held to be diagnostic for the local malady, -and accordingly proclaimed even the suspected leper -free from taint after his recovery from it. For -evidently we must take verses 12 and 13 as indicating<span class="pagenum" id="Page_159">159</span> -this, where it is stated in so many words: “And -if the leprosy break out ( פָּרַח, —blossom) abroad in -the skin, and the leprosy cover all the skin of him -that hath the plague from his head even to his feet, -as far as appeareth to the priest; then the priest -shall look: and behold, if the leprosy have covered -all his flesh, he shall pronounce him clean that hath -the plague; it is all turned white: he is clean.” -(English Revised Version). The last words have -been wrongly referred by some Interpreters to the -“Bohak” (bright spot), which is mentioned in verse -39., but really nothing more than this is intended:—after -the eruption is dried up, and the skin has -returned to its natural white colour, then the hitherto -sick man is to be declared clean<a id="FNanchor_183_183" href="#Footnote_183_183" class="fnanchor">183</a>.</p> - -<p>This diagnostic eruption again points to another -fact, viz. that the leprosy must have had its seat in -a part of the body, the cutaneous glands of which -stand in a relation of lively sympathy with those of -the skin generally, and this according to modern -experience can only be the cutaneous glands of the -genital organs. Sometimes inoculation with cow-pox -lymph brings out a general eruption of the whole -skin, but this circumstance cannot well be made -pertinent here, as really and truly the lymph is a -resultant product of a feverish affection, and therefore -its innate tendency is towards a reproduction of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_160">160</span> -itself under circumstances of feverish stimulation, and -to set the whole organism, and consequently the -whole cutaneous glandular system, in a state of -enhanced activity. How the diagnostic eruption -comes about may be gathered from the statement -of the case given just above; while the passage -quoted from <i>von Roeser’s</i> Work will explain the rest. -Still for the present this much may suffice to put -the expert reader in a position to test our conjecture,—for -indeed so far it makes no profession to be more -than a conjecture. Supposing it found tenable, then -the further consequences that cannot but grow from -it for the elucidation of the Chapter in discussion -may be readily developed. On the other hand, if -it is devoid of justification, it would be quite useless -further to elaborate a hypothesis, plunging a subject -obscure enough without this in even deeper darkness. -Further than this we only need to mention -that <i>Hensler</i> and others hold <i>mentagra</i> to be indicated -in the bald chin and scurfy (scall) chin of Leviticus -(XIII. 29 sqq.), which if they are right would merely -be another point in favour of our view.</p> - -<p>Finally there can hardly be any need for us to -observe that we have no idea of holding leprosy in -general to be a consequence of excesses; on the -contrary we believe, to return to the problem we -started with at the beginning of this Section, that -we are bound to agree to the opinion first explicitly -laid down by <i>Becket</i><a id="FNanchor_184_184" href="#Footnote_184_184" class="fnanchor">184</a>, viz. <i>that under the widely -comprehensive notion of Leprosy were included other -forms of skin-diseases owing their existence to some -previous affection of the genital organs</i>,—in precisely -the same way as this happened in the Middle Ages, -and as may be the case occasionally even at the -present day.</p> - - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_161">161</span></p> - - -<h3 id="S_31">§ 31.</h3> - - -<p>What precise influence Climate exerted on the -form taken and course run by affections of the -genital organs <i>in Greece and Italy</i>, can be only -approximately laid down, as the information supplied -by Physicians, though ample in quantity, mostly -leaves the point indefinite as to where the observations -were made, whether in Asia Minor and Egypt -(Alexandria), or in Greece and Italy. The last -named country indeed was, as is well known, -almost entirely devoid of independent native medical -Writers.</p> - -<p>The mild, genial sky of Greece and Italy impressed -on all forms of disease, including diseases of the -genitals, a mild character. There, on the confines -of East and West, we find, it is true, the same natural -tendencies prevailing as in Asia, but always on a -less exaggerated scale. <i>Von Roeser</i> (loco citato p. 70.) -says: “In conclusion we should note further that in -Egypt gonorrhœa is a complaint of very rare -occurrence, in Greece and Turkey a very common -one. That the exanthematic character taken by -syphilis is not(?) responsible for the fact of its not -manifesting itself as gonorrhœa is confirmed by the -circumstance that it occurs much more frequently in -Greece than amongst ourselves, whereas syphilis in -that country has (though not in an identical form) -the exanthematic type to an even greater degree -than in our own.” <i>D. Hennen</i><a id="FNanchor_185_185" href="#Footnote_185_185" class="fnanchor">185</a> found Venereal -disease rare in Cephalonia, but on the contrary -gonorrhœa quite common.</p> - -<p>No doubt the tendency to determine towards the -skin is clearly noticeable in Greece as well, but not -to such an extent as to outweigh the local affection. -The latter accordingly takes a more independent<span class="pagenum" id="Page_162">162</span> -form than is the case in Asia, and for this reason, -though making its appearance more frequently, neither -follows so rapid a course nor shows so destructive -a character,—if only the organism is seconded to -some extent in the efforts to combat the malady. -This is shown by the statements <i>Galen</i> has left as -to gonorrhœa and ulcers occurring in connection -with bubonic swellings,—a matter we shall have -occasion to speak of later. While in Asia the skin -affection is manifested by the formation of pustules -and scurf, in Greece and neighbouring countries of -the South it rather takes the shape of <i>papillae</i> and -small blisters or blebs, and only in obstinate cases -breaks out in tubercles. Hence <i>lepra</i>, <i>psora</i>, <i>lichen</i>, -and <i>elephantiasis</i> are the forms under which we must -look for it in the medical Writers of Antiquity, who -however say nothing as to the origin of these diseases, -or else, as we have seen before, refer them all to -deficiency of the moist humours<a id="FNanchor_186_186" href="#Footnote_186_186" class="fnanchor">186</a>.</p> - -<p>We have never yet succeeded, though we have -before now expended much time on the effort, in -getting a clear grasp of the ideas the Ancient -physicians intended to express by the different designations -they gave to the various skin-diseases. So -we are constrained to postpone deeper investigation -of the question to a subsequent occasion, or wait -to see whether meantime some other enquirer, better<span class="pagenum" id="Page_163">163</span> -equipped for the work, may not throw light on the -chaos. Only so far as <i>Scabies</i> (Scab) is concerned, -it would seem allowable to assume allusions to be -intended to vicious living as a cause of the malady. -It cannot be without a reason that for centuries this -one above all other skin diseases seems to have -fallen under special disrepute; and the term to have -been used by poets, by <i>Martial</i><a id="FNanchor_187_187" href="#Footnote_187_187" class="fnanchor">187</a> for example, to -indicate that sensual indulgence had been at work. -In fact, several of the earliest Writers on Venereal -disease hold it to be a sort of <i>scabies</i>, and even at -a later period there is for long frequent mention -made of <i>Venereal scars or scabs</i>. Possibly also in -Greece lepra (leprosy) was looked upon as a form -of skin-disease that was come by in no reputable -way, and commonly regarded as an inheritance of -the debauchees<a id="FNanchor_188_188" href="#Footnote_188_188" class="fnanchor">188</a>, just as we saw to be the case with -<i>mentagra</i> at Rome.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_164">164</span></p> - -<p>Affections of the external skin consequent upon -complaints of the genital organs being thus no less -common in Ancient times than they are to-day, it -follows that in inverse proportion forms of ulceration -of the palate and nose, as well as complaints affecting -the bones, must have fallen into the background and -have been of more rare occurrence, just as is observed -to be the case in the present day<a id="FNanchor_189_189" href="#Footnote_189_189" class="fnanchor">189</a>. So, to combine -all the varying forms under one generalisation, we -may say that this represents a type of disease of an -exceedingly mild and favourable character, particularly -if attention is directed only to the external symptoms, -as indeed was habitually done by the old pathologists. -For even the skin-affection itself presents so little -that is characteristic, or at any rate shows itself<span class="pagenum" id="Page_165">165</span> -under such varying shapes, that even at the present -day its diagnosis is extremely difficult, being very -often based solely and entirely on the admission of -the patient, whether voluntary or forced from him, -of having suffered from gonorrhœa or chancre. But -if the so-called secondary symptoms are more or -less completely absent, or lack distinctness, what is -there then left beyond the primary affections of the -genitals and their succedanea? Full and sufficient -descriptions of these are not lacking; we have already -quoted numerous examples, and we shall find others -yet clearer and more precise later on.</p> - -<p>Before quitting the subject of the influence exerted -by Climate, we are bound to return once more to -the question, <i>in what relation did contagion</i>, if -contagion there was, <i>stand to this climatic influence?</i> -The existence of contagion in the case of gonorrhœa -is certified by the passage of <i>Galen</i> already quoted -by Naumann, which we propose later on to give in -full, besides being implied long before by the law -of purification of the Mosaic Books. So far as -ulcerous formations, condylomata and skin-affections -such as <i>mentagra</i> etc., are concerned, proof is supplied -by the facts we have previously given. According -to more modern experience all forms of contagion -exhibit in Southern countries a more fugitive type -than elsewhere and spread with proportionately -greater readiness. Whereas in such as are naturally -fugitive, the intensity may for that very reason be -less injurious, fixed and stable forms of contagion -on the contrary must obviously lose in strength, at -any rate so far as their local effects go. They will -be the less able to make good a lodgement in the -organism, from the fact that, stimulating the latter -as they do to a general activity, they are the more -readily resisted and prevented by this very state of -enhanced activity. For just as, speaking generally, -chronic complaints, uncomplicated by fever, can only -be removed by artificially setting up a feverish -condition, that is to say by calling on the organism<span class="pagenum" id="Page_166">166</span> -as a whole to share in the local manifestations of -disease. Precisely the same is true of local affections -set up by any fixed and stable contagion, and so -the removal of the actual contagion can only be -successfully brought about either by direct decomposition -and destruction of the affected tissue or by -metamorphosis into a fugitive form.</p> - -<p>Now inasmuch as the contagion was rapidly -thrown off from the point of first infection upon the -cutaneous glands,—and this happened the more -readily, the more fugitive its character was,—the -affections there set up by it standing in such clear -relation as they did with the primary symptoms, -were necessarily bound also to exhibit a greater or -less degree of the contagious character, as indeed -is observed according to <i>Jos. Frank</i>, <i>Biett</i> and other -authorities even in Europe to the present day. In -Greece, where the transformation was less often to -pustular and scurfy forms, more frequently merely -to papillae or at worst little bladder-like risings, or -blebs (Phlyctaenae), while at the same time the -energy of the skin was not so pronounced, the -interval between the appearance of the primary and -secondary symptoms was greater, and the contagiousness -of the skin-affections undoubtedly less -prominent, it cost the organism in that climate much -more strenuous effort to set in action the elimination -of the disease by the skin. Consequently the nervous -system as well was injuriously affected by -sympathy to a greater extent, while the exanthematic -forms showed themselves in more obvious -conjunction with itch (<i>psora!</i>). This was partially -the case in Italy too, though here the climate -approximated more nearly to that of Lower Egypt, -leading to a more frequent appearance of pustulous -forms, as shown by the prevalence in that country -of <i>mentagra</i>.</p> - -<p>But just as climatic influence relaxed the intensity -of contagion, and diminished concurrently the malignancy -of disease-types, local as well as general, so<span class="pagenum" id="Page_167">167</span> -on the contrary, in those cases where other influences -tended to counteract its effect, while the organism -was not strong enough to overmaster the assaults -of the enemy by general or local activity, it sought -to guard against the contagion rising to a higher -degree of independence; it set up mortification of -the ulcers, by which means the contagion itself was -directly destroyed. From all this it may be concluded, -that although climate must evidently be -acknowledged to be an important factor favourable -to the rise of affections of the genital organs in -Antiquity as much as at the present day, yet on -the other hand it tended by its own action to -combat the mischief it had originated; and so, at -any rate so far as the development of the morbid -process is concerned, is to be regarded to an almost -equal degree as a counteracting influence at the -same time.</p> - - -<h4 id="S_32">§ 32.</h4> - - -<p>The experience of all ages has conclusively proved -that a large proportion of such morbid phæenomena -as occur in consequence of local climatic conditions -are capable equally of being produced sooner or -later in countries and neighbourhoods the climate -of which is entirely different by help of the <i>genius -epidemicus</i>; and that the readiness with which they -are so produced varies in direct ratio with the -degree in which the climate is associated with and -seconds the favourable factors. It is indeed extremely -difficult, in view of the low level of development to -which the science of Epidemics, in general no less -than in particular, has as yet attained, to show this -as applicable in any given case, more especially if -it is a question of the epidemic condition of some -disease of which the pathological relations themselves -are far from being as yet adequately known. Still -this must not prevent us from making at any rate<span class="pagenum" id="Page_168">168</span> -an attempt at investigation of the question, how -much or how little effort has been manifested by -such influence in the course of years.</p> - -<p>But the influence of the genius epidemicus on -diseases in general is a twofold one. <i>Either</i> it supplies -the capital, most essential external circumstances -conditioning the production of a disease, in fact is -related to it as cause to effect. In virtue of it -the disease is an <i>epidemic</i> disease, coming into -existence for the first time concurrently with the -development of the genius epidemicus, disappearing -again with the cessation of its prevalence, and -once again springing up if and when the genius -epidemicus makes a second re-appearance. <i>Or else</i> -the most essential external conditioning circumstances -are specifically independent of the genius epidemicus; -while the latter takes merely a remote -share in the way of favouring or counteracting the -production of the disease, manifesting its influence -rather in modifying the form and direction of such -morbid reactions as have arisen in the organism -without its intervention at all,—in other words <i>the -disease is subject to epidemic influence</i>.</p> - -<p>Unfortunately hitherto these two kinds of influence -exerted by the genius epidemicus have been only -too often confounded, and no adequate distinction -drawn between epidemic diseases on the one hand -and diseases subject to epidemic influence on the -other. This has been especially so with regard to -Venereal disease, the epidemic character of which -curiously enough enquirers have felt bound to vindicate, -as well at the beginning of the XVth. Century -as here and there even at the present day. The -baselessness of such an opinion is so perfectly -obvious to anyone who weighs the matter with any -care, that we really do not think it necessary to -devote more pains now to proving the point, particularly -as we propose to treat it more fully in -another place. On the other hand Venereal disease -<i>is</i> subject to epidemic influence, in fact it is so<span class="pagenum" id="Page_169">169</span> -perhaps to a greater extent than many other forms -of sickness, as will be clearly shown in the course -of our historical investigations. Accordingly the -only question still wanting an answer is, how far -such influence may have been effectual in Antiquity. -This question of course presupposes the existence -already of a number of diseases appearing in consequence -of Venereal excesses; still we possess -sufficient proof, as previously stated in the course -of our enquiries into the influence of climate, to -justify a provisional assumption of their existence -for our immediate purpose. For openly admitting -as we do our ignorance in relation to the influence -of the genius epidemicus on sexual activity generally -and on the individual activity of the genital organs -in particular, and noting the problem to be one -that can only be solved in the future, there is -nothing else left us to investigate here but this, viz. -<i>the influence of the genius epidemicus in reference to the -forms taken and course followed by diseases occurring -in consequence of Venereal excesses</i>.</p> - -<p>It may be collected from later experience and -observation that there are three clearly marked forms -of the genius epidemicus or <i>epidemic condition</i>, that -exercise a preponderating influence on affections of -the genitals and Venereal disease, and condition -the frequency of the occurrence of one or the other -type of these, viz. <i>catarrhal</i>, conditioning blennorrhœal -affections, the <i>exanthematic</i>, conditioning -complaints of the cutaneous glands, and the <i>typhoïdal</i>, -conditioning various forms of chancre and their -malignancy.</p> - -<p>With regard to the influence of the <i>genius epidemicus -catarrhalis</i> and <i>exanthematicus</i>, it would seem to be -difficult to arrive at any definite conclusion as to -what precisely this was in Asia and the South of -Europe, since the Climate was <i>ipso facto</i>, as already -shown, pre-eminently favourable to blennorrhœal -and cutaneous affections; nevertheless the rise and -spread of mentagra as well as of elephantiasis<span class="pagenum" id="Page_170">170</span> -in the time of Pompey the Great does afford some -indication at any rate so far as Italy is concerned. -No doubt the Hippocratic writers several -times mention the prevalence of skin affections at -particular periods; but the expressions they employ -are too general to make it possible for us to take -these into special consideration in this place. However -there is one passage we must make an exception -of,—a passage of the greatest importance for our -purpose, even though in all probability it refers to -the commencement of a combined erysipelas-typhoïdal -condition, to which we shall have occasion to return -again later. In it Hippocrates relates how after a -dry Summer with Southerly winds and frequent rain -there followed a mild, wet Winter, next cold and -even snow-storms succeeded in the Spring with much -rain, and finally a very hot Summer again. In the -Spring began inflammatory fevers and erysipelas, -and<a id="FNanchor_190_190" href="#Footnote_190_190" class="fnanchor">190</a> “in many cases aphthae and ulcerations formed -in the mouth, many rheums occurred in the genitals -taking the form of ulcers and abscesses on the -external and internal surface of the sexual parts; -also eye troubles, with discharge, obstinate, persistent -and painful; also growths, which are called σῦκα -(figs) on the inner and outer surface of the eye-lids, -causing many to lose their sight; besides they frequently -occurred on other parts liable to ulceration -and particularly on the genital organs.” In this -passage the expressions ἑλκώματα, φύματα, ἔξωθεν -ἔσωθεν τὰ περὶ βουβῶνας (ulcers and abscesses on -the external and internal surface of the sexual parts) -is as a rule misunderstood by the annotators. But<span class="pagenum" id="Page_171">171</span> -really ἔξωθεν (on the outside) evidently refers to -ἑλκώματα (ulcers), while ἔσωθεν (on the inside) -goes with φύματα (abscesses), and signifies a swelling -and inflammation of a mucous gland resulting in -suppuration, as may be seen from the next quoted -Aphorism<a id="FNanchor_191_191" href="#Footnote_191_191" class="fnanchor">191</a>. “Such patients as have φύματα -(abscesses) in the urethra find relief, so soon as these -have suppurated and broken.” That this relief -(λύσις) consisted in the cessation of pain and of the -retention of urine may be gathered not only from -Galen’s commentary on the first passage, and from -the λύεται ὁ πόνος (the suffering is relieved) in the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_172">172</span> -repetition of the same Aphorism, but Hippocrates -actually says so distinctly in a third passage<a id="FNanchor_192_192" href="#Footnote_192_192" class="fnanchor">192</a>.</p> - -<p>Supposing the view, still generally held even in -the last Century, that regards gonorrhœa as a result -of an ulcer in the urethra, to have been already -adopted in Hippocrates’time,—and inasmuch as the -expression γονοῤῥοία, so far as we know, never -occurs in his writings, the assumption would not only -not be absurd, but such a view would really be -preferable to that which makes out the discharge to -be badly made semen,—we shall find in this passage -an expression of the fact of the more common -occurrence of gonorrhœa, the most troublesome -symptom of which, viz. the pain suffered during -micturition (πόνος, δυσουρία, ἰσχουρία, suffering, -difficulty in micturition, retention of urine), disappears, -as is well known, concurrently with the commencement -of the discharge (πύου ῥαγέντος, φυμάτων -ῥαγέντων,—when the pus has broken out, when the -abscess has broken), or if it does not entirely disappear, -is at any rate sensibly diminished. But it is -not really needful to accept this as having been the -ruling opinion; the facts may very well be accounted -for by supposing that in virtue of the <i>epidemic -condition</i> a strongly marked tendency was set up on -the part of the glandular organs to inflammatory and -suppurative action, by which not merely the glands -of the external skin (ἑλκώματα ἔξωθεν),—ulcerations -on the outside, Moses’שְׁחִין ,שְׂאֵת but also those of -the mucous membrane of the urethra (φύματα -ἔσωθεν,—abscesses on the inside) were affected,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_173">173</span> -exactly as is observed at the present day, especially -in the chronic forms of gonorrhœa.</p> - -<p>The gonorrhœa then in this case would seem to -have been of a more malignant type and to have -been combined with ulceration. This best agrees -with the general delineation of the <i>epidemic condition</i> -as a whole, the exanthematic character of which -declared itself in the fig-like growths or tumours,—the -σῦκα αἰδοίοισιν (figs on the genitals). <i>Grimm</i> -(Vol. I. p. 490.) already remarks on this passage of -Hippocrates: “One might be tempted in this case -to regard the ulcerations of the genital parts and -their consequences, the fig-like tumours, as being the -first signs of disease due to incontinence. Indeed -what was there to hinder an evil of the sort in those -times and under a warm climate from signalizing -itself,—then subsequently so far losing its malignant -character that its nature was completely misunderstood? -Something of the same kind actually happens -under our own eyes in connection with this very -disease.”</p> - - -<h4 id="S_33">§ 33.</h4> - - -<p>Still more important were the effects of these -meteorological conditions on ulcers of the genitals -<i>already in existence</i>. We read (loco citato p. 482.): -“Even before the beginning of Spring, concurrently -with the commencement of the cold time, erysipelas -made frequent appearances sometimes with, sometimes -without, visible cause; it showed itself highly malignant -in type, and carried off many. Many again suffered -from painful affections of the pharynx (anginae,—sore -throats), loss of voice (affections of the wind-pipe), -inflammatory fevers with delirium, aphthae in -the mouth, φύματα (abscesses) in the genital organs, -ophthalmias, ἄνθρακες (malignant pustules), etc.—Also -many got erysipelas from external causes, at -such spots as these had happened to affect them,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_174">174</span> -even after the smallest injuries<a id="FNanchor_193_193" href="#Footnote_193_193" class="fnanchor">193</a>, and in all parts of -the body. Above all sexagenarians suffered in this -way in the head, if they were treated in the smallest -degree carelessly. Even under careful and scientific -treatment wide-spread phlegmonous affections frequently -occurred, while the erysipelas spread to a -serious extent and with great rapidity in all directions. -In most of the patients so affected the metamorphosis -that succeeded was to ulcerations, whilst <i>muscles, -sinews and bones fell away to a serious degree</i>. But -the morbid product that collected did not resemble -ordinary matter (pus), but was a sort of putrid <i>sanies</i>, -occurring equally in combination and by itself<a id="FNanchor_194_194" href="#Footnote_194_194" class="fnanchor">194</a>. -Such as were attacked in the head, became bald -over the whole head and chin, the bones were laid -bare and fell away, and such ῥεύματα (morbid -discharges) as described occurred frequently, whether -with or without fever. Symptoms of the kind however -were more terrifying than really destructive<a id="FNanchor_195_195" href="#Footnote_195_195" class="fnanchor">195</a>,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_175">175</span> -for among patients in whom these (ῥεύματα) came -to maturity and resulted in suppuration, the majority -were saved; on the contrary many died among those -in whom the phlegmonous affections and the erysipelas -disappeared, without undergoing any such metamorphosis -into other forms of disease. Moreover -the same thing happened to those in whose case -(the morbid product) attacked some other part of -the body. For with many of them the whole upper -and fore arm fell away; while in some patients the -disease attacked the ribs, the sole difference being<span class="pagenum" id="Page_176">176</span> -whether some destruction was wrought on their -anterior or posterior aspect; in others again the -whole thigh or the lower leg or the whole foot was -laid bare. <i>But the most dangerous of all was, when -this or the like happened in the neighbourhood of the -private parts or to the private parts themselves</i>, and -the mischief manifested itself in the form of ulcers, -and as the result of external causes. In many -patients suchlike symptoms occurred during, before, -as well as after the fever”<a id="FNanchor_196_196" href="#Footnote_196_196" class="fnanchor">196</a>.</p> - -<p><i>Galen</i>, who has left us a Commentary on this -passage (Vol. XVII. A.) mentions in the first place -that aphthae, φύματα (abscesses) of the genitals, etc. -specifically possessed (p. 661.) nothing of κακοηθεία -(malignity), but only when as in this case they -occurred in conjunction with a putrid general condition. -“The putrid character easily arises even without a -pestilential general condition, if the parts are attacked -by phlegmonous affections or erysipelas, and spreads -likewise over the neighbouring parts lying uppermost; -hence it is we are compelled after cutting away the -decayed tissues to cauterize the place. It is no -wonder then, when such a condition has arisen that -upper and fore-arm, thigh and lower leg, ribs and -head are attacked, if the private parts suffer above -all others.—So far the author has discussed those -affections of a kind akin to erysipelas which associate -themselves with ulcerations or other comparatively<span class="pagenum" id="Page_177">177</span> -insignificant external cause; in what follows he speaks -of such attacks as occurred without any such occasioning -cause”<a id="FNanchor_197_197" href="#Footnote_197_197" class="fnanchor">197</a>.</p> - -<p>Now if we examine these statements, so far as -they are of immediate interest in view of our object, -we may unhesitatingly conclude from them, that in -Hippocrates’time a large number of patients suffered -from ulcers of the genitals. These it seems under -the influence of the prevailing typhoïdal conditions -were assailed by inflammation of an erysipelas-like -type, rapidly passing over into humid gangrene, -which latter destroyed the parts attacked, readily -extended its ravages, and eventually killed the patient. -This is an observation which <i>Galen</i> likewise had -frequent occasion to make (so probably under the -head of Influence of the Climate of Asia, pp. 318, -326, 329.), without any exactly definite typhoïdal -conditions having been prevalent<a id="FNanchor_198_198" href="#Footnote_198_198" class="fnanchor">198</a>, and even saw -himself under these circumstances very generally -constrained, in order to put a stop to the spread -of the mortification, <i>to amputate the gangrenous -tissue, and afterwards cauterize the wound</i>. What -was the origin of these ulcers of the genitals<span class="pagenum" id="Page_178">178</span> -is indeed not stated; but it is certain they were not -invariably conditioned by the prevailing <i>genius -epidemicus</i>. Besides, since Hippocrates several times -mentions them without giving the cause that produced -them, it is a more likely conjecture to suppose that -this cause was one universally familiar (it consisted -in an act of unclean intercourse with women), than -to assume it to have been <i>absolutely unknown</i> to -physicians generally<a id="FNanchor_199_199" href="#Footnote_199_199" class="fnanchor">199</a>.</p> - -<p>Again the result of this investigation is of still -more especial interest in so far as it enables us to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_179">179</span> -properly appreciate Thucydides’notice of the so-called -<i>Plague of Athens</i>.<a id="FNanchor_200_200" href="#Footnote_200_200" class="fnanchor">200</a> This has been discussed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_180">180</span> -by very many writers, and has given occasion to -the most widely different explanations. He relates -as follows: “For the disease which at first had its -stronghold in the head, beginning from above downwards -traversed by degrees the whole body; and -even supposing a patient to have escaped the worst, -yet a seizure of the extremities put its mark upon -him. For it attacked the genitals and the extremities -of the hands and feet; and many escaped death, -but with the loss of these parts.” Even more clearly -does the poet <i>Lucretius</i><a id="FNanchor_201_201" href="#Footnote_201_201" class="fnanchor">201</a> paint the disease, when -he says:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Profluvium porro qui tetri sanguinis acre</div> - <div class="verse">Exierat; tamen in nervos huic morbus et artus</div> - <div class="verse">Ibat et <em class="gesperrt">in partes genitales corporis ipsas</em>,</div> - <div class="verse">Et graviter partim metuentes limina leti</div> - <div class="verse"><em class="gesperrt">Vivebant ferro privati virili</em>.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>(Then too if any one had escaped the acrid discharge -of noisome blood, the disease would yet pass into -his sinews and joints and onward even <i>into the -sexual organs of the body</i>; and some from excessive -dread of the gates of death <i>would live bereaved of -these parts by the knife</i>. Munro’s translation).</p> - -<p>Though we really are concerned only with the -last words of Thucydides, so far as they relate to -the genitals, yet what precedes has given occasion -to such extraordinary interpretations that we feel -bound to devote some attention to this as well. -The whole passage proved itself an especial <i>stone of -stumbling</i> to those writers who endeavoured to -identify the Athenian plague with <i>scarlet-fever</i>, as -<i>Malfatti</i> did, or with <i>small-pox</i>, like <i>Scuderi</i> and -<i>Kraus</i>. In fact this is why the last named says as -he does<a id="FNanchor_202_202" href="#Footnote_202_202" class="fnanchor">202</a>: “The loss of the private parts and the -extremities (στερισκομενοι τουτων,—being deprived<span class="pagenum" id="Page_181">181</span> -of these, with the loss of these) would certainly -seem to point merely to the loss of the <i>free use</i> of -these parts, in consequence of ulcerations, swellings -of the joints, lesions and contractions, for the entire -members are not likely to have been destroyed by -mortification or amputated by the surgeon? Indeed -it is only in deference to the verses of Lucretius -that the latter opinion has become the one generally -held; but even Ancient commentators<a id="FNanchor_203_203" href="#Footnote_203_203" class="fnanchor">203</a> have felt -that the Roman poet may very possibly have -mistaken Thucydides’meaning. Moreover I feel -myself disposed to agree with them particularly on -this ground, that the mortification of the whole of -any of the greater limbs, though it <i>has</i> been observed -in pestilential fevers, in <i>Typhus contagiosus putridus</i> -(putrid infectious Typhus) amongst others, yet makes -a comparatively rare symptom of the disease, and -at the same time so dangerous a one that it can -hardly be, as Thucydides alleges it was, that many -(πολλοὶ) after such a serious affection escaped death, -while on the contrary some (εἰσὶ δ’οἵ) only did so -with the loss of the eyes.” Any one who will -compare the just quoted passages of Hippocrates -and Galen with the account of Thucydides, will -want no further proof that as a matter of fact -mortification of the extremities did supervene, an -occurrence that even in later times<a id="FNanchor_204_204" href="#Footnote_204_204" class="fnanchor">204</a> is not of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_182">182</span> -extreme rarity that <i>Kraus</i> and others believe. Again -the fact that <i>many</i> of those attacked escaped with -their lives is the less surprising when one remembers -that Thucydides is not speaking of entire arms and -feet as having fallen off, but only of ἄκρας χεῖρας -καὶ πόδας, that is to say, fingers and toes. However -supposing any one to prefer not to supply -ἄκρων with τούτων, but take it as used in its full -extent, maintaining that hands and feet as well as -genitals were entirely destroyed, even this would -not belong to the category of <i>extremely rare</i> phenomena, -for Hippocrates actually saw the extremities -entirely fall off in similar circumstances, while if -only the ῥεύματα (morbid discharges) came duly -to maturity and maturation supervened, the major -part (οἱ πλεῖστοι τούτων ἐσώζοντο,—the majority -of these were saved) escaped with their life.</p> - -<p>Finally the passage of Thucydides gives no sort -of evidence to prove that the ἀκρωτηρίων ἀντίληψις -(seizure of extremities) occurred solely in those -attacked by the fever as metastasis and so on. For -the first sentence quoted, to the effect that the -disease traversed the whole body, evidently refers -back to the preceding clause ἐπικατιόντος τοῦ -νοσήματος ἐς τὴν κοιλίαν (when the disease descends -into the abdomen), and for this reason is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_183">183</span> -connected with it by the conjunction γὰρ—“for”. The -succeeding words καὶ εἴ τις ἐκ τῶν μεγίστων -περιγένοιτο (and even supposing a patient to have -escaped the worst) may very well be taken in this -way; μεγίστων (the greatest, worst things) is made -not a Neuter absolute, like τὰ ἔσχατα (last extremities) -and such like phrases in other places, but -κακῶν (evils) is supplied to go with it, and the -whole translated: “even supposing a patient escaped -the greatest evils”, that is to say if he were not -attacked by the λοῖμος (Plague) in the forms of -head and abdominal affections, “yet it marked him”, -that is it made its existence manifest by gangrene -of the extremities supervening<a id="FNanchor_205_205" href="#Footnote_205_205" class="fnanchor">205</a>. This Thucydides, -a layman writing on a medical subject, supposes to -be a mere manifestation of the λοῖμος (Plague), -while Hippocrates regarded it as the proof of -the erysipelas-putrid condition, which caused the -already previously existing ulcers etc. to assume this -character.</p> - -<p>We have already mentioned the fact that at -Athens ulcers of the feet were of frequent occurrence; -and these must, no less than the ulcers of -the genitals previously existing in any case, have -necessarily been likewise assailed by the general -unhealthy condition of things, and when this happened, -have passed over into gangrene. Thucydides -in fact says expressly at the beginning of his delineation -of the disease (ch. 49.): τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἔτος, ὡς -ὡμολογεῖτο, ἐκ πάντων μάλιστα δὴ ἐκεῖνο ἄνοσον -ἐς τὰς ἄλλας ἀσθενείας ἐτύγχανεν ὄν. εἰ δέ τις -καὶ προέκαμνέ τι, <em class="gesperrt">ἐς τοῦτο πάντα ἀπεκρίθη</em>. -(For indeed that year, as was universally admitted, -chanced to be of all years one especially free from -other diseases in general; and indeed if any -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_184">184</span>one suffered previously from any complaint, <i>all -ended in this</i>, the plague.)” We have seen how Hippocrates -observed the prevalence of ulcers of the -genitals at the period of the special meteorological -conditions he drew attention to, and without doubt -in the same way such existed at Athens as well, and -were subsequently dominated by the prevailing -erysipelas-typhoïdal conditions. This was manifested -in one of two ways; either the ulcers became gangrenous, -or the patient was attacked by typhus, -precisely as is noted to be the case at the present -day<a id="FNanchor_206_206" href="#Footnote_206_206" class="fnanchor">206</a>. But under either eventuality the existing -contagion was annihilated, in the one case by the -general feverish reaction of the organism<a id="FNanchor_207_207" href="#Footnote_207_207" class="fnanchor">207</a>. But in -those cases where neither fever nor mortification -supervened, the contagion undoubtedly assumed a -more strongly effective character, was more readily -infectious, set up more deeply penetrating ulcerations,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_185">185</span> -and the tendency towards the skin being the predominating -one, exanthematic eruptions with an -inclination to ulcerative forms (ἐκθύματα μεγάλα, -ἕρπητες πολλοῖσιν μεγάλοι,—great pustules, extensive -creeping eruptions in many cases) were observed -by Hippocrates to be set up in Summer, (loco citato -p. 487.). All these are factors of the highest importance -for the history of Venereal disease, as it is -only by them that we shall be enabled to solve the -great riddle of the origin of Venereal disease in the -XVth. Century,—a riddle to which the answer would -long ago have been found, if only enquirers had not -been in the habit almost down to our own days of -persistently looking upon Venereal disease as an -isolated phænomenon.</p> - -<p>True it is impossible from the passage of -Thucydides to decide with any certainty whether -the extremities, hands, feet and genitals, fell off of -their own accord or were removed by the knife; -but our own opinion is that both was the case, for -of course there were Physicians at Athens, and until -they had learned their powerlessness against the -prevailing sickness, they no doubt employed the -remedial means at their disposal, and these consisted -according to Hippocrates solely and simply in the -use of scalpel and cauterizing iron, all other measures -having proved unavailing. That these were equally -resorted to in ulcerations of the genitals we see from -the passage of Galen quoted above, and the Poem -of the Priapeia, p. 74, confirms the same in the -most convincing way.</p> - -<p>Enough has been alleged to prove how far the view -expressed in many different forms, to the effect that, -in the Athenian Plague as well as in the meteorological -conditions and their results as laid down by -Hippocrates, it is a question of Venereal disease, is -justified by facts, and to show that even in Antiquity -materials are to be found to demonstrate -conclusively that the <i>genius epidemicus</i> exercised a -not unimportant influence on the rise, form and course<span class="pagenum" id="Page_186">186</span> -of the ulcerations of the genital organs. In what -way this influence acted on the complaints consequent -on paederastia and the vices of the <i>cunnilingue</i> -and the <i>fellator</i> and affecting the posterior and -mouth, we cannot at any rate at the moment -demonstrate historically, but it seems only probable -that previously existing ulcerations in the mouth and -throat must under an erysipelas-typhoïdal general -condition have proved themselves in the highest -degree dangerous to the sufferers.</p> - - -<div class="figcenter" > -<img src="images/i_p186.jpg" alt="Decoration" /> -</div> - -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_187">187</span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="SECOND_SECTION" id="SECOND_SECTION">SECOND SECTION.</a><br /> - -<small>Influences which served to hinder to a -greater or less degree the inception of -Diseases consequent upon the Use -or Misuse of the Genital Organs.</small></h2> - - -<h3 id="S_34">§ 34.</h3> - - -<p>It has been fully proved in the course of our -previous investigations that Asia and Egypt must be -regarded as the two focus-points of exaggerated -sensual licence, the conditions of climate being most -favourable in those regions for the generation of -affections consequent upon sexual excesses. So it -may be fairly concluded without further proof that -in the same parts of the world attention was early -devoted to the problem how to render such influences,—no -mere passing ones, be it observed, but -continuously operative,—as little harmful as possible. -Now in what way could this end be more adequately -attained than by <i>cleanliness</i> carried out to the highest -possible degree? As a matter of history, the merest -superficial acquaintance with the customs and usages -of Antiquity clearly shows that equally in Asia and -in Egypt concern for bodily cleanliness had occupied -the particular attention of both political and sacerdotal -Legislators from the most remote period. -More than this, it had come to be looked upon by -the people as so entirely necessary, as to be all -but inextricably blended with their very life and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_188">188</span> -being. Any idea of vexatious compulsion entirely -disappeared, and the laws and ordinances directed -to this object are in force to this day as fully as -they were thousands of years ago.</p> - -<p>Inhabitants of the temperate zone who visited -these lands were bound to think,—unless they gave -more careful consideration to the subject than most -were likely to do,—such almost universal and such -scrupulous care for cleanliness exaggerated; and so -we find, e.g. the Greek writers, who cite many of -the usages of this description, invariably referring to -them merely as a sort of curiosity. In later times, -e.g. in <i>St. Athanasius</i>,<a id="FNanchor_208_208" href="#Footnote_208_208" class="fnanchor">208</a> they are even condemned -as being prompted by the Devil, in order to diminish -the amount of time to be devoted to pious exercises. -It may well be that in course of time a too scrupulously -precise dependence on ancestral custom -had brought many of these usages into ridicule, -especially when they were practised in countries -where in some cases the reasons for their observance -altogether cease to be operative. Yet anyone who -considers with due care the conditions under which -they were originally introduced, will find himself -constrained to admit that the Lawgiver was only -obeying a behest of necessity.</p> - -<p>If the different customs and usages of the Ancients -in connection with their careful attention to cleanliness -are examined more minutely, they are found -to be divisible into two classes, according as (1.) -their object was to prevent uncleanliness, or (2.) to -banish it, when once admitted. All measures connected -with sanitary police supervision, the enforcement -of which in modern civilized States leads to -such endless difficulties, were almost entirely in the -hands of the Priests, to whom the People were -accustomed to accord an unquestioning obedience. -It was an easy matter therefore to prevent any<span class="pagenum" id="Page_189">189</span> -injurious contamination from extending over a wide -area; it sufficed simply to declare unclean whatever -might prove injurious to health to ensure its being -avoided in practice,—and in the majority of instances -with the most scrupulous care. This is a factor in -the problem that appears never to have been properly -appreciated by our Historical Pathologists; -otherwise they must long ago have abandoned many -prejudices regarding the knowledge possessed by the -Ancients as to contagious matter. For how <i>could</i> -practical observations be collected on infection and -the liability to infection, when every possible chance -of infection was carefully and generally avoided? -Most of the Peoples of Antiquity considered contact -with a dead body a pollution, more than this, they -thought even the neighbourhood of a corpse to have -the same effect. They hung up notices to warn the -passers-by, and placed vessels of water (ἀδάνιον, -ὄστρακον, γάστρα—water-stoup, earthen vessel, -water-pot) before the house where a dead man lay, -that those who came in and out might be able to -purify themselves again on the spot<a id="FNanchor_209_209" href="#Footnote_209_209" class="fnanchor">209</a>. Of course all -did not go so far as the Persians, who declared -every sick person unclean. Still it is a fact, and -this most certainly not merely among the Jews, that -all the various infectious skin-diseases that were -massed together under the name of Leprosy<a id="FNanchor_210_210" href="#Footnote_210_210" class="fnanchor">210</a>, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_190">190</span> -also Gonorrhœa (Clap), made the sufferer, and also -everything he touched, unclean, and caused them -to be set apart where no one should come in contact -with them; and this continued so long as the -sickness lasted.</p> - -<p>Now does it really need any further proof that -these diseases developed a perfectly well-known form -of contagious matter: or is an arbitrary and imaginary -theory to be adopted by preference, to the effect -that injunctions of the sort owed their existence -merely to the caprice of the Legislator, and were -not based on any actual experience of real detriment -resulting from their neglect in favour of others? At -any rate it is certain that, where these laws were in -force and where each individual followed them out -exactly, a disease that is communicable only by close -contact could not possibly be disseminated over any -wide area. This could not take place under such -circumstances, even though it had been engendered -in its original form and continued prevalent for a -long period of time.</p> - -<p>However it was not only the sick that were -avoided, but all possible causes as well that might -lead to the disease. It was not only the effort -required and the pain, but most likely the possibility -also of injury resulting, that made the weakly -Asiatic forgo the <i>Jus primae noctis</i> (Right of the first -night), and declare unclean the supposed<a id="FNanchor_211_211" href="#Footnote_211_211" class="fnanchor">211</a> injurious<span class="pagenum" id="Page_191">191</span> -effects of the vaginal blood that flowed on the -rupture of the hymen, as well as the act of defloration -itself. Pollution was guarded against in -this case, as it was by the regulation banishing -women during the time of menstruation from the -neighbourhood of men, a regulation that had the -binding force of law amongst almost all the Nations -of Antiquity. The same held good for the time of -purification of women who had been lying-in,<a id="FNanchor_212_212" href="#Footnote_212_212" class="fnanchor">212</a> -a condition which was supposed in some unexplained -way to be able to exert a possibly injurious influence -on the genital organs of the husband.</p> - - - - -<h3><a name="Depilation" id="Depilation">Depilation.</a><br /> - -<small>§ 35.</small></h3> - - -<p>In spite of all this it might yet happen that -contact with a sick person could not be avoided, -and all possible causes of the diseases in question -escaped. Attention therefore was naturally directed -to the effort to make the admission of the contagion -and of matters having deleterious effects as difficult -as might be. There were two means for attaining -this end held to be especially effective,—depilation -and circumcision.</p> - -<p>The hair as is well known is particularly apt to -attract and retain all kinds of moisture; and it will -of course do this in the case of the genital secretions, -whether healthy or morbid, if they come in -contact with it. These secretions will the more -readily exert an injurious effect, as each hair is -accompanied by at least two cutaneous glands, possessing -an excretory duct or pore, and in those<span class="pagenum" id="Page_192">192</span> -parts of the body where a thicker and stronger -growth of hair is found, develop a considerably -increased degree of activity,—an increased activity -which they exhibit in any case in hot countries. -“Hence too the Priests in Egypt shave the body -carefully; for there is something collects under -the hair, that must be removed,” <i>Philo</i> says -in a passage cited above, and a fragment of -<i>Theopompus</i> preserved by <i>Athenaeus</i><a id="FNanchor_213_213" href="#Footnote_213_213" class="fnanchor">213</a> also tells us, that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_193">193</span> -this habit existed also among the Greeks, as well -as among different peoples of Italy.</p> - -<p>In later times however the habit gradually disappeared -in these countries; and is only found again -at the period of greatest luxury, when the Pathics -endeavoured by the removal of hair from all parts -of the body, except the head, to assimilate their -outward appearance to the feminine type<a id="FNanchor_214_214" href="#Footnote_214_214" class="fnanchor">214</a>. Especially -were they bound to rid the posteriors<a id="FNanchor_215_215" href="#Footnote_215_215" class="fnanchor">215</a> of hair, -as one penetrating into the anus during unnatural -connexion might easily cause small cuts at the orifice, -and produce chafings of the penis. For the same -reason paederasts, as indeed was the case with all -amateurs of Love, invariably took care to remove -all hair from the genitals<a id="FNanchor_216_216" href="#Footnote_216_216" class="fnanchor">216</a>, to avoid endangering<span class="pagenum" id="Page_194">194</span> -the posterior and the private parts of their mistresses. -Even more than men, did <i>women</i> seek to remove -the hair from their private parts, as they do to this -day in the East. This appears never to have been -the case among the Jews; but in Asia and in Egypt -the custom was observed by all classes of the people, -and probably from those lands first spread into -Greece and Italy. It seems to have been adopted -very generally by Greek women;<a id="FNanchor_217_217" href="#Footnote_217_217" class="fnanchor">217</a> but it was <i>especially</i> -hetaerae and “filles de joie”<a id="FNanchor_218_218" href="#Footnote_218_218" class="fnanchor">218</a> who practised -local as well as general depilation. A similar state<span class="pagenum" id="Page_195">195</span> -of things must have existed at Rome<a id="FNanchor_219_219" href="#Footnote_219_219" class="fnanchor">219</a>, where older -women resorted to the removal of hair from the -genitals as a means of concealing their age<a id="FNanchor_220_220" href="#Footnote_220_220" class="fnanchor">220</a>. In<span class="pagenum" id="Page_196">196</span> -any case whether in Greece or in Italy the purpose -and special object of depilation seems to have been -soon lost sight of, and the practice to have been -still to some extent kept up merely as a matter of -fashion. Nevertheless it is a fact that the habit has -continued even down to modern times in these<span class="pagenum" id="Page_197">197</span> -countries, and is actually followed there to some -extent on the ground of cleanliness<a id="FNanchor_221_221" href="#Footnote_221_221" class="fnanchor">221</a>.</p> - -<p>Depilation is completed by the <i>polishing</i> of the -skin with pumice, etc., a treatment that made it very -much less liable to take up dirt of all kinds. This -and the <i>anointing</i> of the body, that commonly followed -it, as it did the bath (see later), guarded -against the introduction of foreign matter into the -tissues to an important extent, yet without interfering -with transpiration, which in southern countries takes -place more by the cutaneous glands than by the -sweat-pores. This fact goes some way to explain -how it was that the contagious plagues of Antiquity, -generally of a transient character, never properly -speaking acquired any wide extension, unless they -were carried along with the <i>Genius epidemicus</i> at the -same time; and that even the latter, as is the case -at the present day, could seldom master and reverse<span class="pagenum" id="Page_198">198</span> -endemic predispositions. This last consideration -merits the particular attention of the Historical -Pathologist, as giving him a partial indication why -Antiquity comes so far behind later times in regard -to startling epidemics, at the same time teaching him -to regard Asia as the home of Endemic, Europe of -Epidemic Diseases. This ought to safeguard him -against many over-hasty conclusions in his views of -the progressive developement and evolution of disease -in general. At the same time it will undoubtedly -destroy not a few agreeable dreams, where he has -allowed imagination to outrun reality.</p> - - -<h3>Circumcision<a id="FNanchor_222_222" href="#Footnote_222_222" class="fnanchor">222</a>.<br /> - -<small>§ 36.</small></h3> - - -<p><i>Herodotus</i> himself represents circumcision as a very -ancient usage even in his time, as to which it is a -moot point whether the Egyptians or Ethiopians first<span class="pagenum" id="Page_199">199</span> -practised it. From the Egyptians it would seem to -have passed on to the Phoenicians and Syrians in -Palestine, from the Colchians to the Syrians living -on the banks of the river Thermodon and Parthenius -and to the Macronians<a id="FNanchor_223_223" href="#Footnote_223_223" class="fnanchor">223</a>. To the present day we -find Circumcision practised, as all the world knows, -among the Mohammedans, Persians and Jews, among -the Kaffirs on the South-East Coast of Africa, the -Abyssinian Christians<a id="FNanchor_224_224" href="#Footnote_224_224" class="fnanchor">224</a>, the inhabitants of the Pacific -Islands<a id="FNanchor_225_225" href="#Footnote_225_225" class="fnanchor">225</a>, as well on the mainland of America,—and -this not merely among the coast dwellers, but also -in several inland districts of South America<a id="FNanchor_226_226" href="#Footnote_226_226" class="fnanchor">226</a>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_200">200</span></p> - -<p>Without in this place going into the different -reasons that have been alleged to account for the -original introduction of Circumcision, especially among -the Jews, we may yet say, looking back to our -previous exposition in § 29., that we hold ourselves -bound to see in Circumcision originally a religious-hygienic -measure, intended to guard a part of the -body already in the earliest times held in such high -honour among the Egyptians, Indians etc. as was the -penis, against any probable chance of defilement by -uncleanliness (sebaceous smegma on the <i>glans penis</i>); -for it was found that the uncurtailed prepuce made -the maintenance of a clean <i>glans penis</i> much more -difficult, favouring as it did the collection of the -smegma resulting from the sebaceous secretions, and -thus gave occasion for the formation of pustules and -ulcers and the like inconveniences. These were -referred not to the natural cause, but rather looked -upon as a deserved punishment due to the anger of -the offended deity to whom the penis was sacred, -the deity being himself defiled and made unclean -by the uncleanliness of the organ. To escape such -anger men were ready enough to remove a part, -the direct utility of which was as little obvious at -the first glance as that of the hair that grew in its -neighbourhood,—a proceeding they were the more -willing to agree to, as the mischief the uncurtailed -prepuce occasioned was often enough manifested.</p> - -<p>At first only the Priests, who of course were at -the same time the Physicians of primitive Peoples, -were allowed to undertake the performance of this -operation; subsequently it devolved upon the people -generally as well, either by direct command or -because they were now convinced of the utility of -circumcision. This utility however must have grown -less and less frequently visible in proportion as fewer -uncircumcised individuals were left in evidence; and -so in the same degree the hygienic motive fell more -and more into the background. Thus only the -religious was left, and this was now taken as the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_201">201</span> -sole reason and sufficient explanation of the universal -custom. Circumcision accordingly came to be a -symbol signifying adoption among such as were -initiated into the Egyptian Mysteries, and similarly -adoption among the initiated of the Lord, adoption -into the peculiar People of God. It is in this fashion -the various discordant views as to the origin of -circumcision, all of which proceeded in the first -instance from a more or less one-sided point of view, -may most satisfactorily be brought into agreement. -True the motive for the operation was supplied by -a pathological factor, but one which owed its force -to a religious idea, and thus at first the knife was -regarded not so much from the <i>physician’s</i> point of -view as from the <i>religious</i> side.</p> - -<p>But again later, when religious ideas of the sort -were more and more disappearing before a cool -examination of actual nature, when the tale of -diseases originating in the anger of a deity was -growing every day fewer, belief became impossible -in the religious meaning of circumcision, or indeed -such belief was deliberately rejected, now that a -clear and natural explanation of the rite was to be -found. The religious motive in turn made way for -the medical-hygienic, as in <i>Philo</i> in the passage -quoted above, and even Our Lord seems to -have held no other view of the rite, when he says<a id="FNanchor_227_227" href="#Footnote_227_227" class="fnanchor">227</a>: -“If a man received circumcision on the sabbath, -that the law of Moses may not be broken; are ye -wroth with me, because I <i>made a man every whit -whole</i> on the sabbath?” <i>De Wette</i> in his Translation -adds: “that is to say, not simply, as in circumcision, -in one member, but in the whole body.” In fact -the question is here of the healing of the man “which -had been thirty and eight years in his infirmity” -(Ch. V.), whom Christ had made whole at the Pool<span class="pagenum" id="Page_202">202</span> -of Bethesda on the Sabbath, for which reason the -Jews wished to put him to death. The sick man -was afflicted in his whole body, i. e. in every limb, -for without help he could not leave his bed and go -down into the Pool. Thus Christ we see contrasts -the healing of all the members with circumcision, -making it plain that in his view the latter makes -whole merely a single member, the penis, or at -least puts it in such a condition that it cannot -become sick (ὑγιῆ ἐποίησα,—I made whole); accordingly -the rite possessed for him only a purely medico-hygienic -aim.</p> - -<p>As to the introduction of Circumcision among the -Jews, this may very likely, as we have already -pointed, have taken place in the following mode: -Evidently the Jews when in Egypt were not -yet circumcised, as the speech of the lord Joshua -clearly implies, “This day have I taken the reproach -of Egypt from off you;” for in the eyes of the -Egyptians the uncircumcised condition of the Jews -was a reproach, just as in later times “Uncircumcised” -was the strongest word of abuse with the -Jews themselves.<a id="FNanchor_228_228" href="#Footnote_228_228" class="fnanchor">228</a> Moses brought up by the Egyptian -Priests, initiated into their secret wisdom, must -necessarily have been circumcised, and so have -known the hygienic as well as religious point of -view. Convinced of its expediency, he determined -to introduce it among the Jews, in order to make<span class="pagenum" id="Page_203">203</span> -them by outward sign in some sort a holy and pure -priestly Nation.<a id="FNanchor_229_229" href="#Footnote_229_229" class="fnanchor">229</a> For this reason we find the command -to circumcise on the eighth day after birth -specified among the <i>Laws of Purification</i>,<a id="FNanchor_230_230" href="#Footnote_230_230" class="fnanchor">230</a> yet -without any further supplemental addition,—which -would certainly not have been omitted, if it had at -that time been regarded as a symbolic sign of covenant. -Circumcision did not yet possess its purely -symbolic meaning; and so it is not yet included -among the laws given at Sinai, where the blood of -the Burnt Offerings seals the covenant with God.</p> - -<p>But subsequently when the Jews at Shittim gave -themselves to the licentious worship of Baal Peor, -not merely the expediency stood out in glaring -conspicuousness, but the positive necessity of observing -the laws of purity in general, including that of -circumcision in particular. Thus the long conceived -idea of Moses came to maturity, to enjoin upon the -People the rite of circumcision as special symbol of -unity with Jehovah; though he could not hope to -bring about its universal adoption by adults, until -these were on the point of actually setting foot on -the Promised Land. This could only be after the -death of Moses; consequently it was Joshua at -Arolath who first circumcised all those who had -been born in the Wilderness. Now all the sufferings -of the march were forgotten, the land flowing with -milk and honey, that was to content all their highest -wishes, lay before their eyes, and so they were -willing enough to consent to purchase its everlasting -possession at the cost of what is certainly a painful, -but at the same time on the whole only a trifling, -operation. But then when every male was circumcised, -there was no longer any evidence, as explained -above, to convince people of the necessity -of the observance, and thus for the future Circumcision -appeared in the guise of a <i>purely</i> religious<span class="pagenum" id="Page_204">204</span> -symbol, as the sacramental outward and visible sign -of adoption into sonship with Jehovah,—a point of -view subsequently consistently kept to throughout -the Old Testament.</p> - -<p>Finally with regard to the notion, expressed in -many different forms, that Circumcision was originally -introduced on behalf of increased fruitfulness -on the part of the Sons of Abraham,<a id="FNanchor_231_231" href="#Footnote_231_231" class="fnanchor">231</a>—an idea -found as early as in the pages of <i>Philo Judaeus</i>, it -would appear not to be so much the greater length -of the foreskin that came into question, but rather -the same general reasons that ensured a condition -of cleanliness in the procreative organs; for the -alleged interruption of the ejaculation of the semen -owing to the excessive length of the foreskin can -after all only occur, if the latter is at the same -time unduly contracted at its orifice in such a way -that during the act of coition it cannot be drawn -back over the <i>glans</i>. Supposing, as we have seen -to be the case, complaints affecting the <i>glans penis</i> -when covered with the normal prepuce to be readily -set up through climatic influences, the free use of -the organ of procreation must of course in this way -have been interfered with, or even in extreme cases, -completely prevented. But inasmuch as the Jew, -in this resembling most of the Nations of Antiquity, -made a numerous posterity his highest glory,<a id="FNanchor_232_232" href="#Footnote_232_232" class="fnanchor">232</a> and -as this could only be obtained on the condition of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_205">205</span> -a healthy procreative member, every endeavour -must obviously have been made to remove anything -likely to be prejudicial to the part so profoundly -reverenced, anything capable of disturbing, or even -altogether frustrating, the due performance of its -functions.</p> - -<p>But just as this removal of a part of the prepuce, -and the consequent increased possibilities of cleanliness -of the <i>glans</i>, more or less counteracted the -injurious effects of Climate tending to set up diseases -of the <i>glans penis</i> in general, it must have equally -exercised as against possible affections of this part -resulting from coition a certain prophylactic influence,—though -undoubtedly this was not <i>so</i> great as it -has been in some quarters represented to be, as -we intend to explain more fully elsewhere. Hence -to some extent, but only to a limited extent, can -the practice of circumcision be regarded as a proof -of the existence of Venereal disease in Antiquity; -but at the same time to refer it to this as <i>sole</i> -motive, as <i>Stoll</i><a id="FNanchor_233_233" href="#Footnote_233_233" class="fnanchor">233</a> does, is quite inadmissible.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_206">206</span></p> - -<p>What has here been said of <i>the Circumcision of -men</i>, holds good also in the main of <i>that of maids -and women</i>. This consists in the removal of the -<i>praeputium clitoridis</i>; but neither the amputation -of the Clitoris itself in so-called <i>Tribads</i> must -be confounded with it, nor yet the operation on the -exaggerated nymphae or inner <i>labia</i>, of women. The -Arabs, among whom this practice,—female circumcision,—is -especially rife at the present day as it -was of old,<a id="FNanchor_234_234" href="#Footnote_234_234" class="fnanchor">234</a> call the part that is subjected to circumcision<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">نوي (<i>nava</i>), the circumcision itself خفض (<i>battar</i>)</span><br /> -or خفض (<i>chaphad</i>), and what is cut away in circumcision<br /> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_207">207</span><span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">بظر (<i>bätr</i>). Usually the circumcision of maids</span><br /> -is first performed on the completion of the tenth -year by women who make it their special business -and who are known as مبظّرة (<i>mobatterat</i>). These -women perambulate the streets and openly call out, -“Any maids to circumcise?”<a id="FNanchor_235_235" href="#Footnote_235_235" class="fnanchor">235</a> Besides the Arabs, -Circumcision of maids is to be found among the -Copts or modern Egyptians,<a id="FNanchor_236_236" href="#Footnote_236_236" class="fnanchor">236</a> the Ethiopians,<a id="FNanchor_237_237" href="#Footnote_237_237" class="fnanchor">237</a> in -some districts of Persia,<a id="FNanchor_238_238" href="#Footnote_238_238" class="fnanchor">238</a> among the Negroes in -Bambuk<a id="FNanchor_239_239" href="#Footnote_239_239" class="fnanchor">239</a> and the Panos in the province of Maynas -in South America, the latter actually restricting the -practice to the women.<a id="FNanchor_240_240" href="#Footnote_240_240" class="fnanchor">240</a></p> - - - - -<h3><a name="Baths_and_Bathing" id="Baths_and_Bathing">Baths and Bathing.</a><br /> - -<small>§ 37.</small></h3> - - -<p>In spite of all precautions adopted it was impossible -to keep away everything unclean from the body, -while this latter by its own excrements was<span class="pagenum" id="Page_208">208</span> -constantly making itself more or less unclean;<a id="FNanchor_241_241" href="#Footnote_241_241" class="fnanchor">241</a> hence<span class="pagenum" id="Page_209">209</span> -it was only natural that from the most primitive -times men’s attention was directed towards means -of removing the uncleanliness so contracted. But -the defilement was never more than an external one; -it concerned merely the skin and the orifices of the -mucous membrane, while the matter requiring removal -was of a sort soluble in water, and thus water was -always the chief and foremost means employed to -secure cleanliness. Doctrines of Cosmogony further -confirmed the practice; these made water the origin -of all things, a direct effluence of the deity and -therefore itself divine,—a means not only of purification, -but of sanctification as well.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Θάλασσα κλύζει πάντα τἀνθρώπων κακά,</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>(The sea washes away all evils of mankind) was the -refrain, one that resounds to this day in our ears -from the East; so that we cannot wonder that baths -and bathing formed a capital factor both in the -public and private life of the Ancients. Whatever -view might be taken of sexual intercourse, all agreed -in this, that a certain defilement was connected with -it, which (as follows indeed from our exposition on -earlier pages) might easily become injurious to the -organs brought into activity, and could only be -obviated by dint of <i>baths</i> and a system of <i>bathing</i>.<a id="FNanchor_242_242" href="#Footnote_242_242" class="fnanchor">242</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_210">210</span></p> - -<p>Thus we read in <i>Herodotus</i>:<a id="FNanchor_243_243" href="#Footnote_243_243" class="fnanchor">243</a> “But as often as a -<i>Babylonian</i> has had intercourse with his wife, he -sits down beside a lighted censer, and his wife does -the same on the opposite side; then when morning -has come, both <i>bathe</i> themselves, for they will touch -no vessel until they have washed. The same practice -is followed by the <i>Arabians</i> too.” Whether -bathing after <i>each</i> act of coition was a national -custom of the <i>Egyptians</i>, we have been unable to -discover, but <i>Clement of Alexandria</i><a id="FNanchor_244_244" href="#Footnote_244_244" class="fnanchor">244</a> states that they -were forbidden, as was almost everywhere the case -in Antiquity, to enter the temple without having -washed or bathed themselves after sexual intercourse; -while the Priests were bound to bathe after every -nocturnal pollution.<a id="FNanchor_245_245" href="#Footnote_245_245" class="fnanchor">245</a> This was equally an ordinance -of the <i>Jews</i>, who at the same time were rendered -by such pollution unclean till the evening. The last -named People were also obliged to wash after every -act of coition; at any rate <i>Josephus</i><a id="FNanchor_246_246" href="#Footnote_246_246" class="fnanchor">246</a> and <i>Philo</i><a id="FNanchor_247_247" href="#Footnote_247_247" class="fnanchor">247</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_211">211</span> -declare it to have been so, for in the Old Testament -it is nowhere enjoined. As is generally known, this -custom has been kept up in the East down to the -present day, even among the Christian populations,—affording -a concurrent testimony to the necessity for -its observance in these countries.</p> - -<p>Whether the <i>Greeks</i> deliberately and with intention -made use of baths and bathing immediately after -sexual intercourse, it is difficult to ascertain quite -for certain; but it seems probable, as not only does -Mythology more than once<a id="FNanchor_248_248" href="#Footnote_248_248" class="fnanchor">248</a> make express mention -of the bath after coition, but the phrase ὅσιος ἀπ’ -εὐνᾶς ὤν (being holy, purified, after the couch) -points to the same conclusion. Moreover there is -a passage in <i>Lucian</i>,<a id="FNanchor_249_249" href="#Footnote_249_249" class="fnanchor">249</a>—though it is quite true he<span class="pagenum" id="Page_212">212</span> -often describes Roman customs,—that might be -thought to prove the same.</p> - -<p>Clearer indications are forthcoming in the case of -the <i>Romans</i>, who not only must not undertake any -sacred function or enter a Temple, if they had failed -to bathe after carrying out coition,<a id="FNanchor_250_250" href="#Footnote_250_250" class="fnanchor">250</a> but were also -bound generally after every act of cohabitation to -wash the parts brought into use. At any rate this -holds good of the women, and so applies to the -Roman matron (comp. the passage of <i>Suetonius</i> quoted<span class="pagenum" id="Page_213">213</span> -in § 27) as to Atia, the mother of Augustus, as well as in -an even greater degree to the amica (mistress) or courtesan. -The regular name for this was <i>aquam sumere</i> -(to take water).<a id="FNanchor_251_251" href="#Footnote_251_251" class="fnanchor">251</a> Indeed there were actually special -attendants <i>aquarioli</i> (water-boys),<a id="FNanchor_252_252" href="#Footnote_252_252" class="fnanchor">252</a> whose business it<span class="pagenum" id="Page_214">214</span> -was not merely to fetch water for this purpose, but also in particular to bathe and cleanse the “filles de<span class="pagenum" id="Page_215">215</span> -joie” after sexual intercourse. For this reason <i>Lampridius</i> -says of the Emperor Commodus (ch. 2), -<i>aquam gessit, ut lenonum ministeriis probrosis natum -magis, quam in loco crederes, ad quem fortuna pervexit</i> -(he fetched water, so that you would more readily -suppose him born to perform the shameful offices -of pandars than in the station whereto fortune raised -him). Such cleanliness was especially obligatory on -those who had to do with the preparation of food -and drink, such as bakers, cooks and butlers;<a id="FNanchor_253_253" href="#Footnote_253_253" class="fnanchor">253</a> and -if we do not find it directly enjoined among many -ancient Peoples, the only reason of this is that they -were already accustomed to wash and bathe every -morning<a id="FNanchor_254_254" href="#Footnote_254_254" class="fnanchor">254</a> immediately on leaving their bed.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_216">216</span></p> - -<p>In the same way as after natural coition the parts -brought into use were bathed and washed, this was -also done after <i>unnatural</i>, and so we read in the -Collection of Priapeia (Carm. 40.):</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Falce minax et parte tui maiore, Priape,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Ad fontem, quaeso, dic mihi qua sit iter?</div> - <div class="verse">Vade per has vites, quarum si carpseris uvas</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Quas aliter sumas, hospes, habebis aquas—</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>(Standing in threatening attitude with my bristling -pruning-knife and your better part, Priapus, I enquire: -“Pri’thee tell me, which is my way to the fountain?” -“Go through yonder vines, but if you dare to pluck -the grapes, you will find, stranger, <i>water you must -take</i> elsewhere”). Clearly this is to be taken as -meaning paederastia or irrumation looked upon as -punishments inflicted for the theft contemplated; -and shows us at the same time it was not without -a “double entendre” that Priapus was set up as a -direction-post to fountains, a point that <i>Lomeier</i><a id="FNanchor_255_255" href="#Footnote_255_255" class="fnanchor">255</a> -has already brought out with perfect correctness. -Again the <i>fellator</i> after his work used to cleanse -the mouth with water, as we learn from several -passages in <i>Martial</i>; thus amongst other places we -read in one, of Lesbia,<a id="FNanchor_256_256" href="#Footnote_256_256" class="fnanchor">256</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_217">217</span></p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Quod fellas et aquam potes, nil Lesbia peccas,</div> - <div class="verse">Qua tibi parte opus est, Lesbia, sumis aquam.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>(You <i>fellate</i> and then drink water; you do no wrong -in this, Lesbia; where lies your work, there Lesbia -you <i>take water</i>).</p> - -<p>If we further add to this scrupulous cleanliness -the quiet life led by the women of Antiquity, who -spent most of their time, as women still do in the -East, reclining, it is evident that in spite of the -predisposing influence of Climate, injurious secretions -from the vagina and uterus, or indeed ulcerations of -these parts, must—speaking generally, and in proportion—have -occurred but rarely. Moreover such -maladies of the sort as were contracted were quickly -got rid of again spontaneously, for very often even -at the present day rest and cleanliness suffice by -themselves for the removal of primary affections of -the genitals. On the other hand it cannot be denied -that a careless non-observance of these primeval -laws of cleanliness must have then avenged itself -all the more severely on the offending individual, -and given occasion for the setting up of incurable -diseases.</p> - -<p>But great as the counteracting effect of the frequent -use of baths in Antiquity was on the rise of diseases -in general, and of those resulting from sexual excesses -in particular, none the less in other ways did these -same baths, directly or indirectly, <i>give occasion for -their rise and spread</i>. As to their <i>direct</i> effect in -this direction,—we certainly find but scanty evidence -of any in the authorities, and even such as <i>are</i> -forthcoming may very possibly be referred to the -head of general want of cleanliness<a id="FNanchor_257_257" href="#Footnote_257_257" class="fnanchor">257</a>. Still in view -of the fact that at the present day the cellar baths -of the Jews contribute to some degree to the spread -of disease, and especially of skin-disease of different<span class="pagenum" id="Page_218">218</span> -types, as did baths generally in the Middle Ages, -the conjecture is surely justified that similar results -followed in Antiquity, especially at Rome under the -Emperors.</p> - -<p><i>Indirectly</i> maladies consequent upon sexual excesses -were helped on by the mere fact that the ancient -Baths afforded manifold opportunities for such -excesses. The bath-attendants, or <i>aquarioli</i> (water-boys), -who fetched the water for bathing, not only -carried on vicious practices with the women frequenting -the place themselves, but also made a business of procuration, -as already pointed out just above, p. 214. The -lascivious Roman Ladies took their own slaves with -them to the Baths, that they might attend upon -their mistresses.<a id="FNanchor_258_258" href="#Footnote_258_258" class="fnanchor">258</a> At first the same bathing Establishments -were used equally by both sexes, but -not at the same time; and according to <i>Dio Cassius</i>,<a id="FNanchor_259_259" href="#Footnote_259_259" class="fnanchor">259</a> -<i>Agrippa</i> would appear to have first, 721 A. U. C., -established the public Baths at Rome for men and -women, from which place later on Baths open to -both sexes were introduced into Greece, as <i>Plutarch</i><a id="FNanchor_260_260" href="#Footnote_260_260" class="fnanchor">260</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_219">219</span> -states. The Greeks called these Establishments -ἀνδρόγυνα λούτρα (men-women, male-female, baths), -and used to set up an image of Hermaphroditus in -front of them.<a id="FNanchor_261_261" href="#Footnote_261_261" class="fnanchor">261</a> In the Imperial period, when all -shame was laid aside and Heliogabalus himself -<i>in balneis semper cum mulieribus fuit</i> (always visited -the Baths in company of the women) (<i>Lampridius</i> -ch. 2), the use of the Baths both by men and -women, and this at the same time, had become an -established custom, as may be seen from several -passages of <i>Martial</i>;<a id="FNanchor_262_262" href="#Footnote_262_262" class="fnanchor">262</a> and it was in vain the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_220">220</span> -Emperors <i>Hadrian</i>,<a id="FNanchor_263_263" href="#Footnote_263_263" class="fnanchor">263</a> <i>Marcus Antoninus</i><a id="FNanchor_264_264" href="#Footnote_264_264" class="fnanchor">264</a> and <i>Alexander -Severus</i><a id="FNanchor_265_265" href="#Footnote_265_265" class="fnanchor">265</a> endeavoured to restrain the abuse by enactments. -These were just as unavailing as were the -invectives of the Fathers of the Church.<a id="FNanchor_266_266" href="#Footnote_266_266" class="fnanchor">266</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_221">221</span></p> - -<p>The Bathing Apartments, from which antique -Roman modesty had excluded almost every glimmer -of external light, were now patent to the eyes of -the passer-by. Fitted up with every device of the -most refined luxury,<a id="FNanchor_267_267" href="#Footnote_267_267" class="fnanchor">267</a> they were transformed into<span class="pagenum" id="Page_222">222</span> -regular brothels;<a id="FNanchor_268_268" href="#Footnote_268_268" class="fnanchor">268</a> and accordingly were not allowed -to open their doors earlier than one hour before the -ordinary establishments of this nature.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_223">223</span></p> - -<p>The same opportunities which the Baths gave for -vice with women, they afforded no less for vice -between men,—for paederastia. There it was that -amateurs looked about for <i>bene vasatos</i> and καλλιπύγους, -(men with fine instruments, men with handsome -buttocks), and this among the Greeks as well -as among the Romans,<a id="FNanchor_269_269" href="#Footnote_269_269" class="fnanchor">269</a> though the latter in this as -in other things beat the record of all other nations.</p> - - -<div class="figcenter" > -<img src="images/i_p223.jpg" alt="Decoration" /> -</div> - - -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_224">224</span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="THIRD_SECTION" id="THIRD_SECTION">THIRD SECTION.</a><br /> - -<small>Relation of the Physician to Diseases -consequent upon the Use or Misuse -of the Genital Organs.</small></h2> - - -<h3 id="S_38">§ 38.</h3> - - -<p>In the preceding Sections we have become -acquainted with the various influences capable of -favouring or counteracting the rise of diseases consequent -upon the use or misuse of the genitals in -Antiquity. At the same time we have shown how -a multitude of affections of the most different kinds -attacked, as a result of the unnatural gratification of -sexual desire, those parts which under these circumstances -had to undertake the rôle of the genital -organs of the one or the other sex. Thirdly we -have brought forward in the course of the enquiry -at any rate some examples, proving beyond a doubt -that the sexual parts themselves too under favourable -external conditions sometimes became diseased as -the consequence of indulgence in sexual intercourse. -Still these results were for the most part based on -the evidence of non-medical Writers, for of set -purpose we abstained as much as possible from -calling the professional Writers into Court on these -points, so as to be able to treat in their proper -mutual connexion whatever statements these latter -have left us as to the maladies in question. This -course appeared to us all the more necessary, as it<span class="pagenum" id="Page_225">225</span> -is precisely the medical evidence which the opponents -of the existence of Venereal disease in Antiquity -believe themselves able to utilize in justification of -their opinions.</p> - -<p>But before we proceed to the detailed examination -of the actual statements, it would seem expedient to -get an answer to the following question: <i>whether -indeed the Physicians of Antiquity generally were in -a position to acquire an adequate knowledge of the -bodily consequences of vicious living?</i> In fact on the -correct answer to this question obviously depends -the correct appreciation of the medical Writings as -sources for the History of Venereal disease. Only -under the condition that this question may be -answered in the affirmative, can the evidence supplied -by the Physicians be regarded as satisfactory for -their own period. That it cannot of course be so -for all periods, has been pointed out already in our -examination of the authorities for Antiquity generally. -Indeed for long periods of time Physicians had no -special <i>locus standi</i>, inasmuch as each individual -in the case of the most usual maladies endeavoured -to help himself, and if the family recipes left him -stranded, then betook himself with prayers for -assistance to the Gods and their intermediaries on -earth, the Priests. This still continued, even after -the Physicians had won their recognition as a special -profession, and we find accordingly throughout -Antiquity popular, sacerdotal, and professional or -<i>medical</i> medicine, if we may be allowed the expression, -continuing to exist simultaneously side by side, -and not a trace anywhere of the ridiculous limitation -according to which no man has a right to be well -without the help of a doctor.</p> - -<p>Now having made it clear by what we have said, -that in order to gain knowledge of a disease in Antiquity -it is by no means enough to go to the Physicians -only, even when such existed, that the latter should -never be regarded as sole possessors of whatever -was known from the point of view of pathology and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_226">226</span> -therapeutics, we are bound to apply the same rule -in the case of diseases consequent upon vicious -habits. Of this the foregoing Sections contain amply -sufficient proofs. It has there been shown how the -genital organs were under the protection of special -deities. Diseases affecting them were ascribed to -the vengeance of the said deities, as at Athens to -Dionysus, at Lampsacus to Priapus. To them -sufferers had recourse to win by their prayers -the removal of the divine anger, as well as its -consequences; and all this happened not only in -times when Physicians did not as yet exist, but no -less when they did and in defiance of them, as the -poems of the Priapeia sufficiently prove.<a id="FNanchor_270_270" href="#Footnote_270_270" class="fnanchor">270</a> How long -these ideas lived on is shown by the pictures <i>Philo</i> -(p. 315) and <i>Palladius</i> (p. 318) draw of their times, -while the XVth. and XVIth. Centuries reproduced -the same scenes.</p> - -<p>The most obvious reason for this no doubt was -the <i>enigma presented by the origin</i> of diseases of the -genitals, particularly for any one unacquainted with -the existence of contagions and their modes of -activity. The man who with a healthy penis had -accomplished coition, observed some days afterwards, -though without resenting the fact, a mucous discharge -to have been set up, or an ulcer, pustule, or what -not, to have appeared. The cause of these affections -he sought for in vain, for of course the mere act of -coition was the very last thing he was likely to -regard as such. Rather accustomed, wherever the -cause of any phænomenon was unknown to him, to -ascribe it to the intervention of the deity, he saw -in his complaint likewise the Θεῖον (divine) as -eventual cause. Naturally therefore it was divine<span class="pagenum" id="Page_227">227</span> -assistance, and not human, that would avail to relieve -him of his pain. Long after this time moreover, -when men had ceased to refer all diseases to the -vengeance of the gods, and now discovered natural -causes for maladies of the genitals, as for other -diseases, anything rather than just the act of coition -was looked upon as cause of the observed effects, -as indeed is the case to this day among the Turks,<a id="FNanchor_271_271" href="#Footnote_271_271" class="fnanchor">271</a> -and as the earliest Writers on Venereal disease -abundantly show to have been so in their time. -That the Physicians were no exceptions to this rule, -we shall show on a later page.</p> - -<p>A much more weighty reason however why the -patient attacked by some affection of the genitals -turned not to men (Physicians) for help, but to the -Gods, and the Priests who represented them, was -the feeling of <i>shame</i>. Since first Adam and Eve -had recourse to the fig-leaf, it has ever been a habit -among all peoples of the ancient as of the modern<span class="pagenum" id="Page_228">228</span> -world to withdraw the procreative parts from the -view of others by covering them. But above all did -the Ancients regard the exposure of these parts<a id="FNanchor_272_272" href="#Footnote_272_272" class="fnanchor">272</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_229">229</span> -one of the severest trials to which modesty could -be exposed; and rightly enough therefore designate -them by the name of <i>pudenda</i>, αἰδοῖα, <i>the parts of -shame</i>. Neither the wide extension of Phallic worship, -nor yet the compulsory exposure of the Ephebi<a id="FNanchor_273_273" href="#Footnote_273_273" class="fnanchor">273</a> and -the naked exercises of maidens and youths at Sparta<a id="FNanchor_274_274" href="#Footnote_274_274" class="fnanchor">274</a>,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_230">230</span> -can fairly be cited in this connexion as proofs to -the contrary.</p> - -<p>In our own day the most accomplished voluptuaries -are in no wise shocked at undertaking in secret -the most shameful doings, but yet when it comes -to showing the Physician the diseased instruments -of their bestial lusts, often put this off so long as to -run great risks of entirely losing the signs of their -manhood; and without a doubt it was the same at -the period when habitual depravity had reached its -culminating point of enormity. Even Priapus himself -asks (Carm. 3):</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Nec mihi sit crimen, quod mentula semper operta est.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>(Nor let it be laid as a crime against me, that my -member is ever covered up.) If with this is compared<span class="pagenum" id="Page_231">231</span> -the poem from the Priapeia quoted on p. 74 of Vol. I., -no one can fail to agree with us when we say that the -field of observation open to Physicians in Antiquity -with regard to diseases of the genitals can never -have been at all extended. Even the Priests, at any -rate in later times, were only resorted to in the more -serious instances; but even so their journals of cases, -supposing them ever to have kept such, would have -been a far better source of information than those -of the Physicians. We find a confirmation of this -in the Mosaic Books of the Law, which contain -the earliest and clearest delineations we possess of -affections of the genital organs both in men and -women.</p> - -<p>But if men were so reluctant, how much more so -must women have been, who were universally held -to have committed a crime if they had given any -part of their body to the eyes of a stranger. Just -as the assistance of the Physician was disdained in -childbirth, and to account for the fact the fable of -Agnodicé invented, in the same way in complaints -of the genitals women hesitated to submit themselves -to the inquisition of the Physician. But seeing the -female sexual organs are pre-eminently the home and -breeding place of Venereal disease, this closed what -was precisely the most direct way to a correct understanding -of maladies of the genitals. The ancient -Physicians, like our own forefathers, could at best -make leucorrhœa the universal scape-goat; and accordingly -even <i>Galen</i>, as we shall find presently, laid -no stress on the circumstance, and drew no inference -from it, that wherever men were attacked by gonorrhœa, -the women with whom they had had coition -likewise suffered from the complaint.</p> - -<p>Further, to this general sense of shame was added -a certain timidity before the professional status of -real Physicians as a class, as well as the pretty universally -prevalent idea of the <i>ignominiousness of a -sickness brought on by a person’s own fault</i>, at any -rate among the educated part of the population.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_232">232</span> -This comes out in the following passage of <i>Plato</i>,<a id="FNanchor_275_275" href="#Footnote_275_275" class="fnanchor">275</a> -where he says:<span class="pagenum" id="Page_233">233</span> “Does it appear to you disgraceful -to stand in need of medical help, when it is not -wounds at all or such sicknesses as depend on the -seasons that have befallen, but when a man through -indolence and a way of life such as we have noted -(i.e. a very luxurious one), is filled full of fluxes and -accumulations of wind like a sea, giving occasion to -the noble sons of Asclepius to designate these complaints -by the names of superfetations and catarrhs?” -This was more than a mere expression of individual -opinion; there is no doubt affections of the genital -organs, more especially if their relation to sexual -intercourse was known, belonged to the class of -diseases held to be most disgraceful,<a id="FNanchor_276_276" href="#Footnote_276_276" class="fnanchor">276</a> and the Poet -is justified in saying:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse"><em class="gesperrt">Diis me legitimis nimisque magnis</em></div> - <div class="verse">Ut Phoebo puta, filioque Phoebi</div> - <div class="verse"><em class="gesperrt">Curatum dare mentulam verebar</em>.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>(To the lawful gods, deities too exalted for me, such -for instance as Phoebus, and Phoebus’son, I feared -to entrust my member for cure.) Thus it was not -to the “noble sons of Asclepius”, in other words -the Physicians, who treated freemen only, that -patients resorted for help, but to the gods, or else -to the medical underlings (ὑπηρέται τῶν ἰατρῶν,—subordinate -assistants of the physicians), to the slave-doctors -and quacks, who plied their trade in -the doctor’s shops,—establishments where, as we -have seen above, paederasts and pathics foregathered. -Exactly the same state of things prevailed -down to the middle of the last Century; and to this -day a majority of such sufferers rarely as a matter -of fact come under any other hands.</p> - -<p>The knowledge and observations of these Cullers of -simples and Compounders of balsams, if indeed as -a rule they really possessed the former, or knew how<span class="pagenum" id="Page_234">234</span> -to make the latter, necessarily perished on their -decease, or at best were passed on by tradition to -their successors in the doctor’s shops, without professional -Physicians or medical Science being one -whit advantaged. To such men it was a matter of -perfect indifference what was the origin of the disease -for which they sold their powders and decoctions, -for as <i>Plato</i> (De legg. IV. 720) says, they paid no -attention to the existing conditions of disease, and -did not care to give a thought to any such thing. -But at any rate,—and this was the chief point,—the -patient was spared a humiliating confession, and was -glad enough to buy the privilege even at the cost -of possible ruin to his health. We must further -remember that the “filles de joie” in Greece and -at Rome were mostly slave-women, who from the -very fact of their status could make no claim to -treatment by free-born physicians, and that during the -flourishing period of Greek medicine under the Hippocratic -school it was chiefly persons of the lowest -station or else sailors and foreign traders and the -like who sought enjoyment in the arms of prostitutes. -Such men by their constant change of abode made -all continued observation a simple impossibility, so -that the very imperfect knowledge possessed by the -scientifically trained Physicians with regard to diseases -of the genitals and their consequences need -occasion little surprise.</p> - -<p>It is true of course that at the period of universal -degradation of morals Physicians must have found -no lack of opportunities for observation; but the -great majority of them were incapable of utilizing -these, actually blocked the way of set purpose, as -we shall see presently, that led in the direction of -more accurate investigation, or else troubled their -heads little about the cultivation of Science or the -systematic record of observations. The latter, if they -had published them, whether in writing or orally, -could only have been detrimental, particularly in the -case of physicians of the character of Charidemu<span class="pagenum" id="Page_235">235</span>s’ -medical attendant,<a id="FNanchor_277_277" href="#Footnote_277_277" class="fnanchor">277</a> to their own interests. In fact -they were bound to call all their subtlety into play -for the express purpose of concealing the true cause -of diseases of this type, a circumstance which no -doubt we have to thank for a large number of the -extravagant and often more than ludicrous statements -regarding the origin of Venereal disease in the XVth. -and XVIth. Centuries.</p> - -<p>But as a matter of fact the public itself was no -less careful to guard the secret, as we gather from -<i>Martial</i>,<a id="FNanchor_278_278" href="#Footnote_278_278" class="fnanchor">278</a> as well as from the fact that <i>Galen</i> felt -himself constrained even in his day to compose a -special Treatise on dissimulated diseases. This sort -of intentional deception on the part of patients was<span class="pagenum" id="Page_236">236</span> -so much the easier, as Physicians in those times, -as said above, in virtue of their pathological views,—some -of which indeed may very well have originated -in this way,—were little accessible to the truth. For -these reasons they deserved, at any rate to some -degree, the satiric lash of Martial; and were very -generally ridiculed by the more discerning of the -laity. This comes out in the important words of -<i>Appuleius</i> (Metamorph. X. 211.) as follows: “Crederes -et illam fluctuare tantum vaporibus febrium: nisi -quod et flebat: <em class="gesperrt">Heu medicorum ignavae -mentes!</em> Quid venae pulsus, quid caloris intemperantia, -quid fatigatus anhelitus et utrimque secus -iactatae crebriter laterum mutuae vicissitudines? -<em class="gesperrt">Dii boni! Quam facilis, licet non -artifici medico, cuivis tamen docto -venereae cupidinis comprehensio</em>, -cum videas aliquem sine corporis calore flagrantem.” -(Could you imagine her so tempest-tossed by the -vapours of mere fever,—not to mention that she -kept forever crying: “<i>Oh! the sorry wits of doctors!</i>” -What means the throbbing vein, the excessive -temperature, the labouring breath, and the hurried -interchange of heaving flank, panting now on one -side now on the other? <i>Great heavens! how easy -the diagnosis, not of course for a medical expert, -but for any one learned in the symptoms of love</i>, -when you see a person burning, yet without bodily -fever-heat).</p> - -<p>But does all this justify us in casting a stone at -our medical colleagues of Ancient times? For the -last three hundred years we imagine ourselves clearly -acquainted with Venereal disease and all its forms; -yet how many a bubo has been mistaken for a -strangulated hernia, anal callosity, or the like, how -many a case of vaginal gonorrhœa for simple <i>fluor -albus</i> (white discharge, leucorrhœa), how many a -condyloma on the posteriors for hæmorrhoidal -swellings, and accordingly not treated as the physician -in <i>Juvenal</i>, <i>medico ridente</i> (the physician grinning the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_237">237</span> -while), treated them,—that is duly cut away or -ligatured?</p> - -<p>Lastly to all these reasons was added further the -<i>mildness and absence of danger characterizing the disease</i> -itself, at any rate in the majority of instances,—as -proved in our earlier investigations. To our own -day genuine amateurs of Love, thanks to those who -supply “advice, direction and information” on these -subjects, endeavour as a rule, at any rate in the -earlier stages, to cure without assistance the wounds -received in the fight. This was equally so in Antiquity, -as the following significant passage of <i>Galen</i><a id="FNanchor_279_279" href="#Footnote_279_279" class="fnanchor">279</a> -shows: “This is pretty well all I have to say at -present as to ephemeral fevers. For <i>patients who have -contracted fever consequent upon a bubo, do not consult<span class="pagenum" id="Page_238">238</span> -physicians as to what they must do; but after first -treating the ulcer which occasioned the bubo and then -the bubo itself</i>, bathe after the abatement of the -severity of the attack. After that if any one says -a word as to the “diatriton” (fast till the third day), -all laugh and declare him a precisian: I suppose -because they are of the opinion that nothing must -be resigned to nature that is not invariably there.”</p> - -<p>We know quite well that the Ancients called all -glandular swellings buboes, and that they were perfectly -well acquainted<a id="FNanchor_280_280" href="#Footnote_280_280" class="fnanchor">280</a> with those glandular swellings -in the arm-pits and the groin which follow upon -ulcers of the fingers and toes; but this in no way -justifies us in referring the above passage, which is -certainly written in a general sense, <i>solely</i> to suchlike -buboes and not equally to those in the soft tissues; -more particularly as <i>Galen</i>, in the place where he is -dealing expressly with the treatment of buboes and -the phlegmonous affections preceding them and -occasioning ulcers (loco citato p. 881), explicitly -mentions phlegmonous symptoms as κατὰ αἰδοῖον -(affecting the privates) and γυναικὶ κατὰ μήτραν ἢ -αἰδοῖον (in women affecting womb and privates),—loco -citato p. 893. Hence we think ourselves<span class="pagenum" id="Page_239">239</span> -justified in drawing attention to the passage as containing -an indication of the reason why ulcers of -the genital organs pursued a milder course and -admitted of an easier cure in Antiquity, because the -<i>ephemera</i> evidently facilitated the assimilation and -elimination of the contagion, this taking place either -at the point primarily attacked, or else occurring -because it (the ephemeral fever) led to an enhanced -activity of the cutaneous glands by provoking an -exanthematous eruption.</p> - - -<h3 id="S_39">§ 39.</h3> - - -<p>But for no small part of this reluctance on the -part of patients the Physicians were themselves to -blame. We have no wish in this place to enlarge -upon the possibility of professional indiscretion in -their case, though long ago the Hippocratic masters -saw themselves constrained to guard their scholars -against it.<a id="FNanchor_281_281" href="#Footnote_281_281" class="fnanchor">281</a> Of far greater weight was the nature -of the <i>treatment</i>, especially that applied to ulcers of -all kinds, which was excellently adapted to fill sufferers -with fear and trembling. Already <i>Hippocrates</i><a id="FNanchor_282_282" href="#Footnote_282_282" class="fnanchor">282</a> taught -that ulcers with callous margins must be cauterized -or else cut away with the knife. <i>Galen</i><a id="FNanchor_283_283" href="#Footnote_283_283" class="fnanchor">283</a> declares -himself even more plainly in the same sense: “But -if the margins of the ulcer merely are discoloured -and callous, they must be removed right to where -the healthy flesh begins. Supposing this condition -to have extended more widely, then the question<span class="pagenum" id="Page_240">240</span> -arises,—whether we ought to cut away all the diseased -tissue, or prefer a more tedious method of cure. It -is natural and necessary in this case to consult the -inclination of the patient; for whereas some prefer -to avoid the knife and submit to a more tedious -treatment, others on the contrary are ready for -anything, so long as they get cured.” The same -procedure was adopted with ulcers of the genitals, -especially gangrenous ulcers, as is proved at once by -the passage already quoted on p. 176 of Vol. II above.</p> - -<p>The Asiatic, for whom the genital organs were an -object of veneration, was no doubt horrified, as the -Turk is to this day,<a id="FNanchor_284_284" href="#Footnote_284_284" class="fnanchor">284</a> at the idea of any such operation -on himself; while the licentious Roman, who -must have dreaded its very probable result in the -entire loss of the further use and enjoyment of the -parts in question,<a id="FNanchor_285_285" href="#Footnote_285_285" class="fnanchor">285</a> sought any other means for -choice, preferred to have recourse to Priapus -or even resorted to suicide, like the <i>Municeps</i> of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_241">241</span> -Pliny mentioned on p. 257, before he trusted himself -to the physicians who ever since the Carnifex (Butcher) -Archagathus had appeared at Rome, strove to rival -one another in infatuation for cautery and amputation. -In any case it was only the direst necessity<a id="FNanchor_286_286" href="#Footnote_286_286" class="fnanchor">286</a> that -drove the sufferer under such circumstances to the -physician; while the latter had really and truly no -reason for enquiring into the origin of the evil, as -very often absolutely no alternative was left him but -to grasp the knife or cauterizing iron. In this way -medical procedure could not but have fallen into -disrepute, while physicians were in most instances -necessarily deprived of all opportunity of systematic -observation.</p> - -<p>Whether there were other factors as well to induce -the old Physicians to apply the ordinary treatment -of ulcers in general to those of the genital organs, -we cannot indeed as yet for the time being determine. -Certainly the conjecture is an obvious one that they -may well have had an inkling of the specific nature -of such ulcers, and that it was not merely the local -mischief they sought to put a stop to by early application -of cautery and knife. However it is only -further and more careful investigations that must be -allowed to decide the point,—the more so, as the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_242">242</span> -general <i>views as to the formation of ulcers</i> held by -the Ancients seem in many respects to tell against -it. Thus <i>Galen</i><a id="FNanchor_287_287" href="#Footnote_287_287" class="fnanchor">287</a> says: “The mode in which these -(ulcers involving destruction of substance) are set up -however is twofold; they arise either by removal of -surrounding tissue (ἐκ περιαιρέσεως) or by eating -away (ἐξ ἀναβρώσεως). How the former acts is -well known. As to the eating away, if it proceed -from the inward parts of the organism, it is an -outcome of the evil humours; but if it arise from -outside, then it is a result of the physician’s remedial -measures or of fire.” From this we gather that all -ulcers of the genitals, as well as others, which did -not result from the action either of remedial measures -or of fire, were held as being necessarily an outcome -of the evil humours of the body. Further, that this -view was not in any way peculiar to the time of -Galen, but was a direct and necessary consequence -of the further development of the pathology of -“humours,” follows from the circumstance that we -find the same opinion expressed by <i>Hippocrates</i>.<a id="FNanchor_288_288" href="#Footnote_288_288" class="fnanchor">288</a> -Again <i>Plato</i> shared the latter author’s general doctrine -of <i>apostasis</i> (suppurative inflammation taking off evil -humours) in his “Timaeus”, where he derives from -the white phlegm, striking outwards to the skin, -cutaneous eruptions, rashes and the like maladies, -from the acrid, salty phlegm on the other hand the -fluxes of all types, bearing different names according -to the different parts of the body affected.</p> - -<p>If we do not choose to infer from this the proof -of a then occurring, genuine and consistent genesis -of the affections peculiar to the genitals, we are -bound at any rate to admit that such a view must<span class="pagenum" id="Page_243">243</span> -necessarily have debarred all thought of any <i>specific</i> -character as belonging to ulcers of these organs,—the -more so as to this very day we look in vain for -any clear conception of really characteristic symptoms -marking out Venereal ulcers in particular. Further, -the knowledge that ulcers of the genitals were contracted -through sexual intercourse, lacked entirely, so -far as the ancient Physicians were concerned, the -necessary confirmation and authority to induce them -to make a special and distinctive class of morbid -process to include them, because as a rule they paid -no sort of attention to the occasioning cause, unless -in virtue of its being still present and active, or else -by the necessity for its elimination, it could afford -some indication for therapeutic purposes. <i>Galen</i> -brings this out best and most clearly in the following -passage:<a id="FNanchor_289_289" href="#Footnote_289_289" class="fnanchor">289</a> “Moreover it will be a fitting occasion -now to make it clear that not one of the causes -directly occasioning the diathesis, or particular condition -of body, will give any indication as to treatment; -guiding signs for the purpose must rather be -gathered from the complaint itself. What is to be -done in any individual case depends on the immediate -purpose and the nature of the part attacked, on the -predominant temperament and the like facts. For -to put it shortly, <i>in no case can an indication as to -what is beneficial be taken from any one of the factors -that are no longer existent</i>,—i.e. in actual operation. -But as it often happens that in order to diagnose -some affection that cannot be recognized either by -help of ratiocination or by the senses, we are obliged -to inquire into the cause that occasioned it, laymen -conclude the guiding signs for remedial treatment to -be taken from the same source. But this is by no -means so. This may be plainly seen in those instances -where the diathesis is quite well known in -all its details; for whether it be <i>ecchymosis or<span class="pagenum" id="Page_244">244</span> -ulceration or erysipelas or putrescent ulcer</i> (σηπεδὼν) <i>or -phlegmonous affection in any organ, it is perfectly useless -to trace out the cause that occasioned it</i> (αἴτιον ποίησαν), -<i>if this latter is now no longer active</i>. On the other -hand for any affection, a clear insight into which is -lacking, a knowledge of the occasioning cause is -useful.”</p> - -<p>This principle was equally applied to affections of -the genitals, the antecedent act of coition being -regarded as affording absolutely no help in diagnosis, -as we see from the passage of <i>Galen</i> to be next -discussed. In this passage the declaration of a -gonorrhœal patient to the effect that the women -with whom he had connection suffered no less than -himself from the malady, was entirely without influence -on our author in the way of inducing him to -assume and lay down a <i>specific</i> type of gonorrhœa. -Under these circumstances it is really a matter for -no surprise<a id="FNanchor_290_290" href="#Footnote_290_290" class="fnanchor">290</a> that the old Physicians in discussing -affections of the genitals never allege sexual intercourse -as an occasioning factor amongst others; and -the conclusion drawn that such affections in Antiquity -were not contracted by coition, <i>because</i> the -ancient Writers do not definitely and in every single -instance assign this as a cause, evidences really and -truly merely the absence of any accurate study of -their works and the knowledge of their views that -is acquired as a result of such study. It is abundantly -clear however that the neglect of the etiological -factors referred to led eventually to their being -completely overlooked; and it is no less obvious<span class="pagenum" id="Page_245">245</span> -that this must needs have been a source of manifold -mistakes, which degraded the physician in the eyes -of the non-professional laity, very often made him -ridiculous by reason of this ignorance, and brought -down, as we have seen, many a cut of the satirist’s -whip on his devoted shoulders. But how many of -our colleagues are there not at the present day -whom Venereal disease involves in the same doubts -and difficulties?</p> - -<p>However it may perhaps be suggested that, although -the ancient Physicians did not feel themselves obliged -to make any mention of sexual intercourse as cause -of affections of the genitals, they cannot for all that -have failed to notice the phænomena of infection. -To say nothing of the fact that in no small proportion -of instances affections of the genitals under the -favouring conditions previously described did not as -a matter of fact arise through infection, but actually -in a sense spontaneously,<a id="FNanchor_291_291" href="#Footnote_291_291" class="fnanchor">291</a> and further that to this -day we possess absolutely no criterion to distinguish -such diseases arising in this way,—for it is only -superficial and indolent observers that deny the -possibility of such origination altogether,—apart from -all this, the view which the Ancients took as a whole -of the general question of infection was one in the -highest degree inadequate. For this state of things,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_246">246</span> -as <i>Heyne</i><a id="FNanchor_292_292" href="#Footnote_292_292" class="fnanchor">292</a> long ago pointed out, the τὸ θεῖον (the -divine element), or in other words the prevalent -opinion that infectious diseases were an infliction of -the offended deity, is mainly responsible. In these -very diseases of the genitals, we have in fact seen -how they were ascribed to the wrath of Dionysus -and Priapus; and how long such ideas lasted, and -how intimately they were interwoven with the life -of the people, may be gauged by the circumstance -that even the Christian Fathers themselves took every -pains and used every effort to maintain them.</p> - -<p>Now is it really in any way reasonable to expect -the physicians of those times to have so completely -extricated themselves from the predominant range -of ideas? and have we any right to abuse them for -their beliefs at the present moment, when in our -own day there are to be found not a few physicians -who deny absolutely the contagiousness of Venereal -disease under its different forms? All the old practitioners -could do was to draw attention to the fact -that underlying the τὸ θεῖον there lurked some -natural cause, and this view Hippocrates did actually -maintain in his writings. As to the indicative signs -of this cause perceptible by the senses, as to the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_247">247</span> -material substance, whatever it may be, that communicates -infection, into all this they could hardly -be expected to initiate investigations,<a id="FNanchor_293_293" href="#Footnote_293_293" class="fnanchor">293</a> deficient as they -were in every sort of aid and assistance for the task. -For I ask, have we, in spite of all our researches, -thus far attained to any satisfactory and certain -results? Could the Anti-Contagionists ever have -come forward at all, if we had been successful in -demonstrating the contagion to be perceptible to the -senses?</p> - -<p>Besides all this, we actually find to the present -day that in the countries in question the contagion -exhibits but a low degree of virulence, and only -under epidemic influence, as at the epoch of -the Athenian Plague, did it assume a virulent -character at all,—a fact that will be made yet clearer -in our Continuation of the History of Venereal -Disease. But wherever the contagion did exhibit -this virulence of character, the ulcers that were set -up passed over as a rule into gangrenous mortification, -or else the physicians either exterminated it -altogether by the actual cautery or removed it along -with the part in which it had established itself. Thus<span class="pagenum" id="Page_248">248</span> -any further spread of the contagion in its original -form was not to be expected, as in patients of the -sort there can be no doubt all desire for coition -must have been destroyed.</p> - -<p>If we now bring together the results of our discussion -so far, we shall find reason to believe that, -speaking generally, the ancient physicians,—that is -physicians properly so called,—possessed but scanty -opportunities, especially in the case of women,<a id="FNanchor_294_294" href="#Footnote_294_294" class="fnanchor">294</a> of -observing with any precision the origin and course -of affections of the genital organs, for it was mostly -only the malignant forms of these that came under -their notice, and these were of their very nature, -except when epidemic conditions were at work, -necessarily of infrequent occurrence. Their pathological -views stood in the way of unprejudiced observation, -<i>conspicuous</i> characteristic symptoms were as -little to be found then as they are nowadays, any -adequate knowledge of the material <i>substrata</i> of -contagions was lacking to them in these as in other -forms of disease, and thus they felt no direct inducement -to class the <i>primary</i> affections of the genitals -as forming a special category of disease.</p> - -<p>Then again with regard to the <i>secondary</i> symptoms, -the ancient practitioners in the cases treated by them -made the occurrence of such all but impossible, for -scalpel and cauterizing iron either entirely eradicated -the contagion along with its material <i>substratum</i>, or -else removed it with all speed before it could be -reabsorbed into the system. Even when these did -nevertheless appear, in some instances too great an -interval of time intervened, in others the parts -attacked were too remote from the spot primarily<span class="pagenum" id="Page_249">249</span> -affected for it to have been possible for them to be -referred to any direct inter-communication. Indeed -this was made an actual impossibility in most cases, -as it was just those very spots that are the usual -seat of the secondary affections which were attacked -primarily in consequence of the different modes of -<i>Venus illegitima</i> (abnormal love) with such extreme -frequency as to make it barely practicable for the -keenest eye at a diagnosis to discover any actual -distinction between the two,—and this without taking -into account the circumstance that in view of the -pronounced tendency conditioned by climatic causes -for the morbid process to strike outwards to the -external skin, mischief in the mucous membranes and -bones must necessarily have fallen to a considerable -extent into the background.</p> - -<p>If circumstances put it out of the power of the ancient -Physicians to unite under one whole the separate -forms of Venereal disease, to look at the morbid -process in its entirety, it is no less self-evident that -for the same reasons they could have found no -occasion to invent a <i>special name</i> for a thing that -was simply invisible to them. Hence the conclusion -drawn that, because no such special name is found, -<i>therefore</i> Venereal disease cannot have existed, strictly -speaking requires no further consideration. Still, -granting for the sake of argument that they had -recognized at any rate the generic difference of the -primary affections, were they therefore bound to -introduce a special name for them? <i>Galen</i> shall -supply the answer. He says, mentioning<a id="FNanchor_295_295" href="#Footnote_295_295" class="fnanchor">295</a> that the -old Physicians possessed no special name for depression -of the skull in conjunction with fissure of the -bone: “It is better to give a clear description than -to fall back miserably on barbarous names, which -the younger physicians have invented in great plenty.” -In another place<a id="FNanchor_296_296" href="#Footnote_296_296" class="fnanchor">296</a> he finds fault with the different<span class="pagenum" id="Page_250">250</span> -designations given to ulcers, and then proceeds: -“If I consented to enumerate all the names, I -should be running the risk of deliberately teaching -what I recommend others to avoid, when I say that -the true searcher after truth must needs withdraw -his attention from the nomenclature that has grown -up, and fix his eyes on the actual fact.”</p> - -<p>While these expressions of opinion demonstrate -the uselessness of the names, they show at the -same time that no inconsiderable number of such -names must no doubt have been in existence. So -far as affections of the genitals are concerned, not -only is this indicated by the Greek φθινὰς,—wasting -disease and the Latin <i>robigo</i>,—ulcerous -sore, not to mention the ambiguous ἄνθραξ,—carbuncle, -malignant pustule, but <i>Celsus</i> expressly -declares the fact, saying (Bk. VI ch. 18) at the -beginning of his description of Diseases of the sexual -parts: “Proxima sunt ea, quae ad partes obscoenas -pertinent, quarum apud Graecos vocabula et tolerabilius -se habent et accepta iam usu sunt, cum -omni fere medicorum volumine atque sermone -iactentur, apud nos foediora verba, ne consuetudine -quidem aliqua verecundius loquentium commendata -sunt.” (Next come such words as apply to the -parts of shame, the Greek names for which are at -once less offensive and are now sanctioned by usage, -as they are constantly occurring in every medical -book and medical discussion, whereas our native -(Latin) names are coarser and are not even recommended -by any custom on the part of those who -speak with some regard to modesty). Celsus himself -communicates but few of these words, for he wrote -<i>simul et pudorem et artis praecepta servans</i>, (observing -at once the laws of modesty and the rules of his -art); while between him and the writers of the Hippocratic -school medical Literature is all but a blank -to us. The same is the case between <i>Celsus</i> and -<i>Galen</i>; and of a period so important for our purpose -as that of the licentious Emperors, likewise not a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_251">251</span> -single independent medical Writer has come down -to us. In fact even the Fragments of the Compiler -Oribasius, lately made known to the world by Mai, -contain, alas! nothing more than the headings of -the Chapters most interesting to us.</p> - -<p>In such a condition of things it is really verging -on the borders of folly to hope to give a dogmatic -and decisive judgement as to the knowledge of -Venereal disease possessed by the Physicians of Antiquity,—the -more so as the extant medical Works -have never once been adequately ransacked, as -<i>Naumann</i> only the other day proved in the case -of <i>Galen</i>. But of a surety it is easier to maintain -the Ancients knew nothing of Venereal disease, than -to devote the best part of a man’s life-time to the -investigation, how much the Ancients did actually -know about it!</p> - - -<h3 id="S_40">§ 40.</h3> - - -<p>If we turn now from these discussions to the -statements of the ancient Physicians themselves, -there are two different ways in which we may regard -them ourselves and present them to the reader’s eyes. -<i>Either</i> we put down consecutively everything that -has been said by one and the same Author and -examine each single datum we owe to him by itself, -<i>or</i> we bring together the data given by different -writers on one and the same subject, and then compare -these one with another. The first way, the one -generally followed by historians of Venereal disease -hitherto, gives us it is true the general results of the -knowledge possessed by the several writers on the -different forms of Venereal disease; but, seeing on -the one hand we do not in most instances actually -possess all the works of our Author, while on the -other even when we do, we are not justified in -looking upon his report as embodying a <i>résumé</i> of -all the knowledge of his time, the advantages of such<span class="pagenum" id="Page_252">252</span> -a way of dealing with the subject are on the whole -but slight, while it has the <i>dis</i>advantage of rendering -considerably more difficult the general survey of the -information possessed by Antiquity as to Venereal -disease, which nevertheless is really our immediate -and capital concern, and cannot fail moreover to -occasion a host of contradictions.</p> - -<p>The second way not only relieves us from this -disadvantage, but also ensures us that general Survey -which is peculiarly necessary, and to the absence of -which the circumstance is chiefly to be ascribed that -it has been possible hitherto to convince the opponents -of the antiquity of Venereal disease only in -the most incomplete manner of its actual existence -in those times at all, as the exposition of the contrary -view, in itself incomplete, was bound in its -fragmentary presentment to seem even more incomplete -still. Of course, in following the second way -of exposition, there is an unavoidable dislocation of -the data communicated by each individual writer, -but this is a thing of but little moment, more particularly -as its inconvenience is minimised by our -giving the passages, when quoted for the first time, -<i>in extenso</i>, so as to have on subsequent occasions -merely to refer back to them. Again the want of a -clear marking of dates, a point undoubtedly of great -importance in historical researches, is readily obviated -by our laying down the available fixed points of our -chronology in the general Survey that forms a necessary -conclusion to our exposition.</p> - -<p>No doubt <i>Hensler</i> and <i>Alex. Simon</i> had already -struck out this second way of exposition; but the -latter writer merely examined the data of the several -Writers by themselves without making any effort to -build them up into one whole. To do this was, it -is true, a proceeding quite foreign to the method -adopted by the Ancients, but for our own time, -accustomed as we now are to demand a systematic -exposition of a subject, it seems absolutely indispensible. -<i>Hensler</i> on the other hand in his treatment<span class="pagenum" id="Page_253">253</span> -of the question fixed his particular attention solely -on the Middle Ages, and made it his immediate aim -merely to prove that previously to the ninetieth year -of the XVth Century local affections of the genital -organs were already well known, and had been -subjected to treatment.<a id="FNanchor_297_297" href="#Footnote_297_297" class="fnanchor">297</a></p> - -<p>Now with regard to the actual exposition that -follows, we shall refrain in it as much as possible -from going into particulars, such as the text itself -or the views of the Authors might seem to make -obligatory, as the needful space fails us, at any rate -for the present. Moreover the matter coming under -review has been discussed already by many others, -while as for critical elucidations, let them be as -pressingly required as they may, we lack all the -necessary <i>apparatus criticus</i>. In fact in the case of -several Writers, the translation, let alone the original -text, was with difficulty accessible, for which reason -many a passage of those already known may perhaps -have been passed by unregarded. A complete collection -of all passages, including those still unknown,—for -the harvest as was mentioned above has by no -means been all reaped,—will certainly not be demanded -by any reasonable reader from a Student of thirty, -for hardly even a greybeard Enquirer surely could -boast of having read all printed works of the ancient -Physicians. For the rest, our present object is not -at all to give an exhaustive exposition of all the -ideas and observations of ancient Physicians as to -affections of the genital organs; it only concerns us -here to bring together what is true and directly<span class="pagenum" id="Page_254">254</span> -available for our task. Under this head would -certainly seem to come the following seven points:</p> - - -<h3>1. <b>Gonorrhœa</b> (<i>Clap</i>).</h3> - -<blockquote> - -<p>Nimia profusio seminis,—excessive flow of seed (Celsus), -γονόῤῥοια.</p></blockquote> - -<p>Gonorrhœa, the name of which is compounded of -γονή (badly made semen) and ῥεῖν (to flow),<a id="FNanchor_298_298" href="#Footnote_298_298" class="fnanchor">298</a> -consists in an affection of the seminal vessels, not -of the private parts themselves, which merely serve -as the road for the excretion of the seed.<a id="FNanchor_299_299" href="#Footnote_299_299" class="fnanchor">299</a> <i>Two -kinds</i> of gonorrhœa must be distinguished, according -as the malady is, or is not, combined with erection -of the penis.<a id="FNanchor_300_300" href="#Footnote_300_300" class="fnanchor">300</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_255">255</span></p> - -<p><i>Gonorrhœa with erection of the penis</i> is called -sometimes <i>Satyriasis</i> or <i>Satyriasmus</i> sometimes <i>Priapism</i>,<a id="FNanchor_301_301" href="#Footnote_301_301" class="fnanchor">301</a> -and is a species of cramp,<a id="FNanchor_302_302" href="#Footnote_302_302" class="fnanchor">302</a> which however -only attacks the penis, belongs to the category of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_256">256</span> -the emphysemata, or inflations,<a id="FNanchor_303_303" href="#Footnote_303_303" class="fnanchor">303</a> and is conditioned -by an afflux of the humours, particularly of conspissated -or badly compounded humours.<a id="FNanchor_304_304" href="#Footnote_304_304" class="fnanchor">304</a> However this last -phænomenon is only a symptom of that morbid -lasciviousness which <i>Paulus Aegineta</i> entitles Priapism, -while he designates the condition connected with it -by the name of Satyriasis, this having its origin in -an inflammatory affection of the seminal vessels.<a id="FNanchor_305_305" href="#Footnote_305_305" class="fnanchor">305</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_257">257</span> -No proof is needed that both these views are right -so far as this, that gonorrhœa is both spasmodic -and inflammatory, and in either case may be accompanied -by priapism. Nothing, or only very little, -is evacuated of a nature to make the patients -experience relief; and if there is, they are again -attacked by the evil, until the original cause of the -erection is eliminated, on which the penis relaxes -of itself and subsides.<a id="FNanchor_306_306" href="#Footnote_306_306" class="fnanchor">306</a> According to <i>Paulus Aegineta</i> -paresis of the spermatic vessels,—the second form -of gonorrhœa,<a id="FNanchor_307_307" href="#Footnote_307_307" class="fnanchor">307</a>—supervenes, if the disease is not<span class="pagenum" id="Page_258">258</span> -relieved, or else general spasms. Patients attacked -by such spasms succumb rapidly, suffering from cold -sweats and tympanitic distension of the abdomen. -<i>Alexander of Tralles</i> (IX. 10) saw the erection even -continue after the death of the patient. This form -is not a common one; it occurs pre-eminently among -young people,<a id="FNanchor_308_308" href="#Footnote_308_308" class="fnanchor">308</a> and according to <i>Themison’s</i> observations, -who frequently saw the complaint in Crete, -where however it was probably very often a result -of pederastia, is subject to epidemic influence.</p> - -<p>The <i>treatment</i> of this form of gonorrhœa demands -according to <i>Paulus Aegineta</i> (loco citato) immediate -general blood-letting,—this <i>Galen</i><a id="FNanchor_309_309" href="#Footnote_309_309" class="fnanchor">309</a> also recommends, -and practised with advantage,—local cupping or -leeching, simple clysters, cooling and composing -embrocations and poultices of solanum (nightshade) -or cicuta (hemlock) in the lumbar region, of litharge, -Cimolian earth, psymithium (white-lead) with vinegar, -water or sweet wine, on the perineum. Internal -remedies are a decoction of mallows, mercury and -birch-bark, sap of rue, decoction from the root of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_259">259</span> -the iris, nymphaea (water-lily) and adianthum -(maidenhair). Diuretics are injurious. Patients should -at the same time be put upon a low, vegetable diet, -and the supine posture avoided. <i>Galen</i> (loco citato) -recommended in addition emetics, but not purgatives, -also embrocations of <i>ceratum rosaceum</i>, friction and -subsequently gymnastic exercises. <i>Alexander of Tralles</i> -insists particularly on the patient avoiding<a id="FNanchor_310_310" href="#Footnote_310_310" class="fnanchor">310</a> all wanton -scenes and thoughts, and forbids the use of any cold, -specially astringent things, whereby the resolution of -the contraction is made more difficult (πάθος -δυσδιαφόρητον γενέσθαι,—the affection is rendered -hard to be resolved).</p> - -<p>Gonorrhœa without erection of the penis, that is -to say gonorrhœa proper, exhibits a persistent, involuntary -discharge of the seed,<a id="FNanchor_311_311" href="#Footnote_311_311" class="fnanchor">311</a> has some analogy<span class="pagenum" id="Page_260">260</span> -with <i>incontinentia urinae</i>, and usually depends like -the latter on weakness or failure in the retentive -power of the spermatic vessels.<a id="FNanchor_312_312" href="#Footnote_312_312" class="fnanchor">312</a> Very often an -inflammatory stage supervenes, making the complaint -approximate to the first form; patients secrete -copious and hot semen, which provokes them to -ejaculation,—an ejaculation however that is followed -by great exhaustion. If they avoid copulation, -headache is established, pains in the stomach and -nausea, while nocturnal pollutions cause them similar -inconveniences to those they incur from coition. The -ejaculation is accompanied by heat and smarting -pain,—and this not solely among men but with women -as well; for one of these patients, <i>Galen</i> writes,<a id="FNanchor_313_313" href="#Footnote_313_313" class="fnanchor">313</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_261">261</span> -told me that not only himself, but also <i>the women -with whom he had accomplished coition</i>, experienced -during the discharge a biting, burning pain. -On the contrary, according to <i>Aretaeus</i>,<a id="FNanchor_314_314" href="#Footnote_314_314" class="fnanchor">314</a> it would<span class="pagenum" id="Page_262">262</span> -seem the only symptoms found in conjunction -with the complaint are itching of the privates, -a voluptuous feeling and a violent inclination to -sexual intercourse. This datum admits of ready -explanation if we consider the fact that in southern -countries the inflammatory stage that makes its -appearance is very brief and as a rule hardly noticeable, -provided,—though no doubt this condition was -pretty often broken,—coition was not indulged in -during its course.</p> - -<p>As a matter of fact in the great majority of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_263">263</span> -instances the Physician had only the chronic form -to treat. Generally speaking a patient first notices -the complaint, when the discharge begins; and then -the latter, when once the inflammatory stage is over, -proceeds day and night undisturbed and without -special voluptuous feeling, without wanton dreams,<a id="FNanchor_315_315" href="#Footnote_315_315" class="fnanchor">315</a> -often without any particular sensation at all. The -actual discharge is a thin, cold, pale, sterile flux. -Towards the end of the illness it becomes thicker, -assumes an acrid quality, and eventually ceases -altogether to flow.<a id="FNanchor_316_316" href="#Footnote_316_316" class="fnanchor">316</a> But if the malady persists, -especially in young people, then according to <i>Aretaeus</i>, -the whole visage of the sufferers assumes a greyish -look; they grow sluggish, atonic, spiritless, faint-hearted, -indolent, dull, weak, emaciated, incapable -of effort, unhealthy-looking,<a id="FNanchor_317_317" href="#Footnote_317_317" class="fnanchor">317</a> pale, womanish, have<span class="pagenum" id="Page_264">264</span> -no appetite, feel chilly, complain of heaviness in the -limbs, are weak-loined, feeble and unfit for anything. -According to <i>Galen</i>, the abdomen falls in, besides -all the rest of the body collapsing more or less and -withering; while patients become lean, of a yellowish -pale complexion and hollow-eyed. In this way the -complaint not unfrequently paves the road to paralysis, -or else sufferers die of <i>tabes</i> or wasting.<a id="FNanchor_318_318" href="#Footnote_318_318" class="fnanchor">318</a> Specifically -and in itself the disease is not dangerous, but it -provokes various other complaints, and represents a -highly disagreeable, ill-reputed affection (Aretaeus),<a id="FNanchor_319_319" href="#Footnote_319_319" class="fnanchor">319</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_265">265</span> -that almost always follows a chronic course,<a id="FNanchor_320_320" href="#Footnote_320_320" class="fnanchor">320</a>—for -which reason Aretaeus and Caelius Aurelianus -actually treat of it under the head of chronic -diseases.</p> - -<p>Gonorrhœal pus is infectious, as is implied by the -Mosaic Laws of Purification (Leviticus Ch. XV.), and -the malady is communicated by coition, as is seen -from the words of <i>Galen</i>,—p. 428. But as early as -the Fourth Century the idea was prevalent that the -<i>conjunction of the stars</i> was not devoid of influence, -as such or such a conjunction might from a man’s -very birth determine that <i>the individual was to die -of gonorrhœa</i>. This at any rate is maintained by -<i>Julius Firmicus Maternus</i>,<a id="FNanchor_321_321" href="#Footnote_321_321" class="fnanchor">321</a> who lived in the time of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_266">266</span> -Constantine the Great. The disease has to be -carefully distinguished from the nocturnal pollutions,<a id="FNanchor_322_322" href="#Footnote_322_322" class="fnanchor">322</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_267">267</span> -that are at times one of the sequelae of gonorrhœa.</p> - -<p>The treatment is, according to <i>Aretaeus</i>, at the -commencement that for an ordinary rheum or flux, -by keeping the parts affected cool, in order to -counteract the flow of the humours to them; by -degrees going on to a heating and at the same time -desiccating procedure, then the application of fresh -wool to the part, the employment of friction, embrocations -of <i>ceratum rosaceum</i> or <i>oinanthinum</i> with -white wine, olive oil with melilot, marjoram, rosemary, -poultices of barley-meal, saltpetre and dyll, but above -all rue, with the addition of honey or, according to -<i>Celsus</i>, vinegar; as further treatment, stimulating -cataplasms, of a strength to redden the skin or even -to bring out pustules on it, so as to draw off the -afflux of the humours, or else as an alternative, -plasters of the nature of the <i>emplastrum viride</i> (green -plaster), of <i>baccae lauri</i> (laurel berries). As for internal -treatment, the patient should drink decoctions of: -<i>semen lactucae</i> (lettuce juice), <i>cannabis</i> (hemp), <i>rad. -orcheos</i> (orchis root), <i>nymphaeae</i> (waterlily), <i>halicacabi</i> -(bladder-wort), etc.; and take <i>castoreum</i> (beaver oil), -or the antidotes of <i>Symphon</i>, <i>Philo</i>, or <i>Bestinus</i>, -which are prepared from <i>viper’s flesh</i>. In case of -very profuse discharge, the patient should be directed -to drink hard red wine; if he is acrid with bile -(χολωδέστερον καὶ δριμύτερον,—over-bilious and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_268">268</span> -acrid), lukewarm baths are brought into requisition -(Alexander of Tralles). On one point all authorities -are agreed, that the main thing to depend on is -diet. Both food and drink, says Celsus, must be -cold, a precaution Themison also recommended in -satyriasis, whereas Caelius Aurelianus denounces it. -The patient must not indulge in semen-forming -matters, such as cause flatulency, but take nourishing -food, flesh of animals but not fish, a little light wine -with it, for the constant ejaculation is weakening; -he should be careful as to resting,<a id="FNanchor_323_323" href="#Footnote_323_323" class="fnanchor">323</a> lie on a cool -bed, either on the right side or the left (Paulus -Aegineta), not on the back (Celsus).</p> - -<p>Where the complaint is of longer continuance, -exercise in the open air and the use of cold baths -is to be recommended, which latter <i>Celsus</i><a id="FNanchor_324_324" href="#Footnote_324_324" class="fnanchor">324</a> it appears -prefers to see resorted to, as well as cold aspersions, -almost at the very commencement; a mode of treatment -that is even now coming into fashion again -among ourselves, as the water-cure mania makes<span class="pagenum" id="Page_269">269</span> -further and further progress. <i>Galen</i><a id="FNanchor_325_325" href="#Footnote_325_325" class="fnanchor">325</a> recommended,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_270">270</span> -besides diet and medicine, that with a view to retarding<span class="pagenum" id="Page_271">271</span> -the preparation of semen, gymnastic exercises, particularly<span class="pagenum" id="Page_272">272</span> -such as bring the upper part of the body into -activity, e.g. ball-playing both with great and little -balls and the casting of leaden disks, be resorted to. -After bathing, patients must rub and wash over the -hips with desiccative ointments, oil expressed from -red, coarse olives, roses or quinces, wax-salves with -the juices of <i>sempervivum</i> (evergreen house-leek), -<i>solanum</i> (nightshade), <i>umbilicus Veneris</i> (navelwort), -<i>portulaca</i> (purslain), linseed boiled in water, etc. -I once saw, he says, the Intendant of a Gymnasium<span class="pagenum" id="Page_273">273</span> -Athletes lay a leaden disk on the lumbar region of -an athlete as a measure against nocturnal pollution,—a -means <i>Caelius Aurelianus</i> prescribed <i>also</i> for -gonorrhœal patients,—and afterwards recommended -the same treatment to another sufferer from these, -who was thankful for the advice. Others again found -lying on the <i>agnus castus</i> beneficial to them, as well -as the taking of its juice along with rue. Violently -active refrigerants in the form of ointments, prepared -from poppy and <i>atropa mandragora</i> should not be -employed, and this equally applies to sleeping on -these plants when they are in bloom, for they act -injuriously on the kidneys. On the other hand sleeping -on roses was advantageous,—Caelius Aurelianus added -to the list the leaves and flowers of <i>vitex</i> (agnus -castus, Abraham’s balm).<span class="pagenum" id="Page_274">274</span> “Besides these I have -excogitated many other specifics for patients of the -sort, and found their utility confirmed in practice. -For instance those afflicted with such a condition of -body should pay particular attention to this. When -the accumulation of semen that has to be ejaculated -is at its greatest, they should during the day take -a nourishing yet moderate meal, and then when they -lie down to sleep accomplish sexual intercourse.<a id="FNanchor_326_326" href="#Footnote_326_326" class="fnanchor">326</a> -But on the following day, after taking their fill of -sleep, they should on rising chafe themselves till the -skin is reddened. Next they should rub the body -all over with oil; then soon after take some well-leavened, -pure bread, baked in the baking-pan, and -mixed with wine, after which they may then go -about their customary business. Between the rubbing -with oil and the meal of bread patients may go for -a walk, if there is a spot convenient for the purpose -in the neighbourhood, <i>except in the colder time of -the year, for at that season it is better for them to stay -indoors</i>.”</p> - -<p>With regard to <i>gonorrhœa in women</i>, it is all but -impossible to arrive at any accurate knowledge of -what the Ancient Physicians knew concerning it. -The reason of this is that the views held as to the -effect of deteriorated menstrual blood and of the -ῥοῦς γυναικεῖος (female discharge), by means of -which the whole body was supposed to purge itself -of evil humours,<a id="FNanchor_327_327" href="#Footnote_327_327" class="fnanchor">327</a> absolutely precluded the possibility<span class="pagenum" id="Page_275">275</span> -of any unprejudiced observation, in precisely the -same way as down to quite modern times the <i>fluor albus</i> -(white flux, blennorrhœa) conditioned the extremely -imperfect knowledge possessed by the faculty of -female gonorrhœa. We purpose to leave over the -inquiry into the points which differentiate the two -(male and female gonorrhœa) to another opportunity; -and will only note here that gonorrhœa in women, -strictly so called, was by no means utterly unknown,—in -fact there is no doubt whatever as to its being -distinguished from the ῥοῦς γυναικεῖος (female -discharge), as is shown by the passage of -<i>Galen</i> quoted above, and still more clearly by -<i>Aretaeus</i>,<a id="FNanchor_328_328" href="#Footnote_328_328" class="fnanchor">328</a> who speaks of γονόῤῥοια γυναικεῖ<span class="pagenum" id="Page_276">276</span>α -(female gonorrhœa) distinctly as ἄλλος ῥόος λευκὸς, -another species of white flux. Whether perhaps this -knowledge was first accumulated at the epoch of -Tiberius and his fellows cannot indeed be positively -determined; but certainly the word ἐλέξαμεν (we -have named it) of the text of Aretaeus may very -well leave room for such a conjecture, and as a matter -of fact Aretaeus would appear to have lived under -Domitian, and was therefore a contemporary of -Martial’s!</p> - - -<h3>2. Ulcers and Caruncles in the Urethra.</h3> - -<p>We have already seen from Hippocrates, Celsus -and Galen that the ancient Physicians had observed -the inflammation and subsequent matteration of -the small mucous glands of the urethra evidenced -by the symptoms of painful micturition, and seeing -that mere tenesmus, as well as dysentery, are -denominated ἑλκώσις (ulceration) by them, it is by -no means improbable that many a urethral ulcer and -many a case of gonorrhœa may have been treated -under the name of ischuria (retention of urine). This -is the more likely, as we learn from a passage of -<i>Celsus</i><a id="FNanchor_329_329" href="#Footnote_329_329" class="fnanchor">329</a>, one usually misinterpreted in several respects, -that the urethral discharge was explained as due to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_277">277</span> -an extension of the ulcer to the spermatic cords<span class="pagenum" id="Page_278">278</span> -(<i>vasa deferentia</i>,—seed-bringing vessels). Yet further -confirmation is afforded by a passage of <i>Actuarius</i>,<a id="FNanchor_330_330" href="#Footnote_330_330" class="fnanchor">330</a> -already cited by Simon, and our own conjecture -expressed on a previous page thus justified.</p> - -<p>Ulcers however also occurred in the urethra<a id="FNanchor_331_331" href="#Footnote_331_331" class="fnanchor">331</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_279">279</span> -unconnected with tubercular swellings (ἀφανὲς ἕλκος,—invisible -ulcer); these not unfrequently occasioned -bleeding,<a id="FNanchor_332_332" href="#Footnote_332_332" class="fnanchor">332</a> and made their presence known by -the accompanying pain, while synchronously small -irregularly-shaped particles (ἐφελκύδες) were ejected.<a id="FNanchor_333_333" href="#Footnote_333_333" class="fnanchor">333</a> -The appropriate treatment of these ulcers has been -described by <i>Paulus Aegineta</i> (loco citato); it consisted -in injections of honey and milk (<i>Aëtius</i>, IV. -2. 19., and <i>Actuarius</i> also recommended <i>enemata -morsus expertia</i>,—clysters free from biting acridity), -introduction of lotus pounded in a leaden mortar by -means of a feather or a twisted piece of lint (λεπτὸν -στρεπτὸν,—light material twisted,—an anticipation<span class="pagenum" id="Page_280">280</span> -of the bougie?) along with a mixture of gall-apple, -flowers of zinc (oxide of zinc), starch-flour and aloes -smeared in equal parts with rose-sap and plantain-sap.</p> - -<p>Not unfrequently such ulcers give rise to the -establishment of <i>caruncles in the urethra</i>, particularly -<i>in the neighbourhood of the neck of the bladder</i>, though -they occur<a id="FNanchor_334_334" href="#Footnote_334_334" class="fnanchor">334</a> also in the ear, nose, as well as in -connection with the privates and anus, in the latter -case presenting the symptoms of ischuria (retention -of urine), interfering as they do with the outflow of -the urine. The presence of these caruncles may be -diagnosed by the preceding symptoms, as also by -the circumstance that the urine is evacuated by the -introduction of a <i>catheter</i>, that this occasions pain -at the seat of ulceration and breaks through the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_281">281</span> -caruncle, causing the urine to pass mixed with blood -and the remains of the caruncle. It is necessary -to know if a thrombus (blood-clot) or calculus blocks -the urethra; but as to whether we pronounce the -mischief to be situated in the urethra itself and the -cause of the ischuria to be there as well, this is a -distinction of no practical or scientific value.<a id="FNanchor_335_335" href="#Footnote_335_335" class="fnanchor">335</a> For<span class="pagenum" id="Page_282">282</span> -as a rule it was solely as being the excretory duct -of the bladder that the urethra had some little -attention directed to it; while any signs it exhibited -were generally regarded simply as symptoms connected -with the urinary bladder and the kidneys. -Partial <i>growing up, or morbid extuberance, in the -urethra</i> (συσσάρκωσις,—a growing together) following -on a previous ulceration is described by <i>Heliodorus</i>, -as given in Oribasius,<a id="FNanchor_336_336" href="#Footnote_336_336" class="fnanchor">336</a> occasioning either a narrowing -of the urethral passage in one spot or its being -filled up over its entire superficies with morbid -outgrowths of tissue. Partial narrowing causes dysuria -or strangury (difficulty of micturition), the narrowing -of the whole canal by morbid outgrowths, ischuria -(impossibility of micturition, retention of urine). The -outgrowth must be removed by means of a small -lancet. The mode of procedure is then as follows. -The patient is placed on his back, the penis straight -out; then with the fingers of the left hand the -operator compresses it behind the spot where the -growth is found, in order to prevent the blood from -flowing inwards when the incision is made; next he -takes the knife in the right hand, pushes the point -into the urethra, divides it as far along as the base -of the morbid growth, but not so as to go beyond -it. This done, he proceeds to cut out the growth -by means of a circular incision, and compresses the -urethra between the fingers, causing the growth to -spring forwards. Supposing it now projects but does -not actually spring out, it is extracted by means of -a <i>mydion</i> (boat-shaped instrument). After the removal -of the growth the urethra must be protected from -contact with the urine, which during the first few -days is best done by applying an <i>ipoterion</i>, or -compress,<a id="FNanchor_337_337" href="#Footnote_337_337" class="fnanchor">337</a> made of papyrus. The mode of preparing<span class="pagenum" id="Page_283">283</span> -this is described in detail later on, and a sort of -elastic catheter indicated. Catheters of copper and -tin might also be used, or a quill taken for the -purpose. The tin or lead catheters are not to be -inserted till after the third day, and carry in front -a projecting shield. The application of a bandage -described is declared to be of great advantage. -Scirrhosities of <i>the neck of the bladder</i>, abscesses and -the like, are mentioned by <i>Galen</i> (loco citato) as -occurring occasionally. With regard to <i>diseases of the -prostates</i> subsequent investigations must authenticate -the amount of knowledge possessed of these by the -physicians of Antiquity.</p> - -<p><i>Inflammation of the testicles</i><a id="FNanchor_338_338" href="#Footnote_338_338" class="fnanchor">338</a> is usually characterized -according to <i>Paulus Aegineta</i><a id="FNanchor_339_339" href="#Footnote_339_339" class="fnanchor">339</a> by pain under strong -pressure by the fingers, while only a slight pressure -causes no uneasiness. Redness and heat are slight -externally, but the latter is perceptible deep in by -an investigating finger. Sometimes fever is associated -with it, and if the inflammation is not quickly combated, -the pain, <i>Celsus</i> tells us,<a id="FNanchor_340_340" href="#Footnote_340_340" class="fnanchor">340</a> extends to the -inguinal and lumbar regions, the parts swell, the -spermatic cord grows thicker and at the same time -indurated. Both authorities make the treatment -consist at first in blood-letting at the ankle,<a id="FNanchor_341_341" href="#Footnote_341_341" class="fnanchor">341</a> and -the use of soft poultices of bean-meal,<a id="FNanchor_342_342" href="#Footnote_342_342" class="fnanchor">342</a> pounded<span class="pagenum" id="Page_284">284</span> -cumin, linseed, etc. to which in cases of induration -is added later on a mixture of crocus and wine. In -obstinate instances poultices are used of <i>rad. cucumeris -agrestis</i> (root of the wild cucumber);<a id="FNanchor_343_343" href="#Footnote_343_343" class="fnanchor">343</a> <i>Paulus Aegineta</i> -under these circumstances prescribes grapes, peas, -cumin, brimstone, nitre and resin, made into a -cataplasm with honey, besides sundry wax-salves. -A considerable list of remedial agents is found -enumerated in <i>Marcellus</i> (ch. 33.) intended to combat -the <i>tumores et dolores testiculorum</i> (swellings and pains -in the testicles); of these we will only mention the -salves of mutton-suet and nitre, the sea-water compresses, -the poultices of <i>rad. cicutae</i> (hemlock root), -white of egg, frankincense and ceruse (white lead). -<i>Aretaeus</i><a id="FNanchor_344_344" href="#Footnote_344_344" class="fnanchor">344</a> gives us an interesting piece of information<span class="pagenum" id="Page_285">285</span> -to the effect that in order to counteract neuralgia of -the testicles and spermatic cord, accompanied at the -same time by intestinal colic, the spermatic cord was -<i>cut out</i>, being looked upon as the cause of the -suffering. Important too is the case related by -<i>Hippocrates</i>,<a id="FNanchor_345_345" href="#Footnote_345_345" class="fnanchor">345</a> where a patient at Athens suffered -from <i>prurigo</i> (itch) of the whole body, but above all -of the <i>testicles</i> and the forehead, his skin having -grown thick and hard as it does in leprosy, so that -nowhere could it be pulled up above the general -surface.</p> - -<p><i>Induration</i> of the testicles is mentioned by <i>Galen</i>,<a id="FNanchor_346_346" href="#Footnote_346_346" class="fnanchor">346</a> -who assigns it as one cause of sterility. The same -author<a id="FNanchor_347_347" href="#Footnote_347_347" class="fnanchor">347</a> likewise speaks of the testicles being affected<span class="pagenum" id="Page_286">286</span> -with <i>aphthae</i> (διδύμους ἀφθῶντας), which he says -should be treated with <i>terra cimolia</i> (Cimolian chalk) -and myrtle-berries.</p> - - -<h3><a name="S_41" id="S_41"><small>§ 41.</small></a><br /> - -3. Ulcers of the Genitals.</h3> - -<blockquote> -<p>φθινάς, ἄνθραξ, ἔσχαρα,—robigo, cancer. (Wasting ulcer, -malignant pustule, scab,—ulcerous sore, eating, suppurating -ulcer).</p></blockquote> - -<p>Though we cannot exactly subscribe to Alexander -Simon’s declaration to the effect that it would fill -whole volumes, if we wished to cite systematically -and in full all that has been said by the oldest and -earlier medical Writers on ulcerous affections that -attack the sexual parts from the points of view of -pathology and therapeutics, still the number of such -passages is no doubt sufficiently imposing. Unfortunately -their contents cannot be described as equally -important; for the pathological side is sacrificed to -the therapeutic,—in fact the great majority give -nothing more than the general names ἕλκος (ulcer) -or φλεγμονὴ αἰδοίου (inflamed tumour of the -privates), and then at once pass on to discuss the -remedial measures expedient. This mode of procedure<span class="pagenum" id="Page_287">287</span> -is indeed quite consistent with the general character -of medical science in those days, for it is always -the case that the more medicine declines, the more -practitioners think themselves bound to look for -remedial means nowhere but in the prescription-books. -Curiously enough we find that almost every thing -given by the later physicians already has a place in -the pages of <i>Celsus</i>; the latter probably utilized the -Alexandrian physicians, on whose knowledge the later -Writers appear to have made little advance.</p> - -<p>Now with regard to ulcers of the genitals in -general,—these are of frequent occurrence, as to begin -with the parts are from their very constitution prone -to putrefactive changes, as well owing to their moist -nature, possessing as they do so many glands that -draw moisture together, and being covered with hair, -as because they are at the same time excretory -organs<a id="FNanchor_348_348" href="#Footnote_348_348" class="fnanchor">348</a>. The time of year exerts an influence on<span class="pagenum" id="Page_288">288</span> -the appearance of such ulcers, for they show themselves -chiefly in the summer,<a id="FNanchor_349_349" href="#Footnote_349_349" class="fnanchor">349</a> particularly when a -South wind is blowing,<a id="FNanchor_350_350" href="#Footnote_350_350" class="fnanchor">350</a> a wind that is moist and -warm and fosters a tendency towards the resolution -of fluid and solid parts alike. Thus ulcers of the -genitals are likewise subject to epidemic influence, -as has been clearly demonstrated on previous pages. -They are acquired by coition, and that equally by -natural coition, as the instance of Hero mentioned on -a previous page shows without a shadow of doubt, as -by the unnatural forms, and particularly by paederastia, -which last caused the malady of Naevolus’slave also -referred to in an earlier passage. Moreover in the hot -regions of Asia and Africa want of cleanliness also, -especially when men were uncircumcised, gave occasion, -as in Apion’s case, to the establishment of ulcers of -the genitals. These were looked upon by the Ancient -physicians in most instances as an outcome of the evil -humours of the body,—an opinion which need cause us -less surprise as even in much more modern times a large<span class="pagenum" id="Page_289">289</span> -number of physicians have endeavoured to explain -the origin of chancres by an antecedent general -infection, that manifested itself in this way, viz. by -the appearance of these sores. Ulcers not unfrequently -took the form of aphthae, particularly in women,<a id="FNanchor_351_351" href="#Footnote_351_351" class="fnanchor">351</a> -being in that case more superficial, but for that very -reason readily eating their way over adjacent parts,—(<i>cancer</i>, -eating ulcer). In many instances inflammation -(φλεγμονὴ, ἐρυσίπελας—phlegmonous inflammation, -erysipelas) and swelling of the parts affected were -accompanying circumstances. They were often painful,—sometimes -moist, sometimes dry. In the majority -of cases they assumed under favouring conditions a -putrefactive character (φαγέδαινα,—phagedenic or -eating ulcer), under which circumstances worms -actually bred in the sores, or else they manifested -from the very first a marked tendency -to pass over into gangrene (ἄνθραξ, <i>carbunculus</i>,—malignant -pustule, carbuncle), where as a rule merely -an ulcer developing from a minute bladder (bleb) or -φύμα existed in the first instance. On the other -hand its course was often very chronic, without -phlegmonous ulcers at all, or if these were present, -either they were callous, or else condylomatous -outgrowths sprung from them.</p> - -<p>In accordance with these varying factors did the -<i>treatment of ulcers of the genitals</i> vary, though without -any universally recognized special distinction from -that adopted for ulcers in general. Speaking generally, -purgings by the rectum are not indicated; but -preferably in affections of the genitals revulsory -treatment by emetics is employed.<a id="FNanchor_352_352" href="#Footnote_352_352" class="fnanchor">352</a> If blood-letting<span class="pagenum" id="Page_290">290</span> -is resorted to, it must be either in the hollow of -the knee or at the ankle.<a id="FNanchor_353_353" href="#Footnote_353_353" class="fnanchor">353</a> As to local measures, -fatty matters according to <i>Antyllus</i> are not good for -the genitals,<a id="FNanchor_354_354" href="#Footnote_354_354" class="fnanchor">354</a> whereas astringents and desiccatives -are beneficial, if that is to say the phlegmonous -condition is absent.<a id="FNanchor_355_355" href="#Footnote_355_355" class="fnanchor">355</a> On the contrary if the latter is -found, this must in the first place be combated, then a -mixture applied consisting of sifted resin and pounded -cumin, or alternatively a poultice of barley-meal, -hydromel and vine-leaves reduced to a pulp, or else -cumin with butter and tree-resin.<a id="FNanchor_356_356" href="#Footnote_356_356" class="fnanchor">356</a> Above all Galen<a id="FNanchor_357_357" href="#Footnote_357_357" class="fnanchor">357</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_291">291</span> -recommended in the early stages before the appearance -of an eating or phagedenic ulcer (κατὰ τῶν ἐν -αἰδοίοις φλεγμονῶν ἐν ἀρχῇ, πρὶν ὑποφαίνεσθαι -τινα νομώδη σηπέδονα,—in phlegmonous affections -of the privates at the commencement, before -any eating ulceration appear) a <i>ceratum rosaceum</i> -(wax-salve of roses), the preparation of which he -gives <i>in extenso</i>, and Aëtius copying from him; its -activity is enhanced by the addition of a little <i>oleum -sabinum</i> (Sabine oil). If the ulcers are complicated -with <i>swelling</i>, a compound of white-lead (ψιμύθιον) -and triturated vine-leaves is applied,<a id="FNanchor_358_358" href="#Footnote_358_358" class="fnanchor">358</a> sea-water -compresses,<a id="FNanchor_359_359" href="#Footnote_359_359" class="fnanchor">359</a> or poultices of boiled lentils and -pomegranate rind.<a id="FNanchor_360_360" href="#Footnote_360_360" class="fnanchor">360</a> For <i>painful</i> ulcers pompholyx -(flowers of zinc)<a id="FNanchor_361_361" href="#Footnote_361_361" class="fnanchor">361</a> was particularly recommended, or -a decoction of linseed with the addition of myrrh; -also woman’s milk may be advantageously used as -well,<a id="FNanchor_362_362" href="#Footnote_362_362" class="fnanchor">362</a> especially with the addition of <i>anodynes</i>, and -above all pompholyx or flowers of zinc. <i>Paulus -Aegineta</i> (loco citato) prescribed the application -of butter and resin melted together in equal -parts, or linseed ground up with myrrh and resin. -In <i>raw</i> and <i>dry</i> ulcers of the genitals the aloe was -very generally prescribed; it was powdered and -sprinkled over the sore,<a id="FNanchor_363_363" href="#Footnote_363_363" class="fnanchor">363</a> or if a phlegmonous condition -was already established, dissolved in water.<a id="FNanchor_364_364" href="#Footnote_364_364" class="fnanchor">364</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_292">292</span> -In the second case <i>Oribasius</i><a id="FNanchor_365_365" href="#Footnote_365_365" class="fnanchor">365</a> prescribed likewise -the use of lead,—and indeed it was a usual recommendation -with regard to most of the recognized -remedies that they should be pounded and triturated -in leaden mortars with leaden pestles.</p> - -<p>Superficial ulcers <i>of an aphthae-like character</i> were -treated as early as in <i>Hippocrates’</i> time and indeed -by him<a id="FNanchor_366_366" href="#Footnote_366_366" class="fnanchor">366</a> with a decoction of myrtle-berries boiled -in wine. As a remedy against <i>moist</i> ulcers a certain -mixture of Crito’s, compounded of frankincense and -myrrh boiled in sweet wine, had a great reputation;<a id="FNanchor_367_367" href="#Footnote_367_367" class="fnanchor">367</a> -but above all the powder of <i>charta usta</i> (papyrus -ash), anise and <i>cucurbita</i> (gourd)<a id="FNanchor_368_368" href="#Footnote_368_368" class="fnanchor">368</a> was employed, -after the ulcer had been washed with urine; further -the <i>cortex pinus</i> (cork-tree), <i>lapis haematites</i> (bloodstone, -haematite iron-ore),<a id="FNanchor_369_369" href="#Footnote_369_369" class="fnanchor">369</a> to which frankincense -was added in the case of more deep-seated ulcers,<a id="FNanchor_370_370" href="#Footnote_370_370" class="fnanchor">370</a> -also <i>cadmium ustum</i> (burnt calamine) (Paulus Aegineta); -likewise washing with urine proved beneficial.<a id="FNanchor_371_371" href="#Footnote_371_371" class="fnanchor">371</a> In -<i>spreading or eating</i> ulcers (νομῶδες ἕλκος) a poultice -was applied of lentils, pomegranates and oxymel<a id="FNanchor_372_372" href="#Footnote_372_372" class="fnanchor">372</a> -reduced to a pulp; but a still more usual remedy -was to sprinkle verdigris over the sore,<a id="FNanchor_373_373" href="#Footnote_373_373" class="fnanchor">373</a> and especially<span class="pagenum" id="Page_293">293</span> -verdigris in conjunction with a salve made of <i>charta -usta</i> (papyrus ash), sulphur, lead-slag, honey and -<i>ceratum rosaceum</i> (wax-salve of roses); another remedy -highly thought of was the <i>pastillus corax</i> (corax cake), -the ingredients of which were verdigris, chalk, gallnut, -frankincense, turpentine, wax, oil of myrtles and -beef-tallow; this was particularly beneficial in combating -the carbunculous form of the disease. Very -often however recourse to the cauterizing iron and -the knife was unavoidable, especially if gangrene -supervened, or if the callosity of the edges of the -ulcer made cicatrisation impossible.</p> - -<p>Such were the general methods of treatment -employed for ulcers of the genital organs, but these -naturally varied according to the various distinctions -between the several sorts conditional on the situation -of the sore. Thus it becomes our next business to -indicate on what parts of the body ulcers were -observed:—</p> - - -<p>A. <span class="smcap">Ulcers on the male Genital Organs.</span></p> - -<p>It is invariably the case that forms of ulceration -affecting the male genitals are the most familiar and -best known, and this was equally true in Antiquity. -Whatever information the Ancient physicians deemed -it necessary to record on the subject is found as -early as <i>Celsus</i> laid down with something approaching -to completeness in his writings (VI. 18.).</p> - - -<p>a. <i>Ulcers of the Prepuce.</i></p> - -<p>According to Leonidas<a id="FNanchor_374_374" href="#Footnote_374_374" class="fnanchor">374</a> fissures and cracks in the -prepuce frequently occurred, in all cases of the latter -being too tight and being forcibly drawn back. On -these supervened pain and phlegmonous inflammation; -and then if a cure were not speedily effected, the -edges assumed a condition of callosity, necessitating<span class="pagenum" id="Page_294">294</span> -the use of the knife for its removal. However, more -often than not the wound broke out again, because -as was noted as early as by <i>Hippocrates</i>,<a id="FNanchor_375_375" href="#Footnote_375_375" class="fnanchor">375</a> wounds -of the prepuce are as a rule obstinate in healing. -To meet this eventuality <i>Galen</i><a id="FNanchor_376_376" href="#Footnote_376_376" class="fnanchor">376</a> provides an entirely -suitable procedure. While ulcers of the glans penis -demand desiccative remedies, those of the prepuce -rather call for <i>epilotics</i>,<a id="FNanchor_377_377" href="#Footnote_377_377" class="fnanchor">377</a> especially anise. Supposing -the prepuce to become gangrenous, it must be -cut away circularly, and the bleeding stopped by -cauterization; if this treatment is not needful, a -mixture of verdigris with honey, or pomegranate and -vetch is applied.<a id="FNanchor_378_378" href="#Footnote_378_378" class="fnanchor">378</a> Ulcers on the inner fold of the -prepuce, as also on the skin of the penis generally, -are mentioned by <i>Celsus</i> (VI. 18.), the latter likewise -by <i>Galen</i>.<a id="FNanchor_379_379" href="#Footnote_379_379" class="fnanchor">379</a> Such ulcers on the inner fold of the -prepuce, Celsus states, not unfrequently give occasion -to the setting up of phimosis and paraphimosis; and -yet another consequence, a morbid growing together -of glans and prepuce was observed by <i>Oribasius</i> -(loco citato, 5.) and <i>Paulus Aegineta</i> (VI. 56.), for -which these authors prescribe appropriate medical -and surgical treatment. Under the name of <i>cancer</i> -(eating ulcer) of the prepuce Celsus, it would seem, -describes the νομὴ (spreading ulcer) of the Greek -physicians, which commences by the ulcer turning -black. Occasionally too the ulcers developed out of -themselves morbid growths, excrescences or<span class="pagenum" id="Page_295">295</span> -condylomata, particularly the form known as <i>thymion</i> -(warty excrescence).</p> - - -<p>b. <i>Ulcers of the Glans Penis.</i></p> - -<p>These are, as pointed out by <i>Celsus</i> (VI. 18.), best -described by taking their pathological and therapeutic -aspects together; but it would serve no useful purpose -to quote once more in this place the passages dealing -with this part of the subject, which have been so -often printed already. He makes a distinction, as -does <i>Galen</i>,<a id="FNanchor_380_380" href="#Footnote_380_380" class="fnanchor">380</a> between dry and clean, moist and -suppurative, ulcers, the latter of which readily lead -to phimosis and paraphimosis. The discharge is -sometimes thin and watery, sometimes purulent, and -on occasion becomes evil-smelling; the ulcerations -both spread superficially and penetrate inwards, and -may actually destroy the glans underneath the -prepuce, so that it perishes altogether. When this -happens, <i>Paulus Aegineta</i> (VI. 57.) has a leaden -pipette inserted in the orifice of the urethra, to enable -the patient to pass water. In other cases the prepuce -grows into one with the ulcerated glans penis (<i>Celsus</i>, -<i>Paulus Aegineta</i>, <i>Oribasius</i>). Ulcers <i>circa coronam -glandis</i> (round the crown of the glans penis) are -mentioned by <i>Aëtius</i>.<a id="FNanchor_381_381" href="#Footnote_381_381" class="fnanchor">381</a></p> - -<p>A special kind is the <i>cancer colis</i> (eating ulcer of the -member), probably the same as the νομὴ (spreading -ulcer) of the Greeks, which Aëtius<a id="FNanchor_382_382" href="#Footnote_382_382" class="fnanchor">382</a> delineates as a -spreading, flaccid ulcer, which on pressure emits a -thin bloody discharge, that subsequently becomes -feculent. Hemorrhage is apt to supervene according -to Celsus on the shedding of a cicatrix artificially -produced by operation or the cauterizing iron. -Another species of <i>cancer</i> is the φαγέδαιν<span class="pagenum" id="Page_296">296</span>α -(phagedenic, eating ulcer) of the Greeks, which extends -rapidly and penetrates to the bladder. It appears -to be identical with ἄνθραξ (malignant pustule), -though Celsus mentions the <i>carbunculus colis</i> (carbuncle -of the member) in a special category; for the description -he gives, bk. V. ch. 28., of carbuncle is -equally applicable to the phagedaena.<a id="FNanchor_383_383" href="#Footnote_383_383" class="fnanchor">383</a> Ἄνθραξ -(malignant pustule) begins with itching, later on a -pustule, or else a number of little bladders or blebs -resembling millet-seeds appear, which burst in much -the same way as a blister due to burning does, -leaving behind an <i>ulcus crustaceum</i> (scab-encrusted -ulcer), resembling the cicatrix of a burn; this is -firmly adherent and black in colour. The surrounding -tissue is likewise black and violently inflamed, the -inflammation not unfrequently having an erysipelas-like -character. <i>Galen</i><a id="FNanchor_384_384" href="#Footnote_384_384" class="fnanchor">384</a> designates the process ἀνθράκωσις, -and declares that buboes are an accompanying -feature. He holds the ulcers of the genitals -occurring under the special climatic conditions laid -down by Hippocrates above to have been partly -ἄνθραξ,<a id="FNanchor_385_385" href="#Footnote_385_385" class="fnanchor">385</a> the disease to which Hero succumbed.</p> - -<p>Another kind of ulcer affecting the male genitals -is mentioned by <i>Pollux</i><a id="FNanchor_386_386" href="#Footnote_386_386" class="fnanchor">386</a> under the name of θηρίωμα -(malignant sore), which <i>Celsus</i> (V. 28.) likewise speaks -of, but without particularizing its situation. The same<span class="pagenum" id="Page_297">297</span> -fact applies to ulcers of the glans penis as to those -of the prepuce, viz. that many forms of morbid -outgrowths arise from them; in other instances -callosities on the edges of the ulcers are built up, -leaving behind a callous protuberance, which the -Greeks appear to have called ἥλος (a nail), the -Romans <i>clavus</i> (a nail).<a id="FNanchor_387_387" href="#Footnote_387_387" class="fnanchor">387</a> The proper treatment to -be followed in each of these special cases is given -by Celsus and the Writers he cites.</p> - - -<p>B. <span class="smcap">Ulcers of the Female Genital Organs.</span></p> - -<p>In this connection, as indeed in the discussion of -the female genital organs generally, we once again -meet with the difficulty due to the indefiniteness of -the names given to the several parts. Not only do -the Greeks constantly make use of the general -expression αἰδοία, μόρια (privates, parts), but they -likewise employ ὑστέρον and μήτρα (the womb) -sometimes as meaning the vagina, sometimes the -uterus, though it is true the later Writers like <i>Galen</i><a id="FNanchor_388_388" href="#Footnote_388_388" class="fnanchor">388</a> -designate the vagina ἡ ὑστέρα, the uterus ὁ ὑστέρος, -yet without keeping consistently to the distinction.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_298">298</span> -The same applies to the use in Latin of <i>locus</i> (place), -<i>pars</i> (part), and <i>vulva</i> (womb), which last word stands -for the uterus in <i>Celsus</i>, <i>Pliny</i> and most of the later -Writers.</p> - -<p>Passing over the indefinite expressions <i>dolores</i> -(pains), <i>inflammatio</i> or <i>phlegmoné</i> (inflammation) of -the genitals, although the treatment prescribed for -them clearly implies that very often ulceration was -concurrently present, we find the various kinds of -ulcers of the female genitals most fully and systematically -described by <i>Aretaeus</i>,<a id="FNanchor_389_389" href="#Footnote_389_389" class="fnanchor">389</a> <i>Paulus Aegineta</i> -(III. 65-68.) and <i>Aëtius</i><a id="FNanchor_390_390" href="#Footnote_390_390" class="fnanchor">390</a> following Archigenes, -Soranus and Aspasia.<a id="FNanchor_391_391" href="#Footnote_391_391" class="fnanchor">391</a><a id="FNanchor_392_392" href="#Footnote_392_392" class="fnanchor">392</a></p> - -<p><i>Abscesses Aëtius</i> says (loco citato, ch. 110.) occur -on the female <i>labia</i>; if these extend in the direction -of the anus, they must not be opened with the knife, -as fistulas are liable to be set up, but there is no -fear of this when they extend towards the urethra. -The same author (p. 109.) speaks of <i>pustulae scabrae</i> -(scabrous, scurfy pustules) in the vagina and orifice -of the womb, which throw off bran-like scales, as -also (ch. 108.) of <i>tubercula miliaria</i> (miliary tubercles) -in the same localities. These may no doubt be -recognized by touch, but are better diagnosed by -means of the uterine speculum, or <i>Dioptra</i>, and <i>ex -coitus affrictu</i> (in consequence of friction in coition) -interfere with menstruation and conception. Obviously -what is here pointed to is the swollen mucous glands,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_299">299</span> -which in our modern practice likewise are frequently -observed in gonorrhœal cases. Often the ulcers take -a form characterized by <i>fissures</i> (ῥαγάδες, <i>fissurae</i>,—fissures, -<i>rimae</i>,—cracks), particularly at the orifice -of the uterus.<a id="FNanchor_393_393" href="#Footnote_393_393" class="fnanchor">393</a> Sometimes they become callous, at -others give rise to morbid outgrowths; as a rule the -discharge is a thin watery juice, and pain is felt -during coition.<a id="FNanchor_394_394" href="#Footnote_394_394" class="fnanchor">394</a></p> - -<p>Ulcers strictly so called, says Aretaeus, are either -superficial, in fact rather excoriations than ulcers, -and far-spreading; they itch as though salt had been -sprinkled on the surface, give off a small quantity -of thick pus, free from smell, and are not malignant. -To this class probably belong the aphthae-like ulcers -of Hippocrates.<a id="FNanchor_395_395" href="#Footnote_395_395" class="fnanchor">395</a> In other cases they are more -deep-seated; being then painful, discharging an evil-smelling -pus, and having a less mild character than -the former, but still not such as to be described as -malignant. If they penetrate yet deeper, the edges -then become rough, the discharge takes the form of -a malodorous juice, while the pain is more severe -than in the other kinds. The actual tissue of the -womb is partially destroyed in the latter case, while -morbid outgrowths form, which make cicatrization -extremely difficult. This last kind was known also -as <i>phagedaena</i>, (eating ulcer); it is dangerous, especially -if the pain increases and the patient falls into -low spirits. An offensive juice is discharged, so foul -that the patient herself is hard put to bear it; the -ulcer is highly intolerant of being touched for the -application of remedial means; it may end fatally,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_300">300</span> -and is known under the name of “Crab-ulcer”. -Νομὴ (spreading ulcer),<a id="FNanchor_396_396" href="#Footnote_396_396" class="fnanchor">396</a> carbuncle and <i>sordida -ulcera</i> (foul ulcers) of the uterus are mentioned by -<i>Aëtius</i> (loco citato), who shows the mode of investigating -them by means of the uterine speculum and -a treatment consisting mainly of injections<a id="FNanchor_397_397" href="#Footnote_397_397" class="fnanchor">397</a> and -pessaries prepared of a number of different remedies. -Not unfrequently unskilful treatment of ulcers of the -vagina occasioned morbid outgrowths, which according -to <i>Celsus’</i> teaching,<a id="FNanchor_398_398" href="#Footnote_398_398" class="fnanchor">398</a> must be removed by surgical -means. Lastly the fact that ulcers of the genital -organs of women were prejudicial to men who -consummated coition with them and were for that -reason dreaded by them, is clearly implied in the -narrative of <i>Cedrenus</i>.<a id="FNanchor_399_399" href="#Footnote_399_399" class="fnanchor">399</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_301">301</span></p> - - -<h3>4. Ulcers of the Fundament.</h3> - -<p>We have already seen how fissures and ulcers -of the fundament were a not unusual consequence -of the vice of the pathic, yet not the faintest -indication of the fact is to be found in the medical -Writers. The knowledge possessed by the Ancients -as to affections of the fundament have been collected -with a very considerable degree of completeness by -<i>Aëtius</i>,<a id="FNanchor_400_400" href="#Footnote_400_400" class="fnanchor">400</a> especially as copying Galen; the remaining -authorities treat them as a rule in conjunction with -the corresponding affections of the genitals, and -mostly recommend the same remedies for them. So -far therefore as they are concerned we refer back -to the information given in connection with the latter. -At the same time the remark may be permitted that this -juxtaposition of the two seems to point to the Ancients -having held, as we maintain they did, the view that -affections of the genitals and affections of the anus -arose from like causes and were of like character, -as is shown by their dealing with the one and the -other class of diseases on the same general lines.</p> - -<p><i>Ardentes dolores</i> (burning pains)<a id="FNanchor_401_401" href="#Footnote_401_401" class="fnanchor">401</a> and <i>pruritus</i><span class="pagenum" id="Page_302">302</span> -(itching)<a id="FNanchor_402_402" href="#Footnote_402_402" class="fnanchor">402</a> of the anus are not uncommon. <i>Inflammations</i><a id="FNanchor_403_403" href="#Footnote_403_403" class="fnanchor">403</a> -often supervene as a consequence of fissures, -morbid growths and ulcers. <i>Rhagades</i> (cracks) and -<i>fissures</i><a id="FNanchor_404_404" href="#Footnote_404_404" class="fnanchor">404</a> are found either in the sphincter muscle -or in the rectum, and are an accompaniment of -condylomata, whenever the latter become inflamed -and spread, causing the surrounding tissue to rupture; -the edges frequently assume a callous condition, and -then require to be broken down and thus transformed -into a simple ulcer. Often abscesses are set up<a id="FNanchor_405_405" href="#Footnote_405_405" class="fnanchor">405</a> -as a result of the inflammation, and these are liable -to lead to fistulas. The ulcers<a id="FNanchor_406_406" href="#Footnote_406_406" class="fnanchor">406</a> on occasion assume -the character of the νομὴ φαγέδαινα (eating and -spreading ulcer). Supposing them situated on the -sphincter ani, they must neither be cut nor cauterized, -as severance of the muscle makes it impossible for -the patient to retain the faeces. This loss of retentive -power may also occur apart from any operation, if -the νομη (spreading ulcer) destroy the muscle. -Supposing on the contrary the νομὴ to be below the -sphincter, knife or cauterizing iron may either of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_303">303</span> -them be employed. In some instances ulcers lead -to a morbid growth at the orificium ani, that must -be obviated by means of pipettes of lead.<a id="FNanchor_407_407" href="#Footnote_407_407" class="fnanchor">407</a> In other -cases <i>rhagades</i> (cracks) and ulcers lead eventually -to morbid outgrowths.</p> - - -<h3>5. Buboes.</h3> - -<blockquote> - -<p>Bubo, panus (swelling resembling the thread wound on -bobbin of a shuttle), paniculus (diminutive of same), inguen -(swelling in the groin).</p></blockquote> - -<p>Under the name of <i>bubo</i> the ancient Physicians -understood any form of inflammation of the lymphatic -glands. Now such inflammation occurs above all other -places in the inguinal region, and thus inflammation -of the inguinal glands came to be especially indicated -by the word, as well as the inguinal region itself. -Similarly the Romans used <i>inguen</i> (the groin) both for -the region and for the disease. Subsequently many -distinctions were drawn; a phlegmonous affection -combined with swelling was called a βουβὼν (bubo), -while the name φῦμα (swelling) was appropriated -to a swelling of the glands characterized by its rapid -establishment and its tendency to suppuration (bubo -with suppurative pustule in the centre), and φύγεθλον -(burning swelling) to one conjoined with (cutaneous) -inflammation of an erysipelas character,<a id="FNanchor_408_408" href="#Footnote_408_408" class="fnanchor">408</a> which last -form, if it passes on into induration, is known as -χοιρὰς or <i>struma</i> (scrofulous or strumous swelling). -The best exposition from the points of view equally<span class="pagenum" id="Page_304">304</span> -of pathology and therapeutics is found in <i>Galen</i>.<a id="FNanchor_409_409" href="#Footnote_409_409" class="fnanchor">409</a> -The glands in virtue of their spongy structure are -peculiarly liable to take up rheums or fluxes of all -descriptions; accordingly the glands of the groin, -armpits and neck swell, directly ulcers are set up in -the toes, fingers or head. The body being overloaded -with evil humours is another reason for the -establishment of buboes, and in this case they are -more difficult to cure. Further, <i>Hippocrates</i><a id="FNanchor_410_410" href="#Footnote_410_410" class="fnanchor">410</a> derived -buboes in women from interrupted menstruation, and -maintains<a id="FNanchor_411_411" href="#Footnote_411_411" class="fnanchor">411</a> that the most part owe their origin to -some affection of the liver.</p> - -<p>The majority of Writers however are agreed that -among other occasioning causes ulcers hold the first -place,<a id="FNanchor_412_412" href="#Footnote_412_412" class="fnanchor">412</a> though none of them speak expressly of -ulcers of the genitals, unless indeed we see good to -make the passage of Hippocrates discussed a little -above refer to these. No doubt in this passage -the words ἑλκώματα, φύματα ἔξωθεν ἔσωθεν τὰ -περὶ βουβῶνας (ulcerations, tumours external and -internal in the inguinal region) might admit of such -an explanation, in which case the words must be -taken not as referring to each single patient, but -rather held to mean that ulcers and glandular swellings -with a tendency to suppuration were set up, the -latter occurring in some patients in the urethra, in -others in the groin. Such an interpretation is favoured<span class="pagenum" id="Page_305">305</span> -by the case of the Eunuch discussed in § 20, for -there can be no doubt the metathesis of buboes into -fistulous ulcers was noted by Celsus and other -observers. Still it is highly improbable that ulcers -on the feet should have afforded the sole and only -cause of buboes; it is much more natural to suppose -that this, as being the more rare case, was for that -very reason brought into special prominence by -the ancient Physicians. Besides we have seen -above that the old Physicians seldom or never really -had an opportunity of seeing the sympathetic buboes, -as patients treated the ulcers themselves, and the -buboes then disappeared spontaneously. Oribasius -no less than other Writers holds buboes following -on an ulcer to be without danger.</p> - -<p>Lastly the cases are very rare in which secondary -buboes under the prevailing tendency and course of -the disease are thrown out on the skin, and if they -do arise, the ulcer as a rule heals up. This being -so, the Physician is consulted, only supposing the -buboes refused to disappear. On the contrary if the -ulcer was still there, the Physician sought actually -to stimulate it to enhanced activity, as is distinctly -implied by what <i>Galen</i> says (loco citato). Lint -smeared with <i>tetrapharmacum</i> (compound of wax, -tallow, pitch and resin), liquified by the addition of -<i>oleum rosaceum</i> (oil of roses) was applied and warm -poultices over that; while on the actual bubo was -laid in the first instance wool moistened with oil, to -which when the pain and swelling of the part were -relieved, was added an admixture of salt. Plethoric -or cacochymic (generating evil humours) subjects are -to be bled or cupped. If the bubo is inflamed and -inclined to suppurate, it must be scarified, the -patient having first been purged. Dispersion is then -attempted, in this case by means of pulp and honey -poultices, but not by plasters, as these are apt to -provoke inflammation. If pus appears, recourse must -not be had at once, as some advise, to opening with -the knife; rather the poultices should be persevered<span class="pagenum" id="Page_306">306</span> -with till the inflammation is relieved. Acrid poultices -are suitable only when the metathesis to induration -has already begun.</p> - -<p>If dispersion does not follow and the matter has -collected in greater quantities, then the most elevated -spot, the same where the skin is the thinnest, should -be opened. Should a part of the skin be discoloured, -it must be cut away. Some advise always cutting -out a piece in the shape of a myrtle-leaf, others -make very long incisions; but this not only causes -a disfiguring scar, but often also interferes with the -movement of the part. As a general rule a single -incision is sufficient, which should be made diagonally -across the inguinal region, not parallel with the -direct diameter of the thigh, as then the edges are -brought actually into contact when the limb bends.<a id="FNanchor_413_413" href="#Footnote_413_413" class="fnanchor">413</a> -After the opening of the abscess, it should be treated -by preference with finely sifted frankincense, as should -all forms of ulcer. We may mention further that -according to Sextus Placitus Papyriensis<a id="FNanchor_414_414" href="#Footnote_414_414" class="fnanchor">414</a> the wearing<span class="pagenum" id="Page_307">307</span> -of a stag’s genitals was considered a <i>prophylactic</i> -against buboes.</p> - - -<h3>6. Exanthemata on the Genitals.</h3> - -<p>Long ago <i>Hensler</i> endeavoured in the Graduation -Theme of his mentioned in the list of Historical -Authorities to prove that certain eruptions occurring -on the genitals were communicated and acquired -as the result of coition. In particular did this -apply above all to <i>herpes</i> (creeping eruption), under -which name must be understood, as is distinctly -implied in a passage of <i>Galen</i>,<a id="FNanchor_415_415" href="#Footnote_415_415" class="fnanchor">415</a> a form of eruption -accompanied by ulceration. It is true the passages -of <i>Hippocrates</i><a id="FNanchor_416_416" href="#Footnote_416_416" class="fnanchor">416</a> cited by Hensler in regard to the -<i>herpes esthiomenos</i> (eating herpes) would appear to be -open to some doubt and obscurity, while the interpretations -given by <i>Pollux</i> (Onomast. IV. 25. 191.) -<em class="gesperrt">φλυκτίς</em>, φλύκταινα ἐπιμήκες, μάλιστα περὶ -βουβῶνας καὶ μασχάλας. <em class="gesperrt">φύγεθλον</em>, φῦμα περὶ -βουβῶνα μετὰ πυρετοῦ, (φλυκτίς, a long-shaped -blister, particularly in the groin and armpits. -φύγεθλον, a tumour in the groin accompanied by -fever) refer probably only to bubonic swellings; -still these objections hardly apply to the φύματα -(swellings) described in § 32,—the less so as <i>Celsus</i> -himself (VI. 18.) explains: “Tubercula etiam, quae -φύματα Graeci vocant, <em class="gesperrt">circa glandem</em> oriuntur, -quae vel medicamentis vel ferro aduruntur; et cum -crustae exciderunt, squama aeris inspergitur, ne -quid ibi rursus increscat;” (Tuberculous swellings -also, which the Greeks call φύματα, arise <i>about the -glans penis</i>, and are burned away either by caustic -drugs or by the actual cautery. Afterwards when<span class="pagenum" id="Page_308">308</span> -the scabs have fallen off, the sore is dusted with -slag of bronze, to prevent any second growth later -on). Moreover it is possible the passage of <i>Galen</i>,<a id="FNanchor_417_417" href="#Footnote_417_417" class="fnanchor">417</a> -πρὸς δὲ τὰ ἐν αἰδοίοις φυόμενα ἀπίου σπέρμα -ἐπίπασσε καὶ τραγείᾳ χολῇ περιχρῖε. (But for -growths on the privates sprinkle pear-juice and rub -in goat’s gall) may refer to these cases, though no -doubt it may also be held to apply to the tubercles -occurring in the female vagina (§ 41,—3. B.).</p> - -<p>Again <i>epinyctis</i> (night-pustule),<a id="FNanchor_418_418" href="#Footnote_418_418" class="fnanchor">418</a> which Hensler -also mentions but declares to be equally open to -suspicion as to interpretation, would seem hardly -pertinent in this connection, for the violent pain -experienced at once tells against the likelihood of -its being an affection of this class. Its appearance -<i>in eminentibus partibus</i> (on prominent parts, on the -extremities) finds a clear explanation in the words -added by <i>Pollux</i> (loco citato, 197.) περὶ κνήμας καὶ -πόδας ἐν νυκτὶ γενομένη (appearing on legs and -feet during the night); while it is proved that Celsus -meant to indicate nothing else by it from his words -in describing φλυζάκιον (little blister), which he says -occurs <i>raro in medio corpore, saepe in eminentibus -partibus</i>,—rarely on the trunk, frequently on prominent -parts, extremities. Still we do not for a moment -wish to dispute the fact that the male genitals were -at any rate among the Ancients counted as belonging -to the <i>partes eminentes</i>, and as chancrous blebs do -usually appear suddenly and often during the night, -it is quite possible these may have been all along -intended by <i>epinyctis</i>,—especially as on Hippocrates’ -authority<a id="FNanchor_419_419" href="#Footnote_419_419" class="fnanchor">419</a> creeping eruptions (ἕρπητες) arise from -night-pustules (ἐκ τῶν ἐπινυκτίδων.) However<span class="pagenum" id="Page_309">309</span> -<i>Pollux</i> (loco citato, 206.) likewise again mentions the -legs and feet (κνήμαις καὶ ποσίν), declaring these -eruptions attack those of elderly people. From this -we may conclude the epinyctis of the Ancient writers -to have been very likely nothing else but that form -of <i>impetigo</i> (scabby eruption) which is vulgarly known -as the <i>salt-flux</i>.</p> - -<p><i>Aetius</i><a id="FNanchor_420_420" href="#Footnote_420_420" class="fnanchor">420</a> mentions <i>pustulae spontaneae in pudendis</i> -(pustules spontaneously set up on the privates), -provoking <i>phimosis</i>, and describes<a id="FNanchor_421_421" href="#Footnote_421_421" class="fnanchor">421</a> <i>scabies scroti</i> (scab -of the scrotum) with metathesis into ulceration and -scaliness, after the disappearance of which very often -acute <i>pruritus scroti</i> (itch of the scrotum) is left -behind. <i>Galen</i> (XIX. p. 449.) defines <i>psoriasis scroti</i> -(itching of the scrotum) as a form of induration of -the scrotum accompanied by itching, as well as in -some instances by ulcers.</p> - -<p>Under exanthematic types come also the various -<i>condylomata</i>. These when they appeared on the -genitals and in other localities of the body, were -called by the Greeks σῦκος, συκώσις, σύκωμα, -συκώδης ὄγκος, (fig, figlike excrescence, figlike swelling, -figlike lump), by the Romans <i>ficus</i> (fig), whereas -the same disease when it showed itself on the -fundament, received the name of condyloma<a id="FNanchor_422_422" href="#Footnote_422_422" class="fnanchor">422</a> <i>par -excellence</i>. At the same time this distinction was by -no means strictly observed; in particular the larger -forms of <i>thymus</i> (warty excrescence) were designated -by the name σῦκος (fig), albeit it would seem that -<i>thymus</i> was used as specific name for all protuberances -on the fundament and genitals. Σῦκος or <i>ficus</i> is -according to <i>Galen</i><a id="FNanchor_423_423" href="#Footnote_423_423" class="fnanchor">423</a> an ulcerative tubercle secreting -moisture,—the <i>varus</i> (blotchy eruption) on the contrary -being dry, according to <i>Oribasius</i><a id="FNanchor_424_424" href="#Footnote_424_424" class="fnanchor">424</a> of circular shape<span class="pagenum" id="Page_310">310</span> -and reddish colour, hardish and rather painful. It -is found above all on the hairy parts of the body, -the head, chin, fundament and genitals,<a id="FNanchor_425_425" href="#Footnote_425_425" class="fnanchor">425</a> as the passages -quoted above in § 13 from Martial show. They -occurred, as it would seem, most frequently on the -female genitals, in which situation they are described -so long ago as by <i>Hippocrates</i><a id="FNanchor_426_426" href="#Footnote_426_426" class="fnanchor">426</a> under the name of -κιων (pillar, pillar-like excrescence) and said to be -evil-smelling. <i>Aspasia</i><a id="FNanchor_427_427" href="#Footnote_427_427" class="fnanchor">427</a> says, “condyloma est rugosa -eminentia. Rugae enim circa os uteri existentes -dum inflammantur, attolluntur et indurantur, tumoremque -ac crassitudinem quandam in locis efficiunt.” -(a condyloma is a wrinkled protuberance. For when -the wrinkles surrounding the orifice of the uterus -grow inflamed, they become prominent and indurated, -occasioning a swelling and thickening in the parts). -<i>Paulus Aegineta</i> (III. 75., VI. 71.) describes them -under the name of <i>hemorrhoids</i> as painful, reddish, -excrescences suffused with blood, which break -(διαλείμμασι), and give off a pale discharge in -drops. Much more common was the appearance of -<i>condylomata on the fundament</i>,<a id="FNanchor_428_428" href="#Footnote_428_428" class="fnanchor">428</a><a id="FNanchor_429_429" href="#Footnote_429_429" class="fnanchor">429</a> particularly in male<span class="pagenum" id="Page_311">311</span> -subjects; in which case they were specially ascribed -to pederastia, as we have already seen. This -makes it impossible to decide definitely which condylomata -were of primary and which of secondary -character; but the fact in no way authorizes us to -deny altogether the occurrence of the latter in -Ancient times.</p> - - -<h3>7. Morbid Outgrowths on the Genital -Organs.</h3> - -<blockquote> - -<p>σαρκώδη βλαστήματα, verrucae. (fleshy outgrowths, warty -excrescences).</p></blockquote> - -<p>The general name θύμος (<i>thymus</i>,—warty excrescence), -or according to Celsus perhaps more correctly -θύμιον (small warty excrescence), appears to have -been used by the Greeks to designate all morbid -outgrowths, and particularly those of the genitals and -fundament, while they appropriated the expressions -σῦκος, ἀκροχορδὸν, and μυρμήκια (fig or figlike -excrescence, wart with a neck, wart growing directly -on the skin) to signify the different subordinate -species. The θύμιον, which <i>Celsus</i><a id="FNanchor_430_430" href="#Footnote_430_430" class="fnanchor">430</a> is the first -Writer to delineate in detail, is a warty,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_312">312</span> -reddish,—according to Paulus Aegineta white too in some -cases, and as a rule painless,—fleshy outgrowth, -slender at the base, broader above, rather hard and -rough at the top. Thus it bears a certain resemblance -to the flower of the thyme, from which circumstance -comes the name. The upper part is easily split, and -then bleeds,—more than might be expected Aëtius -says from its size; the same also sometimes happens -spontaneously. Usually it has the size of an Egyptian -bean, though occasionally it is quite small. Sometimes -one such growth appears, at others several are -found together, now on the palms of the hands, now -on the soles of the feet; but the worst are always -those on the genital organs.</p> - -<p>According to <i>Aëtius</i>, who calls the larger sorts -σῦκος (fig), <i>thymus</i> is also found on the fundament -and on the face, in women on the <i>labia</i>, in the -entrance to the vagina and in the vagina itself, -spreading thence to the fundament and even over -the thighs. This is confirmed by <i>Oribasius</i>, who as -well as Paulus Aegineta and perhaps Celsus, distinguishes -a <i>malignant</i> and a <i>non-malignant</i> form. The -non-malignant growths generally disappear of themselves; -but if they are amputated, there remains -behind, so says Celsus, a circular root which penetrates -deep into the flesh; and not only do they grow -again, but further take the character of the malignant -form, become painful and filled with a bloody ichor. -The malignant show themselves both with and without -ulceration, as well as after the disappearance of the -non-malignant growth; they are harder, rougher and -larger, have a dirty livid hue, and are painful, -particularly on being touched. Thymus on the glans -penis is more dangerous than when affecting the -prepuce,<a id="FNanchor_431_431" href="#Footnote_431_431" class="fnanchor">431</a> more especially if it assume a carcinomatous -character. If of the non-malignant type it should be -lightly scarified with the point of a scalpel, then<span class="pagenum" id="Page_313">313</span> -some mild escharotic employed, for which the Writer -just named gives several prescriptions. If of the -malignant type, it is according to Paulus Aegineta -either tied with a horse-hair and then removed by -knife or cautery, or according to what Oribasius -says the latter is at once resorted to. But seeing -thymus on the prepuce is often found affecting the -inner and outer surfaces simultaneously, cautery must -not be employed on both at once, for in that way -the foreskin would be destroyed altogether. The -better plan is to begin with those situated on the -inner surface, first cutting them away, then cauterizing, -and finally when they are cicatrized proceeding to -the treatment of the others. But not a few are -incurable.</p> - -<p>Ἀκροχορδὸν<a id="FNanchor_432_432" href="#Footnote_432_432" class="fnanchor">432</a> is a smooth, circular, fleshy protuberance, -having a slender circular base, so that it -looks as though it hung on a string, whence the -name. It is painless and callous, usually has the -same colour as the skin, while its dimensions seldom -exceed those of a bean. As a rule several occur -together, but disappear again of their own accord, -especially if they are only small, though on occasion -they get inflamed and suppuration follows; they -leave no root behind on amputation. According to -<i>Galen</i> and <i>Aëtius</i> they occur on the fundament, -according to Philumenes, as given in the latter author, -likewise on the female genitals. They are removed -either by means of a thread or with the lancet, -though escharotics and other acrid remedies are also -employed.</p> - -<p>A highly inveterate form is the μυρμήκια, or -<i>formica</i> (ant) of later Writers, which is almost always<span class="pagenum" id="Page_314">314</span> -discussed by medical Authors concurrently with -ἀκροχορδόν. It is, Celsus tells us, less prominent -and harder than the θύμιον, has deeper roots, is -more painful, broad at the bass and slender at the -top, less suffused with blood and seldom larger than -a lupin-bean. The colour according to Aëtius is -blackish. On its being touched, the patient has the -sensation of having been bitten by an ant. As an -exactly similar growth appears on the hands, most -Writers, e.g. Celsus and Oribasius, speak only of this -latter; but Aëtius describes it expressly as occurring -on the fundament and on the female genitals; and -it was observed in the latter situation by Philumenes, -or Aëtius (loco citato, ch. 105.) in the case of <i>his own -wife</i>, whom he cured by three days’fumigation with -<i>origanum</i>, (wild-marjoram). Not to mention the usual -escharotic remedies, for which Aëtius in especial -gives several formulæ, the following modes of treatment -recommended by the medical Writers evidently -apply to warts on the hands only,—by extirpation with -a myrtle-leaf shaped scalpel called a <i>scolopomachaerion</i> -(small pointed surgical knife), squeezing off by means -of a quill or metal pipette, and above all sucking -with the lips and gnawing off. This last was in -<i>Galen’s</i> time especially<a id="FNanchor_433_433" href="#Footnote_433_433" class="fnanchor">433</a> a very fashionable treatment -and is described by him as a new discovery made -at Rome.</p> - - -<h3><a name="S_42" id="S_42"><small>§ 42.</small></a><br /> - -Retrospect.</h3> - - -<p>If we now turn back again and make a brief -survey of the various forms of affections of the -genitals described on preceding pages, comparing -them with those of the present day, such as we have -opportunity to observe in modern times, we think -every unprejudiced reader will be found ready to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_315">315</span> -admit that they agree with these latter in <i>very nearly -every</i> respect whatever, and that <i>every</i> doubt would -be removed, if only the medical Writers had appended -to the records of their observations in each case the -words, “got by infection in coition.” But to what cause -do we refer such cases as a matter of fact, notwithstanding -the denial on the part of the patient that -he has exposed himself to any infection? Do we -not take it for granted as a certainty that such -infection did actually precede? Are we in the habit -of noting down in every instance in our day-book -of cases the antecedent act of coition that occasioned -the chancre or what not; and does this omission -in any way imply that this did not first occur? To -our mind at any rate the fact suffices that non-professional -observers and even a professional one -like Galen have supplied irrefutable evidence that -some of these affections were acquired by coition. -Amongst others, morbid outgrowths for example are -manifestly shown to have been so set up by the -statement that they occurred on the fundament of -pathics; and it needs no great perspicacity to draw -the conclusion that if (unnatural) coition produced -them in the pederast, the same maladies occurring -on the genital organs owed their origin to the same -cause.</p> - -<p>But granting these maladies originated in coition, -there must necessarily have been some other factors -active as well, besides the mere act. Thus when -patients are found explaining to the physician (Galen) -that the women with whom they had accomplished -coition suffered from the same evil as themselves -(gonorrhœa), no one surely can suppose anything but -that a transmission of the disease took place in virtue -of a contagion. Such affections of the genitals as -are transmitted in coition by contagion we are wont -to regard as primary forms of Venereal disease; and -those acquired and disseminated in the same way -in Antiquity must accordingly be designated by the -same name. But these primary forms extended not<span class="pagenum" id="Page_316">316</span> -only to the genitals; they were equally and in the -same way acquired through the various modes of -<i>Venus illegitima</i> (abnormal Love) in the anus and the -mouth, localities where we are accustomed nowadays -to see the secondary symptoms chiefly appear. -Consequently it was impossible for the Ancients,—and -is really and truly no less so down to the present -moment for the Moderns,—to make a definite distinction -between primary and secondary forms. It -is equally impossible to deny outright the former -existence of the latter in these localities, the more -so as, however wide the dissemination of vicious -practices of various sorts, no very large number of -men suffering from a diseased member are likely to -have misused mouth or anus.</p> - -<p>But if we are forced in considering the secondary -forms to leave mouth and anus almost entirely out -of the question,<a id="FNanchor_434_434" href="#Footnote_434_434" class="fnanchor">434</a> then only cutaneous diseases and -those affecting the bones are left us, for <i>ozaena</i> (fetid -polypus), which was regarded as incurable by the -Ancient physicians,<a id="FNanchor_435_435" href="#Footnote_435_435" class="fnanchor">435</a> cannot any more than the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_317">317</span> -others be taken into account in connection with -primary affections of the mouth, unless indeed we -are prepared to look upon the ῥέγχειν (snorting) -of the men of Tarsus as a secondary complaint of -pathics.</p> - -<p>With regard to <i>cutaneous affections</i>, we have seen -how the forms of <i>lichen</i> and <i>mentagra</i> passed over -into <i>psora</i> and <i>lepra</i> (§§ 23, 25), and how the conclusion -to be drawn from this is plain, viz. that the secondary -cutaneous forms of Venereal disease were formerly -assigned as belonging to leprosy. This seems to be -confirmed by a passage of <i>Johannes Moschus</i><a id="FNanchor_436_436" href="#Footnote_436_436" class="fnanchor">436</a> that -has only just been brought under our notice, in -which it is related how a monk of the Monastery -of Penthula could no longer master the appeals of -the flesh, travelled to Jericho to get relief from the -“superfluity of his naughtiness” in a brothel in that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_318">318</span> -place; how when he had entered the house, he was -suddenly attacked by leprosy, whereupon he speedily -returned to his Monastery. How much Venereal -disease has in common with elephantiasis must be -determined by later investigations. At any rate it -is worth while to note its frequent occurrence in -Egypt, its establishment in Italy along with the -various forms of <i>lichen</i>, its infectiousness, as well as -the statement of Celsus (III. 25.), who calls it an -<i>ignotus paene in Italia morbus</i> (a disease almost -unknown in Italy), and that even the bones would -appear to be affected by it.</p> - -<p>Lastly, inasmuch as the tendency of the morbid -process to strike outwards to the skin was conditioned -by the influence of climate, while cutaneous -forms of Venereal disease were amongst the most -common of occurrences, it follows that not only were -affections of the mucous membranes bound to fall -proportionally into the background and appear with -less frequency, but those of the bones as well. Still -the mucous membranes <i>were</i> sometimes attacked, -and <i>affections of the bones</i> did also undoubtedly -occur, though with incomparably greater rarity,—such -affections being, as is well known, at the -present day of rare occurrence, and especially so -in hot climates. Corrosion of the tibia is mentioned -by Plutarch, and peculiar pains of the periosteum, -which are so deep-seated and stable as to make the -patient believe the bones themselves to be the seat -of the mischief, are spoken of as early as by -<i>Archigenes</i> cited by <i>Galen</i>,<a id="FNanchor_437_437" href="#Footnote_437_437" class="fnanchor">437</a> the latter adding that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_319">319</span> -these pains were commonly known as οστοκοποι -(racking the bones). If further we ought to count -in this connection those forms of <i>exostosis</i> (morbid -excrescence) <i>of the bones of the skull</i> described above -in § 26, which it seems were so prevalent among -the inhabitants of Cyprus as to have gained for the -island according to some authorities its name of -Κεραστία (horned),<a id="FNanchor_438_438" href="#Footnote_438_438" class="fnanchor">438</a> we should actually have to hand<span class="pagenum" id="Page_320">320</span> -proofs of the existence in Antiquity of <i>all</i> the -symptoms that at the present day constitute Venereal -disease. All we need to do is to unite these into -one general picture and give the name that is now -sanctioned by custom, in order to arrive at the final -result,—that <i>Venereal Disease</i>, though not recognized -and described as such by the Ancient Physicians, -<i>was as a matter of fact existent in Antiquity</i>.</p> - - -<div class="figcenter" > -<img src="images/i_p320.jpg" alt="Decoration" /> -</div> - - -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_321">321</span></p> - - -<div class="figcenter" > -<img src="images/i_p003.jpg" alt="Decoration" /> -</div> - - -<h2 id="CONCLUSION">CONCLUSION.</h2> - - -<p>Having reached this general result at the conclusion -of the first Part of our Investigations, we would now -seem only to have to co-ordinate the various pieces -of evidence thus far brought together without reference -to time and place, but merely on the principle of -similarity of contents, under local and temporal -conditions, in order to obtain a general exposition -of <i>the development of Venereal Disease in Antiquity</i>. -Willing as we may be to undertake the task, and -necessary as its performance is,—for it is precisely -this that constitutes the History properly so called -of the Disease,—still we must freely admit that for -the present the fixed data indispensable for the work -are too few to enable us to do more than offer -suggestive hints. At the same time to supply these -missing data by hypotheses that must necessarily -lack all positive grounds, is not, at any rate in our -opinion, consistent with the dignity and duty of a -Historian.</p> - -<p>As to the <i>local</i> determinations, those defining the -places, to which such or such information given us -belongs, are extremely scanty, and such as they are, -we owe them mainly to the non-professional Authors. -Among the Physicians, who from the nature of the -case must be chiefly considered here, they are all -but entirely wanting; true they are almost all Greek -instances, still in the majority of cases it is left<span class="pagenum" id="Page_322">322</span> -absolutely undetermined whether the observations, -the mere results of which moreover are given us, -were made in Greece, at Rome or in Asia Minor. -But even supposing knowledge amounting to certainty -<i>were</i> available on this point, yet the local range as -compared with the whole Ancient world is too -limited to entitle us to use it successfully as evidence -in drawing up a general History of the Disease.</p> - -<p>The <i>temporal</i> determinations are in no better case. -This is especially so where the Physicians are concerned; -not to mention the general uncertainty as -to the epoch at which most of them lived and made -their observations, they are for the most part bad -witnesses for this reason if for no other, that they -have obviously copied one from another, or at any rate -so far as their works are extant for our examination, -utilized,—with the possible exception of Galen,—certain -common sources of information, which unfortunately -have been completely lost. The loss is -the more to be deplored as the authorities in question -belonged just to the most flourishing period of scientific -Medicine, that of the Alexandrian physicians.</p> - -<p>Yet another drawback is that up to the present -we are entirely without information as to the consecutive -order of the series of epidemics in Antiquity, -by the indirect help of which alone do the historical -factors conditioning Venereal disease become discernible; -while so far as appears, there is no -reasonable hope of our ever attaining any clearer -light on the point. Nay! even if we did possess -the information, it could only apply to Greece, Rome -and Asia Minor, for as previously pointed out, in -countries situated in the hot Zone the <i>genius epidemicus</i> -(general consensus of epidemic conditions) is but -rarely as a rule strong enough to override the <i>genius -endemicus</i> (general consensus of endemic conditions). -As much therefore as can in such a state of things -be predicated with some basis of reason as not -entirely hypothetical may be pretty well summed up -as follows:—</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_323">323</span></p> - -<p>Diseases of the genital organs developed little by -little among nearly all the Peoples of Antiquity -known to us at all intimately under the favouring -conditions detailed in preceding pages. At the same -time in virtue of the large number of counteracting -influences they seldom attained to any high degree -of intensity, and remained mostly local, taking the form -of mucous discharges and superficial ulcers, without -provoking any general reaction of the organism. -Even when such reaction did occur, it was the skin -that felt it, in such a way as to throw off the effects -of morbid activity in the form of cutaneous maladies. -These conditions lasted usually as long as the different -Peoples continued to cultivate mutual exclusiveness; -directly they abandoned this, and individual members -of different foreign stocks began to combine to gratify -an unbridled licentiousness, affections of the genitals -not only increased in frequency, but over and -above this a malignant character was stamped upon -them, with which both the development and the -intensity of any particular contagion stood in direct -ratio.</p> - -<p>Examples are to be found in the Plague of Baal -Peor among the Jews at Shittim (§§ 8. and 9. above), -in the introduction of the cult of Dionysus at -Athens (§ 98.) and of Priapus at Lampsacus (§ 7.), -both of which latter are connected with the March -of Bacchus to and from India, as well as lastly in -the introduction of the Lingam-worship in India -itself (§ 6.). All these phænomena point to the -conclusion that a remarkable frequency and malignity -of affections of the genitals was connected with -influences conditioned from without, amongst which -we have to reckon the general epidemic conditions. -This becomes the more interesting and important -from the fact that we meet with the same thing -again in the XVth. Century, a period when the -incorrect view taken of the circumstances led to the -most contradictory opinions being held. However -both influences and effects were merely transitory, as<span class="pagenum" id="Page_324">324</span> -is proved by the unanimous consensus of authorities -that the phænomena provoked by the conditions -disappeared again after a certain interval of time, -an interval that seems among the Jews only to have -lasted somewhat longer under endemic influence.</p> - -<p>Still under no circumstances does this justify us -in arguing to a total absence of all affections of the -genital organs,—as is proved, no doubt after an -interval of more than a thousand years, (if indeed -we are to admit the occurrences just mentioned to -count at all as actual historical facts), by (1) the -general weather conditions laid down by Hippocrates -and their consequences, and (2) an event that probably -was connected with the same conditions, the -Plague of Athens described by Thucydides. Here -we find indisputable proof given us that affections -of the genitals, as also most likely the contagion -conditioning them, increased under favourable epidemic -influence in frequency, malignity and intensity, -while concurrently the secondary forms manifested -themselves pre-eminently by symptoms of an exanthematic -type.</p> - -<p>For close on five hundred years onwards we are -again left without information; but the statements -contributed by Celsus show that meantime there -had been ample opportunities of observing and -treating affections of the genitals. In the time of -Pompey the Great, when Themison made his -observations on the wide prevalence of satyriasis in -Crete, there was developed, it would appear, though -from what causes is not known, a general consensus -of predominantly exanthematic conditions, that seems -to have continued for a long period of time, no -doubt as was to be expected with sundry interruptions -intervening. Under favour of these conditions -was developed in the first instance elephantiasis, -and later on under the Emperor Claudius <i>mentagra</i>, -which above all in Martial’s time afflicted the -Romans, while caricous tumours (<i>ficus</i>) became an -every-day complaint. From that epoch onwards, direct<span class="pagenum" id="Page_325">325</span> -historical evidences more and more tend to disappear, -till eventually it is only in the prescription-books of -Physicians that we gather any inkling of the continued -necessity for medical aid and concurrently of the -existence of Venereal Disease.</p> - - -<div class="figcenter" > -<img src="images/i_p325.jpg" alt="Decoration" /> -</div> - -<div class="chapter"></div> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_327">327</span></p> - - - - -<h2> -<a id="INDEX"></a>INDEX<br /> -<small>OF</small><br /> -GREEK AND LATIN WORDS<br /> -<small>EXPLAINED IN THE TEXT,<br /> -AND OF THE</small><br /> -SUBJECTS DISCUSSED<br /> -<small>IN BOTH VOLUMES</small><br /> -</h2> - -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_329">329</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" > -<img src="images/i_p329.jpg" alt="Decoration" /> -</div> - - -<h3><a id="INDEX_authors">INDEX</a><br /> - -<small>OF AUTHORS EXPLAINED OR EMENDED.</small></h3> - -<div class="index"> -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst">Ausonius, 153, II. <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">Aristophanes, II. <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#Page_163'>163</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">Aristotle, 183.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Dio Chrysostom, 134.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Eusebius, 222.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Galen, II. <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Hephaestion, 230.</li> -<li class="indx">Herodian, 219.</li> -<li class="indx">Herodotus, 17, 144.</li> -<li class="indx">Hippocrates, 239, 250, II. <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">Horace, 93, 131, 178, II. <a href='#Page_196'>196</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Juvenal, 174.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Lucian, 156.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Martial, 152, II. <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">Moses, 52, II. <a href='#Page_156'>156</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Palladius Heliopolitanus, II. <a href='#Page_127'>127</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">Persius, II. <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">Philo, 207.</li> -<li class="indx">Pliny, II. <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">Pollux, II. <a href='#Page_319'>319</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Seneca, 89.</li> -<li class="indx">Septuagint, The, II. <a href='#Page_141'>141</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">Synesius, 226.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Thucydides, II. <a href='#Page_179'>179</a>.</li> -</ul> -</div> - - - - -<h3><a id="INDEX_greek">INDEX</a><br /> - -<small>OF GREEK WORDS EXPLAINED.</small></h3> - - -<div class="index"> -<ul class="index"> -<li class="indx">ἀγριολειχῆναι, II. <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>.</li> -<li class="ifrst">ἄγριος, 135, II. <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">ἀγριοψωρία, II. <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">ἀκόλαστος, 135.</li> -<li class="indx">ἀλώπηξ, II. <a href="#Footnote_55_55">46</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">ἀλωπεκία, II. <a href="#Footnote_55_55">46</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">ἀνανδρία, 219.</li> -<li class="indx">ἀνάρσιος, 206.</li> -<li class="indx">ἀνδρόγυνα λούτρα, II. <a href='#Page_219'>219</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">ἀνδρόγυνος, 195</li> -<li class="indx">ἀφροδισιάζεσθαι, 235.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">βἀλλάδες, II. <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">βάταλος, 225.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">γλωσσαλγία, II. <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li> -<li class="indx">γρυπαλώπηξ, II. <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">γυμνός, II. <a href="#Footnote_274_274">230</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">γυναικεία ἐπιθυμία, II. <a href="#Footnote_157_157">128</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">γυνή, 190.</li> -<li class="indx">γύννιδες, 223.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">δασύπους κρεῶν ἐπιθυμεῖ, 200.</li> -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_330">330</span>δεικτηρίαδες, 76.</li> -<li class="indx">διάγραμμα, 72.</li> -<li class="indx">διαλέγεσθαι, II. <a href="#Footnote_157_157">128</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">διονυσιακός, II. <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">διωβολιμαῖα, 73.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">ἕλκεα Αἰγύπτια, II. <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1"> Βουβαστικά, II. <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1"> σηπεδόνα, II. <a href='#Page_247'>247</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1"> Συριακά, II. <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">ἕλκος, II. <a href="#Footnote_157_157">128</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">ἐμπολή, 73.</li> -<li class="indx">ἐνάρεες, 201.</li> -<li class="indx">ἐνοίκιον, 76.</li> -<li class="indx">ἐπίπαστα, II. <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">ἔργον, II. <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">ἐσχάρα, II. <a href="#Footnote_157_157">129</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">ἑταῖραι μουσικαί, 76.</li> -<li class="isub1"> πέζαι, 79.</li> -<li class="indx">εὐνοῦχος, 199.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">θηρίωμα, II. <a href='#Page_296'>296</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">θύμιον, II. <a href='#Page_311'>311</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">θύμος, II. <a href='#Page_311'>311</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">ἰατρεῖα, 120.</li> -<li class="indx">ἰατρίναι, II. <a href='#Page_248'>248</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">ἰποτήριον, II. <a href='#Page_282'>282</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">ἵππος, II. <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">ἴσχια, 242.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">καθῆσθαι ἐπ’ οἰκήματος, 18, 71.</li> -<li class="indx">καπηλεία, 73.</li> -<li class="indx">καπηλεῖον, 73.</li> -<li class="indx">καπήλιον, 73.</li> -<li class="indx">καταδακτυλίζειν, 123.</li> -<li class="indx">καταπορνεύειν, 18.</li> -<li class="indx">κέδματα, 242.</li> -<li class="indx">κέρας, II. <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">Κεραστία, II. <a href='#Page_319'>319</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">κῆπος, 47.</li> -<li class="indx">κίναδος, II. <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">κίων, II. <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">κουρεῖα, 120.</li> -<li class="indx">κρεμαστῆρες, II. <a href='#Page_277'>277</a>, <a href='#Page_284'>284</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">κρητίζειν, 117, 123.</li> -<li class="indx">κτείς, 51.</li> -<li class="indx">κυναλώπηξ, II. <a href="#Footnote_55_55">46</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">κύων τεῦτλα οὐ τρώγει, 200.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">λαλεῖν, II. <a href='#Page_163'>163</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">λειχὴν ἄγριος, II. <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">λειχῆνες, II. <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">λεσβιάζειν, II. <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">λεῦκαι, II. <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">μάργος, II. <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">μαστρόπιον, 76.</li> -<li class="indx">μαστροπός, 76, 121.</li> -<li class="indx">ματρύλλεια, 72, 76.</li> -<li class="indx">μίσθωμα, 72.</li> -<li class="indx">μύζουρις, II. <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">μυλλοί, 29.</li> -<li class="indx">μυοχάνη, II. <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">μυριοχαύνη, II. <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">μυσάχνη, II. <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">μυσιοχάνη, II. <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">νοῦσος θήλεια, 144.</li> -<li class="indx">νόσος, 179, 180.</li> -<li class="isub1"> γυναικεία, 234.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">οἴκημα, 71.</li> -<li class="indx">ὀλισβόκολλιξ, 162.</li> -<li class="indx">ὄλισβος, 162.</li> -<li class="indx">ὀπή, II. <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">ὄφις, 200.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">παιδοκόραξ, II. <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">παραστάται, II. <a href='#Page_285'>285</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">πασχητιασμός, 190.</li> -<li class="indx">πέος, 51.</li> -<li class="indx">περιλαλεῖν, II. <a href='#Page_163'>163</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">πορνεῖον, 71.</li> -<li class="indx">πόρνη, 71, 76.</li> -<li class="indx">πορνοβοσκός, 72.</li> -<li class="indx">πορνοτελώνης, 74. 75.</li> -<li class="indx">πορνοτρόφος, 72.</li> -<li class="indx">πράττειν, 123.</li> -<li class="indx">προαγωγεῖα, 72, 76.</li> -<li class="indx">προαγωγός, 76, 122.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">ῥέγχειν, 134, 143.</li> -<li class="indx">ῥιναυλεῖν, II. <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">ῥιναύλουρις, II. <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">ῥινοκολοῦρος, II. <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">ῥοδοδάφνη, II. <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">ῥοδωνία, II. <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">σαράπους, II. <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>.</li> -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_331">331</span>σάρξ, II. <a href='#Page_158'>158</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">σαπέρδιον, II. <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">σῆφις, II. <a href='#Page_247'>247</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">σιφνιάζειν, 123.</li> -<li class="indx">σκύλαξ, II. <a href="#Footnote_55_55">46</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">σκυτάλαι, 198.</li> -<li class="indx">σόφισμα, II. <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">στατηριαῖα, 74.</li> -<li class="indx">στεγανόμιον, 76.</li> -<li class="indx">στομαλγία, II. <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">στῦμα, II. <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">στυμάργος, II. <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">στῦω, II. <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">στωμύλλεσθαι, II. <a href='#Page_163'>163</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">συκίνη ἐπικουρία, 197.</li> -<li class="indx">σύκον, II. <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">σφιγκτήρ, 112.</li> -<li class="indx">σφιγκτής, 112.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">τέγος, 76.</li> -<li class="indx">τέλος πορνικόν, 74.</li> -<li class="indx">τιμᾶσθαι, 244.</li> -<li class="indx">τριαντοπόρνη, 72.</li> -<li class="indx">τρόπος, II. <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">φθίνας, II. <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">φοινία, 229.</li> -<li class="indx">ἐν Φοινίκῃ καθεύδεις, II. <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">φοινικέη νόσος, II. <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">φοινικίζειν, II. <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">φοινικιστής, II. <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">φύγεθλον, II. <a href='#Page_303'>303</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">φύματα, II. <a href='#Page_169'>169</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">χαλεπός, 135.</li> -<li class="indx">χαλκιδίζειν, 123.</li> -<li class="indx">χαλκιδίτις, 72.</li> -<li class="indx">χαμαιευνάδες, 76.</li> -<li class="indx">χαμαιεύνης, 76.</li> -<li class="indx">χαμαιτηρίς, 76.</li> -<li class="indx">χαμαιτύπαι, 76.</li> -<li class="indx">χαμαιτυπεῖον, 76.</li> -<li class="indx">χαμεύνης, 76.</li> -<li class="indx">χιάζειν, 123.</li> -<li class="indx">χοιράς, II. <a href='#Page_303'>303</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">χρυσάργυρον, 108.</li> -</ul></div> - - - - - -<h3><a id="INDEX_latin">INDEX</a><br /> - -<small>OF LATIN WORDS EXPLAINED.</small></h3> - - - -<div class="index"> -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst">aes uxorium, 84.</li> -<li class="indx">alicariae, 99.</li> -<li class="indx">ambubaiae, 100.</li> -<li class="indx">amica, 101.</li> -<li class="indx">albus, II. <a href='#Page_196'>196</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">aquaculare, II. <a href='#Page_214'>214</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">aquam sumere, II. <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">aquarioli, II. <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">baccariones, II. <a href='#Page_214'>214</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">basiare, II. <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">basiator, II. <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">basium, II. <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">bustuariae, 100.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">capitalis luxus, II. <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">capra, 134.</li> -<li class="indx">captura, 94.</li> -<li class="indx">caput demissum, II. <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">catamitus, 179.</li> -<li class="indx">cellae, 89.</li> -<li class="isub1"> lustrales, 100.</li> -<li class="indx">consistorium libidinis, 91.</li> -<li class="indx">corvus, II. <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">cunnus albus, II. <a href='#Page_196'>196</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">diobolaria, 94.</li> -<li class="indx">digitus infamis, 136.</li> -<li class="isub1"> medius, 136.</li> -<li class="indx">dogma, II. <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">effeminatus, 194.</li> -<li class="indx">equus, II. <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">fellare, II. <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">femina, 191.</li> -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_332">332</span>ficus, 131.</li> -<li class="indx">fornix, 88.</li> -<li class="indx">frons, 89.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">grex, 179.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">Harpocratem reddere, II. <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">hortus, 47.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">illauta puella, II. <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">imbubinare, II. <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">inguen, II. <a href='#Page_303'>303</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">irrumare, II. <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">leno, 93.</li> -<li class="indx">lepus pulmentum quaeris, 200.</li> -<li class="indx">lomentum, II. <a href='#Page_196'>196</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">longano, 162.</li> -<li class="indx">lupanar, 88.</li> -<li class="indx">lustrum, 100.</li> -<li class="indx">luxus, II. <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1"> capitalis, II. <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">merces cellae, 92.</li> -<li class="indx">meretrices bonae, 100.</li> -<li class="isub1"> lodices, 91.</li> -<li class="indx">moechus, II. <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">morbus, 177.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">navis, 133.</li> -<li class="indx">nervus, II. <a href='#Page_277'>277</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">nonaria, 95.</li> -<li class="indx">nudus, II. <a href='#Page_230'>230</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">oscedo, II. <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">patientia feminea, 228.</li> -<li class="indx">patientia muliebris, 228.</li> -<li class="indx">penis, 51.</li> -<li class="indx">percidi, 127.</li> -<li class="indx">pollutiones, II. <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">proseda, 95.</li> -<li class="indx">prostibula, 95.</li> -<li class="indx">pustulae lucentes, II. <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">quadrantaria permutatio, II. <a href='#Page_214'>214</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">robigo, II. <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">salgama, II. <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">sanctus, 113.</li> -<li class="indx">sarapis, II. <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">scorta devia, 103.</li> -<li class="isub1"> erratica, 99.</li> -<li class="isub1"> nobilia, 101.</li> -<li class="isub1"> vestita, 103.</li> -<li class="indx">sectus, 126.</li> -<li class="indx">sicca puella, II. <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">summoenianae, 88.</li> -<li class="indx">Syrii tumores, II. <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">tacere, II. <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>.</li> -<li class="indx">titulus, 89.</li> -<li class="indx">togata, 93.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">uda puella, II. <a href='#Page_220'>220</a>.</li> - -<li class="ifrst">villicus puellarum, 93.</li> -</ul></div> - -<div class="figcenter" > -<img src="images/i_p332.jpg" alt="Decoration" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_333">333</span></p> - - -<div class="figcenter" > -<img src="images/i_p333.jpg" alt="Decoration" /> -</div> - - -<h3 id="INDEX_OF_SUBJECTS">INDEX OF SUBJECTS.</h3> - - -<div class="index"> -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst">A.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Acrochordon</i> (kind of wart), II. <a href='#Page_314'>314</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Aediles</i> have supervision over the Brothels, 107,</li> -<li class="isub1">keep a list of the public prostitutes, 107.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Ætiology</i>, Neglect of, II. <a href='#Page_243'>243</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Afranius</i>, Paederast, 154.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Agoranomi</i> at Athens have supervision over the Brothels and Whoremasters, 72.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Alcibiades</i>, most members of his family Pathics, 160.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Anginae</i> (quinsies) common in Egypt, II. <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">among Fellators, II. <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Anthrax</i> (malignant pustule), II. <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">consequent upon sexual intercourse, II. <a href="#Footnote_157_157">128</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">Epidemic in Asia, II. <a href='#Page_179'>179</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Anus</i>, Ulcers, 134, II. <a href='#Page_295'>295</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">Condylomata, 130,</li> -<li class="isub1">Rhagades, 129, II. <a href='#Page_302'>302</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Aphaca</i>, Temple of Aphrodité at, 222.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Aphrodité</i> ἀναδυομένη (rising from the sea) in the Temple of Aesculapius, 30,</li> -<li class="isub1">εὔπλοια (giving a prosperous voyage), 27,</li> -<li class="isub1">λιμενίας (of harbours), 27,</li> -<li class="isub1">οὐράνια (heavenly), 27,</li> -<li class="isub1">πάνδημος (of the people), 27,</li> -<li class="isub1">ποντιά (of the sea), 27,</li> -<li class="isub1">πραξις (doing, sexual intercourse), 121,</li> -<li class="isub1">φιλομήδης (laughter-loving, <i>or</i> loving the genitals), 39.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Apion</i>, II. <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Armenian women</i> bound to give themselves up an offering to the honour of Venus, 19.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Athens</i>, Brothels at, 71,</li> -<li class="isub1">Plague, II. <a href='#Page_180'>180</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">Diseases of Genital organs in consequence of Neglect of worship of Bacchus, 78,</li> -<li class="isub1">Ulcers on the foot common, II. <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">Inns, 8, 78. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_334">334</span></li> - -<li class="ifrst">B.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Baal Peor</i>, 52.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Babylonian women</i> bound to give themselves up an offering to the honour of Venus, 18.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Bacchus</i> ἀνδρόγυνος (man-woman), 195,</li> -<li class="isub1">is lascivious, 43,</li> -<li class="isub1">Pathic, 194,</li> -<li class="isub1">practises “Onania postica”, 195,</li> -<li class="isub1">his worship, 79, 195.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Bachelors</i> at Rome, Tax on, 84.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Barbers’ Shops</i> at Athens, Resorts of the Pathics, 120,</li> -<li class="isub1">in Rome, II. <a href='#Page_221'>221</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Bassus</i> Cinaedus, 171.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Batalus</i> Cinaedus, 171.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Bathing</i> after Coition, II. <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">in common, II. <a href='#Page_219'>219</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">gives occasion for Vice, II. <a href='#Page_219'>219</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Baths</i> at Athens, Resorts of the Pathics, II. <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">in Rome, II. <a href='#Page_221'>221</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Blood</i>, vaginal, unclean, II. <a href='#Page_320'>320</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">mucus, II. <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Bones</i>, affections of the, II. <a href='#Page_318'>318</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Bordeaux</i>, derivation of name, 28.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Brothels</i> do not exist in Asia, 64,</li> -<li class="isub1">in Greece under supervision of the Agoranomi, 72,</li> -<li class="isub1">established at Athens by Solon, 70,</li> -<li class="isub1">in Rome, 88,</li> -<li class="isub1">were under supervision of the Ædiles, 107,</li> -<li class="isub1">on country estates, 105,</li> -<li class="isub1">in Palaces, 105.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Bubonic swellings</i>, II. <a href='#Page_238'>238</a>, <a href='#Page_303'>303</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">among Eunuchs, 253,</li> -<li class="isub1">in connection with ulcers of the foot, II. <a href='#Page_238'>238</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">C.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Caesar</i> a Pathic, II. <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Campanus Morbus</i>, II. <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Carthaginian women</i> bound to give themselves up an offering in honour of Venus, 22.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Castration</i> of Pathics, 116,</li> -<li class="isub1">in Elephantiasis, II. <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Catheter</i>, II. <a href='#Page_281'>281</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Chancres</i>, II. <a href='#Page_286'>286</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">called θηρίωμα (malignant sore), II. <a href='#Page_296'>296</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">robigo (blight), II. <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">φθινὰς (wasting), II. <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">in Egypt have tendency to form scabs, II. <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">on the posteriors, II. <a href='#Page_301'>301</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">on the glans penis, II. <a href='#Page_295'>295</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">on the female genital organs, II. <a href='#Page_296'>296</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">on the skin of the penis, II. <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">on the mons Veneris, II. <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">on the prepuce, II. <a href='#Page_293'>293</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Circumcision</i>, or Cutting, of Maids, II. <a href='#Page_206'>206</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Cleanliness</i> checks the rise of Venereal disease, II. <a href='#Page_187'>187</a>. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_335">335</span></li> -<li class="indx"><i>Cleopatra</i> keeps Cinaedi, 178.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Climate</i>, II. <a href='#Page_115'>115</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">influence on genital organs, II. <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>,</li> -<li class="isub2">on diseases of the genital organs, II. <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>,</li> -<li class="isub2">on activity of generation, II. <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Coition</i> in Temples, 23,</li> -<li class="isub1">Unnatural Coition due to vengeance of Venus, 151.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Complexion</i>, pale, of Cinaedi, 143,</li> -<li class="isub1">of Cunnilingues, II. <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Condylomata</i>, II. <a href='#Page_313'>313</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">on the posteriors, 130, II. <a href='#Page_311'>311</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">on the genitals, II. <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Contagion</i>, views of the Ancients as to, II. <a href='#Page_246'>246</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">in Southern countries more transient, II. <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Corpse</i> unclean, II. <a href='#Page_189'>189</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Crete</i>, paederastia in, 117,</li> -<li class="isub1">Satyriasis common there, 127.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Cunnilingus</i>, II. <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">practises vice with women at time of Menstruation, II. <a href='#Page_188'>188</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">diseases of the, II. <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Cyprus</i> is called Κεραστια (horned), II. <a href='#Page_319'>319</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">its inhabitants frequent sufferers from Bony Outgrowths (Exostosis) of the Skull, II. <a href='#Page_319'>319</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">their daughters bound to give themselves up an offering in honour of Venus, 22.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">D.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Defloration</i>, its performance impure, 25.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Depilation</i>, II. <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">executed by women on men, II. <a href='#Page_192'>192</a>,</li> -<li class="isub2">by men on women, II. <a href='#Page_192'>192</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">of Pathics, 172, II. <a href='#Page_192'>192</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">of the anus, II. <a href='#Page_192'>192</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">of the genital organs, II. <a href='#Page_192'>192</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Diatriton</i> (fasting until the third day), II. <a href='#Page_237'>237</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Diseases</i>, bodily, brought on by men’s own fault are disgraceful, II. <a href='#Page_231'>231</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Diseases</i>, Names of, II. <a href='#Page_249'>249</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Dispensaries</i> at Athens, resort of the Pathics, 120.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Dolores Osteocopi</i> (Pains that rack the Bones), II. <a href='#Page_319'>319</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Doctors</i> have few opportunities of observing diseases of the Genitals, II. <a href='#Page_225'>225</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">inexperienced “in re venerea” (in Venereal matters), II. <a href='#Page_237'>237</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">lewd-minded, II. <a href='#Page_236'>236</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">Doctors from Egypt cure the Mentagra (Tetter of the Chin) at Rome, II. <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Doctors’ shops</i> at Athens, resort of the Pathics, 120.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Dogs</i> used as cunnilingi, II. <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Dowry</i>, earned by maidens by prostitution, 21, 25.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">E.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Egypt</i>, quinsies common, II. <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">and ulcers of the neck, II. <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">form taken there by Venereal disease, II. <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_336">336</span></li> -<li class="isub1">inhabitants lascivious, II. <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">offer up their daughters to Zeus, 40,</li> -<li class="isub1">Physicians experienced in the cure of Mentagra (Tetter of the Chin), II. <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Elephantiasis</i>, II. <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">communicated by Coition, II. <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">infectious, II. <a href='#Page_163'>163</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Epinyctis</i>, II. <a href='#Page_309'>309</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Erotic</i> poets, lascivious, 8.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Eunuchs</i>, kept by distinguished women, 116, 178,</li> -<li class="isub1">do not suffer from Calvities (Baldness), II. <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>,</li> -<li class="isub2">nor from Elephantiasis, II. <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Exanthema</i> of the Genital organs, II. <a href='#Page_319'>319</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Excrescences</i> on the Genital organs, II. <a href='#Page_311'>311</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Exostosis</i> (Bony outgrowths) of the Skull, II. <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#Page_319'>319</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">common in Cyprus, II. <a href='#Page_319'>319</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">F.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Fakeers</i> in India, 34.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Fellator</i>, Diseases of the, II. <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Felt-lice</i> (Pediculi pubis), II. <a href='#Page_197'>197</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Fish</i> diet induces Leprosy and Ulcers, II. <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Floralia</i> at Rome, 84.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">G.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Galerius</i> Maximianus, II. <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Galli</i>, Priests of Cybelé, 231,</li> -<li class="isub1">pay prostitution-tax to the Romans, 231.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Gangrene</i> of the Genitals, II. <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">during the Plague of Athens, II. <a href='#Page_179'>179</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">of the limbs, II. <a href='#Page_182'>182</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Genitals</i>, their purification after coition, II. <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">exposure in the case of Youths at Athens, II. <a href='#Page_229'>229</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">compulsory by law at Rome, II. <a href='#Page_229'>229</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Genitals, Diseases of</i> induced by Dreams, 200,</li> -<li class="isub1">at Athens, in consequence of the neglect of the Worship of Bacchus, 43,</li> -<li class="isub1">at Lampsacus in consequence of the banishment of Priapus, 44,</li> -<li class="isub1">Cure is won by prayers to Priapus, 45,</li> -<li class="isub1">women treated by women’s Physicians, II. <a href='#Page_248'>248</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Genius Epidemicus</i> its influence on Venereal Disease, II. <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">on Ulcers of the Genitals, II. <a href='#Page_172'>172</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Germans</i> practise Paederastia, 228.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Glans penis</i>, male, more active secretion from glands of this part in hot countries, II. <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">liable to Inflammation and Ulceration, II. <a href='#Page_295'>295</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">Ulcers of, II. <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">Thymus (warty excrescence) II. <a href='#Page_313'>313</a>. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_337">337</span></li> -<li class="indx"><i>Gonorrhœa</i></li> -<li class="isub1">in Hippocrates, II. <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>,</li> -<li class="isub2">Moses, II. <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">common in Southern countries, II. <a href='#Page_136'>136</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">is ignominious, II. <a href='#Page_234'>234</a>, II. <a href='#Page_265'>265</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">in man, II. <a href='#Page_260'>260</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">in woman, II. <a href='#Page_269'>269</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Greece</i>, Climate, II. <a href='#Page_134'>134</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">Cult of Venus, 27.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Groin</i>, tumours in the, a consequence of riding, 242.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">H.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Hæmorrhoids</i>, II. <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">among Pathics, 130,</li> -<li class="isub1">common in the time of Martial and Juvenal, 133.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Hair</i>, Affection of the, II. <a href='#Page_156'>156</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">in Leprosy and Elephantiasis, II. <a href='#Page_157'>157</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Hares</i>,—androgynic (sometimes male, sometimes female), 200.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Hand</i>, left—ill-reputed, II. <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">used for Onanism, II. <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">in purification of the Genital organs, II. <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Heliades</i> punished for licentious love, 154.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Helos</i> (callosity) on the glans penis, II. <a href='#Page_296'>296</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Hemitheon</i>, Cinaedus, 172.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Hermaphroditus</i>, statues of—in front of Baths, II. <a href='#Page_220'>220</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Hero</i> suffers from ulcers on the genitals, II. <a href='#Page_127'>127</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Herod</i>, disease from which he suffered, II. <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Herpes</i> (creeping eruption), II. <a href='#Page_308'>308</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Hetaerae</i>, 79,</li> -<li class="isub1">dress of, 81,</li> -<li class="isub1">Seminary at Corinth, 79,</li> -<li class="isub1">follow the Greek armies, 80.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Hieroduli</i>, female, 30.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">I.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Ignis Persicus</i> (Persian fire), II. <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>India</i>, Venereal disease in, 40.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Infection</i>, views of the Ancients on, II. <a href='#Page_248'>248</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">in the South more transient, II. <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Inguinal tumours</i>, a consequence of riding, 242.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Inns</i> of ill-repute at Athens, 76,</li> -<li class="isub1">fornication practised in them, 8,</li> -<li class="isub1">at Rome, 98.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Irrumator</i>, II. <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Ischuria</i> (Retention of urine) in case of ulcers of Urethra, II. <a href='#Page_170'>170</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Isis</i>, Worship of—at Rome, 103.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">J.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Jews</i>, their Diseases at Shittim, in consequence of worship of Baal-Peor, 52,</li> -<li class="isub1">their daughters give themselves up an offering to the honour of Astarté, 66.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Juno</i>, Patron-goddess of Lust, 44. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_338">338</span></li> - -<li class="ifrst">K.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Kissing</i> disseminates Mentagra (Tetter of the Chin), II. <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Kissing</i>, Mania for,—at Rome, II. <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">L.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Lame men</i> are lecherous, 240.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Lampsacus</i>, affections of the genitals among the men there in consequence of the expulsion of Priapus, 44.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Lemnos</i>, women of,—their evil smell, 148.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Lepra</i> (scaly leprosy), Mentagra (Tetter of the Chin) changes into it, II. <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">produced by vicious practices, II. <a href='#Page_163'>163</a>, II. <a href='#Page_317'>317</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Leprosy</i>, connection with Venereal disease, II. <a href='#Page_150'>150</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">a punishment from the gods, II. <a href='#Page_189'>189</a>, II. <a href='#Page_315'>315</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">spreads from the genital organs, II. <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_156'>156</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Lesbos</i>, women of—are fellatrices, II. <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">tribads, 161.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Liber</i>, another name of Bacchus, 43.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Lingam-worship</i> in India, 33.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Locris</i>, women of—give themselves up an offering in honour of Venus, 22.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Lydian</i> women give themselves up an offering in honour of Venus, 21.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">M.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Matrix</i>, dilater of the, II. <a href='#Page_299'>299</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Matrix</i> (or injecting) syringe, II. <a href='#Page_300'>300</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Mena</i>, goddess of Menstruation, 25.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Mendes</i>, cult of—in Egypt, II. <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Menstrual blood</i> unclean, 23,</li> -<li class="isub1">liable to putrefaction, II. <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">injurious consequences in Coition, II. <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">produces skin-affections, II. <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Menstruation</i>, women during—Coition with such, II. <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">produces affections of the genital organs in man, II. <a href='#Page_127'>127</a>,</li> -<li class="isub2">Leprosy, II. <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Mentagra</i> (Tetter of the Chin), II. <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">is subject to epidemic influence, II. <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">changes into Lepra and Psora, II. <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Miletus</i>, women of—are artificial tribads, 162.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Morbus Campanus</i>, II. <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Phoeniceus</i>, II. <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Mucous membrane</i>, its secretions in the South more copious and acrid, II. <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_339">339</span></li> -<li class="indx"><i>Mutuus</i>, the Priapus of the Romans, 26.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Myrmecia</i>, II. <a href='#Page_314'>314</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Myrrha</i> punished by Venus, 157.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">N.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Names</i> of Diseases, II. <a href='#Page_249'>249</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>National</i> diversities influence the rise of Venereal disease, II. <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_321'>321</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Neuralgia</i> of the testicles and spermatic cord, II. <a href='#Page_284'>284</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">O.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Ointments</i> for the skin, II. <a href='#Page_139'>139</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Oscans</i> are licentious, II. <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">are Cunnilingues, II. <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Ozaena</i> (fetid polypus), II. <a href='#Page_317'>317</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">P.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Paederastia</i>, 108,</li> -<li class="isub1">at Athens, 119,</li> -<li class="isub1">in Bœotia, 121,</li> -<li class="isub2">Chalcis, 122,</li> -<li class="isub2">Chios, 122,</li> -<li class="isub2">Crete, 117,</li> -<li class="isub2">Elis, 121,</li> -<li class="isub2">Germany, 228,</li> -<li class="isub2">Greece, 117,</li> -<li class="isub2">Italy, 124,</li> -<li class="isub2">Rome, 124,</li> -<li class="isub2">Siphnos, 124,</li> -<li class="isub2">Syria, 116,</li> -<li class="isub2">Tarsus, 139,</li> -<li class="isub1">practised in Temples, 111,</li> -<li class="isub1">is a mental disorder, 182,</li> -<li class="isub1">inclination to it is innate, 236,</li> -<li class="isub2">and hereditary, 160,</li> -<li class="isub2">due to vengeance of Venus, 146, 172, 182.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Paederasts</i>, diseases of, 126.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Paedophilia</i>, 117.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Paralysis</i> of the Tongue due to the practices of the Cunnilingue, II. <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Parmenides</i>, Fragment of, 163.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Patients</i> suffering from affections of the genital organs deceive the Physician, II. <a href='#Page_235'>235</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">dread the knife, 46, II. <a href='#Page_241'>241</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">treat themselves, II. <a href='#Page_238'>238</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Pathics</i>, signal of invitation employed by, 143,</li> -<li class="isub1">condition at Athens, 120,</li> -<li class="isub1">kept in the Roman brothels, 124,</li> -<li class="isub1">had to pay Prostitution-tax, 126, 231,</li> -<li class="isub1">characteristics, 169,</li> -<li class="isub1">dress, 172,</li> -<li class="isub1">allow the hair of the head to grow long, 173,</li> -<li class="isub1">depilate their persons, II. <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">resemble women, 189,</li> -<li class="isub1">seed-ducts in their case go to the anus, 235,</li> -<li class="isub1">bear children, 235,</li> -<li class="isub1">diseases of, 126,</li> -<li class="isub1">pale complexion, 143,</li> -<li class="isub1">foul breath, 142,</li> -<li class="isub1">suffer from affection of the mouth, 134, 142,</li> -<li class="isub2">ulcers on posteriors, 127,</li> -<li class="isub2">hæmorrhoids, 130.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Penis</i>, artificial, 161, 198.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Phallus-worship</i>, 40,</li> -<li class="isub1">in Egypt, 40,</li> -<li class="isub2">Greece, 41,</li> -<li class="isub2">India, 33,</li> -<li class="isub2">Syria, 49. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_340">340</span></li> -<li class="indx"><i>Philoctetes</i> is Onanist, 155,</li> -<li class="isub1">Pathic, 152.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Phlyctaenae</i> (blisters) on the skin in diseases of the Uterus, II. <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Phoeniceus Morbus</i>, II. <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Phoenician women</i> give themselves up an offering in honour of Venus, 21.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Physicians</i> have few opportunities of observing diseases of the Genitals, II. <a href='#Page_225'>225</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">inexperienced “in re venerea” (in Venereal subjects), II. <a href='#Page_237'>237</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">lewd-minded, II. <a href='#Page_235'>235</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">Physicians from Egypt cure the Mentagra (Tetter of the Chin) at Rome, II. <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Piles</i> (hæmorrhoids), II. <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">among Pathics, 130,</li> -<li class="isub1">common in time of Martial and Juvenal, 133.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Polyandry</i>, II. <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Polygamy</i>, II. <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Prepuce</i>, ulcers, II. <a href='#Page_293'>293</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">rhagades (chapped sores), II. <a href='#Page_293'>293</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">thymus (warty excrescence), II. <a href='#Page_311'>311</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Priapism</i>, II. <a href='#Page_136'>136</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Priapus</i>, 43,</li> -<li class="isub1">lover of gardens, 47, II. <a href='#Page_215'>215</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">made of fig-wood, 195,</li> -<li class="isub1">red, II. <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">used to rupture the hymen, 24, 26, 51,</li> -<li class="isub1">possesses fructifying virtues, 26,</li> -<li class="isub1">sufferers from complaints of the genitals pray to him, 50.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Priests</i> undertake the deflowering of virgins, 47.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Prophylactics</i> against Bubo, II. <a href='#Page_307'>307</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">against Gonorrhœa, II. <a href='#Page_307'>307</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Propotides</i> punished by Venus, 156.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Prostitute-keepers</i> (Whoremasters) at Athens, 72,</li> -<li class="isub1">under supervision of the Ædiles, 107,</li> -<li class="isub1">considered infamous, 98.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Prostitutes’ fees</i> fixed by the Agoranomi at Athens, 73,</li> -<li class="isub1">at Rome, 94.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Prostitution-tax</i> at Athens, 74,</li> -<li class="isub1">leased out by the Magistrate at Athens, 75,</li> -<li class="isub1">at Rome, 107,</li> -<li class="isub1">at Byzantium, 107,</li> -<li class="isub1">paid by Pathics, 107, 126, 231,</li> -<li class="isub1">by the Priests of Cybelé, 231.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Prostitution-tax</i>, farmers of—at Athens, 75.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">R.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Rhagades</i> (chapped sores) of the posteriors, 127,</li> -<li class="isub1">of the female genitals, II. <a href='#Page_298'>298</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">of the prepuce, II. <a href='#Page_293'>293</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Rhinocolura</i>, Colony of II. <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Rome</i>, Baths at, II. <a href='#Page_220'>220</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">Brothels, 88,</li> -<li class="isub1">Cult of Priapus, 43,</li> -<li class="isub1">Cult of Venus, 33,</li> -<li class="isub1">Inns, 98,</li> -<li class="isub1">Isis-worship, 103,</li> -<li class="isub1">Mania for kissing, II. <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">Mentagra (Tetter of the Chin), II. <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">Paederastia, 123,</li> -<li class="isub1">Prostitution-tax, 107.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Roseola</i> in gonorrhœal patients, II. <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_341">341</span></li> - -<li class="ifrst">S.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Satyriasis</i>, II. <a href='#Page_255'>255</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">common in Crete, 127.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Scabies</i> (Itch), II. <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>, II. <a href='#Page_162'>162</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Scythians</i>, νοῦσος θήλεια (feminine disease) of the, 144,</li> -<li class="isub1">men-women, 240.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Shamefacedness</i> of patients, II. <a href='#Page_235'>235</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Skin</i>, reaction of the—in affections of the genital organs, II. <a href='#Page_141'>141</a>, II. <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>, II. <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Skin-diseases</i>, infectious in Venereal disease, II. <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Smell</i>, foul—from the mouth of Pathics, 142,</li> -<li class="isub1">of Fellators, II. <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Snakes</i> used for vicious purposes, II. <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Sneeze</i> betrays the Cinaedus, 171.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Sodomy</i>, II. <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">with he-goats, II. <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">with asses, II. <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">with snakes, II. <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Suicide</i> due to ulcers of genital organs, II. <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">to ulcers of the neck, II. <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Sycosis</i> of the Chin, II. <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Syringe</i>, Matrix or Injecting, II. <a href='#Page_300'>300</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">T.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Tarsus</i>, frequency of paederastia there, 139.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Testicles</i>, inflammation of, II. <a href='#Page_282'>282</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">ulcers, II. <a href='#Page_285'>285</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">induration, II. <a href='#Page_285'>285</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Tetter</i> of the chin (Mentagra), II. <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">subject to epidemic influence, II. <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">changes into Lepra and Psora, II. <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Throat, Ulcers of the</i>—among fellators, II. <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, II. <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Thymus</i> (warty excrescence) on the genital organs, II. <a href='#Page_311'>311</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Tiberius</i>, sickness of, II. <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Tongue</i>, Paralysis of the—due to the practices of Cunnilingue, II. <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Tribads</i>, artificial, 161.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Typhus</i>, influence on Venereal disease, II. <a href='#Page_182'>182</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">U.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Ulcers</i>, Egyptian, II. <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">a result of vengeance of the Dea Syra, II. <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">on the tibia common at Athens, II. <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">origin, II. <a href='#Page_242'>242</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">general treatment, II. <a href='#Page_239'>239</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Ulcers of the Genitals</i>, II. <a href='#Page_139'>139</a>, II. <a href='#Page_275'>275</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">offspring of evil humours, II. <a href='#Page_242'>242</a>, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_342">342</span></li> -<li class="isub1">readily change to <i>caries</i>, II. <a href='#Page_139'>139</a>, II. <a href='#Page_177'>177</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">worms in them, II. <a href='#Page_141'>141</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">common under putrid epidemic conditions, II. <a href='#Page_168'>168</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">treated with knife, II. <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>,</li> -<li class="isub2">by actual cautery, II. <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">of women—are feared by men, II. <a href='#Page_162'>162</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">lead to suicide, II. <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Ulcers of the Throat</i> in case of Fellators, II. <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, II. <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">lead to suicide, II. <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Urethra</i>, ulcers of the, II. <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>, II. <a href='#Page_177'>177</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">caruncles, II. <a href='#Page_279'>279</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">strictures, II. <a href='#Page_279'>279</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">V.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Vaginal blood</i>, unclean, II. <a href='#Page_320'>320</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">mucus, II. <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Varices</i> (dilated veins) cause impotency, 242.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Venereal disease</i>, names, II. <a href='#Page_249'>249</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">changes into Leprosy, II. <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>,</li> -<li class="isub2">into Elephantiasis, II. <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">relation to Leprosy, II. <a href='#Page_150'>150</a>,</li> -<li class="isub2">to Typhus, II. <a href='#Page_182'>182</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">cured without professional aid, II. <a href='#Page_148'>148</a>, II. <a href='#Page_238'>238</a>,</li> -<li class="isub1">of the mucous membranes and bones not common in Southern countries, II. <a href='#Page_250'>250</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Venus</i>, calva (bald), 33,</li> -<li class="isub1">Cult of, 13,</li> -<li class="isub2">in Asia, 16,</li> -<li class="isub3">Babylon, 17,</li> -<li class="isub3">Greece, 27,</li> -<li class="isub3">Italy, 33.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Virgins</i> give themselves up an offering in honour of Venus in Armenia, 18,</li> -<li class="isub1">at Babylon, 18,</li> -<li class="isub2">Carthage, 20,</li> -<li class="isub1">in Cyprus, 22,</li> -<li class="isub2">Locris, 22,</li> -<li class="isub2">Lydia, 20,</li> -<li class="isub2">Palestine, 66,</li> -<li class="isub2">Phœnicia, 20,</li> -<li class="isub1">in honour of Zeus in Egypt, 40,</li> -<li class="isub1">reason of custom, 22.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">W.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Whoremasters</i> at Athens, 72,</li> -<li class="isub1">under supervision of the Ædiles, 107,</li> -<li class="isub1">considered infamous, 98.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Women</i>, allow paederastia to be practised with them, 139,</li> -<li class="isub1">seldom suffer from Mentagra (Tetter of the chin), II. <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>,</li> -<li class="isub2">or Elephantiasis, II. <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>,</li> -<li class="isub2">or Venereal disease, II. <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Worms</i> in ulcers, II. <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">Z.</li> - -<li class="indx"><i>Zeus</i>, the Egyptians give up their daughters as an offering in his honour, 41.</li> -</ul></div> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_343">343</span></p> - - - - -<p class="center"> -Finished<br /> -Printing Five<br /> -Hundred Copies of<br /> -this Book in two Vols. August<br /> -MDCCCXCVIII at Nymeguen, Holland, at the<br /> -Printing-House of G. J. Thieme,<br /> -Oriental Printer, for<br /> -Charles Carrington<br /> -of Paris.<br /> -</p> - - - - -<h3 id="FOOTNOTES">FOOTNOTES:</h3> -<div class="footnotes"> -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_1_1" href="#FNanchor_1_1" class="label">1</a> -<i>Festus</i>, p. 135., says: -<i>Rumen</i> est pars colli, qua -esca devoratur (The <i>rumen</i>, or -gullet, is that part of the neck, -where food is swallowed). -<i>Nonius</i>, p. 18.: rumen dicitum -locus in ventre, quo cibus -sumitur et unde redditur -(rumen was applied to the -locality in the belly to which -food is taken in and from -which it is given back).—<i>Isidore</i>, -Etymolog. bk. XII. -37., Ruminatio autem dicta -est a <i>ruma</i>, eminente gutturis -parte, per quam dimissus cibus -a certis animalibus revocatur -(Now rumination is so called -from the <i>ruma</i>, or gullet, the -upper portion of the throat, -by which food after being -swallowed is brought up again -by certain animals). It is -true <i>Varro</i> gives another -explanation: ruminare propter -<i>rumam</i>, id est prisco vocabulo -mammam (to ruminate so -called on account of the <i>ruma</i>, -that is in old Latin the breast); -and so one might equally -well understand by <i>irrumare</i> -the custom of voluptuaries, -one that is still practised, of -employing the space between -the bosoms as <i>vagina</i>. At -any rate <i>Dr. Hacker</i> of Leipzig -assured the author he had -on several occasions observed -cases where prostitutes had -chancrous swellings between -the bosoms, as well as under -the arm-pits,—for these also -are employed with the same -object.—Does <i>ruma</i> possibly -stand for <i>rima</i> (a chink)? In -any case we should compare -what <i>Suidas</i> gives under the -words ῥῦμα, ῥῦμη and ῥύμματα. -Synonyms are <i>comprimere -linguam</i>, <i>buccam -offendere</i>, etc. (to compress -the tongue, to hit against the -cheek).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_2_2" href="#FNanchor_2_2" class="label">2</a> -The etymology of <i>fellare</i> -is still obscure. <i>Vossius</i>, -Etymolog., derives it from the -Æolic φηλᾶν for θηλᾶν and -θηλάζειν, to suck the breasts. -<i>Pliny</i>, Hist. Nat. bk. XI. -65., says of the tongue of -cats: imbricatae asperitatis ac -limae similis, attenuansque -lambendo cutem hominis (of -a ridged roughness of surface, -like a file, capable of wearing -through the human skin by -licking). The meanings which -<i>Suidas</i> gives under φελλά, -etc. would seem to point to -an old stem φέλλω,—to -roughen, to file.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_3_3" href="#FNanchor_3_3" class="label">3</a> -<i>Lucian</i>, Works, edit. -Lehmann, Vol. VIII. pp. -56-84.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_4_4" href="#FNanchor_4_4" class="label">4</a> -πρὸς θεῶν, εἶπέ μοι, -τὶ πάσχεις, ἐπειδὰν κἀκεῖνα -λέγωσιν οἱ πολλοὶ, <em class="gesperrt">λεσβιάζειν</em> -σε καὶ <em class="gesperrt">φοινικίζειν</em>; (for translation see -text above); as to φοινικίζειν, -this will be discussed -later on. The word λεσβιάζειν -occurs in Aristophanes, -Frogs 1335; and he also -uses λεσβιεῖν in the same -sense, Wasps, 1386., μέλλουσαν -ἤδη λεσβιεῖν τοὺς -ξυμπότας; (a girl standing -ready to λεσβιεῖν—love in the -Lesbian mode,—the revellers). -On this passage the Scholiast -remarks: ἵνα μὴ τὸ παλαιὸν -τοῦτο καὶ θρυλλούμενον δι’ -ἡμετέρων στομάτων εἴπω -σόφισμα, ὅ φασι παῖδας -Λεσβίων εὑρεῖν. (this ancient -trick, a matter of common -gossip to any in our mouths, -which they say the children -of the Lesbians invented).—<i>Suidas</i> -s. v. <em class="gesperrt">Λεσβίαι</em>· -μολύναι τὸ στόμα. Λέσβιοι -γὰρ διεβάλλοντο ἐπὶ αἰσχρότητι. -(under the word Λεσβίαι—Lesbian -women, to defile -the mouth. For the Lesbians -were reproached for foulness). -<i>Hesychius</i>: λεσβιάζειν· πρὸς -ἄνδρα στόμα στύειν. Λεσβιάδας -γὰρ τὰς λαικαστρίας -ἔλεγον. (to play the Lesbian; -to use the mouth to a man -for an obscene purpose. For -they used to call wanton -courtesans Lesbians). <i>Eustathius</i>, -Comment. ad Homeri -Iliad, p. 741., εἰσὶ βλασφημίαι -καὶ ἀπὸ ἐθνῶν καὶ πόλεων -καὶ δήμων πολλαί, ῥηματικῶς -πεποιημέναι· <em class="gesperrt">ἐθνῶν -μὲν, οἵον κιλικίζειν -καὶ αἰγυπτιάζειν</em>, τὸ -πονηρεύεσθαι, <em class="gesperrt">καὶ κρητίζειν</em>, -τὸ ψεύδεσθαι· ἐκ -<em class="gesperrt">πόλεων</em> δὲ, οἷον <em class="gesperrt">λεσβιάζειν</em>, -τὸ αἰσχροποιεῖν· εἶτα -παραγαγόντες Φερεκράτους -χρῆσιν ἐν Ἰάμβῳ τὸ δώσει -δέ σοι <em class="gesperrt">γυναῖκας ἑπτὰ -Λεσβίας</em>· ἐπάγουσιν ἀμοιβαῖον -τί· <em class="gesperrt">καλον</em> γε δῶρον -ἕπτ’ ἔχειν λαικαστρίας· ὡς -τοιούτων οὐσῶν τῶν Λεσβίων -γυναικῶν· ἐκ <em class="gesperrt">δήμων</em> δὲ -βλασφημία, τὸ <em class="gesperrt">αἰξωνεύεσθαι</em>, -ἤγουν κακολεγεῖν. -Αἰξωνεῖς γὰρ δημόταται -Ἀττικοί, σκωπτόμενοι ὡς -κακολόγοι, καθὰ καὶ οἱ -Σφήττιοι ἐπὶ ἀγριότητι. -(And there are many reproaches -applying to nations, -and cities, and demes, implied -in the use of certain words; for -instance in the case of nations, -to play the Cilician, and to -play the Egyptian, i. e. to be -a rogue, and to play the -Cretan, i.e. to be a liar; -again, in the case of cities, -to act the Lesbian, i. e. to -act filthily; further we may -bring forward a passage of -Pherecrates in Iambic verse, -viz. the line, “And he shall give -thee seven Lesbian women,” -to which the answering verse -is, “Verily! a noble gift, to -get seven harlots,” implying -that such was the character -of the Lesbian women. Lastly -an example of such a reproach -applying to demes, to play -the Æxonian, in other words -to be foul-mouthed. For the -Æxonians were Attic demes-men, -ridiculed as being evil-speakers -in the same way as -the Sphettians were on the -ground of rusticity). The -word σόφισμα (trick) in the -passage of the Scholiast to -Aristophanes explains the -word “dogma” in Martial, -bk. IX. 48., Dic mihi, percidi, -Pannice, <i>dogma</i> quod est? -(Tell me, Pannicus, what is -the trick of the paederast?). -<i>Theopompus</i> in “Ulysses” -says: δι’ἡμετέρων στομάτων -εἴπω σόφισμ’ὅ φασι παῖδας -Λεσβίων εὑρεῖν. (a certain -trick common in our mouths -which they say children of the -Lesbians invented). <i>Strattis</i> -in “Pytisus”: τῷ στόματι -δράσω ταῦθ’ἅπερ τοῦ -αἰσχροῦ τάττεται [ταῦθ’ -ἅπερ οἱ Λέσβιοι]. (with my -mouth I will do those things -that are reckoned as obscene,—those -things that the Lesbians -do).]</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_5_5" href="#FNanchor_5_5" class="label">5</a> -Haud scio an Rhododaphnes -cognomine a Syris -isti tradito tecte sugilletur -cunnilingus, ita ut rosa lateat -cunnus, in lauri folio lingua -lingens, (I cannot say for -certain whether by the surname -of “Rhododaphne”—rose-laurel—given -the man by -the Syrians it is covertly suggested -he was a <i>cunnilingus</i>, -as much as to say that while -a <i>cunnus</i>—female organ—is -suggested by the rose, a licking -tongue is the same in the -laurel-leaf), says <i>Forberg</i>, loco -citato p. 281. <i>Suidas</i>, s. v. -ῥοδωνία· ἔστι μὲν ὁ τῶν -ῥόδων λείμων· ἄλλοι δὲ καὶ -τὴν <em class="gesperrt">ῥοδοδάφνην</em> οὕτω -φασὶ καλεῖσθαι (under the -word ῥοδωνία—rose-garden: -it is the meadow of roses; but -others again say this is called -ῥοδοδάφνη). <i>Pliny</i>, Hist. -Nat. XVI. 33. <i>Hesychius</i>, -s. v. ῥοδωνία says: δηλοῖ δὲ -καὶ <em class="gesperrt">τὸ ἀνδρὸς αἰδοῖον</em> -αὕτη. (under the word ῥοδωνία—rose-garden: -this -signifies also <i>the human -genitals</i>).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_6_6" href="#FNanchor_6_6" class="label">6</a> -The explanation of this -is to be found in the Priapeia -Carmina, 75. -</p> -<p> - -<i>Barbatis</i> non nisi <i>summa</i> petet.<br /> -</p> - -<p> -(With bearded men will touch -but the extremities).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_7_7" href="#FNanchor_7_7" class="label">7</a> -<i>Pseudo-Galen</i>, Works, -edit. Kühn, Vol. XIX. p. 142.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_8_8" href="#FNanchor_8_8" class="label">8</a> -Handbuch der Klinik -(Hand-book of Clinical Medicine), -vol. VII. p. 88. Also at -a yet earlier date in Schmidt’s -Jahrbuch 1837., Vol. XIII. -p. 101.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_9_9" href="#FNanchor_9_9" class="label">9</a> -<em class="gesperrt">Στομάργου</em>, ἐν τῷ -δευτέρῳ τῶν ἐπιδημιῶν ὁ -Διοσκουρίδης οὕτως γράφει, -καὶ δηλοῦσθαι φησὶ τοῦ -λαλοῦντος μανικῶς· οἱ δὲ -ἄλλοι <em class="gesperrt">στυμάργου</em> γράφουσι -καὶ ὄνομα κύριον -ἀκούουσι. (<em class="gesperrt">Στομάργου</em>: -in the second Book of the -Epidemia Dioscorides writes -the word thus, and says it -signifies such as talk insanely; -others however write στυμάργου, -and understand it as -a proper name).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_10_10" href="#FNanchor_10_10" class="label">10</a> -<i>Hippocrates</i>, Bk. II. -sect. 2. edit. Kühn, Vol. III. -p. 436., Καὶ ἡ Στυμαργέω -ἐκ ταραχῆς ὀλιγημέρου -πολλὰ στήσασα, κ. τ. λ. (And -the female slave of Stymargeos -having after a few days’disturbance -re-established much, -etc.)—The same passage occurs -in <i>Galen</i>, Comments on the -Epid. bk. II. edit. Kühn, -Vol. XVII. A. p. 324., with -an explanation of the subject-matter, -and also has Στυμαργέω.—<i>Ibidem</i>, -p. 458., -ἡ <em class="gesperrt">Στυμάργεω</em> οἰκέτις ἡ -<em class="gesperrt">Ἰδουμαια</em> ἐγένετο, κ. τ. λ. -(the female slave of Stymargeos, -the Idumaean, was, etc.).—<i>GaleἸδουμαῖαn</i> -cites the passage, <i>loco -citato</i> p. 467., without comment, -but he likewise reads -Στυμάργεω. In two other -passages, in which he comments -on the statements last -quoted from Hippocrates, the -text is obviously corrupt. In -“De tremore, palpitatione, -convulsione et rigore” (Of -Trembling, Palpitation, Convulsion -and Rigor), edit. Kühn, -vol. III. p. 602, it reads: -Ἐστυμάργεω οἰκέτις, ᾗ οὐδὲ -αἵμα ἐγένετο, ὡς ἔτεκε -θυγατέρα, κ. τ. λ. (a female -slave of Estymargeos, in whose -case flowed no blood at all, -when she gave birth to a -daughter, etc.). Also <i>Assmann</i> -in his Index to Kühn’s Edition -of Galen, pp. 232 and 307., -represents it by <i>Estymergi -ancilla</i> (a female slave of -Estymergus). However there -can be no doubt Ἡ Στυμάργεω -οἰκέτις (The female -slave of Stymargeos) ought -to be read in Galen; on the -other hand we see clearly -from this passage that the -text of Hippocrates is quite -wrong in giving the Proper -name ἡ Ἰδουμαῖα (the -Idumaean), and this, as indeed -the sense too requires, must -be changed into ᾗ αἵμα οὐδὲ -(in whose case not even blood); -and one is more especially -convinced of this on reading -the explanation given by -<i>Galen</i>, <i>loco citato</i>. Besides -this, following Galen’s lead, -we should read δεῖ ἐλθεῖν -for διελθεῖν and προφάσεως -for προφάσιος. Also he has -ἀφορμὴν instead of ἀχὴν.—The -<i>second</i> passage of <i>Galen</i> -occurs in the “De venae -sectione” (On the opening -of a Vein) adv. Erasistrat., -ch. 5.: ἐκεῖνο δέ πως -εἴρηται; <em class="gesperrt">ἐκ τοῦ μαργέω</em> -οἰκέτιδος <em class="gesperrt">οὐδὲ αἵμα ἐγένετο</em>, -ὡς ἔτεκε θυγατέρα, -ἀπέστραπτο τὸ στόμα <em class="gesperrt">πρός</em> -[τῆς μήτρας καὶ ἐς] ἰσχίον -καὶ σκέλος ὀδύνη, παρὰ -σφυρὸν τμηθεῖσα <em class="gesperrt">ἐράϊσε</em> -[ἐῤῥῄισε], καίτοι τρόμοι τὸ -σῶμα <em class="gesperrt">περικατεῖχον</em> [πᾶν -κατεῖχον]· ἀλλ’ἐπὶ τὴν -πρόφασιν <em class="gesperrt">χρὴ ἐλθεῖν</em> -καὶ τῆς προφάσεως <em class="gesperrt">τὴν -τροφήν</em>. (Now how is this -account given? from a female -slave of Stymargeos not even -blood flowed, when she gave -birth to a daughter; the -mouth was distorted from (the -womb, and in) loin and leg -there was pain; on being cut -(bled) on the ankle, she found -relief, though shudderings ran -down the (whole) body; but -we must go to the cause, -and the origin of the cause). -Here too it is evident, besides -the emendations already -pointed out as necessary, we -must read ἐκ Στυμάργεω, as -the edition of Kühn, vol. XI. -p. 161., does actually and -rightly read. <i>Dioscorides</i> may -be right so far, that the word, -<i>strictly speaking</i>, is not a -“Nomen proprium” (Proper -name), but in the passage -named it stands for one, if -only, as is likely enough, for -a nickname, as it is called. -</p> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_11_11" href="#FNanchor_11_11" class="label">11</a> -<i>Athenaeus</i>, Deipnos., bk. -I. ch. 8., quotes from the -“Phaon” of the Comic Poet -Plato: τρίγλη—καὶ <em class="gesperrt">στύματα -μισεῖ</em>. (a mullet,—and -hates erections). Comp. -bk. VII. ch. 126.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_12_12" href="#FNanchor_12_12" class="label">12</a> -The verb στύω (I erect -the penis) occurs often in -<i>Aristophanes</i>, e.g. “Acharnians” -1218., στύομαι (I have -an erection), “Peace”, 727., -ἐστυκότες (men with penes -standing), “Lysistr.” 214., -ἐστυκὼς (a man with penis -standing), 598., στῦσαι (to -make the penis stand), 869., -ἔστυκα γὰρ (for my penis -was standing); always in the -sense of to make, or have, -an erection.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_13_13" href="#FNanchor_13_13" class="label">13</a> -<i>Suidas</i> explains μάργος -by μαινόμενος (being mad) and -<i>Hesychius</i> also by ὑβριστὴς -(recklessly insolent), a word -we have already learned from -repeated examples to recognize -as signifying unnatural lust. -<i>Clement of Alexandria</i>, -Paedag., bk. II. ch. 1. p. -146., says: καὶ ἡ λαιμαργία, -μανία περὶ τὸ λαιμόν, καὶ -ἡ γαστριμαργία, ἀκρασία, -περὶ τὴν τροφήν· ὡς δὲ καὶ -τοὔνομα περιέχει, μανία -ἐπὶ γαστέρα· ἐπεὶ μάργος, -ὁ μεμῃνώς. (And gluttony, -i. e. madness in connection -with the gullet, and greediness, -i. e. intemperance in -connection with food, in other -words as the name implies, -madness as to the belly; for -μάργος means a madman).</p></div> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_14_14" href="#FNanchor_14_14" class="label">14</a> -<i>Lucian</i>, Pseudologist. ch. -21., uses ἔργον (work) of -the <i>Irrumator</i> and <i>Fellator</i>. -Similarly <i>Horace</i>, Epod. VIII. -19, says:</p> - - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent18">fascinum</div> - <div class="verse">Quod ut superbo provoces ab inguine,</div> - <div class="verse"><i>Ore allaborandum</i> est tibi.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(a member ... that needs, -for you to provoke it to rise -from the unsympathetic groin, -to be worked with your mouth). -<i>Ovid’s</i> phrase “dulce opus” -(sweet task) and <i>Horace’s</i> -“molle opus” (gentle task) are -familiar. Comp. <i>Hesychius</i>, s.v. -ἀῤῥητουργία,—αἰσχρουργία, -κακουργία, τὰ ἀῤῥητα ἐργάζεσθαι, -(under the word -ἀῤῥητουργία, infamous action,—base -action, evil action, -the performance of infamous -tasks).</p></div> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_15_15" href="#FNanchor_15_15" class="label">15</a> -The word στόμαργος is -found in <i>Sophocles</i>, in a passage -where Electra says to -Clytaemnestra (581):</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Κήρυσσέ μ’εἰς ἅπαντας, εἴτε χρὴ, κακὴν,</div> - <div class="verse">εἴτε <em class="gesperrt">στόμαργον</em>, εἴτ’ἀναιδείας πλέαν.</div> - <div class="verse">Εἰ γὰρ πέφυκα <em class="gesperrt">τῶνδε τῶν ἔργων</em> ἴδρις</div> - <div class="verse">σχεδόν τι τὴν σὴν οὐ καταισχύνω φύσιν.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>(Proclaim me to all, if need be, -an evil woman, <i>foul-mouthed</i> -and full of shamelessness. For -if I am cunning <i>in these tasks</i>, -it is but that I am not far from -sharing your own character). -<i>Suidas</i> under the word interprets -στόμαργος here by -φλύαρος (prating). <i>Philo</i>, De -Monarchia bk. I. edit. Mangey, -vol. II. p. 219., says: <em class="gesperrt">στομαργίᾳ</em> -χρήσασθαι καὶ -ἀχαλίνῳ γλώσσῃ, βλασφημοῦντας -οὓς ἕτεροι νομίζουσι -θεούς. (to indulge in <i>loose -talking</i> and an unbridled -tongue, blaspheming such as -other men hold to be gods). -The <i>Etymologicum Magnum</i> -s. v. γλώσσαργον, <em class="gesperrt">στόμαργον</em> -ἠ ταχύγλωσσον, (under -the word idle-tongued,—<i>foul-mouthed</i> -or loose-tongued). -Whereas <i>Aristophanes</i> has the -word στοματουργός, “Frogs” -848.,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">ἔνθεν δὴ <em class="gesperrt">στοματουργὸς</em> ἐπῶν</div> - <div class="verse">βασινίστρια λίσπη</div> - <div class="verse">γλῶσσ’....</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(So thence a <i>phrase-making</i> -word-sifting, smooth tongue ...)</p> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_16_16" href="#FNanchor_16_16" class="label">16</a> -Comp. p. 172 above. -<i>Lucian</i>, Pseudolog. ch. 31., -calls it παροινῶν (acting -drunkenly). <i>Athenaeus</i>, Deipnos. -bk. XIII. ch. 80., φιλόπαις -δ’ἦν <em class="gesperrt">ἐκμανῶς</em> καὶ -Ἀλέξανδρος, ὁ βασιλεύς. (And -he was a lover of boys, <i>to an -insane degree</i>, was Alexander -the King). <i>Dio Chrysostom</i>, -Tarsica I. p. 409., says of -the ῤέγχειν (snorting of the -Cinaedi): ἀλλ’ ἐστὶ σημεῖον τῆς -αἰσχάτης ὕβρεως καὶ -<em class="gesperrt">ἀπονοίας</em> (but it is a sign -of the most abandoned insolence -and <i>infatuation</i>), and -again p. 412.: ὡς ἤδη μανία -τὸ γιγνόμενον ἔοικεν αἰσχρᾷ -καὶ ἀπρέπει (so now the -resulting condition resembles -madness, disgraceful and unseemly -madness). <i>Clement of -Alexandria</i>, Paedag. bk. III. -ch. 8., περὶ τὰ παιδικὰ -<em class="gesperrt">ἐκμανῶς</em> ἐπτοημένοι (men -set upon enjoyments with boys -<i>insanely</i>). But above all is the -following passage from Juvenal -(Sat. VI. 299) apposite in this -connection:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">... Quid enim Venus ebria curat?</div> - <div class="verse">Inguinis et capitis quae sint discrimina nescit.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(For of what does drunken -love take heed? What are the -differences betwixt groin and -head, she ignores). <i>Seneca</i>, -De ira II.: <i>Raptus</i> ad stupra -et <i>ne os quidem libidini exceptum</i>. -(Carried away into -obscenities and not even the -mouth held secure from lust). -<i>Lactantius</i>, VI. 23., Quorum -teterrima libido et execrabilis -<i>furor</i> ne <i>capiti</i> quidem parcit. -(Whose most foul lust and -abominable <i>frenzy</i> spares not -even <i>the head</i>).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_17_17" href="#FNanchor_17_17" class="label">17</a> -<i>Xenophon</i>, Cyropaed. II. -2. 28. Hence too <i>Cicero</i>, -Tuscul. V. 20., Haberet etiam -<i>more Graeciae</i> quosdam adolescentes -amore coniunctos (he -would keep also, <i>after the -fashion of Greece</i>, sundry -young men bound to him in -ties of affection); of course -it is a question here of Paedophilia -merely, but we have -seen how readily this was -confounded with Paederastia. -<i>Aristophanes</i>, Eccles. 918.,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">ἤδη τὸν ἀπ’ Ἰωνίας</div> - <div class="verse">τρόπον τάλαινα κνησιᾷς·</div> - <div class="verse">δοκεῖς δέ μοι καὶ λάβδα κατὰ τοὺς Λεσβίους.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(Now, wretched woman, you -itch after the fashion of Ionia; -and you appear to me to long -even for the <i>Lambda</i> (licking) -of the Lesbian mode). Hence -<i>motus Ionicos</i> (Ionic movements) -in <i>Horace</i>, Odes III. -5. 24. and <i>Plautus</i>, Stich. -V. 7. 1., Quis <i>Ionicus</i> aut -cinaedus qui hoc tale facere -posset. (What <i>Ionian</i> or -cinaedus is there could show -himself capable of such an act -as this).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_18_18" href="#FNanchor_18_18" class="label">18</a> -<i>Hippocrates</i>, Epidem. bk. -II. sect. 1. edit. Kühn, Vol. -III. p. 435.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_19_19" href="#FNanchor_19_19" class="label">19</a> -Comment. in Hippocrat. -Epidem., bk. II. edit. Kühn, -Vol. XVII. A. p. 312.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_20_20" href="#FNanchor_20_20" class="label">20</a> -<i>Martial</i>, bk. XII. 55., -Nec clusis aditum neget labellis. -(and refuse not access by -shutting the lips).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_21_21" href="#FNanchor_21_21" class="label">21</a> -Μύζουσις is cited by -<i>Eustathius</i> on Homer, Odyssey -XVII. p. 1821. 52. and -XIV. p. 1921. end, as also -ἀπομύζουρις on Iliad XI. p. -867. 44., in the sense of -<i>fellatrix</i>, παρὰ τὸ μυζᾶν, -ἤγουν θηλάζειν οὐράν. (connected -with μυζᾶν, to suck, -that is to say to suck like -an infant a man’s member). -<i>Suidas</i> says: μυζεῖ καὶ μύζει, -θηλάζει λείχει μῦ, μύζει· ἀπὸ -τοῦ μῦ παρῆκται τὸ μύζειν, -πολλοῖς ἄλλοις ὁμοίως· μύζειν -δέ ἐστι τὸ τοῖς μυκτῆρσιν -ἦχον ἀποτελεῖν. <em class="gesperrt">Ἀριστοφάνης</em> -τί μύζεις,—(μυζεῖ -and μύζει,—sucks like an -infant, licks with a <i>mooing</i> -noise, <i>moos</i>); from this <i>mooing</i> -noise is derived μύζειν as is -the case with other similar -words; now μύζειν is to produce -the noise made in the -nostrils in the act of sucking. -Aristophanes has τί μύζεις; -(what is the mooing noise you -make?) On this passage of -Aristophanes (Thesmoph. 238.) -the Scholiast observes: τοῦτο -δὲ φώνημα σημαίνει ἔκλυσίν -τινα ἀφροδισιαστικήν· ὅθεν -καὶ μύται ἐλέγοντο τὸ παλαιὸν -ἀφροδισιασταὶ καὶ -γυναικομανεῖς. (Now this -sound proclaims a certain dissoluteness -in lovemaking; -whence of old voluptuaries and -men mad after women were -called also μύται). Μῦς, the -mouse, also comes from the -same stem, from its picking -and gnawing; so does μυῖα, -the fly, and as <i>Aelian</i>, Hist. -Anim. bk. XV. ch. 1., says -of a fish, ὑποχανὼν κατέπιε -τῆν μυῖαν (it gaped its mouth -and swallowed down the fly), -we might perhaps read -μυιοχάνη after flies, as if she -wanted to catch flies, a fly-catcher, -fly-trap, unless indeed -we prefer to take μυιοχάνη -as being a compound-word -expressing a high degree of -lecherousness. The lecherous -nature of the fly is well-known, -as well as their habit of licking, -which makes <i>Varro</i>, de Re -Rust. III. ch. 15., say: Non -ut muscae <i>liguriunt</i>. (They -do not <i>lick</i>, like flies). Ligurire -(to lick) is used in the sense -of <i>fellare</i> and <i>cunnilingere</i>. -<i>Aelian</i>, Hist. Anim. bk. IV. -ch. 5., mentions a fish, χάνη, -which is particularly lustful: -χάνη δὲ ἰχθὺς λαγνίστατος -(Now the χάνη is a most lustful -fish). Again μυσαροχάνη -(μυσαρὸς, filthy) would be a -significant word for a <i>fellatrix</i>.</p> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_22_22" href="#FNanchor_22_22" class="label">22</a> -<i>Suidas</i>, s. v. <em class="gesperrt">μυσάχνη</em>, -ἡ πόρνη παρὰ Ἀρχιλόχῳ· -καὶ <em class="gesperrt">ἐργάτις</em> καὶ <em class="gesperrt">δῆμος</em> -καὶ <em class="gesperrt">παχεῖα</em>. Ἱππῶναξ δὲ -<em class="gesperrt">βορβορόπιν</em> καὶ ἀκάθαρτον -ταύτην φησίν. ἀπὸ τοῦ -βορβόρου καὶ <em class="gesperrt">ἀνασυρτόπολιν</em>, -ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀνασύρεσθαι. -Ἀνακρέων δὲ <em class="gesperrt">πανδοσίαν</em> -καὶ <em class="gesperrt">λεωφόρον</em>, -καὶ <em class="gesperrt">μανιόκηπον</em>· κῆπος -γὰρ τὸ <em class="gesperrt">μόριον</em>. Εὔπολις -<em class="gesperrt">εἰλίποδα</em>, ἐκ τῆς εἰλήσεως -τῶν ποδῶν τῆς κατὰ τὴν -μίξιν. (under the word -μυσάχνη; this means “the -prostitute” in Archilochus; -also in same sense <i>working-woman</i>, -and <i>commonalty</i>, and -<i>brawny wench</i>. Also Hipponax -calls an unclean woman of the -sort <i>filthy-eyed</i> (βορβορόπις) -from βόρβορος, mire, and -<i>town-exposer</i> ἀνασυρτόπολις -from ἀνασύρεσθαι, to -pull up the clothes. Also -Anacreon uses <i>all-giving</i> and -<i>public thoroughfare</i> and <i>mad -in the privates</i> (μανιόκηπος); -for κῆπος (a garden) means a -woman’s private parts. Eupolis -uses <i>walking with a rolling -gait</i>, from the rolling of the -legs, the result of sexual intercourse).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_23_23" href="#FNanchor_23_23" class="label">23</a> -<i>Lampridius</i>, Life of Heliogabalus -ch. 5. <i>Clement of -Alexandria</i>, Paedag. bk. III. -p. 254. edit. Potter, ἁβροδίαιτος -περιεργία πάντα ζητεῖ, -πάντα ἐπιχειρεῖ, βιάζεται -πάντα· συνέχει τὴν φύσιν· -τὰ γυναικῶν οἱ ἄνδρες -πεπόνθασιν καὶ γυναῖκες -ἀνδρίζονται παρὰ φύσιν· -γαμούμεναί τε καὶ γαμοῦσαι -γυναῖκες· <em class="gesperrt">πόρος δὲ οὐδεὶς -ἄβατος ἀκολασίας</em>. (delicately-living -idleness searches -out all things, attempts all -things, forces all things. It -constrains Nature. Men have -come to endure the treatment -proper to women, while women -act as men contrary to nature; -women are both given in marriage -and themselves take men -in marriage, and <i>no way of -impurity is left untrod</i>. -Again of a similar significance -are perhaps the words μυριοστόμος -(ten-thousand-mouthed) -and ἀθυροστόμος, ἀθυροστομία, -ἀθυροστομέω (unrestrained -of mouth, unrestrainedness -of mouth, to be unrestrained -of mouth), and -εὐρόστομος (wide-mouthed). -<i>Epicrates</i> said of a lecherous -girl, ἡδ’ἀρ’ἦν μυωνία (she -was a regular mouse-hole), and -<i>Philemon</i> called another μῦς -λεύκος) (white mouse), while -<i>Aelian</i>, Hist. Anim. Bk. XII. -ch. 10, gives yet another -similar expression, μυωνίαν -ὅλην ὀνομάσας (having named -her a complete mouse-hole); -she is a perfect mouse-hole, -in other words she has as many -entrances as a mouse-hole. -Instead of μυριοχαύνη we -might also read μυριομήχανος -(of ten-thousand devices), referring -to the <i>fessus mille -modis</i> (fatigued by a thousand -modes of pleasure) in <i>Martial</i>, -bk. IX. 58. and on the analogy -of Δωδεκαμήχανος (of a dozen -devices), a name borne by the -“fille de joie” Cyrené, because -she had contrived twelve different -<i>postures of Love</i>. Comp. -<i>Suidas</i>, under word δωδεκαμήχανος, -and the Scholiast on -Aristophanes, “Frogs” 1356. -Also μιαροχάνη (μιαρὸς, -polluted) might be defended, -on reference to <i>Aristophanes</i>, -Acharnians 271-285.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_24_24" href="#FNanchor_24_24" class="label">24</a> -<i>Hippocrates</i>, Epidem. bk. II. Vol. III. p. 436. Galen, -vol. XVII. A. p. 322.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_25_25" href="#FNanchor_25_25" class="label">25</a> -Perhaps the word was -σαπερδίς, which in <i>Aristotle</i>, -Hist. Anim. VIII. 30., signifies -a certain fish, for in -<i>Athenaeus</i>, Deipnos. p. 591., -σαπέρδιον (the diminutive) is -the nick-name of a <i>hetaera</i>, -and when <i>Diogenes</i> (Diogenes -Laertius, VI. 2. 6.) made a -scholar wear a σαπέρδης, the -latter threw it away (ὑπ’ -αἰδοῦς ῥίψας), (having cast -it from him in disgust). Note -at the same time that the word -<i>Sarapis</i> also occurs in <i>Plautus</i> -(Paenulus V. 5. 30 sqq.), -where Anthemonides says:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent2">Ligula, i in malam crucem</div> - <div class="verse">Tune hic amator audes esse, hallex viri?</div> - <div class="verse">Aut contrectare, quod mares homines amant?</div> - <div class="verse">Deglupta maena, <em class="gesperrt">Sarapis</em> sementium,</div> - <div class="verse">Mastruga, ἃλς ἀγορᾶς ἅμα; tum autem plenior.</div> - <div class="verse">Allii ulpicique, quam Romani remiges.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(Thou mannikin, go to and -be crucified! Dost dare to -play the lover here, thou Tom -Thumb of a man? or to meddle -with what male men love? -Skinned sprat, <i>Sarapis</i> of the -corn-crops, sheepskin, common -salt of the market; and yet -reeking worse of garlic and -leek than Roman bargees!). -To restore this undoubtedly -corrupt text is beyond our -powers, but this much at any -rate results from the passage -as a whole that <i>Sarapis</i> or -<i>Sarrapis</i> here too signifies a -vicious man. Anthemonides -certainly takes Hanno, to -whom this speech is addressed, -for a <i>cinaedus</i>, for he says -later on: “nam te cinaedum -esse arbitror magis quam -virum” (but I reckon you to -be a cinaedus rather than a -man), and he had previously -said: “Quis hic homo est -<i>cum tunicis longis</i>, quasi puer -cauponius?” (Who is this -fellow <i>with the long tunics</i>, -like a waiter at a cookshop?) -and “Sane genus hoc muliebrosum -est tunicis demissitiis.” -(Surely this is a womanish -sort, <i>with his trailing tunics</i>). -Similarly <i>Turnebus</i>, Adversar. -bk. X. ch. 24., mentions the -fact that <i>Hesychius</i> explains -σάραπις by περσικὸς χιτὼν -(a Persian tunic). However he -prefers to read, instead of -<i>Sarrapis, arra pisa ementium</i>, -(pledge of such as buy -at the price of one pea) in reference -to the vice of Bacchus, -“obscoenum et mollem virum, -qui pro arra dari possit vilis -mercimonii.” (a foul and deboshed -man, fit only to be -given as pledge at the value -of any cheap commodity).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_26_26" href="#FNanchor_26_26" class="label">26</a> -Comp. the passage of -Lucian quoted on p. 229 -above. <i>Suetonius</i>, Tiberius -ch. 44., “Majore adhuc et -turpiore infamia flagravit, vox -ut referri audirive, nedum -credi, fas sit. Quasi pueros -primae teneritudinis, quos -pisciculos vocabat, institueret, -ut natanti sibi <i>inter femina -versarentur</i> ac luderent, lingua -et morsu sensim appetentes, -atque etiam quasi infantes -firmiores, necdum tamen lacte -depulsos, inguini seu papillae -admoveret; pronior sane ad -id genus libidinis et natura et -aetate. Quare Parrhasii quoque -tabulam, in qua Meleagro -Atalanta ore morigeratur, -legatam sibi sub conditione, -ut si argumento offenderetur, -decies pro ea sestertium acciperet, -non modo praetulit, -sed et in cubiculo dedicavit.” -(He was guilty of a yet more -flagrant and abominable villainy, -so much so it hardly -admits of being related or -listened to, let alone believed, -to this effect. He arranged -that boys of tender years, -whom he called his little fishes, -should move about between -his thighs, as he swam, and -play there making darts at -him with tongue and mouth -and biting him softly; also -infants of somewhat stronger -growth, but still not yet weaned, -he would put to his member -as if to their mothers’teat, -being indeed both by natural -disposition and time of life -more apt to this form of -indulgence. So when a picture -of Parrhasius, in which Atalanta -is represented <i>gratifying</i> -Meleager with her -mouth, was willed to him with -the stipulation that, if he -objected to the subject, he -should have a million serterces -instead, not only did he choose -the painting, but actually enshrined -it in his bed-chamber). -<i>Theophrastus</i>, Charact. ch. 11., -ὁ δὲ βδελυρὸς τοιοῦτος, οἵος -ὑπαντήσας γυναιξὶν ἐλευθέραις -<em class="gesperrt">ἀνασυράμενος</em> -δεῖξαι τὸ αἰδοῖον. (But he -was such a filthy wretch, that -on meeting free women he -would <i>pull up his clothes</i> and -show his private parts.—<i>Dionysius -of Halicarnassus</i>, -Excerpt. de Legat. ch. 9. says -of the Tarentine Philonis, -<em class="gesperrt">ἀνασυράμενος</em> τὴν ἀναβολὴν -καὶ σχηματίσας ἑαυτὸν -ὡς αἴσχιστον ὀφθῆναι, τὴν -οὐ λέγεσθαι πρέπουσαν -ἀκαθαρσίαν κατὰ τῆς ἱερᾶς -ἐσθῆτος τοῦ πρεσβευτοῦ -κατεσκέδασε. (<i>raising his -mantle</i> and throwing himself -into the most disgusting posture -to be exposed in, he bespattered -the Ambassador’s sacred robe -with the unspeakable filth).—<i>Galen</i>, -Exhortat. ad artes ch. 6., -ἀνασυράμενοι προσουροῦσι. -(lifting up their clothes, they -make water over it).—<i>Lucian</i>, -Cataplus 13., καὶ σὺ δὲ ὦ -Ἑρμῆ; σύρετ’αὐτὸν εἴσω -τοῦ ποδός. (You too, Hermes? -drag ye him within your leg). -<i>Clement of Alexandria</i>, -Protrept. p. 13, mentions an -Ἀφροδίτη περιβασίη Aphrodité -protectress,—or otherwise, -Aphrodité that stretches the -legs apart), known also to -<i>Hesychius</i>, and explained by -some Commentators as -“stretching the legs apart”. -In <i>Suidas</i> σαίρειν is explained -by <i>hiare</i> (to gape -open); and the Lexicographers -give σάραβος as meaning -γυναικεῖον αἰδοῖον (a -woman’s privates) and the -word is found in <i>Dio Chrysostom</i>, -De regno IV. 75., -as the name of a Tavern-keeper,—also -if we are not -mistaken, in Plato. σάρων -too <i>Hesychius</i> explains by -γυναικεῖον (woman’s parts). -He also has ἀρρενώπες -(masculine-looking), which -some interpret by Androgyne -(man-woman) or <i>fellator</i>. The -reading ἀγράπους occurring, -we might also read γυρόπους -(crook-footed); <i>Suidas</i> under -word γραῦς (old woman) cites: -ἡ γρῆϋς, ἡ χερνῆτις, ἡ -γυρὴ πόδας. (the old woman, -the spinster, the <i>crooked of -feet</i>).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_27_27" href="#FNanchor_27_27" class="label">27</a> -<i>Catullus</i>, Carm. 35. 64.,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">An continentes quod sedetis insulsi</div> - <div class="verse">Centum, aut ducenti, non putatis ausurum</div> - <div class="verse">Me una ducentos <i>irrumare sessores</i>?</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(Think you, because you sit -there side by side, a hundred -fools, or two hundred, think -you I shan’t dare to <i>irrumate</i> -two hundred <i>sitters</i> at once?).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_28_28" href="#FNanchor_28_28" class="label">28</a> -<i>Aelian</i>, Hist. Anim. bk. -VI. ch. 24., ἡ δὲ ἡσύχως καὶ -πεφεισμένως τοῦ ἑαυτῆς -στόματος ἀνατρέπει αὐτούς. -(but the fox, quietly and so -as to forbear biting with its -mouth, turns them over). ch. -64., ἥδε χανεῖν τε καὶ ἐνδακεῖν -οὐ δυναμένη, κᾆτα -οὔρησεν αὐτοῦ ἐς τὸ στόμα. -(but she—the fox—being unable -to open her mouth and -fix her teeth in, finally made -water into its mouth).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_29_29" href="#FNanchor_29_29" class="label">29</a> -Virgil, Aen. VI. 494., -says of Deiphobus, Helen’s -paramour:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Atque hic Priamiden laniatum corpora toto</div> - <div class="verse">Deiphobum vidit, lacerum crudeliter ora,</div> - <div class="verse">Ora manusque ambas, populataque tempora raptis</div> - <div class="verse">Auribus, <em class="gesperrt">et truncas inhonesto vulnere naris</em>.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(And now Deiphobus he sees, -the glorious Priam’s son;</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">But all his body mangled sore, his face all evilly hacked,</div> - <div class="verse">His face and hands; yea, and his head laid waste, the ear lobes lacked,</div> - <div class="verse">And <i>nostrils cropped unto the root by wicked wound and grim</i>.</div> - <div class="verse indent2"><span class="smcap">William Morris’s</span> translation).</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -<i>Martial</i>, bk. III. Epigr. 85.,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Quis tibi persuasit <em class="gesperrt">nares abscindere moecho</em>?</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Non hac peccatum est parte, marite, tibi</div> - <div class="verse">Stulte, quid egisti? nihil hic tua perdidit uxor,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Cum sit salva sui mentula Deiphobi.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(Who persuaded you to crop -the adulterer’s nostrils? ’Twas -not with this part the offence -was done you, sir husband! -Foolish man, what have you -done? in this your wife has -lost naught, so long as her -Deiphobus’member is safe -and sound). <i>Martial</i>, bk. II. -Epigr. 83.,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Foedasti miserum, marite, moechum:</div> - <div class="verse">Et se, qui fuerant prius, requirunt</div> - <div class="verse"><em class="gesperrt">Trunci naribus</em> auribusque vultus.</div> - <div class="verse">Credis te satis esse vindicatum?</div> - <div class="verse">Erras! Iste potest et <em class="gesperrt">irrumare</em>!</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(You have mutilated, husband, -the unhappy adulterer: and his -face cropped of nose and ears -asks itself what it was like -before. Think you your revenge -is complete? Nay! you are -mistaken; the fellow can still -<i>irrumate</i>!)—a passage that -might very well be made to -prove our point.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_30_30" href="#FNanchor_30_30" class="label">30</a> -<i>Martial</i>, bk. XI. Epigr. -61.,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Lingua maritus, <i>moechus ore</i> Maneius.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(Maneius is a husband with -his tongue, a debaucher with -his mouth). Bk. III. Epigr. -84.,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Quid narrat tua <i>moecha</i>? non puellam</div> - <div class="verse">Dixi, Tongilion. Quid ergo? <i>Linguam!</i></div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(What tale is it your harlot -tells? Nay! I did not say -<i>girl</i>, Tongilion. What then? -Why, <i>tongue!</i>).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_31_31" href="#FNanchor_31_31" class="label">31</a> -<i>Diodorus</i>, Bk. I. ch. 60. -Same is related in <i>Strabo</i>, -Geogr. bk. XVI. p. 759.—<i>Seneca</i>, -De Ira bk. III. ch. 20.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_32_32" href="#FNanchor_32_32" class="label">32</a> -<i>Sozomen</i>, Hist. Eccles. -bk. VI. ch. 30., Rhinocolura -vero illo tempore <em class="gesperrt">viris piis</em> -non aliunde advocatis, sed -<em class="gesperrt">indigenis</em> floruit, quorum -optimos sapientiae sese studio -hic dedisse intellexi. Novi -Melanam, tunc ecclesiae episcopum -et Dionysium, monasterium -ad septentrionem urbis -moderantem, ac Solonem, -Melanis fratrem ac successorem -in episcopatu. (But -Rhinocolura at that time -abounded in <i>men of piety</i>, -not invited thither, but <i>natives</i>, -the most eminent of whom I -have been informed devoted -themselves in that place to the -study of Wisdom. I knew -personally Melanas, then -Bishop of the church there, -and Dionysius, governing a -monastery lying to the South -of the City, and Solon, brother -of Melanas and his successor -in the Bishopric.). The same -is affirmed by <i>Nicephorus</i> as -well, (Hist. Eccles. bk. XI. -ch. 38.). Within the last two -years there has appeared a -Tract or Occasional Paper, -dealing with the Colony at -Rhinocolura, but unfortunately -we cannot put our hand -on the more precise memorandum -of its contents.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_33_33" href="#FNanchor_33_33" class="label">33</a> -As to his views on the -<i>Morbus Phoeniceus</i> (Phoenician -Disease), this will be -discussed under the head of -the vice of the <i>Cunnilingue</i>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_34_34" href="#FNanchor_34_34" class="label">34</a> -<i>Bonorden</i>, “Die Syphilis” -(Syphilis). Berlin 1834., p. 19.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_35_35" href="#FNanchor_35_35" class="label">35</a> -<i>Clossius</i>, “Ueber die Lustseuche” -(On Venereal Disease). -Tübingen 1797., p. 49.—<i>Perenotti -di Cigliano</i>, Of -Venereal Disease, p. 92. -<i>Fabre</i>, Treatise on Venereal -Disease, p. 5.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_36_36" href="#FNanchor_36_36" class="label">36</a> -Martial, XI. Epigr. 30.,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Os male causidicis et dicis olere poetis:</div> - <div class="verse">Sed fellatori, Zoile, peius olet.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(The mouth you say smells -ill with pleaders and poets; -but Zoilus, it smells worse -with the <i>fellator</i>). Hence the -expressions, <em class="gesperrt">os male olens</em>, -<em class="gesperrt">anima foetida</em>, <em class="gesperrt">gravis</em>, -<em class="gesperrt">graveolens</em>, <em class="gesperrt">graveolentia -oris spiritus ieiunio -macer</em>, <em class="gesperrt">ieiuna anima</em>, <em class="gesperrt">hircosum -osculum</em>, <em class="gesperrt">basia -olidissima</em>. (evil-smelling -mouth, fetid breath, foul, ill-smelling, -fetid smell of the -breath from the mouth—hungry -and lean, fasting breath, -goaty kiss, most smelly embraces). -Possibly too this was -the origin of the Lemnian -women’s punishment. Comp. -above p. 148.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_37_37" href="#FNanchor_37_37" class="label">37</a> -<i>Galen</i>, Comment. on -Hippocrates’De Humor. bk. -II., edit. Kühn, Vol. XVI. -p. 215. Different means of -counteracting this evil are given -by <i>Galen</i>, De parabilib. bk. -II. ch. 7., Vol. XIV. p. 424. -of Kühn’s ed., where amongst -other matter we read: διαμασῶνται -δέ τινες καὶ τῆς -πίτυος φύλλα, ὅταν ἐκπορεύωνται, -<em class="gesperrt">καὶ ὕδατι διακλύζονται</em>, -(but others chew -up even leaves of the pine, -when they go abroad, and -<i>wash out the mouth with -water</i>), the Latin <i>lavare</i>, -<i>aquam sumere</i> (to wash, to -take water)?—as to which -later.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_38_38" href="#FNanchor_38_38" class="label">38</a> -<i>Martial</i>, VI. 55.,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Quod semper cassiaque cinnamoque</div> - <div class="verse">Et nido niger alitis superbae</div> - <div class="verse">Fragras plumbea Nicerotiana,</div> - <div class="verse">Rides nos, Coracine, nil olentes,</div> - <div class="verse">Malo, quam bene olere, nil olere.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(Because forever scented with -cassia and cinnamon and -smeared with spices from the -nest of the proud phoenix, -you are fragrant of the leaden -caskets of Niceros, you laugh -at us that are unscented; I -had rather even than smell -sweet, not smell at all).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_39_39" href="#FNanchor_39_39" class="label">39</a> -So <i>Euripides</i>, Medea -525., joins together στόμαργον -γλωσσαλγίαν (busy-mouthed -tongue-tiresomeness, i.e. wearisome -talkativeness).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_40_40" href="#FNanchor_40_40" class="label">40</a> -Perhaps there is an allusion -to this in <i>Martial</i>, bk. XI.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_41_41" href="#FNanchor_41_41" class="label">41</a> -<i>Martial</i>, Bk. VI. Epigr. -41. Also bk. IV. Epigr. 41.,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Quid recitaturus circumdas vellera collo?</div> - <div class="verse">Conveniunt nostris auribus illa magis.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(Why do you when going to -read your verses aloud wind -woollen wraps round your -throat? The wool were better -in our ears). The <i>tacere</i> (to -hold his tongue) in the first -Epigram stands for <i>fellare</i>, -as in <i>Martial</i>, VII. IX. 5. 96. -Perhaps too the verse of -Epicharmus given in <i>Aulus -Gellius</i>, Noct. Attic. I. ch. 15. -is applicable in this connection, -οὐ λέγειν δύνατος, ἀλλὰ -σιγᾷν ἀδύνατος. (Not able -to speak, yet unable to be -silent). Comp. <i>Martial</i>, VI. -54. VII. 48. XII. 35.—“<i>Harpocratem</i> -reddere (to recall -<i>Harpocrates</i>” in <i>Catullus</i> -74. 4.) Again <i>Minutius Felix</i>, -In Octav., says: “Esse malae -linguae, etiamsi <i>tacerent</i>” (To -be of a <i>foul</i> tongue, <i>even if -they kept silence</i>). <i>Priapeia</i>, -27. 4., “altiora tangam” (I -will touch higher things). In -part we may have to look for -the same allusion also in -<i>Ausonius’</i> Epigrams 46, 47 -and 51, and several other very -similar ones in the Anthology.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_42_42" href="#FNanchor_42_42" class="label">42</a> -<i>Aretaeus</i>, De causis et -signis acutorum morborum, (Of -the causes and symptoms of -Acute Diseases). Comp. De -Curatione acut. morb., (Of the -treatment of Acute Diseases), -Bk. I. ch. 9.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_43_43" href="#FNanchor_43_43" class="label">43</a> -<i>Martial</i>, bk. X. Epigr. -56.,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Non secat et tollit stillantem Fannius uvam.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(Fannius does not use the -knife, yet removes the dripping -uvula).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_44_44" href="#FNanchor_44_44" class="label">44</a> -<i>Martial</i>, Bk. IV. Epigr. -42. Bk. XI. Epigr. 14.: Urbis -deliciae salesque Nili. (Darling -of the City, savour of the -Nile).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_45_45" href="#FNanchor_45_45" class="label">45</a> -The fact that, according -to <i>Prosper Alpin</i> De Medicina -Aegypt.—(Of Egyptian -Medicine, Bk. I. ch. 14.), -gangrenous sore-throat prevails -all the year round among -children in Egypt, need not -prejudice our conclusion; in -fact it rather helps to explain -how the sore-throat brought -on by <i>fellation</i> was able so -readily and quickly to assume -the malignant type described.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_46_46" href="#FNanchor_46_46" class="label">46</a> -<i>Aëtius</i>, Tetrab. I. Serm. -IV. ch. 21. Perhaps the -“Cancer oris” (cancer of the -mouth) in boys, of which -<i>Celsus</i>, VI. 15., makes mention, -belongs to the same -category.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_47_47" href="#FNanchor_47_47" class="label">47</a> -<i>Herodotus</i>, Bk. II. ch. 60.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_48_48" href="#FNanchor_48_48" class="label">48</a> -<i>Plutarch</i>, De superstitione -II. 170 D., Τὴν δὲ Συρίαν -θεὸν οἱ δεισιδαίμονες νομίζουσιν -ἂν μαινίδας τὶς ἢ -ἀφύας φάγῃ τὰ ἀντικνήμια -διεσθίειν, ἕλκεσι τὸ σῶμα -πιμπλάναι, συντήκειν τὸ -ἧπαρ. (for translation see text -above). We may add that -μαινίδας is the <i>maena</i> (sprat) -of the Romans, for which -<i>Hesychius</i> has σαραπίους, -while <i>Plautus</i> uses <i>deglupta -maena</i> (skinned sprat) as a -contemptuous name for a vicious -debauchee (above p. 238. -Note 1.). By the Dea Syra -some have understood the -goddess Derceto, who was -worshipped at Ascalon under -the image of a maiden, whose -lower half ended in a fish. To -her the fishes were sacred, and -for this reason the Syrians -were forbidden to eat fish. -Comp. <i>Lucian</i>, De Dea Syra -p. 672. <i>Diodorus Siculus</i>, II. 4.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_49_49" href="#FNanchor_49_49" class="label">49</a> -<i>Porphyrius</i>, De Abstinentia -bk. IV. ch. 15.,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">παράδειγμα τοὺς Σύρους λαβέ·</div> - <div class="verse">Ὅταν φάγωσιν ἰχθὺν ἐκεῖνοι διά τινα</div> - <div class="verse">Αὑτῶν ἀκρασίαν, τοὺς πόδας καὶ γαστέρα</div> - <div class="verse">Οιδοῦσιν· εἶτα σακκίον ἔλαβον· εἰς δ’ ὁδὸν</div> - <div class="verse">Ἐκάθισαν αὐτοὶ ἐπὶ κόπρου καὶ τὴν θεὸν</div> - <div class="verse">Ἐξιλάσαντο τῷ ταπεινῶσαι σφόδρα.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(As an example take the Syrians: -These people, when they -have eaten fish, in consequence -of some unwholesome quality -in themselves, swell in feet and -belly. Then they take quickly -a wallet; and down they sit -by the road-side on dung, and -so appease the goddess by their -exceeding humbleness). At -Athens ἕλκη ἔχειν ἐν τοῖς -ἀντικνημίοις (to have sores -on the shin-bones) would seem -to have been a usual thing, -according to <i>Theophrastus</i>, -Charact. XIX.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_50_50" href="#FNanchor_50_50" class="label">50</a> -<i>Athenaeus</i>, Deipnosoph. -bk. VIII. p. 346. d. Indeed -it would seem that the Stoic -<i>Antipater</i> of Tarsus related -how a Syrian Queen Gatis was -excessively fond of eating fish, -and accordingly forbad anyone -ἄτερ Γάτιδος (except Gatis) -in the whole country to indulge -in it, and from this circumstance -came the name of Atergatis—the -Syrian Venus!</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_51_51" href="#FNanchor_51_51" class="label">51</a> -<i>Martial</i>, Bk. I. Epigr. 79. -Possibly also the passage in -<i>Hippocrates</i>, Epidem. bk. -VII., Vol. III. 691 of Kühn’s -ed., ὁ τὸ καρκίνωμα τὸ ἐν -τῇ φάρυγγι καυθεὶς ὑγιὴς -ἐγένετο ὑφ’ἡμέων, (The -patient who was cauterized for -cancer of the throat recovered -under our treatment), which -Jöhrens in a quotation to be -given presently (below § 25.) -refers to Venereal disease, as -is also done by him in the case -of the throat-ulcers mentioned -in the Tract of <i>Hippocrates</i>, -De Dentitione (On Teething), -Vol. I. p. 484. of Kühn’s ed.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_52_52" href="#FNanchor_52_52" class="label">52</a> -A striking analogy to this -suicide is to be found in the -well-known passage of <i>Pliny</i> -(Epist. bk. VI. epist. 24.), one -of much importance in connection -with affections of the -genitals, which may therefore -very well be quoted here by -anticipation: -</p> -<p> -<em class="gesperrt">C. Plinius Macro Suo S.</em> -Quam multum interest, quid -a quo fiat! Eadem enim facta -claritate vel obscuritate facientium -aut tolluntur altissime, -aut humillime deprimuntur. -Navigabam per Larium nostrum, -quum senior amicus -ostendit mihi villam, atque -etiam cubiculum, quod in lacum -prominet. Ex hoc, inquit, -aliquando municeps nostra cum -marito se praecipitavit. Causam -requisivi. <em class="gesperrt">Maritus ex diutino -morbo circa velanda -corporis ulceribus -putrescebat: uxor, ut -inspiceret, exegit: neque -enim quemquam -fidelius indicaturam, -possetne sanari. Vidit, -desperavit: hortata est, -ut moreretur, comesque -ipsa mortis, dux immo -et exemplum et necessitas -fuit.</em> Quod factum ne -mihi quidem, qui municeps, -nisi proxime auditum est; non -quia minus illa clarissimo -Arriae facto, sed quia minor -est ipsa. Vale. (Caius Pliny to -his friend Macer, Greeting.—What -a vast difference it -makes, by whom a particular -thing is done! For the very -same actions in virtue of the -fame or obscurity of the doers -are raised to the topmost -pinnacle or brought down to -the lowest depth. I was sailing -along our Lake of Larius, when -my companion and elder pointed -out a certain country house to -me, nay, a particular bed-room, -which projects into the Lake. -From this chamber, he said, -some time ago a fellow-countrywoman -of ours threw -herself, along with her husband. -I asked the reason. <i>The husband, -it seemed, in consequence -of a disease of long -standing was rotting with -ulcers on the private parts -of the body. The wife demanded -a right to look; for -she thought no one else likely -to give a more conscientious -opinion than herself as to -whether he could be cured. -She saw, and despaired of -recovery; so she urged him -to die, and herself was companion -of his death, giving -in fact at once incitement, -example and compulsion to -the deed.</i> This achievement I -had never, though a man of -the country, heard of till that -moment; not because it was -a whit less glorious than Arria’s -renowned exploit, but solely -because the doer was less -famous. Farewell).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_53_53" href="#FNanchor_53_53" class="label">53</a> -<i>Catullus</i>, Carm. 57:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Pulchre convenit improbis cinaedis</div> - <div class="verse">Mamurrae pathicoque, Caesarique.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(An excellent understanding -exists between the vile <i>cinaedi</i>, -the pathic Mamurra and Caesar).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_54_54" href="#FNanchor_54_54" class="label">54</a> -<i>Suetonius</i>, Vita Jul. -Caesaris chs. 49, 51, 52., where -Curio, the Elder, calls him -(Caesar) “omnium mulierum -virum, et omnium virorum -mulierem” (husband of all -women, and wife of all men). -The same indeed was said also -of <i>Alcibiades</i>. In <i>Athenaeus</i>, -Deipnos. bk. XII. p. 535., -we read in a fragment of the -Comic Poet <i>Pherecrates</i>:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Οὐκ ὢν ἀνὴρ γὰρ Ἀλκιβιάδης, ὡς δοκεῖ,</div> - <div class="verse">ἀνὴρ ἁπασῶν τῶν γυναικῶν ἐστι νῦν.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(For not being a man at all, -Alcibiades, it seems, is now -husband of all our women).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_55_55" href="#FNanchor_55_55" class="label">55</a> -<i>Catullus</i>, Carm. 80.:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Quid dicam, Gelli, <em class="gesperrt">quare rosea ista labella</em></div> - <div class="verse indent2"><em class="gesperrt">Hiberna fiant candidiora nive,</em></div> - <div class="verse">Mane domo cum exis, et cum te octava quiete</div> - <div class="verse indent2">E molli longo suscitat hora die.</div> - <div class="verse">Nescio quid certe est. An vere fama susurrat,</div> - <div class="verse indent2"><em class="gesperrt">Grandia te medii tenta vorare viri</em>?</div> - <div class="verse">Sic certe clamant Virronis rupta miselli</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Ilia, et <em class="gesperrt">emulso labra notata sero</em>.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(Would you have me tell, -Gellius, why those rosy lips -grow whiter than the winter’s -snow, when you sally out from -home in the morning, and when -the eighth hour of the long -summer day wakes you from -gentle sleep? Nay! I know -not what it is for sure. Does -report say true, that whispers -<i>you mouth the swollen member -of a man’s middle</i>? So -at any rate declare the deboshed -vigour of poor feeble Virro, -and <i>your own lips marked -by the humour you draw out</i>). -<i>Martial</i>, Bk. VII. Epigr. 94.:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Bruma est, et riget horridus December,</div> - <div class="verse">Audes tu tamen osculo nivali</div> - <div class="verse">Omnis obvios hinc et hinc tenere,</div> - <div class="verse">Et totam, Line, basiare Romam.</div> - <div class="verse">Quid possis graviusque saeviusque</div> - <div class="verse">Percussus facere atque verberatus?</div> - <div class="verse">Hoc me frigore basiet nec uxor.</div> - <div class="verse">Blandis filia nec rudis labellis.</div> - <div class="verse">Sed tu dulcior, elegantiorque,</div> - <div class="verse">Cuius livida naribus caninis,</div> - <div class="verse">Dependet glacies, rigetque barba,</div> - <div class="verse">Qualem forficibus metit supinis</div> - <div class="verse">Tonsor Cinyphio Cilix marito.</div> - <div class="verse">Centum occurrere malo <em class="gesperrt">cunnilingis</em>,</div> - <div class="verse">Et Gallum timeo minus recentem.</div> - <div class="verse">Quare si tibi sensus est pudorque,</div> - <div class="verse">Hibernas, Line, basiationes,</div> - <div class="verse">In mensem, rogo, differas Aprilem.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(’Tis winter time, and the -shuddering chill of December -is upon us. None the less, -Linus, you dare to greet with -your frosty salute all men you -meet here and there, and to -kiss all Rome. What more -disagreeable or more cruel -could you do, if you had been -struck or thrashed? With an -embrace so chilling may no -wife kiss me, or unripe maid -with wheedling lips. But you,—you -think yourself more -attractive and more pleasing, -you from whose dog-like nose -a blue icicle hangs, whose -beard is frozen stiff, such a -beard as the Cilician shearer -crops with his upward-pointing -clippers from the chin of a -Cinyphian he-goat. I had rather -meet a hundred <i>cunnilingues</i>; -I am less afraid of a Gaul new -come to town. Wherefore, if -you possess any sense or any -shame, I do beseech you, -Linus, defer your wintry -salutes till April is come). -Now <i>Linus</i> is designated by -<i>Martial</i>, bk. VII. Epigr. 9, -as a <i>fellator</i>, and bk. XI. -Epigr. 26., as a <i>cunnilingue</i>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_56_56" href="#FNanchor_56_56" class="label">56</a> -Whence also the proverbial -saying in <i>Suidas</i>: κύνα -δέρειν δεδαρμένην· τὸ τοῦ -Φερεκράτους· σχῆμα δέ ἐστι -ἀκόλαστον εἰς τὸ αἰδοῖον· -εἴρηται δὲ ἐπὶ τῷ, ἄλλο -πασχόντων αὖθις ἐφ’οἷς -πεπόνθασιν ἡ παροιμία. (to -skin the skinned bitch; expression -of Pherecrates; is an -abominable practice in connection -with the private parts; -the proverb is spoken of such -as suffer something a second -time over, after having suffered -it once already). Similarly -<i>Plautus</i>, Trinum. II. 4. 27., -Edepol <i>mutuum</i> mecum facit -(By my faith, he plays give -and take with me). Again -κυνάμυια (shameless fly) is -found in <i>Suidas</i>, which he -explains by ἀναιδεστάτη· -παρεσχημάτικε τὸ ὄνομα -ἀπὸ τοῦ κυνὸς καὶ τῆς -μυίας· ὁ μὲν γὰρ κύων -ἀναιδής, ἡ δὲ μυῖα θρασεῖα, -(a most shameless woman: -name borrowed figuratively -from the dog and the fly; for -the dog is shameless, and the -fly audacious)—probably with -a reference to <i>Homer</i>, II. -XXI. 394., where κυνόμυια -is found, and the Scholiast -observes: ἀναιδής ὡς μυῖα, -ἐκ δύο ἀναιδῶν τελείων, -τοῦ τε κυνός καὶ τὴς μυίας, -διὰ τὸ ὑπερβάλλον τῆς ἀναιδείας. -(shameless as a fly; -from two completely shameless -creatures, the dog and -the fly; on account of the excessive -degree of their shamelessness). -Further there is in -this connection the word -κυναλώπηξ (fox-dog), which -was a nick-name of <i>Philostratus</i>, -as we see from <i>Aristophanes</i>, -Knights 1078., on -which passage the Scholiast -observes: λέγει δὲ αὐτὸν καὶ -πορνοβοσκὸν καὶ καλλωπιστὴν -(now he calls him both -brothel-keeper and dandy). If -we derive the word from τὸν κύνα -(frenulum praeputii,—ligament -of the prepuce,—Paulus -Aegineta, VI. 54.) -ἀλωπίζειν, it would designate -the <i>fellator</i>, as ἀλωπὸς, -ἀλωπίζειν, ἀλωπηκίζω is -formed from α privative (negative) -and λῶπος, λώπη (the -covering, skin, wool); and -ἀλωπηκία is to be explained -in the same way,—but not -from the scab or mange of -the fox, nor yet as the Etymologicum -Magnum would -have it, because the places -where the fox discharges his -urine die, the grass e.g. dries -up and withers. Hence ἀλώπηξ -might be taken as <i>bald-headed</i>, -and then the further meaning -of licentious dissoluteness given -to it, for in Antiquity baldness -was very usually looked upon -as a consequence of sexual -excesses, and as every one -knows, Caesar was called by -his soldiers <i>moechus calvus</i> -(the bald-headed adulterer). -But old men, who in particular -are bald-headed, especially -practised, owing to their lack -of the power of erecting the -penis, the vice of <i>irrumation</i> -and of the <i>cunnilingue</i>, which -makes <i>Martial</i> say (IV. 50.) -<i>Nemo est, Thai, senex ad -irrumandum</i> (No one, Thais, -is too old a man for irrumation). -κυναλώπηξ would then -be a <i>bald-headed cunnilingue</i>. -Possibly however this idea -was also partly due to a -reminiscence of the fox’s habit, -when desirous of following up -a scent, of sticking his head -to the ground (<i>Aelian</i>, Hist. -Anim. VI. ch. 24.),—a manœuvre -he also adopts, as is -generally known, when dying. -In evidence of this view may -be quoted what <i>Cicero</i>, Orat. -pro Domo ch. 18., says to -Sextus Clodius: <i>ligurris</i> (you -are a licker), and ch. 31. -Quaere hoc ex Sexto Clodio, -iube adesse, latitat omnino; -sed si requiri iusseris, invenient -hominem apud sororem tuam -(Publii Clodii) <i>occultantem se -capite demisso</i> (Require this -of Sextus Clodius, bid him -appear; he lurks entirely out -of sight. But if once you -order him to be sought out, -they will find the man at -your sister’s house (Publius -Clodius’s) <i>hiding himself with -head held down</i>.) Comp. <i>Catullus</i>, -87. In <i>Martial</i>, Bk. IV. -Epigr. 53., <i>canis</i> is used in -same sense as κύων in Greek,—apparently? -Perhaps the -women of Antiquity made use -of dogs as well to serve as -<i>cunnilingues</i>. According to -<i>Brockhusius</i> on Tibullus I. -7. 32., II. 4. 32. they were -usual companions of “ladies -of pleasure” at Rome, whence -too <i>suburanae canes</i> (bitches -of the Subura) in <i>Horace</i>, -Epod. V. 58. and <i>Subura -vigilax</i> (the watchful Subura) -in <i>Propertius</i>, IV. 7. 15. -During the Middle Ages at -any rate such an employment -of dogs was nothing unusual. -This is stated by <i>Panormita</i>, -Hermaph. Epigr. XXX., -Epitaphium Nichinae Flandrensis, -Scorti egregii:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Pelvis erat cellae in medio, qua saepe lavabar,</div> - <div class="verse">Lambebat madidum blanda catella femur.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(Epitaph on Nichette the -Fleming, a famous Harlot:—There -stood a basin in middle -of the chamber, in which I -would many a time wash myself, -the while my fawning -bitch-pup licked her mistress’s -dripping thigh). -</p> -<p> -and Epigr. XXXVII.,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Te viset Jannecta, sua comitante catella,</div> - <div class="verse">Blanda canis dominae est, est hera blanda viris.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(Jeannette shall visit you, her -bitch-pup accompanying her; -complacent is the hound to -its mistress, the lady complacent -to men).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_57_57" href="#FNanchor_57_57" class="label">57</a> -<i>Galen</i>, De simplic. medicament. -temperamentis ac facultat. -Bk. X. ch. 1., edit. Kühn -Vol. XII. p. 249.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_58_58" href="#FNanchor_58_58" class="label">58</a> -κοπροφάγος (Excrement-Eater). -To this <i>Martial</i>, bk. -III. Epigr. 77., seems to -allude, when he says:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Nescio quod stomachi vitium secretius esse</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Suspicor, ut quid enim, Baetice, <em class="gesperrt">saprofagis</em>?</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(I suspect there exists some -secret vitiation of the stomach; -else why, Baeticus, do you -<i>eat putrid meat</i>?)</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_59_59" href="#FNanchor_59_59" class="label">59</a> -It is evident from this -that Meier in his above mentioned -Article on Paederastia -is wrong in citing the expression -αἰσχρουργὸς (worker of -obscenities) as being used -for the direct equivalent of -<i>cinaedus</i>. Incidentally we -would take this opportunity -of further observing that the -word παιδοκόραξ (boy-raven, -i.e. a person ravenous after -boys), which is also mentioned -in the same Article as synonymous -with <i>cinaedus</i>, is -wrongly referred to paederastia, -for it really, like the -Latin <i>corvus</i> (raven), signifies -a <i>fellator</i>. Its true explanation -is given in <i>Pliny</i>, Hist. Nat. -bk. X. ch. 15., Corvi pariunt -cum plurimum quinos. <i>Ore -eos parere aut coire vulgus -arbitratur.</i> (Ravens produce -at most a brood of five each -pair. <i>The vulgar believe these -birds produce or copulate -with the mouth).</i>—Aristoteles -(De gen anim. Bk. III. ch. 6.) -negat,—sed illam exosculationem, -quae saepe cernitur, -qualem in columbis, esse. -(Aristotle denies this,—but -adds that there is the same -billing, which is often noticed, -as with doves). Hence also -<i>Martial</i>, bk. XIV. Epigr. 74.,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Corve salutator, quare fellator haberis?</div> - <div class="verse indent2">In caput intravit mentula nulla tuum.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(You raven that salute your -mate, why are you thought -to be a <i>fellator</i>? No member -ever penetrated into your head). -Greek Anthology, bk. II. Tit. -9. 13., λευκὸν ἰδεῖν κόρακα (a -white crow to all appearance).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_60_60" href="#FNanchor_60_60" class="label">60</a> -Instead of ᾧ φαίνεται -<i>Rost</i> has proposed to read ὧν -φαίνεται. (<i>Forbiger</i>, on the -Hermaphrod. of Panormita, -p. 281. Note b.)</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_61_61" href="#FNanchor_61_61" class="label">61</a> -<i>Brunck</i>, Analecta Vol. -III. p. 334.,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Δημώναξ, μὴ πάντα κάτω βλέπε, μηδὲ χαρίζου</div> - <div class="verse indent2">τῇ γλώσση· δεινὴν χοῖρος ἄκανθαν ἔχει.</div> - <div class="verse">Καὶ συζῇς ἡμῖν. <em class="gesperrt">ἐν Φοινίκῃ δὲ καθευδεις</em>,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">κοὐκ ὢν ἐκ Σεμέλης μηροτραφὴς γεγόνας.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(Demonax, be not for ever -looking downwards, and be not -complacent with your tongue; -that organ—the <i>pudenda -muliebria</i>—has a sharp -thorn. And indeed you live -with us, <i>but you sleep in -Phoenicia</i>, and though no child -of Semelé, are thigh-bred).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_62_62" href="#FNanchor_62_62" class="label">62</a> -In particular it is the -following Epigram in <i>Brunck’s</i> -Analecta that has given occasion -to this explanation:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Ἀλφειοῦ στόμα φεῦγε· φιλεῖ κόλπους Ἀρεθούσης.</div> - <div class="verse indent2"><em class="gesperrt">πρηνὴς ἐμπίπτων ἁλμυρὸν ἐς πέλαγος.</em></div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(Fly the Alpheus’mouth; he -loves the bosom of Arethusa, -<i>falling headlong into the salt -sea</i>). Forbiger might have further -cited the following passage -from <i>Aristophanes</i>, Knights -1086, 87.,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">ΑΛ. Καὶ γὰρ ἐμοὶ καὶ γῆς καὶ τῆς ἐρυθρᾶς γε θαλάσσης</div> - <div class="verse">χὤτι γ’ἐν Ἐκβατάνοις δικάσεις, <em class="gesperrt">λείχων</em> ἐπίπαστα.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(Verily for me you shall be -judge over earth and the Red -Sea to boot and all the realm -of Ecbatana, <i>licking up</i> comfit-cakes,—? -pickles). Here ἐπίπαστα -is, as probably also -in v. 103., the Salgama -(pickles in brine) of <i>Ausonius</i>, -Epigr. 125.; which moreover -affords at any rate a partial -explanation of the passage in -<i>Pollux</i>, Onomast. bk. VI. ch. -9. p. 61., bk. X. ch. 24. p. 96. -Still, even if according to this -<i>Phoenicia</i> were used in the -sense of the genital organs of -women at time of menstruation, -it by no means follows that -φοινικίζειν meant <i>only</i> to -have dealings with women in -menstruation, any more than -it does that it is identical with -καταμηνίου πίνων (drinking -of menstrual blood), as it has -been shown just above not -to be. In fact <i>Galen</i> says -explicitly: φαίνεταί μοι -παραπλήσιον, (it appears to -me to be something <i>similar!</i>)</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_63_63" href="#FNanchor_63_63" class="label">63</a> -<i>Seneca</i>, De beneficiis bk. -IV. ch. 31.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_64_64" href="#FNanchor_64_64" class="label">64</a> -<i>Seneca</i>, Epist. 87.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_65_65" href="#FNanchor_65_65" class="label">65</a> -<i>Galen</i>, Works, edit. Kühn, -Vol. XIX. p. 153.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_66_66" href="#FNanchor_66_66" class="label">66</a> -<i>Naumann</i>, Handb. der -Klinik (Text-book of Clinical -Medicine), Vol. 7. p. 88.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_67_67" href="#FNanchor_67_67" class="label">67</a> -The author at any rate is -more cautious than <i>Sprengel</i>, -who (<i>Th. Batemann</i>), Prakt. -Darstellung der Hautkrankheiten -(Practical Exposition of -Diseases of the Skin), Halle -1815., p. 427. Note, writes: -“Hippocrates appears to mention -it (Elephantiasis) under -the name φοινικίη νόσος -(Phoenician disease), which -<i>Galen</i> (Explan. voc. Hipp.) -<i>distinctly and definitely</i> explains -as Elephantiasis.”</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_68_68" href="#FNanchor_68_68" class="label">68</a> -<i>Hippocrates</i>, edit. Kühn -Vol. I. pp. 223, 233., Λειχῆνες -δὲ καὶ λέπραι καὶ λεῦκαι, -οἷσι μὲν νέοισιν ἢ παισὶν -ἐοῦσιν ἐγένετό τι τούτων, -ἢ κατὰ μικρὸν φανὲν αὔξεται -ἐν πολλῷ χρόνῳ, τούτοισι -μὲν οὐ χρὴ ἀπόστασιν νομίζειν -τὸ ἐξάνθημα, ἀλλὰ -νόσημα· οἷσι δὲ ἐγένετο τούτων -τι πολύ τε καὶ ἐξαπίνης, -τοῦτο ἂν εἴη ἀπόστησις· -γίνονται δὲ λεῦκαι μὲν ἐκ -τῶν <em class="gesperrt">θανατωδεστάτων</em> -νοσημάτων, οἷον καὶ ἡ <em class="gesperrt">νοῦσος -ἡ φθινικὴ</em> καλεομένη. -αἱ δὲ λέπραι καὶ οἱ λειχῆνες -ἐκ τῶν μελαγχολικῶν. ἰῆσθαι -δὲ τουτέων εὐπετέστερά ἐστιν -ὅσα νεωτάτοισί τε γίνεται -καὶ νεώτατά ἐστι, καὶ τοῦ -σώματος ἐν τοῖσι μαλθακωτάτοισι -καὶ σαρκωδεστάτοισι -φύεται. (for translation see -text above).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_69_69" href="#FNanchor_69_69" class="label">69</a> -<i>J. W. Wedel</i>, Progr. de -Morbo phoeniceo Hippocratis, -(Graduation Exercise on the -Phœnician disease of Hippocrates), -Jena 1702. 4to., -reprinted in <i>E. G. Baldinger</i>, -Selecta doctorum virorum -opuscula in quibus Hippocrates -explicatur, denuo edita, (Select -Tracts of Learned Men dealing -with the Interpretation of -Hippocrates,—Second ed.), -Göttingen 1782., pp. 215-222. -The Author does not -seem to be really self-consistent; -he wavers between -Elephantiasis and Purpura.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_70_70" href="#FNanchor_70_70" class="label">70</a> -<i>Rayer, Maladies de la -peau.</i> Bruxelles 1836. p. 385. -Et quoique les termes de la -description du λεύκη se rapportent -assez bien à la leucopathie -partielle, la plupart -des interprètes et des critiques, -se fondant sur une passage -d’Hippocrate (Prorrhet. lib. II.) -ont pensé, que sous ce nom -les anciens avoient indiqué une -maladie grave, l’éléphantiasis -anesthétique ou la lèpre des -juifs. (<i>Rayer</i>, Diseases of the -Skin. Brussels 1836., p. 385., -And although the terms in -which this λεύκη is described -are pretty well consistent with -the symptoms of partial leucopathy, -still the majority of -interpreters and critics, taking -their stand on a passage of -Hippocrates (Prorrhet. bk. II.) -have held that under this name -the Ancients indicated a serious -disease, viz. anaesthetic elephantiasis -or the leprosy of -Jews).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_71_71" href="#FNanchor_71_71" class="label">71</a> -<i>Celsus</i>, Bk. V. ch. 27. 19., -λεύκη habet quiddam simile -alpho, sed magis albida est et -altius descendit: in eaque albi -pili sunt, et lanugini similes. -(λεύκη has some resemblance -to alphus, but is more white -in colour, and penetrates -deeper; also in it there are -white hairs of a woolly appearance). -In these last words -the interpreters have supposed -themselves to find the ἁλὸς -ἄχνη (sea-foam) of <i>Pollux</i>, -Onom. IV. 193., expressed!</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_72_72" href="#FNanchor_72_72" class="label">72</a> -<i>Galen</i>, Isag., edit. Kühn -Vol. XIV. p. 758.,—De -symptomat. differ. Vol. VII. -p. 63.—De symptomat. caus. -bk. II. ibid. pp. 225 sqq., -where the λεύκη is described -as a consequence of <i>nutritio -depravata</i> (morbid nutrition), -whereby τὴν σάρκα γίνεσθαι -φλεγματικωτέραν (the flesh -becomes over phlegmatic). -Comp. <i>Aetius</i>, Tetrab. IV. I. -ch. 133. <i>Paulus Aegineta</i>, -bk. IV. ch. 5. <i>Actuarius</i>, -Meth. med. II. 11. VI. 8. -<i>Oribasius</i>, De morb. curat. -III. 58. <i>Scip. Gentilis</i>, Comment. -in Apuleii apologiam, -note 524.—<i>Suidas</i> s. v. -<em class="gesperrt">λεύκη</em>· παρὰ Ἡροδότῳ -πάθος τι περὶ ὅλον τὸ σῶμα, -(under word λεύκη: in Herodotus, -a complaint affecting -the whole surface of the body). -In <i>Alexander</i>, Aphrodis. -Problem. I. 146, λεῦκαι signify -the white flecks on the -finger-nails.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_73_73" href="#FNanchor_73_73" class="label">73</a> -<i>Pollux</i>, Onomast IV. ch. -25. p. 187., mentions among -forms of wasting-diseases -φθίνης νόσος, for which some -editors, and quite rightly, -prefer to read φθίνας νόσος -(wasting disease). <i>Suidas</i> also -says φθίνας ἡ νόσος, but -without giving any further -explanation; on the contrary -in <i>Hesychius</i> we find: s. v. -φθινὰ[ς] ἡ ἐρυσίβη, καὶ -εἶδος ἐλαίας (under word -φθινὰ; the red blight, also -a species of olive). But by -ἐρυσίβη is signified <i>mildew</i>, -<i>blight</i>, <i>smut on grain</i>, the -same thing therefore as the -Romans called <i>rubigo</i> or -<i>robigo</i>, on which <i>Servius</i>, -on Virg. Georg. I. 151., has -the following observation: -Robigo genus est vitii, quo -culmi pereunt, quod a rusticanis -calamitas dicitur. Hoc autem -genus vitii ex nebula nasci -solet, cum <em class="gesperrt">nigrescunt et -consumuntur</em> frumenta. -Inde Robigus deus et sacra -eius septimo Kalendas Maias -Robigalia appellantur. Sed -<em class="gesperrt">haec abusive</em> robigo dicitur; -nam <i>proprie robigo -est</i>, ut Varro dicit, <em class="gesperrt">vitium -obscoenae libidinis -quod ulcus vocatur: id -autem abundantia et -superfluitate humoris</em> -solet nasci, quae Graece -σατυρίασις dicitur. (<i>Robigo</i> -is a sort of blight, that kills -the corn-stalks, which is spoken -of as a <i>disaster</i> by the peasants. -Now this kind of blight commonly -springs from a mist or -exhalation, the crops blackening -and being burnt up. Hence -the god Robigus, and his -feast-day on the seventh day -before the Kalends of May -(April 24.), known as the -Robigalia. But this is called -<i>robigo</i> only by a misnomer; -for properly speaking <i>robigo</i> -is, as Varro says, a vitiation -due to abominable licentiousness -and is called an ulcer, -and it commonly springs from -that abundance and over-copiousness -of the humour, which -in Greek is called Satyriasis). -These words are for our purpose -pose of the highest importance, -teaching us as they do, that -<i>a distinctive form of ulceration, -that the patient had -brought on himself by sexual -excesses, was not only familiar -among the Romans</i> but actually -bore the <i>special</i> name of -<i>robigo</i>. It must have displayed -a distinctive redness, and have -consumed the parts affected -similarly to the smut or rust -of grain, or the rust of iron. -It is surely a sufficient indication -to call the chancre-ulcer -a blight, a burning: Comp. -anthrax, carbo (malignant -pustule, carbuncle). To this -day in Germany it is vulgarly -said of any one attacked by -the primary forms of Venereal -disease, “the man has burned -himself”. <i>Festus</i>, (edit. Dacier -p. 451.) says: <i>Robum</i> rubro -colore et quae rufo significare, -at bovem quoque rustici appellant, -manifestum est, unde -et <i>materia quae plurimas -venas eius coloris habet</i> dicta -est rubor, (<i>Robus</i> clearly indicates -things of a red or -reddish colour,—now countrymen -even speak of an ox as -<i>robus</i>; hence <i>any substance -having manifold veins of this -colour</i> is called <i>rubor</i>). Now -such is habitually the case -with the penis attacked by -phimosis or paraphimosis and -under the morbid condition -of constant erection (Satyriasis) -superinduced by these. Again -this shows us the reason why -Priapus is so frequently called -“<i>ruber</i> hortorum custos” (the -<i>red</i> keeper of gardens),—<i>Priapeia</i> -Praef. 5.; and why -he is said, “<i>Ruber</i> sedere -cum <i>rubente</i> fascino,” (to sit, -<i>red</i> with his <i>ruddy</i> verge),—<i>Horace</i>, -Odes 84. Sat. I. 8. 5. -Now as the blight in grain was -regarded specially as a consequence -of the dew (mil<i>dew</i>), -and <i>ros</i> (dew) again is used -in the sense of the male semen, -as well as for the moisture -secreted in the female vagina -during coition, we might draw -yet another analogy from this, -and at the same time a proof -of the <i>verecundia loquentium</i> -(shamefacedness in speech),—p. -43., of the <i>old</i> Romans. -Thus it would seem the Greeks -too indicated by their φθινὰς -the same thing as the Romans -by <i>robigo</i>. That it was a -human disease, is clearly -enough shown by the passage -from Pollux, and besides we -can see it was so from another -in <i>Plutarch</i> in his Life of -Galba (ch. 21.), where he says: -Τιγελλῖνον μὲν οὐ πολὺν -ἔτι βιώσεσθαι φάσκοντος· -χρόνον, ὑπὸ <em class="gesperrt">φθινάδος -νόσου</em> δαπανώμενον, (For -he said that Tigellinus would -not live much longer, being exhausted -by a wasting disease),—a -quotation proving at the -same time the deadliness of -the malady. Once more, <i>Hesychius</i> -has for φθινὰ also -φοινία, saying, <em class="gesperrt">φοινία</em>.ἐρυσίβη -(φοινία: red blight, -and as the adjective corresponding -would necessarily be -φοινικίος or φοινίκινος, it -follows that φοινικίη νόσος -and φθινικὴ νόσος,—φθινικὴ -being the adjective -from φθινὴ or φθινὰς, -(which however would more -strictly speaking be φθινακή), -would mean exactly the same -thing, viz. an “Ulcus rubrum -et rodens ex coitu cum foeda -muliere natum” (red eating -ulcer, coming from coition -with an unclean woman), the -fatal event of which affection -was a matter of common observation -among the Ancients. -Now if this interpretation is -the right one in the passage -of Hippocrates, it is clear that -λεῦκαι were the consequences -of this malady, and accordingly -we should have a proof that -in Antiquity, no less than in -modern times, primary ulcers -not only preceded secondary -affections of the skin, but were -actually <i>recognized as such</i>. -However as the proofs for this -<i>aperçu</i> are still too fragmentary -on the side of the ancient -Physicians, we must suspend -our immediate judgement on -the point, and content ourselves -for the present with saying, -that φοινικίη νοῦσος stood -originally in the text in the -sense of <i>cunnilingere</i> (to be -a <i>cunnilingue</i>), whereas a -later inquirer put φθινικὴ -into its place, inasmuch as in -his time their meanings had -become identical as that of a -bodily ailment, and so <i>the -consequence</i> of the vice instead -of the vice itself found its -way even into the text. For -granted φθινὰς has the meaning -of <i>robigo</i> (blight), there -is no doubt this only came -to be the case as late as in the -time of the Alexandrine critics. -Besides this, φοινικιστὴς is -also found in the <i>Etymologicum -Magnum</i> for <i>Cunnilingus</i>; -we read: γλωττοκομεῖον, -ἐν ᾧ οἱ αὐληταὶ -ἀπετίθεσαν τὰς γλώττας· -εἴρηται δὲ καὶ τὸ <em class="gesperrt">γυναικεῖον -αἰδοῖον</em> ὑπὸ Εὐβούλου -<em class="gesperrt">φοινικιστὴν</em> -σκώπτοντος· (γλωττοκομεῖον, -tongue-hole, place in which -fluteplayers insert their tongues); -<i>the female privates</i> also called -so by Eubulus, making a scoff -at the φοινικιστὴς,—<i>cunnilingue</i>). -The <i>Etymologicum -Magnum</i> further has as -synonyms for <i>cunnilingere</i>: -<em class="gesperrt">γλωττοστροφεῖν</em>, περιλαλεῖν -καὶ στωμύλλεσθαι· -<em class="gesperrt">γλωττοδεψεῖν</em>, αἰσχρουργεῖν -(<i>to ply the tongue</i>: -to talk excessively, to babble; -<i>to work or soften with the -tongue</i>: to do obscenely), and -for <i>cunnilingus</i>, <em class="gesperrt">γλώσσαργον</em>, -στόμαργον (<i>tongue-busy</i>: -mouth-busy).]</p></div> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_74_74" href="#FNanchor_74_74" class="label">74</a> -<i>Hippocrates</i>, περὶ παθῶν, -edit. Kühn Vol. II. p. 409. -It is true this Work is reckoned -among the spurious ones, and -<i>Galen</i> (Vol. XI. p. 63.) -ascribes it to <i>Polybius</i>.</p></div> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_75_75" href="#FNanchor_75_75" class="label">75</a> -<i>Aristophanes</i>, Acharnians -271.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Πολλῷ γὰρ ἐσθ’ἥδιον, ὦ Φαλῆς Φαλῆς</div> - <div class="verse">κλέπτουσαν εὑρόνθ’ὡρικὴν ὑληφόρον,</div> - <div class="verse">τὴν Στρυμοδώρου Θρᾷτταν ἐκ τοῦ Φελλέως,</div> - <div class="verse">μέσην λαβόντ’ἄραντα, καταβαλόντα καταγιγαρτίσαι·</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(For ’tis much pleasanter, -Phales, Phales! when you -have found a blooming woodcutter -girl filching wood, say -Strymodorus’Thracian maid -from Phelleus, to take her -round the middle and lift her -up and throw her down and -take the kernel right away),—where -perhaps we should read -Στυμοδώρου for Στρυμοδώρου. -Knights 1284.,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Τὴν γὰρ αὐτοῦ γλῶτταν αἰρχραῖς ἡδοναῖς λυμαίνεται,</div> - <div class="verse">ἐν κασαυρίοισι <em class="gesperrt">λείχων</em> τὸν ἀπόπτυστον δρόσον,</div> - <div class="verse">καὶ μολύνων τὴν ὑπήνην, καὶ κυκῶν τὰς ἐσχάρας.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(For he pollutes his own -tongue with foul delights, in -the stews licking up the -abominable dew, defiling the -hair on the upper lip, and -tumbling the girls’<i>nymphae</i>). -Peace 885.,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Τὸν <em class="gesperrt">ζῶμον</em> αὐτῆς προσπεσὼν ἐκλάψεται.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(Falling upon her he will suck -up <i>her broth</i>).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_76_76" href="#FNanchor_76_76" class="label">76</a> -<i>Juvenal</i>, Satir. VI. 455.:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Nec curanda viris Opicae castigat amicae</div> - <div class="verse">Verba Soloecismum liceat fecisse marito.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(And rebukes the expressions -of her clownish (Opican) friend, -things not worth men’s notice. -Surely a husband should be -allowed to make a solecism).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_77_77" href="#FNanchor_77_77" class="label">77</a> -<i>Martial</i>, bk. I. Epigr. 78.,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Pulchre valet Charinus, et tamen pallet.</div> - <div class="verse">Parce bibit Charinus, et tamen pallet.</div> - <div class="verse">Bene concoquit Charinus, et tamen pallet.</div> - <div class="verse">Sole utitur Charinus, et tamen pallet.</div> - <div class="verse">Tingit cutem Charinus, et tamen pallet.</div> - <div class="verse"><em class="gesperrt">Cunnum Charinus lingit, et tamen pallet.</em></div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(Charinus is in excellent health, -and yet he is pale. Charinus -drinks moderately, and yet he -is pale. Charinus digests well, -yet he is pale. Charinus takes -the sun, yet he is pale. Charinus -dyes his skin, yet he is pale. -<i>Charinus licks a woman’s -organ, yet he is pale).</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_78_78" href="#FNanchor_78_78" class="label">78</a> -<i>Martial</i>, bk. XI. Epigr. -86. As to this Zoilus see -<i>Martial</i>, bk. XI. Epigr. 61.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_79_79" href="#FNanchor_79_79" class="label">79</a> -<i>Martial</i>, Bk. III. Epigr. 61.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_80_80" href="#FNanchor_80_80" class="label">80</a> -<i>Greek Anthology</i> bk. II. -Tit. 13. Note 19.,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Τὴν φωνὴν ἐνοπήν σε λέγειν ἐδίδαξεν Ὅμηρος,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Τὴν γλῶσσαν δ’ἐν <em class="gesperrt">ὀπῇ</em> τίς σ’ἐδίδαξεν ἔχειν.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(Homer taught you to utter -your voice and speak whole -words, but, pray! who taught -you to have your tongue in -a hole?) Here ὀπὴ (hole) -obviously stands for the female -organ,—a meaning omitted in -the Lexicons.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_81_81" href="#FNanchor_81_81" class="label">81</a> -So too in the following -Epigram of <i>Ausonius</i> (127.),</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Eune, quod uxoris gravidae <em class="gesperrt">putria inguina</em> lambis,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Festinas glossas non natis tradere natis.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(Eunus, you lick the flabby -organs of your pregnant wife; -is it you are in a hurry to -give learned explanations to -your babes unborn?) we should -explain the <i>putria inguina</i> -not so much as <i>rotten</i>, <i>ulcerous</i>, -but rather as <i>laxata</i> or <i>laxa</i> -(relaxed, flabby). Similarly -<i>Horace</i>, Epod. VIII. 7., speaks -of <i>mammae putres</i> (the flabby -dugs) of an old woman.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_82_82" href="#FNanchor_82_82" class="label">82</a> -<i>Martial</i>, IX. 63.,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Ad coenam invitant omnes te, Phoebe, cinaedi:</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Mentula quem pascit, non, puto, purus homo est.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(All the <i>cinaedi</i>, Phoebus, -invite you to dinner: a man -the penis feeds is not, I think, -a <i>clean</i> man). -</p> -<p> -<i>Petronius</i>, Sat., Non taces, -nocturne percussor, qui ne tum -quidem, quum fortiter faceres, -cum <i>pura muliere</i> pugnasti. -(Silence, stabber by night, who -not even when you were at -your best, ever faced <i>a clean -woman</i>).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_83_83" href="#FNanchor_83_83" class="label">83</a> -<i>Martial</i>, Bk. IV. Epigr. 43.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_84_84" href="#FNanchor_84_84" class="label">84</a> -<i>Persius</i>, Satir. V. 186-188.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_85_85" href="#FNanchor_85_85" class="label">85</a> -<i>Wendelinus Hock de -Brackenau</i> entitled his Treatise -on the Venereal Disease: -<i>Mentagra</i>, sive Tractatus de -causis, praeseruatis, regimine -et cura Morbi Gallici, vulgo -Mala Francosz., etc., (Mentagra, -or a Treatise on the -Causes, Preventives, Treatment -and Cure of the so called -French Disease, etc.). Strasburg -1514. 4to. <i>Sartorius</i> -Frid. praes. <i>Conrad. Johrenio</i>, -Diss. de mentagra ad loc. Plinii -Secundi hist. nat. lib. XXVI. -cap. 1. (Dissertation on mentagra -in connexion with the -passage of Pliny Secundus’ -Hist. Naturalis bk. XXVI. -ch. 1.). Frankfurt-on-Oder -N. D. 49 pp. 4to. Gives a -sort of exegesis of the passage, -speaks in first place of new -diseases in general, passes on -to the Venereal Disease, the -antiquity of which the author -upholds, and finally discusses -Mentagra, which he holds to -be a leprous-syphilitic affection. -The work is still quite -worth reading, more especially -as the author quotes some -passages from the Chronicle -of <i>Anhalt von Beckmann</i>, at -that time still unprinted, and -which we find mentioned -hardly anywhere else.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_86_86" href="#FNanchor_86_86" class="label">86</a> -<i>Hensler</i>, “Vom abendländischen -Aussatze im Mittelalter”, -(On Occidental Leprosy -in the Middle Ages). Hamburg -1790. pp. 67, 206, 307.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_87_87" href="#FNanchor_87_87" class="label">87</a> -<i>Pliny</i>, Hist. Nat. Bk. -XXVI. chs. 1, 2, 3.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_88_88" href="#FNanchor_88_88" class="label">88</a> -<i>Galen</i>, De comp. med. -secundum locos, edit. Kühn -Vol. XII. p. 841. προσχαριζόμενον -τῇ ἐξωτάτῳ γραμμῇ -τοῦ λειχῆνος μικρόν τι τῶν -ἀπαθῶν σωμάτων. (giving -up to the external mark of -the scab yet another small -part of the bodies hitherto -unaffected).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_89_89" href="#FNanchor_89_89" class="label">89</a> -<i>Galen</i>, (De comp. med. -secundum locos bk. V., edit. -Kühn Vol. XII. p. 830.) -quotes from Criton the following -description in further -confirmation: Πρὸς δὲ τοὺς -ἐπὶ τῶν γενείων λειχῆνας -πάθος ἀηδέστατον, καὶ γὰρ -κνησμοὺς ἐπιφέρει καὶ περίστασιν -τῶν πεπονθότων -καὶ κίνδυνον οὐκ ὀλίγον, -ἕρπει γὰρ ἔστιν ὅτε καθ’ -ὅλου τοῦ προσώπου, καὶ -ὀφθαλμῶν <em class="gesperrt">ἅπτεται</em>, καὶ -σχεδὸν τῆς <em class="gesperrt">ἀνωτάτω -δυσμορφίας</em> ἐστὶν αἴτιον, -καὶ διὰ τοῦτο χρηστέον ἂν εἴη ἐπιμελέστερον -τῇ θεραπείᾳ, -ἐφορῶντα τοὺς <em class="gesperrt">παροξυσμοὺς</em> -καὶ <em class="gesperrt">τὰ -διαλείμματα</em> καὶ <em class="gesperrt">συγκρίνοντα -ἀπὸ τῶν -κεχρονισμένων τὰ νεοσύστατα</em>, -ἐφ’ ὧν ἁρμόσει -χρῆσθαι τοῖς ξηραίνουσι -φαρμάκοις· <em class="gesperrt">ὅταν δ’εἰς -ψώραν ἢ λέπραν μεταπέσῃ</em> -πρὸς τοῖς ξηραίνουσι -χρῆσθαι καὶ τοῖς ῥύπουσιν. -(But in the case of <i>lichenes</i>, -scabs, on the chin the malady -is most troublesome. Now it -brings on itchings and a critical -condition of the afflicted and -no small danger; for it creeps -sometimes over the whole -face, and <i>attacks the eyes</i>, -and generally is productive of -the <i>most utter disfigurement</i>. -Wherefore physicians should -devote more than ordinary -care to its treatment, watching -<i>the crises of the malady, and -the intervals, and judging -from the symptoms that have -become chronic such as have -but just broken out</i>, on the -appearance of which it will -be expedient to exhibit siccative -medicines. On the other -hand when <i>it has resolved -itself into the itch or leprosy</i>, -exhibit cathartics in combination -with the siccatives). The -same is contributed also by -<i>Aëtius</i>, Tetrab. II. serm. 4. -ch. 16. Besides the discrepant -statement to the effect that -the eyes are attacked as well, -the most noteworthy points -are the crises and intervals -Mentagra went through, and -its passing over into Psora -and Lepra (Itch and Leprosy).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_90_90" href="#FNanchor_90_90" class="label">90</a> -<i>Galen</i> and <i>Aëtius</i>, loco -citato, give particulars of the -composition of a number of -these.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_91_91" href="#FNanchor_91_91" class="label">91</a> -<i>Gruner</i>, Morborum antiquitates pp. 162-171.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_92_92" href="#FNanchor_92_92" class="label">92</a> -<i>J. C. Dieterich</i>, Iatreum -Hippocraticum, continens Narthecium -medicinae veteris et -novae (Hippocratic Remedies, -containing a Treasury of Ancient -and Modern Medicine), -Ulm 1661. 4to., p. 692.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_93_93" href="#FNanchor_93_93" class="label">93</a> -Hence also <i>Diogenes Laertius</i>, -VI. 2. 6., ἅλα λείχειν -(to lick up salt).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_94_94" href="#FNanchor_94_94" class="label">94</a> -The explanation of <i>Galen</i>, -De simpl. medicam. temperam. -et facult. bk. VII. ch. 11. 6. -(edit. Kühn, XII. p. 57.): -λειχὴν ὠνομάσθαι δ’οὕτω -δοκεῖ διὰ τὸ λειχῆνας θεραπεύειν -(and it seems lichen,—moss, -is so called because it -cures lichenes,—scabs), is -hardly likely to find any one -else to subscribe to it.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_95_95" href="#FNanchor_95_95" class="label">95</a> -<i>Aristophanes</i>, Knights -1280-1283. In the Wasps, -1280-1283, <i>Aristophanes</i> -says, speaking of the same -Ariphrades:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Εἶτ’Ἀριφράδην πολύ τι θυμοσοφικώτατον,</div> - <div class="verse">ὃν τινά ποτ’ὤμοσε μαθόντα παρὰ μηδενὸς,</div> - <div class="verse">ἀλλ’ἀπὸ σοφῆς φύσεος αὐτόματον ἐκμαθεῖν</div> - <div class="verse">γλωττοποιεῖν εἰς τὰ πορνεῖ’εἰσιόνθ’ἑκάστοτε</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(Then Ariphrades, much more -ingenious-clever, who he swore -without ever having learnt the -trick from any, but all out of -his own wisdom, discovered -how to work the tongue, -going into the brothels everywhere). -Also Peace 883-885.:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">ΤΡ. τίς; ΟΙΚ. ὅστις; Ἀριφράδης,</div> - <div class="verse">ἄγειν παρ’ αὑτὸν ἀντιβολῶν. ΤΡ. Ἀλλ', ὦ μέλε,</div> - <div class="verse">τὸν ζωμὸν αὐτῆς προσπεσὼν ἐκλάψεται.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(<i>Trygaeus.</i> Who? <i>Servant.</i> -Who? why Ariphrades, begging -to bring her to him. -<i>Trygaeus.</i> But, dear man, he -will fall on her, and lick up -her broth).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_96_96" href="#FNanchor_96_96" class="label">96</a> -<i>Anthologia Graeca</i>, cum -versione Latina <i>Hugonis -Grotii</i>, edita ab H. de Bosch -(<i>Greek Anthology</i>, with Latin -version by <i>Hugo Grotius</i>, edit. -H. de Bosch) Utrecht 1795. -4to., Vol. I. p. 38. bk. II. -Tit. 5. Epigr. 9. <i>Brunck’s</i> -Analecta, Vol. III. p. 165. -Epigr. 76. Here too should be -quoted the following Epigram -(<i>Brunck’s</i> Analecta, Vol. II. -p. 386. Anthology, bk. II. -Tit. 5. Epigr. 8.) of <i>Ammianus</i>, -which at the same time speaks -for the general meaning of -<i>licking</i>:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Οὐχ ὅτι τὸν κάλαμον λείχεις, διὰ τοῦτό σε μισῶ,</div> - <div class="verse">Ἀλλ’ ὅτι τοῦτο ποιεῖς καὶ δίχα τοῦ καλάμου.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(Not because you lick the -<i>reed</i>, not for this do I abominate -you; but because you do -so even without the reed). -<i>Ausonius</i>, Epigr. 126., endeavours -in another way, by initial -letters, to indicate λείχει (he -licks):</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Λαῒς, Ἔρως, et Ἴτυς, Χείρων et Ἔρως, Ἴτυς alter</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Nomina siscribis, prima elementa adime:</div> - <div class="verse">Ut facias verbum, quod tu facis, Eune magister:</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Dicere me Latium non decet opprobrium.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(Λαῒς, Ἔρως, and Ἴτυς, -Χείρων and Ἔρως, Ἴτυς repeated,—if -you write these -names, then take off the first -letters, you make a verb with -them that means what you do, -learned Eunus; it does not -become me to name the abomination -nation in Latian speech). At -the same time we see from -this that in the IVth. Century, -where <i>Ausonius</i> lived at -Bordeaux, the vice of the -<i>cunnilingue</i> was still constantly -practised and that not -even in secret. Should the -words of <i>Clement of Alexandria</i>, -Paedagog. II. ch. 8. -p. 178., also be brought into -connection with this: ἡ δὲ -ἐπιτήδευσις τῆς εὐωδίας, -δελεάρ ἐστι ῥαθυμίας, -πόῤῥωθεν <em class="gesperrt">εἰς λίχνον</em> -ἐπιθυμίον ἐπισπωμένης. -(And the cultivation of sweet -perfume is a bait of idleness, -indirectly alluring to dainty -voluptuousness)? The <i>male -olere</i> (to have an evil smell) -held good equally for the -<i>cunnilingue</i>. -</p> -<p> -<i>Diogenes Laertius</i>, V. 65., -quotes verses of <i>Crates</i>, where -we read: οὔτε <em class="gesperrt">λίχνος</em>, -πόρνης ἐπαγγελλόμενος -παρῇσι (nor dainty desire, -proclaimed on the cheeks of -a harlot); the same occur also -in <i>Clement of Alexandria</i>, -loco citato ch. 10. Finally -yet another quotation, from -<i>Martial</i> (XI. 59.), should come -in here; he says to a pathic:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">At tibi nil faciam: sed lota mentula laeva</div> - <div class="verse">λειχάζειν cupidae dicet avaritiae,</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(But to <i>you</i> I will do no harm; -nay! rather shall my member, -when your left hand has done -its work and been washed, -say to your grasping avarice,—now -lick, fellate, me). This -passage has been misunderstood -by most of the commentators, -because they chose to -read <i>lana</i> (woollen cloth) for -<i>laeva</i> (the left hand), or else -thought to find here a reference -to manustupration (masturbation -with the hand). But really -it means nothing more than -that the poet declares he will -resort to <i>irrumation</i>, after his -mentula (member) has been -washed with the left hand, -[the Latin cannot mean this; -<i>lotā</i> is ablative case, and must -be taken with <i>laevā</i>. <i>Transl.</i>],—a -usage to which we shall -come back again subsequently; -but which is at once clearly -authenticated by a fragment of -<i>Lucilius</i>, where we read:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Laeva lacrimas mutoni absterget amica.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(With the left hand his mistress -wipes the tears from his penis).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_97_97" href="#FNanchor_97_97" class="label">97</a> -<i>Galen</i>, Isagoge ch. 18. -(edit. Kühn Vol. XIV. 779).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_98_98" href="#FNanchor_98_98" class="label">98</a> -<i>Galen</i>, loco citato ch. 13. -pp. 657, 758.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_99_99" href="#FNanchor_99_99" class="label">99</a> -<i>Plato</i>, Phaedo p. 81 A., -οἱ ἀφικομένη ὑπάρχει αὐτῇ -εὐδαίμονι εἶναι, πλάνης καὶ -ἀγνοιας καὶ φόβων καὶ -<em class="gesperrt">ἀγρίων ἐρώτων</em> καὶ -τῶν ἄλλων κακῶν τῶν ἀνθρωπείων -ἀπηλλαγμένῃ. (So -having come there, the soul -is in a state of assured happiness -being free of error and -ignorance and fear, and <i>fierce -passions</i> and the other ills of -mankind).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_100_100" href="#FNanchor_100_100" class="label">100</a> -<i>Plutarch</i>, De solert. anim. -p. 972 D., <em class="gesperrt">Ἔρωτες</em> δὲ -πολλῶν οἱ μὲν ἄγριοι καὶ -περιμανεῖς γεγόνασιν, οἱ δὲ -ἔχοντες οὐκ ἀπάνθρωπον -ὡραϊσμόν. (But for the passions -of many, some are naturally -fierce and frantic, but -there are others again that -show no anti-social effeminacy). -The <i>Etymologicum -Magnum</i> says: ἄγριοι οἱ -παιδεράσται, ἤτοι <em class="gesperrt">ὅτι -ἄγριόν ἐστι τὸ πάθος</em> -ἡ παιδεραστία. (wild,—means -the paederasts, that is, because -the <i>passion of paederastia -is a wild one</i>). -Perhaps too the phrase of -Theocritus is referable to the -same: ἄγριον, ἄγριον ἕλκος -ἔχει κατὰ μηρὸν Ἄδωνις (a -savage, savage wound has -Adonis in the thigh).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_101_101" href="#FNanchor_101_101" class="label">101</a> -In <i>Hesychius</i> occurs also -the form ἀγριοψωρία (malignant -itch). Whether the latter -is connected with our subject, -technical investigations must -inform us. The passing over -of Mentagra into Psora (Itch) -points that way.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_102_102" href="#FNanchor_102_102" class="label">102</a> -Willian, “Die Hautkrankheiten” -(Skin-Diseases), -transl. by F. Friese, Breslau -1794. 4to., Vol. 1. pp. 29 -and 32.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_103_103" href="#FNanchor_103_103" class="label">103</a> -<i>Paulus Aegineta</i>, De re -Med. bk. IV. ch. 3., ἀγρίους -δὲ καλοῦσι λειχήνας τοὺς ὑπὸ -τῶν μετρίως ξηραινόντων -οὐδὲν ὀνιναμένους. ὑπὸ δὲ -τῶν σφοδρῶς παροξύνοντας. -(now they call <i>malignant -lichens</i> those which get no -benefit from the milder siccatives, -and are actually aggravated -by the more violent).</p> -</div> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_104_104" href="#FNanchor_104_104" class="label">104</a> -<i>Oribasius</i>, De morb. curat., -edit. Eunap. bk. III. ch. 59., -in Steph. collect. p. 637., Ergo -quibus nihil affertur auxilii ab -iis medicamentis quae mediocriter -siccant et exacerbantur -ab iis quae siccant vehementer, -eas λειχῆνας ἄγριους vocant. -(Accordingly such <i>lichens</i> as -are in no way benefited by -remedies that are moderate -siccatives, and are aggravated -by those that are violent ones, -these they call λειχῆνας -ἀγρίους (malignant lichens)).</p></div> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_105_105" href="#FNanchor_105_105" class="label">105</a> -<i>Jöhrens</i>, in his Dissertation -already cited speaks thus -on the subject (p. 47): “De -feminis, cum suavia maritorum -evitare nequiverint, quomodo -ab ista infectione liberae -evaserint, maius restat dubium: -nos opinamur, cum viri barbam -saepius radi soliti fuerint, ea -propter patentibus a novacula -poris virulentum illud fermentum -aut incentivum toxicum -facilis sese insinuare et characterem -suum imprimere; imberbes -contra feminas, glabritie -cutis resistente <em class="gesperrt">porisque -minus patulis</em>, sospitari -potuisse.” (In the case of -women, when they have been -unable to avoid the caresses -of husbands, it remains very -doubtful how they have got -off free from this infection. -Our own opinion is that as -men have always been accustomed -to have the beard -shaved frequently, for this -reason the pores being opened -more widely by the action of -the razor, that virulent ferment -and active poison creeps in -more easily and produces its -characteristic effect. On the -other hand women being -beardless, the baldness of the -skin offering an obstacle and -the <i>pores being less open</i>, -have been able to escape).</p></div> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_106_106" href="#FNanchor_106_106" class="label">106</a> -However this did happen -in isolated cases, as is shown -by the example of Philaenis, -who indeed was a Tribad -properly, in <i>Martial</i>, bk. VII. -Epigr. 67.,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Post haec omnia cum libidinatur,</div> - <div class="verse">Non fellat, putat hoc parum virile.</div> - <div class="verse">Sed plane medias vorat puellas.</div> - <div class="verse">Di mentem tibi dent tuam, Philaeni,</div> - <div class="verse">Cunnum lingere quae putas virile.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(After all these indulgences -when she still feels lustful, -she does not <i>fellate</i>, this she -deems unmanly; she just -mouths girls’middles. The -gods give you your desire, -Philaenis, you who think it -a <i>manly</i> vice to act the cunnilingue). -Comp. bk. IV. -Epigr. 41. But it was always -a very exceptional thing to -find this vice practised among -women; in fact <i>Juvenal</i>, Sat. -II. 47-49., denies it altogether:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent8">Non erit ullum</div> - <div class="verse">Exemplum in nostro tam detestabile sexu,</div> - <div class="verse">Taedia non lambit Cluviam, nec Flora Catullam.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(No such detestable example -is to be found in our sex,—Taedia -does not lick Cluvia, -nor Flora Catulla).</p></div> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_107_107" href="#FNanchor_107_107" class="label">107</a> -It is a surprising circumstance -that the words <i>basium</i>, -<i>basiare</i>, <i>basiator</i> (kiss, to kiss, -kisser) appear only to have -come into use by the Romans -from the time of Catullus -onwards, and are found almost -exclusively in Martial, Juvenal -and the still later Petronius, -so coinciding with a period in -which dissoluteness of morals -had reached the highest pitch -among the Romans. Some -would derive the word <i>basium</i> -from βάζω, loqui, (to speak); -so perhaps it may have been -used in a similar way to -narrare (to tell) in <i>Martial</i> -(III. 84.) in the sense of -<i>cunnilingere</i>. Βάζω, βαίνω, -βεινῶ and βινῶ (to speak, to -go, to have sexual intercourse) -seem all to have one and the -same stem. The second of the -two Epigrams of <i>Martial</i> -quoted in the text reminds us -almost involuntarily of the first -Tarsica of Chrysostom. Apparently -<i>basium</i> and <i>basiare</i> -always imply a <i>vicious kiss</i>, -to <i>kiss viciously</i>, in a general -way. Hence <i>Martial</i>, XI. 62., -Mediumque mavult basiare -quam summum, (And she had -rather kiss his middle than -his head). <i>Petronius</i>, Sat., -Ultime cinaedus supervenit,—extortis -nos clunibus cecidit, -modo basiis olidissimis inquinavit. -(Finally a <i>cinaedus</i> -appeared,—he made at us with -writhing buttocks, and anon -befouled us with most evil-smelling -kisses).</p></div> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_108_108" href="#FNanchor_108_108" class="label">108</a> -<i>Galen</i>, loco citato, mentions -in particular the physicians. -<i>Crito</i> and <i>Pamphilus</i>, -who lived in the reign of -Domitian, and who accordingly -were contemporaries of -<i>Martial’s</i>, as pre-eminently -successful in the treatment of -<i>mentagra</i>.</p></div> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_109_109" href="#FNanchor_109_109" class="label">109</a> -Also <i>Hippocrates</i>, De -aere aq. et loc. p. 549. Vol. I. -ed. Kühn, says: ἀλλὰ τὴν -<em class="gesperrt">ἡδονὴν κρατέειν</em>, διότι -πολύμορφα γίνεται τὰ ἐν -τοῖς θηρίοις· περὶ μὲν οὖν -<em class="gesperrt">Αἰγυπτίων</em> καὶ Λιβύων -οὕτως ἔχειν μοι δοκεῖ. (But -that <i>love of pleasure</i> gained -the mastery, inasmuch as the -passions in beasts are of many -forms; now with regard to -the <i>Egyptians</i> and Libyans -this seems to me to be the -case).</p></div> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_110_110" href="#FNanchor_110_110" class="label">110</a> -<i>Julian</i>, Caesares, in -“Opera Omnia” Paris 1630. -4to., Pt. II. p. 9., Ἐπιστραφέντες -δὲ πρὸς τὴν καθέδραν -ὤφθησαν ὠτειλαὶ κατὰ τὸν -νῶτον μυρίαι, καυτῆρες τινὲς -καὶ ξέσματα, καὶ πληγαὶ -χαλεπαὶ καὶ μώλωπες, ὑπὸ -τῆς ἀκολασίας καὶ ὠμότητος, -ψωραί τινες καὶ λειχῆνες, -οἷον ἐγκεκαυμέναι. (for translation -see text).</p></div> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_111_111" href="#FNanchor_111_111" class="label">111</a> -<i>Suetonius</i>, Vita Tiberii -ch. 68.</p></div> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_112_112" href="#FNanchor_112_112" class="label">112</a> -<i>Tacitus</i>, Annals bk. IV. -ch. 57.</p></div> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_113_113" href="#FNanchor_113_113" class="label">113</a> -<i>Galen</i>, De composit. -medicament. secundum genera -bk. V. ch. 12. edit. Kühn -Vol. XIII. p. 836.</p></div> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_114_114" href="#FNanchor_114_114" class="label">114</a> -<i>Bertrandi</i>, “Abh. von -den Geschwüren” (Treatise on -Ulcers) from the Italian. Erfurt -1790. 8vo. § 200.</p></div> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_115_115" href="#FNanchor_115_115" class="label">115</a> -<i>Aëtius</i>, Tetrab. II. serm. -4. ch. 16., Quandoquidem vero -plurimi sunt qui illitionum -usum aversantur, <em class="gesperrt">maluntque -adhibere emplastra</em>, -utpote quae neque per -sudores obtortos defluant, -neque rarefacta etiam cutem -circumtendant, annectam et -horum aliquot apparatus. -(However, inasmuch as there -are many who are opposed -to the use of salves, and prefer -to apply plasters, on the ground -that the latter are not liable -to run through sweatings that -are superinduced nor yet to -liquify and spread on the skin, -I will add some forms of these -plasters).</p></div> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_116_116" href="#FNanchor_116_116" class="label">116</a> -<i>Plinius Valerianus</i>, De re -medica bk. II. 56., Graeco nomine -lichenes appellatur, quod -vulgo mentagram appellant, et -est vitium, quod per totam -faciem solet serpere, oculis -tantum immunibus; descendit -vero in collum et pectus ac -manus, foedat cutem; eosque, -qui sic vexantur, osculari non -convenit, quoniam contactus -eorum perniciosus fore perhibetur. -(In Greek nomenclature -the name <i>lichenes</i> is -given to what the common -people call <i>mentagra</i>, and is -a malady that as a rule creeps -over the whole face, the eyes -alone being unaffected. But it -also goes down to the neck -and breast and hands, disfiguring -the skin. It is not right -for those so afflicted to kiss, -for their contact is said to be -injurious.)—<i>Marcellus Empiricus</i>, -De med. liber ch. 19., -Ad lichenem sive mentagram, -quod vitium neglectum solet -per totam faciem et per totum -corpus serpere et plures homines -inquinare. Nam Soranus -medicus quondam ducentis -hominibus hoc morbo laborantibus -curandis in Aquitania se -locavit. (For <i>lichen</i> or <i>mentagra</i>, -a malady which if -neglected will creep over the -whole face and the whole body, -and disfigures many men. Indeed -Soranus a Physician at -one time sold his professional -services in Aquitania to two -hundred patients suffering from -this disease).</p></div> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_117_117" href="#FNanchor_117_117" class="label">117</a> -<i>Marcellus Empiricus</i>, De -medicam. liber ch. 19., Adversum -<em class="gesperrt">Elephantiasin, -quod malum plerumque -a facie auspicatur, primumque -oritur quasi -lenticulis variis et inaequalibus, -cute alba, alibi tenui, plerisque -locis dura et quasi scabida -et ad postremum -sic increscit ut ossibus, -caro adstricta, tumescentibus -primum digitis -atque articulis indurescat</em>. -Hic morbus peculiariter -Aegyptiorum populis notus est -nec solum in vulgus extremum, -sed etiam reges ipsos frequenter -irrepsit, unde adversus hoc -malum solia ipsis in balneo -repleta humano sanguine parabantur. -Mustelae igitur exustae -cinis et eiusdem belluae, id -est elephantis sanguis immixtus -et inlitus, huiusmodi -corporibus medetur. (<i>Against -<em class="gesperrt">elephantiasis</em>, which -malady is generally seen in -the face, beginning first with a -sort of scales of various shape -and different size, the skin -being white, in some parts -thick, in others thin, in most -places hard and with a sort -of scab over it; eventually -the malady increases to such -a degree that the flesh is as -it were drawn tight over the -bones, the fingers and joints -swelling first, and becomes -indurated.</i> This disease was -particularly familiar among -the peoples of Egypt, and -not merely did it affect the -lowest vulgar, but even frequently -crept in amongst kings -themselves, whence it came -that, to combat the evil, baths -filled with human blood were -prepared for them in the bath-house. -The ashes therefore of -a burned weasel and the blood -of the corresponding beast, -that is to say the elephant, -were mixed together and used -as an ointment in the remedial -treatment of bodies so afflicted).—<i>Actuarius</i>, -Meth. -med. bk. VI. ch. 6. On diseases -of the <i>Face</i>, reads: Ad affectus -eminentes, <i>facieique pruritus -ac principum elephantiae</i>, -(For the principal affections, -<i>itchings of the face and the -beginnings of elephantiasis</i>). -Again <i>Aretaeus</i>, De sign. -chron. bk. II. ch. 13. edit. -Kühn p. 179., says: τὰ πολλὰ -μὲν ὅκως καὶ <em class="gesperrt">ἀπὸ -σκοπιῆς τοῦ προσώπου ἀρχόμενον</em> -τηλεφανὲς πῦρ κακόν, -(Most oftentimes resembling -a far-seen bale-fire -<i>beginning from the watchtower, -as it were, of the face</i>).</p></div> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_118_118" href="#FNanchor_118_118" class="label">118</a> -Commentar. in Horatium. -Antwerp 1608. Vol. II. p. 469.</p></div> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_119_119" href="#FNanchor_119_119" class="label">119</a> -<i>Zachar. Platner</i>, De -Morbo Compano ad verba -Horatii bk. I. Sat. V. v. LXII. -prolusio (Dissertation on the -Companian Disease as mentioned -by Horace). Leipzig -1732. 4to., also reprinted in -his Opuscula, Leipzig 1794. -4to. Vol. II. pp. 21-28. The -author holds the disease to -have been a sort of warts, -having a resemblance with -those observed in Syphilitic -patients.—<i>Nebel</i>, E. L. W., -De morbis veterum obscuris -(On some Obscure Diseases -of the Ancients), Sect. I., -Giessen 1794. 8vo. pp. 18-25. -The author believes the Morbus -Campanus to have been identical -with Sycosis or θύμιον -(large wart), but to have had -no connection with the <i>Lues -Venerea</i> (Venereal Contagion).</p></div> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_120_120" href="#FNanchor_120_120" class="label">120</a> -Noteworthy is the explanation -of <i>Isidore</i>, Etymol. bk. -IV. ch. 9. 17., <i>Oscedo</i> est, qua -infantum ora exulcerantur, -dicta a languore oscitantium. -(<i>Oscedo</i> is a complaint whereby -children’s mouths become ulcerated, -so called from the -languor of those gaping); the -latter part is unintelligible. Were -these <i>oscitantes</i> (gapers) possibly -<i>fellators</i>? <i>Lucian</i>, Pseudolog. -ch. 27. says of Timarchus, -ἀναπετάσας τὸ στόμα, -καὶ ὡς ἔνι πλατύτατον κεχηνὼς, -ἠνείχου τυφλούμενος -ὑπ’αὐτοῦ τὴν γνάθον. -(and with a gape as wide as -is possible to make, you were -borne away, your jaw blocked -by him).</p></div> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_121_121" href="#FNanchor_121_121" class="label">121</a> -<i>Horace</i>, Odes III. 27. 11. -<i>Ausonius</i>, Idyll. XI. 15.</p></div> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_122_122" href="#FNanchor_122_122" class="label">122</a> -<i>Luxus</i> in the sense of -sexual excess occurs not unfrequently -in ancient writers, -e.g. in <i>Tacitus</i>, Hist. IV. 14., -<i>Suetonius</i>, Nero 29. <i>Capua -luxurians</i> is well known from -the history of Hannibal. It is -worth noting that <i>Paracelsus</i> -gives the name <i>luxus</i> to Venereal -disease; he says, De causis -et origine luis Gallicae, (Of -the Causes and Origin of the -French Contagion), bk. I. ch. 5.: -<em class="gesperrt">Luxus</em> autem nomen quod -attinet, illud ab influentia, id -est, efficiente causa desumptum -esse intelligendum est. Est -autem <em class="gesperrt">luxus</em> irritatio quaedam -ac titillatus spermatis, ad perficiendum -actum venereum, a -morbis in corpore latentibus -causata, itaque Veneris impressione -a morbo in actu ipso -facta, tum ex vulgari luxu fit -<em class="gesperrt">luxus morbi</em> seu <em class="gesperrt">morbidus</em>. -Proinde <em class="gesperrt">luxus</em> hic -non naturalis sed <em class="gesperrt">Satyricus</em> -dicendus erit. (But <i>luxus</i> the -name that is applied to it, this -name must be understood as -being taken from the influencing -circumstance or efficient -cause. Now <i>luxus</i> is a certain -irritation or tickling of the seed, -leading to the performance of -the Venereal act and caused -by diseases latent in the body, -and so a strong motion of -love being made in consequence -of the disease in the act itself, -then from the common expression -<i>luxus</i>, is formed -<i>luxus</i> of the disease, or morbid -<i>luxus</i>. It follows this <i>luxus</i> -will have to be called not -natural, but <i>Satyric luxus</i>).</p></div> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_123_123" href="#FNanchor_123_123" class="label">123</a> -Possibly a <i>double entendre</i> -lurks even in the <i>ad pugnam -venere</i> (they came to the fight). -<i>Festus</i>, under the word, says: -Osculana pugna in proverbio, -quo significabatur victos vincere, -(An Osculan—otherwise -Asculan,—fight a proverbial -saying that signified the vanquished -being victorious). The -Roman general Laevinus was -beaten by King Pyrrhus at -Asculum, soon after at the -same place the King was -himself beaten by Sulpicius.</p></div> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_124_124" href="#FNanchor_124_124" class="label">124</a> -Ovid, De arte amandi bk. -III. v. 778., Nunquam Thebais -Hectoreo nupta resedit -equo, (Never did his Theban -bride—Andromaché,—sit on -the Hectorean stallion). Comp. -<i>Martial</i>, bk. XI. Epigr. 105.</p></div> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_125_125" href="#FNanchor_125_125" class="label">125</a> -It is worthy of note that -<i>Rhazes</i>, Elchavi seu Continens, -Brescia 1486. fol., p. 276., -mentions certain ulcers on the -verge, that come from <i>ascensio -mulieris supra virum</i> (the -woman getting on the man)!</p></div> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_126_126" href="#FNanchor_126_126" class="label">126</a> -<i>Seneca</i>, Nat. Quaest. bk. -I. ch. 16., also says of Hostius, -who had contrived magnifying -mirrors for his use, in order to -see himself in all positions: -Et quia non tam diligenter -intueri poterat, <i>cum compressus -erat et caput merserat, inguinibusque -alienis obhaeserat</i>, -opus sibi suum per -imagines offerebat, (But as he -could not so accurately see, -when he was shut in and had -plunged down his head, and -was fast to another’s private -parts, under those circumstances -he had his doings represented -to him by pictures).—<i>Catullus</i>, -LXXXIII. 7.,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Nam nihil est quidquam sceleris quo prodeat ultra,</div> - <div class="verse">Non si <i>demisso</i> se ipse voret <i>capite</i>.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(For there exists no further -form of wickedness that he -can resort to,—not even if he -devour himself <i>with down-pressed -head</i>). <i>Propertius</i>, -bk. II. 15. 22., Mecum habuit -positum lenta puella caput, -(A limber girl held her head -down-pressed along with me).</p></div> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_127_127" href="#FNanchor_127_127" class="label">127</a> -Equum, qui nunc aries -appellatur, in muralibus machinis, -Epeum ad Troiam (sc. -invenisse), (The horse, which -now is called the ram, among -engines for attacking walls, -Epeus invented at Troy), says -<i>Pliny</i>, Hist. Nat. bk. VII. -ch. 57. (edit. Franz, Vol. III. -p. 287.); similarly <i>Pausanias</i>, -bk. I. ch. 23., ἵππος δούρειος -μηχάνημα εἰς διάλυσιν τοῦ -τείχους (a horse of wood an -engine for the destruction of -the wall). Further ἵππος (horse) -is used as a nickname for a -lewd man. The Scholiast on -<i>Oribasius</i>, Collect. Med. bk. -XXIV. ch. 8. in <i>A. Mai</i>, -Auct. Class. e vatican. codd. -edit. Vol. IV. p. 30. mentions -ἵππος πύργος (horse tower), -but in what sense we have -not been able to decide.</p></div> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_128_128" href="#FNanchor_128_128" class="label">128</a> -<i>Mutilus</i>, κολοβὸς, κόλος, -the special expression for -beasts that have lost one or -both horns. Thus <i>mutilus -aries</i> (a mutilated, hornless, -ram) <i>Columella</i> de R.R. VII. -3., <i>capella mutila</i> (mutilated -she-goat) VII. 6., <i>bos mutilus</i> -(mutilated ox) <i>Varro</i>, De ling. -Lat. VIII. ch. 26. (Heindorf).</p></div> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_129_129" href="#FNanchor_129_129" class="label">129</a> -The Scholiast <i>Acro</i> even -in his time says on this passage: -Campanum in morbum. -Aut oris foeditatem aut arrogantiam. -Dicuntur enim Campani -foedi osse, arrogantes. -Sic foeda accipiamus. Aliter, -Campani, qui et Osci dicebantur -ore immundi. Unde etiam -Oscenos dicimus. (As to the -Campanian disease, this is -either foulness of mouth, or -arrogance. For the Campanians -are said to be foul, arrogant. -So let us take it as foul. In -another sense, the Campanians, -who were also called Oscans -are filthy of mouth. For which -reason we say <i>Osceni</i>—obscene). -<i>Lambinus</i> expresses himself -yet more distinctly: Campani, -qui antea Osci dicebantur, -habiti sunt ore impuro atque -incesto; τοῦτ’ ἔστι τῷ στόματι -αἰσχροποιοῦντες καὶ λεσβιάζοντες, morbum igitur animi -intellige, ut Od. I. 37. (The -Campanians, who were previously called Oscans, were -considered of impure and -abominable mouth; that is to -say as acting uncleanly with the -mouth or <i>Lesbianizing</i>; understand -therefore a mental disease, -as in Od. I. 37.). The Latin -<i>Morbus</i> is frequently so used.</p></div> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_130_130" href="#FNanchor_130_130" class="label">130</a> -<i>Homer</i>, Iliad XI. 233.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent6">(κἀκείνου)</div> - <div class="verse">Ἀτρείδης μὲν ἅμαρτε, παραὶ δέ οἱ ἐτράπετ’ἔγχος·</div> - <div class="verse">αἰχμὴ δ’ἐξεσύθη παρὰ νείατον ἀνθερεῶνα.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(Now him Atreides missed, -and his spear was turned aside -past him, and the point -sped rushing past the very -edge of his chin). Similarly -<i>Diogenes</i> according to Diogenes -Laertius’(VI. 53.) report -parodied the Homeric verse -(Iliad X. 282): “No sleeper -must drive a spear through -your back,” as he woke a -handsome youth, who lay -incautiously asleep.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_131_131" href="#FNanchor_131_131" class="label">131</a> -In <i>Festus</i>, under the word -bigenera (hybrids), we read: -<i>Cicursus</i> ex apro et scropha -domestica, (<i>Cicursus</i> from the -wildboar and the domestic -sow). Comp. <i>Varro</i>, De L. L. -bk. VII. p. 368. edit. Sp.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_132_132" href="#FNanchor_132_132" class="label">132</a> -<i>Aristotle</i>, De Generatione -Animalium, bk. IV. ch. 3., -Παραπλήσιον τούτῳ καὶ τὸ -νόσημα τὸ καλούμενον σατυρίασις· -καὶ γὰρ ἐν τούτῳ -διὰ ῥεύματος ἢ πνεύματος -ἀπέπτου πλῆθος εἰς τὰ -μόρια τοῦ προσάπου παρεμπεσόντος -ἄλλου ζώου καὶ -σατύρου φαίνεται τὸ πρόσωπον. -(Akin to this also is the -disease known as Satyriasis; -for in this complaint, in consequence -of the super-abundance -of rheum or crude -humour that has become -segregated to the regions of -the face, the latter seems that -of a strange animal or a Satyr).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_133_133" href="#FNanchor_133_133" class="label">133</a> -Besides Acro, <i>Florus -Christianus</i> also, in his notes -on Aristophanes’Wasps v. -1337., referred the morbus -Campanus to <i>fellation</i>, saying, -Hac detestanda libidine iuxta -Lesbios usi sunt <em class="gesperrt">etiam Campani</em> -sive Nolani, ut ex -Ausonio et Horatio patet, -quorum testimonia non arcessam, -quia hoc occupatum ab -eruditioribus. Hoc tantum -dicam, aenigma illud, quod in -Clodii Metelli uxorem iactum -putant: In triclinio Coa, in -cubiculo Nola, respicere ad -hanc Lesbiam et Campanam -foeditatem. (This hateful form -of lust was practised by the -<i>Campanians</i> or Nolans, as -well as by the Lesbians, as is -manifest from what Ausonius -and Horace say,—whose evidence -however I will not quote, -this ground being already preoccupied -by more learned -writers. This much only will -I add, viz. the riddle that was -directed against the wife of -Metellus Clodius: “On the -banquet-couch a Coan, in the -bed-chamber a Nolan,” and -which is thought to allude to -this Lesbian and Campanian -abomination). The riddle is -found in <i>Quintilian</i>, Instit. -Orat. VIII. 6.; but is differently explained in Forberg, -loco citato p. 283. He says: -<i>Coam</i> dici, quod voluerit in -triclinio coire, <i>Nolam</i>, quod -noluerit in cubiculo, (that she -was called a <i>Coan</i>, because -willing to have intercourse on -the banquet-couch, a Nolan, -because unwilling to do so in -the bed-chamber), that is to -say, Clodia would satisfy her -lust only publicly, not in -private.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_134_134" href="#FNanchor_134_134" class="label">134</a> -<i>Hier. Magius</i>, Bk. V. -De sodomitica immanitate ad -Leg. cum vir nubit. 31. C. ad -leg. Jul. De adulter.—<i>Wolfart</i>, -Diss. de sodomia vera et spuria -in hermaphrod. Erfurt 1743.—<i>Bechmann</i>, -De coitu damnato. -Pt. II, ch. 1.—<i>Schurig</i>, Gynaecology, -§ 2. ch. 7.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_135_135" href="#FNanchor_135_135" class="label">135</a> -<i>Plutarch</i>, Bruta animalia -ratione uti, (That brutes employ -reason), ch. 15.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_136_136" href="#FNanchor_136_136" class="label">136</a> -Lucretius, -De rerum natura, bk. V. 888.,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Ne forte ex homine et veterino semine equorum</div> - <div class="verse">Confieri credas Centauros posse, nec esse.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(Never suppose that the Centaurs -<i>could</i> be framed from -man and the bestial seed of -horses, and <i>were</i> not so framed). -<i>Clement of Alexandria</i>, Coh. -p. 51. Aristonymus the -Ephesian begat with a she-ass, -Fulvius Stella with a mare, -the former a girl, the latter a -boy. <i>Plutarch</i>, Parall. ch. 26.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_137_137" href="#FNanchor_137_137" class="label">137</a> -Leviticus, Ch. XX, 15-19., -“And if a man lie with a -beast, he shall surely be put -to death: and ye shall slay -the beast. And if a woman -approach unto any beast, and -lie down thereto, thou shalt -kill the woman, and the beast: -they shall surely be put to -death.” Comp. <i>Philo</i>, De -specialibus legibus,—Works, -edit. Mangey, Vol. II. p. 307.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_138_138" href="#FNanchor_138_138" class="label">138</a> -<i>Plutarch</i>, Bruta animalia -ratione uti, (That brutes employ -Reason), ch. X., ὁ -Μενδήσιος ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ τράγος -λέγεται πολλαῖς καὶ -καλαῖς συνειργνυμένος γυναιξὶν -οὐκ εἶναι μίγνυσθαι -πρόθυμος· ἀλλὰ πρὸς τὰς -αἰγας ἐπτόηται μᾶλλον. (The -Mendesian Goat in Egypt is -said, though shut up with -many beautiful women, not -to be eager to have intercourse -with them; but rather -is he inflamed towards the -she-goats). Yet this did sometimes -happen; <i>Herodotus</i>, -Hist. bk. II. ch. 46., Καλεῖται -δὲ ὅ τε τράγος καὶ ὁ Πὰν -Αἰγυπτιστὶ Μένδης· ἐγένετο -δ’ἐν τῷ νομῷ τούτῳ ἐπ’ -ἐμεῦ τοῦτο τὸ τέρας. γυναικὶ -τράγος ἐμίσγετο ἀναφανδόν· -τοῦτο ἐς ἐπίδεξιν ἀνθρώπων -ἀπίκετο. (Now the goat and -Pan are called in Egyptian -Mendes; and there occurred in -this district in my time the -following marvel,—a he-goat -had intercourse with a woman -openly; and this came to be -an example among men). -Strabo. XVII. p. 802., -Μένδης, ὅπου τὸν Πᾶνα -τιμῶσι, καὶ ζωὸν τράγον· οἱ -τράγοι ἐνταῦθα γυναιξὶ -μίγνυνται. (Mendes, where -they honour Pan, and a live -goat; the he-goats there have -intercourse with women). In -a fragment (from Pindar) there -given, we read:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">ἔσχατον Νείλου κέρας αἰγιβάται</div> - <div class="verse">ὅθι τράγοι γυναιξὶ μίγνυνται.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(The furthest mouth of the -Nile, where bucking he-goats -conjoin with women). The -Museum Herculanense actually -preserves representations of -the thing on Monuments. -<i>Plutarch</i>, De solertia animalium -(Of the Intelligence of -Animals), ch. 49., relates a -similar case even with crocodiles, -which was said to have -happened at Antaeopolis.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_139_139" href="#FNanchor_139_139" class="label">139</a> -<i>Boettiger</i>, “Sabina oder -Morgenscenen in Putzzimmer -einer Römerin,” (Sabina, or -Morning Scenes at the Toilette -of a Roman Lady), Bk. II. -p. 454.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_140_140" href="#FNanchor_140_140" class="label">140</a> -<i>Pliny</i>, Hist. Nat. Bk. -XXXIX. ch. 4., Anguis -Aesculapius Epidauro Romam -advectus est, vulgoque pascitur -et in domibus. (The snake of -Aesculapius was introduced -from Epidaurus to Rome, and -is very commonly kept there, -even in houses). <i>Martial</i>, bk. -VII. Epigr. 86., Si gelidum -collo nectit Gracilla draconem. -(If Gracilla twines a clammy -snake round her neck). Comp. -<i>Lucian</i>, Alexander, Works, -Vol. IV. p. 259. <i>Philostratus</i>, -Heroic. Bk. VIII. ch. 1.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_141_141" href="#FNanchor_141_141" class="label">141</a> -Suetonius, Vita Augusti, -ch. 94.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_142_142" href="#FNanchor_142_142" class="label">142</a> -This last statement acquires -no little additional interest -from the fact that according -to more modern observations -on the part of <i>J. Carver</i> -(Voyage dans l’Amérique -Sept., etc. trad. de l’Anglais,—Travels -in North America, -etc., transl. from the English, -Yverdun 1784., pp. 355 sqq.) -and Crêve-Cœur (Lettres du -Cultivateur Américain,—Letters -from an American Farmer, -Vol. III. p. 48), the bite of -the rattle-snake would appear -to call up on the skin of the -person bitten, each recurrent -year, marks resembling the -hue of the snake. Comp. <i>C. -W. Stark</i>, “Allgem. Pathologie” -(General Pathology), -Leipzig 1838. p. 364. Perhaps -too the expression κίναδος -belongs in this connection, of -which the Scholiast on Aristophanes, -Clouds 447., says, -εἶδός τι θηρίου.—κακοῦργος -οὖν, φησὶν, ὡς ἀλώπηξ, -τινὲς δὲ κίναδος ζῶον μικρὸν -<em class="gesperrt">τὸ αἰδοῖον εἰςσωθοῦν -καὶ ἐξωθοῦν</em>. (a kind of -beast,—mischievous, they say, -as a fox, but others say κίναδος -means a little animal that -<i>forces its way in and out of -the privates</i>). Suidas brings -forward the same statement, -under the word κίναδος. -From the connection in which -<i>Democritus</i> mentions it in -Stobaeus’Sermon. 42., περὶ -κιναδέων τε καὶ ἑρπετέων -(Of κίναδοι and Creeping -Things), <i>Schmeider</i> in his -Lexicon supposes it to signify -<i>snakes</i> particularly. Again -<i>Schnieder</i>, Arrian’s Indica -p. 50., interprets it by ὄφις -(a snake). The close resemblance -with κίναιδος (Cinaedus) -is striking.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_143_143" href="#FNanchor_143_143" class="label">143</a> -<i>Juvenal</i>, Sat. VI. 332, 33.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent18">Hic si</div> - <div class="verse">Quaeritur, et desunt homines: more nulla per ipsam,</div> - <div class="verse">Quominus imposito clunem summittat <em class="gesperrt">asello</em>.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(If he is sought in vain, and -men are not to be found; <i>she</i> -makes no delay, but straightway -submits her rear to the -<i>donkey</i> that is made to mount -her). Comp. <i>Appuleius</i>, Metamorphos. -Bk. X. 226. Pasiphaé’s -bull is familiar to all. -Comp. Suetonius, Nero II. -Martial, Spectac. VI.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_144_144" href="#FNanchor_144_144" class="label">144</a> -<i>Jo. Jac. Reiske</i> and <i>Jo. -Ern. Fabri</i>, Opuscula medica -ex monumentis Arabum et -Ebraeorum, (Minor Medical -Treatises derived from the -Monuments of the Arabs and -Jews), Revised edition by -<i>Ch. G. Gruner</i>, Halle 1776. -8vo., p. 61.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_145_145" href="#FNanchor_145_145" class="label">145</a> -<i>Hippocrates</i>, De aere aq. et loc., edit. Kühn Vol. I. p. 549.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_146_146" href="#FNanchor_146_146" class="label">146</a> -Comp. <i>Simon Zeller von -Zellenberg</i>, Abhandl. über die -ersten Erscheinungen venerischer -Lokal-Krankheitsformen -und deren Behandlung, (Treatise -on the first Appearances -of Local Forms of Venereal -disease, and their Treatment), -(One treatise under six heads),—Vienna -1820. large 8vo. -pp. 11-18.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_147_147" href="#FNanchor_147_147" class="label">147</a> -According to <i>Al. Donné</i>, -Recherches microscopiques sur -la nature des mucus et la -matière des divers écoulements -des organes genitourinaires -chez l’homme et chez la femme, -(Microscopic Researches into -the Nature of the Mucous -Secretions and the Constituents -of the Various Discharges -from the genito-urinary Organs -in Male and Female), Paris -1837., the vaginal mucus -disengaged under normal circumstances -<i>always exhibits an -acid reaction</i>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_148_148" href="#FNanchor_148_148" class="label">148</a> -According to <i>J. P. Schotte</i>, -Von einem ansteckenden, -schwarzgallichten Faulfieber, -welches im Jahr 1778 in -Senegall herrschte, (Account -of a Contagious, black biliary, -putrid Fever, prevalent in -Senegal in the Year 1778), -from the English (Stendal) -1786. 8vo., p. 103., both men -and women in Senegal get -ulcers, quite without any -syphilitic contagion, in the one -sex on the <i>glans penis</i> or the -under side of the prepuce, in -the other on the inner side -of the <i>labia</i>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_149_149" href="#FNanchor_149_149" class="label">149</a> -<i>Virey</i>, De la Femme, -2nd. edition, Brussels 1826., -p. 70., En effet, dans la -chaleur, lorsque les excrétions -de la peau, des glandes sébacées, -des cryptes du vagin, -augmentent en abondance et -en fétidité, il n’est pas étonnant -que le sang menstruel, -pour peu qu’il séjourne en -ces parties voisines de l’anus, -qui sont dans un état d’orgasme, -acquière bientôt de -l’odeur. (Indeed in a hot -climate, when the secretions -from the skin, from the sebaceous -glands, from the recesses -of the vagina, increase in abundance -and in foulness, it is not -surprising that the menstrual -blood, remaining for a time -as it does in the regions contiguous -to the anus, these -regions being in a state of sur-excitation, -quickly acquires an -evil smell). So <i>Haller</i> too -says (Elem. Physiolog. Vol. -VII. pt. II. p. 146.), <em class="gesperrt">Ex -Asia videtur opinio de -menstrui sanguinis foetida -et venenata natura -ad nos pervenisse</em>, et -per medicos potissimum Arabes -ad Europaeos transiisse. In -calidissimis certe regionibus, -si ad aestuosum aerem immundities -accesserit, non repugnat, -sanguinem in loco -calente, in vicinia faecum alvinarum -retentum, acrem fieri -et foetire.... <em class="gesperrt">Lentorem -aliquem possit mucus -admistus addidisse.</em> (<i>It -is from Asia that the opinion -as to the fetid and poisonous -character of menstrual blood -would seem to have come to -us</i>, being transmitted mainly -by the Arab physicians to -those of Europe. No doubt -in very hot climates, if dirty -habits be added to the extreme -heat of the atmosphere, there -is nothing at all unlikely in -the blood, retained as it is -in a hot locality, in close -proximity to the faeces in the -bowels, growing sour and -smelling foul.... <i>A certain -viscous quality may very well -have been added by the admixture -of mucous discharge</i>). -What has been observed as -to the injuriousness of menstrual -blood by our predecessors -since <i>Pliny</i> (Hist. Nat. -VII. 15. XIX. 10. XXVIII. -7.) may be found partially -collected in <i>Schurig</i>, Parthenologia -227-240. Comp. -<i>Frank de Frankenau</i>, Satyrae -Medicae (Medical Satires), p. -89. Comp. pp. 54. sqq.—<i>Hensler</i>, -Geschichte der Lustseuche, -(History of Venereal -Disease), Vol. I. pp. 204. sqq., -where it is demonstrated that -a great proportion of the -Writers on Venereal disease -at the beginning of the XVIth. -Century attribute its rise to -intercourse with women during -menstruation.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_150_150" href="#FNanchor_150_150" class="label">150</a> -<i>Burdach</i>, Die Physiologie -als Erfahrungswissenschaft, -(Physiology as an Experimental -Science), 2nd. edition, Vol. -I. p. 196.—<i>Boerhaave</i>, Tract. -de lue venerea, (Treatise on -Venereal Contagion), Venice -1753., p. 6., says, In Asia ad -partes genitales sub praeputio -naturaliter sordes colliguntur, -quae acres redditae generant -multa mala, quae praecipue ad -luem veneream accedere proxime -videntur; non vere sunt -lues venerea; imo nostri nautae -hoc etiam experiuntur, dum in -illis terris degunt, nam nisi -quotidie praeputium eluerent -aqua salsa et aceto, vel similibus -remediis brevi eodem -morbo laborarent. (In Asia filth -of sorts naturally enough collects -on the genital parts -beneath the prepuce, and this -turning sour originates many -complaints, which seem above -all others to approximate -closely to the Venereal disease. -This our sailors found out, -when living in those regions; -for if they did not daily -thoroughly wash the prepuce -with salt water and vinegar, -or similar remedies, they would -soon suffer from the disease -in question).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_151_151" href="#FNanchor_151_151" class="label">151</a> -<i>Thevenot</i>, Travels, Pt. I., -p. 58., says, “The Arabs in -fact have the prepuce so long -that, if they did not have it -circumcised, they would suffer -much inconvenience from it; -and little children are to be -seen among them whose prepuce -hangs down to a very -considerable length;—not to -mention that, supposing their -foreskin uncircumcised, every -time after passing water some -drops would remain behind, -rendering them unclean.”</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_152_152" href="#FNanchor_152_152" class="label">152</a> -<i>Niebuhr</i>, Beschreibung -von Arabien, (Description of -Arabia) Copenhagen 1772. -4to., p. 77.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_153_153" href="#FNanchor_153_153" class="label">153</a> -<i>Josephus</i>, Contra Apionem -bk. II. ch. 13., ὅθεν εἰκότως -μοι δοκεῖ τῆς εἰς τοὺς -πατρίους αὐτοῦ νόμους -βλασφημίας δοῦναι δίκην -Ἀπίων τὴν πρέπουσαν· -περιετμήθη γὰρ ἐξ ἀνάγκης, -<em class="gesperrt">ἑλκώσεως αὐτῷ περὶ -τὸ αἰδοῖον γενομένης</em>· -καὶ μηδὲν ὠφεληθεὶς ὑπὸ -τῆς περιτομῆς ἀλλὰ σηπόμενος -ἐν δειναῖς ὀδύναις -ἀπέθανεν. (for translation see -text). The expression περὶ τὸ -αἰδοῖον (about the privates) -is evidently to be understood -here as meaning the <i>glans -penis</i>, or at any rate the prepuce. -This is implied by the -general sense of the whole -passage.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_154_154" href="#FNanchor_154_154" class="label">154</a> -<i>Philo</i>, De circumcisione, -Works edit. Th. Mangey Vol. -II. p. 211. Ἓν μὲν, χαλεπῆς -νόσου καὶ δυσιάτου πάθους -ἀπαλλαγὴν, ἣν <em class="gesperrt">ἄνθρακα -καλοῦσιν</em>, ἀπὸ τοῦ καίειν -ἐντυφόμενον, ὡς οἶμαι, -ταύτης τῆς προσηγορίας -τυχόντος, ἥτις οὐ κολώτερον -τοῖς τὰς ἀκροποσθίας ἔχουσιν -ἐγγίνετο· Δεύτερον, τὴν δι’ -ὅλου τοῦ σώματος καθαρότητα -πρὸς τὸ ἁρμόττειν -τάξει ἱερωμένῃ. Παρ’ὃ καὶ -ξυρῶντο τὰ σώματα προσυπερβάλλοντες -οἱ ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ -τῶν ἱερέων. ὑποσυλλέγετο -γὰρ καὶ ὑποστέλλει καὶ θριξὶ -καὶ ποσθίαις ἔνια τῶν -ὀφειλόντων καθαίρεσθαι. -(for translation see text above).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_155_155" href="#FNanchor_155_155" class="label">155</a> -That is to say so far as -it is suffered to remain for any -length of time in the vagina -and comes more or less in -contact with the atmospheric -air; for in the case of healthy -menstrual blood no injurious -combination is set up at all or -any foul acridity developed, as -<i>John Stedman</i> (Physiolog. -Versuche und Beobachtungen,—Physiological -Investigations -and Observations, transl. from -the English, Leipzig 1778. -8vo., pp. 50-54.) long ago -maintained. It is more probable -however that any slight putrefactive -action occurring is in -each case due not so much -to this as to the <i>acid quality</i> -of the menstrual blood, which -in conjunction with the acid -vaginal mucus undergoes a -kind of acetous fermentation -in the vagina, the product of -which has thus a corrosive -effect. <i>Retzius</i> indeed has lately -not only found menstrual blood -to possess an exceedingly acid -reaction, but even proved that -it contains free phosphoric and -lactic acids. Comp. Arsberättelse -om Svenska Läkare Sällskapets -Arbeten, 1835., pp. -19-21. Froriep’s Notiz, Vol. -49., p. 237.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_156_156" href="#FNanchor_156_156" class="label">156</a> -Hence too <i>Hugo Grotius</i> -writes (Commentar. ad Mosis -lib. III.—Commentary on -Book of Leviticus, ch. 15.): -Sciendum est autem in Syria -et locis vicinis non minus τὴν -γονόῤῥοιαν quam τὰ ἐμμήνια -habere aliquid contagione -nocens, (But it is to be observed -that in Syria and the neighbouring -regions ἡ γονοῤῥοία -(discharge from the genitals) -no less than τὰ ἐμμήνια -(menstrual discharge) contains -a principle contagiously injurious). -Even <i>Astruc</i>, the -eager advocate of the American -origin of Venereal disease, says -(Vol. I. p. 92.): Sane constat in -hac nostra Europa, quae magis -temperata est, si cum menstruatis -res habeatur, balanum -et praeputium leviore phlogosi -aut superficiariis pustulis, quae -tamen brevi cessant, <em class="gesperrt">plerumque</em> -affici. Quanto graviora -ergo iis impendere credendum -est, quos in calidiore et aestuante -climate misceri cum foeminis -non pudet, dum illis -menses actu fluunt natura -acerrimi et quasi virosi. Ideo -forsan factum est, ut medici -Arabes, qui regiones calidiores -incolebant, quam Graeci et -Latini, et primi et saepe disseruerint -de pustulis et ulceribus -virgae, oriundis ex coitu -cum foeda muliere, hoc est (?), -cum muliere menstruata. (It is -an undoubted fact that in this -Europe of ours, though enjoying -a more temperate climate, -if intercourse is had with -women during menstruation, -the <i>glans penis</i> and prepuce -are <i>generally</i> attacked by -some little inflammation or by -superficial pustules, which however -soon disappear. What -much more serious consequences -then must we suppose -threaten those who in a warmer -climate, one steaming with -heat, are not ashamed to make -coition with women, whilst -their <i>menses</i> are actually flowing, -these being from the nature -of the case exceedingly acrid -and almost poisonous. Perhaps -this is why the Arab physicians, -who lived in warmer -countries than the Greek and -Latin practitioners, first and -most often treated of pustules -and ulcers of the verge, arising -from coition with an unclean -woman, that is to say (?) with -a woman during menstruation). -Comp. <i>Fr. Eagle</i> and <i>Judd</i> -in Behrend’s Syphilologie, Vol. -I. 117 and 285.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_157_157" href="#FNanchor_157_157" class="label">157</a> -<i>Palladius</i>, Lausiaca historia, -ch. 39. in Magna Bibliotheca -Patrum (Great Library -of the Fathers), Vol. XIII., -Paris 1644. fol., p. 950.: -Οὕτως δὲ γαστριμαργῶν καὶ -οἰνοφλυγῶν ἐνέπεσεν καὶ εἰς -τὸν βόρβυρον τῆς γυναικείης -ἐπιθυμίας· καὶ ὡς ἐσκέπτετο -ἁμαρτῆσαι <em class="gesperrt">μιμάδι τινὶ -προσομιλῶν συνεχῶς -τὰ πρὸς τὸ ἕλκος -ἑαυτοῦ διελέγετο· τούτων -οὕτως ὑπ’αὐτοῦ -διαπραττομένων γέγονεν -αὐτῷ κατά τινα -οἰκονομίαν ἄνθραξ -κατὰ τῆς βαλάνου· καὶ -ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον ἐνόσησεν -ἑξαμηνιαῖον χρόνον, -ὡς κατασαπῆναι αὐτοῦ -τὰ μορία καὶ αὐτομάτως -ἀποπεσεῖν</em>· ὕστερον -δὲ ὑγιάνας καὶ ἐπανελθών -ἄνευ τούτων τῶν μελῶν, καὶ -εἰς φρόνημα θεϊκὸν ἐλθὼν -καὶ εἰς μνήμην τῆς οὐρανίου -πολιτείας, καὶ ἐξομολογησάμενος -πάντα τὰ συμβεβηκότα -αὐτῷ τοῖς ἁγίοις πατράσιν, -ἐνεργῆσαι μὴ φθάσας ἐκοιμήθη -μετὰ ὀλίγας ἡμέρας. -(for translation see text above). -For κατὰ <em class="gesperrt">τινὰ</em> οἰκονομίαν -(by a certain providence) we -ought probably to read κατὰ -<span class="em">θινὰν</span> or <em class="gesperrt">θείαν</em> οἰκονομίαν, -a collocation of words -constantly found in Palladius, -and occurring in this very -chapter a few lines before, in -the sense of “by Divine -providence”. On the other -hand the words τὰ πρὸς τὸ -ἕλκος ἑαυτοῦ διελέγετο are -to us absolutely unintelligible. -<i>Helvetius</i> translates the passage: -Incidit in coenum femineae -cupiditatis et cum peccare -constituisset cum quadam mima -assidue colloquutus, <i>ulcus -suum aperuit</i>, (He fell into -the mire of lust after women, -and having set his mind on -sinning, constantly conversing -with a certain actress, <i>he -opened his sore</i>. Indeed the -γυναικείη ἐπιθυμία (womanly -lust) itself is ambiguous, -as strictly speaking it points -to something unmanly, and -if we compare with it the -γυναικεία νοῦσος (womanly -disease) of Dio Chrysostom -(p. 209.), our thoughts cannot -but turn to the vice of the -pathic,—which however Hero -could not very well practise -with an actress, and to which he -could hardly owe an <i>anthrax</i> -on the <i>glans penis</i>. But ch. -35. shows us plainly enough -that <i>Palladius</i> in using the -phrase means lust, indulgence -with women, accomplishing -coition. It is related in that -chapter of the Abbot Elias, -how he had founded a nunnery, -and was thereupon assailed by -violent desire to abuse the -nuns; wherefore he prayed, -ἀπόκτεινόν με, ἵνα μὴ ἴδω -αὐτὰς θλιβομένας. ἢ <em class="gesperrt">τὸ -πάθος</em> μου λάβε, ἵνα -αὐτῶν φροντίζω κατὰ λόγον. -(Kill me, that I may not see -them troubled, or else take -away my <i>passion</i>, that I may -look upon them with reason -and moderation). Thereafter -he fell asleep and dreamed -the angels had castrated him, -and on waking found indeed -that he still possessed his -genitals, but he declared, ὅτι -οὐκέτι ἀνέβη εἰς τὴν καρδίαν -μου πάθος <em class="gesperrt">γυναικὸς -ἐπιθυμίας</em>. (there no -more entered into my heart -the passion of <i>lust after</i> -women). But now what does -τὰ πρὸς τὸ ἕλκος mean? -Guided by the general sense, -we might take it as meaning -the genital organs, though we -have searched in vain for -analogous passages. But in -that case it could be made to -apply only to the female genitals -or to the rectum, because -these only exhibit a breach of -continuity (ἕλκος,—a wound); -or else we should have to -suppose the seed to be looked -upon in a sort of way as -matter discharged, and the -male genitals, which secrete -it, therefore called ἕλκος (a -wound), for otherwise the -ἑαυτοῦ (his own) cannot be -got in. No less uncertain is -the meaning of διελέγετο; -“to converse” cannot possibly -be taken as the sense here. -<i>Suidas</i> and <i>Hesychius</i> explain -διαλέγεσθαι by συνουσιάζειν -(to associate with). <i>Pollux</i>, -Onomast. V. 93. περὶ μίξεως -ζώων (On the intercourse of -Animals) says, διαλεχθῆναι.—οὐδ’ -ἡ διάλεξις, ἀλλὰ -διειλέχθην αὐτῇ καὶ διειλεγμένος -εἰμὶ ὡς Ὑπερίδης. II. -125. Ὑπερίδης δὲ διειλεγμένος, -ἐπ’ἀφροδισίων. Ἀριστοφάνης -δὲ διαλέξασθαι ἔφη. -(διελεχθῆναι,—not ordinary -conversation, but it means “I -had converse with her”, or -“I am conversant”, as says -Hyperides, II. 125. Now -Hyperides says “conversant -with”, speaking of love intercourse; -and Aristophanes “to -have converse with”). Comp. -Küster and Brunck on Aristophanes’ -Plut. 1083. Moeris -p. 131. Abresch, lect. Aristaenet. -p. 50. But the meaning -of accomplishing coition is -implied already in προσομιλῶν -(associating with), so that -διαλέγεσθαι must here indicate -some other more special -circumstance. The Scholiast of -Aristophanes on Lys. 720 -interprets διαλέγουσιν by -διορύττουσιν (bore through), -penetrate); accordingly we -must take διαλέγεσθαι as -deponent, in which case we -should have to read τὰ πρὸς -τὸ ἕλκος <em class="gesperrt">αὐτῆς</em> διελέγετο -(he penetrated <i>her</i> private -parts), and make the τὰ πρὸς -ἕλκος refer to the actress and -her hymen (or fibula?), just -as in the passage cited from -Josephus on p. 315. the expression -περὶ τὸ αἰδοῖον -(about the privates) signifies -the foreskin. If we would keep -ἑαυτοῦ (his own), then we -must take διαλέγομαι in the -sense of καθαίρειν (to purify) -(Hesychius says διαλέγειν, -ἀνακαθαίρειν,—to purify), -and put in an οὐκ (not),—i.e. -he did not purify his genitals. -If we keep to the meaning -of separation, division, we -might understand the sentence -as saying that Hero tore apart -his foreskin; though really ἕλκος -could scarcely be applied with -any propriety to the male -genitals at all. For its being -used of the female genitals on -the other hand a good analogy -is offered by ἐσχάρα (a scab), -which occurs in Aristophanes, -Knights 1286. and often elsewhere. -Eustathius, on Odyss. -p. 1523., says: δῆλον δ’ὅτι -ἐσχάραν καὶ τὸ γυναικεῖον -ἐκάλουν μόριον. (Now it is -evident they used to call the -female part ἐσχάρα). However -in this case the learned reader -must be left to decide for -himself.]</p> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_158_158" href="#FNanchor_158_158" class="label">158</a> -<i>Leviticus</i> ch. 20. v. 18. -It is true <i>Maimonides</i> according -to <i>Selden</i>, Uxor Hebraica -(The Jewish Wife), Frankfurt -1673. 4to., p. 133., says: -At vero si esset mensibus -immunda, tametsi deducta -fuerit, <em class="gesperrt">etiam et coitus sit -secutus</em>, nuptiae non perficiebantur. -(But indeed if she -were unclean with menstruation, -though she had been led -forth to a husband’s house, -<i>even if coition had followed</i>, -the marriage was not proceeded -with)—but in that case of -course it happened unwittingly; -though no doubt it may very -well on the other hand have -been done not unfrequently -wittingly. <i>Festus</i> explains the -Latin word <i>imbubinare</i> by -“menstruo mulierum sanguine -inquinare” (to pollute with the -menstrual blood of women), -which might almost justify us -in conjecturing, that <i>buboes</i> -had been observed to originate -from intercourse with women -during menstruation. <i>Hippocrates</i>, -De natura pueri (On -the Bodily Constitution of the -Boy), edit. Kühn Vol. I. p. -390., derives affections of the -sort in women from arrested -menstruation.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_159_159" href="#FNanchor_159_159" class="label">159</a> -<i>Leviticus</i> Ch. 15. Want -of space forbids our giving this -Chapter here; but anyone who -will read it through carefully, -must easily see that in it the -question is merely of a morbid -discharge from the genitals -(basar), the duration of which -was uncertain. For this reason -those affected continued still -unclean for nine days after the -cessation of the flux, whereas -the man who had encountered -ordinary pollution (verse 16.) -was unclean only till the -evening. The Septuagint translators -render the flux by ῥύσις -(flowing, flux), the person affected -by the flux γονοῤῥυής -(having a flux from the genitals), -while they say of ordinary -pollution, ὡς ἐὰν ἐξέλθῃ ἐξ -αὐτοῦ κοίτη <em class="gesperrt">σπέρματος</em> -(“if any man’s seed of copulation -go out of him”). <i>Astruc</i> -and others wished to refer the -flux from the genitals to Lepra -(Leprosy), but in that case the -Leprosy must needs have been -previously noticeable in the -person affected by the flux, -and the flux therefore been -really a symptom. Thus it -would have demanded no -further special ordinance for -purification, as that commanded -for Leprosy would have been -used for it. Again the same -would also have occurred, had -the flux been noticed as <i>first</i> -symptom of the Leprosy, for -then the Priest was bound to -have confined the person so -affected and put him under -observation, to see whether -the other symptoms of Leprosy -would show themselves as -well. But of this there is -nothing whatever to be found -in the writings attributed to -Moses, who clearly distinguishes -between the flux and -Leprosy, as also does the -Author of II Samuel III. 29. -Speaking generally, no other -Author ever mentions the flux -as a constant or frequent -symptom of Leprosy, while -<i>Schilling</i> even denies its occurrence -altogether. Comp. -<i>Hensler</i>, Vom abendl. Aussatze -(On Oriental Leprosy), -pp. 130, 396.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_160_160" href="#FNanchor_160_160" class="label">160</a> -<i>Astruc</i>, De morbis venereis -(Of Venereal diseases), p. 93., -Quid igitur mirum varia, -heterogenea, acria multorum -virorum semina (et smegmata -we may add) una confusa, -cum acerrimo et virulento -menstruo sanguine mixta, intra -uterum aestuantem et olidum -spurcissimarum mulierum coercita, -mora, heterogeneitate, -calore loci brevi computruisse -ac prima morbi venerei semina -constituisse, quae in alios, si -qui forsan continentiores erant, -contagione dimanavere?... -Cum ergo in omnibus terrae -locis, <em class="gesperrt">ubi lues venerea -antiquitus endemia -fuisse videtur</em>, eundem -aeris fervorem cum pari incolarum -impudicitia coniunctum -fuisse manifestum sit, haud -inanis inde locus est colligendi -morbum natura eundem, quo -regiones longissime dissitae et -inter quas nulla fuit commercii -communio, simili modo infestabantur, -a simili causarum -earundem concursu, in quo -tantum convenirent, generatum -olim fuisse et <em class="gesperrt">generari -etiamnum</em>, si indigenae -iisdem moribus vivant. (What -is there surprising then in the -fact that the various, heterogeneous, -acrid seminal fluids -of a number of different -men (and unguents as well, -we may add), all confounded -together and mixed with the -exceedingly acrid and virulent -menstrual blood, confined within -the steaming hot and fetid -womb of the dirtiest of women, -by long continuance in one -place, by heterogeneity of -components, by the heat of -the locality, should very soon -have grown putrid, and so -laid the first seeds of Venereal -disease,—which then passed -on by contagion to other men, -men that were very possibly -more self-restrained?... So, -inasmuch as in all parts of -the world, <i>wherever Venereal -disease appears to have been -endemic in Antiquity</i>, it is -plain the same heat of the -atmosphere was united with -a similar immorality on the -part of the inhabitants, there -is therefore sufficient ground -for concluding that the disease, -identical in its nature and one -whereby regions far removed -from one another and between -which existed no commercial -intercourse were attacked in -a like way, was originally -produced by a like conjunction -of identical causes, a conjunction -wherein these only agreed,—and -<i>is still so produced</i>, -supposing the inhabitants to -still live after the same fashion). -<i>Wizmann</i> (loco citato p. 32.) -moreover is of opinion that -Venereal disease under the -conditions just named originates -in Turkey to this day -<i>in its true form</i>. A similar -view is shared by <i>Eagle</i> and -<i>Judd</i> (loco citato p. 306.).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_161_161" href="#FNanchor_161_161" class="label">161</a> -<i>Herodotus</i>, bk. III. ch. -106., ἡ Ἑλλὰς τὰς ὥρας -πολλόν τι κάλλιστα κεκραμένας -ἔλαχη. (Hellas possesses -seasons in many respects most -admirably combined). Comp. -<i>Dahlmann</i>, Herodotus pp. 90. -sqq. <i>Plato</i> again praises the -εὐκρασία τῶν ὡρῶν (happy -mingling of the seasons) of -Hellas in more than one passage; -e.g. Timaeus 24, C., -Critias III E., Epinom. 987 -D.; and <i>Aristophanes</i> in a -fragment of his Horae preserved -by Athenaeus, Deipnos. IX. -p. 372. says of Attica:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">ὥστ’οὐκέτ’οὐδεὶς οἵδ’ ὁπηνίκ’ ἐστὶ τοὐνιαουτοῦ.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(So never yet has any man -been able to tell precisely in -what part of the year he is).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_162_162" href="#FNanchor_162_162" class="label">162</a> -<i>Galen</i>, De symptomat. -causis bk. III. ch. 11., edit. -Kühn Vol. VII. p. 267., καὶ -μὴν αἰ γονόῤῥοιαι, χωρὶς μὲν -τοῦ συντείνεσθαι τὸ αἰδοῖον, -ἀῤῥωσίᾳ τῆς καθεκτικῆς -δυνάμεως τῆς ἐν τοῖς σπερματικοῖς -ἀγγείοις· ἐντεινομένου -δέ πως, οἷον σπασμᾷ -τινι παραπλήσιον πασχόντων -ἐπιτελοῦνται. (Moreover -gonorrhoeas, except in the -case of the member being in -a state of tension, arise from -weakness of the retentive -capacity in the spermatic -vessels; but when there is -tension of any sort, they are -subject to a kind of spasm -resembling that of convulsive -patients).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_163_163" href="#FNanchor_163_163" class="label">163</a> -<i>Larrey</i>, “Relation historique -et chirurgicale de l’expédition -de l’armée d’Orient, -en Egypt et en Syrie,” (Historical -and Surgical Account of -the Expedition of the Army -of the East, in Egypt and -Syria), Paris 1803. p. 116., -Pendant le travail de la suppuration, -les blessés furent -seulement incommodés des -vers ou larves de la mouche -bleue, commune en Syrie. -L’incubation des oeufs que -cette mouche deposait sans -cesse dans les plaies ou dans -les appareils, étoit favorisée -par la chaleur de la saison, -l’humidité de l’atmosphère et -la qualité de la toile à pansement -(elle étoit de coton) la -seule qu’on ait pu se procurer -dans cette contrée. La présence -de ces vers dans les plaies -paraissait en accélérer la suppuration, -causait des demangeaisons -incommodes aux -blessés et nous forçait de les -panser trois ou quatre fois le -jour. Ces insectes, formés en -quelques heures, se développaient -avec une telle rapidité, -que du jour au lendemain, ils -étaient de la grosseur d’un -tuyau de plume de poulet. On -faisait à chaque pansement des -lotions d’une forte décoction -de rhue et de petite sauge, qui -suffisaient pour les détruire; -mais ils se reproduisaient -bientot après par le défaut -des moyens propres à écarter -l’approche des mouches et à -prévenir l’incubation de leurs -oeufs. (During the action of -suppuration, the only inconvenience -the wounded met -with was from the worms or -larvae of the blue fly, common -in Syria. The hatching of the -eggs, which this fly was continually -depositing in the -wounds or their dressings, -was favoured by the heat of -the season, the moisture of -the atmosphere, and the nature -of the material used for bandages. -This was cotton, the -only material for the purpose -that could be procured in that -country. The presence of these -worms in the wounds appeared -to accelerate their suppuration, -caused the wounded men to -suffer from troublesome itchings -and forced us to renew -the dressings three or four -times a day. These insects, -formed in a few hours, developed -with such extraordinary -rapidity, that from one day -to the next, they reached the -size of a fowl’s quill. At each -dressing lotions were applied -of a strong decoction of rue -and dwarf sage, which was -effectual in destroying them; -but they reappeared again very -soon afterwards owing to the -want of proper means for -preventing the approach of the -flies and hindering the hatching -of their eggs). Compare what -Larrey (p. 278.) says as to -the climate of Syria.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_164_164" href="#FNanchor_164_164" class="label">164</a> -<i>Eusebius</i>, Histor. Eccles. bk. -VIII. 14., τί δεῖ τὰς ἐμπαθεῖς -ἀνδρὸς αἰσχρουργίας μνημονεύειν; -ἢ τῶν πρὸς αὐτοῦ -μεμοιχευμένων ἀπαριθμεῖσθαι -τὲν πληθύν; οὐκ ἦν γέ -τοι πόλιν αὐτὸν παρελθεῖν, -μὴ οὐχὶ ἐκ παντὸς φθορὰς -γυναικῶν παρθένων τε ἁρπαγὰς -εἰργασμένον.—cap. 16. -μέτεισι γοῦν αὐτὸν θεήλατος -κόλασις· ἐξ αὐτῆς αὐτοῦ -καταρξαμένη σαρκὸς, καὶ -μέχρι τῆς ψυχῆς παρελθοῦσα. -<em class="gesperrt">ἀθρόα μὲν γὰρ περὶ -τὰ μέσα τῶν ἀποῤῥήτων -τοῦ σώματος ἀπόστασις -γίγνεται αὐτῷ· εἶθ’ -ἕλκος ἐν βάθει συριγγώδες -καὶ τούτων -ἀνιάτος νομὴ κατὰ τῶν -ἐνδοτάτῳ σπλάγχνων· -ἀφ’ ὧν ἀλεκτόν τι πλῆθος -σκωλήκων βρύειν, -θανατώδη τε ὀδμὴν -ἀποπνέειν</em>, τοῦ παντὸς -ὄγκου τῶν σωμάτων ἐκ -πολυτροφίας αὐτῷ καὶ πρὸς -τῆς νόσου εἰς ὑπερβολὴν -πλήθους πιμελῆς μεταβεβληκότος· -ἣν τότε κατασαπεῖσαν, -ἀφόρητον καὶ φρικτοτάτην -τοῖς πλησιάζουσι -παρέχειν τὴν θέαν, ἰατρῶν -δ’ οὖν οἱ μὲν, οὐδ’ ὅλως -ὑπομεῖναι τὴν τοῦ δυσώδους -ὑπερβάλλουσαν ἀτοπίαν οἷοι -τε, κατεσφάττοντο. οἱ δὲ -διῳδηκότος τοῦ παντὸς ὄγκου -καὶ εἰς ἀνέλπιστον σωτηρίας -ἀποπεπτωκότος μηδὲν ἐπικουρεῖν -δυνάμενοι, ἀνηλεῶς -ἐκτείνοντο. (What need to -recall the passions and abominations -of the man? or to -count the multitude of debaucheries -done by him? Nay, -he could not pass through a -city without leaving behind -him everywhere ruin of women -and rape of virgins.—ch. 16. -Yet heaven-sent punishment -overtakes him, commencing -with his very flesh and going -on to assail the life. For an -incessant suppurative inflammation -attacks him in the region -of the private parts of the body; -then later on a wound penetrating -deep in like a fistula -and an incurable eating sore -affecting these inmost intestines. -Then from these an -indescribable number of worms -bred, and a corpse-like smell -was given off, the whole bulk -of the bodily parts having -through high living and under -the influence of the disease -changed into an exaggerated -superfluity of fat. Then this -rotting away, displayed an -intolerable and an appalling -spectacle to his attendants; -while among his physicians, -some finding themselves utterly -unable to endure the exceeding -horribleness of the stench, put -an end to their lives; while -others, the whole bulk having -gone to complete rottenness, -and the patient in a condition -that admitted no hope of -recovery, being unable to afford -any help, were cruelly put to -death). This passage occurs as -well, word for word, in -<i>Nicephorus</i>, Histor. Eccles. -VII. 22. Aur. Victor. Epit. -ch. 40., Galerius Maximianus -<i>consumptis genitalibus</i> defecit, -(Galerius Maximianus died, -<i>the genital organs being -destroyed</i>).—<i>Zosimus</i>, Hist. -II. 11. speaks merely of -τραῦμα δυσίατον (a wound -difficult to cure), and <i>Paulus -Diaconus</i>, Hist. miscell. XI. -5., says: putrefacto introrsum -pectore, et vitalibus dissolutis, -cum ultra horrorem humanae -miseriae etiam vermes eructaret, -medicique iam ultra foetorem -non ferentes, crebro iussu eius -occiderentur etc. (the bosom -having putrefied within, and -the vitals rotted away, when -exceeding the climax of human -horror and suffering he began -to bring up worms, and his -physicians unable to bear the -excessive foulness of the stench, -were being executed at his -frequent order, etc.). The same -fate happened to <i>Herod</i>, of -whom <i>Josephus</i>, Antiq. XVII. -6. says: τοῦ αἰδοίου σῆψις -σκώληκας ἐμποιοῦσα (mortification -of the genitals producing -worms). Comp. <i>Bochart</i>, -Hierozoicon, edit. Rosenmüller -vol. III. p. 520.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_165_165" href="#FNanchor_165_165" class="label">165</a> -This reading is clearly -preferable. The Septuagint -translators render it σήπη καὶ -σκώληκες κηρονομήσουσιν -αὐτὸν, (Rottenness and worms -shall be his heritage), where -however it must be admitted -σῆτες (moths) is also retained -by the Editors.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_166_166" href="#FNanchor_166_166" class="label">166</a> -“Nouvelles recherches sur -la structure de la peau”, (Recent -Investigations as to the Structure -of the Skin), with 3 Plates. -Paris 1835. 221 pp. 8vo.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_167_167" href="#FNanchor_167_167" class="label">167</a> -“Vergleichende Untersuchungen -über die Haut des -Menschen und der Haussaügethiere, -besonders in Beziehung -auf die Absonderungsorgane -des Hauttalgs und des -Schweisses,” (Comparative Investigations -as to the Skin in -Man and the Domestic Mammals, -with particular reference -to the Organs of Secretion of -the Sebaceous Humour and the -Sweat), in <i>Muller’s</i> Archiv. für -Physiologie Jahrg. 1835., pp. -399-418. With copperplates, -a comparison of which will -very much facilitate the proper -understanding of what follows.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_168_168" href="#FNanchor_168_168" class="label">168</a> -Already we find <i>Lorry</i>, -“Abb. von den Krankheiten -der Haut,” (Treatise on Diseases -of the Skin), Vol. I. p. -50., saying: “There is found -to exist moreover a certain -sympathy between the generative -parts of men and women -and the skin, which under the -violent stimulus of sexual coition -swells; but after it is over, -sweat comes out on it, and -<i>sometimes little heat-pimples -appear</i>. p. 83., Now at -puberty, a period when all the -glands are opened, there is -brought to the organs of transpiration -a great quantity of -a subtle and fluid material, -there arises a peculiar smell, -and if this matter has accumulated, -it clogs the minute -vessels, the humour contained -in these becomes thick by -retardation and solidification,—the -result being a pimply -eruption on the skin. This -much is certain, that if both -sexes are fully developed, and -live chaste, an extensive series -of mutually connected pustules -may arise, <i>just as if they -were produced by the swelling -of the glands in the skin</i>. -The pustules are ranged in -the same order as that in -which the glands lie; exactly -as if they were the meeting-place -of the humours that -would seem to have been -dispersed in the skin.” Comp. -<i>Haller</i>, Elem. physiolog. Vol. -VII. bk. XXVIII. sect. 3. § 4.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_169_169" href="#FNanchor_169_169" class="label">169</a> -More precise information -on this, as well as on several -other opinions expressed in -the course of these Inquiries -as to the pathology of Venereal -disease, the reader -will find placed at his disposal -in our forthcoming Work, -“Introduction to a Scientific -Knowledge of the Venereal -Disease.”</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_170_170" href="#FNanchor_170_170" class="label">170</a> -Comp. <i>Hillary</i>, “Beobachtungen -über die Veränderungen -Luft und die damit -verbundenen epidemischen -Krankheiten auf der Insel -Barbados,” (Observations on -Changes of Atmosphere and -the Epidemic Sicknesses connected -with them in the Island -of Barbadoes), transl. from the -English by J. Ch. G. Ackermann. -Leipzig 1776. 8vo., -pp. 3 sqq.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_171_171" href="#FNanchor_171_171" class="label">171</a> -<i>Alex. Traj. Petronius</i>, -De morbo Gallico, (On the -French Disease—Syphilis), bk. -II. chs. 24., and 26 (Aphrodisiacus -pp. 1225, 1226.) in -his time says: Et in regione -calida, quoniam secundum -naturae suae impetum ad cutem -fertur, minus saevire, in frigida -vero, quoniam contra suam -naturam ad interna migrare -cogitur, magis.—Neque nos -non lateat, in ambiente (ut -dicunt) calido, quoniam ad -cutim attractio fit, morbum -hunc et secundum naturae suae -impetum creari, et simul ad -exteriora prorumpere solere. -In frigido autem, quia intro -repellitur contra suae naturae -motum retroverti et solidas -corporis partes saepius depasci. -Frequentius etiam in regione -calida quam frigida apparere; -hic enim circumfusus aer, ne -morbus ad cutim extendatur, -prohibet (nam intro pellit), illic -vero et ad cutim trahit et -eandem retinet. (Moreover in -a hot region, inasmuch as in -accordance with the impulse -of its nature it is carried to -the skin, it is there less virulent; -whereas in a cold one, -as it is compelled against its -nature to travel to the inward -parts, it is more so.—Again -we should not let this escape -our notice, that in a hot environment -(as they say), inasmuch -as an attraction takes place -towards the skin, this disease -also according to the impulse -of its nature is there brought -into being, and is wont to -break out towards the external -parts. On the other hand -in a cold one, because it is -drawn within, it is turned -back contrary to the motion -of its nature, and more often -feeds upon the solid parts of -the body. Again it appears -more frequently in a hot region -than in a cold one; for in the -latter case the surrounding air -(driving it within as it does) -hinders the disease from extending -to the skin, whereas -in the former it draws it to -the skin and keeps it there). -But specially pertinent in this -connection is p. 1211.—<i>Puydebat</i>, -“Über den Einfluss -des Climas auf den Menschen,” -(Of the Influence of Climate -on Man), in the “Bulletin -méd. de Bordeaux, 1836. May -21. (Froriep Notiz. 1836. Vol. -49. p. 179.) writes: Die immer -geöffneten Hautporen hauchen -in den heissen Ländern einen -reichlichen, mehr oder weniger -stark riechenden Schweiss aus. -Die Hautdrüsen sondern eine -ölige Flüssigkeit in Menge -ab, welche die Haut schlüpfrig -macht und derselben jenes bei -den Negern so auffallende -Ansehn giebt. Dieser Zustand -der Haut macht sie zu -Exanthemen, z. B. Masern, -Blattern, Syphilis, Lepra, -Elephantiasis geneigt. (The -ever open skin-pores expire in -hot countries a rich and more -or less strongly smelling sweat. -The cutaneous glands secrete -an oily fluid in quantities, -which makes the skin slippery -and gives it that appearance -so striking in Negroes. This -state of the skin makes it liable -to exanthematic effections, e.g. -Measles, Small-pox, Syphilis, -Leprosy, Elephantiasis).—In -cold countries the transpiration -of the skin is very weak; in -consequence the internal secretions -are increased in quantity, -while in hot countries they -are lessened from a directly -opposite cause.” Comp. <i>J. von -Röser</i>, “Ueber einige Krankheiten -des Orients,” (On some -Diseases of the East). Augsburg -1837., pp. 67-71., to -whose statements we shall -have to return on several future -occasions.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_172_172" href="#FNanchor_172_172" class="label">172</a> -<i>Joannes Leo</i>, “Descriptio -Africae”, (Description of -Africa), Leyden 1632. 12mo., -p. 86., Paucis admodum toto -Atlante, tota Numidia totaque -Libya hoc notum est contagium. -Quodsi quisquam fuerit -qui se eo infectum sentiat, mox -in Numidiam aut in Nigritarum -regionem proficiscitur, cuius -tanta est aeris temperies, ut -optimae sanitati restitutus inde -in patriam redeat: quod quidem -multis accidisse ipse meis vidi -oculis, qui nullo adhibito neque -pharmaco neque medico, praeter -saluberrimum iam dictum -aërem, revaluerant. (To very -few persons indeed in the -whole of the Atlas, the whole -of Numidia and of Libya, is -this contagion known. But if -there should be any man who -feels himself attacked by it, -he presently journeys into -Numidia or the district of the -Nigritae, where the nature of -the air is such that he returns -home again restored to excellent -good health. This I have -seen happen to many with my -own eyes, who without help -of druggist or doctor recovered -by the exceeding salubrity of -the air as aforesaid). Comp. -<i>Scaliger</i>, Exercitat. CLXXX. -ch. 18.—<i>Petronius</i>, loco -citato p. 1213.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_173_173" href="#FNanchor_173_173" class="label">173</a> -<i>Schnurrer</i>, “Geographische -Nosologie,” (Geographical -Nosology,—Distribution of -Diseases), p. 454.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_174_174" href="#FNanchor_174_174" class="label">174</a> -<i>Brown, W. G.</i> “Reisen -in Afrika, Egypten und Syrien.” -(Travels in Africa, Egypt and -Syria), transl. from the English -by C. Sprengel. Weimar 1800. -8vo., p. 389., tells us of a -marine at Kahira, who had -become infected, how the man, -having in the mean time taken -no means whatever to combat -the disease and without giving -up either the use of brandy -or the practice of copulation, -two months later got a violent -itching eruption over his whole -body, and particularly on the -head and over the glands of -the neck. This he treated by -sprinkling over it a sort of red -earth, whereupon it dried up -and disappeared, so that four -weeks later he found himself -completely cured and his skin -as clean and smooth as before. -<i>Schnurrer</i>, loco citato p. 453., -also gives the story, but with -sundry inaccuracies. Similar -observations were made by -<i>Th. Clarke</i> at the Cape of -Good Hope, London Med. -Gazette 1833. <i>Behrend</i>, Syphilidologie -Vol. I. pp. 241 sqq. -The Minorite <i>Conti</i> declared -in opposition to <i>Norberg</i> -(Biörnstähl’s Briefe, 6 vol. p. -410.): “Christian no less than -Mussulman in the East is -strictly forbidden to cohabit -with a woman before the -eighth day after her purification. -If it <i>is</i> done within that -period, the man’s body is -poisoned: he experiences swelling, -ulcers, sores, itch and -pains in the limbs, and shows -all the symptoms of leprosy. -At this time the female does -not become pregnant, because -the blood is unclean, but if -conception does occur, the -child also gets a bad itch, and -generally is affected like his -parents.” <i>Fr. Eagle</i> (Lancet -July 1836., Note 671.). -<i>Behrend’s</i> Syphilidologie, Vol. -I. p. 118., relates a number -of cases that occurred in -London where after intercourse -with women during -menstruation both gonorrhœa -and chancre supervened.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_175_175" href="#FNanchor_175_175" class="label">175</a> -<i>Von Roeser</i>, loco citato -p. 69. <i>Sonnerat</i>, “Reise nach -Ostindien”, (Journey to the -East Indies), I. 94, 99. -<i>Schnurrer</i>, Geogr. Nosologie -p. 409. Note, says: “In -Hindostan in particular experience -has shown that a badly -treated syphilis changes into -leprosy.” That this is not a -thing of such extreme rarity -in Europe either, we shall -prove more fully in another -place. Meantime compare what -<i>Hensler</i>, “Vom Abendländischen -Aussatze”, (On Oriental -Leprosy), pp. 228 sqq., says -on the subject.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_176_176" href="#FNanchor_176_176" class="label">176</a> -<i>Galen</i>, Ad Glaucon. de -meth. med. II., edit. Kühn -Vol. XI. p. 142., says: κατὰ -γοῦν τὴν Ἀλεξάνδρειαν -<em class="gesperrt">ἐλεφαντιῶσι πάμπολλοι</em> -διά τε τὴν δίαιταν καὶ -<em class="gesperrt">τὴν θερμότητα τοῦ -χωρίου·—ἅτε δὲ θερμοῦ -τοῦ περιέχοντος -ὄντος καὶ ἠ ῥοπὴ τῆς -φορᾶς αὐτῶν πρὸς τὸ -θέρμα γίνεται</em>· (At any -rate in the neighbourhood of -Alexandria very many persons -suffer from elephantiasis as -well through their mode of -life as owing to <i>the heat of -the locality</i>;—for indeed as -a result of the excessive heat -of the climate, the tendency -of their constitution is also -towards heat). In Germany -and Mysia he asserts the -disease is seldom observed, -and in Scythia almost never.</p> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_177_177" href="#FNanchor_177_177" class="label">177</a> -Phlyctaenae (blisters) in -erysipelas of the uterus are -mentioned by Hippocrates, -De ant. mulierum, edit. Kühn -II. p. 541. <i>Galen</i>, edit. Kühn -Vol. XVII. A. p. 358., ἴσθι -γὰρ ὅτι τὰ ἐξανθήματα ἐν -ταῖς τῆς μήτρας διαθέσεσιν -εἰς τὸ δέρμα ἐκραγέντα -σημαίνουσιν ὅτι ἡ φλεγμονὴ -ἢ ἐρυσίπελας ἐκ τοῦ ἀποζέοντος -καὶ λεπτοῦ αἵματος -ἐν ταῖς μήτραις ἐγγίνεται, -ὡς ἐν τῷ περὶ γυναικείης -φύσεως γέγραπται. (Be assured -that those eruptions that -break out on the skin in certain -morbid conditions of the womb -signify that the inflammation -or erysipelas proceeds from -the deficiency and poorness -of the blood in the womb, as -is stated in my Work, On the -Female Constitution).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_178_178" href="#FNanchor_178_178" class="label">178</a> -<i>Aristotle</i>, Problem IV. 18.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_179_179" href="#FNanchor_179_179" class="label">179</a> -<i>Aëtius</i>, Tetrab, IV. serm. -1. ch. 122., Novimus quosdam -audaciores qui sibi ipsis testes -ferro resecarunt; castratis enim -non in peius malum ipsum -procedet. Neque enim temere -reperias, inquit Archigenes, -ullum aliquem castratum elephantiasi -laborantem, neque -item facile mulierem. Quare -etiam quidam ex confidentioribus -medicis manum admoverunt, -et quotquot sane ex -eis ex sectione periculum -evaserunt, per consequentis -curationis usum perfecte ab hac -maligna affectione liberati sunt. -(We know of some bolder -spirits who have amputated -their own testicles with the -knife; for after castration the -actual evil will not then -proceed to any worse length. -For, says Archigenes, you will -not readily find any single case -of a castrated man suffering -from elephantiasis, nor will -you easily discover a woman -at all affected by this disease. -Wherefore, in fact, some of -the more daring practitioners -have operated, and there is no -doubt that such of their patients -as escaped the dangerous effects -of the operation, have -been through the employment -of subsequent precautions completely -freed from this malignant -complaint). Comp. <i>Hensler</i>, -“Vom Aussatz”, (On -Leprosy), p. 401. With regard -to <i>the immunity of women</i>, -an assertion likewise made in -connection with <i>mentagra</i> -(p. 288), <i>von Roeser</i> writes -(loco citato p. 67.) referring -to Venereal disease: “Above -all it is now the case in Greece -and Turkey that the practising -physician,—and I have been -assured of the fact by many -persons,—exceedingly seldom -meets with syphilitic female -patients in his practice; that -yet notwithstanding this none -of <i>the sequelæ and different -forms of subsequent mischief</i> -that are usually found resulting -from the disease when every -kind of medical aid is neglected, -are seen in patients of that -sex.”—P. 71., “Only poison -would seem, as a result of -the secretive process exerted -by the affected parts of the -skin and the mucous membrane, -which is much more powerful -in women than in men, to be -more readily eliminated from -the body than is the case -with men, so much so indeed -that it is an almost unheard -of thing in Egypt to find a -female patient under medical -treatment.”—still this does -not justify the conclusion that -women <i>never</i> suffered from -Venereal disease, as even von -Roeser himself admits. Again -Larrey, loco citato p. 253., -actually found himself constrained -in view of the wide dissemination -of the disease among -the French soldiers, to establish -a special hospital for infected -women, in order to check the -spread of the complaint.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_180_180" href="#FNanchor_180_180" class="label">180</a> -Comp. <i>Foot</i>, “Abh. über -die Lustseuche” (Treatise on -Venereal Disease), transl. from -the English by <i>H. Ch. Reich</i>, -Vol. I. p. 62.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_181_181" href="#FNanchor_181_181" class="label">181</a> -Surgeon in Chief of the Esbekieh Hospital at Cairo.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_182_182" href="#FNanchor_182_182" class="label">182</a> -The passage of <i>Aretaeus</i> -(Morb. chron. bk. II. ch. 13. -edit. Kühn p. 180.) can hardly -be cited as evidence on the -other side in this case, as -the question there discussed is -elephantiasis, not the leprosy -of the Jews at all. Any how -we read there: τρίχες ἐν μὲν -τῷ παντὶ προτεθνήσκουσι, -χερσὶ μηροῖσι κνήμῃσι, αὖθις -ἥβῃ, γενείοισι ἀραιαὶ, ψεδναὶ -δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τῇ κεφαλῇ κόμαι· -τὸ δὲ μᾶλλον πρόωροι, πολιοὶ -καὶ φαλάκρωσις ἀθρόη· οὐκ -εἰς μακρὸν δὲ ἥβη καὶ -ἐπιμίμνοιεν παυραὶ τρίχες, -ἀπρεπέστεραι τῶν ἀποιχομένων. -(Hair dies first in -every part, on hands, thighs, -shins; again on pubes and -cheeks it becomes thin, and -scanty also on the head. The -locks are prematurely white, -and baldness becomes general; -nor is it long before pubes -and cheeks are bare, and if -a few scanty hairs should -remain, they are uncomely as -compared with those that have -disappeared). Nor would it be -any fairer to cite the fact that -Albinos are covered over the -whole body with a fine, white, -woolly hair.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_183_183" href="#FNanchor_183_183" class="label">183</a> -Already <i>J. D. Michaelis</i>, -“Fragen an eine Gesellschaft -gelehrter Männer, die auf -Befehl Ihro Majestät des -Königs von Dänemark nach -Arabien reisen,” (Questions -addressed to a Society of -Learned Men, travelling at the -Command of HM. the King -of Denmark to Arabia), Frankfurt-on-the-Main -1762., p. 23., -says in the 11th. question on -Leprosy under head No. 8.: -“Does it possess a natural -diagnostic mark in this, if it -breaks out everywhere at once, -and covers the whole body? -From Leviticus XIII. 12-13. -we might seem to be almost -justified in concluding this to -be so. But I am in doubt how -in that case this passage is to -be interpreted in accordance -with the history of the disease.” -Comp. p. 335. Note 1.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_184_184" href="#FNanchor_184_184" class="label">184</a> -Philosoph. Transactions -Vol. XXXI. <i>Foot</i>, Treatise -on Venereal Disease, Vol. I. -pp. 25 sqq.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_185_185" href="#FNanchor_185_185" class="label">185</a> -<i>D. Hennen</i>, Sketches of the Medical Topography of the Mediterranean. -London 1830.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_186_186" href="#FNanchor_186_186" class="label">186</a> -<i>Galen</i>, De febr. diff., bk. -I., edit. Kühn Vol. VII. 284 -sqq., δριμὺ δ’ἀποῤῥοῖ καὶ -δακνῶδες περίττωμα τοῖς -ἤτοι κακοχυμοτέροις, ἢ ἐδέσματα -μοχθηρὰ προσφερομένοις -τοιαῦτα γοῦν ἐδέσματα -καὶ νῦν ἀναγκασθέντες -ἐσθίειν πολλοὶ διὰ λιμὸν οἱ -μὲν ἀπέθανον ἀπὸ σηπεδονωδῶν -τε καὶ λοιμωδῶν -πυρετῶν, <em class="gesperrt">οἱ δὲ ἐξανθήμασιν -ἑάλωσαν ψωρώδεσι -τε καὶ λεπρώδεσιν</em>. (But -there discharges an acrid and -biting excretion, and this in -patients already only too much -afflicted with evil humours, or -else food becomes noxious to -them, though normally able to -tolerate such food; and now -being forced to eat, many died -in consequence of the plague, -some from putrefying and -pestilential fevers, while -others again <i>were attacked by -exanthematic eruptions of the -psora and lepra types</i>).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_187_187" href="#FNanchor_187_187" class="label">187</a> -Martial, Bk. VI. Epigr. 37.,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">O quanta <em class="gesperrt">scabie</em> miser laborat!</div> - <div class="verse">Culum non habet, est tamen cinaedus.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(How sad a scurvy (<i>scabies</i>) -does the wretch groan under! -Bottom all gone; and yet he -is a cinaedus!) -</p> -<p> -Bk. XI. Epigr. 8.,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Penelopae licet esse tibi sub principe Nerva</div> - <div class="verse">Sed prohibet <em class="gesperrt">scabies</em> ingeniumque vetus.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(You may be a Penelope under -Nerva as Emperor; only that -<i>scurvy</i> hinders you and inveterate -viciousness). The -<i>mala scabies</i> (horrid scurvy) -from <i>Horace</i>, Ars Poet. 453., -is familiar; as well as the -statement of <i>Justin</i> (Hist. -XXXVI. 2.) to the effect -that the Jews were driven out -of Egypt on account of Scabies -and Vitiligo (Tetter), that the -Egyptians might not be infected -by them. Comp. <i>Michaelis</i>, -“Mosaisches Recht”, -(Mosaic Law) IV. 209. The -infectious nature of psora is -declared also by <i>Aristotle</i>, -Problem. VII. 8. <i>Galen</i>, De -puls. diff., IV. 1. The transition -of <i>mentagra</i> into <i>psora</i> has -been already mentioned.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_188_188" href="#FNanchor_188_188" class="label">188</a> -<i>Aristophanes</i>, Birds 151. -makes Euelpides say: βδελλύττομαι -τὸν Λέπρεον ἀπὸ -Μελανθίου (I detest the -“Leprean” of Melanthius), on -which the Scholiast remarks: -Μελάνθιος ὁ τραγικός· -κωμωδεῖται γὰρ εἰς μαλακίαν -καὶ ὀψοφαγίαν. Πλάτων δὲ -αὐτὸν ἐν Σκύθαις ὡς <em class="gesperrt">λάλον</em> -σκώπτει· εἶχε δὲ Μελάνθιος -λέπραν. (Melanthius the -Tragedian; for he is derided -on account of his luxurious -living and gluttony. But Plato -laughs at him in the “Scythians” -as a <i>garrulous</i> person; -now Melanthius had <i>leprosy</i>). -The same thing is mentioned -in the “Peace”, 803., with -the addition, καὶ πολὺ μᾶλλον -ἐν Κόλαξιν Εὔπολις ὡς -κίναιδον αὐτὸν διαβάλλει -καὶ κόλακα· ἀλλὰ καὶ ὡς -λευκὰς ἔχοντα καὶ λεπράς. -(and still more severely does -Eupolis in his “Flatterers” -ridicule him as being <i>pathic</i> -and a flatterer; moreover as -having whites,—white leprosies,—and -leprosies). Here we -would particularly call attention -to the λευκαί (white -leprosies), which we have -already noted as a consequence -of the habits of -the <i>cunnilingue</i>; and with -this the λάλον (garrulous, -talkative) of the Comic poet -Plato agrees very well, for -<i>Hesychius</i> explains γλωσσοστροφεῖν -(to ply the tongue) -by <em class="gesperrt">περιλαλεῖν</em> and -στωμύλλεσθαι (<i>to be very -talkative, to babble</i>). Thus -<i>lepra</i> would seem to be -attached as penalty to the vice -of the pathic, Elephantiasis -is stated to be infectious by -<i>Aretaeus</i>, Morb. chron., II. -12. and <i>Paulus Aegineta</i>, -IV. 1.; however, present day -experience tells us nothing -of this, and the later Greek -physicians refer it again to -deficient gall (Marx, Orig. -contag., p. 78.); what was -the meaning of its great -contagiousness in earlier times?</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_189_189" href="#FNanchor_189_189" class="label">189</a> -<i>Von Roeser</i>, loco citato -p. 69. Inflammation of the -throat, or ulcerations of the -throat, are very rare; still -rarer are diseases of the bones, -and then only taking the form -of swellings of the periosteum.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_190_190" href="#FNanchor_190_190" class="label">190</a> -<i>Hippocrates</i>, Epidem. Bk. -III., edit. Kühn Vol. III. -p. 486., στόματα πολλοῖσιν -ἀθώδεα, ἑλκώδεα· ῥεύματα -περὶ τὰ αἰδοιᾶ πολλά· ἑλκώματα, -φύματα, ἔξωθεν ἔσωθεν -τὰ περὶ βουβῶνας, -ὀφθαλμίαι ὑγραὶ, μακραὶ -χρόνιαι μετὰ πόνων· ἐπιφύσεις -βλεφάρων ἔξωθεν ἔσωθεν, -πολλῶν φθείροντες τὰς -ὄψιας, ἃ σῦκα ἐπονομάζουσιν· -ἐφύετο δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν -ἀλλῶν ἑλκέων πολλὰ καὶ -αἰδοίοισιν. (for translation -see text above).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_191_191" href="#FNanchor_191_191" class="label">191</a> -<i>Hippocrates</i>, Bk. IV. -Aphor. 82., edit. Kühn Vol. -III. p. 735., ὁκόσοισιν ἐν τῇ -οὐρήθρῃ φύματα φύεται, -τουτέοισι διαπυήσαντος καὶ -ἐκραγέντος λύσις. (for translation -see text above). The -same Aphorism is repeated -again Bk. VII. Aphor. 57. -p. 763., ὁκόσοισιν ἐν τῇ -οὐρήθρῃ φύματα γίνονται, -τουτέοισι διαπυήσαντος καὶ -ἐκραγέντος <em class="gesperrt">λύεται ὁ -πόνος</em>. (Patients having -abscesses in the urethra, <i>find -relief from the suffering</i>, so -soon as these have suppurated -and broken).—<i>Celsus</i>, bk. II. -ch. 8. translates this by: -Quibus in fistula urinae minuti -abscessus, quos φύματα Graeci -vocant, esse coeperunt, iis ubi -pus ea parte profluxit, sanitas -redditur. (Patients in whom -small abscesses have been set -up in the urinary canal, which -the Greeks call φύματα, recover -when once matter has -flowed out at the spot).—<i>Galen</i>, -in his Explanation of -the first Aphorism of Hippocrates -(edit. Kühn Vol. XVII. -B. p. 778.) says: πρόχειρον -γὰρ παντὶ γνῶναι τῶν ἐν -τῷ πόρῳ τῷ οὐρητικῷ τῷ -κατὰ τὸ αἰδοῖον, τοῦτο γὰρ -οὐρήθραν καλοῦσι· συνισταμένων -φυμάτων τὴν λύσιν -γίγνεσθαι ῥαγέντων· ἐνδέχεται -γὰρ ἰσχουρίαν δή τινα -γενέσθαι καὶ διὰ τὸ τοιοῦτον -φῦμα καὶ μέντοι καὶ ὡς τὸ -φῦμα τοῦτο ῥαγὲν <em class="gesperrt">ἰάσεται -τὴν ἰσχουρίαν εὔδηλον</em>. -(For it is within the knowledge -of every observer that -in the case of abscesses that -have been set up in the urinary -canal in the region of the -privates,—called the urethra,—relief -is afforded when once -these have burst. For it is -likely some retention of urine -occurs on account of such -abscess, and so the fact of this -abscess having burst will obviously -remedy the retention). -Comp. <i>Galen</i>, De loc. affect. -Bk. I. ch. 1., bk. VI. ch. 6. -<i>Paulus Aegineta</i> bk. IV. -ch. 22.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_192_192" href="#FNanchor_192_192" class="label">192</a> -<i>Hippocrates</i>, Coact. praenot., -edit. Kühn Vol. I. p. 312., -οἷσι δὲ φῦμα περὶ τὴν κύστιν -ἐστὶ τὸ παρέχον τὴν δυσουπίην, -παντοίως σχηματισθέντες -ὀχλέονται· <em class="gesperrt">λύσις δὲ -τούτου γίνεται πύου -ῥαγέντος</em>. (Patients having -an abscess in the region of the -bladder that causes difficulty -of micturition, find themselves -troubled and affected in all -sorts of ways; <i>but relief from -this is experienced, when once -the matter has broken out</i>).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_193_193" href="#FNanchor_193_193" class="label">193</a> -<i>Hippocrates</i>, De aere -aquis et locis, edit. Kühn -Vol. I. p. 526., κἢν μὲν τὸ -θέρος αὐχμηρὸν γένηται, -θᾶσσον παύονται αἱ νοῦσοι· -ἢν δὲ ἔπομβρον, πολυχρόνιοι -γίνονται καὶ φαγεδαίνας -κοινῶς ἐγγίνεσθαι ἀπὸ πάσης -προφάσιος, ἢν ἕλκος ἐγγένηται. -(And if the Summer is -a dry one, the diseases will -cease more speedily; if on -the other hand it is rainy, -they become chronic, and such -that cancerous sores are set -up on any pretext, if an injury -of any sort occur).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_194_194" href="#FNanchor_194_194" class="label">194</a> -<i>Galen</i>, in his Commentary -on this passage (Vol. XVII. -A. p. 671) says in this connection: -διεσήπετο δ’ὑπὸ -τῶν μοχθηρῶν χυμῶν ὑγρῶν -τὰ στερεά· ποικίλον δ’ εἶναι -τὸ ῥεῦμα διὰ τὴν τῶν σηπομένων -διαφθορὰν εὔλογον· -ὑπὸ γὰρ κοινῆς αἰτίας τῆς -σηπεδόνος ἕκαστον τῶν -σηπομένων ἴδιον εἶδος ἴσχει -τῆς διαφθορᾶς. (But under -influence of the morbid moist -juices the solid parts rotted -away; so it is only reasonable -to expect the discharge to be -complex, resulting from the -destruction of the parts rotted -away; for although proceeding -from one common cause, that -of decomposition, each of the -rotting parts has its own particular -form of decomposition).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_195_195" href="#FNanchor_195_195" class="label">195</a> -<i>Galen</i>, in his Commentary -loco citato p. 672., adds: -φοβερωτέραν εἶχε φαντασίαν -ἐν τοῖς περὶ κεφαλὴν μορίοις, -διὰ τὸ κᾂν βραχὺ τὴν παρὰ -φύσιν ἐνταῦθα παραλαχθείη, -πλέον γίνεσθαι τὸ -αἶσχος ἢ κατὰ τὰ ἄλλα μόρια -μεγάλην ἐκτροπὴν εἰς τὸ -παρὰ φύσιν ἔχοντα. μηροῦ -μὲν γὰρ τὸ βραχίονος ἢ -κνήμης ἢ πήχεως ἀποῤῥυὲν -δέρμα μικροτέραν ἔχει φαντασίαν, -εἰ δὲ τῆς κεφαλῆς -συναποπέσοιεν αἱ τρίχες τῷ -δέρματι καὶ πολὺ μᾶλλον ἡ -τοῦ γενείου σὺν αὐταῖς, ἡ -μὲν φαντασία τοῦ πάθους -γίνεται μεγάλη, ὁ κίνδυνος -δ’ᾗττον ἢ εἰ περὶ αἰδοῖα -συμβαίη τὸ τοιοῦτον πάθος -ἢ λάρυγγα καὶ θώρακαα καὶ -τι τῶν κυρίων· οὐ μόνον δὲ -τὰ περὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν οὕτως -γινόμενα φοβερὰ μᾶλλον ἦν -ἢ κακίω, ἀλλὰ καὶ καθ’ -ὁτιοῦν ἄλλο μέρος οὕτως -ἐκπίπτοντα· κακίω γὰρ ἦν -ἐφ’ὧν ἀπέστησεν εἰς τὸ -βάθος ὁ τὸ ἐρυσίπελας -ἐργαζόμενος χυμὸς κ. τ. λ. -(It offered a more terrifying -appearance where the parts -about the head were affected, -because even if only a small -deviation occur there from -what is normal, the feeling -of disgust experienced is -greater than in connection -with other parts of the body, -even when showing a great -divergence towards what is -abnormal. For the fact of the -skin of the thigh being perished, -or even when showing -of the upper arm, or of the -leg, or fore-arm, affords a less -formidable appearance, but if -the hair fall from the head -and the skin along with it, -and still more if that of the -cheeks and chin go with it, -the appearance of injury is -very great; but the danger is -all the while really less than -if the like were to happen -to the private parts or larynx -and thorax or any of the vital -parts. And not only are such -things when they happen to -the head more terrifying than -actually dangerous, but also -when it so falls out with -regard to any other part; for -much more dangerous is the -case of those in whom the -humour that sets up erysipelas -has penetrated deeply in, etc.).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_196_196" href="#FNanchor_196_196" class="label">196</a> -Hippocrates, loco citato -p. 284., πολλοῖσι μὲν γὰρ -βραχίων καὶ πῆχυς ὅλος -[ὅλως] περιεῤῥύη· οἷσι δ’ἐπὶ -τὰ πλευρὰ ταῦτα ἐκακοῦτο -ἢ τῶν ἔμπροσθέν τι ἢ τῶν -ὄπισθεν· οἷσι δὲ ὅλος ὁ μηρὸς -ἢ τὰ περικνήμια ἐψιλοῦτο -καὶ ποὺς ὅλος· ἢν δὲ πάντων -χαλεπώτατον τῶν τοιούτων, -ὅτε περὶ ἥβην καὶ αἰδοῖα -γενοίατο, καὶ τὰ μὲν περὶ -ἕλκεα καὶ μετὰ προφάσιος -τοιαῦτα· πολλοῖσι δὲ ἐν -πυρετοῖσι καὶ πρὸ πυρετοῦ -καὶ ἐπὶ πυρετοῖσι ξυνέπιπτεν. -(for translation see text -above). For ἢ τὰ περικνήμια -ἐψιλοῦτο should evidently be -read more correctly with <i>Galen</i>, -De temperam. bk. I., edit. -Kühn Vol. I. p. 532. ἢ τὰ -περὶ τὴν κνήμην ἀπεψιλοῦτο.</p> -</div> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_197_197" href="#FNanchor_197_197" class="label">197</a> -<i>Galen</i>, Vol. XVII. A. -p. 674., Καὶ χωρὶς λοιμώδους -καταστάσεως, ὅταν ἐν τούτοις -τοῖς χωρίοις ἤτοι φλεγμονή -τις ἢ ἐρυσίπελας γένηται, -ῥᾷστά τε σήπεται καὶ -συμπαθείας ἐργάζεται τῶν -ὑπερκειμένων μορίων· διὸ -καὶ πολλάκις ἀναγκαζόμεθα -<em class="gesperrt">μετὰ τὸ περικόψαι τὰ -σεσηπότα τὴν χώραν -ἐκκαίειν</em>· οὐδὲν οὖν θαυμαστὸν, -τοιαύτης καταστάσεως -γινομένης ὡς καὶ -βραχίονα καὶ μηρὸν καὶ -κνήμην, πλευράν τε καὶ -κεφαλὴν διασήπειν, ἐπὶ -πλεῖστον ἥκειν κακώσεως -τὰ περὶ αἰδοῖα .... Ἄχρι τοῦ -νῦν ὁ λόγος αὐτῷ γέγονε -περὶ τῶν ἐρυσιπελάτων, ὅσα -δ’ἕλκωσιν ἤ τι μικρὸν οὕτως -ἄλλο τῶν ἔξωθεν αἰτίων -συνέστη· ἐφεξῆς δὲ περὶ -τῶν ἄνευ τοιαύτης αἰτίας -γενομένων ποιήσεται τὸν -λόγον. (for translation see text -above).</p></div> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_198_198" href="#FNanchor_198_198" class="label">198</a> -Hippocrates moreover, -Aphorism. Vol. I. p. 724., -says: τοῦ δὲ θέρεος ... καὶ -<em class="gesperrt">σηπεδόνες αἰδοίων</em> καὶ -ἵδρωα. (And in the Summer ... -occur also <i>putrefactions of the -privates</i> and transpirations).</p></div> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_199_199" href="#FNanchor_199_199" class="label">199</a> -Very possibly in many -cases these affections of the -extremities and genital organs -owed their existence to <i>anthrax</i> -or <i>carbuncle</i>; for not -only does <i>Hippocrates</i> (p. -487.) say that ἄνθρακες -πολλοὶ κατὰ θέρος καὶ ἄλλα -ἃ σὴψ καλέεται (many cases -of malignant pustule in Summer-time, -as well as other -complaints known under the -general name of putrefaction) -appeared under these meteorological -conditions, but <i>Galen</i> -likewise (Method. med. bk. -XIV., edit. Kühn Vol. X. -p. 980.) observed an <i>anthrax</i> -epidemic in Asia, that itself -began with numerous <i>phlyctaenae</i> -(blisterous swellings) -resembling millet seeds; these -subsequently broke and gave -rise to an ἕλκος ἐσχαρῶδες -(scabby sore). Indeed the -destruction of the skin took -place even without the previous -occurrence of <i>phlyctaenae</i>. -πολλάκις δὲ οὐ μία <em class="gesperrt">φλύκταινα</em> -γεννᾶται κνησαμένων, ἀλλὰ <em class="gesperrt">πολλαὶ</em> μικραὶ -καθάπερ τινὲς κέγχροι καταπυκνοῦσαι -τὸ μέρος ὧν -ἐκρηγνυμένων ὁμοίως ἐσχαρῶδες -ἕλκος γεννᾶται· -κατὰ <em class="gesperrt">δὲ τοὺς ἐπιδημήσαντας -ἄνθρακας ἐν -Ἀσίᾳ καὶ χωρὶς φλυκταινῶν</em> -ἐνίοις εὐθέως -ἀπεδάρη τὸ δέρμα. (And often -<i>not one phlyctaena</i> is originated -on patients scratching -themselves, but <i>many</i> minute -ones like millet seeds, closely -covering the affected part; -and when these have broken, -a kind of scabby sore is -produced. And in cases of -<i>anthrax</i> (malignant pustule), -which was at one time epidemic -in Asia, in some patients -even without there having been -previous <i>phlyctaenae</i>, the skin -was immediately destroyed).—Comp. -<i>Galen</i>, De tumor. -praeternat. Vol. VII. p. 719. -Further, this information is in -any case of importance for -the more correct appreciation -of the facts as to the Plague -of Athens.</p></div> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_200_200" href="#FNanchor_200_200" class="label">200</a> -<i>Thucydides</i>, Peloponnesian -War, bk. II. ch. 49., Διεξῄει -γὰρ διὰ παντὸς τοῦ σώματος -ἄνωθεν ἀρξάμενον τὸ ἐν τῇ -κεφαλῇ πρώτον ἱδρυθὲν -κακόν· καὶ εἴ τις ἐκ τῶν -μεγίστων περιγένοιτο, τῶν -γε ἀκρωτηρῖων ἀντίληψις -<em class="gesperrt">αὐτὸν</em> ἐπεσήμαινε· κατέσκηπτε -γὰρ ἐς αἰδοῖα -καὶ ἐς ἄκρας χεῖρας καὶ -πόδας· καὶ πολλοὶ στερισκόμενοι -τούτων διέφευγον· -(for translation see text above). -In this passage it is usual to -read ἀντίληψις <em class="gesperrt">αὐτοῦ</em> -ἐπεσήμαινε, supplying κακοῦ -from the previous clause to -go with αὐτοῦ—(the seizure -of the disease itself on the -extremities manifested itself); -but even supposing the double -genitive with ἀντίληψις defensible, -the construction is still -very awkward, and is made -still more so by the fact that -in taking it this way we are -compelled to translate ἐπεσήμαινε -by “manifested itself” -(mali vis, apprehendens extremas -corporis partes se -prodebat, manifestam faciebat,—the -strength of the disease -declared itself, made itself -manifest, in seizing the extremities -of the body,—is -Wittenbach’s interpretation, -Select. Hist. p. 367.), without -by so doing obtaining any -clear meaning of the sentence. -On the other hand this is got -directly we read with <i>Reiske</i> -(Annotations p. 21. in his -“Thucydides Reden, übersetzt -von Reiske, nebst lateinischen -Anmerkungen über -dessen gesammtes Werk,”—Speeches -in Thucydides translated -into German by Reiske, -together with Latin Notes on -his “Histories” generally, -Leipzig 1761. 8vo.) ἀντίληψις -<em class="gesperrt">αὐτὸν</em> ἐπεσήμαινε,—a -seizure put its mark on him. -But whether αὐτοῦ is read -or αὐτὸν in any case it will -be impossible to take the -sentence as <i>Kraus</i>, p. 54., has -done, when he says: “The -pustulous suppurative eruption -begins with the head and -spreads little by little over -the entire body even to the -hands and feet. The fact that -Thucydides had the eruption -especially in his mind when -he speaks of the gradual spread -of the evil throughout the -whole body is shown by the -expressions chosen by him -“The disease goes through -the entire body and <i>marks</i> -(ἐπεσήμαινε) hands and feet.” -Now by what other of the -symptoms mentioned would -the affection of the hands and -feet have been likely to make -itself evident except by the -eruption?” There must surely -be few readers of Thucydides -capable of putting so radically -false an interpretation on the -Historian’s words.</p> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_201_201" href="#FNanchor_201_201" class="label">201</a> -<i>Lucretius</i>, De rerum -natura bk. VI. 1205 sqq.</p> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_202_202" href="#FNanchor_202_202" class="label">202</a> -<i>Kraus</i>, “Ueber das Alter -der Menschenpocken,“—(On -the Antiquity of Small-pox), -Hanover 1825., pp. 54 sqq.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_203_203" href="#FNanchor_203_203" class="label">203</a> -<i>Paulinus Fabius</i>, Praelectiones -Marciae, etc. 352 (but -he <i>defends</i> his accuracy, as do -Lambinus and Mercurialis),—<i>Scuderi</i> -Pt. I. p. 126. To -these we may add <i>Petr. -Victorius</i>, Variar. lect. bk. -XXXV. ch. 8.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_204_204" href="#FNanchor_204_204" class="label">204</a> -As in the Antonine Plague -in the year 235 A. D.,—<i>Galen</i>, -De usu part. III. ch. 5., -De prob. pravisque alimentor. -succ. ch. 1., edit. Kühn Vol. -VI. p. 749.; <i>Cyprian</i>, Works, -Venice 1728. fol., p. 465.—Further -note <i>Hecquet</i>, “Obs. -sur la chute des os du pied -dans une femme attaquée d’une -fèvre maligne,” (Observations -on the Falling in of the Bones -of the Foot in the case of a -Woman attacked by a Malignant -Fever), in Memoires de -Paris 1746. Histor. p. 40.—<i>J. -C. Brebis</i>, De sphacelo -totius fere faciei post superatam -febrem malignam oborto, (On -the Mortification of almost the -whole Face supervening after -Recovery from a Malignant -Fever), in Act. Acad. N. C. -Vol. IV. p. 206.—<i>Percival</i> -(Samml. auserles. Abh. Vol. -XV. p. 335.) observed during -an epidemic of putrid fever -at Manchester many patients -with violent erysipelas on -the face and head; and in -the Typhus epidemics of -1806-1813, <i>von Hildebrand</i> -(“Ueber den ansteckenden -Typhus,”—On infectious -Typhus), 2nd. edition, Vienna -1814., p. 200. and <i>Horn</i> -(“Erfahrungen über die Heilung -des ansteckenden Nerven-und -Lazarethfiebers,”) (Experiences -in the Cure of infections -Nervous and Hospital Fevers), -2nd. edition, Berlin 1814., -pp. 49, 71. saw violent inflammations -of an erysipelas -character set up in the nose, -elbows, fingers and particularly -the toes of their patients, which -rapidly passed over into mortification.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_205_205" href="#FNanchor_205_205" class="label">205</a> -A further, question arises -whether we should not read, -instead of κατέσκηπτε γὰρ -καὶ ἐς τὰ αἰδοῖα (for it attacked -the genitals also), -κατέσκηπτε γὰρ <em class="gesperrt">κακὸν</em> ἐς -τὰ αἰδοῖα (for mischief, evil, -attacked the genitals).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_206_206" href="#FNanchor_206_206" class="label">206</a> -<i>Joseph Franc</i>, Prax. med. -univ. praecept. Pt. I. Vol. III. -sect. 2., Typhus, ch. 2. § 4. -Note 11. Observation 108., -says: “Notwithstanding the -fact that in the General Hospital -of Vienna Venereal -patients were separated from -others, yet it often happened -at the time I was Physician -in Chief there, that patients -suffering from concealed Venereal -disease or paying patients -were admitted into the common -Wards. Now if one or the -other got typhus, or if such -a patient was already lying -there, or was brought there, -<i>the Venereal cases without -exception took the typhus</i>, -and particularly so during the -mercurial treatment.”</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_207_207" href="#FNanchor_207_207" class="label">207</a> -<i>Schönlein</i>, “Vorlesungen”, -(Prelections), Vol. II. p. 48., -“The syphilitic exanthema -either remains stationary when -typhus arises, or disappears -instantly and for ever—or -the part affected with syphilis -becomes gangrenous.” <i>Neumann</i>, -“Specielle Pathologie -und Therapie”, (Special Pathology -and Therapeutics), Vol. -II. p. 107., “Violent, severe -typhoïdal fevers cure syphilis -completely; its symptoms disappear -with the commencement -of the illness and never return.—Again -after Petechial fever -I have in most cases observed -that the syphilis troubles that -disappeared at its commencement -never came back again.” -<i>Historical</i> vouchers will be -afforded in plenty by our -later investigations.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_208_208" href="#FNanchor_208_208" class="label">208</a> -Works, Vol. I. p. 765. -Epistola ad Amunem, monachum. -(Letter to Amunis, a -monk).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_209_209" href="#FNanchor_209_209" class="label">209</a> -<i>Euripides</i>, Alcestis 98.,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">πυλῶν πάροιθεν δ’οὐχ ὁρῶ</div> - <div class="verse">πηγαῖον ὡς νομίζεται</div> - <div class="verse">χέρνιβ’ἐπὶ φθιτῶν πύλαις,</div> - <div class="verse">χαίτα τ’οὔτις ἐπὶ προθύροις</div> - <div class="verse">τομαῖος, ἃ δὴ νεκύων</div> - <div class="verse">πένθει πιτνεῖ.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(Before the doors I see no -lustral water from the fountain, -as is wont at the doors of the -departed, and in the forecourt -is no shorn hair, which is -ever cut in mourning for the -dead.) Comp. <i>Kirchmann</i>, De -funeribus Rom. (On Roman -Funerals) bk. I. last ch., bk. II, -ch. 15. <i>Lomeier</i>, De veterum -gentil. lustrationibus (On Public -Purifications among the Ancients), -ch. 16. <i>Casaubon</i>, On -the “Characters” of Theophrastus, -ch. 16.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_210_210" href="#FNanchor_210_210" class="label">210</a> -It may be mentioned by -way of supplement that Leprosy -among the Ancients was pretty -nearly universally regarded as -a punishment from the gods. -Even the Greeks held this -view, as comes out clearly -from <i>Aeschylus</i>, Choeph. II. 2. -This fact points to various -conclusions as to liability to -infection in Leprosy and the -obscurity in which the causes -of the disease are involved.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_211_211" href="#FNanchor_211_211" class="label">211</a> -In accordance with the -explanations given on a previous -page it might be thought -quite conceivable that so long -as the hymen was intact, a -part of the mucous discharge -of the vagina and of the -menstrual blood was retained, -and acquired a certain degree -of malignity. This acting on -points of the penis where the -surface had been accidentally -broken in the act of defloration, -or even on the mucous membrane -of the urethra, might -exert an injurious influence.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_212_212" href="#FNanchor_212_212" class="label">212</a> -<i>Euripides</i>, Iphigeneia in -Tauris 380. <i>Porphyrius</i>, bk. II. -περὶ Ἀποχῆς (On Abstinence), -<i>Dio Chrysostom</i>, Homily XIII, -on Epist. to Ephesians.—<i>Theophrastus</i>, -Charact. ch. 16.—<i>Th. -Bartholinus</i>, Antiq. veteris -puerperii synopsis (Synopsis of -Antiquities of Childbirth in Old -Times). Copenhagen 1646. 8vo.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_213_213" href="#FNanchor_213_213" class="label">213</a> -Deipnosoph. bk. XII. p. -518., Πάντες δὲ οἱ πρὸς -ἑσπέραν οἰκοῦντες βάρβαροι -πιττοῦνται καὶ ξυροῦνται τὰ -σώματα· καὶ παρά γε τοῖς -Τυῤῥηνοῖς ἐργαστήρια κατεσκεύασται -πολλὰ, καὶ τεχνῖται -τούτου τοῦ πράγματός εἰσιν, -ὥσπερ παρ’ἡμῖν οἱ κουρεῖς· -παρ’οὓς ὅταν εἰσέλθωσι, -παρέχουσιν ἑαυτοὺς πάντα -τρόπον, οὐδὲν αἰσχυνόμενοι -τοὺς ὁρῶντας, οὐ δὲ τοὺς -παριόντας· χρῶντοι δὲ τούτῳ -τῷ νόμῳ πολλοὶ καὶ τῶν -Ἑλλήνων καὶ τῶν τὴν Ἰταλίαν -οἰκούντων, μαθόντες παρὰ -Σαμνιτῶν καὶ Μεσαπίων. -(Now all the Barbarians that -dwell towards the West, use -pitch as a depilatory, and shave -their bodies. Indeed amongst -the Tyrrhenians establishments -are fitted up in numbers for -this purpose, and there are -artistes who practise this profession, -like barbers among -ourselves. And when men go -into their shops, they expose -themselves in every part, feeling -no shame of spectators -nor of passers-by. And this -custom is followed also by -many of the Greeks and of -the inhabitants of Italy, who -have learned it from Samnites -and Messapians). The depilation -of men and boys was -attended to by women (<i>Martial</i>, -XI. 79.) at the period -of the highest degree of dissoluteness; -in fact there was -a special guild of such women, -known as <i>ustriculae</i>. <i>Tertullian</i>, -De pallio ch. 4. In the -same way men performed this -service for women, as e.g. -<i>Domitian</i>, according to <i>Suetonius</i>, -ch. 22., Erat fama, quasi -concubinas ipse develleret -(Rumour went, to the effect -that the Emperor used to -“pluck” his mistresses with -his own hand,)—and <i>Heliogabalus</i> -according to <i>Lampridius</i>, -ch. 31., In balneis -semper cum mulieribus fuit, -ita ut eas ipse psilothro curaret, -ipse quoque barbam psilothro -accurans, quodque pudendum -dictu est, eodem quo mulieres -accurabantur, et eadem hora. -Rasit et virilia subactoribus -suis ad novaculam manu sua, -qua postea barbam fecit. (At -the baths he was always with -the women, going so far as -to apply the “psilothrum” -(a depilatory) in their treatment -himself, finishing off -his own beard also with -“psilothrum”, and using, disgusting -to relate, the same as -the women were being treated -with, and at one and the same -time. Moreover he shaved his -debauchees’(pathics) privates -to the navel with his own -hand, and then shaved his -own beard).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_214_214" href="#FNanchor_214_214" class="label">214</a> -They used to remove the -hair on the <i>face</i> (<i>Martial</i>, III. -74.), from the <i>nose</i> (Ovid, Art. -Amand. I. 520.), on the arches -of the <i>eyebrows</i> (Cicero, Orat. -pro Roscio), from the armpits -(<i>Juvenal</i>, XIV. 194., <i>Seneca</i>, -Epist. 115.), on the <i>arms</i> -(<i>Martial</i>, III. 63.), the <i>hands</i> -(<i>Martial</i>, V. 41.), on the <i>legs</i> -(<i>Juvenal</i>, IX. 12.) As to the -beard, that has already been -spoken of.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_215_215" href="#FNanchor_215_215" class="label">215</a> -<i>Martial</i>, II. 62., Cui -praestas culum, quem, Labiene, -pilas. (To whom you give your -fundament, Labienus, that you -strip of hair).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_216_216" href="#FNanchor_216_216" class="label">216</a> -<i>Martial</i>, II. 62.,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Quod pectus, quod crura tibi, quod brachia vellis,</div> - <div class="verse">Quod cincta est brevibus <em class="gesperrt">mentula tonsa</em> pilis,</div> - <div class="verse">Haec praestas, Labiene, tuae, quis nescit? amicae.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(You pluck your chest, your -legs, your arms, your <i>shaven -member</i> is surrounded by short -hair,—all these pains you offer, -everyone knows it, to your -mistress.) Bk. IX. 27.,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Cum <em class="gesperrt">depilatos</em>, Chreste <em class="gesperrt">coleos</em> portes,</div> - <div class="verse">Et <em class="gesperrt">vulturino mentulam parem collo</em>,</div> - <div class="verse">Et prostitutis laevius caput culis,</div> - <div class="verse">Nec vivat ullus in tuo pilus crure</div> - <div class="verse">Purgentque crebrae cana labra volsellae etc.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(For you have <i>your testicles -freed from hair</i>, Chrestus, -and <i>your member like a -vulture’s neck</i>, and your head -smoother than those posteriors -that you prostitute. Not a -hair lives on your leg, and -frequent application of the -tweezers keeps clean your -shaven lips, etc.) Comp. Bk. -IX. 48. 58. <i>Suetonius</i>, Otho -12. <i>Persius</i>, IV. 37. <i>Ausonius</i>, -131.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_217_217" href="#FNanchor_217_217" class="label">217</a> -<i>Aristophanes</i>, Lysistrat. -151.,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Εἰ γὰρ καθῄμεθ’ἔνδον ἐντετριμμέναι</div> - <div class="verse">κἀν τοῖς χιτωνίοισι τοῖς ἀμοργίνοις</div> - <div class="verse">γυμναὶ παρίοιμεν, <em class="gesperrt">δέλτα παρατετιλμέναι</em>,</div> - <div class="verse">στύοιντ’ἂν ἅνδρες κἀπιθυμοῖεν πλεκοῦν.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(For if we sat within doors -anointed with unguents, and -if we appeared lightly clad -in robes of Amorgian flax, -<i>our bellies plucked clear of -hair</i>, the men would all have -erections, and would be fain -to lie with us.) For the -same reason Mnesilochus was -freed of hair on the genitals -and in all other parts of -the body, so as not to be -recognised in the assemblage -of women.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_218_218" href="#FNanchor_218_218" class="label">218</a> -Aristophanes, Eccl. 718., -says of prostitutes:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">καὶ τάς γε δούλας οὐχὶ δεῖ κοσμουμένας</div> - <div class="verse">τὴν τῶν ἐλευθέρων ὑφαρπάζειν Κύπριν,</div> - <div class="verse">ἀλλὰ παρὰ τοῖς δούλοισι κοιμᾶσθαι μόνον.</div> - <div class="verse">κατωνάκῃ <em class="gesperrt">τὸν χοῖρον ἀποτετιλμένας</em>.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(And the slave-women ought -not to bedizen themselves and -snatch away the love that is -free-women’s by rights; but -should lie with slaves only, -their pudenda plucked clean to -please the wearer of the smock.) -Frogs 515., Ξ. πῶς λέγεις; -ὀρχηστρίδες; Θ. ἡβυλλιῶσαι -κἄρτι παρατετιλμέναι (Xanthius. -What say you? dancing-girls? -Therap. Yes! young -wenches, just <i>plucked clean</i>). -Comp. Lysistrat. 88.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_219_219" href="#FNanchor_219_219" class="label">219</a> -<i>Martial</i>, bk. XII. Epigr. -32.,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Nec plena turpi matris olla resina</div> - <div class="verse">Summoenianae qua pilantur uxores.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(Nor yet your mother’s jars -full of foul resin, wherewith -the suburban dames free themselves -of hair.)</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_220_220" href="#FNanchor_220_220" class="label">220</a> -Martial, bk. X. Epigr. 90.,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Quid vellis <em class="gesperrt">vetulum</em>, Ligella, <em class="gesperrt">cunnum</em>?</div> - <div class="verse">Quid busti cineres tui lacessis?</div> - <div class="verse">Tales <em class="gesperrt">munditiae</em> decent puellas.</div> - <div class="verse">Erras, si tibi cunnus hic videtur,</div> - <div class="verse">Ad quem mentula pertinere desit.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(Why pluck you bare, Ligella, -<i>your old organ</i>? why vex -you the ashes of your tomb? -Such <i>nice allurements</i> are for -girls. You are mistaken if you -think yours is of a sort that -a man’s member should be -fain to belong to it.) This -passage, together with those -quoted a little above from -Aristophanes and Theopompus, -will explain sufficiently what -<i>Horace</i> (Sat. I. 2. v. 36.) meant -by his “mirator <i>cunni</i> Cupiennius -<i>albi</i>,” (Cupiennius admirer -of a <i>white organ</i>), for the -<i>albus</i> (white) here evidently -stands for <i>rasus</i>, <i>depilatus</i>, -<i>nudus</i>, (shaven, freed from -hair, bare); as in <i>Juvenal</i>, -Sat. I. 111., Nuper in hanc -urbem <i>pedibus</i> qui venerat -<i>albis</i>, (Who but now had -arrived in this city with white, -i. e. bare, feet.) The commentators -have hitherto always -explained it by <i>matrona stola -alba</i>, seu <i>candida</i>, <i>vestita</i>, (a -matron clad in a white, or -glistening-white, robe), because, -as <i>Heindorf</i> puts it, no other -interpretation is to hand. But -really there are several possible -explanations on similar lines. -It might be for “<i>canus</i> cunnus”, -(hoary, aged; organ) (<i>Martial</i>, -bk. IX. 38., bk. II. 34.), though -again the meaning of <i>depilatus</i> -(free of hair), in another sense, -might equally well be at the -bottom of this, as is the case -with <i>cana labra</i> (hoary, white, -lips)—IX. 28. Or <i>albus</i> (white) -may be taken as synonymous -with <i>increta</i>, <i>cerussata</i> (whitened -with chalk, painted with -ceruse), to which <i>Martial</i> -supplies the explanation, when -he says (III. 42.),</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Lomento rugas uteri quod condere tentas,</div> - <div class="verse">Polla, tibi ventrem, non mihi labra linis;</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(When you endeavour to hide -the wrinkles on your stomach -with powder, ’tis your own -belly, Polla, not my lips, you -smear with the stuff),—as -also bk. IX. 3., Illa <i>siligineis</i> -pinguescit adultera <i>cunnis</i>, (It—i. -e. your penis—in adulterous -loves, grows fat on women’s -organs powdered with fine -wheaten flour); [but another -way of taking the line is: -She, i. e. your mistress,—adulterous -dame, grows fat on -wheaten cakes—cakes baked -in the shape of <i>cunni</i>.] The -<i>Lomentum</i>, which is not -derived from <i>lavimentum</i> or -<i>lavamentum</i> (something to -wash with), as Scheller, following -Voss, makes it to be, but -from the Greek λείωμα faba -communita (<i>ground</i> beans), -was bean-meal (<i>Vegetius</i>, De -re veterin. V. 62., says: in -subtilissimo lomento, hoc est -farina fabacea, (in the finest -<i>lomentum</i>, that is bean-flour.); -and at the present day the -Japanese, it seems, according -to <i>Thunberg</i>, use a kind of -bean-meal instead of soap. -Roman ladies were most careful -to maintain the <i>aequor -ventris</i> (smoothness of the -belly)—<i>Aulus Gellius</i>, Noctes -Att. I. 2.); whence <i>Martial</i>, -(III. 72.) says, addressing -Laufella, who refuses to bathe -with him:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Aut tibi pannosae pendent a pectore mammae</div> - <div class="verse">Aut <em class="gesperrt">sulcos uteri</em> prodere nuda times.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(Either your breasts hang -flabby from your bosom, or -you fear, if you strip, to -betray the furrows on your -belly.) To obviate wrinkles -on the face, they sprinkled -their faces with chalk; and -so <i>Petronius</i>, (Satyr. ch. 23.) -says: et inter rugas malarum -tantum erat cretae, ut putares -detectum parietem nimbo laborare, -(and amidst the wrinkles -of the cheeks was so much -chalk, that you would think -a partition-wall had been -stripped and was wrapped -in a cloud of dust); and we -read in <i>Lucian’s</i> poem (Greek -Anthology, Bk. II. tit. 9.) -μὴ τοίνυν τὸ πρόσωπον -ἅπαν ψιμύθῳ κατάπλαττε. -(Now don’t besmear all your -face with ceruse). However -if <i>cunnus must</i> be taken as -equivalent to <i>femina</i> (a woman), -it would be on all -fours with <i>albus amicus</i> (white, -white-faced, friend) in <i>Martial</i> -(bk. X. 12.), which <i>Farnabius</i> -explains by σκιατρόφος (reared -in the shade, delicate), answering -more or less to our “<i>Whey-face</i>”. -At any rate <i>any</i> of -these interpretations are for -certain nearer the truth than -the <i>stola alba</i> (clad in <i>a -white robe</i>) one.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_221_221" href="#FNanchor_221_221" class="label">221</a> -Italae nonnullae se depiles -tangere amant circa partes -hymenaeo sacras, <i>veritae foetationem -morpionum</i> (Some -Italian women like to feel the -skin bare of hair round those -parts that are sacred to marriage, -<i>fearing the foul breeding -of lice</i>), writes <i>Rolfink</i>, -“Ordo et methodus generationi -dicat. partium cognoscendi -fabricam,” (Orderly and Systematic -Knowledge of the -Structure of the Parts devoted -to Procreation). Jena 1664. -4to., p. 185. This may have -been one motive among the -Ancients also for the removal -of the hair, for Aristotle in -his time (Hist. Anim. bk. V. -ch. 25.) is acquainted with -felt-lice (crabs), and calls them -φθεῖρες ἄγριοι (wild lice), -without however mentioning -what part of the person they -infest. His words are: ἔστι -δὲ γένος φθειρῶν, <em class="gesperrt">οἳ καλοῦνται -ἄγριοι</em>, καὶ -σκληρότεροι τῶν ἐν τοῖς -πολλοῖς γιγνομένων· εἰσὶ δὲ -οὗτοι καὶ δυσαφαίρετοι ἀπὸ -τοῦ σώματος. (There is another -kind of lice, <i>called wild -lice</i>, and more troublesome -than the common sort. It is -most difficult to rid the body -of these). <i>Celsus</i>, De re medica -bk. VI. chs. 6. and 15., -mentions them as occurring -in the eye-lashes: Genus quoque -vitii est, qui inter pilos -palpebrarum pediculi nascuntur. -φθειρίασιν Graeci nominant. -(There is another kind -of taint, lice that breed among -the hair of the eyelids; it is -called in Greek φθειρίασις—lousiness.)</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_222_222" href="#FNanchor_222_222" class="label">222</a> -<i>Lockervitzens, Christ.</i> -Disp. II on Circumcision, -Witepsk 1679. 4to.—<i>Antonius</i>, -Dissertation on the Circumcision -of the Gentiles, Leipzig -1682. 4to.—<i>Grapius</i>, Did -Abraham borrow Circumcision -from the Egyptians? Rostock -1699. 4to. Jena 1722. 4to.—<i>Vogel</i>, -Graduation Exercise on -Questions as to the Advantages -of the Medical Employment -of Circumcision, Göttingen -1763. 4to.—<i>Hofmann</i>, -On Circumcision as deserving -of the name of an Old Testament -Sacrament. Altorf 1770. -4to.—<i>Ackermann, J. Ch. G.</i>, -“Aufsätze über die Beschneidung” -(Essays on Circumcision) -in <i>Weise’s</i> “Materialien für -Gottesgelahrtheit und Religion,” -(Materials for Theological -and Religious Study), -1 vol. Gera 1784. 8vo., pp. -50 sqq. comp. <i>Blumenbach’s</i> -Med. Biblioth. Vol. I. p. 482.—<i>Meiners</i>, -Christ., De circumcisionis -origine et causis, -(On the Origin and Reasons -of Circumcision), in Commentat. -Societ. Göttingen Vol. -XIV. pp. 207 sqq.—<i>Borhek</i>, -“Is Circumcision Hebraic by -First Origin? and What -prompted Abraham to its -Introduction? A Historico-exegetical -Enquiry,” Duisburg -and Lemgo 1793. 8vo.—<i>Bauer, -F. W.</i> “Description of the -Religious Constitution of the -Ancient Jews.” Leipzig 1805. -large 8vo. Vol. I. pp. 76 sqq.—<i>Cohen, -Moses</i>,“Dissertation -on Circumcision, regarded -under its Religious, Hygienic -and Pathological Aspects”. -Paris 1816. 4to.—<i>Brück, A. Th.</i> -“A Word on the Advantages -of Circumcision,” in Rust’s -Magaz. Vol. VII. 1820. pp. -222-28.—<i>Hofmann, A. G.</i> -in Ersch and Gruber’s “Encyclopaedie”, -<i>Circumcision</i>, -Vol. IX, (1822) pp. 265-70.—<i>Autenrieth, -J. H.</i>, “Treatise -on the Origin of Circumcision -among savage and semi-savage -Peoples, with reference -to the Circumcision of the -Israelites; together with a -Critique by C. Chr. von Flatt.” -Tübingen 1829, large 8vo.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_223_223" href="#FNanchor_223_223" class="label">223</a> -<i>Herodotus</i>, Hist. Bk. II. -ch. 104. <i>Origen</i>, Bk. V. ch. -41. Works edit. De la Rue, -Vol. I. p. 609 D.—<i>Cyril</i>, -Contra Julian. Bk. X. edit. -Spanhem. p. 354. B.—<i>Diodorus -Siculus</i>, Bk. I. ch. 28.—<i>Strabo</i>, -Geograph. Bk. XVII. ch. 2. -5. edit. Siebenkess. In <i>Sanchuniathon</i> -(Fragments edit. -Orelli, p. 36.) Circumcision is -actually referred back to -Cronos.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_224_224" href="#FNanchor_224_224" class="label">224</a> -<i>Ludolf</i>, Histor. Aethiop. -Bk. III. ch. 1. pp. 30 sqq. -<i>Paulus</i>, “Sammlg. morgenländischer -Reisebeschreibg.” -(Collection of Descriptions of -Eastern Travel), Pt. III. p. 83.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_225_225" href="#FNanchor_225_225" class="label">225</a> -Forster’s “Beobachtungen,” -(Observations), p. 842.—Cook’s -Last Voyage, Vol. I. -p. 387., Vol. II. pp. 161, 233.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_226_226" href="#FNanchor_226_226" class="label">226</a> -<i>J. Gumilla</i>, “Histoire -de l’Oronoque,” (Hist. of -Oronoko), Avignon 1708. Vol. -I. p. 183. <i>Veigl</i> in <i>Murr’s</i> -“Sammlung der Reisen einiger -Missionare,” (Collection of -Travels of Various Missionaries), -p. 67.—<i>de Pauw</i>, -“Reflections sur les Américains,” -(Reflections on the -Natives of America), Vol. II. -p. 148. <i>Spizelius, Theoph.</i>, -Elevatio revelationis Montezinianae -de repertis in America -tribubus Israeliticis, (Confutation -of the Montezinian revelation -as to the Finding of the -lost Tribes of Israel in America.) -Bâle 1661. 8vo. <i>Burdach</i>, -Physiology. Vol. III. p. 386.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_227_227" href="#FNanchor_227_227" class="label">227</a> -Gospel of St. John, Ch. -VII. v. 23., Εἰ περιτομὴν -λαμβάνει ἄνθρωπος ἐν σαββάτῳ, -ἵνα μὴ λυθῇ ὁ νόμος -Μωσέως, ἐμοὶ χολᾶτε ὅτι -ὅλον ἄνθρωπον <em class="gesperrt">ὑγιῆ -ἐποίησα</em> ἐν σαββάτῳ. -(for translation see text above).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_228_228" href="#FNanchor_228_228" class="label">228</a> -I Samuel, Ch. XVII. v. 14. -It is true we find even in Genesis -the covenant with Jehovah -celebrated by Abraham by -means of circumcision; but it -was in later times only in -each case that this custom -was referred back to him as -being racial father of the -Nation. For the same reason -in the case of Joshua the -matter is so represented as -if the Jews had been already -circumcised at their expulsion -from Egypt. If this had really -and truly been the case, it is -impossible to see why circumcision -was not carried out on -those born on the march to -Canaan. They were perfectly -able to keep other laws, and -they could have observed this -too, if it had been given them -at the time!</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_229_229" href="#FNanchor_229_229" class="label">229</a> -Leviticus, Ch. XIX. v. 6.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_230_230" href="#FNanchor_230_230" class="label">230</a> -Leviticus, Ch. XII. v. 3.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_231_231" href="#FNanchor_231_231" class="label">231</a> -<i>J. G. Hofmann</i>, De causa -foecunditatis gentis circumcisae -in circumcisione quaerenda, -(On the Reason for the -Fertility of the Circumcised -Race to be sought in the fact -of their Circumcision), Leipzig -1739. 4to.—<i>S. B. Wolfsheimer</i>, -De causis fecunditatis Hebraeorum -nonnullis sacr. cod. -praeceptibus nitentibus, (On -the Causes of the Fertility of -the Jews as dependent upon -certain Precepts of the Sacred -Volumes), Halle 1742.—<i>Bauer</i>, -loco citato Vol. I. -p. 63.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_232_232" href="#FNanchor_232_232" class="label">232</a> -The Talmud says: Quicunque -Israelita liberis operam -non dat, est velut <i>homicida</i>. -(An Israelite, whoever he be, -that fails to give heed to the -procreation of children, is a -kind of <i>murderer</i>). <i>Selden</i>, -Uxor. Hebraic. Bk. I. ch. 9.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_233_233" href="#FNanchor_233_233" class="label">233</a> -<i>Stoll</i>, Praelectiones in -diversos morbos chronicos, -(Lectures on certain Chronic -Diseases), Vol. I. p. 96, writes -as follows: Antiquissimum -cum <em class="gesperrt">Henslero</em> pronuntiavi, -atque inter Aegyptios, Judaeos, -Graecos dein et Romanos perfrequentem -<em class="gesperrt">ut quasdam -harum gentium consuetudines, -mores, leges -ac statuta forte inde -possis repertere</em>.... Sic -praeceptum <em class="gesperrt">circumcisionis</em>, -antiquissima plane consuetudo, -idcirco fortassis instituta -fuerat, atque tanquam -ritus sacer, tanquam praeceptum -quoddam, de quo dispensari -nemo queat, introducebatur, -quod circumcisus videatur -difficilius morbum urethrae -contrahere, rariusque ablato -scilicet praeputio, intra quod -virus haeret, rodit, cancros -facit, quod et ipsum efficitur -pessime in phymosi, paraphymosi. -Glans ipsa in homine -minus facile virus resorbere -videtur, occallescens nempe.... -Nota viriginitatis sedulo examinata -est in neonuptis -puellis; custodia foeminarum -per totum orientem; adulterii -crimen, maxime foeminarum, -morte expiatum <em class="gesperrt">videntur -docere, scivisse antiquitatem -remotissimam, -morbum quendam gravem, -immundum volgivaga Venere dari et -communicari</em>. (With <i>Hensler</i> -I pronounce it—Venereal -disease—to be of most ancient -origin, and to have been of -such frequency among the -Egyptians, Jews, as well as -the Greeks and Romans, that -it may well <i>be possible to -discover in it the cause of -sundry habits, customs, laws -and enactments of these -Peoples</i>.... For instance the -precept of circumcision, evidently -an extremely ancient -custom, was very possibly first -instituted for this reason, and -was introduced in the guise -of a sacred rite, a ceremonial -precept from which there can -be no dispensation, because -the circumcised man would -seem less readily to contract -disease of the urethra, and in -cases where the prepuce has -been removed, inside which -the poison remains adherent -and corrodes, less frequently -suffers from chancres, an effect -that follows in its worst form -in phymosis and paraphymosis. -The <i>glans penis</i> itself in a -man thus treated seems to -absorb the poison less easily, -being in fact grown partially -callous.... The fact that the -sign of virginity was scrupulously -examined in newly -married virgins, the careful -guard kept over women -throughout the East, the -penalty of death attached to -the crime of adultery, especially -in women, <i>all seem to -show that the remotest Antiquity -was aware of some -serious, foul disease being -given and communicated by -indiscriminate Love</i>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_234_234" href="#FNanchor_234_234" class="label">234</a> -<i>Strabo</i>, Geograph. Bk. -XVII. ch. 11. § 5.—<i>Reland</i>, -De religione Muhamedan., (On -the Mohammedan Religion), -p. 75. <i>Niebuhr</i>, Description -of Arabia, p. 70.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_235_235" href="#FNanchor_235_235" class="label">235</a> -<i>Seezen</i>, in a letter to von -Hammer on the Mines of the -East. Vol. I. p. 65.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_236_236" href="#FNanchor_236_236" class="label">236</a> -<i>Paulus</i>, “Sammlung morgenländ. -Reisebeschreibg.,” -(Collection of Descriptions of -Eastern Travel), Vol. III. p. -83.—<i>Olivier’s</i> “Reise in -Aegypten, Syrien, etc.,” (Travels -in Egypt, Syria, etc.), -p. 413.—<i>Seezen</i>, loco citato -p. 65. Perhaps even the ancient -Egyptians circumcised -maids in their time. <i>Ambrosius</i>, -Abraham Bk. II. ch. 11., in -Works Vol. I. p. 347., Paris -edition of 1686. <i>Galen</i>, De -usu partium Bk. XV.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_237_237" href="#FNanchor_237_237" class="label">237</a> -<i>Ludolf</i>, History of the -Ethiopians Bk. III. ch. 1.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_238_238" href="#FNanchor_238_238" class="label">238</a> -<i>Chardin</i>, Voyages en -Perse, (Travels in Persia), -Vol. X. p. 76., Amsterdam -edition.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_239_239" href="#FNanchor_239_239" class="label">239</a> -<i>Mungo Park</i>, Travels -p. 180.—Voyage au pays de -Bambouc, (Journey to the Land -of Bambuk), p. 48.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_240_240" href="#FNanchor_240_240" class="label">240</a> -<i>Veigl’s</i> “Gründliche Nachrichten -von der Landschaft -Maynas in Südamerika,” (Trustworthy -Account of the Province -of Maynas in South America), -in <i>Murr’s</i> “Sammlung der -Reisen einiger Missionarien -von der Gesellschaft Jesu,” -(Collection of the Travels of -various Missionaries of the -Society of Jesus), Nüremberg -1785., p. 67.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_241_241" href="#FNanchor_241_241" class="label">241</a> -<i>Plutarch</i>, On Isis and -Osiris ch. 94. Hence we commonly -find among the Ancients -the custom, merely after the -evacuation of urine and fæces, -of cleansing the parts concerned. -Accordingly <i>Josephus</i>, -De Bello Judaic. Bk. II. ch. -8., says: καίπερ δὲ φυσικῆς -οὔσης τῆς τῶν σωματικῶν λυμάτων -ἐκκρίσεως ἀπολούεσθαι -μετ’αὐτὴν, καθάπερ -μεμιασμένοις, ἔθιζον. (And -even though the evacuation -of the bodily defilements was -in the course of nature, they -were accustomed to wash themselves -after it, as in the case -of men polluted). The Romans -used for the purpose a sponge -fastened to the end of a stick, -as we see from <i>Seneca</i>, Letter -70, where he says: Lignum, -quod ad emendanda obscoena -adhaerente spongia positum -est, totum in gulam sparsit, -(The stick that is placed with -a sponge fixed to it for -cleansing filth, this he shook -right in his mouth). Slaves -took stones, bulbs, etc. for -the purpose. <i>Aristophanes</i>, -Plut. IV. 1. After making -water it was usual to wash the -hands. <i>Petronius</i>, Satyr. 27. -Exonerata ille vesica, aquam -poposcit ad manus. (After -relieving his bladder, he asked -for water for his hands). This -care for cleanliness roused, -as mentioned before, the -utmost anger on the part -of Saint Athanasius; but -it is to this day the custom -among the Turks, for it is -enjoined by the Koran (Sure -IV. 42.), even adding that -only one hand ought to be -used (<i>Niebuhr</i>, Description of -Arabia, p. 78.), namely the -<i>left</i>. The same hand was -used also by the Romans, -as well as perhaps by all -ancient Peoples. Hence <i>Martial</i> -says, bk. XI. 59., sed lota -mentula laeva.... (but my -member, when my left hand -has been washed....). With -the left hand, amica manus (the -<i>mistress</i> hand), masturbation -was performed, <i>Martial</i>, IX. -42. XI. 74.; it served to -cover the genitals, <i>Lucian</i>, -Amor. 13., hence according -to <i>Ovid</i>, Ars amandi, Bk. -II. 613.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Ipsa Venus pubem quoties velamina ponit,</div> - <div class="verse">Protegitur laeva semireducta manu</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(Venus herself, as oft as she -lays aside her garments, half -withdrawn covers herself with -her left hand), and Priapus -is represented in Art holding -the penis with the left hand, -Priapeia 24. 34. If we are -not mistaken, this was also -the case with Horus among -the Egyptians. What has just -been said explains at the same -time the reason why the left -hand has from of old been -held in disrepute, an idea -still preserved in the expression, -to marry, to be married, -<i>with the left hand</i>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_242_242" href="#FNanchor_242_242" class="label">242</a> -<i>Friedr. Hoffmann</i>, Diss. -med. 3., asserit luem Veneream -Constantinopolidos non grassari, -quod feminae munditiei -apprime studiosae post opus -aquam sumant et locos diligenter -colluant (asserts that -Venereal disease is not prevalent -at Constantinople, -because the women being -extremely careful of cleanliness -take water after their -work and scrupulously wash -the parts), says <i>Astruc</i>, I. p. -108. This is further confirmed -by <i>Oppenheim</i>, “Ueber den -Zustand der Heilkunde etc. -in der Türkei,” (On the Condition -of Medical Science etc. -in Turkey), Hamburg 1838., -p. 81., who writes: “Without -the great cleanliness of the -Turks, who after any single -occasion of coition not only -practise washing, but wherever -at all possible, go to the bath -as well, the disease (Venereal) -would undoubtedly be still -more widely spread.”</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_243_243" href="#FNanchor_243_243" class="label">243</a> -Herodotus, Histor. Bk. -I. ch. 198., Ὁσάκις δ’ἂν -μιχθῇ γυναικὶ τῇ ἑωυτοῦ -ἀνὴρ Βαβυλώνιος περὶ -θυμίημα καταγιζόμενον ἵζει· -ἑτέρωθι δὲ ἡ γυνὴ τὠυτὸ -τοῦτο ποιέει· ὄρθρου δὲ -γενομένου λοῦνται καὶ ἀμφότεροι· -ἄγγεος γὰρ ουδενος -ἅψονται πρὶν ἂν λούσωνται· -ταὐτὰ δὲ ταῦτα καὶ Ἀράβοι -ποιεῦσι. (for translation see -text above).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_244_244" href="#FNanchor_244_244" class="label">244</a> -<i>Eusebius</i>, Praeparat. -evangel. p. 475. C., Μηδὲ -εἰς ἱερὰ εἰσιέναι ἀπὸ γυναικῶν -ἀλούτοις ἐνομοθέτησαν. -(And they enjoined that men -should not enter into temples -unwashed after women).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_245_245" href="#FNanchor_245_245" class="label">245</a> -<i>Chaeremon</i> in <i>Porphyry</i>, -περὶ ἀποχ. bk. IV. §. 7, The -expression <i>pollutiones</i> (pollutions) -for nocturnal ejaculation -of seed shows the Romans -also saw a defilement in this. -Comp. <i>Heinsius</i> on Ovid’s -Art of Love, bk. III. 96.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_246_246" href="#FNanchor_246_246" class="label">246</a> -Josephus, Contra Apionem, -bk. II. p. 1381., καὶ <em class="gesperrt">μετὰ -τὴν νομιμὸν συνουσίαν</em> -ἄνδρος καὶ γυναικὸς ἀπολούσασθαι -<em class="gesperrt">κελεύει ὁ -νόμος</em>· ψυχῆς τε καὶ -σώματος ἐγγίνεται μολυσμός. -(Even <i>after the lawful intercourse</i> -of man and wife <i>the -Law orders</i> men to wash: a -defilement both of soul and -body ensues).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_247_247" href="#FNanchor_247_247" class="label">247</a> -<i>Philo Judaeus</i>, De special. -legg., τοσαύτην δ’ἔχει πρόνοιαν -ὁ νόμος τοῦ μηδ’ἐπὶ -γάμοις νεωτερίζεσθαι, ὥστε -καὶ τοὺς συνιόντας εἰς -ὁμιλίαν ἄνδρας καὶ γυναῖκας -κατὰ τοὺς ἐπὶ γάμοις θεσμοὺς, -ὅταν εὐνῆς ἀπαλλάττωντο, -οὐ πρότερον ἐᾷ -τινος ψαύειν ἢ <em class="gesperrt">λουτροῖς</em> -καὶ <em class="gesperrt">περιῤῥαντηρίοις χρῆσθαι</em>. -(But the Law -takes such precautions that -nothing strange and unlawful -be done in marriage, that it -suffers not even such as come -together in intercourse, men -and women united according -to the laws of marriage, when -they quit the bed, to touch -anything before they have -<i>employed baths and sprinklings</i>.) -The same Writer, -De mercede meretricis non -accepienda in sacrar., (Of -Harlots’Hire not meet to be -Taken in the Holy Place), -Works edit. Mangey Vol. II. -p. 265., moreover states that -in his time the public women -made frequent use of warm -baths.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_248_248" href="#FNanchor_248_248" class="label">248</a> -<i>Europa</i> bathed in Crete -after coition with Zeus (Antigonus -Carystius, Hist. mirab. -179.), Venus after the first -embraces of Vulcan (Athenaeus, -Deipnos. XV. p. 681.), -Ceres after lying with Neptune -(Pausanias, Arcad. p. 256.).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_249_249" href="#FNanchor_249_249" class="label">249</a> -In Amor. 42. Lucian says -of the women (Hetaerae), -νύκτας ἐπὶ τούτοις διηγούμεναι, -καὶ τοὺς ἑτερόχρωτας -ὕπνους καὶ θηλύττητος -εὐνὴν γέμουσαν· <em class="gesperrt">ἀφ’ἧς -ἀναστὰς ἕκαστος εὐθὺ -λουτροῦ χρεῖός ἐστι</em>. -(passing their nights in this -way, enjoying indiscrimate -sleep and a couch teeming -with wantonness; from the -which each man when he has -risen, straightway is in need -of bathing). <i>Hesiod</i>, Works -and Days 731., writes,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">μηδ’αἰδοῖα γονῇ πεπαλαγμένος ἔνδοθι οἴκου</div> - <div class="verse">ἑστίη ἐμπελαδὸν παραφαινέμεν, ἀλλ’ἀλέασθαι.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(Nor yet when done with -generation, within the house -hard by the hearth expose the -privates, but retire aside).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_250_250" href="#FNanchor_250_250" class="label">250</a> -<i>Persius</i>, Sat. II. 15.,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Haec sancte ut poscas, Tiberino in gurgite mergis</div> - <div class="verse">Mane caput bis terque et <em class="gesperrt">noctem flumine purgas</em>.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(That you may make this -request free from taint, -you plunge your head -in Tiber’s flood twice and -three times at dawn, and -<i>purge away your night in -the stream</i>). <i>Gregory the -Great</i>, Answers to ten Questions -of Augustine, first English -Bishop: Vir cum propria uxore -dormiens, intrare ecclesiam, -non debet, sed neque lotus -intrare statim debet.... Et -quamvis de hac re diversae -hominum nationes diversa sentiant, -atque custodire videantur, -<em class="gesperrt">Romanorum tamen semper -atque ab antiquioribus</em> -usus fuit, post ad -mixtionem propriae coniugis -et lavacrii purificationem ab -ingressu ecclesiae paullatim -reverenter abstinere. (A man -sleeping with his own wife, -ought not to enter a church, -and not even when washed -ought he to enter immediately -after.... And although on -this matter different nations -of mankind hold different -opinions and appear to keep -different customs, yet the -Romans’practice always and -from the most ancient times -has ever been, that subsequently -to intercourse with -his lawful wife and the purification -of the bath a man -reverently abstain for a while -from entering a church). For -the same reason <i>Tibullus</i> -says, Carmina bk. II. 1.,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Vos quoque abesse procul jubeo discedite ab aris,</div> - <div class="verse">Queis tulit hesterna gaudia nocte, Venus.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(You too I bid stand afar -off, depart ye from the altars, -to whom yesternight Venus -brought her joys). Comp. <i>Ovid</i>, -Amor., bk. III. eleg. 6.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_251_251" href="#FNanchor_251_251" class="label">251</a> -<i>Ovid</i>, Amor., bk. III. -eleg. 7. 84.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Neve suae possent intactam scire ministrae,</div> - <div class="verse">Dedecus hoc <em class="gesperrt">sumta</em> dissimulavit <em class="gesperrt">aqua</em>.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(And that her handmaids might -not know her untouched, she -dissembled this disgrace by -<i>taking water</i>). -</p> -<p> -<i>Ovid</i>, Ars Amandi, bk. III. 619.,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Scilicet obstabit custos ne scribere possis,</div> - <div class="verse"><em class="gesperrt">Sumendae</em> detur cum tibi tempus <em class="gesperrt">aquae</em>.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(Of course your guard will -put obstacles in the way to -hinder your writing, though -time be given you for <i>taking -water</i>). -</p> -<p> -<i>Martial</i>, bk. VII. Epigr. 34.,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Ecquid femineos sequeris matrona recessus?</div> - <div class="verse">Secretusque tua, cunne, lavaris aqua?</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(What! do you a matron -penetrate into women’s secret -haunts? and by stealth are -you washed, O female organ, -in the water that appertains -to you?) <i>Petronius</i>, Sat. 94., -Itaque extra cellam processit, -tanquam <i>aquam peteret</i>. (And -so she came forward outside -her chamber, and if she <i>were -going for water</i>).—<i>Cicero</i>, -Orat. pro Caelio, ch. 14. -represents his grandfather -Appius Claudius Caecus, who -(442 A.U.C.) had constructed -the Appian Way, say to his -depraved granddaughter: Ideo -aquam adduxi ut ea tu inceste -uterere? (Was it for this I -brought the water to Rome, -that you might use it for -abominable purposes?) Comp. -Casaubon on Cicero, Letters -to Atticus, bk. I. Letter 16. -For the same reason women -and girls who only rarely -participated in sexual intercourse -were called <i>siccae</i> (dry) -(<i>Plautus</i>, Miles Glor. III. 1. -192. <i>Martial</i>, XI. Epigr. 82. -<i>Petronius</i>, Sat. 37.), in contrast -to the <i>uda puella</i> (wet girl) -<i>Juvenal</i>, Sat. X. 321. <i>Martial</i>, -XI. 17., who was obliged -to wash herself frequently. -So too <i>illota</i> or <i>illauta</i> virgo -(unwashed maid) stands for -<i>intacta</i> virgo (untouched maid), -as in <i>Plautus</i>, Poenul. I. sc. -2. 22. Nam quae lavata est, -nisi perculta est, meo quidem -animo, quasi <i>illauta</i> est. (For -she who is washed, unless -she is bedecked as well, in -my opinion, is as good as -<i>unwashed</i>). In fact the whole -of this scene is important for -our subject.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_252_252" href="#FNanchor_252_252" class="label">252</a> -<i>Festus</i>, p. 19. under word -<i>Aquarioli</i>: Aquarioli dicebantur -mulierum impudicarum -sordidi asseclae. (Aquarioli, or -water-boys, a name given to -the shameless attendants of -immodest women).—<i>Tertullian</i>, -Apologet. ch. 43. They -were also known as <i>baccariones</i> -from baccarium, a word which -<i>Isidor</i> explains by aquarium -(a water vessel). An old -Gloss says: baccario πορνοδιάκονος, -meritricibus aquam -infundens (baccario, a prostitutes’ -attendant, one who pours -water for whores); another: -aquarioli, βαλλάδες, βαλλὰς, -from βάλλων ὕδωρ, ab aqua -jaciunda (water-boys, or throwers, -from throwing water). -These aquarioli at the same -time carried on the business -of procurers; so <i>Juvenal</i> -says, Sat. VI. 331., veniet -conductus aquarius. (Some -water-carrier will come, hired -for the purpose). Comp. <i>Lipsius</i>, -Antiq. lect. I. 12. Hence -also the word <i>aquaculare</i> was -used meaning lenocinari (to -be a pandar); see <i>Turnebus</i>, -Adversar. XIV. 12. XXVIII. -5. Besides this they held -themselves, especially in the -public baths, at the disposal -of lustful women, very often -earning in this way the Bath -farthing they had to pay. -Probably Dasius in <i>Martial</i>, -bk. II. Epigr. 52., was such -an Aquariolus.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Novit loturas Dasius numerare, poposcit</div> - <div class="verse">Mammosam Spatalen pro tribus, illa dedit.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(Dasius knew well how to -count the women going to -bathe; he asked big-bosomed -Spatalé the price for three, -and she gave it). Hence -the <i>quadrantaria permutatio</i> -(farthing barter) in Cicero, -Orat pro Caelio ch. 26. Comp. -<i>Juvenal</i>, Sat. VI. 428.,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Callidus et cristae digitos impressit aliptes,</div> - <div class="verse">Ac summum dominae femur exclamare coegit.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(The artful masseur too pressed -his fingers on the clytoris, -and made the upper part of -his mistress’thigh resound -under his hands). From the -passage of <i>Martial</i> it follows -that <i>Busch</i>, “Handbuch der -Erfindungen,” (Manual of -Inventions), vol. II. p. 8., is -mistaken in saying: <i>Women</i> -and persons not yet adult -had the bath <i>gratis</i>; in fact -in the passage from Juvenal, -Sat. II. 152., quoted by him, -it is a question of boys only. -For the rest, the Aquarioli -recall the λουτροφόροι (water-bearers) -of the Greeks; these -were boys, whose duty it -was to fetch the water for -the Bride’s bath before marriage. -<i>Pollux</i>, Onomast. III. -43. <i>Harpocration</i>, under the -word, p. 49. <i>Meursius</i>, Ceramicus -ch. 14. p. 40. <i>Böttiger</i>, -“Vasen gemälde” (Vase-painting), -I. p. 143. Again -the παρανύμφοι (groomsmen), -who anointed the bride, -and as a rule were from 17 -to 19 years old, may be -mentioned here by way of -illustration. Hancarville, Antiquités -Vol. I. plate 45. Vol. -III. plate 43. Vol. IV. plate 69.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_253_253" href="#FNanchor_253_253" class="label">253</a> -<i>Columella</i>, De re rust. -bk. XII. ch. 4., His autem -omnibus placuit, eum, qui -rerum harum officium susceperit, -castum esse continentemque -oportere, quoniam -totum in eo sit, ne contractentur -pocula vel cibi, nisi aut -ab impubi aut certe abstinentissmo -rebus venereis. Quibus -si fuerit operatus vel vir vel -femina, debere eos flumine -aut perenni aqua, priusquam -penora contingant, ablui. (But -all were agreed upon this, -that he who should undertake -the performance of these -duties ought to be chaste and -continent, since all depends -on his care that drink and -food be not defiled, unless -indeed they are prepared by -one still immature or at -any rate one extremely self-restrained -in the matter of -love. But if it has been -indulged in by man or woman, -they ought to be cleansed in -the river or in flowing water, -before they touch the victuals). -From what precedes the words -quoted, it may be conjectured -that this custom prevailed also -among the Carthaginians and -Greeks.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_254_254" href="#FNanchor_254_254" class="label">254</a> -<i>Propertius</i>, bk. III. eleg. -9., At primum pura somnum -tibi discute limpha. (But first -shake off your sleep with pure -water). <i>Apuleius</i>, Metamorphos. -bk. II., Confestim discussa -pigra quiete, alacer -exsurgo meque purificandi -studio, marino lavacro trado. -(Soon as ever dull sleep is -shaken off, at once I briskly -rise, and with the desire of -purification, I give myself to -the bath of sea water.) <i>Tacitus</i>, -Germania ch. 22., Statim e -somno, quem plerumque in -diem extrahunt, lavantur, saepius -calida, ut apud quos -plurimum hiems occupat. (Immediately -on rising from sleep, -which as a rule they prolong -into the day-time, they wash, -generally in warm water, as -one would expect among men -whose winter lasts most of -the year).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_255_255" href="#FNanchor_255_255" class="label">255</a> -<i>Lomeier</i>, De lustrationibus -veterum gentium, (Of the -Lustrations of Ancient Peoples), -ch. XVI. p. 167., Et Priapus -iter ad fontem monstrare -dicebatur, quod qui quaeve -viros experirentur lotione opus -haberent; (Moreover Priapus -was said to point the way -to the fountain, because such -men, or women as had intercourse, -were in need of washing); -in confirmation of which -he then alleges the passage -quoted in the text.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_256_256" href="#FNanchor_256_256" class="label">256</a> -<i>Martial</i>, Bk. II. Epigr. -50. Comp. bk. II. 70., bk. -III. 69. 81. <i>Petronius</i>, Sat. -67., Aquam in os non coniiciet. -(He will not throw water -into his mouth).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_257_257" href="#FNanchor_257_257" class="label">257</a> -E. g. the Epigram of -<i>Martial</i> (VI. 81.) on Charidemus, -who according to VI, -56. was a <i>fellator</i>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_258_258" href="#FNanchor_258_258" class="label">258</a> -<i>Martial</i>, bk. VII. Epigr. -34. 35.,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Inguina succinctus nigra tibi servus aluta</div> - <div class="verse">Stat, quoties calidis tota foveris aquis.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(A slave girt about the loins -with a pouch of black leather -stands by you, as oft as you -are washed all over with warm -water). <i>Claudian</i>, I. 106.,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Pectebat dominae crines et saepe lavanti</div> - <div class="verse">Nudus in argento lympham portabat alumnae.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(He was wont to comb his -mistress’hair, and oft when -she bathed, naked, he would -bring water for his lady in a -silver ewer).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_259_259" href="#FNanchor_259_259" class="label">259</a> -<i>Dio Cassius</i>, Histor. bk. -XLIX. ch. 43., τά τε βαλανεῖα -προῖκα δι’ἔτους καὶ -ἀνδράσι καὶ γυναιξὶ λούεσθαι -παρέσχε. (And he opened -the Baths gratuitously throughout -the summer both to men -and women). Comp. <i>Pliny</i>. -Hist. nat. bk. XXVI. ch. -24. 9. Dio Cassios. LIV. 29.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_260_260" href="#FNanchor_260_260" class="label">260</a> -<i>Plutarch</i>, Cato Major -ch. 39., συλλούσασθαι δὲ -μηδέποτε· καὶ τούτου κοινὸν -ἔθος ἔοικε Ῥωμαίων εἶναι. -καὶ γὰρ πενθεροῖς γάμβροι -ἐφυλάττοντο συλλούεσθαι, -δυσωπούμενοι τὴν ἀποκάλυψιν -καὶ γύμνωσιν· εἶτα μέντοι παρ’Ἑλλήνων, τὸ -γυμνοῦσθαι μαθόντες αὐτοὶ -πάλιν τοῦ καὶ μετὰ γυναικῶν -τοῦτο πράσσειν ἀναπεπλήκασι -τοὺς Ἑλλήνας. (And -never bathed together; indeed -the common habit of doing -so appears to be of Roman -origin. For at first sons-in-law -used to guard against bathing -with fathers-in-law, feeling -shame at such exposure and -stripping naked. Later on -however having learned the -habit of stripping naked from -the Greeks, they again in their -turn have taught the Greeks -that of doing so along with -women). The <i>balnea virilia</i> -(men’s baths) are mentioned -in <i>Aulus Gellius</i>, Noct. Att. -X. 3., where he shows that -they were also used by women.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_261_261" href="#FNanchor_261_261" class="label">261</a> -Catalect. Graecor. Poetarum,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">ἀνδράσιν Ἑρμῆς εἰμί· γυναιξὶ δὲ Κύπρις ὁρῶμαι·</div> - <div class="verse">ἀμφοτέρων δὲ φέρω συμβολά μοι τοκέων</div> - <div class="verse">Τοὔνεκεν οὐκ ἀλόγως με τὸν Ἑρμαφρόδιτον ἔθεντο</div> - <div class="verse"><em class="gesperrt">ἀνδρογύνοις λουτροῖς</em> παῖδα τὸν ἀμφίβολον.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(To men I am Hermes; for -women I am looked upon as -Cypris; and I bear the tokens -of both my parents. Therefore -not without good reason have -they set me up, the Hermaphrodite, -the boy of double -nature, before male-female -baths).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_262_262" href="#FNanchor_262_262" class="label">262</a> -<i>Martial</i>, Bk. VI. 34. bk. -III. 51. bk. II. 76. As early -as <i>Ovid</i>, Art of Love, bk. III. -639., we read:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Quum custode foris tunicam servante puellae</div> - <div class="verse">Celent furtivos balnea tuta iocos,</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(When the doorkeeper at the -entrance keeps the girl’s garments, -and the discreet baths -cover surreptitious amusements); -also in <i>Quintilian</i>, -Institut. bk. V. ch. 9., nam -si est signum adulterae lavari -cum viris, etc. (if indeed it is -a mark of a lewd woman to -bathe with men).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_263_263" href="#FNanchor_263_263" class="label">263</a> -<i>Spartian</i>, Life of Hadrian -ch. 18., Lavacra pro sexibus -separavit. (He assigned separate -baths for the two sexes). Dio -Cass. LXIX. ch. 8.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_264_264" href="#FNanchor_264_264" class="label">264</a> -<i>Julius Capitolinus</i>, Life -of Marcus Antoninus ch. 23., -Lavacra mixta submovit, mores -matronarum composuit diffluentes -et iuvenum nobilium. -(He abolished the mixed Baths, -and restrained the loose habits -of the Roman ladies and of -the young nobles).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_265_265" href="#FNanchor_265_265" class="label">265</a> -<i>Lampridius</i>, Life of -Alexander Severus ch. 24., -Balnea mixta Romae exhiberi -prohibuit, quod quidem iam -ante prohibitum Heliogabalus -fieri permiserat. (He forbad -the opening of mixed Baths -at Rome, a practice which, -though previously prohibited, -Heligabalus had allowed to -be followed).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_266_266" href="#FNanchor_266_266" class="label">266</a> -<i>Clement of Alexandria</i>, -Paedagog. bk. III. ch. 5., says -of women: καὶ δὴ τοῖς μὲν -ἀνδράσι τοῖς σφῶν οὐκ ἂν -ἀποδύσαιντο, προσποίητον -αἰσχύνης ἀξιοπιστίαν μνώμεναι· -ἔξεστι δὲ τοῖς βουλομένοις -τῶν ἄλλων οἴκοι τὰς -κατακλείστους, γυμνὰς ἐν -τοῖς βαλανείοις θεάσασθαι· -ἐνταῦθα γὰρ ἀποδύσασθαι -τοῖς θεαταῖς, ὥσπερ καπήλοις -σωμάτων, οὐκ αἰσχύνονται -ἀλλ’ὁ μὲν Ἡσίοδος -</p> -<p> -(Oper. et Dies lib. II. 371).</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Μὴδὲ γυναικείῳ λυτρῷ</div> - <div class="verse">χρόα φαιδρύνεσθαι,</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -παραινεῖ· κοινὰ δὲ ἀνέωκται -ἀνδράσιν ὁμοῦ καὶ γυναιξὶ -τὰ βαλανεῖα· κἀντεῦθεν ἐπὶ -ἀκρασίαν ἀποδύονται· ἐκ -τοῦ γὰρ εἰσορᾶν, γίνεται -ἀνθρώποις ἐρᾶν· ὥσπερ -ἀποκλυζομένης τῆς αἰδοῦς -αὐτοῖς κατὰ τὰ λουτρὰ· αἱ -δὲ μὴ εἰς τοσοῦτον ἀπερυθριῶσαι, -τοὺς μὲν ὀθνείους -ἀποκλείουσιν, ἰδίοις δὲ -οἰκέταις συλλούονται, καὶ -δούλοις ἀποδύονται γυμναὶ, -καὶ ἀνατρίβονται ὑπ’αὐτῶν, -ἐξουσίαν δοῦσαι τῷ κατεπτηχότι -τῆς ἐπιθυμίας, τὸ ἀδεὲς -τῆς ψηλαφήσεως· οἱ γὰρ -παρεισαγόμενοι παρὰ τὰ -λουτρὰ ταῖς δεσποίναις -γυμναῖς, μελέτην ἴσχουσιν -ἀποδύσασθαι πρὸς τόλμαν -ἐπιθυμίας ἔθει πονηρῷ παραγράφοντες -τὸν φόβον. -(And of a truth they would -not strip before their own -husbands, feigning a pretended -plausibility of mock-modesty; -but for other men, whosoever -will, may readily see the women -that are so close shut up at -home, naked at the Baths. -For there they are nowise -ashamed to strip before the -spectators, looking on like -dealers in human flesh; whereas -Hesiod (Works and Days, bk. -II. 371.) advises “But do not, -for the earning of a woman’s -price, let her wash her skin -bright and clean.” Now the -Baths are open for men and -women alike. And hence their -stripping leads to incontinence; -for from seeing, men come to -desire, as though their modesty -were washed away in the -Baths. Other women that have -not attained such effrontery, -shut out strangers indeed, but -wash along with their own -house-slaves, and are stripped -naked before their servants -and are rubbed by them, giving -opportunity to the man a-tremble -with longing, the free -right to handle without fear; -for the men that are admitted -into the Baths with their naked -mistresses take care to strip in -such a way as to correspond -to the daring audacity of their -longing, putting down fear to -the count of evil habit).—<i>Cyprian</i>, -De Virginum habitu: -Quid vero, quae promiscuas -balneas adeunt, quae oculis -ad libidinem curiosis, pudori -ac pudicitae dicata corpora -prostituunt, quae cum viros -ac a viris nudae vident turpiter -ac videntur, nonne ipsae illecebram -vitiis praestant. (But -in truth, those women that -frequent indiscrimate Baths, -that expose to prying and -lustful eyes their bodies that -should be dedicate to modest -shamefacedness, that along -with men see what is disgraceful -to see and in nakedness -are seen by men, do not -such women offer an enticement -to sinfulness?) Comp. -<i>Mercurialis</i>, De arte Gymnast. -bk. I. ch. 10.—It is true we -read in <i>Julius Caesar</i>, De -bello Gallico bk. VI. ch. 21., -of the ancient Germans: Intra -annum vero vicessimum -feminae notitiam habuisse, in -turpissimis habent rebus; cuius -rei nulla est occultatio, quod -et <i>promiscue in fluminibus -perluuntur</i>, (But to have -known a woman under the -twentieth year is held by them -most disgraceful; and there is -no concealment of it, as <i>they -bathe indiscriminately in the -rivers</i>); but here the antecedent -clause bars any suspicion -of sexual excesses having -been invited by the practice.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_267_267" href="#FNanchor_267_267" class="label">267</a> -<i>Seneca</i>, Epist. 86. says, -speaking of the bath of Scipio: -Balneolum angustum, tenebricosum -ex consuetudine antiqua; -non videbatur maioribus nostris -caldum nisi obscurum. (A little -narrow bath-chamber, dim -and gloomy after the antique -fashion; our fathers could not -believe a bath warm unless -it was dark too).—Next he -describes explicitly the luxury -of the Roman Baths, and then -goes on,—In hoc balneo Scipionis -minimae sunt rimae -magis quam fenestrae, muro -lapideo exsectae, ut sine iniuria -munimenti lumen admitterent. -At nunc <em class="gesperrt">blattaria</em> vocant -<em class="gesperrt">balnea</em>, si qua non ita -aptata sunt, ut totius diei -solem fenestris amplissimis -recipiant; nisi et lavantur et -colorantur; nisi ex solio agros -et maria prospiciant.... Imo -si scias, non quotidie lavabatur. -Nam ut aiunt, qui priscos mores -urbis tradiderunt, brachia et -crura quotidie abluebant, quae -scilicit sordes opere collegerant: -ceterum toti nundinis lavabantur. -Hoc loco dicet aliquis, -liquet mihi immundissimos -fuisse. Quid putas illos oluisse? -militiam, laborem, virum. Postquam -munda balnea inventa -sunt, spurciores sunt. (In this -bath of Scipio there are tiny -chinks rather than windows, -cut through the stone wall, -so as to admit light without -detriment to the shelter afforded. -But nowadays men -call them <i>Baths for night-moths</i>, -any that are not disposed -in such a way as to let the -sunlight enter all day long -by immense windows; if they -are not washed and sun-burned -at once; if they cannot look -out on fields and sea from -the pavement.... If you must -know the truth, he did not -bathe every day. For we are -told by those who have handed -down accounts of the primitive -manners of the City, our -ancestors would wash daily -arms and legs, for these had -grown soiled with the dust -of toil: but they washed all -over only on market-days. -Hearing this, it will be said, -“It appears to me they must -have very filthy people.” -Well! what think you it was -they smelt of? Of fighting, -and honest work, and manly -vigour. Sweet, clean Baths -have been introduced; but the -population is only more foul). -Comp. <i>Plutarch</i>, Quaest. convival. -VIII. 9. <i>Sidonius Apollinaris</i> -bk. II. Epist. 11. -<i>Pliny</i>, Hist. nat. XXX. 54.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_268_268" href="#FNanchor_268_268" class="label">268</a> -<i>Ammianus Marcellinus</i>, -XXVIII., Tales, ubi comitantibus -singulos quadraginta -ministris, tholos introierint -balnearum, ubi sunt, minaciter -clamantes, si apparuisse subito -ignotam compererint meretricem, -aut oppidanae quondam -prostibulum plebis, vel meritorii -corporis veterem lupam, -certatim concurrunt, palpantesque -ad venam deformitate -magna blanditarum ita extollunt, -ut Semiramin. (Such men, -when with forty servants -attending each master they -have entered the rotundas of -the Baths, where they remain -with loud threatening shouts, -if they should note an unknown -courtesan to have put in an -appearance, or some prostitute -once popular with the common -herd, or some old harlot who -has sold her person for years, -they strive who shall be first -on the spot, and wheedling -her to the top of her bent, -with mighty exaggeration of -flattery, praise her beauty as -though she were a Semiramis). -<i>Lampridius</i>, Life of Heliogabalus -ch. 26., Omnes de -circo, de theatro, de stadio, -de omnibus locis et <i>balneis</i>, -meretrices collegit in aedes -publicam. (All the prostitutes -from circus, from theatre, from -race-course, from all places -and from <i>the Baths</i>, he brought -together into public establishments). -Comp. <i>Suetonius</i>, -Caligula ch. 37.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_269_269" href="#FNanchor_269_269" class="label">269</a> -Martial, bk. I. Epigr. 24.,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Invitae nullum, nisi cum quo, Cotta, lavaris,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Et dant convivam balnea sola tibi.</div> - <div class="verse">Mirabar, quare nunquam me, Cotta, vocasses.</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Iam scio, me nudum displicuisse tibi.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(You invite no man, Cotta, -but your bathing companion; -the Baths only supply a guest -for you. I used to wonder, -why you had never asked -me; now I know that you -did not like the look of me -when naked). Comp. <i>Martial</i>, -Bk. I. 97. bk. VII. 33. bk. -IX. 34. <i>Juvenal</i>, Sat. VI. 373.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_270_270" href="#FNanchor_270_270" class="label">270</a> -It must be left to future -investigation to decide, whether -the great number of <i>phalli</i> -found in so many places where -Temples formerly existed, is -not in part to be explained -by supposing these figures to -have formed thank-offerings -for the happy recovery of the -corresponding parts from sickness.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_271_271" href="#FNanchor_271_271" class="label">271</a> -<i>Oppenheim</i>, Ueber den -Zustand der Heilkunde in der -Türkei, (On the Condition of -of Medical Knowledge in -Turkey), p. 81., “Without -the very great cleanliness of -the Turks, who after every -occasion of sexual intercourse -not only wash carefully, but -also wherever it is possible -go to the bath likewise, the -disease would undoubtedly -be yet more widely spread -than it is.... Yet the Turk -will never admit, or rather -he simply cannot bring himself -to conceive, that he has contracted -an infection through -unclean cohabitation, but will -be found always to give some -other cause as occasioning his -sickness. In fact the language -itself shows this; the Turkish -expression for gonorrhœa is -“<i>Belzouk</i>”, literally: chill of -the back (from <i>bel</i>, back and -<i>zouk</i>, cold), and chill or overheating -will always be represented -as having brought it -on.”—Moreover <i>Zeller von -Zellenberg</i>, Abh. über die -ersten Erscheinungen venerischer -Lokal-Krankheitsformen -und deren Behandlung, (Dissertation -on the earliest Appearances -of Forms of Local -Venereal Disease, and their -Treatment), Vienna 1810., p. -7., is of the opinion, that the -reason of the imperfect knowledge -possessed by the Ancients -of gonorrhœa, chancre -and buboes is to be found in -this delayed appearance of -the symptoms of disease after -coition.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_272_272" href="#FNanchor_272_272" class="label">272</a> -We see this in the clearest -possible way from the passage -of <i>Herodotus</i>, bk. I. ch. 9, -10., where Candaules wishes -to induce Gyges to see his -wife naked, in order to convince -him of her beauty, but -the latter objects: ἅμα δὲ -κιθῶνι ἐκδυομένῳ συνεκδύεται -καὶ τὴν αἰδῶ γυνή· -πάλαι δὲ τὰ καλὰ ἀνθρώποισι -ἐξεύρηται, ἐκ τῶν -μανθάνειν δεῖ· (but when -she strips off her tunic, a -woman strips off therewith -her modesty likewise; now -mankind have long ago ascertained -what is honourable, -and from this we must learn -how to act). Then Herodotus -adds to this further (ch. 10.), -παρὰ γὰρ τοῖσι Λυδοῖσι, -σχεδὸν δὲ παρὰ τοῖσι ἄλλοισι -βαρβάροισι, καὶ ἄνδρα ὀφθῆναι -γυμνὸν, ἐς αἰσχύνην -μεγάλην φέρει· (for among -the Lydians, as indeed among -pretty nearly all Barbarians, -for a person to be seen naked -is counted for the greatest -disgrace). Comp. <i>Plutarch</i>, De -audiend. rat. p. 37. <i>Diogenes -Laertius</i>, VIII. 43. <i>Plato</i>, -Politics V. 6. p. 457. A., -V. 3. p. 452., Οὐ πολὺς -χρόνος, ἐξ οὗ τοῖς Ἕλλησιν -ἐδόκει αἰσχρὰ εἶναι καὶ γέλοια, -ἅπερ νῦν τοῖς πολλοῖς -τῶν βαρβάρων, γυμνοὺς -ἄνδρας ὁρᾶσθαι. (It is no -long time since it appeared to -the Greeks, as it does still to -most of the Barbarian peoples, -shameful and ridiculous for -men to be seen naked). In -reference to the genital organs -<i>Hesiod</i> says (Works and Days -733.):</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">μηδ’αἰδοῖα γονῇ πεπαλαγμένος ἔνδοθι οἴκου</div> - <div class="verse">ἑστίῃ ἐμπελαδὸν παραφαινέμεν, ἀλλ’ἀλέασθαι·]</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>(Nor yet when done with -generation, within the house -hard by the hearth expose -the privates, but retire aside). -St. Augustine, De civit. dei -bk. XIV., Omnes gentes adeo -tenent in usu pudenda velare, -ut quidam barbari illas corporis -partes nec in balneis -undas habeant. (All nations -in fact make it a habit to cover -the privates, so much so that -some Barbarians do not expose -the parts of the body naked -even in the Baths). <i>St. Ambrose</i>, -Offic. I. 18., Licet -plerique se et in lavacro, -quantum possunt, tegant, ut -vel illic, ubi nudum totum est -corpus, huius modi intecta -portio sit. (Most men may -also cover themselves, as much -as they can, even in the Bath, -so that even there, where the -whole body is naked, a part -may so be hidden). <i>Arnobius</i>, -bk. V., Propudiosa corporum -monstratur obscoenitas, obiectanturque -partes illae, quas -pudor communis abscondere, -quas naturalis verecundiae lex -iubet, quas inter aures castas -sine venia nefas est ac sine -honoribus apellare praefatis. -(The foulest abomination of -men’s bodies is exhibited, and -those parts exposed, which -common modesty, the natural -law of shamefacedness, bids -us conceal, which among ears -polite it is forbidden to name -without asking pardon and -making a preface of apologies).—bk. -III., Insignire his partibus, -quas enumerare, quas -persequi probus audeat nemo, -nec sine summae foeditatis -horrore mentis imaginatione -concipere. (To parade those -parts, which no honourable -man dare name or describe, -nor even without a shudder -at such a height of foulness -conceive a mental picture of). -Comp. p. 42. and <i>Oppenheim</i>, -loco citato p. 128., who undoubtedly -ranks the importance -of the vice of paederastia too -high, when he finds in it the -main reason for the feeling -of shame prevalent among the -Turks.</p> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_273_273" href="#FNanchor_273_273" class="label">273</a> -<i>Aristophanes</i>, Wasps 578., -παίδων τοίνυν δοκιμαζομένων -αἰδοῖα πάρεστι θεᾶσθαι. -(Yet when boys are under -test, men may see their privates). -Comp. <i>Athenaeus</i>, -Deipnos. bk. XII. p. 550. -Petit, Ad legg. Attic. p. 227. -At Rome likewise in cases -of marriage disputes the men -were obliged to offer their -genital organs for examination -(<i>Quintilian</i>, Declam. 279.), -a Law which was only revoked -by Justinian. Comp. <i>Gundlingiana</i> -No. 23. pp. 342 sqq. -We learn from <i>Plato</i>, Theaetet. -151., ποίαν χρῆ ποίῳ ἀνδρὶ -συνοῦσαν ὡς ἀρίστους παῖδας -τίκτειν, (what sort of -maid must mate with what -sort of man to produce as fine -children as may be), that the -marriageable girls were examined -by the midwives,—a -procedure that Plato wished -to see universally introduced -in his ideal State (De legg. -bk. XII.). But against this -<i>Theodoretus</i>, Contra Graecos -bk. IX., declaims vigorously.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_274_274" href="#FNanchor_274_274" class="label">274</a> -In any case it is an error to -suppose that by this it is implied -that the maidens and young -men were absolutely naked. -They were merely μονόπεπλοι -(single-frocked), clothed in a -single short frock, slit up at -the hips, for which reason -they were also known by the -name φαινομηρίδες (showing -the thighs) (<i>Pollux</i>, Onomastic. -VII. 55.), a costume which -was pretty much the general -Doric one; thus <i>Moeris</i> says -δωριάζειν τὸ παραγυμνοῦσθαί -τινα μέρη, (to follow -Dorian fashions, to expose -certain parts). Comp. <i>Meursius</i>, -Laconic. bk. I. end. <i>K. O. -Müller</i>, The Dorians, IInd. -Part pp. 263, 265. <i>Josephus</i>, -De special. legg., Works, Vol. -II. p. 328. The meaning of -γυμνὸς is nothing more than -“lightly clad”, in mere underclothing, -without outer cloak. -So <i>Eubulus</i>, (Athenaeus bk. -XIII. p. 568.) says, speaking -of the brothel-girls, γυμνάς—ἐν -λεπτονήτοις ὑμέσιν ἑστωτας -(standing “naked”—in -light-spun garments). <i>Aelian</i>, -Var. hist. XIII. 37., ἐν -χιτωνίσκῳ γυμνὸς, (“naked” -in a tunic). Similarly <i>nudus</i> -(naked) in Latin, as <i>Cuper</i> -(Observat. bk. I. ch. 7.) long -ago pointed out, often has no -other meaning, but merely -stands for <i>tunicatus</i> (clad in -the tunic), in tunic only, -without cloak or toga. We see -this very clearly in <i>Petronius</i>, -Satir. 55., Aequum est induere -nuptam ventum textilem,—Palam -prostare nudam in -nebula linea. (’Tis right a -bride should put on woven -wind,—that she should stand -openly for sale, “naked” in -a linen cloud!) In precisely -the same way the Jews use -their word עָרֹם (arôm), Isaiah -Ch. XX. 2., Job Ch. XXIV. -7. 10. I Samuel ch. XIX. -24., and the Arabs مسلوخ -(mesluch).</p> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_275_275" href="#FNanchor_275_275" class="label">275</a> -<i>Plato</i>, Republic, bk. II. -p. 405. The Speech of <i>Lysias</i> -Ὑπὲρ Φανίου contains a passage, -preserved for us by -<i>Athenaeus</i>, bk. XII. p. 552., -in which these principles are -expressed in Court, to induce -the Judges to condemn the -dissolute Cinesias: τοῦτον δὲ -τὸν ὑπὸ πλείστων γινωσκόμενον -οἱ θεοὶ οὕτως διέθεσαν, -ὥστε τοὺς ἐχθροὺς -αὐτοῦ βούλεσθαι ζῆν μᾶλλον -ἢ τεθνάναι, παράδειγμα -τοῖς ἄλλοις, ἵν’ἴδωσιν ὅτι -τοῖς ἄλλοις ὑβριστικῶς πρὸς -τὰ θεῖα διακειμένοις, οὐκ -εἰς τοὺς παῖδας ἀποτίθενται -τὰς τιμωρίας, ἀλλ’αὐτοὺς -κακῶς ἀπολύουσι, μείζους -καὶ χαλεπωτέρας, καὶ τὰς -νόσους, ἢ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἀνθρώποις, -προσβάλλοντες· τὸ -μὲν γὰρ ἀποθανεῖν ἢ καμεῖν -νομίμως κοινὸν ἅπασιν ὑμῖν -ἐστίν· τὸ δ’οὕτως ἔχοντα -τοσοῦτον χρόνον διατελεῖν, -καὶ καθ’ἑκάστην ἡμέραν -ἀποθνήσκοντα μὴ δύνασθαι -τελευτῆσαι τὸν βίον, τούτοις -μόνοις, προσήκει τοῖς τὰ -τοιαῦτα, ἅπερ οὗτος, ἐξημαρτηκόσιν. -(But this man, -who is known to most of you, -the gods have brought to such -a pass that his enemies may -well wish him to live rather -than die, to be an example to -other men, showing them that -where men’s conduct is too -violently overbearing towards -the gods, these do not inflict -punishments on their children, -but pay them out in person -with misfortunes, bringing -down on them calamities and -diseases greater and more -severe than fall to the lot of -others. For death and sickness -are admittedly common to all -of you; but to continue so -long in such a condition, and -dying every day, yet not be -able to have done with his -life, this is the fate only of -men who have committed such -evil deeds as he has). Again, -the Taxili, an Indian people, -regarded any bodily sickness -as disgraceful, and on its appearance -gave themselves to -the fire; αἴσχιστον δ’αὐτοῖς -νομίζεσθαι νόσον σωματικήν· -τὸν δ’ὑπονοήσαντα καθ’ -αὑτοῦ τοῦτο ἐξάγειν ἑαυτὸν -διὰ πυρὸς νήσαντα πυράν, -(But they hold a bodily disease -to be most disgraceful; -and the man who has formed -a suspicion of the existence -of such in himself, goes through -the fire, after making a funeral -pyre) says <i>Strabo</i>, Geograph. -bk. XV. p. 716. 65. We -should compare with this the -suicide of Festus spoken of -above and of the “Municeps” -<i>Pliny</i> tells of.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_276_276" href="#FNanchor_276_276" class="label">276</a> -<i>Aretaeus</i>, De caus. et -sign. chron. morb. (On the -Causes and Symptoms of -Chronic Diseases), bk. II. ch. -5., says indeed explicitly of -gonorrhœa: ἀνώλεθρον μὲν -ἡ γονόῤῥοια, <em class="gesperrt">ἀτερπὲς δὲ -καὶ ἀηδὲς μέσφι ἀκοῆς</em>, -(Gonorrhœa is not indeed a -dangerous complaint, but it -is one that is hateful and -abominable of repute).</p> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_277_277" href="#FNanchor_277_277" class="label">277</a> -<i>Martial</i>, bk. VI. Epigr. 31.,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Uxorem, Charideme, tuam scis ipse sinisque</div> - <div class="verse"><em class="gesperrt">A medico futui</em>. Vis sine febre mori!</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(Your wife, Charidemus, you -know <i>to be entered by the -doctor</i> of your own knowledge, -and suffer it. You are fain to -die without a fever!) Similar -instances occurred equally in -the time of Hippocrates, as -we gather from the oath, in -which stands the clause: εἰς -οἰκίας δὲ ὁκόσας ἂν ἐσίω, -ἐσελεύσομαι ἐπ’ὠφελείῃ -καμνόντων, ἐκτὸς ἐὼν πάσης -ἀδικίης ἑκουσίης καὶ φθορίης -τῆς τε ἄλλης, καὶ <em class="gesperrt">ἀφροδισίων -ἔργων, ἐπί τε -γυναικείων σωμάτων -καὶ ἀνθρώπων ἐλευθέρων -τε καὶ δούλων</em>. -(Also into whatsoever houses -I enter, I will go in there for -the succour of sick persons, -devoid of all voluntary offence -and all evil-doing, and above -all of all amorous practices, -whether on the persons of -women or free men or slaves). -At the same time we learn -from this document, that even -then paederastia was wide-spread -enough already, and -that physicians were actually -not ashamed to abuse their -patients in this, as in other -vicious ways! Undoubtedly it -is from no other reason that -the Turk at this very moment -will rather expire than allow -a clyster to be administered -to him.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_278_278" href="#FNanchor_278_278" class="label">278</a> -<i>Martial</i>, bk. II. Epigr. 40.,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Omnes Tongilium medici iussere lavari,</div> - <div class="verse">O stulti! febrem creditis esse? gula est.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(All the doctors ordered Tongilius -to bathe; fools! think -you it is a fever? it is gluttony -that is the matter). -Comp. bk. XI. Epigr. 87.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_279_279" href="#FNanchor_279_279" class="label">279</a> -<i>Galen</i>, Method. medendi, -bk. VIII. ch. 6., edit. Kühn -Vol. X. p. 580., σχεδὸν -εἴρηταί μοι πάντα περὶ τῶν -ἐφημέρων πυρετῶν· οἱ γὰρ -ἐπὶ βουβῶσι πυρέξαντες -οὐδὲ πυνθάνονται τῶν -ἰατρῶν ὅ τι χρὴ ποιεῖν· ἀλλὰ -τοῦθ’ἕλκους ἐφ’ᾧπερ ἂν ὁ -βουβὼν αὐτοῖς εἴη γεγεννημένος, -αὐτοῦ τε τοῦ βουβῶνος -προνοησάμενοι, λούονται -κατὰ τὴν παρακμὴν -τοῦ γενομένου κ. τ. λ. (for -translation see text above). -The <i>Diatriton</i> mentioned in -the next sentence was the fast -till the third day, which was -generally prescribed by <i>Thessalus</i> -and the <i>methodic</i> school. -For this reason it was called -διάτριτον θεσσαλείον (Thessalus’ -<i>diatriton</i>), and the -physicians who held to it -διατριτάριοι ἰατροὶ (doctors -of the <i>diatriton</i>), as we gather -from the subsequent statement -of <i>Galen</i>. Of the ephemera -in case of buboes <i>Galen</i> also -speaks, ad Glauconem meth. -med. bk. I. ch. 2., edit. Kühn -Vol. XI. p. 6., καὶ οἱ ἐπὶ -βουβῶσι δὲ πυρετοὶ τούτου -τοῦ γένους εἰσὶ, πλὴν εἰ -μὴ χωρὶς ἕλκους φανεροῦ -γένοιντο, (Moreover the fevers -that follow on buboes are of -this kind, the exception being -if they have not been without -open ulceration). <i>Celsus</i> moreover, -De re med. bk. VI. ch. -18., says à propos of diseases -of the genitals, that he means -to undertake their description, -quia in vulgus eorum curatio -praecipue cognoscenda est, -quae invitissimus quisque alteri -ostendit, (because a general -acquaintance is particularly -desirable with the means of -curing such complaints as every -man is most reluctant to make -known to another).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_280_280" href="#FNanchor_280_280" class="label">280</a> -<i>Galen</i>, Meth. med., bk. -XIII. ch. 5. p. 881., οὕτως -οὖν καὶ δι’ἕλκος ἐν δακτύλῳ -γινόμενον ἤτοι ποδὸς ἢ -χειρὸς οἱ κατὰ τὸν βουβῶνα -καὶ τὴν μασχάλην ἀδένες -ἐξαίρονταί τε καὶ φλεγμαίνουσι, -τοῦ καταῤῥέοντος ἐπ’ -ἄκρον τὸν κῶλον αἵματος -ἀπολαβόντες πρῶτοι· καὶ -κατὰ τράχηλον δὲ καὶ παρ’ -ὦτα πολλάκις ἐξῄρθησαν -ἀδένες, ἑλκῶν γενομένων -ἤτοι κατὰ τὴν κεφαλὴν ἢ -τὸν τράχηλον ἤ τι τῶν πλησίων -μορίων· ὀνομάζουσι δὲ -τοὺς οὕτως ἐξαρθέντας -ἀδένας βουβῶνας. (Thus then -in consequence of an ulcer -that has formed in a finger or -toe the glands of the groin -and the arm-pit become swollen -and inflamed, having been the -first to receive back the blood -that flows down to the extremity -of the limb. Moreover -on the neck and about the ears -glands are frequently swollen, -when ulcers have been set up -in the head or neck or any of -the neighbouring parts. And -glands swollen up in this way -are known as buboes).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_281_281" href="#FNanchor_281_281" class="label">281</a> -Hippocratic Oath, in -<i>Hippocrates</i>, Vol. I. p. 2., -ἃ δ’ἂν ἐν θεραπείῃ ἢ ἴδω -ἢ ἀκούσω, ἢ καὶ ἄνευ θεραπείης, -κατὰ βίον ἀνθρώπων, -ἃ μὴ χρή ποτε ἐκκαλέεσθαι -ἔξω, σιγήσομαι, ἄῤῥητα -ἡγεύμενος εἶναι τὰ τοιαῦτα. -(and whatsoever I may see or -hear in my practice, or even -apart from practice, connected -with men’s life, what ought not -in any case to be revealed, this -I will say nought of, holding -such secrets inviolable).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_282_282" href="#FNanchor_282_282" class="label">282</a> -<i>Hippocrates</i>, De locis in -homine, edit. Kühn Vol. II. -p. 139.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_283_283" href="#FNanchor_283_283" class="label">283</a> -<i>Galen</i>, Method. medendi -bk. IV. ch. 2., edit. Kühn -Vol. X. p. 238.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_284_284" href="#FNanchor_284_284" class="label">284</a> -<i>Oppenheim</i>, loco citato -p. 123. The Eastern Christian -woman in question actually -assured Niebuhr herself that -she would never agree to the -knife being applied to her -husband’s genitals, and yet -in this case it was merely a -question of dividing an over -short <i>frenulum</i>. <i>Michaelis</i>, -“Mosaisches Recht”, (Mosaic -Law), Vol. IV. p. 3.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_285_285" href="#FNanchor_285_285" class="label">285</a> -Examples of such are at -any rate plentiful in <i>Martial</i>, -e.g. bk. XI. Epigr. 75.,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Curandum penem commisit Bacchara Graecus</div> - <div class="verse">Rivali medico: Bacchara Gallus erit.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(Bacchara entrusted the cure -of his member to a rival -doctor: Bacchara was a Greek, -he will now be a Gaul,—“Gallus”, -castrated Priest of -Cybelé). -</p> -<p> -bk. II. Epigr. 46.,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Quae tibi non stabat, praecisa est mentula, Glypte.</div> - <div class="verse">Demens, cum ferro quid tibi? Gallus eras.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(Your member, Glyptus, that -you could never get to stand -erect, has been cut. Fool,—why! -what had you to do -with the knife? You were a -“Gallus” already). -</p> -<p> -bk. III. Epigr. 81.,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Abscissa est quare Samia tibi mentula testa,</div> - <div class="verse">Si tibi tam gratus, Baetice, cunnus erat?</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(Why has your member been -cut with a Samian potsherd, -if the female organ, Baeticus, -was so dear to you)?</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_286_286" href="#FNanchor_286_286" class="label">286</a> -<i>Scribonius Largus</i>, De -compos. medicam. edit. Bernhold, -Strasburg 1786., p. 2., -writes in his Introduction to -the Callistus: Siquidem verum -est, antiquos herbis ac radicibus -eorum corporis vitia curasse: -quia etiam tunc genus mortalium -<em class="gesperrt">inter initia non -facile se ferro committebat</em>. -Quod etiam nunc -plerique faciunt, ne dicam -omnes; et, nisi magna compulsi -necessitate speque ipsius -salutis, non patiunter sibi fieri, -quae sane vix sunt toleranda. -(If in fact it is true that the -Ancients cured the diseases -of their bodies by means of -herbs and roots: for even then -the race of mortals <i>at the -beginning did not readily -entrust its cure to the knife</i>. -And this is what even now -the most part do; and, unless -constrained by a sore need -and by the hope of actual -recovery, do not suffer operations -to be performed on -them, which in very deed are -hardly to be endured).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_287_287" href="#FNanchor_287_287" class="label">287</a> -<i>Galen</i>, Method. medendi -bk. IV. ch. 1., edit. Kühn -Vol. X. p. 233.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_288_288" href="#FNanchor_288_288" class="label">288</a> -<i>Hippocrates</i>, Coact. -praenot., edit. Kühn Vol. I. p. -343., τὰ ἑρπηστικὰ ὑπεράνω -βουβῶνος πρὸς κενεῶνα καὶ -ἥβην γινόμενα, σημαίνει κοιλίην -πονηρευομένην. (Spreading -eruptions that appear above -the groin towards the flank -and pubes point to an evil -condition of stomach).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_289_289" href="#FNanchor_289_289" class="label">289</a> -<i>Galen</i>, Method. medendi bk. IV. ch. 3., edit. Kühn -Vol. X. pp. 243 sqq.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_290_290" href="#FNanchor_290_290" class="label">290</a> -Hence <i>Hensler</i> is quite -right in saying as he does -(History of Venereal Disease -Vol. I. p. 298.): “It is -extraordinary that a precision -should have been demanded -on the part of the Ancients, -which they could not possibly -possess, such indeed as cannot -be expected in any disease -during its childhood. As to -requiring them to have announced -the cause of the evil -with certainty and clearness, -this is always only the result -of time and reiterated experience.”</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_291_291" href="#FNanchor_291_291" class="label">291</a> -<i>Galen</i>, De locis affect. -bk. VI. ch. 5., edit. Kühn Vol. -VIII. p. 422., φαινομένου -δὲ σαφῶς, ἰσχυροτάτην ἔχειν -τὴν δύναμιν ἐνίας τῶν -οὐσιῶν, ὑπόλοιπον ἂν εἴη -ζητεῖν, εἰ διαφθορά τις ἐν -τοῖς ζώοις δύναται γενέσθαι -τηλικαύτη τὸ μέγεθος, ὡς ἰῷ -θηρίου παραπλησίαν ἔχειν -ποιότητά τε καὶ δύναμιν. -(But it being plainly evident -that there are some creatures -that have the power developed in -the highest degree, it would -be superfluous to enquire -whether there can exist in -animals a destructive force so -great in amount as to possess -a quality and power similar -to poison in snakes). In fact -he answers this question in -the affirmative so far as regards -semen and menstrual blood, -appealing to the poisonous -quality of the spittle of dogs -in rabies.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_292_292" href="#FNanchor_292_292" class="label">292</a> -<i>Heyne</i>, De febribus -epidemicis Romae falso in -pestium censum relatis Progr., -(On certain Epidemic Fevers -at Rome incorrectly referred -to the Category of Plagues,—a -Graduation Exercise), Göttingen -1782., p. 4. (Works -vol. III.), Hoc enim erat illud, -quod antiquitatem omnino ab -subtiliore naturae adeoque et -morborum cognitione revocavit -et retraxit, quod ea, quae -ad interiorem eius notitiam -spectabant, inprimisque quae -ab solenni rerum cursu recedebant, -ad religiones metumque -deorum referebantur. (For -indeed this was the cause -which withdrew and kept back -Antiquity generally from a -more precise acquaintance with -nature and so with diseases, -viz. that everything which -regarded the more intimate -knowledge of it, and above -all everything that was somewhat -out of the common -course of things, became a -matter of religious scruples and -superstition). Comp. <i>C. F. H. -Marx</i>, Origines Contagii, -(Original Causes of Contagion) -Carlrühe and Baden 1824.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_293_293" href="#FNanchor_293_293" class="label">293</a> -As a rule they ascribed -the origin of the contagion -to σῆψις (putrefaction), and -from their point of view -septic, or putrefactive, diseases -were pretty much the same -as infectious (<i>Galen</i>, De febr. -diff. I. 4.). Hence it would -seem probable the ἕλκεα -σηπεδόνα (putrefying ulcers) -were at any rate partly looked -at in the same light,—a -circumstance of the highest importance -as bearing on ulcers -of the genitals, as in that -case these latter are manifestly -represented as being infectious. -It is to be hoped that experts -will give their decision as to -this. At any rate as early -as <i>Galen’s</i> time (De locis -effect. bk. VI. ch. 5., edit. -Kühn Vol. VIII. p. 422.) -the action of contagion was -regarded as analogous to that -of the electric ray-fish (νάρκη -θαλάττιος) and the magnet, -and the conclusion was drawn: -ταῦτά τε οὖν ἱκανὰ τεκμήρια -τοῦ σμικρὰν οὐσίαν ἀλλοιώσεις -μεγίστας ἐργάζεσθαι -μόνῳ τῷ ψαῦσαι. (these then -are sufficient evidences of the -fact that a small creature may -produce very great variations -by contact alone).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_294_294" href="#FNanchor_294_294" class="label">294</a> -These were treated by the -female physicians (αἱ ἰατρίναι), -<i>Galen</i>, De loc. effect. VI. 5., -Vol. VIII. p. 414. and the -midwives, who had to examine -the female genitals in cases of -disease affecting them, and -report the results to the Physicians. -Σκέψασθαι κέλευσον -τὴν μαῖαν ἁψαμένην τοῦ -τῆς μήτρας αὐχένος, (bid the -midwife examine by touch the -neck of the womb), <i>Galen</i> -says, loco citato p. 433.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_295_295" href="#FNanchor_295_295" class="label">295</a> -<i>Galen</i>, De morborum -causis, ch. 9., edit. Kühn -Vol. VII. p. 39.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_296_296" href="#FNanchor_296_296" class="label">296</a> -<i>Galen</i>, Methodus medendi -bk. II. ch. 2., edit. Kühn -Vol. X. p. 84.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_297_297" href="#FNanchor_297_297" class="label">297</a> -<i>Hensler</i>, History of Venereal -Disease Vol. I. p. 191. -He says explicitly: “However -I do not propose to follow up -to its original cause the history -either of gonorrhœa, valuable -as the results might be, nor -that of any other complaint -liable to occur. It is sufficient -for my purpose to elucidate -my Authorities for Venereal -disease at its first appearance -from the circumstances of their -epoch, though no doubt incidentally -the eye must sometimes -take a wider sweep and -look further and higher.”</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_298_298" href="#FNanchor_298_298" class="label">298</a> -<i>Galen</i>, De loc. affect, bk. -VI. 6. (VIII. p. 439.), τὸ δὲ -τῆς γονοῤῥοίας ὄνομα προφανῶς -ἐστι σύνθετον ἐκ τῆς -γονῆς καὶ τοῦ ῥεῖν· ὀνομάζεται -γὰρ τὸ σπέρμα καὶ -γονός. (Now the name of -gonorrhœa is evidently compounded -from the words γονὴ -and ῥεῖν. For the semen -(σπέρμα) is also known as -γονός.)</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_299_299" href="#FNanchor_299_299" class="label">299</a> -<i>Galen</i>, loco cit. p. 441., -γονόῤῥοια μὲν οὖν τῶν -σπερματικῶν ὀργάνων ἐστὶ -πάθος, οὐ τῶν αἰδοίων, οἷς -ὁδῷ χρῆται πρὸς ἔκρουν ἡ -γονή· (Gonorrhœa accordingly -is an affection of the seminal -organs, not of the privates, -which the seed merely uses -as its passage for excretion).—De -usu partium bk. XIV. ch. -10. (IV. p. 188.), κατὰ δὲ -τὰς γονοῤῥοίας αὐτῶν μόνων -ἐστὶ τὸ πάθημα τῶν σπερματικῶν -ἀγγείων. (But in -gonorrhœas the affection is -one solely of the seminal -vessels).</p> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_300_300" href="#FNanchor_300_300" class="label">300</a> -<i>Galen</i>, De symptom. caus. -bk. II. ch. 2. (VII. p. 150.), -ὥσπέρ γε καὶ τῆς γονοῤῥοίας -ἡ ἑτέρα διαφορά· εἰ μὲν γὰρ -μετὰ ἐντάσεως τοῦ αἰδοίου -γένοιτο, οἷον σπασμός ἐστιν, -εἰ δὲ χωρὶς ταύτης, ἀῤῥωστία -τῆς καθεκτικῆς δυνάμεως. -(As is the case too with the -second variety of gonorrhœa. -For if it be combined with -tension of the private, it is a -sort of spasm, but if without -this, a weakness of retentive -force).—Bk. III. ch. 11. (p. -267.), καὶ μὴν καὶ αἱ γονόῤῥοιαι, -χωρὶς μὲν τοῦ -συνεντείνεσθαι τὸ αἰδοῖον, -ἀρρωστία τῆς καθεκτικῆς -δυνάμεως τῆς ἐν τοῖς σπερματικοῖς -ἀγγείοις· ἐντεινομένου -δέ πως, οἷον σπασμῷ -τινι παραπλήσιον πασχόντων -ἐπιτελοῦνται. (Moreover -also gonorrhœas, if not combined -with a state of tension -of the private, are from a -weakness of retentive power -in the seminal vessels; but if -there is any tension, they are -marked by a sort of spasm -resembling that of spasmodic -patients).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_301_301" href="#FNanchor_301_301" class="label">301</a> -<i>Galen</i>, De tumoribus -praeternat., ch. 14. (VII. p. -728.), καθάπερ καὶ τὰς κατὰ -φύσιν ἐντάσεις τῶν αἰδοίων -μὴ καθισταμένας τινὲς ὀνομάζουσι -σατυριασμὸν, τινὲς -δὲ πριαπισμόν. (Precisely as -tensions of the privates not -originating in a natural way -are called by some Satyriasis, -by others Priapism). The -latter, as we gather from -<i>Galen</i>, Method. XIV. ch. 7. -(X. p. 968.), by the younger -physicians.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_302_302" href="#FNanchor_302_302" class="label">302</a> -<i>Galen</i>, De usu partium -bk. XIV. ch. 10. (IV. p. 187.), -πηλίκην γὰρ ἔχει δύναμιν -εἰς τὴν τῶν περιεχομένων -ἔκκρισιν ὁ οἷον σπασμὸς τῶν -μορίων τοῖς ἀφροδισίοις ἑπόμενος, -ἔνεστί σοι μαθεῖν ἔκ -τε τῶν ἐπιληψίων τῶν μεγάλων -κἀκ τοῦ παθήματος, -ὃ δὴ καλεῖται γονόῤῥοια· -κατὰ μὲν γὰρ τὰς ἰσχυρὰς -ἐπιληψίας, ὅτι τὸ πᾶν σῶμα -σπᾶται σφοδρῶς, καὶ σὺν -αὐτῷ τὰ γεννητικὰ μόρια, -διὰ τοῦτο ἐκκρίνεται τὸ -σπέρμα· κατὰ δὲ τὰς γονοῤῥοίας -αὐτῶν μόνων ἐστὶ -τὸ πάθημα τῶν σπερματικῶν -ἀγγείων· ὁποίαν οὖν τάσιν -ἐν τοῖς εἰρημένοις νοσήμασι -πάσχει, τοιαύτην ἴσχοντα -ταῖς συνουσίαις ἐκκρίνει τὸ -σπέρμα. (for how great a -force in the way of stimulating -the secretion of the surrounding -glands is exerted by the species -of spasm of the parts that -follows on amatory action, -you may learn from the -seizures in the more serious -forms of epilepsy, as also from -the affection which is known -as gonorrhœa. For in violent -epileptic seizures, because the -whole body is strongly convulsed, -and with it the procreative -parts, for this reason -the semen is secreted; whereas -in gonorrhœas the affection -is one solely of the actual -seminal vessels. Accordingly -whatever tension these parts -undergo in the diseases mentioned -is the same in degree -as they experience on secreting -semen in acts of sexual intercourse). -Comp. Note 2.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_303_303" href="#FNanchor_303_303" class="label">303</a> -<i>Galen</i>, Method. medendi -bk. XIV. ch. 7. (X. p. 967.), -αὐτίκα γέ τοι πάθος ἐστὶ -τὸ καλούμενον ὑπὸ τῶν -νεωτέρων πριαπισμὸς, ἐπειδὴ -τὸ αἰδοῖον ἀκουσίως ἐξαίρεται, -τῶν οὕτω διακειμένων· -ὃ θεασάμενός τις τῶν ἐν -τοῖσδε τοῖς ὑπομνήμασι -προγεγυμνασμένων ἑτοίμως -γνωριεῖ τοῦ τῶν ἐμφυσημάτων -ὑπάρχον γένους· (The -immediate complaint is what -is called by the younger school -Priapism, when the private -part is erected involuntarily -in patients so afflicted; and -if any of my readers who have -been prepared beforehand in -the present memoranda see -this, he will readily recognize -the phænomenon to belong to -the class of the emphysemata, -or inflations). De sympt. caus. -bk. III. ch. 11. (VII. p. 266).</p> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_304_304" href="#FNanchor_304_304" class="label">304</a> -<i>Galen</i>, De causis morb. -ch. 6. (VII. p. 22.), καὶ ὡς -ἐνίοτε μὲν εἰλικρινὴς ἐπιῤῥεῖ -τούτων ἕκαστος τῶν χυμῶν, -ἐνίοτε δ’ἀλλήλοις ἐπιμίγνυνται· -καὶ ὡς αἱ τῶν -οἰδούντων—μορίων διαθέσεις -ἐντεῦθεν ἐπὶ πλεῖστον -ποικίλλονται ... καὶ σατυριάσεις -ἐκ τούτου τοῦ γένους -εἰσὶ. (And so sometimes each -of these humours is secreted -pure, while at other times -they are mixed one with the -other; and so from this circumstance -the conditions of -the parts suffering swelling -vary in the highest degree.... -Now cases of satyriasis are -of this kind). Comp. Method. -med. bk. XIV. ch. 7.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_305_305" href="#FNanchor_305_305" class="label">305</a> -<i>Paulus Aegineta</i>, bk. III. -ch. 56., ἡ σατυρίασις ἐστὶ -παλμὸς τοῦ αἰδοίου φλεγμονώδει -τινι διαθέσει τῶν -σπερματικῶν ἀγγείων ἑπόμενος -μετ’ἐντάσεως· καὶ -εἰ μὴ παύσαιτο ὁ παλμός, -κατασκήπτειν εἴωθεν εἰς -πάρεσιν τῶν σπερματικῶν -ἀγγείων ἢ σπασμόν, καὶ -ἀπόλλυντας ὀξέως οἱ σπασθέντες· -τελευτῶντες δὲ φυσῶνται -γαστέρα καὶ ὑδροῦσι -ψυχρόν. (Satyriasis is palpitation -of the private part following -on an inflammatory condition -of the spermatic vessels -and accompanied with tension. -If the palpitation do not cease, -it commonly passes into paresis -of the spermatic vessels or -spasm, and patients attacked -by the spasm quickly succumb; -and in their last moments they -have the abdomen distended -and suffer from cold sweats.)</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_306_306" href="#FNanchor_306_306" class="label">306</a> -<i>Actuarius</i>, Method. med. -bk. I ch. 22., Priapismus vero -est permanens constansque -colis extensio.—Corripit hic -affectus cum calidus crassusque -spiritus in colem decumbit, qui -ubi non facile egredi permittitur, -penem vi extendit. Hi -exiguum vel nihil seminis -eiaculantur, sentiunt tamen -quod spiritus una excludatur -et levari quidem aegri ita -quadamtenus videntur: verum -denuo eodem malo corripiuntur, -donec intensionis causa fuerit -sublata. Coles resolvitur, aut -quod nervi illius aliqua intemperie -debilitentur aut quod -spiritus confluens deficiat vel -meatus eius obstruantur dissecenturve. -(Now priapism is -a permanent and chronic state -of erection of the member.—This -complaint attacks a patient, -when a hot and heavy -spirit descends into the member, -which not being suffered -to readily escape, violently -erects the penis. Such patients -ejaculate little or no semen, -yet feel that the spirit is voided -along with it, and so far as -there <i>is</i> any emission, appear -to be relieved thereby; but -they are again attacked afresh -by the same evil, until the -cause of the tension has been -removed. Then the member -is relaxed, either because its -muscles are weakened by some -morbid condition, or because -the spirit converging to it fails -or its passages are blocked -and become dried up).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_307_307" href="#FNanchor_307_307" class="label">307</a> -<i>Aretaeus</i>, Morb. chron. -sympt. bk. II. ch. 5., ἀπὸ -σατυριήσεως ἐς γονοῤῥοίης -ἀπόσκηψιν ἡ κατάστασις. -(The established tendency after -satyriasis is towards a determination -of gonorrhœa). -<i>Caelius Aurelian</i>, Acut. morb. -bk. III. ch. 18., Omnibus -tamen in ultimo conductio -nervorum fit, quam Graeci -spasmon vocaverunt et voluntarius -seminis iactus. (Yet in -all cases eventually a certain -action of the muscles takes -place, which the Greeks call -spasm, and a voluntary ejaculation -of semen).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_308_308" href="#FNanchor_308_308" class="label">308</a> -<i>Galen</i>, Method. med. bk. -XIV. ch. 7. (X. p. 970.), -γίνεται δὲ οὐ πολλοῖς μὲν -τὸ πάθος τοῦτο, νεανίαις -γε μὲν μᾶλλον ἢ κατ’ἄλλην -ἡλικίαν· (Now this complaint -does not attack many, and -young men are more liable -than any other age). <i>Caelius -Aurelian</i>, Acut. morb. bk. III. -ch. 18., Sed antecedentes -ipsius passionis causae sunt -epota medicamina—ἐντατικὰ—, -item immodicus atque -intemporalis usus veneris. Est -autem communis passio viris -atque feminis, quae solet accidere -aetatibus mediis atque -iuventuti. (But the antecedent -causes of the actual complaint -are the taking of drugs, viz. -aphrodisiacs, as also immoderate -and unseasonable indulgence -in love. And the complaint -is common both to men -and women, and regularly -attacks persons in middle life -as well as the young).</p> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_309_309" href="#FNanchor_309_309" class="label">309</a> -<i>Galen</i>, Method. med. bk. -XIV. ch. 7. (X. pp. 969 sqq.). -Comp. De Composit. medicam. -secund. locos, bk. IX. ch. 9. -(XIII. p. 318.). <i>Caelius -Aurelian</i>, Acut. morb. bk. -III. 18., Chron. morb. bk. II. -1. V. 9. <i>Actuarius</i>, Method. -med. I. 15. <i>Nonnus</i>, Epitom. -ch. 194. <i>Priscian</i>, bk. II. -ch. 11.</p> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_310_310" href="#FNanchor_310_310" class="label">310</a> -<i>Caelius Aurelian</i> bk. III. -ch. 18., Prohibentes etiam -hominum ingressum et magis -iuvenum feminarum atque -puerorum. Pulchritudo enim -ingredientium admonitione -quadam provocat aegrotantes; -quippe cum etiam sani saepe -talibus usi statim in veneream -veniant voluptatem, provocati -partium effecta tentigine. (Forbidding -the entrance even of -men, much more that of youths, -women and boys. For the -beauty of those entering excites -the patients by calling -up remembered images; for -even healthy subjects frequently -enjoying such sights straightway -fall in lustful love, incited -by a certain tension of the -parts being produced). He -also recommended shaving the -hair of the pubis.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_311_311" href="#FNanchor_311_311" class="label">311</a> -<i>Galen</i>, De loc affect. VI. -6. (VIII. p. 439.), ἡ μὲν -οὖν γονόῤῥοια σπέρματος -ἀπόκρισίς ἐστιν ἀκούσιος, -ἔξεστι δὲ καὶ ἀπροαίρετον -ὀνομάζειν, ὥσπερ καὶ σαφέστερον, -ἀπόκρισιν σπέρματος -συνεχῶς γιγνομένην, χωρὶς -τῆς κατὰ τὸ αἰδοῖον ἐνστάσεως -... ὥσπερ δὲ καὶ τ’ἄλλα -πάντα τὰ ἐκ τοῦ σώματος -ἡμῶν ἐκκενούμενα κατὰ -διττὸν τρόπον τοῦτο πάσχει, -ποτὲ μὲν ἐκ τῶν περιεχόντων -αὐτὰ σωμάτων ἐκκρινόμενα, -ποτὲ δὲ αὐτομάτως ἐκρέοντα -δι’ ἀῤῥωστίαν τῶν αὐτῶν -σωμάτων οὐ κατεχόμενα, -οὕτως καὶ τὸ σπέρμα· (Now -gonorrhœa is an involuntary -discharge of semen, or we -may call it unintentional, if -we prefer, as being a clearer -term, the discharge of semen -taking place continuously, -without erection in the member.... -And just as other -parts of our body when evacuated, -suffer this in one of -two ways, sometimes being -discharged by the bodies that -surround them, at others -flowing out automatically, as -failing to be retained through -some weakness in the bodies -themselves, so is it also with -the semen).—<i>Paulus Aegineta</i>, -bk. III. ch. 55., ἡ γονόῤῥοια -σπέρματος ἐστὶν ἀκούσιος -ἀπόκρισις σανεχῶς γινομένη -χωρὶς τῆς κατὰ τὸ αἰδοῖον -ἐνστάσεως, διὰ τὴν τῆς -καθεκτικῆς δυνάμεως ἀσθένειαν -γινομένη. (Gonorrhœa -is an involuntary discharge of -seed going on persistently -without erection in the member, -being due to feebleness of -the retentive power). <i>Nonnus</i>, -Epitome ch. 193., says the -same.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_312_312" href="#FNanchor_312_312" class="label">312</a> -<i>Galen</i>, loco citato p. 441., -ὥσπερ γε καὶ τὴν τῆς γονοῤῥοίας, -ἀνάλογον οὔρων ἐκκρίσεσιν -ἀκουσίοις, ὅταν ἡ -κατέχουσα δύναμις αὐτὴ -παραλυθεῖσα τύχῃ. (Similarly -too the discharge of -gonorrhœa, analogous to the -involuntary discharges of urine, -whenever the retentive power -itself has come to be paralysed). -<i>Actuarius</i>, Method. med. bk. -I. ch. 22., Causa autem eius -est, seminalium vasorum fluxus -facilitas, aut impotentia aut -quod ob enatam intemperiem -semen continere nequeant, aut -quod <em class="gesperrt">humor</em> quispiam <em class="gesperrt">mordax</em> -ibi abundans stimulet. -(Now the cause of it is the -facility of flow from the seminal -vessels, either from impotence -or because they are unable to -retain the semen in consequence -of a morbid condition -that has arisen, or else because -some <i>acrid</i> humour is there -in over-abundance, stimulating -the flow).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_313_313" href="#FNanchor_313_313" class="label">313</a> -<i>Galen</i>, De sanitate tuenda -Bk. VI. ch. 14. (VI. p. 443.), -Μοχθηροτάτη δὲ σώματός -ἐστι καὶ ἡ τοίαδε· σπέρμα -πολὺ καὶ δερμὸν ἔνιοι γεννῶσιν, -ἐπείγει γὰρ αὐτοὺς -εἰς ἀπόκρισιν, οὗ μετὰ τὴν -ἔκκρισιν ἔκλυτοί τε γίγνονται -τῷ στόματι τῆς κοιλίας, ... -ἀσθενεῖς γίγνονται, καὶ -ξηροὶ καὶ λεπτοὶ, καὶ ὠχροὶ, -καὶ κοιλοφθαλμιῶντες οἱ -οὕτω διακείμενοι· εἰ δὲ ἐκ -τοῦ ταῦτα πάσχειν ἐπὶ ταῖς -συνουσίαις ἀπέχοιντο μίξεως -ἀφροδισίων δύσφοροι μὲν -τὴν κεφαλὴν, δύσφοροι δὲ -καὶ τῷ στομάχῳ, καὶ ἀσώδεις· -οὐδὲν δὲ μέγα διὰ τῆς ἐγκρατείας -ὠφελοῦνται· συμβαίνει -γὰρ αὐτοῖς ἐξονειρώττουσι -παραπλησίας γίνεσθαι -βλάβας, ἃς ἔπασχον ἐπὶ ταῖς -συνουσίαις· <em class="gesperrt">ὡς δέ τις ἐξ -αὐτῶν ἔφημοι, δακνώδους τε -καὶ θερμοῦ πάνυ -τοῦ σπέρματος αἰσθάνεσθαι -κατὰ τὴν ἀπόκρισιν, -οὐ μόνον ἑαυτὸν, -ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰς γυναῖκας -αἷς ἂν ὁμιλήσῃ</em>· -(However the most troublesome -condition of body is the -following: some patients produce -copious and hot semen, -and this provokes them to -ejaculation, then after its -ejaculation, they grow relaxed -at the neck of the belly, ... -and become weak, and dried -up, and thin, and pale, and -hollow-eyed,—the patients -that find themselves so affected. -And if after suffering -in these ways, they then -indulge in the intercourse of -sexual love, they are afflicted -in head and in stomach, and -with nausea. Nor on the other -hand do they get any great -benefit from continence; for -they come, by having pollutions -in dreams, to undergo -similar inconveniences to those -they incurred in sexual intercourse. -And as one of them -said to me, <i>he experienced a -biting and exceedingly hot -sensation from the semen in -its ejaculation,—and not -himself only, but also such -women as he had intercourse -with</i>).</p> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_314_314" href="#FNanchor_314_314" class="label">314</a> -<i>Aretaeus</i>, De morbor. -chronic. symptom. bk. II. ch. -5., Ἀνώλεθρον μὲν ἡ γονόῤῥοια, -<em class="gesperrt">ἀτερπὲς δὲ καὶ -ἀηδὲς μέσφι ἀκοῆς</em>· ἣν -γὰρ ἀκρασίη καὶ <em class="gesperrt">πάρεσις</em> -τὰ ὑγρὰ ἴσχῃ καὶ γόνιμα -μέρεα, ὅκως διὰ ψυχρῶν -ῥέει ἡ θορὴ, οὐδὲ ἐπισχεῖν -ἐστὶ αὐτὴν οὐδὲ ἐν ὕπνοισι· -ἀλλὰ γὰρ ἤν τε εὕδῃ, ἤν -τε ἐγρηγορέῃ, ἀνεπίσχετος -ἡ φορὴ, ἀναίσθητος δὲ ἡ -ῥοὴ τοῦ γόνου γίγνεται· -<em class="gesperrt">νοσέουσι δὲ καὶ γυναῖκες -τήνδε τὴν νοῦσον</em>, -ἀλλ’ἐπὶ κνησμοῖσι τῶν -μορίων καὶ ἡδονῇ προχέεται -τῇσι ἡ θορή· ἀτὰρ καὶ πρὸς -ἄνδρας ὁμιλίῃ ἀναισχύντῳ· -ἄνδρες δὲ οὐδ’ὅλως ὀδάξονται· τὸ δὲ ῥέον ὑγρὸν -λεπτὸν, ψυχρὸν, ἄχρουν, -ἄγονον· πῶς γὰρ ζωογόνον -ἐκπέμψαι σπέρμα ψυχρὴ -οὖσα ἡ φύσις· ἢν δὲ καὶ -νέοι πάσχωσι, γηραλέους -χρὴ γενέσθαι πάντας τὴν -ἕξιν, νωθώδεας, ἐκλύτους, -ἀψύχους, ὀκνέοντας, κωφούς, -ἀσθενέας, ῥικνούς, -ἀπρήκτους, ἐπώχρους, λευκοὺς, -γυναικώδεας, ἀποσίτους, -ψυχροὺς, μελέων βάρεα, -καὶ νάρκας σκελέων, ἀκρατέας, -καὶ ἐς πάντα παρέτους· -ἥδε ἡ νοῦσος ὁδὸς ἐς παράλυσιν -πολλοῖσι γίγνεται· πῶς -γὰρ οὐκ ἂν τῶν νεύρων ἥδε -ἡ δύναμις πάθοι τῆς ἐς -ζωῆς γένεσιν φύσιος ἀπεψυγμένης. -(Gonorrhœa is not -indeed a dangerous thing, but -it <i>is</i> a disagreeable one, and -one that is <i>in the highest -degree unseemly in repute</i>. -For if incontinence and <i>paresis</i> -attack the soft procreative -parts, the semen flows all the -same even though the organs -are cold, nor is it possible to -stop it even in sleep; for -whether a man sleep, or wake, -the running is continual, and -the flow of the seed goes on -unconsciously. <i>And women -also are subject to this complaint</i>; -but in their case the -discharge of the semen is accompanied -with itchings and -with pleasurable feeling, as -well as with shameless intercourse -with men, whereas men -are not in any way excited. -And the moisture that is -discharged is thin, cold, colourless, -unfruitful; for how should -its nature, that is cold, send -forth fertile semen? And if -young men suffer from it, -they are bound to grow old -in constitution and condition, -sluggish, relaxed, lifeless, hesitating, -dull of hearing, weak, -shrunken, ineffectual, pallid, -white, womanish, without appetite, -chilly, heavy of limb, -and stiff of leg and palsied in -every part. This complaint is -the avenue to paralysis for -many; for how should this -power of the nerves not suffer -when the natural parts pertaining -to the generation of -life are chilled).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_315_315" href="#FNanchor_315_315" class="label">315</a> -<i>Celsus</i> De re med. bk. -IV. ch. 21., Est etiam circa -naturalia vitium, nimia profusio -seminis, quod sine venere, sine -nocturnis imaginibus sic fertur, -ut interposito spatio, tabe -hominem consumat. (There is -another complaint connected -with the private parts, viz. -excessive discharge of semen, -which apart altogether from -love, and apart from nocturnal -pollutions in dreams, is so -persistent that, given a sufficient -interval of time, it -destroys a man by wasting).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_316_316" href="#FNanchor_316_316" class="label">316</a> -<i>Alexander of Tralles</i>, -bk. IV. ch. 9., δέονται γὰρ -οὗτοι τῶν ἐπικιρνώντων καὶ -ἐμψυχόντων πάνυ καὶ λουτρῶν -εὐκράτων· ὥστε παχυνθεῖσαν -ἠρέμα τὴν γονὴν καὶ -εὔκρατον γενομένην, μηκέτι -φέρεσθαι. (For these patients -require compound and very -cooling drugs, and lukewarm -baths; so that the seed growing -quietly thicker and well-conditioned, -may no longer flow -away).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_317_317" href="#FNanchor_317_317" class="label">317</a> -<i>Galen</i>, Definit. medic. -n. 288. (XIX. p. 426.), -Γονόῤῥοιά ἐστιν ἀπόκρισις -ἐπιφέρουσα σπέρματος νόσημα -μετὰ τοῦ τήκεσθαι τὸ -σῶμα καὶ ἀχρούστερον ἀποτελεῖσθαι· -γίνεται δὲ ἀτονησάντων -τῶν σπερματικῶν -ἀγγείων, ὥστε τρόπον τινὰ -παρειμένων αὐτῶν μὴ κρατεῖσθαι -τὸ σπέρμα. (Gonorrhœa -is a discharge producing -a diseased state of semen -accompanied by wasting of -the body and an unhealthy-looking -complexion; and it -arises through the semen -vessels having become atonic, -so that, these being in a way -paralysed, the semen is not -retained).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_318_318" href="#FNanchor_318_318" class="label">318</a> -<i>Actuarius</i>, Method. med. -bk. I. ch. 22., Et in seminis -quidem profluvio, neque coles -intenditur, neque aeger eadem -qua sanus afficitur voluptate, -sed perinde ac si superfluum -quiddam excerneretur, sensu -privatur. Quod si morbus -moram traxerit, necesse est -ut aeger in colliquationem -collabatur ac pereat; quod -pinguior humoris portio eiiciatur -ac vitalis spiritus non -parum una effluat. (Moreover -in this excessive flux of semen, -neither is the member erected, -nor does the patient experience -the same pleasure as he does -in health, but exactly as though -something superfluous were -being eliminated, he is robbed -of sensation. But if the malady -runs a more protracted course, -the sufferer cannot but fall -into collapse and succumb, -inasmuch as the richer portion -of the humour is ejaculated, -and the vital spirit must escape -along with it). As early as -<i>Hippocrates</i>, De morbis bk. -II., edit. Kühn Vol. II. p. -we read: ἡ νωτιὰς φθίσις -ἀπὸ τοῦ μυελοῦ γίνεται· -λαμβάνει δὲ μάλιστα νεογάμους -καὶ φιλολάγνους ... καὶ -ἐπὴν οὐρέῃ ἢ ἀποπατέῃ, -προέρχεταί οἱ θορὸς πουλὺς -καὶ ὑγρὸς, καὶ γενεὴ οὐκ -ἐγγίνεται, καὶ ὀνειρώσσει, -κἂν συγκοιμηθῇ γυναικί, -κἂν μή. (Spinal consumption -arises from the marrow; and -it attacks particularly newly -married men and lascivious -subjects.... And every time -the patient makes water or -evacuates, semen flows from -him copious and wet, and he -does not succeed in generating, -and has nocturnal pollutions, -whether he sleep with a woman -or no). Ought this not to be -referred to gonorrhœa?</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_319_319" href="#FNanchor_319_319" class="label">319</a> -<i>Aretaeus</i>, p. 424. loco -citato; also De curat. morb. -chron. bk. II. ch. 5., καὶ -τοῦ ἀτερπέος τοῦ πάθεος -εἵνεκεν καὶ τοῦ κατὰ σύντηξιν -κινδυνώδεος καὶ τῆς ἐς -διάδεξιν γένος χρείης λύειν -χρὴ μὴ βραδέως τὴν γονόῤῥοιαν -πάντων κακῶν οὖσαν αἰτίην· (Equally on account -of the disagreeable nature of -the malady as on account of -the risk of <i>tabes</i> or wasting -and for the sake of the needful -maintenance of posterity, -gonorrhœa should be rapidly -cured, being the cause of very -many evils). Truly if not another -passage remained to us -from the Ancient writers besides -these two of Aretaeus’, they -alone would suffice to convince -us of the existence in his time -of virulent gonorrhœa brought -on by sexual intercourse; and -it is quite inconceivable how -<i>Simon</i>, Versuch einer krit. -Gesch. (Essay towards a Critical -History), Bk. I. p. 24., -can say: “Thus for instance -<i>all</i> the symptoms, which -Aretaeus mentions in his -Chapter on Gonorrhœa, speak -for <i>true seminal flux</i>!”</p> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_320_320" href="#FNanchor_320_320" class="label">320</a> -<i>Theodorus Priscianus</i>, -bk. II. logic, ch. 11., Satyriasis, -gonorrhœa vel priapismus, -quibus similis est sub -immoderata patratione molestia, -his accidentibus disterminantur. -Gonorrhœa sine -veretri extensione vel usus -venerii desiderio, spermatis -affluentissima sub effusione -corpora debilitat et per chronica -tempora producitur. (Satyriasis, -gonorrhœa or priapism, maladies -involving similar inconvenience -as in immoderate -copulation, are distinguished -by the following particularities. -Gonorrhœa without erection -of the member or desire for -the enjoyment of love, debilitates -the body by a most -copious discharge of semen, -and is protracted over chronic -periods of time).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_321_321" href="#FNanchor_321_321" class="label">321</a> -<i>Julius Firmicus Maternus</i>, -Astronomica bk. III. chs. 7 and -8., In loco octavo ♀ ab horoscopo -constituto ... si ☿ cum -ea fuerit vel cum ☿ Venerem -in hoc loco positam, malevola -stella respexerit, vel per quadratum -vel diametrum, vel si -cum ipsis, in hoc loco fuerit -inventa, omne eius qui natus -fuerit patrimonium dissipatur -vel qualicunque proscriptione -nudatur, <em class="gesperrt">mors vero illi -per gonorrheam</em>, id est -<em class="gesperrt">defluxionem seminis</em>, -aut contractionem vel spasmum -aut apoplexin fertur. (In the -eighth place determined by the -horoscope stands ♀ Venus.... -If ☿ (Mercury) be in conjunction -with it, or if Venus -standing in this place with ☿ -(Mercury) be faced by an evil -star, whether by quadrate or -diameter, or if such star is -found in conjunction with -them in this place, all the -patrimony of him who has -been born under this conjunction -is wasted, or is lost -utterly by some proscription -or another, and <i>his death is -brought about by gonorrhœa, -that is to say a flux of the -semen</i>, or cramp or spasm or -apoplexy.)</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_322_322" href="#FNanchor_322_322" class="label">322</a> -Caelius Aurelianus, Morb. -Chron. bk. V. ch. 7., Item -antecedens causa supradictae -passionis, quam <em class="gesperrt">seminis</em> -appellamus <em class="gesperrt">lapsum</em>, fuisse -probatur, a qua discernitur, si -quidem illa passio etiam per -diem vigilantibus aegris fluere -facit semen, nulla phantasia in -usum venereum provocante. -(Such is proved to have been -another antecedent cause of -the above named malady, -which we call <i>discharge of -semen</i>; but a distinct cause -has to be assigned, if it so -be that the malady in question -makes the semen flow even -by day and when the patients -are awake, and though no -dream provokes to the exercise -of love). <i>Philagrius</i> appears -to have made this distinction -quite correctly, when as quoted -by <i>Aëtius</i> (Tetrab. III. serm. -3. ch. 34.), De seminis in -somno profluvio, Philagrii (On -the discharge of semen in -sleep, according to Philagrius), -he says: Semen in somnis -profundere dicuntur quicumque -dum dormiunt, <em class="gesperrt">naturae -genitale semen</em> emittunt, -quod ipsum eis ut -plurimum ob vitiati humoris -materiam, aut materiae multitudinem -aut ob partium seminalium -robur contingit. Iam -vero quidam et ob animi -moestitiam aut inediam, per -somnos praeter consuetudinem -semen excreverunt, atque id -materiae acrimonia irritati, non -ob partium seminalium robur, -pertulerunt etc. (They are said -to discharge semen in sleep, -whoever during slumber, ejaculate -<i>the genital seed of nature</i>, -because they possess it in the -greatest degree of abundance -either on account of the constituting -material of the semen -being vitiated or on account -of the copiousness of this -material, or else on account -of the vigour of the seminal -organs. But there are also -many cases where men have -emitted semen in sleep contrary -to their wont in consequence -of sadness of spirits or fasting, -having done so because irritated -by the acridness of the -material, and not through any -vigour of the seminal organs, -etc.). The only pity is that -Aëtius has not preserved for -us his (Philagrius’) opinion as -to gonorrhœa, and has not -shown clearly exactly what -belongs to Philagrius in the -Chapter; for a great deal, as -indeed is stated, is from Galen -and referred by the compiler -to gonorrhœa. Philagrius in -fact only lived in the latter -half of the Fourth Century,—A.D. -364 according to Sprengel, -300 according to Lessing.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_323_323" href="#FNanchor_323_323" class="label">323</a> -<i>Actuarius</i>, Meth. med. -bk. IV. ch. 8., Convenit ad -haec reliqua victus ratio, quae -ad siccitatem declinet, sed non -sit calidior, verum frigida. -Insuper nutriendus aeger est, -viresque modice reficiendae; -namque ob continuam excretionem -languet corpus et imbecillum -est. Quies apta est, -et balnea quae humectent tamen -alioqui non sunt idonea. Animalia -agrestia, quae refrigerantibus -exsiccantibusque condiantur, -sunt accommodata et -vinum pauculum tenueque. -(Consistent with this are the -remaining rules of diet. This -should incline towards dryness, -but must not be at all hot, -but cold. Further the sufferer -must be adequately nourished, -and his strength fairly well -kept up; for owing to the -constant ejaculation of semen -the body grows languid and -weak. Rest is desirable, and -baths, in other circumstances -used for moistening the body, -are not here advisable. Game, -seasoned with cooling and desiccating -condiments, is appropriate, -and a little thin wine.)</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_324_324" href="#FNanchor_324_324" class="label">324</a> -<i>Celsus</i>, bk. IV. ch. 21. -In hoc affectu salutares sunt -vehementes frictiones, perfusiones -natationesque quam -frigidissimae. (In this complaint -violent frictions are -advantageous, also aspersions -and plunge baths as cold as -they can be borne).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_325_325" href="#FNanchor_325_325" class="label">325</a> -<i>Galen</i>, De sanitate tuenda -bk. VI. ch. 14. (VI. p. 444.),—The -best illustration in -reference to the statements -made in this connection by -<i>Aëtius</i> (Tetrab. III. serm. 3. -ch. 33.), which indeed is -superscribed as Galen’s and -draws most of its material -from him and from Aretaeus, -showing however in many -ways that it was based on -personal observation or that -the author had before him -some better and older authority. -Unfortunately the passage, -previously glanced at, was -subsequently mislaid by us, -and so we are able merely to -give it in a Footnote, with -the request that the reader -will complete from it what is -said in the text. Profluvium -igitur seminis, vasorum seminariorum -affectio est, non -pudendi, <em class="gesperrt">quae dolorem -quidem non ita valde -inferre solet, molestiam -autem non vulgarem et</em> -pollutionem exhibet ob assiduum -et invitis contingentem -seminis fluxum. Oboritur autem -aliquando etiam ex seminariorum -vasorum fluxione, <em class="gesperrt">quandoque -etiam satyriasi -praecedente profluvium -seminis succedit</em>. Contingit -autem affectio maxime -pubertatem transgressos citra -decimum quartum annum, imo -aliis etiam aetatibus. Est autem -semen quod profluit, aquosum, -tenue, citra appetentiam coeundi -et ut plurimum quidem -citra sensum, quandoque vero -cum voluptate quadam promanans. -Corrumpitur affectis -sensim universum corpus ac -gracilescit, praesertim circa -lumbos. Consequitur et debilitas -multa, non ob multitudinem -seminis profluentis sed ob -locorum proprietatem. <em class="gesperrt">Non -solum autem viris sed -et mulierculis hoc accidit, -et in feminis sane -aegre tollitur.</em> Ceterum -cura communis est cum ea -quae in omni fluxione adhibetur. -<em class="gesperrt">Primum igitur in -quiete et pauco cibo ac -aquae potu affectos asservare -oportet</em>; deinde -etiam lumbos et pubem contegere -lanis vino et rosaceo -aut oenanthino aut melino -madefactis. Neque vero ineptae -sunt spongiae posca imputae. -Sequentibus vero diebus cataplasmatis -ex palmis, malis, -acacia hypocisthide, oenanthe, -rhoe rubro et similibus. Insessibus -item adstringentibus -utendum est, ex lentisci, rubi, -myrti et similium in vino -austero sive mero sive diluto -decocto. Cibis autem utendum -qui aegre corrumpantur et -difficulter permutantur et resiccandi -vim habent. Dandum -etiam cum potu et cibis, viticis ac -<em class="gesperrt">cannabis</em> semen praesertim -tostum. Rutae item semen ac -folia, lactucae semen et cauliculi -ac nymphaeae radix. In -potu vero quotidie pro communi aqua, <em class="gesperrt">aqua in qua -ferrum saepe extinctum -est</em> praebeatur. Quidam vero -corticem radicis halicacabi ex -aqua eis bibendum praebuerunt, -neque ineptum fuerit huius -aliquando periculum facere. -<em class="gesperrt">Antidotus</em> etiam <em class="gesperrt">haec -magnae celebritatis</em> tum -ad hoc modo semen profudentes, -tum ad assidua in -omnis profluvia commode exhibetur. -Seminis salicis ʒvjj -calaminthae ʒvj seminis viticis -albae ʒv rutae ʒjv seminis -cicutae ʒjj cum aqua in pastillos -digerito et ex eis ad Ponticae -nucis magnitudinem cum poscae -cyathis tribus praebeto. <em class="gesperrt">Omnem -vero acrium rerum -esum et multi vini potum</em> -et olerum exhibitionem -<em class="gesperrt">vitare oportet</em>, diaetam -vero universam resiccatoriam -et adstringentem constituere. -Post prima autem mox tempora -ad unctiones et exercitatricem -diaetam transeundum, per -quam totum corpus et praesertim -affecta, ad sanitatem -perducantur, et plurima quidem -tempora circa unctiones immorandum, -paucies vero lavandum, -si aut lassitudini aut -cruditati mederi velimus. Bonum -fuerit etiam, <em class="gesperrt">si nihil -prohibuerit, ad frigidae -lavationem</em> defugere, quae -omnem morbum ex fluxione -obortum depellere consuevit, -maxime si medicamentaria -qualitate aqua praedita sit, -velut sunt in Albulis aquae, -quae etiam in potu acceptae -eis summe prosunt. Sunt autem -sapore subsalso et tactu lactei -teporis. Convenit item per -intervalla quaedam illitionibus -et epithematis et malagmatis -uti, quae rubefacere et emollire -possint, atque ea quae in -profundo haerent ad superficiem -transferre. <em class="gesperrt">Decubitus</em> -porro <em class="gesperrt">frequenter in latus -fiat</em>, calaminthae foliis et -rutae et viticis substratis. -Epithema autem in eis usu -venit hocce. Capillum Veneris -multum contundito et terito -cum aceto aut apii succo aut -seridis aut psyllii eoque cochlearum -carnes coctas excipito -et simul in linteolum infarta -coxendicibus imponito. Utendum -vero et praescripto ad -priapismum cerato et iis quae -paulo mox ad seminis in somno -profluvia dicentur. <em class="gesperrt">Omnem -autem de rebus venereis -cogitationem excludere -oportet.</em> (Thus we see excessive -discharge of semen is -an effection of the seminal -vessels, not of the member. -<i>This complaint does not indeed -as a rule cause any very -great pain, but it does occasion -no ordinary degree of -inconvenience</i> and defilement -in consequence of the constant -involuntary discharge of semen. -However sometimes it may -arise from a flux in the seminal -vessels, and <i>occasionally on -an antecedent attack of satyriasis -profuse discharge of -semen supervenes</i>. The malady -particularly attacks those who -have passed the period of puberty but are under fourteen, -but other ages are also liable. -And the semen that is discharged -is watery, thin, the -discharge being unaccompanied -with any desire for coition, -and indeed as a rule without -any feeling whatever, though -at times taking place with a -certain voluptuous sensation. -The whole body of those -attacked suffers and becomes -wasted, especially in the lumbar -region. There follows -great weakness, not so much -owing to the amount of the -semen discharged as to the -nature of the parts affected. -<i>Again, this disease is not -peculiar to men, but assails -young women as well, and -in the case of females is -eliminated with very great -difficulty.</i> However the treatment -is the same as that applied -in all fluxes. First of all -therefore patients must observe -rest and a scanty diet both -in food and drinking water; -then the loins and pubis should -be covered with cloths moistened -with wine, and <i>rosaceum</i> -and oenanthinum and -melinum (oil of roses, of -young vine buds, of melilot). -Sponges soaked in posca (acid -drink of vinegar and water) -are also appropriate. Then on -the succeeding days cataplasms -of palms, apples, acacia, hypocisthis -(parasitic plant growing -on the cisthus), wild vine, red -wild-poppy, and the like. -Embrocations moreover should -be employed of an astringent -character, consisting of a -decoction of the mastic, -bramble, myrtle and the like, -in hard wine, whether unmixed -or diluted. Diet should embrace -such foods as resist -corruption and deterioration, -and possess a desiccative -quality. Along with the food -and drink should be administered -the juice of the agnus -castus and of <i>hemp</i>, especially -after boiling. Also the juice -and leaves of rue, the juice -of lettuce and colewort and -the root of nymphaea (water-lily). -As to drink for daily -use, instead of ordinary water, -water should be given in which -<i>iron has been repeatedly -tempered</i>. Some practitioners -indeed have administered the -bark of the root of the bladder-wort -in water as a beverage -for such patients, and it will -not be inappropriate to make -trial of this on occasion. Another -<i>antidote of great renown</i> -is exhibited with advantage -both for sufferers from this -discharge of semen, as well -as for constant fluxes of all -kinds. Take of juice of the -sallow Ʒvjj, of calamint Ʒvj, -of juice of the white agnus -castus Ʒv, of rue Ʒjv, of juice -of hemlock Ʒjj; compound -with water into small cakes -or lozenges, and administer -one of these of the size of a -hazel-nut along with three -cups of posca (vinegar and -water). <i>But the patient must -avoid all eating of acrid things and the drinking of -much wine</i> and the use of -vegetables; the diet must be -generally of a desiccative and -astringent type. Moreover -presently after the earlier -stages embrocations and an -active mode of life should be -adopted, whereby the whole -body and particularly the parts -affected are brought into a -healthy state; the embrocations -should be persevered in for long -periods of time, but washing -on the other hand sparingly -employed, if we wish to remedy -the lassitude and acrid habit -of body. It will be of advantage -moreover, <i>if there is -nothing to prevent, to have -recourse to cold bathing</i>, -which has the property of -expelling all diseases arising -from flux, more especially if -the water is endowed with a -healing quality, such as the -waters of Albulae, which also -are of the greatest use in these -cases when taken as a drink. -They are of a slightly salt -taste, and of a milky warmth -to the touch. Further, it is -suitable to employ at intervals -lotions and poultices and plasters, -such as will redden and -soften the skin, and bring to -the surface those matters that -lie latent underneath. Again, -<i>rest should frequently be -taken lying on the side</i>, the -leaves of calamint and rue and -agnus castus being spread as -a couch. A poultice employed -in these cases is as follows. -Pound a quantity of Venus-hair -and rub it up with vinegar -or parsley juice or that of -endive or fleabane, add to it -the cooked meat of snails, -pack all together in a linen -cloth and lay upon the hips. -Also the wax plaster prescribed -for priapism should be employed, -and the remedies to -be mentioned presently for -discharges of semen during -sleep. Lastly <i>all thinking -about love ought to be -avoided</i>.)</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_326_326" href="#FNanchor_326_326" class="label">326</a> -Similarly <i>Aretaeus</i>, Morb. -chron. therap. bk. II. ch. 5., -says: εἰ δὲ καὶ σώφρων ἔοι -ἐπὶ τοῖσι ἀφροδισίοισι καὶ -λούοιτο ψυχρῷ, ἐλπὶς ὡς -ὤκιστα ἀνδρωθῆναι τὸν -ἄνθρωπον, (And if he indulge -with moderation in love and -bathe in cold water, there is -good hope that the man will -rapidly recover manly vigour). -This need surprise us the less, -if we remember that the notion -of a superfluitas seminis (superfluity -of seed),—this was why -Diogenes practised onanism, -<i>Galen</i>, Vol. VIII. p. 419.,—was -all the time in the background, -and gonorrhœa according -to Caelius Aurelianus -and other authorities actually -arose from too great self-continence. -Si igitur Venerem exercere -consueverit et crebriore -uti concubitu, nunc autem continentius -et purius innocentiusque -degat, sine dubio a copia -id sustinet cum partes illam -ferre nequeunt. (If therefore -a man is in the habit of -practising love and indulging -in fairly frequent cohabitation, -well and good; but if on the -contrary he live a too continent, pure and innocent life, -without a doubt he endures -this evil from the over-copiousness -(of semen), as the parts -cannot tolerate it.) This idea -owed its origin partly to the -confusion of gonorrhoea with -nocturnal pollutions,—a confusion -found even in the passage -from Galen quoted a little -above, and in especial was -revived in the XVth. and -XVIth. Centuries under the -auspices of the monks and -nuns. It at the same time gave -occasion to the practice of -resorting to copulation with a -maiden as a cure for gonorrhœa. -At any rate it was an -opinion already found in -Hippocrates, that copulation -was a desiccative measure -which in diseases arising from -the phlegmatic humour (<i>Hippocrates</i>, -Epidem. bk. VI. -Vol. III. p. 609., <i>Galen</i>, -XVII. A. p. 284.) is of -advantage to hot and moist -constitutions (<i>Galen</i>, Vol. VI. -p. 402.)</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_327_327" href="#FNanchor_327_327" class="label">327</a> -<i>Galen</i>, De sympt. caus. -bk. III. ch. 11. (VII. p. 265.), -ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰ μοχθηρὰ διὰ τῶν -ὑστερῶν ῥεύματα, καλεῖται -δὲ <em class="gesperrt">τὸ σύμπτωμα</em> ῥοῦς -γυναικεῖος, ἐκκαθαιρομένου -κατὰ τοῦτο τὸ μόριον ἅπαντος -τοῦ σώματος γίγνεται. -(Besides there are the troublesome -fluxes by way of the -womb; and the <i>symptom</i> of -these is known as “female -discharge”, and takes place -as the whole body purges -itself by this part). <i>Nonnus</i>, -ch. 204. <i>Paulus Aegineta</i>, -bk. II. ch. 63. <i>Rufus</i> of -Ephesus, bk. I ch. 44.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_328_328" href="#FNanchor_328_328" class="label">328</a> -<i>Aretaeus</i>, De sign, chron. -morb. bk. IV. ch. 11., ἄλλος -ῥόος λευκὸς ἡ ἐπιμήνιος -κάθαρσις λευκὴ δριμεῖα καὶ -ὀδαξώδης ἐς ἡδονήν. ἐπὶ -δὲ τοῖσι καὶ ὑγροῦ λευκοῦ, -πάχεος, γονοειδέος πρόκλησις· -τόδε τὸ εἶδος <em class="gesperrt">γονόρῤῥοιαν -γυναικείαν ἐλέξαμεν</em>· -ἔστι δὲ τῆς ὑστέρης -φύξις, οὕνεκεν ἀκρατὴς τῶν -ὑγρῶν γίγνεται· ἀτὰρ καὶ -τὸ αἷμα ἐς χροιὴν λευκὴν -ἀμείβει. (Another white discharge -is the menstrual purging, -white, acrid, and provoking a -pleasurable itching. But in -addition to these forms there -is also a calling out of a moist, -white, thick, semen-like discharge; -and this species we -have named “<i>female gonorrhœa</i>”; -and it is an escape -from the womb, because this -cannot retain the moist humours. -Further, it actually -changes the blood to a white -colour.) Perhaps too what -<i>Galen</i>, De semine bk. II. ch. -1. (IV. p. 599.), says is -pertinent in this connection: -ταῖς δ’ ἄλλαις ἔλαττόν τε -καὶ ὑγρὸν ἐκπίπτον φαίνεται -πολλάκις ἔσωθεν ἐξ αὐτῶν -τῶν ὑστερῶν, ἵναπερ οὐρεῖ. -(but in other women there -appears to be a smaller and -moist discharge very often, -inside, coming from the womb -itself, in micturition). Again -<i>Theod. Priscianus</i>, bk. III. -10., says: Aliquando etiam -spermatis spontanei et importuni -fluxu feminae fatigantur, -quod Graeci gonorrhœam appellant. -(Sometimes too women -are troubled with a discharge -of involuntarily and unexpectedly -emitted semen, a complaint -the Greeks call gonorrhœa.) -Comp. the passage -quoted above from Aëtius.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_329_329" href="#FNanchor_329_329" class="label">329</a> -<i>Celsus</i>, De re medica -bk. VI. ch. 18., Solet -etiam interdum ad <em class="gesperrt">nervos</em> -ulcus descendere; profluitque -pituita multa sanies tenuis -malique odoris, non coacta at -aquae similis, in qua caro recens -lota est; doloresque is locus -et punctiones habet. Id genus -quamvis inter purulenta est, -tamen lenibus medicamentis -curandum est.... Praecipueque -id ulcus multa calida aqua -fovendum est, velandumque -neque frigori committendum. -(Moreover the ulcer is wont -sometimes to descend to the -<i>cords</i>; and then there is discharged -a quantity of phlegm, -a thin <i>sanies</i> of an ill odour, -not congealed but like water -in which a piece of fresh meat -has been washed; and the -place experiences pain and a -pricking sensation. This sort, -though it comes under the -head of purulent complaints, -should nevertheless be treated -with mild drugs.... And -above all this form of ulcer -should be fomented with -copious warm water, and -should be covered and not -exposed to cold). From the -last sentence it may be concluded -that it is not the acute -form of blennorrhœa of the -urethra that is in question -here (bk. IV), but the chronic. -The words <i>ad nervos</i> (to the -cords) have given occasion to -some very extraordinary explanations. -<i>Simon</i>, Krit. -Gesch. Vol. I p. 23., considers -it would be most natural to -refer this to the inside of the -member, to the urethra in -fact, though as a matter of -fact gonorrhœa of the glans -penis might just as likely be -intended in the passage. But -in the latter case the interpretation -is absolutely impossible, -as the glans penis is -never called <i>nervus</i>. The -corpora cavernosa it is true -are described in several places -by <i>Galen</i>, e.g. De loc. aff. -bk. VI. ch. 6., as “a pipe-like -cord, for the body is cord-like -in form, the whole being -hollow like a pipe”, but he -adds χωρὶς τῆς καλουμένης -βαλάνου (always excepting -the glans penis, as it is called), -and indeed that <i>nervus</i> generally -signifies the penis is evident -at once from Horace, -Epod. XII. 19.; even the -plural <i>nervos</i> is found in -<i>Petronius</i>, Sat. 129., 134.,—so -the Greeks similarly use -νεῦρον (nerve, cord) for the -penis, sometimes with the -addition σπερματικὸν (spermatic, -seminal), as Eustathius -points out,—Comm. on the -Iliad, X. 1390. However -Celsus had no idea of this in -his mind; everything shows -that with him the <i>ad nervos</i> -points to nothing but the -<i>vasa deferentia</i> or spermatic -cords, as he distinctly declares -himself in bk. VII. ch. 18: -Dependent vero (testiculi) ab -inguinibus per <i>singulos nervos</i>, -quos κρεμαστῆρας Graeci -nominant. (But the testicles -hang from the groin by separate -cords, which the Greeks -call κρεμαστῆρες,—suspenders). -Similarly <i>Columella</i>, De re -rustic. bk. VI. ch. 26., Testium -nervos, quos Graeci κρεμαστῆρας -ab eo appellant, quod ex -illis genitales partes dependent. -(The cords of the testicles, -which the Greeks name κρεμαστῆρες,—suspenders, -because -the genital parts hang by -them); again <i>Pollux</i>, Onomast. -bk. II. Ch. 4., κρεμαστῆρας -δὲ λέγονται τὰ νεῦρα, τοῦς -διδύμους ἀνέχει. (κρεμαστῆρες,—suspenders, -is the name -of the cords; and they support -the testicles). The possibility -of the suppuration -extending to the seed reservoir -and the spermatic cords is -proved by the case lately -observed and made known -by <i>Ricord</i>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_330_330" href="#FNanchor_330_330" class="label">330</a> -<i>Actuarius</i>, Method. med. -bk. IV. ch. 8., Caeterum non -est ignorandum, nonnunquam -in interna penis parte exiguum -tuberculum oboriri, quod dum -disrumpitur, sanguinem aut -exiguum puris effundit; quare -quidam arbitrantur ex profundo -ea prodire, citraque rationem -metuere coeperunt. Verum res -ex penis dolore deprehenditur. -Venae autem sectione sola, -victuque frigidiusculo aegrum a -molestia vindicavimus. <em class="gesperrt">Quod -si vitium moram traxerit -et vulnus</em> (ἕλκος?) <em class="gesperrt">altius -pervenerit</em>, enemata morsus -expertia, qualibus in lippitudine -utimur, infundimus. Balneo ac -omni mordenti evidenterque -calefaciente tum cibo tum -potione abstinemus, ita namque -promptius aeger valetudinem -recipit. (However it must not -be forgotten that sometimes a -small tubercle is established -in the internal part of the -penis, which on bursting discharges -blood and a small -quantity of pus; for which -reason some suppose these -symptoms to proceed from a -deep-seated evil, and have been -unreasonably alarmed. But the -truth may be gathered from -the pain in the penis. However -by the mere opening of a vein -and a cooling diet we have -saved a patient from all inconvenience. -On the other -hand if the mischief has followed -a protracted course and -the sore (ἕλκος?,—ulcer) has -penetrated farther in, we introduce -clysters free from -biting acridity, such as we -make use of for blear-eyed -patients. We forbid the bath, -and everything acrid and manifestly -heating whether in food -or drink, for in this way the -sufferer recovers his health -more rapidly).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_331_331" href="#FNanchor_331_331" class="label">331</a> -<i>Paulus Aegineta</i>, bk. III. -ch. 59., εἰ δὲ κατὰ τὸν καυλὸν -ἔνδον τῆς τοῦ αἰδοίου -τρήσεως ἀφανὲς ἕλκος γένηται, -γινώσκεται ἐκ τοῦ πύον -ἢ αἷμα κενοῦσθαι χωρὶς -οὐρησέως. Θεραπεύεται δὲ -πρῶτον μὲν ὑδαρεῖ μελικράτῳ -<em class="gesperrt">κλυζόμενον</em>, -ἔπειτα δὲ γάλακτι, κἄπειτα -μίξαντες τῷ γάλακτι τὸ τοῦ -ἀστήρος κολλύριον, ἢ τὸν -λευκὸν τροχίσκον, ἢ τὸν διὰ -λωταριῶν ἐν μολυβδαίνῃ -θυίᾳ παραπέμπειν, ἥγουν -καὶ <em class="gesperrt">πτερὸν</em> βάψαντες -διαχρίειν, εἶτα <em class="gesperrt">λεπτὸν -στρεπτὸν</em> χρίσαντες ἐνθῆναι· -κάλλιστον δὲ ἐστί -καὶ τὸ λαμβάνων κηκίδος -καὶ πομφόλυγος, ἀμύλου τε -καὶ ἀλόης ἶσα, λειωθέντα -ῥοδίνῳ καὶ χυλῷ ἀρνογλώσσου. -(But if in the canal -within the perforation of the -member an invisible ulcer -arise, it is recognized from -the fact of matter or blood -being discharged without micturition. -And it is treated first -by being <i>rinsed</i> with a weak -honey-mixture, and then with -milk and afterwards by mixing -with the milk the salve of the -<i>aster atticus</i>, or the white -lozenge, or a preparation of -lotus pounded in a leaden -mortar; <i>a feather</i> should be -dipped in this and it should -be rubbed on, or else <i>a piece -of thin material made into -a twist</i> should be smeared -with it and the drug introduced -by this means; but the best -of all is by taking equal parts -of gall-apple, flowers of zinc, -starch-flour and aloes smeared -with rose-sap and plantain-sap).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_332_332" href="#FNanchor_332_332" class="label">332</a> -<i>Caelius Aurelianus</i>, Morb. -chron. bk. II. ch. 8., In iis -enim qui ulcus habuerint, cum -mictum fecerint, sanguis fluet -attestante mordicatione et -dolore et aliquando egestione -corpusculorum, quae ἐφελκύδας -Graeci vocaverunt. (In -patients who have got an -ulcer, whenever they make -water, blood will flow and -the fact be attested by accompanying -biting sensation -and pain and sometimes by -the ejection of small particles -which the Greeks have named -ἐφελκύδες).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_333_333" href="#FNanchor_333_333" class="label">333</a> -<i>Galen</i>, De loc. affect. bk. -I. ch. 5., εἰ γοῦν ὑμενώδους -χιτῶνος ἐκκριθείη μόριον, -ὅτι μὲν ἕλκωσίς ἐστὶ που, -δηλώσει.... εἰ δ’ οὐρηθείη -τῆς οὐρήθρας αὐτῆς. (If for -example a small portion of -the membranous coat be shed, -this will show there is ulceration -somewhere.... And if -in micturition particles of the -urethra itself be passed). Comp. -Paulus Aegineta, loco citato.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_334_334" href="#FNanchor_334_334" class="label">334</a> -<i>Galen</i>, De symptom. caus. -bk. III. ch. 8., ἴσχονται μὲν -γὰρ ἢ ἀδυνατούσης ἐκκρίνειν -τῆς κύστεως, ἢ στεγνωθέντος -αὐτῆς, τοῦ στομάχου· ταυτὶ -μὲν οὖν ἄμφω τὰ νοσήματα -τῆς κύστεως ἓν κοινὸν ἔχει -σύμπτωμα, τὴν ἰσχουρίαν·—αἱ -μὲν οὖν <em class="gesperrt">στεγνώσεις</em> -τοῦ στομάχου δι᾽ ἔμφραξίν -τε καὶ <em class="gesperrt">μύσιν</em> ἀποτελοῦνται· -καὶ γίνεται ἡ μὲν -<em class="gesperrt">ἔμφραξις</em> ὑπὸ θρόμβου -τε καὶ πύου παχέος καὶ -λίθου καὶ πώρου καὶ διὰ -<em class="gesperrt">βλάστημά</em> τι κατ’αὐτὸν -ἐπιτραφὲν τὸν πόρον ὁποῖα -κἀν τοῖς ἄλλοις ἅπασιν ἐκτὸς -ὁρᾶται γινόμενα κατά τε τὰ -ὦτα καὶ ῥῖνας <em class="gesperrt">αἰδοῖά</em> τε -καὶ ἕδραν· ἡ δὲ <em class="gesperrt">μύσις</em> ἤτοι -δι’ὄγκον ἐπὶ φλεγμοναῖς -ἀποτελεῖται καὶ <em class="gesperrt">σκίῤῥοις</em> -καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις οἰδήμασιν, -ὅσα τε τὸν τράχηλον ἐξαίροντα -τῆς κύστεως εἰς τὸν -ἐντὸς πόρον ἀποχεῖ τὸν -ὄγκον. (For they suffer either -because the bladder is unable -to secrete or because its orifice -is stopped; but both these -complaints of the bladder have -one symptom in common, viz. -retention of urine.... Now -the <i>stoppages</i> of the orifice -are produced by <i>blocking</i> or -by <i>closing up</i>; and stoppages -are caused by a clot or dense -matter or a calculus or chalkstone -or some growth that -has formed in the actual passage, -as is also observed to -occur in other, external, organs, -the ears, the nostrils, genitals, -or fundament; but closure is -due either to a tumour following -on phlegmonous affections -or by indurations or -other swellings which dilate -the neck of the bladder and -discharge the tumour into the -internal passage). Comp. <i>Caelius -Aurelianus</i> bk. V. ch. 4.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_335_335" href="#FNanchor_335_335" class="label">335</a> -<i>Galen</i>, De loc. affect. bk. -I. ch. 1. (VIII. p. 12.), οὕτω -δὲ εἰ καὶ σάρκα τινὰ δι᾽ -ἕλκωσιν ἐπιτραφεῖσαν ἡγούμεθα -τὸν τράχηλον τῆς -κύστεως ἐμφράττειν, ἔκ τε -τῶν προηγησαμένων τοῦ -ἕλκους σημείων ἔκ τε τοῦ -κενωθῆναι τὸ οὖρον ἐπὶ τῷ -<em class="gesperrt">καθετηρι</em> συλλογιούμεθα· -καί ποτε καὶ γενόμενον οἶδα -τοιοῦτόν τι πάθημα· διαβαλλομένου -γοῦν τοῦ καθετῆρος, -ἤλγησεν κατ’ἐκεῖνο -τοῦ πόρου τὸ μέρος, ἔνθα -καὶ πρότερον ἐτεκμηράμεθα -τὴν ἕλκωσιν εἶναι· <em class="gesperrt">θλασθείσης -δὲ τῆς σαρκὸς -ὑπὸ τοῦ καθετῆρος</em>, -ἠκολούθησε μὲν μετὰ τὴν -τῶν οὔρων ἔκκρισιν αἵματός -τέ τι καὶ θρύμματα τῆς -σαρκός· ... τὸ δ’εἴτε πάθος -εἶναι λεκτέον τοῦ πόρου τὸ -γεγονός, εἶτε αἴτιον ἰσχουρίας -ἐν τῷ πόρῳ περιέχεσθαι, -τῶν ἀχρήστων εἰς τὴν τέχνην -ἐστίν. (Accordingly if we -suspect some accretion of -tissue, the result of ulceration, -to be blocking the neck of -the bladder, our diagnosis will -depend both on the foregoing -signs of the existence of an -ulcer and also on the fact of -the urine being voided on the -introduction of a <i>catheter</i>. -Sometimes moreover I have -noted the following case to -occur; on turning the catheter -about pain was experienced -at the part of the canal where -we had previously conjectured -the ulceration to be situated, -and the tissue being broken -down by the catheter, there -followed after the evacuation -of the urine some blood and -particles of tissue.... Whether -in this case we ought to describe -the mischief as something -affecting the urethral -canal, or say that the cause -is something lying in the same -canal, is scientifically unimportant). -For the catheter -must always have the shape -of the passage leading to the -bladder (Method. med. bk. -IV. ch. 7. X. p. 301.); accordingly -it must be bent into -the shape of the letter “S” -(Introduct. ch. 19. Vol. XIV. -p. 788). The inventor of it -was Erasistratus (ibid. p. 751.). -The employment of the catheter -is well described by <i>Paulus -Aegineta</i> bk. VI. ch. 59., who -adds that different catheters -must be used according to -age and sex.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_336_336" href="#FNanchor_336_336" class="label">336</a> -<i>Oribasius</i>, Bk. L. ch. 8. -(Mai’s Classicor. auctor. e -Vatican. codd. edit.—Classical -Authors edited from the Vatican -MSS.), Vol. IV. p. 187.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_337_337" href="#FNanchor_337_337" class="label">337</a> -The word ἰποτήριον is -also found written ἰπωτήριον -in <i>Galen</i>, De comp. medic. -sec. gen. bk. IV. ch. 7. (XIII. -p. 725.), who gives it as a -φάρμακον (remedy) invented -by Heraclides of Tarentum, -but which is not described in -detail. The word is missing in -our Lexicons, though Castellus -gives it.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_338_338" href="#FNanchor_338_338" class="label">338</a> -<i>Galen</i>, In Hippocrat. de -diaet. in acut. (XV. p. 759.), -γίνεται δ’ἔντασις ὄρχεως -ἐνίοτε μὲν ὑπὸ τῆς καθ’ -ἑαυτὸν φλεγμονῆς, ἐνιοτε δὲ -ὑπό τινος τῶν ἄνω φλεγμαινόντων -ἑλκομένου. (Now -tension of the testicles occurs -sometimes owing to inflammation -in the testicles itself, -at other times owing to one -of more inward parts that are -inflamed becoming ulcerated).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_339_339" href="#FNanchor_339_339" class="label">339</a> -<i>Paulus Aegineta</i>, Bk. III. -ch. 54.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_340_340" href="#FNanchor_340_340" class="label">340</a> -<i>Galen</i>, De prognost. ex -puls. bk. IV. ch. 10. (IX. p. -416.). Synops. de puls. ch. 31. -(ibid. p. 540).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_341_341" href="#FNanchor_341_341" class="label">341</a> -<i>Celsus</i>, Bk. VII. 18. VI. 18.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_342_342" href="#FNanchor_342_342" class="label">342</a> -<i>Hippocrates</i>, de Nat. -Homin. edit. Kühn. Vol. I. -p. 364. <i>Galen</i>, Vol. XV. p. -131.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_343_343" href="#FNanchor_343_343" class="label">343</a> -<i>Galen</i>, Vol. XI. p. 877., -XII. p. 50.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_344_344" href="#FNanchor_344_344" class="label">344</a> -<i>Aretaeus</i>, De sign. chronic. -bk. II. ch. 8., θώυμα δὲ -τουτέων μέζων, εἰς ὄρχιας -καὶ κρεμαστῆρας ἀδόκητον -ἄλγος ἐπιφοιτῇ· πολλοὺς τῶν -ἰητρῶν ἥδε ἡ ξυμπαθείη -λήθει· καὶ γὰρ καὶ ἐξέταμόν -κοτε τοὺς κρεμαστῆρας, ὡς -ἰδίην ἔχοντας αἰτίην· (And -there is another thing more -surprising than this, when the -pain suddenly shifts to the -testicles and spermatic cords. -Now this sympathy between -the different organs escapes -many physicians; and sometimes -they actually cut out -the spermatic cords as if these -contained the special cause of -the suffering). In the edition -due to Kühn’s industry the -word κρεμαστῆρες is translated -by <i>musculos cremasteres dictos</i> -(the muscles called cremasteres). -The expression is also -found in the “De sign. acut.” -II. 6., and <i>Petit</i> in his Commentary -on the first named -passage declares in all seriousness -that the sympathy was -sufficiently well known to anatomists, -arising from the connection -of the cremasteres -muscles with the peritonaeum -and its processes, which statement -appears to rest on the -datum of <i>Galen</i>, De usu -partium bk. XIV. ch. 11. -(IV. p. 193.) and De semine -bk. II. ch. 5. (IV. p. 635.), -where the cremasteres certainly -are called μυώδη σώματα -(muscular bodies) and compared -with the round ligaments -of the womb. Still <i>Galen</i> says -distinctly in the latter passage -that they contained arteries, -veins and the spermatic ducts, -in the Isagoge ch. 11. (XIV. -p. 719.) ὃς (γόνος) φέρεται -ἐπ’αὐτοὺς διὰ τῶν κρεμαστήρων -(it,—the seed,—is -conveyed to them through the -cremasteres). On the other -hand in the “De musc. sect.” -Vol. XVIII. B. p. 997., the -musculi cremasteres properly -so called are clearly described, -and the statement added: Τὸ -δὲ ἔργον αὐτῶν ἀνατείνειν -τὸν ὄρχιν· ὅθεν ἔνιοι κρεμαστῆρας -αὐτοὺς ὀνομάζουσι -(but their duty is to hold up -the testicles, for which reason -some name them the cremasteres,—suspenders). -Neither -Blancard-Kühn nor yet Kraus’s -Lexicon give under the word -“Cremaster” any meaning but -that of the muscles; the same -is true of Schneider. Comp. -<i>Paulus Aegineta</i> bk. VI. ch. -61., where the spermatic cords -are also called παραστάται -(supporters), as also by Galen, -Defin. med. XIX. p. 362. -and De semine bk. I. Vol. -IV. p. 565., where they are -spoken of as κιρσοειδῆς -παραστάται (varicose parastatae). -A denomination Herophilus -first made use of (Galen -IV. p. 582.) and which according -to <i>Athenaeus</i> Deipnos. -bk. IX. p. 396. was likewise -given to the testicles.</p> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_345_345" href="#FNanchor_345_345" class="label">345</a> -<i>Hippocrates</i>, Epidem. bk. -V., edit. Kühn Vol. III. p. -548. Besides Hippocrates mentions -almost exclusively the -sympathetic swellings of the -testicles that occur in cases of -interruptions of the respiration, -particularly in coughs. Sextus -Placitus Papyriensis likewise, -ch. 92. 4., ch. 101. 2., speaks -of prurigo veretri (itching of -the privates).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_346_346" href="#FNanchor_346_346" class="label">346</a> -<i>Galen</i>, De semine ch. 15. -(IV. p. 564).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_347_347" href="#FNanchor_347_347" class="label">347</a> -<i>Galen</i>, De medic. sec. -loc. bk. IX. ch. 8. (XIII. p. -317.). <i>Paulus Aegineta</i> bk. -III. ch. 54. Both authors also -make mention in this connection -of <i>sarcosis testium</i> (swelling -of the flesh of the testicles). -<i>Rambach</i>, Thesaurus Eroticus, -a work which now for the -first time is within our reach -to consult, quotes under <i>ova</i> -pro coleis (ova,—eggs, put for -testicles):</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent8">Vel tantus ad ora veniret</div> - <div class="verse">Aut aliis causis ita computresceret ovum,</div> - <div class="verse">Ne fieri posset quin crudelis medicina</div> - <div class="verse">Ova recidisset, medici reprobabilis usus.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(In fact such foulness appeared, -or from other causes -the testicle was so rotten, that -nought could be done but for -cruel surgery to cut out the -testicles,—the horrid habit of -doctors), and assigns to it the -name <i>Ovidius Pseud.</i> Is this -perhaps a specimen of those -old lines properly to be ascribed -to some mediaeval -monk?</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_348_348" href="#FNanchor_348_348" class="label">348</a> -<i>Galen</i>, Method. med. bk. -V. ch. 4. (X. p. 325.), καὶ κατὰ -τοῦτο ἐπ’ αἰδοίων καὶ ἕδρας -εἰς τὴν τοιαύτην ἀνάγκην -ἀφικνούμεθα πολλάκις, ὅτι -ῥᾳδίως σήπεται τὰ μόρια διά -τε τὴν σύμφυτον ὑγρότητα -καὶ ὅτι περιττωμάτων εἰσὶν -ὀχετοί. (And in this respect -with regard to the privates -and fundament we constantly -come back to the same conditions -of causation, viz. that -these parts are readily affected -by putrefaction, as well owing -to their natural moistness as -because they are channels for -excretions). Commentar. in -Hippocrat. De humor. (XVI. -p. 414.), ἀλλὰ καὶ ἡ φύσις -τῶν τόπων οὐ μικρὸν πρὸς -τὸ δέχεσθαι σηπεδόνας ποιεῖ· -καὶ γὰρ τὸ στόμα καὶ τὰ -αἰδοῖα πολλὴν ὑγρότητα τῇ -φύσει κέκτηται· καὶ προσέτι -τοὺς ἀδένας ἔχουσιν ἐγγὺς, -ἄπερ πάντα τὰ περιττὰ εἰσδέχεσθαι -πεφύκασιν. (Moreover -the nature of the localities -has no small influence on their -liability to putrefactive changes. -For the mouth and the private -parts possess much moisture -of their very nature; and -besides this they have the -glands close by, all which -circumstances tend naturally -to make them the receptacles -of excessive moisture). De usu -partium bk. XI. ch. 14. (III. -p. 910.), ἤδε δὲ καὶ περὶ τὴν -τῶν αἰδοίων φύσιν αἱ τρίχες -ἅμα μὲν ἐξ ἀνάγκης ἐγένοντο, -θερμὰ γὰρ καὶ ὑγρὰ τὰ -χωρία. (Now this quality and -the fact of the privates being -naturally surrounded with hair -would seem to be necessary -consequences, because the -localities are hot and damp).—<i>Cassius</i>, -Problem. 2., Cur -supremae corporis sedes ad -nomas sunt opportunae, similiter -et concavae? An quia -noma putrefactio est quaedam -et sensus interitus atque extinctio. -Supremae autem partes -ob alimenti penuriam calore -facile destituuntur, ita ut hac -de causa census ablationem -incurrant. Concavae vero ob -humidae in ipsis materiae -affluentem copiam, cuius occasione -putredine corripiunter. -(Why are the extreme parts -of the body liable to nomae -(eating ulcers), and likewise -the concave parts? It is because -a <i>noma</i> is a form of putrefaction -and a perishing and -extinction of sensation? Now -the extreme parts owing to -the scantiness of the nourishment -they get are easily robbed -of heat, so that for this reason -they incur loss of sensation. -On the other hand the concave -parts owing to the excess of -moist matter that collects in -them, which is the occasion -of their being attacked by -putrefaction). Comp. what was -said above under the head of -“Climate”.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_349_349" href="#FNanchor_349_349" class="label">349</a> -<i>Hippocrates</i>, Aphorism. -Vol. III. p. 724. <i>Galen</i>, Vol. -XVI. p. 27.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_350_350" href="#FNanchor_350_350" class="label">350</a> -<i>Galen</i>, Comment in Hippocrat. -De humor. Vol. XVI. -p. 414.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_351_351" href="#FNanchor_351_351" class="label">351</a> -<i>Hippocrates</i>, De nat. -muliebr. Vol. II. p. 586., -ἀφθήσῃ τὰ αἰδοῖα (the privates -affected with aphthae). -De morb. muliebr. bk. II. -Vol. II. p. 614.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_352_352" href="#FNanchor_352_352" class="label">352</a> -<i>Galen</i>, Method. med. bk. -XIII. ch. 11. (X. p. 903.), -ἀντισπᾶν γὰρ χρὴ τῶν -ἀρχομένων ῥευματίζεσθαι -παρρωτάτω τὸ περιττὸν, οὐχ -ἕλκειν ἐπ’αὐτὰ· κατὰ τοῦτον -οὖν τὸν λόγον οὐδὲ γαστρὸς -οὐδ’ ἐντέρων ἀρξαμένων -φλεγμαίνειν ὑπηλάτῳ χρῆσθαι -προσήκει· τὴν δ’ αὐτὴν -ἔνδειξιν ἔχει τούτοις μὲν -μήτρα τοῖς ὀργάνοις αἰδοῖα· -τό γε μὴν ἐμέτοις χρῆσθαι -τῶν αἰδοίων πεπονθότων -ἀντισπαστικόν ἐστὶ βούθημα. -(For what is necessary is to -reject the excess as far as may -be from the parts that are -beginning to be congested, not -to draw it towards them. -Therefore in accordance with -this reasoning neither in the -case of belly nor of intestines, -when these have begun to be -inflamed, is it expedient to -employ purging medicine; -also the same indication as in -the case of these organs holds -good for womb, and private -parts. The treatment when -the privates are attacked is -revulsory, viz. the use of -emetics).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_353_353" href="#FNanchor_353_353" class="label">353</a> -<i>Galen</i>, loco citato p. 904., -ἐπὶ δὲ νεφρῶν καὶ κύστεος -αἰδοίου τε καὶ μήτρας τὰς -ἐν τοῖς σκέλεσι, μάλιστα μὲν -τὰς κατὰ τὴν ἰγνύαν, εἰ δὲ -μὴ, τὰς παρὰ σφυρόν (In -complaints of the kidneys and -bladder, of the privates and -womb, bleedings on the legs, -and particularly in the hollow -of the knee, or otherwise at -the ankle).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_354_354" href="#FNanchor_354_354" class="label">354</a> -<i>Oribasius</i>, Medicin. collect. -bk. IX. ch. 24., Pudendis -incommoda sunt pinguia, prosunt -autem adstringentia. -(Fatty matters are prejudicial -to the privates, astringents on -the contrary are of advantage).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_355_355" href="#FNanchor_355_355" class="label">355</a> -<i>Galen</i>, De medicam. sec. -loc. compos. bk. IX. ch. 8. -(XIII. p. 315.), τὰ δ’ἐν -αἰδοίοις ἕλκη καὶ κατὰ τὴν -ἕδραν χωρὶς φλεγμονῆς ὄντα -ξηραινόντων πάνυ δεῖται -φαρμάκων. (Now ulcers on -the privates and about the -fundament, if free from the -phlegmonous condition, require -dessicative drugs above all). -Method. med. bk. V. ch. 15. -(X. p. 381.).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_356_356" href="#FNanchor_356_356" class="label">356</a> -<i>Galen</i>, loco citato pp. -317, 383.—<i>Oribasius</i>, Synops. -bk. IX. ch. 38.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_357_357" href="#FNanchor_357_357" class="label">357</a> -<i>Galen</i>, Method. med. bk. -X. ch. 9. (X. p. 702.).—<i>Aëtius</i>, -Tetrab. II. serm. 1. -ch. 91.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_358_358" href="#FNanchor_358_358" class="label">358</a> -<i>Galen</i>, De compos. medic. -sec. loc. bk. IX. ch. 8. (XIII. -p. 316.). <i>Paulus Aegineta</i>, -bk. III. ch. 59. <i>Oribasius</i> -De loc. affect. bk. IV. ch. 102.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_359_359" href="#FNanchor_359_359" class="label">359</a> -<i>Galen</i>, loco citato p. 316. -<i>Paulus Aegineta</i>, loco citato. -Oribasius, loco citato.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_360_360" href="#FNanchor_360_360" class="label">360</a> -<i>Galen</i>, loco citato p. 317.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_361_361" href="#FNanchor_361_361" class="label">361</a> -<i>Galen</i>, loco citato p. 316. -De simplic. medic. temperam. -ac facult. bk. X. (XII. p. -235.). <i>Paulus Aegineta</i>, loco -cit. <i>Oribasius</i>, loco cit.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_362_362" href="#FNanchor_362_362" class="label">362</a> -<i>Galen</i>, De simplic. medic. -temperam, ac. facult. bk. X. -ch. 2. (XII. p. 268.).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_363_363" href="#FNanchor_363_363" class="label">363</a> -<i>Galen</i>, Method. med. bk. -V. ch. 15. (X. p. 382.), De -composit. medic. sec. loc. bk. -IX. ch. 8. (XIII. p, 316.). -<i>Paulus Aegineta</i>, loco cit. -<i>Aëtius</i>, Tetrab. I. serm. 1. -<i>Nonnus</i>, Epit. ch. 195.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_364_364" href="#FNanchor_364_364" class="label">364</a> -<i>Galen</i>, De simplic. medic. -temperam. ac facult. bk. VI. -(XI. p. 822.). <i>Aëtius</i>, loco cit.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_365_365" href="#FNanchor_365_365" class="label">365</a> -<i>Oribasius</i>, De virtute -simplicium bk. II., under word -“Molibdos”,—lead.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_366_366" href="#FNanchor_366_366" class="label">366</a> -<i>Hippocrates</i>, De natura -muliebri Vol. II. p. 586.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_367_367" href="#FNanchor_367_367" class="label">367</a> -<i>Galen</i>, De composit. med. -sec. loc. bk. VII. (XIII. p. 36.).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_368_368" href="#FNanchor_368_368" class="label">368</a> -<i>Galen</i>, loco cit. p. 316., -Method. med. bk. V. ch. 15. -(X. p. 382.), De simplic. -medicam. temperam. ac facult. -bk. VI. (XI. p. 832.). <i>Paulus -Aegineta</i>, bk. III. ch. 59. -<i>Oribasius</i>, De loc. affect. IV. -102. Collect. IX. 24. <i>Nonnus</i>, -Epitom. ch. 195.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_369_369" href="#FNanchor_369_369" class="label">369</a> -Orpheus de lapidibus -XVIII. 33.,</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">ἀνδρός τ’αἰδοίων ἄκος ἔσσεται, ὅς κε πίῃσι.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p> -(And it shall be a cure of the -privates of a man, whosoever -shall drink thereof).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_370_370" href="#FNanchor_370_370" class="label">370</a> -<i>Galen</i>, Method. med. bk. -V. ch. 15. (X. p. 363.).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_371_371" href="#FNanchor_371_371" class="label">371</a> -<i>Galen</i>, De simplic. medic. -temperam. ac facult. bk. X. -(XII. p. 285.).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_372_372" href="#FNanchor_372_372" class="label">372</a> -<i>Paulus Aegineta</i>, bk. III. -ch. 59. <i>Oribasius</i>, Collect. bk. -IX. ch. 24. <i>Nonnus</i>, Epitom. -ch. 195.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_373_373" href="#FNanchor_373_373" class="label">373</a> -<i>Paulus Aegineta</i>, bk. IV. -ch. 44. <i>Aëtius</i>, Tetrab. IV. -serm. 2. ch. 17.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_374_374" href="#FNanchor_374_374" class="label">374</a> -<i>Aëtius</i>, Tetrab. IV. serm. 2. ch. 24. Collect. L. ch. 9.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_375_375" href="#FNanchor_375_375" class="label">375</a> -<i>Hippocrates</i>, Coac. praenot. -Vol. I. p. 389., Aphorism. -Vol. III. p. 752. <i>Galen</i>, -Method. med. bk. III. ch. 1. -(X. p. 161.).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_376_376" href="#FNanchor_376_376" class="label">376</a> -<i>Galen</i>, Method. med. bk. -XIV. ch. 15. (X. p. 1001 sqq.).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_377_377" href="#FNanchor_377_377" class="label">377</a> -<i>Galen</i>, loco cit. bk. V. -ch. 15. (X. p. 381.), De -simplic. medic. temperam. ac -facult. bk. VI. (XI. pp. 832, -806.).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_378_378" href="#FNanchor_378_378" class="label">378</a> -<i>Paulus Aegineta</i>, bk. VI. -ch. 57.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_379_379" href="#FNanchor_379_379" class="label">379</a> -<i>Galen</i>, Method. med. bk. -V. ch. 15 (X. p. 381.), <i>Aëtius</i>, -Tetrab. III. 2. ch. 15., recommended -drawing the prepuce -forwards in micturition, so as -to make the urine flow between -the foreskin and glans penis, -by which means the ulcers and -fissures are readily cured.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_380_380" href="#FNanchor_380_380" class="label">380</a> -<i>Galen</i>, Method. med. bk. -V. ch. 15. (X. 381.). <i>Paulus -Aegineta</i>, bk. III. 59. <i>Oribasius</i>, -Synops. IX. 37. <i>Marcellus -Empiricus</i>, ch. 33.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_381_381" href="#FNanchor_381_381" class="label">381</a> -<i>Aëtius</i>, Tetrab. IV. serm. -2. ch. 3.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_382_382" href="#FNanchor_382_382" class="label">382</a> -<i>Aëtius</i>, Tetrab. IV. serm. -2. ch. 17.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_383_383" href="#FNanchor_383_383" class="label">383</a> -<i>Actuarius</i>, Method. med. -II. ch. 12. <i>Aëtius</i>, Tetrab. -IV. serm. 2. ch. 18. <i>Sextus -Placitus Papyriensis</i>, ch. V. -2. V. 43. <i>Theodor. Priscianus</i> -I. 25.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_384_384" href="#FNanchor_384_384" class="label">384</a> -<i>Galen</i>, Isag. ch. 16. (XIV. -p. 777.).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_385_385" href="#FNanchor_385_385" class="label">385</a> -<i>Galen</i>, De temperam. 4. -(I. p. 532.).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_386_386" href="#FNanchor_386_386" class="label">386</a> -<i>Pollux</i>, Onomast. bk. IV. -ch. 26. 206., θηρίωμα, γίνεται -μὲν ἕλκος περὶ ἀνδρῶν -αἰδοῖα, ἔστι δὲ ὅτε καὶ περὶ -δακτ<em class="gesperrt">ύλους</em> [read δακτυ<em class="gesperrt">λιους</em>], -καὶ ἀλλὰχοῦ, αἷμα -πολὺ καὶ μέλαν καὶ δυσῶδες -ἀφιὲν μετὰ μελανίας τὴν -σάρκα ἀνεσθίον. (θηρίωμα,—malignant -sore, is an ulcer -affecting men’s privates, as -well as sometimes the fingers -(? the anus), and other parts, -discharging much black evil-smelling -blood, accompanied -with black colour and eating -away the flesh).</p> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_387_387" href="#FNanchor_387_387" class="label">387</a> -<i>Sextus Placitus Papyriensis</i>, -XV. 3.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_388_388" href="#FNanchor_388_388" class="label">388</a> -<i>Galen</i>, Isagog. ch. 11. -(XIV. p. 719.), ταῖς δὲ γυναιξὶν -ἡ ὑστέρα ἔοικεν ὀσχῇ -ἀνεστραμμένῃ, (but in women -the vagina is like a scrotum -inverted), though in accordance -with what comes next the -uterus may also by understood -to be here intended. Commentar. -in Hippocrat. De -Alimento (XV. p. 326.), περὶ -δὲ τῆς ὑστέρας ὀλίγα ῥηθήσεται· -καὶ πρῶτον μὲν, -πότερον ὑστέρον ἢ μήτραν -κλητέον ἐστὶ τὸ μόριον ἐκεῖνο, -ὃ πρὸς τὴν κύησιν ἔδωκε -φύσις ταῖς γυναιξὶν, οὐδὲν -διαφέρει. (Now about the -vagina we shall not say much. -However first of all we may -remark as to the question -whether we should name the -part which nature has given -to women for connection -ὑστέρος or μήτρα, that this -is a matter of indifference). -Moreover the Physicians use -κόλπος (fold, bosom), e.g. -<i>Galen</i>, De tumoribus praeter -naturam ch. 4. (VII. p. 717.) -for the vaginal canal, as the -Romans did <i>sinus</i> (fold, -bosom) in Latin.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_389_389" href="#FNanchor_389_389" class="label">389</a> -<i>Celsus</i>, bk. V. ch. 25. -<i>Marcellus</i>, De medic, ch. 7. -17. <i>Sextus Placitus Papyriensis</i> -II. 7., XV. 2., XXXI. -12. <i>L. Apuleius</i>, De herb. -XLIX. 1., LXXIV. 3., -CXXI. 2.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_390_390" href="#FNanchor_390_390" class="label">390</a> -<i>Celsus</i>, bk. V. 28. 25. -<i>Galen</i>, Vol. II. p. 150., X. -p. 993. XI. p. 9. 1001., XVI. -p. 180., XVII. B. pp. 274, -855., XIX., p. 428, <i>Oribasius</i>, -De virt. simpl. bk. II. 1. under -word “Leucoion”, De loc. -affect. bk. IV. ch. 112. <i>Aëtius</i>, -Tetrab. I. serm. 1. under word -“Leucoion”, Tetrab. IV. serm. -4. ch. 83. <i>Actuarius</i>, Method. -med. bk. VI. chs. 8, 9.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_391_391" href="#FNanchor_391_391" class="label">391</a> -<i>Aretaeus</i>, De sign. chron. -bk. II. ch. 11.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_392_392" href="#FNanchor_392_392" class="label">392</a> -<i>Aëtius</i>, Tetrab. IV. serm. -4. chs. 88-94.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_393_393" href="#FNanchor_393_393" class="label">393</a> -The uterine speculum is -mentioned by <i>Aëtius</i> also chs. -86, 88. and its use described; -as also by <i>Paulus Aegineta</i>, -bk. III. ch. 65., bk. VI. ch. -73., and for the examination -of the rectum, bk. VI. ch. 78.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_394_394" href="#FNanchor_394_394" class="label">394</a> -<i>Galen</i>, De loc. affect. bk. -VI. ch. 5. (VIII. p. 436.). -<i>Paulus Aegineta</i>, bk. III. chs. -59, 75. <i>Aëtius</i>, Tetrab. IV. -serm. 2. ch. 15., serm. 4. -ch. 107.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_395_395" href="#FNanchor_395_395" class="label">395</a> -<i>Hippocrates</i>, De natura -muliebri Vol. II. pp. 586, -(588), 591., De morbis mulier. -bk. II. Vol. II. 878.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_396_396" href="#FNanchor_396_396" class="label">396</a> -<i>Nonnus</i>, Epitom. ch. 206., -distinguishes between ῥυπάρον -ἕλκος, νομὴ μετὰ φλεγμονῆς -(foul ulcer, eating sore -with inflammation) and ἄνευ -φλεγμονῆς νομή (eating sore -without inflammation); as does -<i>Paulus Aegin.</i>, bk. III. ch. 66.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_397_397" href="#FNanchor_397_397" class="label">397</a> -By means of the uterine -syringe, μητρεγχύτης. <i>Galen</i>, -Synopsis medic. sec. loc. IX. -ch. 8. (XIII. p. 316.). <i>Oribasius</i>, -Collect. medic. bk. X. -ch. 25.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_398_398" href="#FNanchor_398_398" class="label">398</a> -<i>Celsus</i>, bk. VII. ch. 28. -<i>Pliny</i>, Histor. nat. XXX. 4. -<i>Sextus Placitus Papyriensis</i>, -XXXII. 2. <i>Paulus Aegineta</i>, -bk. III. ch. 73.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_399_399" href="#FNanchor_399_399" class="label">399</a> -<i>Cedrenus</i>, Σύνοψις ἱστορικὴ -(Historical Survey), edit. -J. Goar and H. Fabrot, Paris -1647. fol., p. 266. In Diocletian’s -time when persecutions -of the Christians were general, -a fair and modest maiden was -charged with having spoken -disrespectfully of the gods; -for punishment she was sent -to a brothel with the order -that she must reimburse the -brothel-keeper three shillings -a day. The latter was to make -her serve as a prostitute, and -she was to receive all who -wished to go with her. Account -however was taken of -the fact that she declared <i>she -had an ulcer on her privates</i>, -and this obliged them to wait -till it was cured (προσφασιζομένη -ἕλκος ἔχειν ἐπὶ κρυπτοῦ -τόπου καὶ τούτου ἀπαλλαγὴν -ἐκδέξασθαι) (pretexting she -had an ulcer in a secret place, -and must wait for its removal). -The same story is told by -<i>Palladius</i>, Hist. lausiac. ch. -148., as having happened at -Corinth, who calls the ulcer -an evil-smelling one, that might -easily stir the repugnance of -her visitors against the girl, -(λέγουσα, ὅτι ἕλκος ἔχω τι -εἰς κεκρυμμένον τόπον, ὅπερ -ἐσχάτως ὄζει, καὶ δέδοικα -μὴ εἰς μῖσός μου ἔηθητε τῷ -ἀποτροπαίῳ τοῦ ἕλκους· -ἔνδοτε οὖν μοι ὀλίγας ἡμέρας -καὶ ἐξουσίαν μου ἔχετε καὶ -δωρεάν με ἔχειν,)—(saying “I -have an ulcer in a secret part, -which smells very ill, and I fear -you may come to feel repugnance -towards me owing to -the foulness of the ulcer; grant -me therefore a few days, then -may work your will of me and I -undertake to give myself freely”). -The last sentence shows clearly -that the ulcer was easy to cure. -Comp. Nicephorus, Hist. -eccles. bk. VII. chs. 12, 13.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_400_400" href="#FNanchor_400_400" class="label">400</a> -<i>Aëtius</i>, Tetrab. IV. serm. -II. chs. 1, 2, 3, 9, 10. <i>Galen</i>, -Synops. med. sec. loc. bk. IX. -ch. 7. (XIII. p. 315.). <i>Oribasius</i>, -De loc. affect. bk. IV. -ch. 93. <i>Paulus Aegineta</i>, bk. -III. ch. 59.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_401_401" href="#FNanchor_401_401" class="label">401</a> -<i>Galen</i>, Euporist. bk. I. -ch. 14. (XIV. p. 382.), Synops. -med. sec. loc. bk. IX. ch. 7. -(XIII. p. 315.), <i>Oribasius</i>, -De loc. affect. bk. IV. ch. 93. -<i>Paulus Aegineta</i>, bk. III. ch. -59.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_402_402" href="#FNanchor_402_402" class="label">402</a> -<i>Galen</i>, Euporist. bk. I. ch. -14. (XIV. p. 382.). <i>Oribasius</i>, -De loc. affect, bk. IV. ch. 94.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_403_403" href="#FNanchor_403_403" class="label">403</a> -<i>Galen</i>, Synops. med. sec. -loc. bk. IV. ch. 6. (XIII. p. -309.), ch. 7. (p. 314.), Synops. -med. sec. gen. bk. V. ch. 12. -(XIII. p. 837.). <i>Oribasius</i>, De -loc. affect. bk. IV. ch. 92. -<i>Paulus Aegineta</i>, bk. III. -ch. 59. <i>Nonnus</i>, Epit. ch. 198.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_404_404" href="#FNanchor_404_404" class="label">404</a> -<i>Celsus</i>, bk. VI. ch. 18., -bk. VII. 30., bk. V. 20. <i>Galen</i>, -Synops. med. sec. loc. bk. IX. -ch. 6. (XIII. p. 309.), Synops. -med. sec. gen. bk. V. ch. 13. -(XIII. p. 840.), De simplic. -med. temp. ac facult. bk. IX. -chs. 3, 23. (XII. p. 231.), -bk. XI. ch. 1. (XII. p. 333.), -<i>Paulus Aegineta</i>, bk. III. ch. -59., bk. VI. ch. 80. <i>Oribasius</i>, -De loc. affect. bk. IV. ch. 95. -<i>Dioscorides</i> bk. I. ch. 34., ch. -94. <i>Scribonius Largus</i>, De -compos. med. ch. 223. <i>Marcellus</i>, -ch. 31. <i>Nonnus</i>, Epitom. -ch. 196. <i>Isidorus</i>, Origin. bk. -IV. ch. 7.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_405_405" href="#FNanchor_405_405" class="label">405</a> -<i>Aëtius</i>, loco citato ch. 9. -from Leonidas. <i>Paulus Aegineta</i>, -bk. VI. ch. 78.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_406_406" href="#FNanchor_406_406" class="label">406</a> -<i>Celsus</i>, VI. 18. <i>Galen</i>, -(X. p. 381.), Synops. med. -sec. loc. bk. IX. ch. 6. (XIII. -p. 307.), De simplic. temperam -ac facult. bk. VI. (XI. p. -821.). <i>Paulus Aegineta</i>, bk. -III. ch. 59.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_407_407" href="#FNanchor_407_407" class="label">407</a> -<i>Paulus Aegineta</i>, bk. VI. -ch. 80.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_408_408" href="#FNanchor_408_408" class="label">408</a> -<i>Galen</i>, Method. med. ad -Glaucon. bk. II. ch. 1. (XI. -p. 77.), De tumor. praet. nat. -ch. 15. (VII. p. 729.), Comment. -in Hippocrat. Aphorism. -(XVII. B. p. 636.).—<i>Paulus -Aegineta</i>, bk. IV. ch. 22. -<i>Actuarius</i>, bk. II. ch. 12. -<i>Cassius</i>, Problem. 42. <i>Nonnus</i>, -Epitom. 247. <i>Heliodorus</i>, in -Mai’s Class. auctor. e Vatic. -codd. edit. Vol. IV. p. 13. -note 3.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_409_409" href="#FNanchor_409_409" class="label">409</a> -<i>Galen</i>, Method. med. bk. -XIII. ch. 5. (X. pp. 180 sqq.). -Comp. <i>Celsus</i>, bk. V. ch. 28. -<i>Oribasius</i>, Sympos. bk. VII. -31., De morb. curat. bk. III. -ch. 46.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_410_410" href="#FNanchor_410_410" class="label">410</a> -<i>Hippocrates</i>, De natura -pueri, Vol. I. p. 390.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_411_411" href="#FNanchor_411_411" class="label">411</a> -<i>Hippocrates</i>, Epidem. bk. -VI. Vol. III. p. 619.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_412_412" href="#FNanchor_412_412" class="label">412</a> -In reference to ανθραξ -<i>Galen</i> says, Isagog. ch. 16. -(XIX. p. 777.): ἀνθράκωσις -δέ ἐστιν ἕλκος ἐσχαρῶδες -μετὰ νομῆς καὶ <em class="gesperrt">ῥεύματος</em> -καὶ <em class="gesperrt">βουβῶνος</em> ἐνίοτε καὶ -πυρετῶν γινομένων περὶ τὸ -ἄλλο πᾶν σῶμα, ἔστι δὲ ὅτε -καὶ περὶ ὀφθαλμούς. (But -ἀνθράκωσις (malignant ulcer) -is a scabby ulcer conjoined -with eating ulcer and <i>discharge</i> -and <i>bubo</i>, as also with fevers -sometimes affecting the whole -body and at other times the -eyes in particular).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_413_413" href="#FNanchor_413_413" class="label">413</a> -<i>Galen</i>, loco citato p. 887., -ἐχούσης δὲ τῆς τοιαύτης τὸ -μῆκος μεῖζον τοῦ πλάτους, -ἐγκάρσιον ἔστω τὸ μῆκος ἐπὶ -τοῦ Βουβῶνος, οὐ κατ’εὐθὺ -τοῦ κώλου· καὶ γὰρ κατὰ -φύσιν οὕτως ἐπιπτύσσεται -τὸ δέρμα ἑαυτῷ, καμπτόντων -τὸ κῶλον. (But such an incision -having greater length than -breadth, the length should be -diagonally to the groin, not in -the line of the direct diameter -of the limb. For in this way -the skin is naturally folded -over itself, when patients bend -the limb).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_414_414" href="#FNanchor_414_414" class="label">414</a> -<i>Sextus Placitus Papyriensis</i>, -De medicamentis ex -animal. ch. 1. note 14., Cervi -pudenda si tecum habueris, -inguina tibi non tumebunt, et -si tumor antiquus fuerit, velociter -recedet. (If you carry -with you a stag’s genitals, -your groin will never swell, -and if you have a long-standing -swelling, it will quickly disappear.) -We must further note -supplementarily that <i>Prophylactics -against female gonorrhœa</i> -appear also to have been -known and used; at any rate -<i>Galen</i>, Euporist. bk. II. ch. -26. note 37. (XIV. p.485.), -cites measures against humidity -of the genital organs during -coition πρὸς τὸ μὴ καθυγραίνεσθαι -τὸ αἰδοῖον ἐν ταῖς -συνουσίαις τῶν γυναικῶν;—(to -guard against the humidity -of the genitals in coition -amongst women), consisting -in fact in unripe gall-apples, -ashes and wine as a lotion, -or infusion of gall-apples with -sulphurated wool as a vaginal-plug, -honey and nitre as an -embrocation!</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_415_415" href="#FNanchor_415_415" class="label">415</a> -<i>Galen</i>, Method. med. bk. -II. ch. 2. (X. p. 83).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_416_416" href="#FNanchor_416_416" class="label">416</a> -<i>Hippocrates</i>, Aphorismor. -Vol. III. p. 742., De liquidorum -usu Vol. II. p. 163.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_417_417" href="#FNanchor_417_417" class="label">417</a> -<i>Galen</i>, Synops. medic. -sec. loc. bk. IX. ch. 8. (XIII. -p. 317).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_418_418" href="#FNanchor_418_418" class="label">418</a> -<i>Celsus</i>, bk. V. ch. 28. -<i>Oribasius</i>, De morb. crat. bk. -III. ch. 54. Synops. bk. VII. -ch. 37, ch. 42., Collect, bk. -XLIV. ch. 11. Mai loco cit. -p. 31. <i>Aëtius</i>, Tetrab. IV. -serm. 2. ch. 61. <i>Paulus -Aegineta</i> bk. IV. ch. 9.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_419_419" href="#FNanchor_419_419" class="label">419</a> -<i>Hippocrates</i>, Prorrhet. bk. -II. Vol. I. p. 204.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_420_420" href="#FNanchor_420_420" class="label">420</a> -<i>Aëtius</i>, Tetrab. IV. serm. -2. ch. 15.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_421_421" href="#FNanchor_421_421" class="label">421</a> -<i>Aëtius</i>, Tetrab. IV. serm. -2. ch. 20.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_422_422" href="#FNanchor_422_422" class="label">422</a> -<i>Galen</i>, Definit. medic. -Vol. XIX. p. 446.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_423_423" href="#FNanchor_423_423" class="label">423</a> -<i>Aëtius</i>, Tetrab. IV. serm. -2. ch. 3.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_424_424" href="#FNanchor_424_424" class="label">424</a> -<i>Oribasius</i>, Synops. medic. -sec. loc. bk. V. ch. 4. (XII. -p. 823.). <i>Aëtius</i>, Tetrab. II. -serm. 4. ch. 14.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_425_425" href="#FNanchor_425_425" class="label">425</a> -<i>Oribasius</i>, Synops. bk. -VII. ch. 40. <i>Aëtius</i>, loco -citato. <i>Paulus Aegineta</i>, bk. -III. ch. 3.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_426_426" href="#FNanchor_426_426" class="label">426</a> -<i>Marcellus</i>, De medic. ch. -31., gives prescriptions “ad -ficos qui in locis verecundioribus -nascuntur,” (for fig-like -swellings that occur in the -more private parts). <i>Nonnus</i>, -Epit. 214.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_427_427" href="#FNanchor_427_427" class="label">427</a> -<i>Aspasia</i>, De natura mulier. -Vol. II. p. 588., De morb. -mulier. bk. II. Vol. II. p. 879. -The Etymologicum Magnum -under the word explains κίων -by ἀπὸ τοῦ κίειν καὶ ἀνίεναι -εἰς ὕψος (so called from its -going upwards and rising to -a height). Comp. <i>Phil. Ingrassias</i>, -De tumor. praet. -natur. p. 273.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_428_428" href="#FNanchor_428_428" class="label">428</a> -<i>Aëtius</i>, Tetrab. IV. serm. -4. ch. 106.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_429_429" href="#FNanchor_429_429" class="label">429</a> -<i>Celsus</i>, bk. VI. ch. 18. -<i>Aëtius</i>, Tetrab. IV. serm. 2. -ch. 3. <i>Paulus Aegineta</i>, bk. -III. ch. 59., bk. IV. ch. 15., -bk. VI. ch. 80. <i>Sextus Placitus -Papyriensis</i>, XI. 7. -<i>Apuleius</i>, De herb. LXXX. -8. A large number of remedies -against them are given by -<i>Galen</i>: Vol. XIII. 309, 312, -422, 447, 512, 560, 715, 738, -781, 787, 824, 828, 831, 833, -837, 840.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_430_430" href="#FNanchor_430_430" class="label">430</a> -<i>Celsus</i>, bk. V. ch. 28. -Comp. <i>Galen</i>, Defin. med. -(XIX. p. 444.). <i>Oribasius</i>, -Synops. VII. ch. 39., Collect. -bk. XLV. ch. 12., bk. L. ch. -7. (in Mai loco cit. p. 43, p. -186). <i>Aëtius</i>, Tetrab. IV. -serm. 2. ch. 3., serm. 4. ch. -105. <i>Paulus Aegineta</i>, bk. -III. ch. 59., bk. VI. chs. 58, -71. <i>Nonnus</i>, Epit. ch. 197. -<i>Pollux</i>, Onomast. bk. IV. ch. -25. sect. 194., θύμος, ὐπέρυθρος -ἔκφυσις, τραχεῖα, ἔναιμος, -οὐ δυσαφαίρετος, μάλιστα -περὶ αἰδοῖα καὶ δακτύλιον -καὶ παραμήρια· ἔστὶ -δ’ὅτε καὶ ἐπὶ προσώπῳ. -(θύμος,—<i>thymus</i>, a reddish -outgrowth, rough, suffused -with blood, not difficult to -remove, occurring chiefly on -the genital organs and anus -and insides of the thighs; but -sometimes on the face too). -<i>Marcellus</i>, ch. 33. <i>Myrepsus</i>, -XXXVIII. ch. 157.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_431_431" href="#FNanchor_431_431" class="label">431</a> -<i>Hippocrates</i>, De ulcer. -Vol. III. p. 319., shows a -knowledge of them very uncommon -so early as his time.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_432_432" href="#FNanchor_432_432" class="label">432</a> -<i>Celsus</i>, bk. V. ch. 28. -ch. 1. <i>Galen</i>, Defin. med. -(XIX. p. 444.) <i>Oribasius</i>, -Collect. bk. XLV. ch. 11. -ch. 14. (Mai loco cit. 41, 43.) -<i>Aëtius</i>, Tetrab. IV. serm. 2. -ch. 3., serm. 4. ch. 105. <i>Paulus -Aegineta</i>, bk. IV. ch. 15., -bk. VI. ch. 87. <i>Actuarius</i>, -bk. II. ch. 11., bk. IV. ch. -15., bk. VI. ch. 9. <i>Pollux</i>, -Onomast. bk. IV. ch. 25, -sect. 195.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_433_433" href="#FNanchor_433_433" class="label">433</a> -<i>Galen</i>, Method. med. bk. XIV. ch. 17. (X. p. 1011.).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_434_434" href="#FNanchor_434_434" class="label">434</a> -Perhaps some weight -should be attached to the fact -that the ancient physicians -recommend as remedies against -ulcers of the nose and mouth -exactly the same means as -they employed in cases of -ulcer of the genitals. Comp. -<i>Celsus</i> bk. VI. ch. 18.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_435_435" href="#FNanchor_435_435" class="label">435</a> -<i>Celsus</i>, bk. VI. ch. 8., -bk. VII. ch. 11. <i>Galen</i>, Synops. -med. sec. loc. bk. III. ch. 3. -(XII. 678.). <i>Oribasius</i>, De -loc. affect. Vol. IV. chs. 45, -46. <i>Aëtius</i>, Tetrab. II. serm. -2. chs. 90, 91, 93. <i>Paulus -Aegineta</i> bk. III. ch. 23. -<i>Alexander of Tralles</i> bk. III. -ch. 8. <i>Caelius Aurelianus</i> -morb. chron. bk. II. ch. 1. -<i>Actuarius</i>, Method. med. bk. -II. ch. 8., bk. VI. ch. 4. -<i>Nonnus</i>, Epit. ch. 93. <i>Pollux</i>, -Onomast. bk. IV. ch. 25. sect. -204. The remark of <i>Galen</i>, -Isagog. ch. 20. (XIV. p. 792.), -is interesting that <i>falling way -of the nose</i> from the palate -gives sufferers an apelike -look, ἀλλὰ κἂν ἐξ ὑπερώας -μεσίζῃ ἡ ῥὶς, ὥς φησι, σιμοῦνται -ἀθεραπεύτως,—(but if the -nose separates from the palate, -they get flat-nosed, as they -say, like monkeys,—incurable.) -A special <i>nasal syringe</i>, -rhynenchytes, is mentioned by -<i>Caelius Aurelianus</i>, Chron. bk. -I. ch. 4., bk. III. ch. 2. Comp. -<i>Calmasius</i>, Ad Solin p. 274.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_436_436" href="#FNanchor_436_436" class="label">436</a> -<i>Johannes Moschus</i>, Pratum -spirituale (Meadow of the Soul) -ch. 14. in Magna Bibliotheca -veterum Patrum (Great Library -of the Ancient Fathers) Vol. -XIII. Paris 1644. fol., p. -1062. Ὁ Ἀββᾶς Πολυχρόνιος -πάλιν ἡμῖν διηγήσατο, ἡμῖν -λέγων, ὅτι ἐν τῷ κοινοβίω -τοῦ Πενθουκλὰ, ἀδελφὸς -ἦν πάνυ προσέχων αὑτὸν -καὶ ἀσκητής· ἐπολεμήθη δὲ -εἰς πορνείαν, καὶ μὴ εἰσενεγκὼν -τὸν πολέμον, ἐξῆλθεν -τοῦ μοναστηρίου καὶ ἀπῆλθεν -εἰς Ἰεριχὼ πληρῶσαι -τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν αὐτοῦ· <em class="gesperrt">καὶ -ὡς εἰσῆλθεν εἰς τὸ -καταγώγιον τῆς πορνείας, -εὐθέως ἐλεπρούθη -ὅλως</em>· καὶ θεασάμενος -ἑαυτὸν ἐν τοιούτῳ -σχήματι, εὐθέως ἐπέστρεψεν -εἰς τὸ μοναστήριον αὐτοῦ, -εὐχαριστῶν τῷ θεῷ καὶ -λέγων, ὅτι ὁ θεὸς ἐπήγαμέν -μοι τὴν τοιαύτην νόσον, -ἵνα ἡ ψυχή μου σωθῇ. (The -Abbot Polychronius again -related an incident to us, telling -us how in the Monastery -of Penthula there was a -brother well self-disciplined -and ascetic. But he was sorely -tempted to fornication, and -unable to fight the temptation, -he went forth from the -Monastery and departed to -Jericho to fulfil his desire; -and when he <i>entered into the -common house of fornication, -straightway he became -leprous all over</i>. And when -he saw himself in such a case, -straightway he returned to his -Monastery, blessing God and -saying, “God hath brought -down this disease upon me, -that my soul might be saved”).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_437_437" href="#FNanchor_437_437" class="label">437</a> -<i>Galen</i>, De locis affect. -bk. II. ch. 8. (VIII. pp. 91, -104.). τοὺς δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν περὶ -τὰ ὀστέα προστυπεῖς εὑρήσεις, -ὡς αὐτῶν δοκεῖν τῶν -ὀστέων ὄντας· ... ὅτι δ’οἱ -τῶν περικειμένων τοῖς ὀστοῖς -ὑμένων πόνοι βύθιοί τ’εἰσὶν, -τοῦτ’ ἔστι διὰ βάθους τοῦ -σώματος ἐπιφέροντες αἴσθησιν, -αὐτῶν τε τῶν ὀστῶν -ἐπάγουσιν φαντασίαν ὡς -ὀδυνωμένων, οὐδὲν θαυμαστόν· -ὀνομάζουσι γοῦν αὐτοὺς -<em class="gesperrt">ὀστοκόπους</em> οἱ πλεῖστοι, -γίνονται τὰ πολλὰ μὲν ἐπὶ -γυμνασίοις, ἔστιν ὅτι δὲ καὶ -διὰ ψύξιν, ἢ πλῆθος. (Now -you will find patients suffering -from pains in the parts surrounding -the bones inclined -to suppose they are suffering -from the bones themselves.... -And it is not at all surprising -that pains in the membranes -that lie about the bones being -deep-seated, that is giving a -sensation of being deep-seated -in the body, make patients -imagine it is the bones themselves -that suffer. In fact they -call them generally bone-racking -pains; and they are -set up as a rule after bodily -exercises, but also sometimes -as a consequence of cold or -heat).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_438_438" href="#FNanchor_438_438" class="label">438</a> -<i>Natalis Comes</i>, Mythologia -bk. III. p. 383., Deinde -dicta (Cyprus) <em class="gesperrt">Cerastia</em>, ut -inquit Xenagoras in libro -secundo de insulis, quod illam -homines habitarent, <em class="gesperrt">qui -multos tumores, tanquam -cornua quaedam -in capitibus habere</em> -viderentur, cum cornua κέρατα -dicta sint a Graecis et κεράσται -cornuti. (Then it (Cyprus) was -also named <i>Cerastia</i>, as Xenagoras -says in his second Book -“On Islands”, because its -inhabitants <i>often had protuberances -that looked like -horns on their heads</i>, for -horns are called κέρατα in -Greek, and those having horns -κεράσται. Comp. <i>Stephanus</i>, -De urbibus, under word -Κύπρος, and Σφήκεια. <i>Tzetzes</i>, -in Lycophron. Cassandr. 474. -p. 173., ἐκαλεῖτο δὲ καὶ -Κεραστία, ὡς μὲν Ἀνδροκλῆς -ἐν τῷ περὶ Κύπρου λέγει, -διὰ τὸ <em class="gesperrt">ἐνοικῆσαι αὐτῇ -ἄνδρας, οἳ εἶχον κέρατα</em>· -ὡς δὲ Ξεναγόρας -ἐν τῷ περὶ Νήσων, διὰ <em class="gesperrt">τὸ -ἔχειν πολλὰς ἐξοχὰς</em>, -ἃς κέρατα καλοῦσι, Κεραστία -ὠνομάσθη. (And it was also -called Κεραστία, according to -Androcles in his Book “On -Cyprus”, <i>because men lived -in it who had horns</i>; but -according to Xenagoras in his -“On Islands”, because they -had many protuberances, which -they call horns, for this reason -it was named Κεραστία). Even -supposing the etymology to be -a fable, is the fact therefore -on which it was based bound -to be mythical too? Again -<i>Pollux</i>, Onomast. bk. IV. ch. -25., says, Κέρατα, ἐν τῷ -τόπῳ τῶν κεράτων περὶ τὸ -μέτωπου <em class="gesperrt">πωρώδεις ἐκφύσης</em>, (horns,—<i>a sort of -callous outgrowths</i> at the -place where horns grow on -the forehead). The words -succeeding περὶ τὸ δέρμα (on -the skin) are no doubt more -appropriately taken with ἕρπης -(creeping eruption) that comes -next after them. In <i>Sextus -Placitus Papyriensis</i>, ch. XI. -5. we read: Elephantis stercus -illitum omnes tumores emendat, -et <i>duritias, quae in fronte -nascuntur</i>, mire tollit, (Elephant’s -dung rubbed on cures -all swellings, and removes in -a wonderful way the <i>callosities -that grow on the forehead</i>), -but this really and truly can -only be held applicable to -cutaneous tubercles.)</p> -</div> -</div> - - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Plague of Lust, Volume II (of II), by -Julius Rosenbaum - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PLAGUE OF LUST, VOLUME II *** - -***** This file should be named 63246-h.htm or 63246-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/3/2/4/63246/ - -Produced by Turgut Dincer, Les Galloway and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This -book was produced from images made available by the -HathiTrust Digital Library.) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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