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diff --git a/old/63219-0.txt b/old/63219-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index f46928d..0000000 --- a/old/63219-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3440 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Missouri Archaeologist, Volume 34, No. -1 and 2, December 1972, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: The Missouri Archaeologist, Volume 34, No. 1 and 2, December 1972 - -Author: Various - -Editor: Robert T. Bray - -Release Date: September 17, 2020 [EBook #63219] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MISSOURI ARCHAEOLOGIST *** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - THE MISSOURI ARCHAEOLOGIST - - - [Illustration: The Pamplin Kiln] - - Vol. 34 Nos. 1-2 Dec. 1972 - - - THE MISSOURI ARCHAEOLOGIST - - - VOLUME 34, NOS. 1-2 COLUMBIA, MO. DECEMBER, 1972 - - - Editor: Robert T. Bray, University of Missouri-Columbia - - SOCIETY OFFICERS 1972 - Henry W. Hamilton, President - - VICE-PRESIDENTS - - Leonard W. Blake - J. Allen Eichenberger - Dr. H. Lee Hoover - Dr. Carl H. Chapman, Secretary - Edward C. Matthews, Jr. - Clem T. Kelly - Leo J. Roedl - David R. Evans, Treasurer - - TRUSTEES - Harold W. Mohrman, (Chairman) - - Leo O. Anderson - Ramsey Bearden - Dale Belshe - John E. Berry - C. L. Blanton, Jr. - Freddie Bollinger - Fred Brandenburger - Mrs. Mary B. Bruno - C. Warren Cagle - Miss Harryette Campbell - R. I. Colborn - J. L. Connelly - Paul Corbin - J. M. Crick - Mrs. W. L. Davidson - W. B. Debo - Jack Dennis - Richard V. Dolby - Terrance Dyche - Benedict Ellis - Jim D. Feagins - Dr. Raymond Felling - Forrest Femmer - Charles R. Fiorita - Maynard A. Fisher - Michael R. Fisher - Howell Geiger - Henry H. Gerdes - J. W. Gerhardt - Harold Green - T. M. Hamilton - Dr. E. B. Hanan - Harry L. Harner - Dr. M. M. Hart - Dr. William Hayes - O. Lee Herberger - J. P. Herring - Leo P. Hopper - James G. Houser - Dr. Shelby Hughes - Elmo Ingenthron - Sam C. Irvine - Sam G. Jones - James F. Keefe - Thomas Keel, Jr. - David Kimbrough - George W. Kirk - Claude Knoles - Miss Margaret Lawlor - I. H. Lehmer - Dr. James L. Lowe - Frank Magre - Winton O. Meyer - Steve Miller - George W. Nichols - Dr. Peter Nichols - Charles V. Orr - W. L. Philyaw - Mrs. Howard Platz - Art Province - Julian D. Pyatt - Nelson Reed - Donovan Reynolds - Ralph G. Roberts - Paul V. Sellers - Dr. Francis L. Stubbs - John W. Taylor - Floyd Vavak - John C. Vinton - George Von Hoffman, Jr. - James Walden - - PRESERVATION OF SITES COMMITTEE - J. J. McKinny (Chairman) - - Joseph B. Abell - Dr. Hugh L. Cutler - William R. Denslow - Robert L. Elgin - Arthur L. Freeman, Jr. - Genevieve Huss - Charles E. Martien - Haysler A. Poague - Robert M. Seelen - George U. Shelby, Jr. - Allen B. Soper - Frank Stonner - C. H. Turner - Art. L. Wallhausen, Jr. - - - - - CONTENTS - - - CLAY PIPES FROM PAMPLIN by Henry W. Hamilton and Jean Tyree - Hamilton 1 - Acknowledgments 1 - Introduction 2 - The Home Pipemaking Industry 3 - Home Industry Pipe Making Methods 7 - The Pamplin Smoking Pipe and Manufacturing Company 8 - Factory Machinery 11 - Factory Firing and Glazing 12 - Reed Stems 12 - Pipes Made By The Factory 12 - Factory Price List of Pipes and Jobbers Discounts, As of 1941 13 - Pamplin Area Pipe Forms 14 - Conclusions 21 - Bibliography 23 - THE UTLAUT SITE (23SA162W): AN ONEOTA-HISTORIC MISSOURI BURIAL - SITE By Patricia J. O’Brien and Kevin Hart 48 - Burial Descriptions 48 - Discussion 61 - References Cited 65 - Appendix: Skeletal Remains from the Utlaut Site by Kevin Hart - and Clark Larsen 67 - A REPORT OF SALVAGE INVESTIGATIONS AT ST. CHARLES, MISSOURI By J. - M. Shippee 75 - - - - - ILLUSTRATIONS - - - CLAY PIPES FROM PAMPLIN By Henry W. Hamilton and Jean Tyree - Hamilton - _Plate_ _Page_ - 1. Tools of the Home Pipemaking Industry 26 - 2. Pamplin Pipe from the steamboat _Bertrand_ 27 - 3. Stencils on the Box of Pamplin Pipes from the _Bertrand_ 27 - 4. The Pamplin Smoking Pipe and Manufacturing Company, Inc. 28 - 5. Kiln of the Pamplin Smoking Pipe Company 29 - 6. Pipe Molding Machine from Pamplin Factory 30 - 7. Saggers from the Pamplin Factory 31 - 8. Advertising Brochure, Pamplin Pipe Company 32 - 9. The “original” Powhatan and other Pamplin Pipe Forms 33 - 10. Price List of Pamplin Company Pipe Forms 34 - 11. “Tomahawk Pipe,” 1941 Brochure 35 - 12. Sales Tag for “Original” Powhatan Pipe 36 - 13. Pamplin Area Pipe Forms 37 - 14. Pamplin Area Pipe Forms 38 - 15. Pamplin Area Pipe Forms 39 - 16. Pamplin Area Pipe Forms 40 - 17. Pamplin Area Pipe Forms 41 - 18. Pamplin Area Pipe Forms 42 - 19. Pamplin Area Pipe Forms 43 - 20. Pamplin Area Pipe Forms 44 - 21. Pamplin Area Pipe Forms 45 - 22. Pamplin Area Pipe Forms 46 - 23. Pamplin Area Pipe Forms 47 - - - _Tables_ _Page_ - 1. Sources of Pipes and Relative Numbers available for Examination 14 - 2. Identifications Appearing on Certain Pamplin Pipes 15 - - - THE UTLAUT SITE (23SA162W): AN ONEOTA-HISTORIC MISSOURI BURIAL - SITE By Patricia J. O’Brien and Kevin Hart - _Figures_ _Page_ - 1. Floodplain of the Missouri River with Locations of 23SA4, - 23SA162W and 23SA162 49 - 2. Test Excavations at the Utlaut Site 50 - 3. Burial 1, 23SA162W 51 - 4. Artifacts from the Utlaut Site 53 - 5. Burial 2, 23SA162W 54 - 6. Pottery Vessels from the Utlaut Site 55 - 7. Burial 3, 23SA162W 56 - 8. Burial 4, 23SA162W 58 - 9. Burial 6, 23SA162W 59 - 10. Pottery Vessels Associated with Burial 6 60 - 11. Tibiae of Burial 1 68 - 12. Skull Profiles of Burial 3 71 - - - _Tables_ _Page_ - 1. Post-Cranial Measurements and Indices for Skeletal Material - from 23SA162W 73 - 2. Cranial Measurements and Indices, Burials, 2, 6 73 - 3. Comparison of Male Stature for Oneota Indians 74 - - - A REPORT OF SALVAGE INVESTIGATIONS AT ST. CHARLES, MISSOURI By J. - M. Shippee - _Figures_ _Page_ - 1. Pit A Pottery 77 - 2. Pits B and D Artifacts 79 - 3. Pit D Pottery 81 - 4. Pottery from Pit D and from Surface of Road 82 - - - - - CLAY PIPES FROM PAMPLIN - - - by Henry W. Hamilton & Jean Tyree Hamilton - - - ACKNOWLEDGMENTS - -We wish to express appreciation to all of the following for their help -and assistance in the preparation of this report. The contributions of -some are discussed in detail in the text, but we are grateful to each -and every one. - -Miss Wilsie Thornton, Mrs. Bess Franklin Mattox, Stuart M. Farrar and -Jack Price, Pamplin, Virginia. - -Dr. Clyde G. O’Brien, M.D.; Calvin Robinson, retired editor; Ray Noble -and William Sperry, Appomattox, Virginia. - -Mrs. Aldah B. Gordon, Clerk Circuit Court, Appomattox County, -Appomattox, Virginia. - -Vernon C. Womack, Clerk Circuit Court, Prince Edward County, Farmville, -Virginia. - -Alford L. Rector, Charles H. Meadows, and Mrs. Charles S. Martin, -Appomattox Court House, National Historic Park, Virginia. - -Edward A. Chappell, Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission, Richmond, -Virginia. - -Edward F. Heite, formerly with Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission. - -Francis B. Fitzgerald, Suffolk, Virginia. - -David Dautenhahn, Marshall, Missouri - -John W. Walker, John W. Griffin and Richard D. Faust, Southeast -Archaeological Center, National Park Service, Macon, Georgia. - -J. Paul Hudson, Jamestown National Historic Park, Virginia. - -Rex L. Wilson, Acting Chief, Division of Archaeology and Anthropology, -National Park Service, Washington. - -John C. Ewers, Smithsonian Institution, Washington. - -Jerome E. Petsche, National Park Service, Washington. - -Charles Phillips, Williamstown, Massachusetts. - -Miss Mary M. Watts, Times-Dispatch, Richmond, Virginia. - -Robert L. Saville, Jr., Lawyers Title Insurance Corp, Richmond Virginia. - -Morton L. Wallerstein and Ralph Dombrower, Richmond, Partners in the -last factory operation. - -Microfilm Department, Virginia State Library, Richmond. - -Miss Eleanor Thompson, Assistant Librarian, Missouri Valley College, -Marshall, Missouri. - -Mrs. Dorothy Erdmann, Summit County Historical Society, Akron, Ohio. - -Floyd Painter, Editor, _The Chesopiean_, Norfolk, Virginia. - -Ronald A. Thomas, State Archaeologist, Dover, Delaware. - -Mrs. Elizabeth Schick and L. T. Alexander, Archaeological Society of -Delaware, Wilmington. - -R. H. Landon, Minnesota Archaeological Society, Minneapolis. - -Howard A. MacCord, Sr., Archaeology Society of Virginia, Richmond, -Virginia. - -Ronald R. Switzer, Bertrand Conservation Laboratory, DeSoto National -Wildlife Refuge, Missouri Valley, Iowa. - -The photography is by T. M. Hamilton, Miami, Missouri, except where -otherwise noted. - -To the many others who have helped, we also wish to express our thanks. - - - INTRODUCTION - -This is presented as an aid in the identification of clay pipes from the -general area of Pamplin, Virginia, that might appear in archaeological -and historic sites. Interest in these pipes has been stimulated by their -being reported as found in various sites in the western United States. - -The circumstances under which this information has been gathered and the -fact that it has been a number of years since clay pipes were made here, -either as a home industry or commercially by the Pamplin Smoking Pipe -and Manufacturing Company, leave much to be desired. On the other hand, -in our work we have inspected a total of 4,451 Pamplin pipes; of this -number 39% were from the factory grounds, and 61% were from the Thornton -Store Site and represented the home industry, so we feel that the 39 -forms presented represent at least a majority of the pipe forms made at -Pamplin. - -This is not to say that a similar form could not have been made -elsewhere; however the style, the generally heavier and thicker -character of the piece, and the finish, or lack of it, as well as the -usual deep red color of the Virginia clay, would seem to make these -pipes distinctive. - -Under the conditions in which these pipes were retrieved it is obvious -that the numbers of the different forms located give little indication -of the relative numbers of the different styles that were manufactured, -the popularity of the various styles, or the relative time of their -manufacture. - -Nearly all of the pipes examined were retrieved by excavation, by people -who simply happened to become interested; this is equally true whether -the pipes had been made by the factory and excavated out of fill on the -old factory grounds, or whether they were made at the homes and -excavated from the basement of the old Thornton Store, which through the -years had taken them in trade for merchandise. - -In some cases among the pipes examined there were not more than one, or -a few, examples of a certain form. In other cases there were hundreds. -Among the examples available to us there was generally little variation -in size within the same form. We have illustrated the largest and the -smallest, since this also gives an opportunity to note minor variations -that may exist between different molds for the same pipe form. However, -a rather wide variation in size was present in that shown as (Plate 13 -A), the “Original” Powhatan, where a total of 12 gradations from largest -to smallest were found. - -The predominant color of the pipes is dark red. A lighter color is -infrequently present, running from almost yellow, to salmon, to light -brown. The very dark, almost black coloration of some is said to come -either from minerals present in the soil of this area, to which the -pipes presented here had been subjected since nearly all had been many -years underground, or from actual fire that had fallen into the saggers -of the Company kiln, or the iron pots in which the pipes had been fired -in the home industry. - -During the last years of factory operation “some white clay from either -West Virginia or Kentucky was shipped in by railroad”. This resulted in -pipes of a lighter color, at times light grey to white. Apparently no -pipes made from this particular clay were seen by us, except possibly -those illustrated in Plate 23 AJ. - - - THE HOME PIPEMAKING INDUSTRY - -Well established local tradition indicates that clay pipemaking in the -homes, for home and neighborhood use, started almost as soon as the -first settlers reached the area, and after the suitability of the local -clay was discovered. Initial county organization in this part of -Virginia was well underway by the 1740’s. - -Bradshaw’s _History of Prince Edward County_, Virginia, 1955, p. 5 -states, _Batho Austin road to be cleared from the Appomattox River near -Colonel Richard Randolph’s quarter to Hill’s Fork on Vaughan’s Creek by -all who lived near the route and were not employed on other roads. -1742._ - -Vernon C. Womack, Clerk of the Circuit Court, Prince Edward County, in a -personal letter states, “Since the south fork of Vaughan’s Creek -originates a short distance from where the pipe factory was later -located in Pamplin, this might be the starting point. John Wood’s map of -Prince Edward County, dated 1820 which shows that part that was later -cut off to form Appomattox County, gives a detail network of roads -through Kelso’s Old Store, which appears to be near the present location -of Pamplin.” - -_There were stores at Sandy River, Wm. and Samuel Matthew had a store at -Walker’s Church, and Kelso’s Old Store was between Walker’s Church and -Merriman’s Shop_ (now Pamplin).” The statement is footnoted _John Wood -map_, 1820. (Bradshaw, 1955:319). - -_Merriman’s Shop Post Office, 94 miles from Richmond, 185 miles from -Washington._ (Martin, 1835:269). - -_Advertisement for renewal of bids for rural route for port office in -Merriman’s Shop in 1843-1848_ (Bradshaw, 1955:315). - -The area that was later to become Appomattox County had been, -successively, included in the areas of several earlier and larger -counties. Appomattox County was formed in 1845. The railroad came -through Merriman’s Shop in 1854, and was renamed Pamplin. The Appomattox -County Courthouse burned and the county records were destroyed by fire -on February 2, 1892 (Communication from Mrs. Aldah Gordon). - -Mrs. Bess Franklin Mattox reported, “Nicholas Pamplin, a resident of -Merriman’s Shop, was the only citizen who permitted the railroad to go -through his land without charge and so the village was renamed for him” -(Mattox, personal communication). For a time it was known as Pamplin -Depot, then Pamplin City, finally simply Pamplin. - -The home manufacture of pipes has had a long history in this part of -Virginia and can be considered as well underway by the 1740s. It existed -long before the Company came to Pamplin and continued after the Company -had ceased operations, or as long as there was an active demand for clay -pipes. - -The Home Industry finally came to a close in 1953. “Mrs. Betty Price of -Appomattox County was the last to make pipes. I have a mold used by her. -She made them from childhood and in her prime could make 40,000 pipes -per year, having been taught by her mother in 1866 when she was eight -years old. Her mother had made them a lifetime before her. In the last -year of Mrs. Betty Price’s life, 1953, she made 500 pipes at the age of -95. They were made from clay from her own farm.” (Personal letter from -Dr. Clyde G. O’Brien of Appomattox, and her son, Jack Price of Pamplin). - -A column by the _News-Leader_ correspondent from Appomattox, April 30, -(year unknown) said, _Hollywood bar reached all the way to Pamplin to -get Mrs. Betty Price’s pipes for use by the Indians in the movie, -“Northwest Mounted Police”. Cecil B. DeMille’s research man ferreted out -the Powhatan pipe some months before the film went into production. -Several dozen were ordered. Frank Lloyd also bought pipes to be used in -the production of “Howards of Virginia”._ - -Practically speaking, all of the pipes made at the homes were made by -white women, and from about the time of the first settlement of the -territory, as the special suitability of the local clay for that purpose -was early discovered. - -Miss Wilsie Thornton of Pamplin said that this industry had become -especially important after the War Between the States, because with so -many men having been killed and the area in such straitened -circumstances, the women were badly in need of some means of making a -living. The pipes they made could be traded at several general stores, -or sold for a few cents, and there was no cost for materials. - -One such establishment at which the local women disposed of their pipes -was J. R. Franklin & Co., of Pamplin. Some of these pipes were recovered -when the cargo of the sternwheeler, _Bertrand_, which sank in the -Missouri River at Port La Force, Nebraska, April 1, 1865, (Petsche, -1970:1) was salvaged in 1968-69. The official list of artifacts -recovered in the salvage operation, supplied by Jerome E. Petsche, -National Park Service, who was in charge of that operation shows: - -_Pipes, Smoking; Several types and sizes recovered; briars and clay; one -lot included clay bowls exclusively, others contained stems and bowls. -Consignee: Vivian and Simpson, Virginia City. Manufacturer’s -stenciling_: ‘THE CELEBRATED VIRGINIA POWHATAN (CLAY), J. R. FRANKLIN & -CO., SOLE AGENTS FOR THE MANUFACTURERS, PAMPLIN DEPOT, APPOMATTOX -COUNTY, VA.’ Field lot numbers MPC 104, MPC 358, FSC 171. - -The following description of the pipe shipment on the _Bertrand_ was -provided by Ronald R. Switzer, Director, Bertrand Conservation -Laboratory, National Park Service, Missouri Valley, Iowa. - -“The pipes are of one type and design (Plate 2). Forty pipe bowls plus -136 fragments ... all but 15 are chipped or broken, condition otherwise -good. Clay, predominantly grayish-tan, mottled with brick red and brown. -Paste soft, fine, and uniform, ... exterior has soft sheen. -Preservation: Brushed with soft bristle brush in running tap water to -remove mud.” (Switzer, personal communication). - -This pipe is similar to (Plate 19 U); however, there are slight -variations due to differences in individual molds made for production of -the same pipe form. - -The two pipe forms (Plate 19 T & U), were the only examples we found -that carried the peculiar pinkish-gray tan color, and they were found -only among the pipes made by the Home Industry. They were probably made -of clay from the same source and by the same individual, since home -pipemakers usually dug their clay on their own premises, and the -condition of the pipes, after a century in mud and moisture, indicates -that the work was done well. - -The shipment was contained in a wooden box, which was approximately 15½ -inches long, 8½ inches wide, and 8 inches tall (Plate 2). The stenciling -on the box is faint, but legible. - -“Lettering on the top of the box indicated the consignee but is so faded -that it was impossible to obtain a good photograph; however the stencil -once read,—B. A. L. Vivian & Simpson, Virginia City, M. T.” (Plate 3) -(Switzer, personal communication). - -“One end of the box was lettered, No. 1, 216, M. Size” (Plate 3). The -meaning of this can only be conjectured, however it may have indicated -shipment No. 1, to this consignee; containing 216 pipes; of Medium size. - -The stencils identifying the consignor, J. R. Franklin & Co., appeared -on both sides of the box and were identical (Plate 3). The same, except -in abbreviated form, appeared diagonally on one end of the box. - -The account book of the store at New Store, Virginia, about 23 miles -northeast of Pamplin, which is in the collections at Appomattox -Courthouse, records that on Sept. 1, 1866, I. H. Schenault was paid -$8.00 for 1,600 pipes, and later, (apparently the same day) was paid -$8.75 for 2,175 pipes. The latter was evidently a partial and immediate -“in trade” transaction. - -So in the Pamplin area in the 1860s general stores were taking clay -pipes made in the home industry, allowing about ½¢ each in trade for -commodities, and at least in one instance were shipping them west for -use by the miners in the gold fields. - -Mrs. Betty Price has said that the Powhatan “Original” (Plate 13 A) the -“Hamburg” (Plate 14 F) and the “Zuvee” or “Zoo” (Plate 19 T) were some -of the first pipe forms made in the area. (_News-Leader_, April 30, year -unknown). - -Many of the clay pipes made at homes near Pamplin were traded for -commodities at the Thornton General Store in Pamplin, and this store was -truly “general”, for it handled, in addition to groceries, everything -from threshing machines and horsepower mills to silk thread. - -Miss Wilsie Thornton had a copy of her Father’s letterhead: the letter -was dated, Jan. 9, 1892. The letterhead reads,— - - _W. D. THORNTON, DEALER. - General Merchandise and Agricultural Implements. - Wholesale dealer in All Styles of Clay Pipes and Stems - Manufacturer’s Agent for - Aultman and Taylor Threshers, Horse Power and Farm Engines. - Also Buckeye Reapers & Mowers & Thornmill Wagons._ - -“The pipes made by the local women,” Miss Thompson said, “were traded to -the Thornton Store for the necessities of life. The pipes were stored in -the basement of the store and packed in barrels, in either pine needles -or sawdust, and shipped to the Baltimore Bargain House, or to other -wholesale houses. From the wholesale houses they were shipped to the -Cotton States and to the West. Large orders were filled for a tobacco -factory in Pennsylvania, where they sold bags of tobacco with the -pipes.” - -Pamplin pipes have been reported from the sites of Fort Laramie, -Wyoming; Fort Sanders, Wyoming; Fort Stambaugh, Wyoming; Fort Phil -Kearny, Wyoming; Fort Union, New Mexico; Fort Sully, South Dakota; and -Fort Davis, Texas (Wilson, 1971). - -Miss Thornton’s parents were married in 1874, but the store was already -in operation at that time. Her father continued operation until his -death, December 16, 1897; after that the store was run by her brother. A -bank, the “Farmer’s and Merchant’s National Bank” was also operated in -the store. In later years the building became a drug store. - -Finally with time and disuse the old building came down and erosion, -with perhaps some intentional filling of the area, took place. So the -site of the old general store, which in its heyday had meant so much to -Pamplin and Appomattox County and its people in their daily living, -became simply a vacant area. - -Some years ago Miss Thornton had made a train trip and met an old -colored woman in a rest room to which they had both gone to smoke. (When -we met her, Miss Thornton chain-smoked at the age of 89). The colored -woman had a sack of tobacco and pulled out a clay pipe which Miss -Thornton recognized as of the kind that her father used to take in -trade, so she asked the woman if it was a good one. - -The woman answered, “Law, yes, but I can’t buy them any more!” so Miss -Thornton told her that it was made long ago, in her home town, and that -she would try to get her some. - -Her next problem was to find some pipes. After several days she thought -of the pipes that she felt sure were covered with earth and still in the -basement of her father’s old store, so she talked to her cousin and next -door neighbor, Mrs. Bess Franklin Mattox. - -Shortly after that, they dug at the site. Mrs. Mattox thinks it was -around 1958, though possibly 2 years earlier. “Erosion through the years -had covered the pipes and when we first started to dig we found none, -then there they were, under the dirt. We found two or three sugar -barrels full. Tar was on a few of the pipes, from road tar that was also -stored in the basement and spilled”. (This tar, in hard-dried rough -spots, is present on some of the pipes we examined; however it chips off -readily and leaves the pipe relatively clean). - -So the colored woman who couldn’t find a Pamplin pipe to buy received -“either 15 or 16” and Miss Thornton received a letter of thanks from her -from Atlanta. - -Miss Thornton still had approximately 1,450 of the home manufactured -pipes for us to see when we visited her in July 1969, and Mrs. Mattox -had a few. - -Dr. Clyde G. O’Brien of Appomattox has had a lifelong interest in the -clay pipes of his area and in the history of their manufacture. He has a -collection of pipes as well as two pipe molds, and has given us much -information. - - - HOME INDUSTRY PIPE MAKING METHODS - -We asked Dr. O’Brien for an account of the method of making pipes in the -homes. The following is his contribution, in a letter dated March 11, -1971. - -“I talked to Jack Price, age 86, he had worked in the plant for years. -His mother, Mrs. Betty Price, and grandmother made pipes at home in -Pamplin. - -“The clay was made up and put into molds, when the pipe was removed from -the mold the shaper was used to smooth mold marks, if the pipe was to be -identified with ‘Original’, ‘Hayiti’, or some other marking this was -impressed on the base with a stamp at this time. The pipe was then -sun-dried on a board in summer, or in the stove oven in winter. Then -after they had ‘set-up’ the pipes were put into an iron pot, the pots -were put into an oven in the back yard and dry chestnut wood was placed -around the pots and this was then set on fire. They did not have a -thermometer so he did not know the temperature, but when the wood had -burned completely the pipes were brought out to cool. - -“If a piece of wood fell into the burning pot and started to smoke it -was removed at once to keep from blackening or staining the pipes. - -“After the pipes cooled they were brought into the house and Mr. Price -said that when the pipes were poured out of the pot in which they were -baked, to the floor, they would ring or chime when they hit against each -other. - -“The pipes were then waxed with bee’s wax and mutton tallow and then -polished with a woolen cloth, and the children helped.” - -In all of this, Bob Davis of Pamplin, age 91, in talking to John W. -Walker in 1962, had concurred. He said, “The pipes were molded, trimmed, -put on a board and dried in the sun, baked in iron pots, waxed, and -rubbed. The pipes were made all through the country, the local stores -bought and shipped them, and the Factory would buy these ‘country -pipes’.” Here was more direct evidence that the Factory, on occasion at -least, bought and shipped pipes made by the Home Industry (Walker, -personal communication). - -There were, however, two men who made pipes. - -Dr. O’Brien’s father Thomas O’Brien, was born in 1843. When he came back -after the War, about 1865, he made his own mold of white-oak with lead -lining and made pipes for his own use. - -According to Miss Wilsie Thornton, a Mr. Rodgers was making molds and -pipes until about 1938 as a hobby. One of them was in the form of an -Indian head (Plate 23 AL). The “peach seed” pipe (Plate 23 AM) is also -thought to be one of his manufacture. - - - THE PAMPLIN SMOKING PIPE AND MANUFACTURING COMPANY - -In the middle 1850’s that part of Ohio that surrounds Akron was the -pipemaking capital of the United States, with at least six clay products -companies producing them (Blair, 1965:26-30). The leading producer of -clay smoking pipes in the Akron vicinity was the E. H. Merrill Co., -which had been producing pottery objects since its founding in 1831. In -1843 or 1844 Calvin, brother of E. H. Merrill, invented a machine for -making pipes which greatly increased the output of the company and gave -quite an advantage over its competitors (Blair, 1965:3). - -The Pamplin Smoking Pipe and Manufacturing Company, Inc., was -established by the Akron Smoking Pipe Company of Akron, Ohio, when they -built the plant at Pamplin. - -That the clay in Appomattox County was well suited to pipe manufacture -was well known. The establishment of this plant was no doubt the result -of the Company’s realization of the availability of the fine red clay -from which the local women were producing pipes, a clay that could be -used without even sifting. - -When the Pamplin Factory was established is quite uncertain. Examination -of the microfilm of newspapers of the area that were available from the -Virginia State Library, beginning February 3, 1869 through December 25, -1896, gave no clue to the date of the establishment of the Pamplin -Factory, nor did county records, probably due to the fire of 1892. - -_Sometime immediately prior to 1880 William Merrill of Akron, Ohio, -undoubtedly a member of the pipe making family, established a pipe -making factory at Pamplin._ (Omwake, 1967:23). Our Pamplin informants -were of the opinion that the Akron plant was devoted to the manufacture -of drain tile after the pipe machinery was moved to Pamplin. - -Bob Davis of Pamplin, born 1871, in an interview with John W. Walker in -September 1962, said, “I was a kid when the factory came in”. Timewise -this would be in general agreement with Omwake’s estimate for the date -of the establishment of the factory at Pamplin. - -That Pamplin pipes were also available from Akron in 1893 is evidenced -by a letterhead of the Akron Smoking Pipe Company, dated June 26, 1893, -showing examples of two clay pipes similar to Plate 22 AF & AG, (Blair, -1965:36). A communication from the Summit County Historical Society -reports, “The Akron Smoking Pipe Co. is recorded as being in business -from 1891 to 1895, and were manufacturers of stone, Powhatan Clay, and -corn cob tobacco pipes. Daily capacity 100,000 pipes. General offices, -Akron, Ohio. Factories, Pamplin City, Virginia; Mogadore, Ohio.” - -Statements in company literature are also confusing. In a leaflet which -carries a testimonial for their pipes, dated April 28, 1941 and price -lists “effective November 15, 1941”, the statement is made, _from -careful search of the records, this factory started more than 200 years -ago ... the present plant has been in operation for 44 years. Skilled -American labor is used in a modern, day-lit plant with special attention -to cleanliness, sanitation, and ideal working conditions_ (Plate 8). - -This would give a date for the “present plant” of 1897, but it also -suggests that an earlier plant had been rebuilt or replaced. (An undated -and unidentified news clipping does state that at some time the pipe -plant had burned). Company literature also states, “Established 1739” -(Plate 8). This obviously cannot refer to the establishment of the -plant, nor even to the mother plant at Akron, since pottery was first -produced in Summit County, Ohio, in 1828 (Blair, 1965:2). The Company -may simply have been employing “poet’s license” and appropriated a date -which they felt representative of the start of the Home Pipe Making -Industry in the Pamplin area. - -The _Times-Virginian_ of Appomattox, date unknown, carried a news -article, _Pamplin Clay Pipe Plant once termed largest in the World_. The -_Farmville Herald_ of March 29, 1935 stated, ... _the output of the Clay -Pipe Factory at Pamplin is 1,000,000 a month, when it is running full -time. In the roster of business in Virginia, this factory is mentioned -as the largest clay pipe factory in the United States, and so far as is -known, in the world._ - -At one point in the history of the plant, pipes were sold to England as -well as some other countries in Europe. - -Also vague has been the terminal date of the Pamplin Company; it is -variously given locally as 1948 to 1951. - -There is a contemporary news article on the factory published in the -_Richmond Times-Dispatch_, April 21, 1946. _A History of Appomattox, -Virginia_, published 1948, states, _The Akron Pipe Factory of Pamplin -holds the title of manufacturing the finest clay smoking pipes in the -world, known as the ‘Powhatan’_ (Featherstone, 1948:44). - -In a personal letter to the writers, John C. Ewers said, “During my -field work on the Fort Peck Reservation in Montana, in 1953, I first -learned of the Pamplin clay pipes. One of my Indian informants told me -about selling them when he was working at a trading post on the -reservation during the first decade of the present century.... - -“Later I visited the trading post at Oswego on the Fort Peck -Reservation. There the proprietor showed me the illustrated price list -of the Pamplin Smoking Pipe and Manufacturing Company, Inc. He showed me -the only type of pipe he still had in stock—the ‘Century of Progress’, -Chicago type (Plate 23 AJ). He said the manufacturer wrote him in 1951 -that he planned to go back into the manufacture of the other styles, -which the Assiniboine preferred.” - -The Tomahawk pipe was a good specialty item for sale at such events as -fairs and expositions, and the Company’s sales to the “Century of -Progress” in Chicago in 1933 must have been excellent, even though they -had not sold all they had made in anticipation of that demand. The bowl, -necessarily narrow and elongated since it was in the blade of the -tomahawk, did not recommend it to serious smokers, nor to the -Assiniboine. - -It would seem evident that these pipes were left over from the -production of the Company in 1933, that their regular pipe models had by -this time been sold out, and that the Company was already in a State of -quiescence in 1951. - -Dr. Clyde G. O’Brien of Appomattox stated that the Company ceased -operations in 1951. - -The Charter of the Pamplin Smoking Pipe and Manufacturing Company shows -that it was incorporated by the Commonwealth of Virginia on the 15th day -of August, 1929. The officers at that time were, J. V. Lewis, Pres., -Prospect, Virginia; J. W. Franklin, V.Pres., Pamplin; L. N. Ligon, -V.Pres., Pamplin; T. R. Pugh, Secy-Treas., Pamplin. - -The purposes of the Company then were, among other things, to deal in -wood of all kinds, own timber lands, contract to do construction work, -deal in real estate, _and to buy and sell all kinds of necessary -material ... and operate all the necessary equipment and machinery for -the purpose of manufacturing clay pipes, crocks, and earthenware_.... -(Charter Book No. 1, Page 108, Appomattox County, Virginia). The -corporation (Charter No. 34565-16) was dissolved by the State -Corporation Commission, at the request of the stockholders, on February -21, 1952. - -A personal communication, February 23, 1972, from Morton L. Wallerstein -who with Ralph L. Dombrower as corporate officers were the last active -operators of the pipe factory, states, “Mr. Dombrower and myself, as -sole stockholders, started the operation in 1938 and baked the clay -pipes up to the time of the enactment of the Minimum Wage Law by -Congress. At that time it was apparent that the part-time workers, -largely farm girls and boys who worked in the afternoon, would cease to -be employed because the pipes could not be marketed under the wages -required to be paid. - -“However, Mrs. Betty Price and another woman made the hand-made clay -pipes at their homes, which pipes Mr. Dombrower bought after 1938 and -very cleverly boxed in antique fashion and sold them for some years. -However, unfortunately the women who made these pipes died and they were -no longer made. - -“The factory, itself, did not manufacture pipes beyond the period stated -above. The property was sold in 1947 and the corporation was dissolved -in 1952.” - -Apparently then, the Pamplin Smoking Pipe and Manufacturing Company -ceased all activity in 1951, having been in existence slightly more than -70 years. - -Some time after the closing, the main factory building was used as a -garage. In July of 1969 this frame building, with the name “Pamplin -Smoking Pipe and Manufacturing Co., Inc., American Indian Clay Smoking -Pipes” still painted above the entrance, stood unoccupied; the crumbling -old smokestack and large round kiln of brick construction were still -there (Plates 4 & 5). Another building which had served Company purposes -had been destroyed. - - - FACTORY MACHINERY - -The machinery to mold smoking pipes and bottles was invented by Calvin -J. Merrill of the E. H. Merrill Pottery, Summit County, Ohio, in 1843 -(Blair, 1965:3). - -The pipe machine was simple: the individual metal molds in the foot -powered mechanism could be changed to vary the pipe form. The whole was -contained in a simple wooden bench (Plate 6). Miss Wilsie Thornton felt -that a man working such a machine could produce thousands of pipes per -day. It is unknown how many such machines were used by the factory, nor -how many people were employed since ideas of our informants varied; -however, the best estimate seems to be 8 to 10 machines, with employees -varying from 10 to 40, depending upon the press of work and the rush of -orders at any given time. - -Bob Davis of Pamplin, in the interview with John W. Walker said, “Old -man Taz Harvey made the Powhatan mold. He had a shop and made many -molds”. - - - FACTORY FIRING AND GLAZING - -The pipes were packed in round stoneware crocks or saggers made from -fireclay, and the saggers were stacked alternately around the kiln. The -saggers were some eight inches high and 16 to 18 inches in diameter -(Plate 7). There was an opening in the top of the kiln through which, in -glazing, salt was put when the pipes were hot. They were fired some 24 -or 48 hours (Miss Thornton’s statement). - -Mrs. Maddox said: “As a child I used to go with a colored man who worked -with us and also for the factory, and watch him throw salt down a hole -in the top of the kiln on the pipes to make a glaze.” - -At a high temperature the salt vaporized and combined with the silica in -the body of the clay to form a glassy or ‘silicate glaze’. The kiln was -fired 32 to 36 hours before maximum temperature was reached; it was -cooled the same period to prevent crazing (minute cracking) of the glaze -(Blair, 1965:15). This description of glazing refers to stoneware in the -mid-nineteenth century potteries near Akron, Ohio. However since the -Pamplin kiln was the same sort of “walk-in” kiln, the detail would fit, -and it is substantiated by Miss Thornton’s statement of firing time. - -From the scarcity of glazed pipes among the many that we examined, we -conclude that the majority were finished without glazing. - - - REED STEMS - -The stems sold with the factory pipes were made from switch cane -_Arundinara gigantea_ known locally as reed and once abundant in the -Great Dismal Swamp in southeastern Virginia (R. H. Woodling to Chas. H. -Meadows, May 15, 1969). (The stems used with the pipes made by the Home -Industry usually came from the same source.) - -The reeds were cut in 12 foot lengths by men in boats, allowed to dry -for six months, cut in lengths and reamed out. Some were put in a -machine and bent (Miss Thornton, Dr. O’Brien). - -Cork plugs or washers were used in the base of the pipes to hold the -stem in place. Some were still in place in pipes we examined. A plug -mill, a high pressure machine, extruded the cork plugs which were cut -off by wire (Heite). - -(Replacement reed stems for clay, hickory, or corn cob pipes, retailed -in the grocery stores in Lexington, Missouri, for 10¢ per dozen about -1916). - - - PIPES MADE BY THE FACTORY - -A number of people and institutions with varying numbers of Pamplin -Factory pipes in their possession have given us an opportunity to -examine them. The largest number of specimens were in the hands of the -following. - -Our attention was first called to these pipes in 1968 at the Craft Club -in Arrow Rock, Missouri, where some of them appeared for sale as an -unusual item. They obviously had been underground, for the bowls and -bases were still filled with earth containing numerous rootlets growing -through the pipe cavities. - -It was learned that the pipes had been supplied by Francis B. -Fitzgerald, Suffolk, Virginia; David I. Dautenhahn, Marshall, Missouri, -put us in touch with him. As a youngster, Fitzgerald had on various -occasions visited his grandfather’s farm, which was near the Pamplin -Factory, and had played in the water of a little creek on pipe plant -property. In so doing, he discovered that there were numerous clay pipes -in a bank which apparently had been placed in the creek to form a dam. -(The dam was probably for the purpose of retaining water to mix with the -clay). He had hundreds of these pipes. Practically none would seem to -have been rejects—how or why they got into the dirt which was used to -make the fill is unknown. Through the years Fitzgerald had made a -selection of forms representative of this group, all of which he made -available to us. - -Since that time an owner of the pipe plant property had secured many -pipes, later acquired by the Appomattox National Historic Park. They -were made available to us by Alford L. Rechtor, Superintendent. - -The Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission supplied photographs of some -Pamplin pipes, as well as photographs of a pipe mold and pipe maker’s -bench (Plate 6) and saggers (Plate 7). We were granted the use of these -by Edward F. Heite and Edward A. Chappell of that institution. - -John W. Walker of the National Park Service, who had worked in the area -and become interested in the pipes made there, provided us with a copy -of his field notes and some examples of pipes. - -John C. Ewers of the Smithsonian Institution had visited Pamplin. He -gave us much information and showed us several pipe forms from the area -that are in the collections of that institution. - -Rex L. Wilson, National Park Service, loaned us a copy of his -manuscript, “Clay Tobacco Pipes from Fort Laramie, Wyoming and Related -Sites”, in which he identified some specimens as having come from -Pamplin. - - - FACTORY PRICE LIST OF PIPES AND JOBBERS DISCOUNTS, AS OF 1941. - -The Company’s price list of November 1941 listed “The Powhatan Machine -Made”, fitted with cork closures and 10″ reed stems, bowls trade-marked, -packed 50 to box, 25¢ retailer. Price $6.00 per box.” -(Plate 10). - -Five other models were listed, “5 in. reed stems, packed 100 to box, 15¢ -retailer. Price $3.00 per box.” Two models were listed similarly, but -10¢ retailers, price $2.50 per box. Two other 10¢ retailers were listed -at $2.70 per box, and one model at $2.85 per box but the suggested -retail price was still 10¢ each. - -One model, their “Ole Virginny Hamburg”, was offered in finest -fire-clay, hard-burned, white, simulates meerschaum, also in red. -Similar to “Ole Virginny Shaker”. It was a 10¢ retailer, $2.70 per box -of 100. (It is of interest that this pipe, listed elsewhere in this same -price list, but as “Ole Virginny Shaker of Virginia red clay, a heavier -stone pipe”, was priced as a 15¢ retailer and $3.00 per box). (Plate 10 -). - -Jobbers discounts were offered. “10 to 20 boxes, 20%”, and going up by -5% stages to “101 to 500 boxes, 35% discount”. “We make many other -styles of Indian Clay and Stone Pipes, ... we can make any style of pipe -that can be made of clay. Our own designers and artists are at your -service” (Plate 11). - -In the last years of Factory operation their sales carried an -identification tag, “This Is An ‘Original’ Powhatan Pipe”, and it was -being made by the last two women of the Pamplin area who were still -making pipes at their homes (Plate 12). - - - PAMPLIN AREA PIPE FORMS - -The pipes are illustrated natural size. The largest and the smallest -pipe of each form available to us are shown. In many instances this -difference in size is not great; however, it does illustrate that minor -variations often existed in different molds for the same pipe form. The -diameters for the stem openings have not been included since they have -proved useful only in consideration of the earlier integral-stem clays, -and not for consideration of the “short-base” pipes of the type and time -included in this report (Wilson, 1971:2). - - TABLE NO. 1. - Sources of Pipes, and Relative Numbers Available for Examination. - - Total number of pipes inspected—4,451. - - Plate. Source. Number of Examples. - - 13 A. Both Many - 13 B. Home 2 - 13 C. Home 11 - 14 D. Home 4 - 14 E. Home Many - 14 F. Both Many - 15 G. Factory Many - 15 H. Home 3 - 15 I. Factory Many - 16 J. Factory Many - 16 K. Both Many - 16 L. Factory Many - 17 M. Both 37 - 17 N. Factory 1 - 17 O. Factory 1 - 17 P. Both Many - 18 Q. Both Many - 18 R. Home 10 - 18 S. Both Many - 19 T. Home 14 - 19 U. Home 2 - 19 V. Factory 1 - 19 W. Surface 1 - 20 X. Factory 1 - 20 Y. Both 2 - 20 Z. Factory 4 - 20 AA. Factory 4 - 21 AB. Factory 1 - 21 AC. Home 1 - 21 AD. Factory 1 - 21 AE. Factory 1 - 22 AF. Factory 2 - 22 AG. Factory 1 - 22 AH. Factory 1 - 22 AI. Factory 2 - 23 AJ. Factory 1 - 23 AK. Factory 1 - 23 AL. Surface 1 - 23 AM. Home 2 - - TABLE NO. 2 - Identifications Appearing On Certain Pamplin Pipes. - Plate: Source of Pipe. Designation. Lettering. - - 13 A. Both Original Impressed - 13 B. Home Original Impressed - 17 M. Both Original or Florence Impressed - 18 Q. Both Hayiti Impressed - 18 R. Home Genuine Impressed - 19 V. Factory 117 Raised - 20 Z. Factory Catlins Raised - 20 AA. Factory 103 Raised - 21 AC. Home Original Impressed - 21 AD. Factory Powhatan Impressed - -_Plate 13 A._ Slightly Acute Angle. Made _both_ in the factory and in -the home. Many examples. All are a deep, dark, glossy red, except 9 -pipes which were a light brown. Plain round bowl, octagonal base. It was -made in at least 12 slightly varying sizes, there being that many -variations between the large and the small pipe illustrated. This was -the Pamplin Company’s “Original” Powhatan, and it was no doubt one of -the Company’s leaders in production and sales. The word “ORIGINAL” is -impressed in the right side of each base, with the exception of one -single pipe, and the lettering appears in at least three different -sizes, there being no correlation between the letter size and pipe size. -This is a sturdily made pipe. - -The Company emphasized in its publicity that the Indians had originally -demonstrated to the early settlers the method of making the Powhatan and -so had enabled them to make this exact form, thereby inferring that this -model should have been of particular interest and worth. No doubt at -some time and place in our history a happening of this nature may have -occurred. However, the Powhatan is a usual form which has been found in -aboriginal sites, with some modifications and of varying materials, over -a wide area. - -Many of these pipes appeared, both from the factory site and among those -made by local women and retrieved from the basement of the Thornton -General Store. Mrs. Betty Price said that this form was a standard -product of the local Home Industry pipe makers before the factory ever -came to Pamplin and one of the earliest made in the area. All of the -pipes available to us carried the designation “Original” except one. - -The making of clay pipes was an old and well established business at -Pamplin; whether the impressing of the word ORIGINAL on the base of this -pipe was an innovation of the Pamplin Smoking Pipe and Manufacturing -Company, or whether this had been long done by the Home Industry is -unknown. - -_Plate 13 B._ Slightly Acute Angle. Home. 2 examples. Dark red. Plain -round bowl, octagonal base. Quite similar to “A” except both bowl and -base are shorter, and diameter of bowl proportionally larger. “ORIGINAL” -is impressed on right side of base. A very sturdy pipe. - -_Plate 13 C._ Slightly Acute Angle. Home. 11 examples. Glossy dark red. -Round bowl, octagonal base. Upper part of bowl plain, lower front -portion decorated with a series of raised dots. The dotted area is -divided into two triangles, as well as separated from the undecorated -area by raised and rounded bands. The mold marks in the undecorated area -have been almost entirely smoothed. It would seem that all pipes of this -form came from the same mold, in contrast to the fact that at least most -other Pamplin pipe forms seem to have come from a number of different -molds. - -The two pipe forms “C” and “B” are quite similar, except that “C” has -decoration as well as a slightly longer base, and is not marked -“Original” Both are sturdily built, with thicker than average bowl -walls, and both were retrieved from the Thornton Store site; no examples -were found at the factory site. They are probably the product of the -same individual woman working at her home. - -_Plate 14 D._ Slightly Acute Angle. Home. 4 examples. This is a black -pipe. The deep, solid color was probably intentionally achieved by -allowing portions of the burning wood of the kiln to fall into the iron -kettles which were used as saggers for the firing of pipes in the Home -Industry. The bowl and base are round, with diagonal cross-hatched -decoration on bowl, separated from the same decoration on remainder of -base by a narrow rounded band. Flat band at both top of bowl and end of -base. The right and left halves of the pipe are separated from each -other, front and back, by a broad smooth ridge covering the mold mark. - -_Plate 14 E._ Slightly Acute Angle. Home. Many examples. Bright red. -Bowl and base decoration similar to “D”, but this form is somewhat -smaller than “D”. Double band at both top of bowl and end of base, the -outside band broad and flat, inside band narrow and rounded. Only slight -variations in size. - -_Plate 14 F._ Right Angle. Both. Many examples. Dull red. The Company -called this their “Akron Hamburg”. The diagonally cross-hatched bowl -decoration is separated from the diagonal line base decoration by a -rounded band. Double band at both top of bowl and end of base, the -outside band broad and flat, the inside band narrow and rounded. The -right and left halves of the pipe are divided from each other, front and -back, by a broad smooth ridge covering the mold mark. Only slight -variations in size. - -_Plate 15 G._ Right Angle. Factory. Many examples. Dull red. Diagonal -line decoration on bowl runs at right angles to that on base. Double -band at top of bowl and stem end of base, outside band flat, inside band -narrower and rounded. The right and left halves of the pipe are divided -from each other, front and back, by a broad smooth ridge which covers -the mold mark. Two slightly different sizes. - -_Plate 15 H._ Acute Angle. Home. 3 examples. Dull, dark red. Spiral -decoration on bowl, plain hexagonal base. Double band at top of bowl, -upper flat, lower rounded. Large rounded band at end of base. - -_Plate 15 I._ Right Angle. Factory. Many examples. Dull, dark red; a few -are light brown. The Company called this model their “Ole Virginny -Shaker”. Grooves of decoration run vertically on bowl and curve toward -the bottom to stop at a rounded band, then continue horizontally to stem -end of base. Double band at top of bowl, upper flat, lower rounded. -Double band at stem end of base, inside band rounded; the outside band -may be either rounded or flat; if flat, the end of base is noticeably -swelled. Five slightly varying sizes. - -_Plate 16 J._ Sharply acute Angle. Factory. Many examples. Dark red. -Broad grooves of decoration run from top of bowl and curve toward bottom -to continue to stem end of base, or curve back around bowl. Double band -at top of bowl, upper flat, lower rounded. Prominent rounded swell at -stem end of base. At least 4 different sizes. - -_Plate 16 K._ Acute Angle. Both. Many examples. Dull red to dark brown. -Quite similar to “J” in form and decoration except that lines of -decoration are more narrow and the bowl does not set at such an acute -angle to base. Only slight variations in size. - -_Plate 16 L._ Obtuse Angle. Factory. Many examples. Dark red to brown. -Round undecorated bowl and round tapering base. These pipes are somewhat -similar to early stemmed clay imports except that the base is cut off -rather short, to form a flat vertical face, instead of terminating in a -stem which was an integral part of the bowl and base. The opening in the -end of the base is quite small and does not have the usual taper. All of -the pipes of this form are nearly identical in size. - -_Plate 17 M._ Acute Angle. Both Home and Factory products, 37 examples. -Bright, light red. Plain round bowl, hexagonal base expanding to a -bell-shaped swell at stem end of base. The flat bottom extends around -and under the bowl. “ORIGINAL” is impressed in the right side of base of -some examples and “FLORENCE” in others, while some have no wording. The -factory examples that we saw were marked either “ORIGINAL” or -“FLORENCE”, as were some of those of home manufacture; however, 16 pipes -of home manufacture had no wording. At least three sizes are -represented. - -_Plate 17 N._ Acute Angle. Factory. One Example. Dull, dark red. Similar -to “M” except heavy rounded band of beading around near top of bowl, no -wording. Hexagonal base expands to a bell-shaped swell at stem end. Mold -marks are more distinct. - -_Plate 17 O._ Acute Angle. Factory. One example. Dull, dark red. Plain -octagonal bowl, with planes continuing along base to large rounded swell -at stem end. From deep in the dam at factory site. - -_Plate 17 P._ Obtuse Angle. Both Home and Factory. Many examples. Dull, -dark red or brown. Octagonal bowl and base. No decoration. Base expands -slightly towards stem end. Relatively small pipe, three slightly varying -sizes. - -_Plate 18 Q._ Obtuse Angle. Both Home and Factory. Many examples. -Glossy, light red to deep red. Plain round bowl and base: the base -terminates in rounded and swelled end. “Hayiti” impressed on right side -of base. At least three sizes of lettering. A few of these pipes are -right angled. A similar pipe, except that it had one small rounded band -of beading near the top of bowl, the Company called theirs “Powow Smooth -Shaker”. - -_Plate 18 R._ Very Acute Angle. Home. 10 examples. Dark, glossy red. -“Genuine” is impressed on the right side of base, except one example -which had no lettering. Plain round bowl and base, terminating in -rounded and swelled base end. All apparently from same mold except one -which was not marked “Genuine”. - -_Plate 18 S._ Acute Angle. Both Home and Factory. Many examples. Glossy, -dark red. Plain hexagonal bowl which expands towards the bottom. Plain, -slim round base tapering towards stem end. These pipes usually carry a -high glossy finish. Two slightly different sizes. - -_Plate 19 T._ Slightly Acute Angle. Home. Fourteen examples. Uniform -light tan color. Undecorated round bowl and base. Bowl tapers uniformly -from top to bottom and base expands uniformly to stem end. Two slightly -varying sizes. No mold marks, but some evidence of smoothing. - -_Plate 19 U._ Right Angle. Home. Two examples. Uniform, light pinkish -tan color. Quite similar to “T” except bowl diameter is slightly larger -and does not have the extreme taper, but rounds towards the base. Two -slightly varying sizes. Probably made of the same clay by the same -person who made “T”. No evidence of mold marks, but some evidence of -smoothing. - -_Plate 19 V._ Acute Angle. Factory. One example. Dull red. Round bowl -and base. Two bands of rounded beading encircle mid-portion of bowl, -base expands towards stem end. “117” in raised figures appears on the -left side of the base near stem end. - -_Plate 19 W._ Right Angle (A Surface find). One example. Dull red. -Except for its angle, this pipe is quite similar to “V” with its two -bands of rounded beading encircling the bowl. - -_Plate 20 X._ Slightly Acute Angle. Factory. One example. Salmon pink -color. Ten-sided bowl and base. A rounded band of beading is near the -top of bowl, the base end is simply cut off flat. - -_Plate 20 Y._ Acute Angle. Both Home and Factory. Two examples. The bowl -is decorated by narrow upright grooves and ridges which extend from the -base up to and lightly across a rounded band which encircles the bowl -near its top. The hexagonal base flares somewhat toward the stem end. -This the Company called “Wigwam Shaker”. - -_Plate 20 Z._ Acute Angle. Factory. Four examples. Color ranges from -pale red to light orange, though two are very dark, probably from having -lain long in the stream bed. The round bowl is encircled by a band of -rounded beading near the top. Below this, on each side of the bowl, -appears “CATLINS”. The base is hexagonal and its planes merge into the -lower portions of the round bowl. The top plane of the base seems to be -divided into two narrower planes which give the base a seven-sided -appearance; this however is probably due to lack of trimming of the mold -mark. The base terminates in a large rounded stem end. This was probably -a specialty pipe, and apparently all the pipes of this form had these -characteristics. - -_Plate 20 AA._ Acute Angle. Factory. Four examples. Color ranges from -pale red to light orange to medium red. The 14 upright panels which -constitute the bowl, with its two encircling rounded bands near the top, -give the effect of a wooden bucket whose staves are held by hoops. The -raised number “103” appears on the flat bottom. In one example a metal -ferrule, apparently of brass, is still in place around the stem end of -base. Other examples of this pipe no longer retain the ferrule; however, -the discolored pattern of the ferrule was present to show that each had -originally had one in place. All pipes of this form seem identical and -evidently came from the same mold. - -_Plate 21 AB._ Right Angle. Factory. One example. Dark Red. Round -undecorated bowl and base. Stem end of base has an inside taper to hold -a small reed stem. - -_Plate 21 AC._ Slight Obtuse Angle. Home. One example. Glossy, dark red. -Similar to “AB” except the angle of bowl and “ORIGINAL” is impressed on -the right side of the longer base. - -_Plate 21 AD._ Obtuse Angle. Factory. One example. The plain bowl and -base have a uniform high glossy red finish. “POWHATAN” is impressed on -the right side of base. The stem end of base has been broken off, and it -is possible that this base terminated in a clay stem which was an -integral part of the pipe. In that event it would have followed the -pattern of some of the old white clay imports. There are no spurs or -projections of any nature at the bottom of the bowl. - -_Plate 21 AE._ Probably Obtuse Angle. Factory. One example. Glossy -medium red. This is a form similar to some early white clay imports. -While the only example available to us was badly broken, it seems to -have its own integral clay stem, and it definitely has one spur below -the bowl. - -_Roll of Fired Clay._ A portion of a roll of fired clay was found in the -fill on the Factory site. It evidently had been prepared for molding, -and some clay had been broken from each end. It could have been a test -firing of the clay, or the piece may have unintentionally gotten into -the kiln. - -_Plate 22 AF._ Right Angle. Factory. Two examples. Colors are light -orange and red. A flat band encircles the top of the bowl, and below -this is a more narrow rounded band, whose lower edge is here and there -lightly cut in line with the grooves below. The vertical grooves of -decoration on the bowl continue, or merge with a lesser number of -horizontal grooves and ridges which run to the stem end of the base. -These grooves, in part at least, extend over the large rounded swell at -stem end of base. These two pipes illustrate the minor differences that -may exist in different molds used in making the same basic pipe form. - -This and the following three pipe forms seem to represent a transition -from the earlier, rather heavy, sturdy and relatively thick side-walled -clay pipes, to a pipe lighter in weight, which is more representative of -the form in use by what might be considered the last generation of -regular clay pipe smokers. - -_Plate 22 AG._ Acute Angle. Factory. One example. Color is gray. This -piece was among the eight pipe sherds, still sufficiently intact to give -an indication of the original pipe form from which they had come, that -were picked up by us on the driveway of the Pamplin Smoking Pipe and -Manufacturing Company in July 1969. Some were heavily glazed and of a -different character from the pipes dealt with up to this point, and seem -to have come from pipes resulting from the change in style mentioned -under “AF”. - -This pipe fragment has some characteristics similar to “AF”. The bowl -decoration towards the top is unknown, but vertical lines of decoration -occupy the bowl, and only those on the front of the bowl continue along -the base; those on the sides terminate upon joining the front lines. The -stem end of the base is also somewhat different, being decorated by a -rounded and finally a flat band. This sherd carries a moderately heavy -glaze and it is the first pipe form presented which actually shows -evidence of a salt glaze. - -_Plate 22 AH._ Right Angle. Factory. One example. Color pale yellow to -light brown. Round bowl and base, double rounded band of beading around -top of bowl and stem end of base. Bowl decorated with raised dots in -cross-hatched pattern. Spiral decoration on base. Prominent mold marks, -thin sidewalls. Heavily glazed. - -_Plate 22 AI._ Right Angle. Factory. Two examples. Color ranges from -deep red through light orange to yellow. This lighter pipe with thin -sidewalls has two narrow rounded bands encircling the top of bowl, which -is otherwise plain. A large rounded band is at stem end of base. These -pipes are well glazed. - -_Plate 23 AJ._ Right Angle. Factory. One example. Dark Red. This is a -version of the Company’s novelty “Tomahawk Pipe”, decorated to order for -special occasions. The pipe illustrated was made specifically for sale -at the Chicago World’s Fair and has “Century of Progress, Chicago” in -raised letters on the left side. “1833—(likeness of an Indian)—1933” is -on the right side of bowl. - -_Plate 23 AK._ Right Angle. Factory. One example. Color light tan. This -was the Company’s standard novelty pipe, recommended for all occasions, -and it was shaped like a tomahawk. A likeness of Washington appears on -the right side of the bowl, with the name “Washington” in raised letters -above. On the left side is the likeness of an Indian wearing a Plains -headdress, and above it in raised letters is the name “Powhatan”. A wide -flat band encircles the stem end of base. - -The Pamplin Company’s literature stated, _Tomahawk Pipe-Novelty, molded -from hand engraved brass die, of finest clay, hard-burned and glazed. An -attractive item for carnivals, conventions, fairs, etc. Packed 200 to a -box with 5″ reed stems. Price $13.50 per box._ This pipe was a regular -sales item for festive occasions (Plate 11). - -_Plate 23 AL._ Right Angle. (A surface find). One example. Deep red. -Most Pamplin pipes of home manufacture were made by women; however, Miss -Wilsie Thornton and Dr. C. G. O’Brien said that a Mr. Rodgers, about -1938, made pipe molds and pipes of unusual form as a hobby. Miss -Thornton mentioned two forms that he made—an Indian Head, and a Woman’s -Leg, the calf being the bowl and the foot being the base, with the toes -at the stem end of base. This pipe is credited locally as being of his -manufacture. - -_Plate 23 AM._ Right Angle. Home. Two examples. Deep glossy red. The -decoration on the lower portion of the round and expanding bowl reminds -one somewhat of a peach seed; this decoration is separated from the -upper part of the plain upper bowl by a rounded band. The base is -undecorated, and terminates in a smooth enlarged stem end. The second -pipe of this form was a surface find. - -If the Factory had Nos. 103 and 117 how many more numbers may they have -had? - -Impressed identifications, usually put on the base of the pipe with a -stamp after the pipe came from the mold, appear on pipes from both the -Homes and from the Factory. It is of interest that apparently -identifications in raised lettering came only from the Factory. - - - CONCLUSIONS - -In the beginning of this effort we had assumed that the pipes made by -the Factory would be quite different, in both form and decoration, from -those made in the homes. We have found that this assumption is not -valid. - -There is a great deal of overlapping, probably due to the Factory, after -its arrival in Pamplin, taking over and producing a number of the shapes -and designs that had long been in use in the Home Industry. It is also -possible that the Home Industry appropriated some of the Factory pipe -forms. - -In addition, all local evidence agrees that the Thornton Store did not -purchase pipes from the Factory; they were getting plenty themselves, -taken in trade for their merchandise, and which they would have to -dispose of on the wholesale market in competition with the Factory. - -There is local evidence that the Factory did, at times, buy locally made -pipes in order to fill large orders, as well as when their machinery was -not in operation. It is quite unlikely however, after buying and paying -for them, that these pipes would be found in the landfill on the Factory -grounds, the fill from which the “factory” pipes considered in this -study came. - -Of the total of 39 pipe forms located by us, 10 were from Home Industry, -19 from the Factory, (eight appeared in both), and two were either -surface finds or the knowledge of their exact place of manufacture lost, -as they had long been in the hands of their local Pamplin area owners. - -The Akron Company had made pipes before they established the pipe plant -at Pamplin, and the names of some of their pipes in the Pamplin -literature would infer that at least one form, the “Akron Hamburg”, had -been carried from Akron to Pamplin, which then is described as “from -Virginia clay, attractive red color”. - -On the other hand, Mrs. Betty Price has been quoted as saying that the -pipe form known as “Hamburg” was one of the first made by the women of -the area. - -For a time in later years, at least by 1941, the Pamplin Factory made a -pipe similar in form and decoration to their “Akron Hamburg”, but of -fire clay, and called it “Akron Shaker”. - -Since there is so much overlapping of form and decoration between the -pipes made in the homes and those made by the Company, one wonders if -there might not have been even more overlapping had the sample available -to us at this late date been greater than the 4,451 pipes examined. - -It is our conclusion that when the Akron Company came to Pamplin they -started to produce pipes of a number of forms that had long been made by -the Home Industry of the Pamplin area. They may also have brought one or -more Akron pipe forms and decorations with them, to be manufactured at -Pamplin. In turn the Pamplin Home Industry possibly adopted some forms -now being produced by the Company. (Some of these forms may also have -been in production in other areas, but probably of different clay). - -The foremost factor distinguishing Pamplin area pipes, from either -manufacturing source, was the “Virginia clay, of attractive red color”. - -So far as we have been able to determine, no particular friction ever -developed between the Factory and the industry being carried on at the -homes; each had its own wholesale outlets. - -To the best of our knowledge, the Home Industry started about 1740 and -definitely closed in 1953. - -The Pamplin Smoking Pipe and Manufacturing Company was established about -1878, and it definitely closed in 1951. - -In our work we have handled literally hundreds of the pipes, Plate 13 A, -called “Powhatan Original” in the Company’s literature and advertising. -These had been excavated both from the factory grounds and from the -basement of the old Thornton Store, and we found nothing about these two -lots of pipes that would seem to distinguish the two manufacturing -sources. Of the total, only one single pipe failed to carry the word -“Original” impressed in the base. - -This “Original” was an early Home Industry form, and there is strong -evidence that when the Company came to Pamplin they adopted this form, -and added “Powhatan” in their advertising, just as they must have -adopted some other local pipe forms. “Original” was also impressed, but -probably at a still later date, on the base of three other pipe forms; -they were forms “B”, “M”, and “AC”. - -We also believe that the Company made the best estimate as to the -starting date of the home pipemaking industry, (they would have had -about a hundred year advantage in arriving at such a date, as compared -to the problem under present circumstances), and applied that date to -Pamplin Smoking Pipe and Manufacturing Company as having been -“established 1739”. In other words, they pictured themselves as being a -continuation of the industry that was already there. - -If the date of 1878, or one near that time, for the establishment of the -Pamplin Smoking Pipe and Manufacturing Co. is correct, then this is -later than the terminal date of some of the western forts and trading -posts at which Pamplin pipes have been reported. It would therefore seem -evident that the Pamplin pipes found in some western locations were the -result of Home Industry, made before the pipe plant ever got to Pamplin. -This is authenticated by the fact that they were being carried by the -_Bertrand_. - -It would seem desirable, instead of considering these pipes as Pamplin -Company products, to simply think of them as Pamplin Area Pipes. - - - BIBLIOGRAPHY - - BLAIR, C. DEAN - 1965 _The Potters and Potteries of Summit County, 1828-1915_ The - Summit County Historical Society, Akron, Ohio. - BRADSHAW, HERBERT C. - 1955 _History of Prince Edward County, Virginia_ Dietz Press, - Inc. Richmond. - COTTER, JOHN L. - 1958 _Archaeological Excavations at Jamestown, Virginia_ - Archaeological Research Series No. 4, National Park Service, - Washington. - COTTER, JOHN L. AND J. PAUL HUDSON - 1957 _New Discoveries at Jamestown_ National Park Service, - Washington. - CRESTHULL, PAUL - 1969 “Styles of Detachable Stem Pipes” _Maryland Archaeology_ - V:2. - EWERS, JOHN C. - 1969 Personal Communication January 27, 1969. - 1972 Personal Communication January 19, 1972. - FEATHERSTONE, NATHANIEL R. - 1948 _The History of Appomattox County, Virginia._ Appomattox - American Legion Post 104, Appomattox. - FONTANA, BERNARD L., AND J. CAMERON GREENLEAF - 1962 _Johnny Ward’s Ranch_ The Kiva, 28:1-2, Tucson. - HEITE, EDWARD F. - 1969 “Pipe Industry History Reflected in Tools” _Quarterly - Bulletin_, Archaeological Society of Virginia 24:2, 118-119. - 1971 “Pipes from the Pamplin Factory in Appomattox County - Virginia” _Quarterly Bulletin_, Archaeological Society of - Virginia 25:3, 195-196. - MARTIN, JOSEPH - 1835 _Gazetteer of Virginia_ published by Joseph Martin, - Charlottesville. - MILLER, CARL F. - 1960 “Excavation And Investigations of Fort Lookout Trading Post - II in the Fort Randall Reservoir, South Dakota” _River Basin - Surveys Papers No. 17_, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin - No. 176, Nos. 15-20 pp. 49-82. - OMWAKE, H. GEIGER - 1967 “Supplemental Report on Additional White Clay Pipe Evidence - Recovered from the Buck Site Near Chestertown, Maryland” - _Bulletin Archaeological Society of Delaware_ Nos. 5 and 6, - New Series, Fall 1967: 23-30. - PRUCHA, FRANCIS PAUL - 1964 _Guide to the Military Posts of the U.S._ State Historical - Society of Wisconsin. 1964. - SACKET, RICHARD - 1943 “Historical Clay Pipes of the Minnesota Area”. _Minnesota - Archaeologist_ 9:3, 69-82. Minneapolis. - SMITH, G. HUBERT - 1960a. “Fort Pierre II, an Historic Trading Post in the Oahe Dam - Area, South Dakota”. _River Basin Surveys Papers No. 18_ - Bureau American Ethnology, Bulletin 176, Nos. 15-20: 83-158. - 1960b. “Investigations at Fort Stevenson” _River Basin Surveys - Papers No. 19_, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 176, - Nos. 15-20: 159-238. - THOMPSON, ERWIN T. - 1965 Communication to John W. Walker, Jan. 8, 1965. - THOMPSON, WILLIAM A., JR. - 1969 “Pamplin Pipes” _The Chesopiean_ 7:1. - WALKER, JOHN W. - 1962 Field Notes, on Pamplin Pipes, while engaged in - Archaeological Research Appomattox Courthouse. - WILSON, REX L. - 1961 “Clay Pipes from Fort Laramie” _Annals of Wyoming_, 33:2, - 120-134 Cheyenne. - 1966 “Tobacco Pipes from Fort Union, New Mexico” _El Palacio_, - 73: 1, 32-40. Santa Fe. - 1971 _Clay Tobacco Pipes from Fort Laramie, National Historic - Site and Related Locations._ Division of Archaeology and - Anthropology, National Park Service, Washington. - WOODLING, R. H. - 1969 Communication to Charles H. Meadows, Appomattox National - Historic Park, May 15, 1969 - WOOLWORTH, ALLAN R. AND W. RAYMOND WOOD - 1960 “Archaeology at Kipp’s Post” _River Basin Surveys Papers No. - 20_, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 176: 239-321. - Washington. - - - Newspapers - - 1935 _Farmville Herald_, Farmville, Va. Mar. 29, 1935 “Pamplin - Pipe Factory” - 1946 _Times-Dispatch_, Richmond, Va. April 21, 1946 “Indian Pipes - are Still Produced from Clay Found in Virginia”. - 1965 _Times-Dispatch_, Richmond, Va. March 31, 1965 “Pamplin Pipes - in Smithsonian”. - ? _Times-Dispatch_, Richmond, Va. March 30 ? “Historic Pipes - Shipped West From Virginia”. - 1962 _Times-Virginian_, Appomattox, Va. “Ramblings About Clay - Pipes” Oct. 18, ’62 - - [Illustration: Plate 1. Tools of the Home Pipemaking Industry. - Drawing, Edward F. Heite, Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission.] - - PIPEMAKER’S TOOLS FROM APPOMATTOX COUNTY, VIRGINIA - COMPOSITE DRAWING DERIVED FROM SPECIMENS OWNED BY DR. C. G. O’BRIEN - VIRGINIA HISTORIC LANDMARKS COMMISSION ARCHÆOLOGY OFFICE - 1 MOLD CLOSED - TOP VIEW - 2 MOLD CLOSED - EDGE VIEW - 3 MOLD OPEN, TO SHOW WORKINGS - 4 KNIFE - 5 STEM TOOL - 6 BOWL TOOL - - [Illustration: Plate 2. Pamplin Pipe, from the Bertrand, sunk in the - Missouri River, April 1, 1865. Photos, Ronald R. Switzer, Bertrand - Conservation Laboratory, National Park Service.] - - [Illustration: Plate 3. Stencils on Box of Pamplin Pipes retrieved - from the Bertrand. The box top carried the name and address of the - Consignee. One end evidently identified the shipment. The Consignor - was identified on one end and on both sides of the box. Copies, - Ronald R. Switzer, Bertrand Conservation Laboratory, National Park - Service.] - - [Illustration: Plate 4. The Pamplin Smoking Pipe and Manufacturing - Company, Inc., March 1965. Photo, Richmond Times-Dispatch.] - - [Illustration: Plate 5. Kiln of the Pamplin Smoking Pipe and - Manufacturing Company, Inc., March 1965. The kiln had a capacity of - 200,000 pipes at a single burning. Photo, Richmond Times-Dispatch.] - - [Illustration: Plate 6. Pipe Molding Machine from the Pamplin - Factory. Photos, Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission.] - - [Illustration: The machine.] - - [Illustration: Detail of mold.] - - [Illustration: Plate 7. Saggers Used by the Pamplin Factory. - Dimensions of the larger sagger,—overall height 6″, overall width, - 10¼ to 10½″, wall thickness ⅞ to 1″. Dark Brown glaze, mottled. - Photos and description, Edward A Chappell, Virginia Historic - Landmarks Commission.] - - [Illustration: Plate 8. Brochure, Pamplin Smoking Pipe and - Manufacturing Co., Inc., 1941. Copy, Morton L. Wallerstein.] - - - - -This is the largest plant in the world devoted exclusively to the -manufacture of Indian stone clay pipes. Our plant has a capacity of -25,000 pipes per day; our kiln has a capacity of 200,000 pipes at a -single burning. - -From careful search of the records, this factory started more than 200 -years ago. The present plant has been in operation for 44 years. Skilled -American labor is used in a modern, day-lit plant with special attention -to cleanliness, sanitation and ideal conditions. - -The buying trend is toward Indian clay and stone pipes. Tourists and -visitors to your locality are buying them as gifts, souvenirs and for -personal use. Every true American wants a genuine Indian pipe—and can -buy one, for little more than the cost of a can of smoking tobacco. - -Order your assortment today. Display them well and they will sell -quickly. Pamplin Indian Pipes give you a profit unheard of in the -tobacco trade. - - PAMPLIN SMOKING PIPE AND MANUFACTURING CO., Inc. - Established 1739 - Manufacturers of All Styles of - Stone and Powhatan Clay Pipes and Reed Stems - PAMPLIN, VIRGINIA, U. S. A. - -Printed in U. S. A. - - - - - Hand-Made “Powhatan” - - _Powhatan_ - INDIAN CLAY PIPES - - MILD - _mellow_ - SWEET - PURE - _50¢_ WITH _Two_ STEMS - - _Be A Modern Indian Chief! - Smoke the Genuine - “Powhatan” pipe_ - MADE IN VIRGINIA BY NATIVES OF VIRGINIA - -This handsome display card, in five colors, given with each order for -five dozen “Powhatan” Hand-Made Pipes, makes selling easy. Order yours. - - [Illustration: Plate 9. The “Original” Powhatan and other Pamplin - Pipe forms. Brochure, 1941. Copy, Morton L. Wallenstein.] - - The POWHATAN, the original Indian hand-made Pipe, sells on sight, - pays Big Profit! - - - - - “POWOW” SMOOTH SHAKER - “WIGWAM” SHAKER - ORIGINAL “POWHATAN” HAND-MADE - “AKRON” SHAKER - “OLE VIRGINNY” SHAKER - -THESE ARE THE MOST POPULAR STYLES OF PAMPLIN INDIAN PIPES All (except -“Powhatan”) are available in both Shaker (Stone) and Hamburg (Clay). - - - The Original Powhatan Pipe - -The original Powhatan Indian hand-made Pipe has the distinction of being -the exact reproduction of the real pipe made and smoked by the Red Men -in pre-colonial days. - -Pipe smoking was introduced into England by Sir Walter Raleigh who had -seen the Indians smoking. With the start of tobacco cultivation in -Virginia, the Powhatan Pipe became generally used in England and in all -of the American colonies. - -A host of that day took great pride in offering his guests tobacco grown -on his own plantation, in a Powhatan Indian hand-made Pipe. - - An Authentic American Treasure - -The natives who have been making Powhatan Pipes for centuries are -rapidly disappearing. Their children seem unwilling to do the necessary -primitive and tedious work. Manual clay pipe-making, probably America’s -oldest industry, will soon be only a tradition. - -Today the Powhatan Pipe is more than a source of peaceful, contented -smoking enjoyment. It is a collector’s prize, an authentic American -treasure. In a few years it will be generally unobtainable. - -This company is the world’s sole producer of genuine Indian pipes. Since -1739 it has preserved this historic industry. Its clay deposit in -Appomattox County, Virginia, holds the only clay discovered as ideal for -Indian pipes. The trade-mark and name, “Original Powhatan Indian Pipe,” -is its exclusive property. - -Yet the famous Powhatan Pipe is very low in price, as for many years -past, giving the consumer a splendid value, and the jobber and retailer -a profit unheard of in the tobacco trade. - - [Illustration: Plate 10. Price list of Pamplin Company Pipe Forms. - Brochure, November 15, 1941. Copy, Morton L. Wallenstein.] - - - - - PRICE LIST - (EFFECTIVE NOVEMBER 15, 1941) - [_See Page 6 for Jobber’s Discounts_] - - - POWHATAN HAND-MADE PIPES - -Individually packaged in attractive rustic container, Historical -Booklet, instruction tag, and two 10″ reed stems—one curved, one -straight, ready for mailing. - - Gross $48.00 - Minimum order ¼ Gross - _Retails for from 50¢ to $1.00_ - - Buy Pipes Made in America—For American Smokers! - - POWHATAN COUNTER DISPLAY - -Twelve Powhatan Pipes, each with Historical Booklet, instruction tag, -and extra 10″ straight stem included. - - DOZEN TO DISPLAY CARD - Gross $48.00 - Minimum order ¼ Gross. - - (_Display card illustrated on Page 3 of this Catalog._) - - Page 10 - - - Powhatan Machine-Made - -Machine-made Powhatan, fitted with cork closures and 10″ reed stems, -bowls trade-marked. Packed 50 to the box with stems. 25¢ Retailer. -Price, $4.00 per box. - - Akron Shaker - -Machine moulded from fire clay, hard-burned and glazed; a stone pipe -fitted with 5″ reed stem. Packed 100 to a box with stems. 15¢ Retailer. -Price, $3.00 per box. - - Powow Shaker - -Stone pipe, smooth finish, glazed, fitted with 5″ reed stem. Packed 100 -to a box with stems. 15¢ Retailer. Price, $3.00 per box. - - Ole Virginny Shaker - -Heavier stone pipe, attractive finish, fitted with 5″ reed stem. Packed -100 to box with stems. 15¢ Retailer. Price, $3.00 per box. - - Wigwam Shaker. - -Real character distinguishes this attractive stone pipe, fitted with 5″ -reed stem. Packed 100 to box with stems. 15¢ Retailer. Price, $3.00 per -box. - - Shaker Assortment. - -An assortment of 25 each of the four above described stone pipes, 100 -pipes, fitted with 5″ reed stem. Packed 100 to box. 15¢ Retailer. Price, -$3.50 per box. - - -Stems can be furnished straight or bent. Additional Stems and Stems -Extra Length Can Be Supplied at Slight Extra Cost. - - _Send Money Order or Check with Order to Save Time._ - - - Terms: 20% Cash With Order. Net 30 Days. - - Page 11 - - - Akron Hamburg - (_Similar to Akron Shaker_) - -Machine-made from Virginia Clay, hard-burned, attractive red color. Also -made in white. Packed 100 to box with 5″ reed stems. 10¢ Retailer. -Price, $2.50 per box. - - Powow Hamburg - (_Similar to Powow Shaker_) - -Machine-made from Virginia Clay, hard-burned, an attractive small bowl. -Packed 100 to box with 5″ reed stems. 10¢ Retailer. Price, $2.50 per -box. - - Ole Virginny Hamburg - (_Similar to Ole Virginny Shaker_) - -Machine-made from finest fire-clay, hard-burned, white, simulates -meerschaum, one of the most popular shapes. Also made in red. Packed 100 -to box with 5″ reed stems. 10¢ Retailer. Price, $2.70 per box. - - Wigwam Hamburg - (_Similar to Wigwam Shaker_) - -Machine-made from Virginia Clay, hard-burned. Choice of red or white. -Shape appeals to young and old. Packed 100 to box with 5″ reed stems. -10¢ Retailer. Price, $2.70 per box. - - Hamburg Assortment - -An assortment of 25 each of the four above described clay pipes, 100 -pipes, fitted with 5″ reed stems. Packed 100 to box with stems. 15¢ -Retailer. Price, $2.85 per box. - - -Stems can be furnished straight or bent. Additional Stems and Stems -Extra Length Can Be Supplied at Slight Extra Cost. - - _Send Money Order or Check with Order to Save Time._ - - Terms: 20% Cash With Order. Net 30 Days. - - Page 12 - - [Illustration: Plate 11. “Tomahawk Pipe”—A Real Novelty, and - Jobber’s Discounts. Brochure, 1941. Copy, Morton L. Wallerstein.] - - - - - The Tomahawk Pipe—A Real Novelty - -Moulded from hand-engraved brass die, of finest quality fire clay, -hard-burned and glazed. An attractive item for carnivals, conventions, -fairs, club meetings, etc. Packed 200 to box, with 5″ reed stems. Price, -$13.50 per box. - - - To the Trade - - JOBBER’S DISCOUNTS - - Apply ONLY When Whole Order Is Shipped At - SAME Time - 10 to 20 Boxes 20% - 21 to 40 Boxes 25% - 41 to 100 Boxes 30% - 101 to 500 Boxes 35% - -In addition to the 10 styles of Indian Pipes illustrated and quoted in -this folder, we make many other styles of Indian Clay and Stone Pipes. -Orders for additional designs—for Advertising, Souvenirs, Gifts, -Tourists, Fairs, Exhibitions, and Special Purposes—are solicited. We can -make any style of pipe that can be made from either Virginia Red Clay or -Fire Clay. Our own designers and artists are at your service. _We invite -your inquiries._ Samples will be mailed promptly to rated firms. - -(Note: If you have a friend to whom you would like for us to send one of -these folders, please write. It will be sent promptly.) - - [Illustration: Plate 12. Sales Tag, carried by the “Original” - Powhatan Pipe, 1941. Copy, Morton L. Wallerstein.] - - - - - _This Is An - “Original” - Powhatan Pipe_ - - -Made entirely by hand in a primitive way, from hand-carved moulds -several centuries old, by natives in Appomattox County, Va. Succeeding -generations, dating back to the earliest days of America, have practiced -the ancient art of making these Indian pipes by hand. The slow, tedious -work, requiring innate skill, is not attractive to the moderns. This art -is rapidly disappearing. Soon the genuine Powhatan Pipe will be -generally unobtainable. This Pipe, therefore, will become a rare and -cherished antique and keepsake. - -This Powhatan Pipe is an original, made exactly like those the Indians -used prior to the coming of the white man to America, and as smoked in -the early colonies and in England following Sir Walter Raleigh’s -introduction of tobacco into that country. The clay is porous and the -old Virginia reed stem also absorbs the nicotine. To clean the pipe -according to the old Virginia method, remove the stem and place the bowl -into the fire-place. This will burn out the absorbed nicotine without in -any way harming the pipe. New stems may be obtained from your -tobacconist. - - PAMPLIN INDIAN PIPE CO., - Pamplin, Va., U. S. A. - - [Illustration: Plate 13. Pamplin Area Pipe Forms.] - - [Illustration: Plate 14. Pamplin Area Pipe Forms.] - - [Illustration: Plate 15. Pamplin Area Pipe Forms.] - - [Illustration: Plate 16. Pamplin Area Pipe Forms.] - - [Illustration: Plate 17. Pamplin Area Pipe Forms.] - - [Illustration: Plate 18. Pamplin Area Pipe Forms.] - - [Illustration: Plate 19. Pamplin Area Pipe Forms.] - - [Illustration: Plate 20. Pamplin Area Pipe Forms.] - - [Illustration: Plate 21. Pamplin Area Pipe Forms.] - - [Illustration: Plate 22. Pamplin Area Pipe Forms.] - - [Illustration: Plate 23. Pamplin Area Pipe Forms.] - - - - - THE UTLAUT SITE (23SA162W): AN ONEOTA-HISTORIC MISSOURI BURIAL SITE - - - by - Patricia J. O’Brien and Kevin Hart - -The Utlaut site (23SA162W) is located on the floodplain of the Missouri -River about one mile west of Malta Bend, Saline County, Missouri and -approximately two miles northwest of the junction of Highway 65 and 127. - -The site is situated on land owned by Oscar John of Sweet Springs, -Missouri and was farmed by Ryland Utlaut of Grand Pass. Both kindly -allowed us to excavate there. We were directed to the site by J. M. -“Buster” Crick of Corder, Missouri, a local collector who had been -finding ceramics which looked “Mississippian.” His aid was invaluable, -for without it this work could not have been done. - -Scattered occupational debris was found covering an area ca. 100 feet in -diameter around our test, but the major materials recovered, in six -burials, seem not to be related to the surface debris. Those materials -will be reported in a later paper dealing with site 23SA162, the Cole -Lake Sand Ridge site. - -As mentioned, the Utlaut site is situated on the floodplain of the -river. The area, though, is in reality an old beach of the Missouri, -formed when the river swung south of its present course and came near -Grand Pass. Because the soil was almost pure sand, all of it was -screened. - -The initial test was an east-west trench comprising five alternating -squares (Fig. 2). Burial materials were found between stakes 35W and 55W -north and south of the 0 line (Fig. 2). Remains of five burials were -recovered. While a few bones were treated as a separate burial in the -field (Burial 5), they were found to be related to Burial 2 on -completion of the analysis. The bones in burials 1 through 5 were in -very poor condition, and because of cultivation many are missing. - - - BURIAL DESCRIPTIONS - -The osteological analysis of the skeletal remains found in Appendix I is -by the junior author and Clark Larsen. The descriptions to follow will -focus on the cultural nature of the burials. - -_Burial 1._ This is an adult male. The body was extended and oriented on -a northeast-southwest axis with the head northeast. Although a vessel -was found in the same square as the burial, it is thought that it -belongs to Burial 4. One projectile point was found just east of the -neck. Due north by about one foot was a biface chopper/scraper. These -artifacts may be associated with this burial (Figs. 2 and 3). - - [Illustration: Figure 1. Floodplain of the Missouri River with - locations of 23SA4 Gumbo Point site, 23SA162W Utlaut site, and - 23SA162 Cole Lake Sand Ridge site.] - - [Illustration: Figure 2. Test excavations at the Utlaut site, - 23SA162W, with Detail “A” showing the burials.] - - _BURIAL 6_ - _Pot_ - _BURIAL 2_ - _Child’s skull_ - _Pot_ - _Shell Spoon_ - _BURIAL 3_ - _Scraper_ - _BURIAL 4_ - _Pot_ - _Biface_ - _BURIAL_ - _Projectile point_ - _Bundled bones_ - - [Illustration: Figure 3. Burial 1, 23SA162W. View is toward - northeast.] - -The projectile point is triangular, of tan-cream chert and is 3.1 cm. -long, 1.44 cm. wide and 0.25 cm. thick (Fig. 4a). It is a typical -Mississippian/Oneota point. The biface was cream colored with cortex -present. There is a scraper edge on the long axis on one side (Fig. 4b). -It is 14.0 cm. long, 9.9 cm. wide, and 3.1 cm. thick. - -One of the most interesting aspects of this 35+ year old male burial is -the possible “trophy” skeletal materials placed on the knee area. -Remains of three persons and possibly a fourth were found in a -fragmentary condition, and while some of the long bones were intact, the -cranial remains present were shattered. Two explanations seem most -obvious: (1) the remains are the result of some type of human sacrifice, -or (2) they are secondary burial of remains disturbed from their -original location. These ideas will be more fully explored later in the -paper. - -_Burial 2._ The skeletal material recovered from this burial was very -fragmentary and the actual number of individuals involved could be three -rather than the two suggested in the anatomical analysis. No complete -skeleton was found, rather a series of jumbled long bones with the femur -head facing southwest (Figs. 2 and 5), suggesting an extended burial on -a northeast-southwest axis. At the knee area was found a skull which -showed evidence of burning. This data, even more than that of Burial 1, -suggests “human sacrifice” or some such exotic behavior. Because some of -the long bones were burnt too, it is possible the firing occurred as a -part of the burial ritual. At the northeastern end of the burial was -found a child’s skull; its relationship to the adult is unclear at this -time. - -Also associated with Burial 2 was a ceramic vessel and a fresh water -mollusc spoon (Fig. 6a-b). The spoon was very fragile and crumbled on -cleaning. The vessel was a small globular jar with an everted rim and -two strap handles. On the shoulder of the vessel below the handles were -incised double nestled chevrons, while two single incised lines ran -vertically from neck to base between the handles (Fig. 6a). The handles -had double incised lines on them. The vessel was shell tempered with a -slight scalloping of the lip. It was 7.63 cm. high, the orifice was 6.27 -and 6.07 cm. in diameter, while the shoulder was 9.95 and 9.5 cm. in -diameter. The vessel seems to be a typical Oneota form. - -_Burial 3._ This burial was extended with head to the northeast and body -on a northeast-southwest axis (Fig. 7). It was a child’s, and the only -grave goods associated with it was a chert scraper (Fig. 4c). It was -found south of the pelvic area. It is cream chert, is 3.39 cm. long, -1.78 cm. wide and 0.6 cm. thick. Anterioral and posterioral flattening -of the frontal and occipital region is marked on this individual’s -skull. - -_Burial 4._ The burial when found was highly fragmentary; the legs are -all that remain. No artifacts were found with it. Alignment of the legs -indicates that the head was to the northeast and the body was on a -northeast-southwest axis. However, in the process of analyzing these -data it was discovered that by projecting the former location of the -missing head and torso, this burial seems to be associated with the -isolated pot from square 0-40W. As figures 2 and 8 show, the vessel -would have been placed beside the left shoulder. - - [Illustration: Figure 4. Artifacts recovered from the Utlaut site, - 23SA162W: a. triangular un-notched projectile point, Burial 1; b. - Biface chopper/scraper, Burial 1; c. scraper, Burial 3.] - - [Illustration: Figure 5. Burial 2, 235A162W. View is toward - northeast.] - - [Illustration: Figure 6. Top and side views of vessels recovered at - the Utlaut site, 23SA162W: a-b Burial 2; c-d Burial 4.] - - [Illustration: Figure 7. Burial 3, 23SA162W. View is toward the - south. Burial 4 is to the left.] - -This oval-shaped vessel has 14 rows of punctations running around the -whole surface. There are two strap handles each with two incised lines -placed vertical to the rim (Fig. 6c-d). The rim has been damaged by the -plow. Orifice size is 8.21 cm. at the handles and 7.7 cm. between them. -It is 12.36 by 13.2 cm. at the shoulder and 8.15 cm. high (incomplete). - -Vessels with similar extensive all-over punctation are reported from the -Lower Mississippi River Valley and called Parkin Punctated (Phillips, -Ford and Griffin 1951:Fig. 94). But a vessel with extensive punctation -over the upper two-thirds of it, with some zoned punctates in parallel -lines below the handles, has been reported from Gumbo Point (23SA4), an -historic Missouri site about a mile and a quarter to the northeast -(Chapman 1959:Fig. 36). - -Henning (1970) does not report such a design from the Utz site nor other -nearby Oneota sites. This tempts one to suggest the vessel has stronger -affinities to the historic Missouri than to the Oneota component nearby. - -_Burial 5._ These highly fragmentary remains probably belong with the -child in Burial 2. They were found in the northeast corner of square -5N-50W which is just north of the area of the child’s skull in Burial 2. - -_Burial 6._ This individual was interred in a different pattern from the -others. It was semi-flexed with the head and shoulders slumped forward -and down as if the burial pit was not large enough to hold him (Figs. 2 -and 9). Rodents had run through the chest area and gnawed some of the -bone. - -Grave goods consisted of a whole vessel and glass trade beads. The -vessel, which was at his knee, was a globular jar having two strap -handles with four incised lines running vertically from the rim, and -double nestled chevrons below them. The chevron was filled with -narrow-line, incised punctates (Fig. 10a-b). The rim was damaged. The -vessel is 10.5 by 11.7 cm. at the orifice, 16.3 by 18.0 cm. at the -shoulder and 12.8 cm. high, making it slightly oval in shape. - -Two kinds of beads were found. One was a “seed” bead _ca._ 0.18 cm. in -diameter with a 0.05 cm. hole. There were 202 of these found in the sand -around the head and shoulders. They may have been in the hair. All were -turquoise in color. The second kind included three larger specimens—two -turquoise blue and one black. The blue were 0.66 x 0.84 cm., 0.8 x 0.75 -cm. and 0.82 x 0.63 cm. in diameter and length. The first had a 0.2 cm. -hole and the others 0.18 cm. The black was 0.58 x 0.58 cm. with a 0.12 -cm. hole. These beads were found in the area of the left wrist. - -These materials are historic trade goods, and are not significantly -different from those at Gumbo Point (Chapman 1959) or at the Utz site -(Robert T. Bray, personal communication). Although these materials could -be the result of English or even American trading activities, it is -thought they are French, for the following reasons. - - [Illustration: Figure 8. Burial 4 23SA162W. View is toward the - southwest. The skull of Burial 3 is in the right hand corner.] - - [Illustration: Figure 9. View of Burial 6, 23SA162W. View is toward - the north.] - - [Illustration: Figure 10. Top and side view of vessel recovered with - Burial 6 at the Utlaut site, 23SA162W.] - -It is probable that this individual was a member of the Gumbo Point late -Missouri village which may date 1727-1777 A.D. (Chapman 1959:63). This -village was very near Fort Orleans which dates 1723-1728 A.D. (Bray -1961a:216-219). At the same time, this burial is associated with others -which have no trade goods and apparently are completely prehistoric. -Therefore, one could argue that the body was interred at the time of the -proto-historic-historic boundary for that village. That boundary would -be about 1727 A.D. if Chapman’s (1959:2) assumed dating of the beginning -of the village following the abandonment of the Utz site is correct. - -However, it could be argued that Burial 6 had nothing to do with the -Oneota burials with it, and that the body could date as late as 1777 -A.D. But for that to be so, we would have to assume it was just chance -that of the several old beaches in that field this Indian was placed -right in an earlier burial area. Rather, it seems more reasonable to -have the cemetery area known and indeed the burials marked, so that the -interment could take place without disturbing them. - -Whether the Missouri Indians marked their graves cannot be stated, as no -data on their mortuary practices are known. We do know that the -Winnebago placed a post at the head of a grave (Radin 1923:144), and as -the Missouri and Winnebago are both Chiwere Sioux, it is possible that -this is an old shared trait. If this is so, and if the 1727 A.D. dating -is correct, the trade goods are probably French as they were extremely -active in this area at this early date. - - - DISCUSSION - -Two separate, but related, cultural components are present at the site: -Oneota and historic Missouri. Burials 1 through 4 were originally supine -extended interments, although they have suffered much from plowing, and -their associated artifacts indicate a general Oneota affiliation. Burial -4 with its punctated vessel though is probably late, bordering on the -late proto-historic-historic Missouri line. Burial 6, with its glass -trade beads, is historic, and since the Gumbo Point site (23SA4), a -historic Missouri village dating around 1727-1777 A.D., is only one and -a quarter miles to the northeast of the Utlaut site, the burial is -probably an Indian of that village. - -The following data on Oneota burial practices can be extracted from -these data. Individuals are buried in a supine extended position on a -northeast-southwest axis. In three cases, Burials 1, 3 and 4, the head -is to the northeast; in one, Burial 2, it is southwest. Grave goods of -pots, projectile point, shell spoon or scraper were present but -seemingly not very diagnostic of social position, although the pots may -be associated only with children here (Burials 2 and 4). Also, unless -one assumes everyone was buried at the same time, it seems that the -graves were marked so people could be interred over a period of time -without disturbing early graves, and so they could be aligned with each -other. - -Two adults seem to have “trophy” skeletal materials with them: a skull -on the knees of Burial 2 (burnt) and many fragments of three and -possibly four people on the lower legs of Burial 1. Bray (1961b:17-19) -reports a “trophy head” with an Orr focus Oneota burial at the Flynn -site, and glass trade beads with it point to this being an historic -Ioway trait. Because there is no historic data on Missouri Indian burial -practices, it is not possible now to tell if the trait is associated -with them nor just what it may mean. - -One could explain the skeletal remains, especially those with Burial 1 -as secondary interments of graves which were somehow disturbed. In which -case the term “trophy” would be inappropriate and misleading. This -possibility is found in the fact that the Winnebago had two burial -patterns: inhumation and platform associated with the phratry divisions -of the culture, although the latter practice died out in historic times -(Radin 1923:140). Since the Missouri are related to the Winnebago it is -possible that these materials are inhumed platform burials. - -However, the presence of single skulls with Burial 2, burnt too, and -with an Ioway at the Flynn site cannot be explained that easily. The -skull on the knees of Burial 2 was burnt at the time of interment as the -knee area was also burned. Then too, if one was collecting platform -burial remains to be inhumed, more than just the skulls would be lying -about to be collected. Again if we look at the Winnebago we get some -interesting data. In a discussion of grave-post markings, Radin -(1923:155) points out that a warrior who had killed a man and cut off -his head received a special grave-post signifying the deed. -Unfortunately, he does not tell us if the head was buried with him. - -As can be seen by the above discussion, there are data to support both -interpretations, and indeed, maybe these burials in fact are the result -of both sets of behavior rather than only one set. - -A comparison of the Utlaut site Oneota burials with other Oneota burial -data follows. From the Leary site in Nebraska Wedel reports (1935:25-26) -two types of interments: (1) supine burials with beads to the north (3), -east (3) or south (2). Associated with them are knives, hematite and a -bison hoe as grave goods. (2) Bundled or jumbled bones within a pit and -probably removed from scaffolds. Bass reports (1961) a body without -head, semi-flexed on its back and left side. - -Myers and Bass (n.d.) give the following data on Oneota burial material -from Iowa. At the Hartley site (13AM103) in Allamakee County, Burial 1 -was primary extended with head west and face north. It was a child about -ten years old and with it was a pot and chert knife. Burial 2 was a -female, 20-30 years old, primary extended with head northeast and no -artifacts. Burial 3 was a child, 10-13 years old with a pot. It was a -secondary burial. Burial 4 was a female, 20-30 years of age, primary -extended with head to the east. A bison scapula hoe was with it. Burial -5 was a male, 25-35 years old; it was a primary one with the body in a -semi-sitting position and head on chest. The head faced northwest and -the face was down. No grave goods were present. Burial 7 was a secondary -bundled indeterminate adult. Burial 8 was a female, 18-28 years, primary -extended burial with head to the northwest and no artifacts. Burial 10 -was a nine year old child, primary extended with head to east. A pot was -associated with it (Myers and Bass n.d.:7-11). - -At the Blood Run site (13L02) in Lyon county, five burials were reported -by Myers and Bass (n.d.). Burial 1 was a 3 to 4 year old child. It was -extended in a pit in a mound with head facing northwest. Associated were -copper earrings, two wooden tubes at the ears and a rim sherd at the -right elbow. Burial 2 was a 30-40 year old male, extended supine with -head northwest and no artifacts. Burial 3 was a 35-45 year old male, -extended with head north and face to the east. It may be burnt on the -left side. Associated was a catlinite pipe and a shell bead. Burial 4 -was a male, 21-28 years of age, extended supine with head northeast and -no artifacts. Finally, Burial 5 was a 2-3 year old child, associated -with Burial 2; the grave goods were three blue glass beads (Myers and -Bass n.d.:35-40). - -At Correctionville site the burials are reported as extended supine -(Myers and Bass n.d.:43). At the Flynn site (13AM51) in Allamakee county -ten burials were recovered (Bray 1961b: 15-18). Burial 1 was a fully -extended, supine adult with head to north. Associated were a raven -skull, two bone beads, two shell beads, two copper or brass ornaments, a -bone pendant and a small animal scapula. Burial 2 was a fully extended -supine adult with head north. Associated were a pumice lump, red ochre, -rolled copper or brass tubes, chert flakes and a belt of rolled copper -or brass beads. Burial 3 was a fully extended supine adult with two -triangular projectile points and some small animal bones. Burial 4 was a -fully extended supine adult oriented east-west. No trade goods were -found; only aboriginal bone whistles, a heron beak, a bone tube and a -squirrel skull. Burial 5 was an adult oriented north-south and -accompanied by many offerings: a pot, a fresh water clam shell, 100 -copper/brass beads, 12 copper/brass bracelets, sheet copper, two steel -knives, a steel awl, chert flakes, glass beads and “bead” girdle as in -Burial 1. Burial 6 was a fully extended supine adult with a north-south -orientation, with the head north. Artifact associations were blue and -green glass beads, a beaver incisor, chert flakes, a polished bison rib, -a beaded girdle as with Burials 1 and 5 and a “trophy” human skull at -the left knee area. Burial 7 was different because it was deeper, under -slabs of rock, and in a pit. Present was a child’s skull and two -carnivore jaws. Burials 8 and 9 were incomplete and damaged, but seem to -have been an adult and a 30-month old child. Burial 10 was a fetus or -newborn infant. - -Ten burials are reported (Henning 1970:120-212) from the Utz site -(23SA2), the nearest large Oneota site just a few miles east of the -Utlaut site. Position, sex and age are known only for a few. Burial 3 -was a 27 year old male, fully extended with a mussel shell, sheet copper -and bone tube. Burial 4 consisted of two adults, but only one complete, -fully extended 40 year old female. Burial 5 was a 30 year old male with -a bone awl, a deer phalanx and worked hematite. Burial 7 was a 35 year -old male with knives and abrader. Burial 8 was fully extended, 35 years -old, male, covered with red ochre and was accompanied by several chert -flakes. He may have died of wounds, since a projectile point was found -in the cervical vertebrae. Finally, in the summer of 1970 an adult male -was found in a storage/trash pit at the site (Robert T. Bray, personal -communication). - -Having reviewed the data on Oneota burials in Nebraska, Iowa and -Missouri, the following hypotheses or assertions or guesses are offered -concerning the general character of Oneota mortuary practices. Hopefully -they will be tested in the future when more, especially descriptive, -data become available. - -(1) The bodies typically seem to be supine and fully extended. - -(2) Orientation to a specific cardinal point does not seem to be -involved as they range all around the compass. - -(3) There appears to be some evidence that the graves were marked. - -(4) Although most burials have some grave goods material, some do not. -Except for the “trophy” material and the fact that some of the historic -burials have more artifacts, there do not seem to be marked differences -in the wealth of the burials. Possibly each individual is accompanied by -some personal tool or ornament. At the Flynn, Hartley and Utlaut sites, -burials of children are accompanied by ceramic vessels—at the Blood Run -site, with a rim sherd. If this is a pattern, it changed in historic -times because burials with pots and trade goods are adult (Flynn, B. 5, -and Utlaut, B. 6). - -(5) The lack of rich burials in the proto-historic (Oneota) period and -their presence in the historic suggests a process of social -stratification may be occurring because of new wealth. But this may be -more apparent than real, if the “trophy” material at the Utlaut site was -the proto-historic means of marking status to be replaced in the -historic period by trade goods. If that is so, then it would suggest -some social stratification in Oneota continuing through to the known -historic Missouri chiefs. - - -_Acknowledgments._ The senior author is pleased to acknowledge the -support of Kansas State University’s Bureau of General Research for a -1970 Summer Fellowship. The fellowship made possible this research. The -cooperation of Robert T. Bray, Director, Lyman Archaeological Research -Center, University of Missouri, is gratefully acknowledged for his help -and many kindnesses throughout this work. To him, and my other -colleagues: Alfred E. Johnson and W. Raymond Wood, who all helped to run -the joint Midwestern Archaeological Field School in the summer of 1970 -go my thanks. William M. Bass kindly loaned me the Myers and Bass -manuscript which was most appreciated as it was essential for this -analysis. Finally, thanks are due to the students of the field school -who excavated these materials: Mike Gilman, Tom Green, Kevin Hart, Ann -Hirsh and Donna Roper, for without their good spirits and effort the -work could not have been done. - - - REFERENCES CITED - - ANDERSON, J. E. - 1969 _The Human Skeleton: A Manual for Archaeologists._ National - Museum of Canada, Ottawa. - BASS, WILLIAM M. - 1971 Personal Communication. - BASS, WILLIAM M. - 1961 1960 Excavations at the Leary Site, Richardson County, - Nebraska 25RH1. _Plains Anthropologist_, 6: 31, 201-202. - BRAY, ROBERT T. - 1961a The Missouri Indian Tribe in Archaeology and History. - _Missouri Historical Review_, LV: 3, 213-225. Columbia. - 1961b The Flynn Cemetery: An Orr Focus Oneota Burial Site in - Allamakee County, Iowa. _Journal of the Iowa Archaeological - Society_, 10: 4, 15-25. - BROTHWELL, DON R. - 1963 _Digging Up Bones._ British Museum, London. - HENNING, DALE R. - 1970 Development and Interrelationships of Oneota Culture in the - Lower Missouri River Valley. _The Missouri Archaeologist_, - Vol. 32, Whole Volume. Columbia. - KROGMAN, WILTON M. - 1962 _The Human Skeleton in Forensic Medicine._ Charles C. - Thomas, Springfield, Illinois. - MCKERN, THOMAS W. AND T. D. STEWART - 1957 _Skeletal Age Changes in Young American Males._ Technical - Report EP-45, Quartermaster Research and Development Center, - U.S. Army, Natick, Massachusetts. - MORSE, DAN - 1969 _Ancient Disease in the Midwest._ Reports of Investigations - No. 15, Illinois State Museum. - MYERS, JUDY A. AND WILLIAM M. BASS - n.d. An Analysis of the Human Skeletal Material from Some Oneota - Sites. Unpublished Manuscript. - TROTTER, MILDRED AND GOLDEN C. GLESER - 1958 A Re-evaluation of Estimation of Stature Based on - Measurements of Stature During Life and of Long Bones After - Death. _American Journal of Physical Anthropology_, 16: 1, - 79-124. Philadelphia. - PHILLIPS, P., J. A. FORD AND J. B. GRIFFIN - 1951 Archaeological Survey in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial - Valley, 1940-1947. _Papers of the Peabody Museum of American - Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University_, Vol. XXV. - Cambridge. - RADIN, PAUL - 1923 _The Winnebago Tribe._ Thirty-seventh Annual Report of the - Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution. - - - - - APPENDIX I - SKELETAL REMAINS FROM THE UTLAUT SITE - - - by - Kevin Hart and Clark Larsen - -The following paper reports the osteological data on the burials from -the Utlaut site. The authors are indebted to Dr. William M. Bass, -formerly of the University of Kansas, now Chairman, Department of -Anthropology, University of Tennessee, for his encouragement and -criticisms on this paper, and especially for his training while Visiting -Professor of Anthropology at Kansas State University in the Spring, -1971. He is, of course, not responsible for any errors on our part. - - _Burial 1_ - Sex: Male - Age: 35⁺ - Stature: 5′8″ ± 1.28″ (173.46 cm ± 3.24 cm) - -Burial One is a middle aged male in good condition, represented by an -almost complete skeleton. Of the major bones, only the left radius, -right ulna and left clavicle are absent, along with the second cervical, -four thoracic and one lumbar vertebra. Except for eight phalanges of the -hand, all of the hand and feet bones are also missing. - -The sex of the individual is based on several factors. First, the width -of the femur head is 46 mm., within the male range according to Krogman -(1962:143-146). The skull is characterized by heavy brow ridges, blunt -upper edges of the eye orbits, and a general overall ruggedness -indicating a male. The pelvis, however, does have a wider than usual -sciatic notch for a male. - -Despite some erosion, the pubic symphyses show a breakdown of the -symphyseal rim and face indicating an age of 38⁺ (McKern and -Stewart:83). Endocranial suture closure is complete, suggesting an -approximate age of at least 40. Thirdly, toothwear on the remaining -molars seem to follow the pattern in Brothwell (1963:69) for the 35-45 -age group. - -The Stature was calculated using the formula 1.22 (Femur and Tibia) + -70.37 ± 3.24 (Trotter and Gleser 1958:120). - -Both the tibiae (Fig. 11) and fibulae show evidence of inflammation of -the Periosteum (Periostitis), similar to cases noted in Morse -(1969:108). In addition, one lumbar vertebra has an anomalous growth on -it, and the chin of the individual protrudes abnormally. The hole in the -skull shown in the burial picture is the result of an accident in the -excavation. - - [Illustration: Figure 11. Tibiae from Burial 1, 23SA162W, showing - evidence of periostitis.] - -Resting on and around the knees of Burial One were a number of whole -bones and bone fragments of at least three other individuals. - - _Sex_ _Age_ _Stature_ - - Male 30⁺ —— - —— 30⁺ —— - —— —— —— - -These bones were laid in a haphazard manner. Most of the larger post -cranial bones are represented by fragments from two separate -individuals, but there are parts of three left femora present and -possibly four. The poor condition of the fourth femur fragment left the -side in doubt. The skull fragments are from at least two different -persons. Mixed in with these human bones are two tibia fragments from a -deer. - -A skull fragment from one individual shows heavy muscle marking on the -occipital region, and a fairly large mastoid process, suggesting a male. -There are insufficient pieces of skull from the other individual or -individuals for any judgment on their sex. The pieces of innominate are -also fragmentary, although it appears that one acetabulum is rather -large, possibly indicating a large femur head. While the long bones from -all the individuals seem large, all the femur and humerus heads are -missing, preventing any measurements for sex. All the long bones are -broken. - -The age determination is based on the presence of completely closed -endocranial sutures on the skull fragments of two persons, suggesting a -mature age. Although suture closure is not a good criterion for age -(McKern and Stewart 1957:37), a more accurate age estimate is not -possible because of the absence of pubic symphyses and teeth. - -Stature could not be determined because of the broken condition of the -long bones. - - -_Burial 2_ - -There are at least two individuals represented in this burial. - - _Sex_ _Age_ _Stature_ - - Male 28-35 5′9.3″ (175.9 cm ± 3.24 cm) - —— 3-6 —— - -The adult bones associated with this burial included the upper portion -of a skull, right and left femur, right and left tibia, two fibula -fragments, a first sacral vertebra, and fragments of both the right and -left innominates. The child is represented by a left parietal. Several -of the skull fragments as well as the right femur and sacral vertebra of -the adult showed evidence of burning. Most of the skeletal material is -fragmentary and in poor condition. - -The age of the adult is based on cranial suture closure. The sutures -endocranially are closing, but ectocranially the sutures are still quite -distinctive and have not yet begun to close. This indicates an age of 28 -to 35 years. However, some authorities feel this is not a good criterion -for aging (McKern and Stewart 1957:37). - -The sex is based on morphological characteristics of the cranial -material. The skull contained large frontal sinuses and heavy muscle -markings, indicative of the male sex (Krogman 1962:112-152). - -Stature was based on the formula for Mongoloids given by Trotter and -Gleser (1958:120) for the femur plus the tibia. Using the left femur -plus the tibia the stature estimation was calculated to be 5′9.3″ with a -range from 5′8″ to 5′10.6″ (175.9 cm ± 3.24 cm). This stature is also -indicative of the male sex. - -Age of the child is determined by the thickness and size of the left -parietal. This indicated an age of probably not younger than three and -not older than six. - - _Burial 3_ - Age: 10-12 - -This child’s burial consisted of the major portion of an articulated -skull, a mandible, a left scapula, right and left tibia, right and left -femur, right and left innominates, two rib fragments, and two lumbar -vertebrae. The condition of this burial is poor with all the bones being -in various stages of fragmentation. - -The age of this individual is based on tooth eruption and wear. The -adult second molars are fully erupted and show no wear. The adult second -premolars are in the process of erupting, indicating an age of 10-12 -(Brothwell 1963:59). - -Skull deformation is quite noticeable. It is flattened both anteriorly -and posteriorly, particularly in the frontal and occipital regions. This -deformation is probably due to pressure applied to the head of the -infant through binding to a flat structure, such as a cradle board (Fig. -12). - -All mandibular teeth are present with no caries or tartar. The adult -second premolars are quite late in erupting. As previously indicated the -skull is mostly articulated, but is in poor condition. Parts of the -frontal and occipital are missing. - - _Burial 4_ - Sex: Indeterminate - Age: Child - Stature: Indeterminate - -Burial four is the remains of one individual: a child, in poor -condition. The remaining bones are fragments from the right femur, tibia -and fibula, and from the left tibia. In addition, there were also -several unidentifiable pieces. The size and condition of the fragments -make any specific judgment as to sex, age, or stature impossible other -than to say the individual was rather young. No anomalies or pathologies -were evident. - - [Illustration: Figure 12. Right and left profiles of the skull from - Burial 3, 23SA162W, showing skull deformation.] - - _Burial 6_ - Age: 19-25 - Sex: Male - Stature: 5′8.6″ ± 1.3″ (174.2 cm ± 3.24 cm) - -Most of the bones of this burial are present with the exception of the -majority of the hand phalanges, carpal and tarsal bones, one lumbar -vertebra, and the coccygeal vertebrae. The condition of the bones is -fair. - -The age of this individual is based on the fact that the basilar suture -has just closed and the sacral vertebrae have not completely fused. The -sutures have not yet begun to close, and all of the epiphyses of the -long boxes have united, suggesting an age range of 19 to 25. - -Sex determination is based on morphological and anthropometric -characteristics of both the post-cranial and cranial skeleton. The -diameter of the femur head is 46 mm, well within the male range (Krogman -1962:143-146). The innominates showed narrow pubic portions and -sub-pubic angles. The skull has distinctive muscle markings, large -mastoid processes, heavy brow ridges, and a square chin, all of which -are characteristically male. - -The stature estimation was calculated from the length of the left femur -and tibia, using Trotter and Gleser’s formula for Mongoloids (Trotter -and Gleser 1958:120). It was calculated to be 5′8.6″ with a range from -5′7.3″ to 5′9.9″ (1.74 cm ± 3.24 cm). As indicated in Table 2, this -individual was hyperbrachycranic or very broad headed. As in Burial 3, -lambdoidal flattening was quite noticeable, probably a result of -pressure of a cradle board. - -Due to the poor condition of the material from the Utlaut site, -anatomical comparisons other than male stature are not possible. Table 3 -gives the stature comparisons of the Iowa-Nebraska Oneota material, and -they suggest that for height of males, the Utlaut population are most -similar to the males at the Leary site in Nebraska. - - Table 1 - Post-cranial Measurements (in millimeters) and Indices for - Skeletal Material from The Utlaut Site, 23SA162W - Burial 1 Burial 2 Burial 6 - R L R L R L - Femur - - Maximum morphological length 451 455 — 485 — 454 - A-P diameter midshaft 31 31.5 — — — 27.5 - Transverse diameter midshaft 26 27.5 — — — 24 - Maximum diameter of head — 46 — — — 46 - - Tibia - - Maximum morphological length — 390 — 380 (392)[1] 397 - A-P diameter nutrient foramen — 40 — — 36 35 - Transverse diameter nutrient — 23 — — 26 25 - foramen - Bicondylar breadth — 79 — — — — - - Post Cranial Indices - - Pilastric Index 119.24 114.28 — — — 116.67 - Cnemic Index — 56.00 — — 72.22 71.42 - Crural Index — 85.49 — — — 87.45 - - Table 2 - Cranial Measurements (in millimeters) and Indices - Burial 2 - - Parietal thickness near bregma (average) 3 - - Burial 6 - Cranium - - Maximum length 161 - Maximum breadth 150 - Basion-bregma 128 - Bizygomatic 126 - Basi-nasal length 96.5 - Basi-alveolar length 91 - Nasion-alveolar height 68 - Left orbital breadth 43 - Left orbital height 34 - Nasal breadth 24 - Nasal height 52 - Palatal length 46 - Palatal breadth 39 - - Mandible - - Maximum length (76)[1] - Symphysis height 37 - Bigonial diameter (101)[1] - Foramen mentale breadth 49 - - Cranial Indices - - Cranial module 146.33 - Cranial index 93.17 - Height-length index 79.50 - Height-breadth index 85.33 - Upper facial index 54.97 - Nasal index 46.15 - Orbital index 79.07 - - Table 3 - Comparison of Male Stature for Oneota Indians - Utlaut Site Height - - Burial 1 (Oneota) 173.46 cm - Burial 2 (Oneota) 175.9 cm - - Oneota Sites[2] Mean Height - - Leary site (Nebraska) 173.1 cm - Hartley site (Iowa) 164.2 cm - Leary site (Nebraska) 173.1 cm - Flynn site (Iowa) 169.7 cm - Blood Run site (Iowa) 168.2 cm - Correctionville site (Iowa) 171.2 cm - All sites 170.0 cm - - - - - A REPORT OF SALVAGE INVESTIGATIONS AT ST. CHARLES, MISSOURI - - - by J. M. Shippee - -In the latter part of August 1956, Mr. Andrew H. McCulloch of St. -Charles, Missouri addressed a letter to the Department of Anthropology, -University of Missouri, in which he told of the discovery of buried -remains which were thought to be of Indian origin. Road construction in -a new housing area just north of St. Charles, Missouri had exposed an -Indian camp site on high ground overlooking the Missouri-Mississippi -River flood plain. Mr. McCulloch had been informed by the land owner, -Mr. J. D. Wright, that a portion of a grave had been opened, exposing -bones of humans and animals and broken pottery vessels. - -The letter was delivered to Carl H. Chapman, then Director of American -Archaeology at the university, who visited the site and decided that -further investigations were advisable. Professor Chapman directed the -writer to make limited investigations at the site. This work was done in -3 days beginning September 1, with the very capable assistance of -Leonard Blake and Winton Meyer of St. Louis, and Robert Wright of St. -Charles. - -The new road cut which exposed the remains is located at the eastern -edge of an old field, which has an elevation of 90 feet above the river -flood plain. Erosion had removed much of the dark topsoil from above the -light colored loess, which apparently is very deep. At five locations in -the road cut, dark deposits of cultural debris were observed in clearly -defined pits which had been cross-sectioned by the grading machines. -These pits were grouped at the deeper excavations for the road which -were approximately 500 feet apart. At several places, in loose earth -along the road, Indian artifacts were found where the grading operations -had deposited them; their exact provenience is therefore, doubtful. - -Pits _A_ and _B_ were at the north end of the field and were exposed in -the vertical bank at the east side of the new road. Both had been gouged -by curious persons, and nothing is known of the material removed prior -to the work described here. - -Pit _A_ could be clearly defined in outline beneath 28 inches of -overburden. This overburden consisted of 4 inches of top soil and 24 -inches of light colored soil. The pit outlined by the cultural fill -measured 8 inches deep, and had been approximately 40 inches in -diameter. Excavation later revealed that the deposit extended only 13 -inches into the bank, the greater part of the deposit having been -previously removed. The sterile overburden was examined as it was -removed from above the pit. The pit fill was so compact that Blake had -difficulty in examining it. The deposit contained 3 rimsherds (Fig. 1) -and 31 bodysherds in the upper part, and considerable bone scrap of -animals in the lower. A trace of burned clay and a few small lumps of -fired limestone were scattered in the fill. Charred wood was collected -for radiocarbon dating, and according to Dr. J. B. Griffin of the -University of Michigan and Professor H. R. Crane, University of Michigan -Memorial-Phoenix Radiocarbon Laboratory, it was found to be dated -(M-619)—1240±200 years before present, which would give the date before -1950 as A.D. 710±200. Also found in the pit were a few flint flakes and -one crude flint blank. The bones in pit _A_ were thought to be from game -animals and consisted of 5 mandibles and 2 long bones. A large mandible, -from which all the teeth had been removed by pot-hunters, is thought to -be that of a bison. Three mandibles were from deer. - - [Illustration: Figure 1. Pit A pottery] - - a - THE LIP HAS BEEN SMOOTHED. - THE CORDMARKED EXTERIOR SURFACE IS BROWN, THE INTERIOR IS DARK GREY - b - c - EXTERIOR COLOR OF b AND C IS DARK BROWN TO LIGHT BROWN. THE - CORDMARKING IS TYPICAL OF THE SITE, INTERIORS ARE SMOOTH, - COLOR IS A DULL BROWN. THE TEMPER IS CLAY - c - THIS SHERD IS PROBABLY NAPLES DENTATE STAMPED OF THE MIDDLE WOODLAND - OR HOPEWELL COMPLEX. ITS OCCURRENCE IN THIS PIT IS PUZZLING. - -The potsherds from pit _A_ are from large vessels, and with one -exception they have lightly re-smoothed cordmarked exteriors. All sherds -have been smoothed inside. Of the three rimsherds recovered, two have -rounded lips and one a rather flat lip which, in the process of -smoothing, received considerable more burring over the outer edge than -those with the rounded lip. All sherds are hard and clay tempered. The -color of these sherds is a muddy-brown or brownish-grey. An exceptional -sherd from pit _A_ is tan in color, clay tempered except for a few -particles of grit, has a smooth interior and is decorated on the outer -surface with roulette or dentate stamping (Fig. 1, d). - -Pit _B_, located 33 feet south of pit _A_ in the same east bank was -similar, but only a small remnant of it remained after the usual -vandalism. This pit was beneath 24 inches of overburden; it had a -concentration of cultural fill that measured 6 inches in depth and the -diameter had been approximately 30 inches. Small lumps of fired -limestone were scattered through the fill, which included two rimsherds -(Fig. 2, a and b) and 12 small body sherds. One rimsherd is evidently -from a miniature pot. It is smooth inside and out, grey in color, very -hard and without apparent tempering material. The other rimsherd is -similar to those from pit _A_ which have the rounded lips. The body -sherds seem to be from rather large vessels which had cordmarked -exterior surfaces and are clay tempered except for one which was -tempered with grit. One flake of white chert showed usage. - -Pit _C_ was a small, poorly defined deposit of material foreign to the -light colored soil about it. The top of the deposit was 15 inches below -the present surface of the field. Three large cordmarked sherds and a -number of small ones were excavated. There were also bits of burned clay -and a few flint chips. Nearby, in the disturbed earth of the road, -several large, grit tempered and cordmarked sherds were recovered. - -Pit _D_ was exposed partly in the west bank of the road at its southern -end. In addition to the part of the pit exposed in the cutbank, the -horizontal outline of the pit could be traced on the surface of the -graded road. Approximately half the contents of the pit had been graded -away. This pit, which excavation revealed to be 20 inches deep, as -marked by the dark fill, was covered by 18 inches of light colored soil. -The sides belled considerably and the flat, oval bottom measured 4 feet -northwest to southeast by 5 feet northeast to southwest. - - [Illustration: Figure 2. Pits B and D, Artifacts] - - PIT B POTTERY - a - INTERIOR IS DARK GREY - b - FRAGMENT OF A MINIATURE POT SURFACES ARE SMOOTH AND GREY - NO TEMPERING VISIBLE. - SECTION OF CLAY RING - PERFORATED CANINE - CORDMARKED DISC OF TAN COLORED POTTERY - PROJECTILE POINTS ARE FROM FLAKES CHIPPED AROUND THE EDGES - a AND d. ARE OF PINK CHALCEDONY - FLINT FLAKE DRILL - -Over 150 potsherds were recovered; 17 were rims of vessels, nine are -sketched in Figure 3. With few exceptions, these rims were similar to -those from pits _A_ and _B_ and are from large vessels. They were -cordmarked, very hard, and are tempered with clay and some grit. Many -sherds break squarely, others flake badly and even crumble. From these -potsherds, one vessel has been restored sufficiently to give its -characteristics (Fig. 4). The pot, of about 3 quarts capacity, is 8 -inches high, 8 inches at its greatest diameter and is rather thin -walled. It has dark grey paste, is clay tempered, very hard and has fine -vertical cordmarks over the upper body with cordmarks at random below -the shoulder. The smooth interior has small angular impressions or -punctates inside the lip, which is slightly everted. This vessel, -considerably different from the others at the site, is very similar to -one from Arnold-Research Cave which is 70 miles west in Callaway County, -Missouri (Shippee, 1966). The pot from the cave was shell tempered. In a -personal communication of April 13, 1959, Dr. James B. Griffin states -that in theory the pottery from this site can be compared to that from -sites where Canteen grit tempered cordmarked and perhaps Korando clay -tempered cordmarked material is recovered. Of the many sherds recovered -from pit _D_, all are cordmarked or brushed. One sherd is from a vessel -with a thick conical base. - -A baked clay object from pit _D_ seems to be a section of a small ring -(Fig. 2). One unperforated disc of cordmarked pottery was found (Fig. -2). Three projectile points were found (Fig. 2). These points were made -from flakes struck from cores. Two have only primary chipping around the -perimeter; the third has secondary chipping on one edge. Two of the -points were made from a pale pink chalcedony. Of the small number of -flint flakes found, few show evidence of use, but one had been modified -to form a drill (Fig. 2). The perforated canine of a dog or wolf was in -the fill of this pit (Fig. 2). Two antler sections have been altered; -one by a cut which removed the tine and the other by cutting or scraping -to thin it. Bone scrap of fish and animals, mussel shells and burned -limestone fragments occurred in pit _D_. Of the considerable charcoal -recovered from pit _D_, a sample sent to Michigan was dated (M-620) at -930±100 years B.P. or A.D. 1020±100 before 1950. The wood was from a -white ash group, a red oak group and hickory. Identification by R. -Yarnell Nov. 21, 1962. Reported by letter from George J. Armelagos Jan. -28, 1963. - -Pit _E_ contained one rimsherd similar to those numerous on the site, -and 14 body sherds, one of which was from a large vessel having a -conoidal base. Three sherds were from a miniature pot. Pit _E_ was 24 -feet south of pit _D_ and on the same west road bank. It could be -defined below 19 inches of light colored overburden and had a depth of 8 -inches. A radiocarbon date for charcoal from pit _E_ is (M-621)—1180±100 -B.P. or A.D. 770±100 before 1950. The charcoal was from red oak and -white oak groups, as identified by Richard Yarnell at the University of -Michigan. - - [Illustration: Figure 3. Pit D pottery] - - INTERIOR - IMPRESSIONS INSIDE LIP ARE BY A CORD WRAPPED ROD - INTERIOR - EXTERIOR OF THE LARGE RIMS HAVE VERTICAL CORDMARKS, LIP TO SHOULDER - AND AT RANDOM BELOW. - SLIGHT RESMOOTHING IS EVIDENT, COLOR IS BROWN TO BLACK. - ALL PIT D RIMS HAVE CORDMARKED EXTERIORS - LIP AND INTERIOR ARE PREDOMINATELY SMOOTHED - SHERD INTERIOR IS ON RIGHT - - [Illustration: Figure 4.] - - RESTORED FROM PIT D - SMALL DENTATE IMPRESSIONS ARE ON THE INSIDE OF THE LIP. - EXTERIOR - BRUSHED EXTERIOR - INTERIOR - SURFACE OF ROAD - -From the surface of the road there was collected three rimsherds, 20 -body sherds, bone scrap, and a hammerstone which had a pit in two of its -flat faces. Artifacts are reported to have been found on the surface of -the field surrounding this hilltop site, but we found scant evidence of -occupation in the plowed soil. This lack of surface material may be -further evidence of considerable deposition over the pits that were -exposed in the roadway across the site. - -Leonard Blake sent a copy of the original manuscript of this excavation -to Patrick J. Munson of the Department of Anthropology, University of -Illinois, and Mr. Munson kindly submitted comparisons and comments on -the 23SC50 and Late Woodland ceramics in the American Bottoms. The -following is from his letter of June 15, 1966. - -“The pottery shows similarities to both Korondo Cordmarked and what I -call “Early Bluff” (which includes part of what Griffin calls Canteen -Cordmarked and which conforms to part of Titterington’s Jersey Bluff -focus). Korondo and Early Bluff are definitely related in some way -(probably regional variants of what is basically the same cultural -pattern) and your material therefore represents still another variant of -this same pattern. - -The comparisons and contrasts can best be illuminated in the following -table: - - Korondo Early Bluff St. Charles - - Vessel Shape x x x - Mostly Cordmarked x x x - Mostly Sherd Tempered x x - Mostly Grit Tempered x - Squared Lip x - Rounded, “sloppy” lip x x - Interior Lip Cord Wrapped Stick stamp x x x - Interior Lip plain stamp x x - Exterior Lip plain stamp x - Vertical Lip plain stamp x - Undecorated Lip x x x - -As such, your material seems about as similar to one as the other, every -attribute being shared with either Korondo or Early Bluff, or with both. - -Also your radiocarbon dates, or at least the two earliest ones, conform -quite well. Dr. Robert Hall, now of the University of Chicago, has two -dates for a Korondo site in the southern part of the American Bottoms -(Stolle Quarry) AD-700 and 900, and by a process of elimination, Early -Bluff in the northern portion of the Bottoms must date pre-850. (Korondo -is found in the southern part of the Bottoms and south; Early Bluff is -in the northern portion and north.) Your one dentate stamped sherd (Fig. -1) is probably Naples Dentate Stamped, and as such is surely an -accidental inclusion—I doubt if this Middle Woodland type was made later -than A.D. 400 at the latest. Also the largest projectile point from pit -_D_ looks like a sloppy Snyders Point, again a Middle Woodland type and -probably an accident (or a specimen collected by the Late Woodland -peoples). The smallest point from the pit is probably a Late Woodland -Koster Point (cf. Perino, 1963, Central States Arch. Jour., Vol. 10, No. -3, pp. 95-100). - -An attribute you might include in your pottery description is the -direction of twist of cords used in making the cordmarkings; “S” twist -(right hand) and “Z” twist (left hand)—but remember, the impressions on -the pottery are negative, so the _cord was the opposite of the -impressions that you see_. I found the percentage of this attribute -quite significant in separating Early Bluff from Late Bluff.” - - - CONCLUSION - -The three days of salvage archaeology at this site at St. Charles, -Missouri were well rewarded by the information gained and especially by -the recovery of charcoal associated with the artifacts in the pits. The -three radiocarbon dates, with the exception of the late one, must be of -considerable value to archaeologists investigating sites in the Midwest, -and especially those in the vicinity of St. Louis and the American -Bottoms. As for the site, the writer understands that it is totally -built over, but isolated finds during construction work at the location -could provide further important knowledge of the prehistoric Indians who -inhabited the site. The passage of 16 years since the initial -investigation, before this report could be concluded, is further proof -that the archaeologist’s job is a difficult one to pursue, and it is -only by the persistent endeavor and cooperation of the various persons -interested that anything is accomplished. - - - - - FOOTNOTES - - -[1]Parentheses indicate estimated measurement - -[2]Based on data from Table 34, Myers and Bass (n.d.) - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - -—Silently corrected a few typos. - -—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - -—In the text versions only, text in _italics_ is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Missouri Archaeologist, Volume 34, -No. 1 and 2, December 1972, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MISSOURI ARCHAEOLOGIST *** - -***** This file should be named 63219-0.txt or 63219-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/3/2/1/63219/ - - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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