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Westgate, a Project Gutenberg eBook. - </title> - <link rel="cover" href="images/cover_epub.jpg" /> - <style type="text/css"> - -body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} - -p {margin-top: .75em; text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: .75em; text-indent: 1.5em;} - -hr {width: 33%; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; - margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; clear: both;} - -hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-top: 2em;} -hr.full {width: 95%; margin-top: 2em;} -hr.tb {width: 45%;} -hr.r10 {width: 10%; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;} - -table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border-collapse: collapse;} -.tblcont tr:hover {background-color: #f5f5f5;} - -.pagenum {position: absolute; right: 3.5%; font-style: normal; /* prevent italics, etc. */ - font-size: small; text-align: right; color: #808080;} /* page numbers */ -.bbox {border: solid #000 1px;} - -.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} -.smaller {font-size: 0.8em;} -.tdc {text-align: center; margin:0; text-indent: 0;} -.tdl {text-align: left;} -.tdr {text-align: right;} -.tdl2 {text-align: left; padding-left:2em;} -.p0 {text-indent: 0;} -h1, h2, h3, .caption4 {font-weight: bold; text-align: center; text-indent:0;} -h1 {font-size:1.75em; margin-top: 1.5em;} -h2 {font-size:1.50em; margin-top: 1.0em;} -h3 {font-size:1.25em; margin-top: 0.5em;} -.caption3nb {font-size:1.25em; text-align: center; text-indent:0; margin-top: 1.0em;} -.caption4 {font-size:1.15em; margin-top: 0.5em;} -.pmt4 {margin-top: 4em;} -.pmb4 {margin-bottom: 4em;} - -/* Images */ - -.fig_center {margin: auto; text-align: center;} - -.fig_right {float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 1em; - margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; - margin-right: 0; padding: 0; text-align: center;} - -.fig_caption {font-size: 0.8em; margin-bottom: 1em; - margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em; text-align: center;} - -.vtop {vertical-align: top;} - -/* Transcriber's notes */ -.transnotes {background-color: #e6e6fa; color: black; padding:1.5em; - margin-bottom:5em;} - -/* Footnotes */ -.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} -.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} -.fnanchor {vertical-align: super; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;} - - </style> - </head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of USDA Farmers' Bulletin No. 550: Crimson -Clover: Growing the Crop, by John Minton Westgate - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: USDA Farmers' Bulletin No. 550: Crimson Clover: Growing the Crop - -Author: John Minton Westgate - -Release Date: September 10, 2020 [EBook #63165] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK USDA BULLETIN NO. 552: CRIMSON CLOVER *** - - - - -Produced by Tom Cosmas from files generously made available -by USDA through The Internet Archive. All resultant -materials are placed in the Public Domain. - - - - - - -</pre> - - - - - - - - -<div class="fig_center bbox" style="width: 346px;"> -<img src="images/cover.png" width="346" height="511" alt="USDA Farmers' Bulletin No. 550: Crimson Clover: Growing the Crop, by J. M. Westgate" /> -</div> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[ 1 ]</a></span></p> - - -<p class="tdr smaller">Issued July 9, 1913.</p> - -<p class="caption3nb">U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.</p> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<p class="caption4">Farmers' Bulletin 550</p> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<h1>CRIMSON CLOVER:</h1> - -<h3>GROWING THE CROP.</h3> - - -<p class="tdc pmt4">BY</p> - -<h2>J. M. WESTGATE</h2> - -<p class="tdc pmt4 pmb4"><i>Agronomist in Charge of Clover Investigations. Office of Forage-Crop Investigations, -Bureau of Plant Industry.</i></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 222px;"> -<img src="images/logo.png" width="222" height="218" alt="USDA Logo" /> -</div> - -<p class="tdc pmt4 pmb4">WASHINGTON:<br /> -GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE,<br /> -1913.</p> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[ 2 ]</a></span></p> - - - -<h2>LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.</h2> - -<hr class="tb" /> - - -<div class="tdr"> -<span style="margin-right: 4em;"><span class="smcap">U. S. Department of Agriculture</span>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-right: 2.5em;"><span class="smcap">Bureau or Plant Industry</span>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-right: 1.5em;"><span class="smcap">Office or the Chief</span>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-right: 0.5em;"><i>Washington, D. C., June 12, 1915</i>.</span><br /> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Sir:</span> I have the honor to transmit herewith and to recommend for publication as a Farmers' Bulletin -the accompanying manuscript entitled "Crimson Clover: Growing the Crop." This has been prepared -by Mr. J. M. Westgate, Agronomist in Charge of Clover Investigations, and has been submitted by Prof. -C. V. Piper, Agrostologist in Charge of Forage-Crop Investigations, with a view to publication. It is -expected that this bulletin will be followed soon by other bulletins, each treating of some particular phase -of this important crop.</p> - -<p>Respectfully,</p> - -<div class="tdr"><span class="smcap" style="margin-right: 6em;">Wm. A. Taylor,</span><br /> - <span style="margin-right: 5em;"><i>Chief of Bureau</i>.</span></div> - -<p class="p0">Hon. <span class="smcap">D. F. Houston</span>,<br /> - <span style="margin-left: 1.5em;"><i>Secretary of Agriculture</i>.</span></p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS">CONTENTS.</a></h2> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<table class="tblcont" summary="ToC"> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr smaller">Page.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Introduction</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#INTRODUCTION">3</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">History and present distribution of crimson clover</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#HISTORY_AND_PRESENT_DISTRIBUTION_OF_CRIMSON_CLOVER">3</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Requirements for obtaining and maintaining a stand of crimson clover</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#REQUIREMENTS_FOR_OBTAINING_AND_MAINTAINING_A_STAND_OF_CRIMSON_CLOVER">5</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl2"> Preparation of the Seed bed</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#PREPARATION">6</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl2"> Fertilizers for crimson clover</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FERTILIZERS">6</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl2"> Liming soils for crimson clover</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#LIMING_SOILS">7</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl2"> Inoculation for crimson clover</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#INOCULATION">8</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl2"> Seeding crimson clover</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#SEEDING1">8</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Various methods of seeding crimson clover</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#VARIOUS_METHODS_OF_SEEDING_CRIMSON_CLOVER">9</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl2"> Seeding crimson clover in intertilled crops</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#SEEDING2">10</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl2"> Seeding crimson clover after early-maturing crops</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#SEEDING3">12</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl2"> Seeding crimson clover with late summer-seeded annual crops</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#SEEDING4">13</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl2"> Crimson clover in mixtures with other legumes and grain</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#CRIMSON_CLOVER">13</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl2"> Seeding crimson clover alone</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#SEEDING5">15</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Treatment of crimson clover stands after seeding</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#TREATMENT_OF_CRIMSON_CLOVER_STANDS_AFTER_SEEDING">15</a></td> -</tr> -</table> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2><a name="ILLUSTRATIONS" id="ILLUSTRATIONS">ILLUSTRATIONS.</a></h2> - -<hr class="tb" /> - - -<table class="tblcont" summary="ToC"> -<tr> - <td colspan="2"></td> - <td class="tdr smaller">Page.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl vtop" rowspan="5">Fig.</td> - <td class="tdr">1.</td> - <td class="tdl">A single plant of crimson clover.</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#fig1">4</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">2.</td> - <td class="tdl">A crimson-clover failure on ground too poor in humus</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#fig2">5</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">3.</td> - <td class="tdl">Seeding crimson clover in corn at the last cultivation</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#fig3">10</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">4.</td> - <td class="tdl">Crimson clover in an old cornfield</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#fig4">11</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdr">5.</td> - <td class="tdl">Crimson clover and wheat in mixture</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#fig5">14</a></td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[ 3 ]</a></span></p> - - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h1>CRIMSON CLOVER: GROWING THE CROP.</h1> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2 style="page-break-before: avoid;"><a name="INTRODUCTION" id="INTRODUCTION">INTRODUCTION.</a></h2> - - -<p>Probably the most important characteristic of crimson clover is -its ability to grow and make its crop during the season when the -land is not occupied by the ordinary summer-growth crops. In -sections where it succeeds, crimson clover can be sown following a -grain crop or in an intertilled crop in late summer and will mature a -hay crop the following spring in time to plow the land for spring-seeded -crops, such as corn or cotton. It may even be held for seed -as far north as central Delaware and the stubble be plowed under in -time for seeding the quick-maturing strains of corn. It may be -turned under for soil improvement when only 6 inches high if it Is -desired to fit the land for early spring-seeded crops Even if only -the stubble be turned under, the effect upon the succeeding crop will -be marked, especially if the soil be deficient in nitrogenous fertilizers. -The plowing under of the entire plant, however, will more rapidly -correct any deficiency of nitrates or humus in the soil. It is one of -the best cover crops for use in orchards and, in fact, under any conditions -where the soil is likely to wash during the winter months. The -many uses to which this crop may be put merit a careful study of the -best methods of establishing ii stand of crimson clover upon a farm.</p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><a name="HISTORY_AND_PRESENT_DISTRIBUTION_OF_CRIMSON_CLOVER" id="HISTORY_AND_PRESENT_DISTRIBUTION_OF_CRIMSON_CLOVER">HISTORY AND PRESENT DISTRIBUTION OF CRIMSON CLOVER.</a></h2> - - -<p>Crimson clover (<a href="#fig1">fig. 1</a>) is frequently called "Scarlet clover" and, -somewhat loss commonly, "German clover," "Italian clover," -"French clover," "Incarnate clover," "Annual clover," etc. It -occurs wild in England and in eastern and southern Europe and is -grown as a forage and soil-improving crop in Italy, France, Germany, -Austria, and Great Britain. It was introduced into this country as -early as 1822, but was grown only to a very limited extent until about -1880. It has proved especially adapted to the lighter, sandy soils -of the eastern part of the United States where the winters are not -too severe.</p> - -<p>In the Middle Atlantic States it is also grown to a considerable -extent on the clay soils of the Piedmont section.</p> - -<p>In Michigan it is sometimes used on the sandy soils as a cover crop -in peach orchards, although it frequently winterkills. It can not -ordinarily survive the severe winters of the Northern States.<a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> In such northern sections where a fall-seeded legume is desired it is suggested that hairy vetch seeded -with rye be used instead. See Farmers' Bulletin 515, entitled "Vetches."</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[ 4 ]</a></span></p></div> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 542px;"><a id="fig1"></a> -<img src="images/fig1.png" width="542" height="609" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 1.</span>—A single plant of crimson clover.</div> -</div> - -<p>Crimson clover is a "winter annual," that is, it ordinarily makes -its early growth in the autumn, passes the winter in a somewhat dormant -but green state, makes a very early spring growth, and matures -its seed and dies before summer. It makes little or no growth in -very hot weather and therefore should not be sown in the spring, -except in the extreme North, where it may make a satisfactory growth -by autumn, so that & hay crop may be taken from it at that time.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[ 5 ]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="REQUIREMENTS_FOR_OBTAINING_AND_MAINTAINING_A_STAND_OF_CRIMSON_CLOVER" id="REQUIREMENTS_FOR_OBTAINING_AND_MAINTAINING_A_STAND_OF_CRIMSON_CLOVER">REQUIREMENTS FOR OBTAINING AND MAINTAINING A STAND OF CRIMSON CLOVER.</a></h2> - - -<div class="fig_right" style="width: 367px;"><a id="fig2"></a> -<img src="images/fig2.png" width="367" height="554" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 2.</span>—A crimson-clover failure on ground too poor in humus.</div> -</div> - -<p>Unless the conditions of soil and moisture are exactly right it is not -an easy matter to establish a satisfactory stand of crimson clover, -even in the sections where it is most extensively produced. (<a href="#fig2">Fig. 2.</a>) -The lack of timely -rains in late summer -is responsible for -most of the failures to -obtain a satisfactory -stand. The young -seedlings are very -easily killed by the -hot sun or lack of -moisture. On the -other hand, if the -seeding be delayed -too long, as, for instance, in waiting for -the proper conditions -of soil moisture, the -plants will be unable -to make sufficient -growth to withstand -the winter. Briefly -speaking, crimson clover should be seeded -shallow on a moist, -reasonably fertile, -well-drained, well-settled seed bed. Inoculation in some -form should be provided, especially -when seeding it for -the first time on any -fields in sections comparatively new to -this crop.</p> - -<p>Crimson clover is not adapted to the white-clay lands in their -present condition in some portions of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. -Such fields should be seeded to soy beans or cowpeas when a leguminous -crop is desired for soil improvement or other purposes.<a name="FNanchor_2" id="FNanchor_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> Crimson -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[ 6 ]</a></span> -clover does not do well on rough, newly cleared land and it ordinarily -requires the production of two or three crops or a special -preparation by liming, manuring, and inoculating before such land -presents conditions satisfactory for seeding. It is usually better to -sow rye for a winter cover and cowpeas for a summer crop if a cover -crop is thought to be needed. In any section where crimson clover -has not been previously grown the first seeding should be on a small -scale to determine whether or not it is a practicable crop for the locality -in question.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_2" id="Footnote_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> These white-clay soils are nearly always sour, deficient In humus, and poorly drained. If limed, -subsoiled, drained, and supplied with humus, such soils are said to grow crimson clover satisfactorily.</p></div> - - -<h3><a id="PREPARATION"></a>PREPARATION OF THE SEED BED.</h3> - -<p>The seed bed for crimson clover should be firm, moist, well settled, -and fine on top. Any efforts that may be expended to conserve the -soil moisture previous to seeding are usually justified, especially if -there be any lack of rainfall during the month previous or the month -following seeding. Where the clover is seeded in an intertilled crop, -such as corn, cotton, or tomatoes, the customary cultivation received -by these crops is ordinarily sufficient for the needs of crimson clover. -Where grain-stubble land is plowed in preparation for the clover a -month or six weeks are ordinarily required for the soil to settle sufficiently -to make a proper seed bed, since after plowing at least one -soaking rain, which compacts the soil and fills it with moisture, is -essential to the proper preparation of the seed bed for crimson clover. -If the ground be disked, a much shorter time and less rain are required -for the proper settling of the seed bed. The best method of retaining -the moisture in the seed bed is to harrow or give shallow cultivation -shortly after each rain. A fine soil mulch on the surface will -largely prevent the soil just beneath the surface from losing its moisture -through evaporation. Such surface tillage should, of course, -be given before seeding the crimson clover.</p> - - -<h3><a id="FERTILIZERS"></a>FERTILIZERS FOR CRIMSON CLOVER.</h3> - -<p>Under the ordinary conditions of soil fertility the fertilizer applied -to the preceding crop is sufficient for the needs of crimson clover. -This is especially true where the clover follows such crops as potatoes -or tomatoes, which are ordinarily heavily treated with fertilizers that -are not entirely used up by these crops. It is important to realize, -however, that crimson clover has a very short period of growth and -that to make a vigorous growth it must have a good supply of plant -food. On sandy soils where there has been no recent application of -fertilizers it is often the practice to apply from 200 to 400 pounds of a -mixture of equal parts of acid phosphate and kainite. On clay soils -300 or 400 pounds per acre of acid phosphate are ordinarily sufficient. -If the soil be low in nitrates a light application of nitrate of soda will -assist materially in giving the young clover plants a good start and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[ 7 ]</a></span> -winter which otherwise might have proved fatal to the stand. If -the seeding has been delayed, as by waiting for suitable rains, an -application of nitrate fertilizer will stimulate the young plants and -enable them to make an increased growth before winter.</p> - -<p>Any direct application of fertilizer is usually made at seeding time, -but some few farmers have been found who apply it as a top dressing -very early the following spring, giving as a reason that there is no -loss from winter leaching and that the plants are by this method -nourished at the time they are making their most vigorous growth. -Such top dressings of fertilizer should not be made while the leaves -are wet with rain or dew. Where stable manure is applied to crimson -clover very marked results follow. It may be spread just before -seeding, when the clover is not grown in an intertilled crop, or it may -be applied as a top dressing in winter or very early spring.</p> - -<p>The more vigorous the growth that can be induced by the application -of suitable fertilizers the more marked will be the increase in the -yield of the succeeding crops. On soil not well supplied with humus -or plant food the use of a reasonable amount of fertilizer will often -enable a successful crop of clover and succeeding crops to be produced -where, had not the fertilizers been applied, the clover would have -failed. Furthermore, the following crop, particularly if it be corn, -would also fail to give the increased yield which follows a successful -stand of crimson clover.</p> - -<p>An application of barnyard manure will be found to be especially -effective in obtaining a stand of crimson clover on any thin, galled -spots in the field. The manure should be worked into the ground -and, if possible, a second application as a top dressing should be -given such thin places to partially shade the ground from the August -sun while the seedlings are establishing themselves.</p> - - -<h3><a id="LIMING_SOILS"></a>LIMING SOILS FOR CRIMSON CLOVER.</h3> - -<p>Most of the soils in the crimson-clover sections will be found to be -benefited by liming. Crimson clover, however, does not appear to -require lime to the extent that red clover does. Frequently on -well-drained soils in a good state of fertility the crimson clover -makes a vigorous growth without the use of lime. The stands are, -however, usually more uniformly good over the limed parts of such -fields than on the parts that have received no line. The opinion -among individual farmers appears to be about equally divided as to -whether or not it pays them to lime their soils for crimson clover. -In considering the advisability of applying lime one must not lose -sight of the need of lime on the part of such other crops as cantaloupes -or peaches, which require lime and which are either grown -with the clover or follow it. Inasmuch as the extent of the benefit -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[ 8 ]</a></span> -is somewhat uncertain it is suggested that the particular requirements -of the farm in question be determined by liming small plats -at different rates before any considerable areas are limed. The -most profitable rate of application can then be adopted for the -whole acreage.</p> - - -<h3><a id="INOCULATION"></a>INOCULATION FOR CRIMSON CLOVER.</h3> - -<p>Fortunately most of the soils in the crimson-clover sections appear -to be already inoculated. This is especially true in sandy soil areas -where crimson clover has been grown for a number of seasons. In -sections new to this crop inoculation in some form is usually necessary. -On clay soils inoculation is not always present, even though -crimson clover may have been grown, for a number of successive -seasons on other fields of the farm.</p> - -<p>An experiment conducted by the Alabama State Agricultural Experiment -Station shows how essential inoculation is on soils which -have not previously grown crimson clover. In this experiment a -yield of 4,057 pounds of crimson clover hay was secured where the -plants were inoculated, as compared with only 761 pounds where no -inoculation was provided. In another test by the same station the -inoculated plat of crimson clover yielded at the rate of 6,100 pounds -of cured hay per acre, while the uninoculated plat was a total failure.</p> - -<p>Inoculation by the use of soil from a crimson-clover field is considerably -more certain than is inoculation by the use of pure cultures, -but soil inoculation is open to the danger of introducing noxious -weeds, insects, and plant diseases, especially if the soil is brought -from a distance. There is much less danger in this respect if soil -from inoculated plants can be obtained in the same neighborhood. -One very practicable method is to apply a bottle of pure culture<a name="FNanchor_3" id="FNanchor_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> -to a pound or two of the seed and sow this in the corner of some field, -or even in the garden. The resulting plants will be quite sure to be -inoculated and will furnish an abundant supply of soil for inoculating -much larger areas at the next seeding. Care must be taken -not to allow the sun to shine upon either the pure cultures or the -soil, or even on the seed after it is broadcasted. For this reason it -is safest to seed on a cloudy day or after sundown. One very satisfactory -method of soil inoculation consists merely in mixing together -equal parts of the proper soil and seed and sowing immediately in -front of the covering harrow.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_3" id="Footnote_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Pure cultures are sent free by the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Full instructions for using them -accompany each bottle.</p></div> - - -<h3><a id="SEEDING1"></a>SEEDING CRIMSON CLOVER.</h3> - -<p>Crimson clover may be sown broadcast, by hand, with a wheel-barrow -"sheep-trough" seeder, or with any of the familiar types of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[ 9 ]</a></span> -rotary seeders. It is sometimes drilled in and there are a number of -specially constructed drills designed for this purpose.</p> - -<p>The consensus of opinion among farmers is that shallow seeding is -generally best, especially upon the clay soils. An inch in sandy soils -and half an inch in clay soils appears to be about the right depth -except in times of drought.</p> - -<p>The ordinary rate of seeding is 15 pounds per acre, although some -use 20 pounds, while others are able to obtain satisfactory stands -with only 12 pounds per acre. One pound of seed per acre provides -for three seeds for every square foot; hence, if every seed produced -a plant, 2 pounds per acre would be theoretically sufficient to secure -a satisfactory stand. Under ordinary circumstances, however, it is -necessary to allow for some of the seed being covered too deep, while -a considerable proportion may prove to be covered too shallow for -successful growth. The principal justification of seeding such a -quantity and at varying depths lies in the fact that in case a dry -season develops after seeding the more deeply covered seeds will be -able to withstand the drought better than those covered to a medium -depth. If an unusually wet season develops, the shallow-planted -seeds will give the best results. Moreover, some of the seed will fail -to germinate. It is also well to have a fairly thick stand of the young -plants, so that the ground may be well covered even during early -fall, and thus prevent the winter-growing weeds from establishing -themselves.</p> - -<p>It is held by many farmers that they are more certain of getting a -stand of crimson clover if they sow the seed in the hull rather than use -the hulled seed as it ordinarily appears on the market. It is claimed -that the hulls hold the moisture to some extent. Seed in the hull can -easily be obtained by flailing out a load of crimson clover which has -been left uncut in the field until the seed is mature. Many farmers -run the clover through an ordinary grain thrasher, which delivers the -seed in the hull.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><a name="VARIOUS_METHODS_OF_SEEDING_CRIMSON_CLOVER" id="VARIOUS_METHODS_OF_SEEDING_CRIMSON_CLOVER">VARIOUS METHODS OF SEEDING CRIMSON CLOVER.</a></h2> - - -<p>Crimson clover may be seeded in late summer in any of the ordinary -intertilled crops. It may be seeded alone following any farm crop -which can be removed from the land by early summer, so that the -seed can be sown in late summer or very early fall. It may also be -seeded for hay in mixture with grain, such as wheat, rye, barley, or -winter oats, which are ready to cut for hay at about the same time as -the clover the following spring. A very light seeding of an animal -catch crop, such as buckwheat, may be made with crimson clover in -time for the catch crop to make its growth before winter.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[ 10 ]</a></span></p> - - -<h3><a id="SEEDING2"></a>SEEDING CRIMSON CLOVER IN INTERTILLED CROPS.</h3> - -<p>Although crimson clover may be seeded in almost any of the intertilled -crops, in this country probably half of it is sown in corn at or -shortly after the time of the last cultivation. (<a href="#fig3">Fig. 3.</a>) It is usually -possible to make such a seeding, obtain a good growth during the fall -and early spring, and mature a crop of hay in time for breaking up the -land for another crop of corn. South of the latitude of central Delaware -it is even possible to mature a crop of clover seed in time for corn -planting. In this way it is possible to grow a crop of corn each year -and at the same time steadily increase the fertility of the soil for a -series of years. Treated in this manner each succeeding crop of corn -can ordinarily be materially increased. Instances are reported where -the yield of corn has been gradually increased by this means from -10 bushels per acre at the start until as high as 70 bushels per acre -were secured.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 539px;"><a id="fig3"></a> -<img src="images/fig3.png" width="539" height="274" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 3.</span>—Seeding crimson clover in corn at the last cultivation.</div> -</div> - -<p>The newly seeded stands of clover in corn are likely to perish if -drought occurs at or after seeding time. Tho growing corn makes -heavy demands on the soil moisture, and if there is not enough moisture -for both clover and corn the latter gets the larger share and the tender -clover plants are likely to succumb. It sometimes happens that a -very light rain shortly after seeding the clover will cause the seeds to -germinate, only to perish during the succeeding days of dry weather. -On account of the competition for moisture between the corn and -clover it is best to cover the clover seed a little deeper than is necessary -when it is sown on fallow land.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[ 11 ]</a></span></p> - -<p>North, of the Potomac River the last cultivation of the corn comes -at about the right time for the best results with clover seeded at the -same time. Farther south, however, there is too much hot weather -after the corn is laid by, and as a consequence it is best to delay the -seeding of the crimson clover until about 8 or 10 weeks before the -first frost may be expected. A light furrow-toothed cultivator or -harrow may be run shallow between the rows to cover the seed. -The seed may be sown broadcast by hand or even from horseback -with a rotary seeder. In such an event, however, it is necessary to -cover the ears of the horse with small bags or socks to prevent the -entrance of the flying seed. A much more even stand is made possible -if the corn is given level tillage rather than the ridged tillage incident -to plowing with a 1-horse corn plow and ridging the land. The -appearance of a field of crimson clover seeded the summer previous -in corn is indicated in <a href="#fig4">figure 4</a>.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 536px;"><a id="fig4"></a> -<img src="images/fig4.png" width="536" height="278" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 4.</span>—Crimson clover in an old cornfield. The clover was seeded in the corn at the last cultivation. -A fodder stack is to be observed in the middle foreground. The cornstalks have been removed to -avoid difficulty in mowing the clover.</div> -</div> - -<p>In North Carolina and southern Virginia it has been found possible -under favorable conditions to obtain a satisfactory stand of clover -by seeding in cotton. The clover should not be sown until 10 or 12 -weeks before frost and the last working of the cotton comes ordinarily -at an earlier date than this. It is necessary that the cotton be given -very clean culture, as well as special attention paid to conserving the -moisture in the prospective clover-seed bed. Unless the first show of -cotton is picked early it is difficult to cover the clover seed without -unduly injuring the opened cotton bolls. In the higher and more -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[ 12 ]</a></span> -northern parts of the cotton belt it is possible to make the clover -seeding before the bolls begin to burst.</p> - -<p>Crimson clover may be seeded in practically any of the cultivated -truck crops which receive their last cultivation from 8 to 12 weeks -before the first frost. It is not practicable to seed the clover in late -potatoes, as the digging of the potatoes in the fall practically destroys -the stand of clover. The heavy application of fertilizers necessary -for the truck crop makes possible a vigorous growth of the clover. -The result is that the soil is materially built up in both nitrogen and -humus. The clover makes its growth at a season of the year when -the land is not ordinarily occupied by any of the regular truck -crops.</p> - -<p>When timely rains follow the seeding it is possible to seed the clover -on the surface of the ground among cantaloupe vines and allow -the first rain to cover the seed. The shade is apparently too dense -under watermelon vines for the clover seedlings to survive. The -writer has obtained a good stand by seeding the clover seed, without -covering, in sweet potatoes the first week in August on sandy land -near Washington, D. C. By hand-digging the potatoes with a spade -a fair stand of the clover plants was left unharmed.</p> - - -<h3><a id="SEEDING3"></a>SEEDING CRIMSON CLOVER AFTER EARLY-MATURING CROPS.</h3> - -<p>It is possible to seed crimson clover after practically any of the -ordinary farm crops which can be removed from the land three months -before frost.</p> - -<p>It is somewhat difficult to obtain anything like an ideal seed bed -for crimson clover where a field of grain stubble has been plowed -under. The soil in a stubble field is apt to be dry and cloddy when -plowed, while the stubble tends to form a dry mat at the bottom of -each furrow. Such a condition is likely to continue for a number of -weeks after plowing and to result disastrously to the clover seedlings -unless there be abundant and frequent rains. It is ordinarily a better -practice to disk the grain stubble and harrow every week, or at least -after every rain, in order to settle the ground and assist in holding the -moisture pending the time of seeding. Such frequent harrowings -will also kill the successive crops of germinating weed seeds, which -might otherwise injure the young stand of clover.</p> - -<p>On the other hand, the ground from which early potatoes have been -removed is very favorable for the establishment of a stand of crimson -clover. The residual effect of the fertilizers used on the potatoes is -partially responsible for this, while the well-settled seed bed, which -requires only leveling and harrowing, also presents favorable conditions -for the crimson-clover seedlings.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[ 13 ]</a></span></p> - - -<h3><a id="SEEDING4"></a>SEEDING CRIMSON CLOVER WITH LATE SUMMER-SEEDED ANNUAL CROPS.</h3> - -<p>Crimson clover may be seeded in midsummer or in late summer -with a very light seeding of buckwheat. The buckwheat soon forms -an ideal shade for the young clover plants and unless frosts occur very -early a crop of buckwheat may usually be harvested. This method -has been suggested as being applicable when seeding the clover in -cotton. If the buckwheat is not seeded until August it will not ordinarily -produce seed in the latitude of Washington, D. C. Wherever -possible, the seeding of buckwheat and crimson clover should be -made so early that there will be time for the buckwheat to mature its -seed crop, as in this way the buckwheat itself will pay for the expense -of starting both stands. A light seeding of the buckwheat must be -made, as an ordinary stand of buckwheat shades the ground so completely -as to destroy the crimson clover.</p> - -<p>Another method of preventing the injurious effect of the hot sun of -late summer is to make a light seeding of cowpeas at the same time -that the crimson clover is seeded. The cowpeas germinate promptly, -and being rather thin on the ground do not injure the stand of clover, -but on the contrary afford sufficient shade to prevent the soil from -becoming as hot as it otherwise would. In addition, the clover plants -receive some protection from the direct rays of the sun. There is -ordinarily not enough time for the cowpeas to mature, so they are -either mown for hay or left standing to catch the snow during the -winter and protect the stand of clover. In seedlings made by the -writer half a bushel of cowpeas per acre, broadcasted, gave vary satisfactory -results, the seeding being made August 1 on sandy ground -near Washington, D. C. The clover and cowpeas were sown broadcast -on early-potato ground and covered from one-half to 1 inch -deep.</p> - -<p>If a light seeding of turnips be made with the clover, the turnip -plants will afford some protection to the young clover plants and at -the same time will ordinarily yield a fair crop of turnips. About 1 -pound of turnip seed and 15 pounds of clover seed should be sown to -the acre. If the seeding of turnips be at all heavy the coarse-growing -turnip plants will choke out too many of the clover plants. The Cow -Horn turnips appear to be especially adapted for seeding with crimson -clover.</p> - - -<h3><a id="CRIMSON_CLOVER"></a>CRIMSON CLOVER IN MIXTURES WITH OTHER LEGUMES AND GRAIN.</h3> - -<p>When crimson clover is seeded alone on good soil it is likely to make -so rank a growth as to lodge. To overcome this difficulty it is a common -practice to seed some small-grain crop with the clover at seeding -time. South of the Potomac River winter oats are ordinarily very -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[ 14 ]</a></span> -satisfactory, especially when seeded with the late white-blooming -strain of crimson clover. In Delaware and eastern Maryland wheat -is commonly used. In addition to wheat and oats, rye or barley -is sometimes used. -The customary rate -of seeding is about 15 -pounds of clover seed -and 30 pounds of -grain per acre. The -accompanying illustration (<a href="#fig5">fig. 5</a>) indicates the appearance -of a field seeded to -a mixture of crimson -clover and wheat. -The grain prevents -the clover from lodging, facilitates the -curing of the clover -hay, and, in addition, -forms a valuable -constituent of the -resulting hay crop. -The yield of the mixture is ordinarily -somewhat more than -when the clover is -seeded alone. The -Alabama State Agricultural Experiment -Station secured as -the average for two years' experiments the following yields of hay:</p> - -<table style="width: 25em; margin-bottom: 2.5em;" summary="data"> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td>Yield per acre.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Crimson clover seeded alone</td> - <td class="tdr">2,836 pounds.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Crimson clover seeded in mixtures:</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl2"> Barley and crimson clover</td> - <td class="tdr">3,695 pounds.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl2"> Wheat and crimson clover</td> - <td class="tdr">3,771 pounds.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl2"> Oats and crimson clover</td> - <td class="tdr">4,228 pounds.</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 367px;"><a id="fig5"></a> -<img src="images/fig5.png" width="367" height="420" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 5.</span>—Crimson clover and wheat in mixture. In the foreground -the crop has been cut and fed green to stock. The remainder was -cut the next day for hay. The grain prevents the crimson clover -from lodging.</div> -</div> - -<p>The grain is usually well headed but is in the milk or soft-dough stage -when the clover is ready to cut. The presence of the grain hay makes -the clover hay more easily cured. With winter oats it is usually -best to seed the late white-blooming variety of crimson clover, as the -oat crop matures somewhat later than the ordinary crimson clover. -Another advantage of this mixture is that if either should fail the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[ 15 ]</a></span> -other will be present to serve as a cover crop during winter and bring -some return the following spring.</p> - -<p>Crimson clover may be seeded in mixtures with vetch, shaftal -clover, trefoil, or, in fact, any winter-growing legume which has a -growing season similar to crimson clover. Since most of these -legumes are not upright in their growth it is usually necessary to seed -some grain crop with them to serve as a support and to prevent the -plants from lodging. The grain is ordinarily a surer crop than the -legumes and practically insures the ground being covered with some -crop during the winter and spring months.</p> - - -<h3><a id="SEEDING5"></a>SEEDING CRIMSON CLOVER ALONE.</h3> - -<p>If a good seed bed can be prepared by August 1 in the latitude of -Washington, D. C., crimson clover will ordinarily produce a satisfactory -stand if seeded entirely alone. This is especially true on the -clay soils, where it is often difficult to obtain a successful catch in -corn at the last working. The seed is sown at the same rate as when -seeded in corn, namely, about 15 pounds per acre. It is the common -practice to broadcast the seed and to cover with a very light barrow -or weeder. Unless the August sun be unduly hot and a drought -develops, such seeding will ordinarily produce very satisfactory -results if the soil be reasonably fertile.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><a name="TREATMENT_OF_CRIMSON_CLOVER_STANDS_AFTER_SEEDING" id="TREATMENT_OF_CRIMSON_CLOVER_STANDS_AFTER_SEEDING">TREATMENT OF CRIMSON CLOVER STANDS AFTER SEEDING.</a></h2> - - -<p>Ordinarily no special treatment is required after seeding, and -before winter comes on some fall pasturage may be obtained if the -growth be sufficiently rank. A light pasturing with sheep has been -noted to induce heavier stooling on the part of the crimson clover. -Only a light pasturing with small animals, such as sheep, calves, or -chickens, should be made in either the fall or spring before the early -spring growth is well under way. If the time of seeding has been -delayed, or if for any reason it is feared that the plants will be unable -to make sufficient growth before cold weather, it has been found that -a top dressing of nitrate of soda alone or in mixture with muriato of -potash will greatly hasten the fall growth. This reduces the danger -from winterkilling and heaving out in the early spring.</p> - - -<hr class="full" /> - -<div class="transnotes"> - -<p class="caption3nb">Transcriber Note</p> - -<p>Minor typos have been corrected. Illustrations were moved to prevent -splitting paragraphs. Produced from files generously made available -by USDA through The Internet Archive. All resultant materials are placed -in the Public Domain.</p> - -</div> - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of USDA Farmers' Bulletin No. 550: -Crimson Clover: Growing the Crop, by John Minton Westgate - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK USDA BULLETIN NO. 552: CRIMSON CLOVER *** - -***** This file should be named 63165-h.htm or 63165-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/3/1/6/63165/ - -Produced by Tom Cosmas from files generously made available -by USDA through The Internet Archive. 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