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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..df9df5c --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #63140 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/63140) diff --git a/old/63140-0.txt b/old/63140-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 56c227c..0000000 --- a/old/63140-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1655 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Lost Chapter in the History of the -Steamboat, by John Hazelhurst Boneval Latrobe - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: A Lost Chapter in the History of the Steamboat - -Author: John Hazelhurst Boneval Latrobe - -Release Date: September 7, 2020 [EBook #63140] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LOST CHAPTER--HISTORY OF STEAMBOAT *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - Fund-Publication, No. 5. - - - - - A LOST CHAPTER - IN THE - History of the Steamboat. - - - THE MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY - • 1844 • - - - BY - J. H. B. LATROBE. - - _Baltimore, March, 1871._ - - Printed by John Murphy, - Printer to the Maryland Historical Society, - Baltimore, March, 1871. - - - - - A LOST CHAPTER - IN THE - HISTORY OF THE STEAMBOAT. - - -In the spring of 1828, my law office was in the Athenæum building, so -called, afterwards destroyed by fire. My business was scant, for I had -but recently been admitted to the bar. I was ruminating, no doubt, upon -my prospects, when the door was opened, and a handsome, elderly man, of -distinguished presence, entered and asked me, in rich unctuous tones, -and with a strong Irish accent, if my name was Latrobe, and if I -recollected him. His face was familiar, and so was his voice; but I -could not place him. Seeing that I hesitated, he said, “and it would be -strange if you did, for you were but a bit of a child when you last saw -me in your father’s house. I am John Devereux Delacy,” and he rolled out -his sounding name as though he was proud of it. I recollected him then. -Fourteen or fifteen years back it had been his fancy to pet me as a -child. It was this that had impressed him on my memory. “Ah, you know me -now,” he said: “you remember when I used to be so much with Fulton and -Roosevelt and Chancellor Livingston and Dr. Mitchell, at the Navy Yard -house.” This was the name given to my father’s residence in Washington, -not far from the Navy Yard. After recalling well remembered incidents -and indulging in general remarks for a while, Mr. Delacy took a survey -of my scantily furnished office, and said, “not overwhelmed with -business, my young friend: so much the better for me: you will have the -more time to attend to something I want you to undertake. If you -succeed, it will be the making of both our fortunes. I want suit brought -against every steamboat owner in the United States; and you must begin -with old Billy McDonald, here in Baltimore. See this;” and, suiting the -action to the word, my visitor drew from his breast pocket the original -parchment letters patent, now before me, signed by James Madison, -President, James Monroe, Secretary of State, and Richard Rush, Attorney -General, granting to Nicholas J. Roosevelt the exclusive right to his -‘new and useful improvement in propelling boats by steam.’ Dated -December 1st, 1814. The patent had still some months to run. The -specification contained the following description of the improvement: - - “In a boat or vessel of any form, but of sufficient capacity to - contain the machinery, I place a steam engine of a power proportioned - to the resistance to be overcome in propelling a boat or vessel a - given distance in a given time. This steam engine is supplied by a - boiler of the usual form, or made cylindric, one or more at pleasure, - so as to be of sufficient capacity to feed the engine. I next place - two wheels over the sides, on the axles of which I put fliers, - dispense with them, or otherwise, contrive them at pleasure, either to - regulate motion, or to give additional velocity; or, they may be - connected with the valve shaft and steam engine by wheels, so as to - give any number of revolutions that may be desired. The arms of the - water wheels I would make of wood, to which I attach floats or paddles - of cast iron or thick boiler plate sheet iron, though they may be made - of wood. These floats I make move up and down on the arms by means of - screws and holes, so as to make them deeper or shallower in the water, - in taking a hold on the water, agreeably to the depth of the water the - boat may draw, or the lading there may be on board, or agreeably to - other circumstances. The supporters of the outer ends of the water - wheel shaft to be made of iron with braces, though they may be made of - wood, if required. - - Nicholas J. Roosevelt. - Witnesses: - Jeremiah Ballard, - John Dev’x Delacy.” - -Delacy watched me closely as I read the letters patent; and, I remember, -placed his gloved finger on his own name at the bottom. I had not been -carried away by his promise of a case. He was remarkably well preserved; -but his habiliments approached what might have been called seediness; -although his air and carriage would have borne up against even longer -used apparel. It was easy to be seen that a contingent fee was all that -could be expected: but the parchment, the accuracy of the description, -its perfect correspondence with the steamboats in use, and its date, -made the case look better than I had at first thought it would. - -Taking the letters patent from me, Mr. Delacy placed in my hands a -carefully prepared assignment from Roosevelt to William Griffith, an -eminent lawyer of New Jersey, conveying them in trust for the benefit of -Roosevelt, for one-third interest, of Delacy, for one-third, and of -Griffith and Aaron Ogden, of a well known and distinguished family, for -the remaining third. The assignment gave Griffith the power to sell -rights and sue infringers; and excepted from its operation the -Shrewsbury and Jersey Stage Company and Ogden, who were already -licensees of Roosevelt, the latter running a boat between Elizabethtown -and New York. - -Nor was this all. Delacy, who evidently was pleased with the impression -he saw he was making, next handed me an opinion on a case stated, given -by Mr. Wirt, in 1826, of which the following is an extract: - - - CASE. - - In the year 1809, Robert Smith, Esquire, then being Secretary of - State, an application was made to him by the late Robert Fulton, Esq., - for a patent for the using of vertical wheels with steam engines or - other power to propel boats through the water; but though he filed - such his application, &c., he neither subscribed nor swore thereto in - the manner prescribed, or required, by law; for the name, Robert - Fulton, is in the handwriting of another man. - - In 1814, (under view of the circumstances,) a patent was granted to - Nicholas J. Roosevelt, for the using vertical wheels with steam - engines, or other acting power, to propel boats, &c., through water, - the patent or papers issued to Fulton being considered void, and but - as so much blank paper. - - Public notice was given of the patent having been granted to - Roosevelt, and Fulton never urged his claim, but from that moment - abandoned it; and Roosevelt’s patent, though well and publicly known - to exist, and to be in existence for twelve years, has been neither - impeached nor impugned; neither does any other person lay claim to the - invention of the application of vertical wheels. - - It is asked, if, under the within stated circumstances, the patent to - Roosevelt is not valid; and at this distance of time from being - issued, is not now unimpeachable? - -Other questions were asked in connection with the assignment. Mr. Wirt’s -answer to the above is alone important however at this time. It is as -follows: - - Baltimore, _July 11th, 1826_. - - On the above statement I am of opinion, that the patent to Roosevelt - is valid. It is still subject to impeachment, however, on the ground - that he was not the first discoverer of the improvement which he has - patented. The distance of time since the date of the patent is - sufficient to bar a proceeding to set it aside by _scire facias_ under - the third section of the Act of 1793; but any defendant, against whom - an action may be brought under the patent, may impeach it at any - distance of time, under the sixth section of the Act of 1793. - -Satisfied from this showing that Mr. Delacy’s case was not a bad one, I -agreed to undertake it, and wrote to Mr. Roosevelt, in the State of New -York, upon the subject. He corroborated all that I had heard, sent me -copies of important correspondence, and referred me to Richard S. Coxe, -Esq., of Washington, who was the executor of Mr. Griffith, the assignee -for the original papers. Mr. Griffith had then been for many years dead. - -Among my clients, at this time, was the late Mr. John S. Stiles, who, -hearing what had taken place with Delacy, agreed, in consideration of -participating in my fee, to visit Washington, call on Mr. Coxe, obtain -the Griffith papers, and afterward go to Clermont, the residence of the -late Chancellor Livingston, who, I learned from Mr. Roosevelt, was -connected with the investigation I was about to make. - -On the return of Mr. Stiles to Baltimore, and after an examination of -papers he had obtained, the case looked so strong, that I called on Mr. -Wirt, reminded him of his opinion, shewed him my documents, and asked -him if he would come into the case on a contingent fee. I called also on -Mr. Taney. Both gentlemen thought the prospect of success was fair; and -both agreed to participate in the trial, which was to take place in the -Circuit Court of the United States, in Baltimore. It was thought best, -on consultation, to begin the litigation by suing the company owning the -steamboats running from Baltimore to Frenchtown, at the head of which -was the late General William McDonald; and I addressed myself, at once, -to as thorough a preparation as I was capable of making, prior to -issuing a writ. Difficulties now presented themselves which I had not -appreciated when Mr. Delacy called on me, or while gathering the -documentary evidence. I am reminded of the first that occurred by Mr. -Roosevelt’s reply to my letter already mentioned. It was necessary that -we should have a meeting; but to bring this about required an hundred -dollars, which neither of us had to spare. Then, commissions were -necessary to collect the testimony of parties at a distance. In a word, -it was apparent that more means were needed than I, a young lawyer, just -beginning the world, could command; and Mr. Stiles had spent all _he_ -could afford in his visits to Washington and Clermont. I was in trouble, -too, about Delacy. He had procured, on credit, from Patterson, the then -fashionable tailor in South street, a complete outfit; and not having -the money to pay for it, Patterson, who was unwilling to wait until our -success at law made my client’s fortune, put him in jail, in spite of -his sounding name and lofty bearing. I had to become security for him, -and ultimately to pay the debt. By this time, I had found out that he -had an aptitude for this sort of thing; and that it would be for my own -advantage, and the credit of the great case, to get him out of town as -soon as possible. Always buoyant in his feelings, gushing in his manner, -and intending to be honest, he was one of those men who are always in -trouble. As already intimated, therefore, I was not as hopeful at the -end of some months as I had been; and, when Mr. Taney asked me, one day, -how my preparation was getting on, I told him, candidly, all my -troubles, present and prospective. His advice was kind and prompt. The -case he still thought was a fair one, and if it went on he would go into -it with earnest zeal; but, he advised me not to hamper myself in the -commencement of my professional career. One thing was certain. I would -have against me every steamboat owner in the United States. Now-a-days, -combinations often carry on these great cases. It was not so then; and, -after discussing the matter with Mr. Stiles, I tied up my papers, and -abandoning the idea of suing General McDonald, placed them in the -pigeon-hole, where, with a single exception, they have remained -undisturbed for upwards of forty years, and now see the light, only that -this Lost Chapter may be written. The exception was this. In 1855 or -1856, I lent the package to Dr. Hamel, a Russian _savant_, who was about -preparing a history of steam navigation, and who visited America to -obtain information on this and other subjects. The papers remained in -his hands for some months. They were returned when he was on the eve of -departure for Europe. He has been dead for many years; and I am not -aware that he made any use of what he got from me. It is probable, -therefore, that what I am about to tell will be told for the first time, -now. It seems proper that it should not be wholly lost, and hence I tell -it. - -To us, of to-day, it appears strange that the first suggestion of steam, -as a motive power for the propulsion of vessels was not accompanied by a -plan for using vertical wheels over the sides to which to apply it. And -yet, this was very far from being the case. Fitch, in 1783, propelled a -boat upon the Delaware by a steam mechanism that moved paddles, as an -Indian works the paddle in a canoe. Rumsey had a vertical pump, operated -by steam, in the middle of his boat, that drew in water at the stem and -expelled it at the stern, through an horizontal trunk in the bottom. Dr. -Franklin’s plan was to make a current of steam propel the vessel as it -issued from the stern. Then steam was applied to oars, and for a season -a boat was rowed by steam between Philadelphia and Bordentown. Dr. -Kensey built a steam engine that was to operate upon oars, paddles and -flutter wheels. Fulton himself, as stated by his biographer, Colden, -after subjecting Rumsey’s mode to the test of calculation, “thought of -paddles and duck’s feet, abandoning which, he took up the idea of using -endless chains with resisting boards upon them as propellers. His -calculations,” still using Colden’s language, “giving him a favorable -opinion of the mode; at least, he was persuaded it was greatly -preferable to any other method that had been previously tried.” - -The above were notions, mere notions, all of them—all of them were utter -failures; and the enumeration of them, now, excites our astonishment -that any one of them should have been tried. Long before the day of -Fulton, long before the earliest period to which Fulton, at any time, -ever attempted to carry back the plan of steam navigation, it was, as I -have shewn, entertained and practically experimented on, here in -America, by Fitch, Rumsey, Kensey and others, all of whom failed to -succeed. What made it a success at last? _The use of vertical wheels -over the sides of the vessel._ Why had it not succeeded previously? -_Because vertical wheels were not combined with steam power_ in the -production of the desired result—a successful steamboat, as now -understood. The merit lies with him, therefore, who first suggested the -combination that produced success,—describing it in such a practical -shape that the task of invention was completed, leaving nothing to be -done but the mechanical execution. Was this the merit of Robert Fulton? -Unquestionably it was not; and the object of this writing is to -demonstrate the fact. - -I have before me the original “petition of Nicholas J. Roosevelt to the -Honorable the Governor, the Councils and the Representatives, of the -State of New Jersey, in Legislative assembly convened,”—dated January -13th, 1815, in which he “asserts (I quote his words) with the modest and -manly firmness of honesty that he is the true and original inventor and -discoverer of steamboats with vertical wheels now in use.” And he prays -from the Legislature, “as the constitutional guardians of the rights of -their fellow-citizens and of the interests of the State,” such -privileges, as on examination and hearing he may be thought entitled to. -At this time, there were vague notions of the powers of the States over -their navigable waters, which the decision of the Supreme Court, in -connection with the steamboat controversy, dissipated at a later day. - -Belonging to an old New York family, whose worth had been illustrated -then, as it has been since, by the honorable positions that its members -have held in that great State, Mr. Roosevelt was a gentleman of -character and education, of an active enterprising temper, and addicted -all his life to matters connected with civil engineering and mechanics. -Appreciated by all who knew him as a person of unblemished honor, his -word was independent of his oath; but, attached to the petition just -referred to is an affidavit, not without interest, of which the -following is an extract: - - “In or about the year 1781 or 1782, this deponent resided with a - certain Joseph Oosterhaudt, about four miles above Esopus on the - North, or Hudson river, in the State of New York. That he did at that - time make very many actual experiments, as well upon mill machinery as - upon the motion and buoyancy of bodies in and through water; and did - then and there make, rig and put in operation, on a small brook near - the house of the aforesaid Oosterhaudt, a small wooden boat or model - of a boat with vertical wheels over the sides, each wheel having four - arms or paddles, or floats, made of pieces of shingle attached to the - periphery of the wheels whereby to take a purchase on the water; and - that these wheels being acted upon by hickory and whalebone springs - propelled the model of the boat through the water by the agency of a - tight cord passed between the wheels and being re-acted on by the - springs.” - -Soon after the evacuation of the city by the British, Mr. Roosevelt -returned to New York; and following the bent of his inclinations, we -find him, some years afterward, becoming interested in the Schuyler -Copper mines in New Jersey, on the Passaic, then called Second river. -Here he found some parts of an old atmospheric engine, which he used in -completing a perfect machine of that description; and meeting with an -engineer from the establishment of Bolton & Watt, whom he employed to -make improvements, he built engines for various parties, and constructed -for the water works in Philadelphia, the ponderous machines, which, for -many years, supplied that city with water, by pumping from the -Schuylkill into the distributing reservoir at Centre Square. During all -this time, the subject of steam navigation seems never to have been lost -sight of. He wanted to substitute for the hickory and whalebone of his -Esopus experiment the mighty agent with whose multitudinous uses the -world was then beginning to be familiar. - -Among other persons who had heard of Mr. Roosevelt’s views in this -direction, was the late Robert R. Livingston, better known as Chancellor -Livingston, who, on the 8th of December, 1797, wrote to him (I quote -from the original letter now before me) as follows: - - “Mr. Stevens mentioned to me your desire to apply the steam machine to - a boat. Every attempt of this kind having failed, I have constructed a - boat on perfectly new principles which, both in the model and on a - large scale has exceeded my expectations. I was about writing to - England for a steam machine, but hearing of your wish, I was willing - to treat with you on terms which I believe you will find advantageous - for the use of my invention.” - -The Chancellor was an inventor, but unlike most inventors was a man of -large wealth; and the result of the correspondence, thus commenced, all -of which is before me, was an agreement between the Chancellor, -Roosevelt, and John Stevens of Hoboken, to build a boat on joint -account, for which the engines were to be constructed at Second river by -Roosevelt, while the propelling agency employed was to be on the plan of -the Chancellor. - -I have not been able to make out, from the very voluminous -correspondence, the precise character of the Chancellor’s contrivance; -but I infer that it consisted of wheels with vertical axes, submerged at -the stern, that forced a stream of water outward from between them, and -so propelled the vessel. The inventor’s own idea of it must have been -vague in the first instance; for there is scarcely a letter to Roosevelt -from the time the work was commenced, until it was abandoned, that does -not suggest changes and alterations. Steam appears to have been applied -to the machinery about the middle of the year 1798, unsuccessfully; and -the Chancellor, charging the failure to want of power in the engine, -proposes to throw the cost of it upon the builder. This is of course -resisted. Further improvements in the propellers are made. The engine is -then alleged to be _too_ powerful: and so matters go on, until the 21st -of October, 1798, when Roosevelt writes to the Chancellor, giving him an -account of a trial trip, on which the speed attained was equivalent to -about three miles in still water; though, with wind and tide, the -Spanish Minister, who was on board and highly elated, estimated the -actual speed at double that amount. - -In the meanwhile however, on the 6th of September, 1798, Roosevelt wrote -to the Chancellor an important letter in this connection, in which, -after referring to a change in the plan, he says: - - “I would recommend that we throw two wheels of wood over the sides, - fastened to the axes of the flys (fly wheels) with eight arms or - paddles; that part which enters the water of sheet iron to shift - according to the power they require either deeper in the water, or - otherwise, and that we navigate the vessel with these until we can - procure an engine of the proper size, which, I think, ought not to be - less than 24 inch cylinder.” - -No better description of a side wheel steamboat has ever been given than -is contained in this letter of the 6th of September, 1798, the original -draft of which, with all its interlineations, is now before me; _and -this is the first practical suggestion of the combination which made -steam navigation a commercial success_, that there is a record of in -America; and this also, when, as late as 1802, four years later, Fulton, -as we are informed by his biographer, had become assured, that endless -chains and floats were alone to be relied on! - -Receiving no reply to the suggestion, thus made, Roosevelt writes to the -Chancellor on the 16th of September, 1798, saying: “I hope to hear your -opinion of throwing wheels over the sides;” when the Chancellor answers: -“I say nothing on the subject of wheels over the sides, as I am -perfectly convinced from a variety of experiments of the superiority of -those we have adopted.” - -Again, on the 21st October, in the letter giving an account of the trial -trip with the Spanish Minister on board, Roosevelt says, “he would wish -the Chancellor’s wheels to be tried, contrasted with paddles on Mr. -Stevens’ plan, or with wheels over the sides, so as to ascertain the -difference in the application of the power.” To which the Chancellor -answers on the 28th October, 1798, referring to the Stevens’ paddles, -“they are too inconvenient and liable to accidents to be used—AND, AS -FOR VERTICAL WHEELS, THEY ARE OUT OF THE QUESTION!” - -Roosevelt was at this time so strongly impressed with the plan that the -Chancellor thus peremptorily put aside, that in a letter of the 21st to -the same John Stevens already mentioned, who, as we have seen, was one -of the partners in the adventure, he says, “I am firmly of opinion that -a vessel may be propelled at the rate of _eight_ miles an hour.” - -Not even the praise of the Spanish Minister seems to have been -sufficient to vitalize the Chancellor’s boat; and we are led to suppose -that it was recognized by all as a failure; for Stevens, who seems to -have had more influence than Roosevelt, persuaded the Chancellor to -adapt the engine to his contrivance of a set of paddles in the stern, -pushing the boat forward as they were made by a crank motion to rise and -fall. A rough sketch of this contrivance in a letter from Stevens, dated -July 15th, 1799, is before me. The experiment so racked the Chancellor’s -boat as to make it unfit for use altogether. We wonder now that such -things could have been thought of even. - -In Mr. Stevens’ letter there is a passage that indicates the reliance -that was placed on Roosevelt by this, the most practical of his -associates, and shews him to have been the party on whose skill the -others depended. He says: - - “In the meantime, I would wish to determine on our plan for placing - the paddles in the stern of the boat and provide immediately to put it - in execution. You and Stoudinger (a young man brought up by Roosevelt, - and who subsequently became Fulton’s right hand man, and one of the - first practical engineers in America,) and Smallman (another of - Roosevelt’s employees) must lay your heads together on this subject; - and, as soon as you have fixed upon the plan you conceive will be most - eligible, I wish you would take a ride down and communicate it to me; - and, at the same time, I can give you the result of my cogitations.” - -The Stevens’ paddles, until they shook the boat to pieces, were far more -successful than any one of the Chancellor’s inventions; and I remember, -distinctly, seeing a boat propelled by paddles in the harbor of New -York, as I crossed the Hudson on my way to West Point, in the fall of -the year 1818. The paddles I refer to, however, were on the sides, and -not at the stern, and were literally paddles, being square floats -attached to upright shafts, which a crank motion caused to rise and -fall. - -It is not difficult to understand why the Chancellor told Roosevelt that -his vertical wheels were not to be thought of, and why Stevens, -confessedly a man of ability and mechanical ingenuity, preferred his own -suggestion. They doubtless believed that the percussion of the floats of -the vertical wheel as they strike and then enter the water, and before -they exert their greatest power; which is when they are at right angles -with the surface, was objectionable and would be fatal to their -usefulness. They feared also, most probably, the further loss of power -consequent upon the lifting of the water as the floats emerged from it; -and, wedded to their own schemes, they refused to subject the matter to -the test of experiment. The paddles of Stevens, and the floats on the -endless chains, to which Fulton gave the preference, entered the water -perpendicularly, or nearly so, and were free from what was regarded, it -is to be supposed, as the objection to Roosevelt’s vertical wheels over -the sides. That both Stevens and Fulton were wrong, and that Roosevelt -was right, time has conclusively established. - -Unwilling to abandon the idea of steam navigation, even after so -complete a failure, the Chancellor devised still another plan, which was -executed under Roosevelt’s direction at the works on the Passaic, of the -details of which I have no account. In this Roosevelt had no interest. -It proved a failure. From all that I can gather, from the documents in -my possession, the efforts here described were made in 1798, 1799 and -1800, almost uninterruptedly, and were controlled by the Chancellor, who -was, evidently, the moneyed man of the concern, and whose dictum, as we -have said, was regarded as conclusive by his associates. So promising -did the matter seem after Roosevelt had commenced the engine for the -boat, that, in March, 1798, the Legislature of New York, granted the -Chancellor, “the exclusive right of navigating all boats that might be -propelled by steam on all the waters within the territory, or -jurisdiction, of the State for the term of twenty years, provided he -should, within a twelvemonth, build such a boat, the mean of whose -progress should not be less than four miles an hour.” The month of -March, 1799, elapsed, however, without the condition of the grant having -been complied with. At a later date, a similar grant was made to -Livingston and Fulton. - -In the latter part of the year 1800, Mr. Jefferson appointed the -Chancellor minister to France, where he remained until 1804, having in -the meanwhile negotiated the treaty which ceded Louisiana to the United -States, and where he made the acquaintance of Robert Fulton. In 1804, -the Chancellor made the tour of Europe, and returned the following year -to the United States. - -In Colden’s Life of Fulton, there is an account, in the Chancellor’s own -words, of the commencement of his acquaintance with Fulton. I quote: -“Robert R. Livingston, Esquire, when minister in France, met with Mr. -Fulton, and they formed that friendship and connection with each other -to which a similarity of pursuits generally gives birth. He communicated -to Mr. Fulton the importance of steamboats to their own country; -informed him of what had been attempted in America, and of his -resolution to resume the pursuit on his return, and advised him to turn -his attention to the subject.” - -We have already seen that Mr. Fulton’s plan, after making calculations -as to the efficiency of paddles and ducks’ feet, was to use endless -chains with resisting boards upon them as propellors. With these he made -a course of experiments on a little rivulet that runs through the -village of Plombiéres, in France, in 1802; and “addressed several -letters to Mr. Livingston and Mr. Barlow, giving them a minute account -of his experiments and assurances of the certainty of success which they -afforded him.” - -That the Chancellor had informed Fulton of what had been attempted in -America, is admitted by Colden; and this, too, prior doubtless, to the -experiments at Plombiéres. That Roosevelt’s pertinacity in regard to -wheels over the sides was communicated with other information is not to -be doubted; that the Chancellor should have told him, as he told -Roosevelt, in the letter of October 28th, 1798, “that they were not to -be thought of,” it is most reasonable to suppose; and that Fulton agreed -with the Chancellor is proved by the “assurance of certain success” -which he entertained, of endless chains and floats, or resisting boards. - -Between the spring of 1802 and the fall of that year, Mr. Fulton changed -his mind; for he and Livingston were building a boat, propelled by -Roosevelt’s vertical wheels, in January, 1803. The Chancellor, by this -time, had become convinced that vertical wheels were things “to be -thought of.” That it was Roosevelt’s plan that was adopted after all -their own plans had failed—the plan derived, with the details of its -execution, from Roosevelt himself,—does not seem to admit of any -reasonable doubt. - -Biography is too often eulogy. The name of Fulton is irrevocably, and -justly, the representative name in connection with steam navigation -throughout all lands. For a while, and in the memory of the writer, the -name of Livingston was connected with it in men’s mouths. But -Livingston’s connection with the subject is fast being forgotten. -Fulton’s never will be forgotten, not because he was the inventor of the -steamboat however, not because he first suggested the combination that -made success certain; but because, in his hands, it became a commercial -success. He was the first who demonstrated its practical utility, when, -in 1807, he made the first voyage in the Clermont from New York to -Albany and back. Still he was indebted to others, in the first instance, -for the elements of his success. - -I have said that biography is too often eulogy. The biographer becomes -jealous of the reputation of his hero. Colden was not exempt from the -weakness common to his class; and instead of giving to Roosevelt the -credit of having first put the idea of vertical wheels over the sides -into a practical shape, by his detailed description of their mechanism, -he says that the want of success of a French inventor, who had -horizontal screws on either side of a boat, “it is probable,” induced -Mr. Fulton again to resort to the wheels, which, in the original paper -that he communicated to Lord Stanhope, in 1793, he proposed to use as -propellors. Even had this been so, without any question having arisen as -to the facts, Roosevelt’s model of a boat at Esopus, with its hickory -and whalebone springs, would have been ten years ahead of the Frenchman. - -But there are some matters connected with the letter to Lord Stanhope, -which are not without interest in this connection. - -We have seen that Roosevelt, in January, 1815, applied to the -Legislature of New Jersey, for protection as an inventor of the vertical -wheels over the sides, for which he had obtained letters patent from the -United States in the preceding month of December, 1814, being the -original document shewn to me by Delacy. Somewhere about this time, Mr. -Fulton appeared as a witness before the Legislature in connection with -this same subject of steam navigation; and Colden’s life contains a -letter from Mr. Emmet, the celebrated lawyer, in which he states, that, -in order to shew Mr. Fulton’s prior claim to invention, in the -application of “water wheels to steamboats,” he examined him to prove a -copy of the letter in question. Nothing was said, it would seem, of its -being a copy, when this was first presented: but Governor Ogden noticed -that the letter was written on _American paper_; and, subsequently, Mr. -Fulton explained that the first copy having been considerably worn out -and obscured, he had copied it over again and attached it to the old -drawings. This was made the subject of uncomfortable criticism by the -opposite counsel; and Mr. Emmet, in his letter, expresses great -indignation at what he states was a malicious attempt to injure the -honor of the dead, and regrets that he omitted to notice, in his reply, -the insinuations which Mr., afterwards Judge, Hopkinson permitted -himself to make. The occurrence was unquestionably an unfortunate one, -whatever the real facts may have been; and respect for the memory of Mr. -Fulton leads me to hope that Mr. Emmet was correct in his version of the -transaction. His letter, however, is important in another aspect: it -shews that the merit of the invention, at the time, was considered to be -the application of vertical wheels over the sides, and that this was -claimed for Fulton on the strength of the letter to Lord Stanhope and -the accompanying drawings of 1793, notwithstanding the endless chains -and floats already referred to as illustrating the convictions of 1793. - -I have never seen the drawings or read the letter of Mr. Fulton; but it -is difficult for me to believe that he had invented in 1793, what was -unquestionably the solution of the difficulty, and yet, in 1802, have -dwelt in his letters to Livingston and Barlow upon his assurances of the -certainty of success with endless chains and resisting boards. It is -with no want of charity, that it is suggested, that Mr. Colden, in -writing a biography, overlooked the possibility of its logic being -criticized when compared with its facts. - -There is some light, however, to be obtained from Lord Stanhope’s reply -to Mr. Fulton’s letter. It is as follows: - - “Holdsworthy Devon, _October 7th, 1793_. - - “Sir: I have received yours of the 30th September, in which you - _propose to communicate to me_ the principles of an invention which - you say you have discovered respecting the moving of ships by the - means of steam. It is a subject on which I have made important - discoveries. I shall be glad to receive the communication which _you - intend_, as I have made the principles of mechanics my particular - study, &c.” (There are no words italicised in the original. L.) - -Certainly, it is only necessary to read this letter to be satisfied, -that the one to which it is a reply, and it is not suggested that Mr. -Fulton ever wrote another, could not have described the combination -which made the steamboat the thing that it now is: or that it could have -been accompanied by drawings shewing the plan finally adopted,—the -Roosevelt plan, going back as far as 1782, and described in practical -detail in the letter of 21st October, 1798. - -It is true that Mr. Fulton obtained letters patent of the United States -for his steamboat in 1809—in reference to which Mr. Colden says, as -though to corroborate Fulton’s claim as inventor, - - “They (the Chancellor and Mr. Fulton) entered into a contract, by - which it was, among other things, agreed that a patent should be taken - out in the United States in Mr. Fulton’s name, which Mr. Livingston - well knew could not be done without Mr. Fulton _taking an oath that - the improvement was solely his_.” - -And a patent was in fact taken out, in those days when patents were had -for the asking, and when none of that examination, which now protects -the public, was required by law. - -We have already seen, in the case stated for Mr. Wirt’s opinion, the -allegation that Fulton neither subscribed nor swore to the -specification; and that the name Robert Fulton was in the handwriting of -another man. Unless this had been the fact, it would hardly have been -alleged in a paper, prepared for the opinion of eminent counsel. But I -have before me an original letter dated Trenton, January, 1815, -addressed to Mr. Roosevelt by Delacy, in which the latter gives an -account of the proceedings before the Legislature, and in which is this -sentence: - - “Fulton has the effrontery to avow his having got Fletcher to sign his - name and makes light of it, as if he was entitled to violate the laws, - as well as private rights, at pleasure.” - -It is true, this is the letter of a partizan in a struggle before the -Legislature. Still, the matter of fact would not be misstated in a -private correspondence, where there was no conceivable motive to -mislead. - -The committee of the Legislature finally reported, and very wisely, that -it was inexpedient to make any special provision in connection with the -matter in controversy before that body. - -It was in March, 1815, on the heel of the Legislative proceedings, that -the deed of trust to Mr. William Griffith was made, and the fact of his -accepting the trust, and that Aaron Ogden of New Jersey, was a party to -the transaction, shews that the cause of Roosevelt as the inventor of -vertical wheels over the sides under the patent of 1814, was deemed good -as against the patent granted to Fulton four or five years previously. -Had the letter to Lord Stanhope or the reply thereto, been regarded by -the outside world, or by those interested in the subject, as sufficient -to establish Fulton’s prior right to the invention of vertical wheels -over the sides of steamboats, counsel of the standing of Mr. Griffith -would not have become mixed up in the business, licenses to use -Roosevelt’s patent would not have been granted, nor would I have made -the acquaintance of John Devereux Delacy; for Roosevelt’s pretensions -would have been nipped in the bud. - -My tale is nearly ended. The object has been to shew that the merit of -the practical suggestion of the employment of vertical wheels over the -sides of steamboats was due to one who has been lost sight of in this -connection, and wholly ignored in the biography of Fulton, who availing -himself of the suggestion of another, in all its details, made it a -great commercial success, and in so doing built upon it a lasting fame. -That the papers I have referred to, now collated for the first time, -shew this to be the fact, I think there can be no question. - -It may be interesting to state something in regard to the subsequent -career of Roosevelt. He was once asked why, with the secret of success -in his possession, he allowed it to slumber. Why did not _he_ anticipate -the Clermont in the first five years of the present century. I give the -answer in his own words from a manuscript before me. - - “_First_: At the time Chancellor Livingston’s horizontal wheel - experiment failed, I was under a contract with the corporation for - supplying the city of Philadelphia with water, by means of two steam - engines; and, besides, I was under a contract with the United States - to erect rolling works and supply government with copper, rolled and - drawn, for six 74 gun ships, that were then to be built. The engines - for the supplying of Philadelphia with water I completed, though with - heavy loss. The rolling works I also brought into operation upon a - very extensive scale, and a considerable quantity of copper was - delivered. But the encouragement from government by which I had been - led into this heavy expense was cut off by a change of men in the - administration. The 74s were laid aside, and no appropriations were - made, and embarrassment to me was the natural consequence.” - -This embarrassment, in the then condition of the law, was imprisonment -for debts contracted in getting ready to fulfil his contract. In truth, -he was a broken man. In the meanwhile, on the return of Livingston and -Fulton to America, the workmen that Roosevelt had brought from Germany -and made what they were, entered into Fulton’s service, and to their -skill was he indebted for the mechanical success of his earlier boats. -In 1807, Roosevelt was introduced to him; and in a letter from the -Chancellor, now before me, references to old times are pleasantly made; -and, a year or two afterwards, we find Roosevelt associated with Fulton -in the introduction of steamboats on the Western waters. Here, he built -the New Orleans, the pioneer boat that descended the river in 1811—the -year of the comet and the earthquake. The voyage of the New Orleans is, -in itself, a romance; but time does not permit it to be told at -present.[1] With all his merit, Fulton was not an easy man to get along -with; and Roosevelt had his faults of temper too, no doubt; and after -the successful voyage of the New Orleans, the two men parted, and -Roosevelt disappeared from public life, and was lost in the quiet of the -domestic circle of a numerous and happy family. He died at a very -advanced age, not many years ago, forgotten by the world as he was -forgotten by the biographer of Fulton. He appears again before me, as I -write, as I remember to have seen him in my childhood, and in after -years—a finished gentleman, energetic and sanguine, warm and generous in -his temper, a devoted husband and father, and now made the hero of a -lost chapter in the history of the steamboat. - - - - - APPENDIX. - - - N. J. ROOSEVELT TO R. R. LIVINGSTON. - - Proposes Vertical Wheels with the Size of Cylinder and presses for - Money Arrangements. - - Second River, _Sept. 6th, 1798_. - - Dr Sir, - - I have your two letters of the 31st and 1st inst. before me. Since - writing you the 27th, I made an experiment in order to ascertain as - nearly as I could the power of the engine, and put on your wheels. - This was done by laying the vessel on shore stern foremost so as to - leave the wheels entirely out of the water. The Engine was then put to - work at the rate of from 40 to 45 strokes and wheels turned from 160 - to 180 revolutions per minute. When the water first entered them it - was thrown out with great violence; but before it got any considerable - depth in them the motion of the engine was impeded and in a short time - entirely stopped. By this experiment I was fully convinced that the - wheels would require a power far greater than this engine possesses - and that any attempts to proceed with the power we have and the - present wheels would be fruitless. I was also farther convinced (by - getting men whose strength was ascertained to turn the wheels by hand - before the operation of the engine) tho’ she has her full power and - indeed considerably more than as first mentioned, I expected we would - have. Now, Sir, to proceed with the experiment you recommended of - closing the openings with doors will be doing nothing more than what - we have already done by the last trial. I would therefore recommend - that we throw two wheels of wood over the sides fastened to the axes - of the flys with 8 arms or paddles, that part which enters the water - of sheet iron to shift according to the power they require either - deeper in the water or otherwise and that we navigate the vessel with - those until we can procure an Engine of proper size which I think - ought not to be less than 24 inches cylinder. The Barometer to - ascertain the exact power of the engine has not as you observe been - left to depend entirely on Mr. Van Ness, although I looked upon him as - your Representative according to the tenor of your own letter; but Mr. - Mark and Mr. Speyer have both been on the search for one and have not - yet succeeded. The copper pipe for it is made and we will I believe be - obliged to wait for the glass until we can get it from the glass house - above Albany. I have requested Mr. Speyer, who has gone up to the - Oneida country, to call on Mr. Dezang for that purpose. If you know of - any to be had in New York please to inform me and I will immediately - get it. - - As to your charge of my want of candor and my possessing too much - distrust, those Sir are charges which have never before been laid to - me and which I feel perfectly free from and I will recommend to the - Chancellor to meet me in future upon equally candid and fair ground. I - can assure him he shall never have reason to complain of me on that - score again.[2] We have as you observe put our hands to the oars and - ought not to look back until we reach port. This I am for, Sir, with - all my heart, and firmly believe that with this determination we have - nothing to fear, as I think, _with the wheels I have recommended_, - that the State patent may be secured. We will then have time to - prepare for your wheels, and if they should not have the effect you - promise us, we can then adopt such other plans as we may together - think best. No bad consequences need be apprehended from what I - communicated out of your letter to Smallman and Stoudinger as they are - as anxious for the success of the business and your good opinion as I - am. As to altering any of the wheels in the way you propose I cannot - approve, as the alteration will be attended with considerable expense, - and as I believe any alteration we can make with our present small - Engine will be inadequate to driving the wheels to any advantage. In - this the Chancellor will agree with me when he considers that when the - Engine making 30 strokes per minute the horizontal wheels make 120 - revolutions by which 3/4 is taken from the power to afford this. - - I sincerely hope that Mrs. Livingston may soon recover from her - accident so that you may not be detained long from thoroughly - investigating everything appertaining to our present concern. - - I am, dear Sir, &c., &c. - N. J. ROOSEVELT. - - N. B. I have not, upon overlooking what I have above written, been so - particular in my objections to your proposed alterations as may be - agreeable and will ask for a little of your patience. See how the - alteration of the wheels on the connecting rod by being smaller will - operate. They will most certainly shorten the stroke of the engine. - This therefore cannot take place unless we alter the wheels round - which they move accordingly, which may be done. At the same time in - doing it we shall be obliged to lengthen the spindle of the horizontal - wheels and disturb the wooden work the whole of which will be attended - with considerable expense and require a second alteration when we come - to operate with power equal to what those wheels will require, and - indeed, why should we go to any expense in alterations which can do us - no service; as I clearly saw from actual experiment that about 1400 - pounds will be necessary to be applied directly to the wheels - independent of friction, which is equal to an engine of 24 inches - Cylinder. An Engine of this size I find has 5424 pounds power - independent of the friction of the machine and I think power enough - for the air pumps (perhaps something more.) This I cannot however - ascertain until I get a barometer and try our present engine, which I - believe perfect. I was about trying the power by weights but found - difficulties which I have not yet been able to get over, as her power - is equal both ways, and to bring the weight only to the connecting rod - would tear everything to pieces. - - Yours, &c. - N. J. ROOSEVELT. - - A plan of my substitute which may not be quite correct, as I do not - understand anything of drawing. - N. J. R.[3] - - - N. J. ROOSEVELT TO R. R. LIVINGSTON. - - Second River, _Sept. 10th, 1798_. - - Dear Sir, - - I acknowledge receipt of yours of the 3d Inst. By this time you have - doubtless recd. mine of the 6th Inst. which gave you all the - information on the subject of the boat I was then capable of doing; - since which I have thought of trying another experiment upon _the - present plan_ and concluded to morrow to set about it. It will take us - three days with two hands which will cost very trifling and enable us - to calculate with more certainty what power will be required _for your - wheels_. The plan is this. Sun and planet wheels we will take off and - form a double crank with the coupling links, which at one end will be - fastened to the shaft of the fly wheels by taking out the brasses and - drilling holes for pins to enter. This change will give us only half - the motion of your wheels we first contemplated and consequently - double the power we now have. I will try this in the same way we did - the last time by leaving the vessel’s stern on shore, and in the - meanwhile _I hope to hear your opinion of throwing wheels over the - sides. I will also be glad_ to know if it is more agreeable to you to - give a note for the balance of your proportion of the expense - attending this business or whether you will make me a remittance in - cash. Could I at present raise money through the house of J. Mark for - all the ends I have in this quarter I would not solicit more money - until you come down. This however it is not for them to do. I hope - the Chancellor will consider my situation in the midst of many workmen - as an apology and pardon me for my impatience. - - Yours, &c. - N. J. ROOSEVELT. - - R. R. Livingston. - - - R. R. LIVINGSTON TO N. J. ROOSEVELT. - - Acknowledges Wheels over the Sides to have been Proposed by Roosevelt - and rejects them. - - Clermont, _18th Sept., 1798_. - - Dear Sir, - - Mr. Mouchette is just returned. I sincerely congratulate you upon the - success of the engine of which he gives the most favourable report & - fully justifies yr. confidence in your engines. I am sufficiently - sanguine to hope that all difficulties are now vanished. Knowing our - power nothing remains but adapt the vessel to it. In attempting this - hitherto we have deceived ourselves by wandering into the field of - conjecture rather than adhereing to plain calculations & we shall - still do so if we expect that the present engine will turn the wheels - we now have 80 times in a minute, as will appear from this - calculation. Our wells contain exactly 60 cubic feet of water. The - whole of this is set in motion at every revolution of the wheels with - a rapidity equal to the main motion of the arms, that is if the wheels - make 80 revolutions in a minute at the rate of 8 miles an hour. Now as - the boat will not remove more than 20 feet of water if she goes 8 - miles an hour, if it was possible to move the wheels as they are now - constructed 80 rounds in a minute we should throw away one half of our - power, for the boat could not move faster than the water in the wheels - & the power would be uselessly expended in throwing out water - unnecessarily. - - But it will be found on experiment that however perfect our engine is, - it cannot turn the present wheels 80 times in a minute. The wheels - then must necessarily be altered or the motion rendered still slower. - To make the motion slower is to diminish our chance of moving the boat - fast because she will at no rate move faster than the water in the - wheels though she may be made to move as fast as I have found on - actual experiment. The wheels then must be altered, not by making the - arms shorter for this would diminish their motion, besides that it - would require an alteration in the boat—but by diminishing their - depth. They are now if I recollect 18 Inches deep, let them be reduced - to nine Inches. - - Let the motion of the wheels by no means exceed 80 nor be lower than - 70 turns in a minute and I will answer for the success of the - experiment, & upon the whole it will turn out a fortunate discovery - since we shall find that our wells need not be above half the size we - have made them & of course much room and much weight of water be saved - in future. That we have erred hitherto should not discourage us. It is - the fate of all new undertakings and it is happy when the error can be - so easily discovered & detected. Another circumstance of considerable - moment must be attended to. If the diminution of the motion is brought - about by changing the sun and planet wheels, one half the motion of - the flys will be lost & they rendered almost useless from this - circumstance. If they are made heavier they will overload the boat. - - I would propose as the best mode of altering the motion of the wheels - to alter the cog wheels & to leave the sun and planet wheels as they - were—this will give the proper motion to the fly & diminish the - friction. Let the cog wheels be made smaller and have no more cogs - than the trunnel rounds, or only so many more as will serve to give - the motion we require. Nor will this alteration be attended with more - trouble than the one at first proposed; but even if it is, it is so - essential to give the flys a rapid motion that we must, now we have - gone so far, submit to this trouble and expense to have this - experiment properly made. _I say nothing on the subject of_ WHEELS - OVER THE SIDES _as I am perfectly convinced from a variety of - experiments of the superiority of those we have adopted_. I expect to - be down the last of this month when I shall see you & make such money - arrangements as we may find necessary. - - In the meantime I hope to hear how you go on. I flatter myself no - delay will be incurred which can possibly be avoided, every moment - being precious. Mr. Mark will I hope forward this to you the moment it - arrives, so that the necessary alterations may be made before you - proceed far on any difficult plan. - - I am very much hurt that you should construe any part of my former - letters into a reflection on your candour. I am sure that nothing of - this kind was ever intended & I flatter myself that if you attend a - little more to the expressions (tho: I cannot now recollect them) that - they will not bear this harsh construction.[4] - - I am dear Sir, with esteem, your most ob: hum: servt: - ROB. R. LIVINGSTON. - - - N. J. ROOSEVELT TO R. R. LIVINGSTON. - - Experiment made & Opinion of the Spanish Minister—Again Coaxes to have - Vertical Wheels tried. - - Second River, _Oct. 21st, 1798_. - - Dear Sir, - - I dropped you a line in haste on Friday last, since which I received - your favour of the 10th: the person to whom you gave it in charge did - not put it in the post office until yesterday. Your instructions - therefore came too late for the rims, as they had by your former - request been left off and no bad consequence has resulted. I have not - yet seen Mr. Stevens, but have been expecting him every day, as he - requested me by letter to inform him what time we would be ready, - which I did. Had I received your letter sooner I would also have sent - to see if Mr. Mouchet was still at N. Ark & requested him to come up. - - There was no occasion to try the wheels from 5 Inches upwards, as I - found the Engine overloaded at 5. I think at present the most - advisable mode of proceeding for us will be to change the wheels on - shaft and spindle so as to give the Engine her full speed with 50 - revolutions of the lower wheels, and if she will carry more, then - increase the width of the paddles. I have ordered a pattern made for - two wheels accordingly and will cast them the first casting we make - after it is finished. Please to write me if you agree in this respect. - The Spanish Minister was on board the day we made the last experiment - and was perfectly well pleased with the operation of the Engine and - will give us an order for one of 36 Inches. This will cost him upwards - of 13,000 Dolls: Our small one is not equal to the purposes for which - he wants his. During our sail he, at the time the tide and wind - favoured us, supposed we went at the rate of 6 miles an hour; but I - think the delight he felt expressed at the novelty of the Voyage was - the cause of his mistake. My report to you was three miles, still - water, which I have reason to believe was accurate. I have at present - a better opinion of your plan than ever, and could wish them to be - contrasted with paddles upon Mr. Stevens’ plan, OR WHEELS OVER THE - SIDES, so as fairly to ascertain the difference of the application of - the power. We have by the last experiment a striking proof in favor of - your plan which is demonstrated by the diminution in width and slow - motion of the wheels. At our last experiment the effect was certainly - greater than we could have promised ourselves. - - I hope to hear from you soon, and in the meanwhile will do what - strikes me as reasonable upon our present plan so that no time is - lost. - - Mrs. Mark requests me to thank you for your polite invitation of - visiting Mrs. Livingston, but does not think it will be in her power - this fall, as Mr. Mark is at present too much occupied with business - to leave home. - - Yours respectfully, - N. J. ROOSEVELT. - -This letter is complim’y to Livingston—about his plan of wheel—but still -Roosevelt mentions that it would be prudent to try in contrast _Stevens’ -paddles_—(& his _own_ plan) wheels _over the sides_. (Note by Judge -Griffith.) - - - R. R. LIVINGSTON TO N. J. ROOSEVELT. - - Liv’n Acknowledges the Boat to Answer & Refuses to use Vertical - Wheels. - - Clermont, _28 Octr., 1798_. - - Dear Sir, - - After sending mine of yesterday I received your favor of the 21st, in - which you enter more particularly into the experiments you have made, - but not so fully as I would wish, as you will find by the queries I - have troubled you with. If you are right as to the motion through the - water, the Spanish Minister could not err much in his calculation, for - it appears to me that the tide in your river is not short of 2 miles & - I have found in my models that the velocity of the boat with the tide - is greater in proportion than the mere difference between that and - still water. - - This is one of the experiments I wished you to ascertain accurately by - running one hour with the tide & determining the distance and running - back the same distance against the tide. Be it as it will, we now know - what we can do with a sufficient power, and tho’ _paddles should even - do more they are too inconvenient and too liable to accidents to be - used_—AS FOR VERTICAL WHEELS THEY ARE OUT OF THE QUESTION. - - What I principally write now for is to ask you whether it would not be - better instantly to fit the boat for passengers by putting a deck over - so much as you make cabbin of. This should be the whole, only leaving - room for wood near the engine. This deck should be of inch pine boards - & rounded so as to carry off the water and made as tight as possible. - It should be raised about ten Inches so as to admit of glasses that - shove past each other all round The inside only wants to be papered - with any cheap common paper and to have two rows of benches the one - behind the other. The rear bench so low as to admit the knees under - the front one. A narrow table of one board should run through the - middle. The back cabbin should be fitted for the ship’s company and - have windows and shutters in case of bad weather. Some arrangement - should also be made for boiling in pot and kettle. All this should be - going on while you are fitting the machinery. It will I believe be - best to get two or three quick hands from New York to do it as your - shipwright is both slow and extravagant. We have yet one month to use - and a pretty important one, because the roads will soon be bad, and - tho’ we should only go 3 miles an hour we shall still be able to pick - up something besides our expenses and acquire some experience of what - further is necessary. I have provided a Captain at £5 a month who - understands the river. You say you have a steward and fire engine - hand. Tho’ I think Smallman should make the first voyage. - - I am, Dr. Sir, - R. R. LIVINGSTON. - - Mr. N. J. Roosevelt. - -The headings of the foregoing letters are copied from their respective -indorsations which would seem to have been made by different hands and -as though in the preparation of a case. - - L. - - - PATENT TO MR. ROOSEVELT. - - THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, - - _To all to whom these LETTERS PATENT shall come_: - - Whereas, NICHOLAS J. ROOSEVELT, a Citizen of the United States, hath - alleged that he has invented a new and useful improvement - - IN PROPELLING BOATS &c. BY STEAM, - - which improvement he states has not been known or used before his - application; hath made oath that he does verily believe that he is the - true inventor or discoverer of the said improvement; hath paid into - the Treasury of the United States the sum of thirty dollars, delivered - a receipt for the same, and presented a petition to the Secretary of - State, signifying a desire of obtaining an exclusive property in the - said improvement, and praying that a patent may be granted for that - purpose: These are therefore to grant, according to law, to the said - NICHOLAS J. ROOSEVELT, his heirs, administrators, or assigns, for the - term of fourteen years, from the first day of December, one thousand - eight hundred and fourteen, the full and exclusive right and liberty - of making, constructing, using and vending to others to be used, the - said improvement; a description whereof is given in the words of the - said Nicholas J. Roosevelt himself, in the schedule hereto annexed, - and is made a part of these presents. - - In testimony whereof, I have caused these Letters to be made Patent, - and the Seal of the United States to be hereunto affixed. - - SEAL - - Given under my hand, at the City of Washington, this first day of - December in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and - fourteen and of the independence of the United States of America, the - thirty-ninth. - - JAMES MADISON. - _By the President._ - Jas. Monroe, _Secretary of State_. - - City of Washington, _to wit_: - - I do hereby Certify, That the foregoing Letters Patent were delivered - to me on the first day of December in the year of our Lord, one - thousand eight hundred and fourteen to be examined; that I have - examined the same, and find them conformable to law: and I do hereby - return the same to the Secretary of State within fifteen days from the - date aforesaid, to wit; on this first day of December in the year - aforesaid. - - Richard Rush, - _Attorney General of the United States_. - - - To all to Whom these Presents shall come: - - _Nicholas J. Roosevelt, of the State of New Jersey, Esqr. sends - greeting_: - - Be it known, That I, the said Nicholas J. Roosevelt have discovered, - invented and constructed a new & useful mode & improvement in the - propelling of boats or vessels through water by the force & agency of - fire & steam, the construction of which discovery, invention & - improvement is specified as follows, as the mode to which I have given - a preference reserving to myself the right of varying and changing the - proportions and combinations of the several parts of the said - discovery and invention as experience may suggest or as I shall think - advisable or expedient, to wit. - - A true copy from the Specification filed in the Patent Office. - Geo. Lyon, _Clk._ - Patent Office, _3d December, 1814_. - -_THE SCHEDULE referred to in these Letters potent and making part of the - same containing a description in the words of the said Nicholas J. - Roosevelt himself of his improvement in propelling Boats, &c. by - steam._ - - In a boat or vessel of any form, but of sufficient capacity to contain - the machinery required, I place a Steam Engine of a power proportioned - to the restance to be overcome, in propelling a boat or vessel a given - distance in a given time, this steam Engine is supplied by a boiler of - the usual form or made Cylindric one or more at pleasure so as to be - of sufficient capacity to feed the Engine. I next place two wheels - over the sides, on the axis of which I put flyes, dispence with them - or otherwise combine them at pleasure, either to regulate motion or - give additional velocity, or they may be connected with the water - shaft and steam Engine, by wheels so as to give any number of - revolutions that may be desired. The arms of the water wheels I would - make of wood, to which I attach floats or paddles of cast Iron, or of - Boiler plate thick sheet Iron, though they may be made of wood. These - floats I make move up and down on the arms, by means of screws and - holes, so as to make them enter deeper or shallower in the water, in - taking a purchase or hold on the water agreeably to the depth of water - the boat may draw, and the lading there may be on board, or agreeably - to other circumstances. The supporters of the outer ends of the water - wheels shaft to be made of Iron with braces, though if required they - may be made of wood. - - Ns. J. ROOSEVELT. - Witnesses: - Jere’h Ballard, - John Dev’x DeLacy. - - -Of the foregoing correspondence, but a small portion relates to the -question of wheels over the sides. It is inserted at length -however,—going, as it does, to shew the warm interest, and the active -measures that were on foot at the close of the eighteenth century to -develope one of the mighty agencies of the nineteenth. The crudeness of -many of the suggestions and the literary carelessness of the -correspondence on both sides, is indicative of a very different -condition of things from that which exists at present. - - L. - - - - - FOOTNOTES - - -[1]Somewhere about the year 1842, the writer of the foregoing address - was narrating the substance of it at the White Sulphur Springs of - Virginia. Among his hearers was Mr. Samuel Davis, of Philadelphia, - but formerly of Natchez, Mississippi, who supplemented the story - with the following anecdote. He was standing on the wharf at - Natchez, one of a crowd, watching the approach of the New Orleans on - her first voyage. There was a rise in the river at the time; and - when the steamboat rounded to, to head up stream, she was some short - distance below the landing,—and, for a while, the current was more - than she could overcome. At Mr. Davis’ side, was an old negro - servant, who watched the struggle with much excitement, slapping his - thighs and gesticulating in a most outlandish way. When at last, - after a more rapid revolution of the wheels started the boat ahead, - the negro threw up his hat, exclaiming, “By golly, Sa, old - Massesseppa got her massa; hooraw.” Mr. Davis sent a quantity of his - cotton by the boat to New Orleans, against the advice of all his - friends. He was the first person who ventured a bale on such a risk! - -[2]The reference here is to a letter of the Chancellor (numbered 25 in - the collection I have,) in which, being then in a dissatisfied and - complaining mood, he says: “I again repeat, Sir, that I trust in a - few days to hear that experiments have been made and to be minutely - acquainted with the result, that I may take my measures accordingly. - In doing of which should wish to receive your advice. From a frank - and candid communication much more advantage will result to all - parties than from reserve, silence and distrust. - - I am, dear Sir, your most obt. hum. servt. - R. R. LIVINGSTON. - - _See letter of Aug. 31, 1798._ - -[3]The plan here referred to is not among the papers. L. - -[4]The Chancellor had evidently forgotten the concluding paragraph of - his letter of August 31, 1798. - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - -—Silently corrected a few typos, including listed errata. - -—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - -—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Lost Chapter in the History of the -Steamboat, by John Hazelhurst Boneval Latrobe - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LOST CHAPTER--HISTORY OF STEAMBOAT *** - -***** This file should be named 63140-0.txt or 63140-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/3/1/4/63140/ - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; margin-top:1em; text-align:right; } -dl dt.lr a { text-align:left; clear:left; float:left; } - -.fnblock { margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:2em; } -.fndef, p.fn { text-align:justify; margin-top:1.5em; margin-left:1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em; } -.fndef p.fncont, .fndef dl { margin-left:0em; text-indent:0em; } -.fnblock div.fncont { margin-left:1.5em; text-indent:0em; margin-top:1em; text-align:justify; } -.fnblock dl { margin-top:0; margin-left:4em; text-indent:-2em; } -.fnblock dt { text-align:justify; } -dl.catalog dd { font-style:italic; } -dl.catalog dt { margin-top:1em; } -.author { text-align:right; margin-top:0em; margin-bottom:0em; display:block; } - -dl.biblio dt { margin-top:.6em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:justify; clear:both; } -dl.biblio dt div { display:block; float:left; margin-left:-6em; width:6em; clear:both; } -dl.biblio dt.center { margin-left:0em; text-align:center; text-indent:0; } -dl.biblio dd { margin-top:.3em; margin-left:3em; text-align:justify; font-size:90%; } -p.biblio { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; } -.clear { clear:both; } -p.book { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; } -p.review { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; font-size:80%; } -p.pcap { margin-left:0em; text-indent:0; text-align:center; margin-top:0; } -p.pcapc { margin-left:4.7em; text-indent:0em; text-align:justify; } -span.attr { font-size:80%; font-family:sans-serif; } -span.pn { display:inline-block; width:4.7em; text-align:left; margin-left:0; text-indent:0; } -</style> -</head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Lost Chapter in the History of the -Steamboat, by John Hazelhurst Boneval Latrobe - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: A Lost Chapter in the History of the Steamboat - -Author: John Hazelhurst Boneval Latrobe - -Release Date: September 7, 2020 [EBook #63140] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LOST CHAPTER--HISTORY OF STEAMBOAT *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - -<div id="cover" class="img"> -<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="A Lost Chapter in the History of the Steamboat" width="1000" height="1695" /> -</div> -<div class="box"> -<p class="center"><b>Fund-Publication, No. 5.</b></p> -<h1><span class="smallest">A LOST CHAPTER -<br /><span class="smallest">IN THE</span></span> -<br />History of the Steamboat.</h1> -<p class="center small"><b>THE MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY -<br />• 1844 •</b></p> -<p class="tbcenter"><span class="smaller">BY</span> -<br />J. H. B. LATROBE.</p> -<p class="center"><i>Baltimore, March, 1871.</i></p> -</div> -<p class="center smaller"><span class="sc">Printed by John Murphy, -<br />Printer to the Maryland Historical Society, -<br />Baltimore, March, 1871.</span></p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_3">3</div> -<h1 title=""><span class="smallest">A LOST CHAPTER -<br /><span class="smallest">IN THE</span></span> -<br />HISTORY OF THE STEAMBOAT.</h1> -<p>In the spring of 1828, my law office was in the -Athenæum building, so called, afterwards -destroyed by fire. My business was scant, -for I had but recently been admitted to the bar. -I was ruminating, no doubt, upon my prospects, -when the door was opened, and a handsome, -elderly man, of distinguished presence, entered -and asked me, in rich unctuous tones, and with -a strong Irish accent, if my name was Latrobe, -and if I recollected him. His face was familiar, -and so was his voice; but I could not place him. -Seeing that I hesitated, he said, “and it would -be strange if you did, for you were but a bit of -a child when you last saw me in your father’s -house. I am John Devereux Delacy,” and he -<span class="pb" id="Page_4">4</span> -rolled out his sounding name as though he was -proud of it. I recollected him then. Fourteen -or fifteen years back it had been his fancy to pet -me as a child. It was this that had impressed -him on my memory. “Ah, you know me now,” -he said: “you remember when I used to be so -much with Fulton and Roosevelt and Chancellor -Livingston and Dr. Mitchell, at the Navy Yard -house.” This was the name given to my father’s -residence in Washington, not far from the Navy -Yard. After recalling well remembered incidents -and indulging in general remarks for a while, Mr. -Delacy took a survey of my scantily furnished -office, and said, “not overwhelmed with business, -my young friend: so much the better for me: you -will have the more time to attend to something -I want you to undertake. If you succeed, it will -be the making of both our fortunes. I want suit -brought against every steamboat owner in the -United States; and you must begin with old Billy -McDonald, here in Baltimore. See this;” and, -suiting the action to the word, my visitor drew -from his breast pocket the original parchment -letters patent, now before me, signed by James -Madison, President, James Monroe, Secretary -of State, and Richard Rush, Attorney General, -granting to Nicholas J. Roosevelt the exclusive -right to his ‘new and useful improvement in propelling -boats by steam.’ Dated December 1st, -<span class="pb" id="Page_5">5</span> -1814. The patent had still some months to run. -The specification contained the following description -of the improvement:</p> -<blockquote> -<p>“In a boat or vessel of any form, but of sufficient -capacity to contain the machinery, I place a steam -engine of a power proportioned to the resistance -to be overcome in propelling a boat or vessel a -given distance in a given time. This steam engine -is supplied by a boiler of the usual form, or made -cylindric, one or more at pleasure, so as to be -of sufficient capacity to feed the engine. I next -place two wheels over the sides, on the axles of -which I put fliers, dispense with them, or otherwise, -contrive them at pleasure, either to regulate -motion, or to give additional velocity; or, they -may be connected with the valve shaft and steam -engine by wheels, so as to give any number of -revolutions that may be desired. The arms of -the water wheels I would make of wood, to which -I attach floats or paddles of cast iron or thick -boiler plate sheet iron, though they may be made -of wood. These floats I make move up and down -on the arms by means of screws and holes, so as -to make them deeper or shallower in the water, -in taking a hold on the water, agreeably to the -depth of the water the boat may draw, or the -lading there may be on board, or agreeably to -other circumstances. The supporters of the outer -<span class="pb" id="Page_6">6</span> -ends of the water wheel shaft to be made of iron -with braces, though they may be made of wood, -if required.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="lr"><span class="sc">Nicholas J. Roosevelt.</span></p> -<p class="t0">Witnesses:</p> -<p class="t"><span class="sc">Jeremiah Ballard</span>,</p> -<p class="t"><span class="sc">John Dev’x Delacy</span>.”</p> -</div> -</blockquote> -<p>Delacy watched me closely as I read the letters -patent; and, I remember, placed his gloved finger -on his own name at the bottom. I had not been -carried away by his promise of a case. He was -remarkably well preserved; but his habiliments -approached what might have been called seediness; -although his air and carriage would have -borne up against even longer used apparel. It -was easy to be seen that a contingent fee was all -that could be expected: but the parchment, the -accuracy of the description, its perfect correspondence -with the steamboats in use, and its date, -made the case look better than I had at first -thought it would.</p> -<p>Taking the letters patent from me, Mr. Delacy -placed in my hands a carefully prepared assignment -from Roosevelt to William Griffith, an eminent -lawyer of New Jersey, conveying them in -trust for the benefit of Roosevelt, for one-third -interest, of Delacy, for one-third, and of Griffith -and Aaron Ogden, of a well known and distinguished -<span class="pb" id="Page_7">7</span> -family, for the remaining third. The -assignment gave Griffith the power to sell rights -and sue infringers; and excepted from its operation -the Shrewsbury and Jersey Stage Company -and Ogden, who were already licensees of Roosevelt, -the latter running a boat between Elizabethtown -and New York.</p> -<p>Nor was this all. Delacy, who evidently was -pleased with the impression he saw he was making, -next handed me an opinion on a case stated, -given by Mr. Wirt, in 1826, of which the following -is an extract:</p> -<h3 id="c1">CASE.</h3> -<blockquote> -<p>In the year 1809, Robert Smith, Esquire, then -being Secretary of State, an application was made -to him by the late Robert Fulton, Esq., for a -patent for the using of vertical wheels with steam -engines or other power to propel boats through -the water; but though he filed such his application, -&c., he neither subscribed nor swore thereto -in the manner prescribed, or required, by law; -for the name, Robert Fulton, is in the handwriting -of another man.</p> -<p>In 1814, (under view of the circumstances,) a -patent was granted to Nicholas J. Roosevelt, for -the using vertical wheels with steam engines, or -other acting power, to propel boats, &c., through -<span class="pb" id="Page_8">8</span> -water, the patent or papers issued to Fulton being -considered void, and but as so much blank paper.</p> -<p>Public notice was given of the patent having -been granted to Roosevelt, and Fulton never urged -his claim, but from that moment abandoned it; -and Roosevelt’s patent, though well and publicly -known to exist, and to be in existence for twelve -years, has been neither impeached nor impugned; -neither does any other person lay claim to the -invention of the application of vertical wheels.</p> -<p>It is asked, if, under the within stated circumstances, -the patent to Roosevelt is not valid; and -at this distance of time from being issued, is not -now unimpeachable?</p> -</blockquote> -<p>Other questions were asked in connection with -the assignment. Mr. Wirt’s answer to the above -is alone important however at this time. It is -as follows:</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="jr1"><span class="sc">Baltimore</span>, <i>July 11th, 1826</i>.</p> -<p>On the above statement I am of opinion, that -the patent to Roosevelt is valid. It is still subject -to impeachment, however, on the ground that he -was not the first discoverer of the improvement -which he has patented. The distance of time since -the date of the patent is sufficient to bar a proceeding -to set it aside by <i>scire facias</i> under the -third section of the Act of 1793; but any defendant, -<span class="pb" id="Page_9">9</span> -against whom an action may be brought under -the patent, may impeach it at any distance of time, -under the sixth section of the Act of 1793.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>Satisfied from this showing that Mr. Delacy’s -case was not a bad one, I agreed to undertake -it, and wrote to Mr. Roosevelt, in the State of -New York, upon the subject. He corroborated -all that I had heard, sent me copies of important -correspondence, and referred me to Richard S. -Coxe, Esq., of Washington, who was the executor -of Mr. Griffith, the assignee for the original papers. -Mr. Griffith had then been for many years dead.</p> -<p>Among my clients, at this time, was the late -Mr. John S. Stiles, who, hearing what had taken -place with Delacy, agreed, in consideration of participating -in my fee, to visit Washington, call on -Mr. Coxe, obtain the Griffith papers, and afterward -go to Clermont, the residence of the late -Chancellor Livingston, who, I learned from Mr. -Roosevelt, was connected with the investigation -I was about to make.</p> -<p>On the return of Mr. Stiles to Baltimore, and -after an examination of papers he had obtained, -the case looked so strong, that I called on Mr. -Wirt, reminded him of his opinion, shewed him -my documents, and asked him if he would come -into the case on a contingent fee. I called also -on Mr. Taney. Both gentlemen thought the prospect -<span class="pb" id="Page_10">10</span> -of success was fair; and both agreed to participate -in the trial, which was to take place in the -Circuit Court of the United States, in Baltimore. -It was thought best, on consultation, to begin the -litigation by suing the company owning the steamboats -running from Baltimore to Frenchtown, at -the head of which was the late General William -McDonald; and I addressed myself, at once, to -as thorough a preparation as I was capable of -making, prior to issuing a writ. Difficulties now -presented themselves which I had not appreciated -when Mr. Delacy called on me, or while gathering -the documentary evidence. I am reminded of the -first that occurred by Mr. Roosevelt’s reply to my -letter already mentioned. It was necessary that -we should have a meeting; but to bring this about -required an hundred dollars, which neither of us -had to spare. Then, commissions were necessary -to collect the testimony of parties at a distance. -In a word, it was apparent that more means were -needed than I, a young lawyer, just beginning -the world, could command; and Mr. Stiles had -spent all <i>he</i> could afford in his visits to Washington -and Clermont. I was in trouble, too, about -Delacy. He had procured, on credit, from Patterson, -the then fashionable tailor in South street, -a complete outfit; and not having the money to -pay for it, Patterson, who was unwilling to wait -until our success at law made my client’s fortune, -<span class="pb" id="Page_11">11</span> -put him in jail, in spite of his sounding name -and lofty bearing. I had to become security for -him, and ultimately to pay the debt. By this -time, I had found out that he had an aptitude -for this sort of thing; and that it would be for -my own advantage, and the credit of the great -case, to get him out of town as soon as possible. -Always buoyant in his feelings, gushing in his -manner, and intending to be honest, he was one -of those men who are always in trouble. As -already intimated, therefore, I was not as hopeful -at the end of some months as I had been; and, -when Mr. Taney asked me, one day, how my -preparation was getting on, I told him, candidly, -all my troubles, present and prospective. His -advice was kind and prompt. The case he still -thought was a fair one, and if it went on he would -go into it with earnest zeal; but, he advised me -not to hamper myself in the commencement of -my professional career. One thing was certain. -I would have against me every steamboat owner -in the United States. Now-a-days, combinations -often carry on these great cases. It was not so -then; and, after discussing the matter with Mr. -Stiles, I tied up my papers, and abandoning the -idea of suing General McDonald, placed them in -the pigeon-hole, where, with a single exception, -they have remained undisturbed for upwards of -forty years, and now see the light, only that this -<span class="pb" id="Page_12">12</span> -Lost Chapter may be written. The exception was -this. In 1855 or 1856, I lent the package to Dr. -Hamel, a Russian <i>savant</i>, who was about preparing -a history of steam navigation, and who visited -America to obtain information on this and other -subjects. The papers remained in his hands for -some months. They were returned when he was -on the eve of departure for Europe. He has been -dead for many years; and I am not aware that -he made any use of what he got from me. It is -probable, therefore, that what I am about to tell -will be told for the first time, now. It seems -proper that it should not be wholly lost, and -hence I tell it.</p> -<p>To us, of to-day, it appears strange that the first -suggestion of steam, as a motive power for the -propulsion of vessels was not accompanied by a -plan for using vertical wheels over the sides to -which to apply it. And yet, this was very far -from being the case. Fitch, in 1783, propelled a -boat upon the Delaware by a steam mechanism -that moved paddles, as an Indian works the paddle -in a canoe. Rumsey had a vertical pump, operated -by steam, in the middle of his boat, that drew -in water at the stem and expelled it at the stern, -through an horizontal trunk in the bottom. Dr. -Franklin’s plan was to make a current of steam -propel the vessel as it issued from the stern. -Then steam was applied to oars, and for a season -<span class="pb" id="Page_13">13</span> -a boat was rowed by steam between Philadelphia -and Bordentown. Dr. Kensey built a steam engine -that was to operate upon oars, paddles and flutter -wheels. Fulton himself, as stated by his biographer, -Colden, after subjecting Rumsey’s mode to -the test of calculation, “thought of paddles and -duck’s feet, abandoning which, he took up the -idea of using endless chains with resisting boards -upon them as propellers. His calculations,” still -using Colden’s language, “giving him a favorable -opinion of the mode; at least, he was persuaded -it was greatly preferable to any other method -that had been previously tried.”</p> -<p>The above were notions, mere notions, all of -them—all of them were utter failures; and the -enumeration of them, now, excites our astonishment -that any one of them should have been tried. -Long before the day of Fulton, long before the -earliest period to which Fulton, at any time, ever -attempted to carry back the plan of steam navigation, -it was, as I have shewn, entertained and -practically experimented on, here in America, by -Fitch, Rumsey, Kensey and others, all of whom -failed to succeed. What made it a success at -last? <i>The use of vertical wheels over the sides of -the vessel.</i> Why had it not succeeded previously? -<i>Because vertical wheels were not combined with steam -power</i> in the production of the desired result—a -successful steamboat, as now understood. The -<span class="pb" id="Page_14">14</span> -merit lies with him, therefore, who first suggested -the combination that produced success,—describing -it in such a practical shape that the task of invention -was completed, leaving nothing to be done -but the mechanical execution. Was this the merit -of Robert Fulton? Unquestionably it was not; -and the object of this writing is to demonstrate -the fact.</p> -<p>I have before me the original “petition of -Nicholas J. Roosevelt to the Honorable the Governor, -the Councils and the Representatives, of -the State of New Jersey, in Legislative assembly -convened,”—dated January 13th, 1815, in which -he “asserts (I quote his words) with the modest -and manly firmness of honesty that he is the true -and original inventor and discoverer of steamboats -with vertical wheels now in use.” And he prays -from the Legislature, “as the constitutional guardians -of the rights of their fellow-citizens and of -the interests of the State,” such privileges, as on -examination and hearing he may be thought entitled -to. At this time, there were vague notions -of the powers of the States over their navigable -waters, which the decision of the Supreme Court, -in connection with the steamboat controversy, -dissipated at a later day.</p> -<p>Belonging to an old New York family, whose -worth had been illustrated then, as it has been -since, by the honorable positions that its members -<span class="pb" id="Page_15">15</span> -have held in that great State, Mr. Roosevelt was -a gentleman of character and education, of an -active enterprising temper, and addicted all his -life to matters connected with civil engineering -and mechanics. Appreciated by all who knew -him as a person of unblemished honor, his word -was independent of his oath; but, attached to the -petition just referred to is an affidavit, not without -interest, of which the following is an extract:</p> -<blockquote> -<p>“In or about the year 1781 or 1782, this deponent -resided with a certain Joseph Oosterhaudt, -about four miles above Esopus on the North, or -Hudson river, in the State of New York. That -he did at that time make very many actual experiments, -as well upon mill machinery as upon -the motion and buoyancy of bodies in and through -water; and did then and there make, rig and put -in operation, on a small brook near the house of -the aforesaid Oosterhaudt, a small wooden boat -or model of a boat with vertical wheels over the -sides, each wheel having four arms or paddles, -or floats, made of pieces of shingle attached to -the periphery of the wheels whereby to take a -purchase on the water; and that these wheels -being acted upon by hickory and whalebone -springs propelled the model of the boat through -the water by the agency of a tight cord passed -between the wheels and being re-acted on by the -springs.”</p> -</blockquote> -<div class="pb" id="Page_16">16</div> -<p>Soon after the evacuation of the city by the -British, Mr. Roosevelt returned to New York; -and following the bent of his inclinations, we -find him, some years afterward, becoming interested -in the Schuyler Copper mines in New -Jersey, on the Passaic, then called Second river. -Here he found some parts of an old atmospheric -engine, which he used in completing a perfect -machine of that description; and meeting with -an engineer from the establishment of Bolton -& Watt, whom he employed to make improvements, -he built engines for various parties, and -constructed for the water works in Philadelphia, -the ponderous machines, which, for many years, -supplied that city with water, by pumping from -the Schuylkill into the distributing reservoir at -Centre Square. During all this time, the subject -of steam navigation seems never to have been -lost sight of. He wanted to substitute for the -hickory and whalebone of his Esopus experiment -the mighty agent with whose multitudinous uses -the world was then beginning to be familiar.</p> -<p>Among other persons who had heard of Mr. -Roosevelt’s views in this direction, was the late -Robert R. Livingston, better known as Chancellor -Livingston, who, on the 8th of December, 1797, -wrote to him (I quote from the original letter now -before me) as follows:</p> -<blockquote> -<div class="pb" id="Page_17">17</div> -<p>“Mr. Stevens mentioned to me your desire to -apply the steam machine to a boat. Every attempt -of this kind having failed, I have constructed a -boat on perfectly new principles which, both in -the model and on a large scale has exceeded my -expectations. I was about writing to England -for a steam machine, but hearing of your wish, -I was willing to treat with you on terms which -I believe you will find advantageous for the use -of my invention.”</p> -</blockquote> -<p>The Chancellor was an inventor, but unlike -most inventors was a man of large wealth; and -the result of the correspondence, thus commenced, -all of which is before me, was an agreement -between the Chancellor, Roosevelt, and John Stevens -of Hoboken, to build a boat on joint account, -for which the engines were to be constructed at -Second river by Roosevelt, while the propelling -agency employed was to be on the plan of the -Chancellor.</p> -<p>I have not been able to make out, from the -very voluminous correspondence, the precise character -of the Chancellor’s contrivance; but I infer -that it consisted of wheels with vertical axes, submerged -at the stern, that forced a stream of water -outward from between them, and so propelled the -vessel. The inventor’s own idea of it must have -been vague in the first instance; for there is -<span class="pb" id="Page_18">18</span> -scarcely a letter to Roosevelt from the time the -work was commenced, until it was abandoned, -that does not suggest changes and alterations. -Steam appears to have been applied to the -machinery about the middle of the year 1798, -unsuccessfully; and the Chancellor, charging the -failure to want of power in the engine, proposes -to throw the cost of it upon the builder. This -is of course resisted. Further improvements in -the propellers are made. The engine is then -alleged to be <i>too</i> powerful: and so matters go on, -until the 21st of October, 1798, when Roosevelt -writes to the Chancellor, giving him an account -of a trial trip, on which the speed attained was -equivalent to about three miles in still water; -though, with wind and tide, the Spanish Minister, -who was on board and highly elated, estimated -the actual speed at double that amount.</p> -<p>In the meanwhile however, on the 6th of September, -1798, Roosevelt wrote to the Chancellor -an important letter in this connection, in which, -after referring to a change in the plan, he says:</p> -<blockquote> -<p>“I would recommend that we throw two wheels -of wood over the sides, fastened to the axes of -the flys (fly wheels) with eight arms or paddles; -that part which enters the water of sheet iron to -shift according to the power they require either -deeper in the water, or otherwise, and that we -<span class="pb" id="Page_19">19</span> -navigate the vessel with these until we can procure -an engine of the proper size, which, I think, -ought not to be less than 24 inch cylinder.”</p> -</blockquote> -<p>No better description of a side wheel steamboat -has ever been given than is contained in this letter -of the 6th of September, 1798, the original draft -of which, with all its interlineations, is now before -me; <i>and this is the first practical suggestion of the -combination which made steam navigation a commercial -success</i>, that there is a record of in America; -and this also, when, as late as 1802, four years -later, Fulton, as we are informed by his biographer, -had become assured, that endless chains and -floats were alone to be relied on!</p> -<p>Receiving no reply to the suggestion, thus made, -Roosevelt writes to the Chancellor on the 16th of -September, 1798, saying: “I hope to hear your -opinion of throwing wheels over the sides;” when -the Chancellor answers: “I say nothing on the -subject of wheels over the sides, as I am perfectly -convinced from a variety of experiments of the -superiority of those we have adopted.”</p> -<p>Again, on the 21st October, in the letter giving -an account of the trial trip with the Spanish Minister -on board, Roosevelt says, “he would wish the -Chancellor’s wheels to be tried, contrasted with -paddles on Mr. Stevens’ plan, or with wheels over -the sides, so as to ascertain the difference in the -<span class="pb" id="Page_20">20</span> -application of the power.” To which the Chancellor -answers on the 28th October, 1798, referring -to the Stevens’ paddles, “they are too inconvenient -and liable to accidents to be used—<span class="smaller">AND, AS FOR -VERTICAL WHEELS, THEY ARE OUT OF THE QUESTION</span>!”</p> -<p>Roosevelt was at this time so strongly impressed -with the plan that the Chancellor thus peremptorily -put aside, that in a letter of the 21st to the -same John Stevens already mentioned, who, as we -have seen, was one of the partners in the adventure, -he says, “I am firmly of opinion that a vessel -may be propelled at the rate of <i>eight</i> miles an -hour.”</p> -<p>Not even the praise of the Spanish Minister -seems to have been sufficient to vitalize the -Chancellor’s boat; and we are led to suppose -that it was recognized by all as a failure; for -Stevens, who seems to have had more influence -than Roosevelt, persuaded the Chancellor to adapt -the engine to his contrivance of a set of paddles -in the stern, pushing the boat forward as they -were made by a crank motion to rise and fall. -A rough sketch of this contrivance in a letter from -Stevens, dated July 15th, 1799, is before me. The -experiment so racked the Chancellor’s boat as to -make it unfit for use altogether. We wonder -now that such things could have been thought -of even.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_21">21</div> -<p>In Mr. Stevens’ letter there is a passage that -indicates the reliance that was placed on Roosevelt -by this, the most practical of his associates, and -shews him to have been the party on whose skill -the others depended. He says:</p> -<blockquote> -<p>“In the meantime, I would wish to determine -on our plan for placing the paddles in the stern -of the boat and provide immediately to put it in -execution. You and Stoudinger (a young man -brought up by Roosevelt, and who subsequently -became Fulton’s right hand man, and one of the -first practical engineers in America,) and Smallman -(another of Roosevelt’s employees) must lay -your heads together on this subject; and, as soon -as you have fixed upon the plan you conceive will -be most eligible, I wish you would take a ride -down and communicate it to me; and, at the same -time, I can give you the result of my cogitations.”</p> -</blockquote> -<p>The Stevens’ paddles, until they shook the boat -to pieces, were far more successful than any one -of the Chancellor’s inventions; and I remember, -distinctly, seeing a boat propelled by paddles in -the harbor of New York, as I crossed the Hudson -on my way to West Point, in the fall of the year -1818. The paddles I refer to, however, were on -the sides, and not at the stern, and were literally -paddles, being square floats attached to upright -<span class="pb" id="Page_22">22</span> -shafts, which a crank motion caused to rise and -fall.</p> -<p>It is not difficult to understand why the Chancellor -told Roosevelt that his vertical wheels -were not to be thought of, and why Stevens, -confessedly a man of ability and mechanical ingenuity, -preferred his own suggestion. They doubtless -believed that the percussion of the floats of -the vertical wheel as they strike and then enter -the water, and before they exert their greatest -power; which is when they are at right angles -with the surface, was objectionable and would be -fatal to their usefulness. They feared also, most -probably, the further loss of power consequent -upon the lifting of the water as the floats emerged -from it; and, wedded to their own schemes, they -refused to subject the matter to the test of experiment. -The paddles of Stevens, and the floats -on the endless chains, to which Fulton gave the -preference, entered the water perpendicularly, or -nearly so, and were free from what was regarded, -it is to be supposed, as the objection to Roosevelt’s -vertical wheels over the sides. That both Stevens -and Fulton were wrong, and that Roosevelt was -right, time has conclusively established.</p> -<p>Unwilling to abandon the idea of steam navigation, -even after so complete a failure, the -Chancellor devised still another plan, which was -executed under Roosevelt’s direction at the works -<span class="pb" id="Page_23">23</span> -on the Passaic, of the details of which I have no -account. In this Roosevelt had no interest. It -proved a failure. From all that I can gather, -from the documents in my possession, the efforts -here described were made in 1798, 1799 and 1800, -almost uninterruptedly, and were controlled by the -Chancellor, who was, evidently, the moneyed man -of the concern, and whose dictum, as we have -said, was regarded as conclusive by his associates. -So promising did the matter seem after Roosevelt -had commenced the engine for the boat, that, in -March, 1798, the Legislature of New York, granted -the Chancellor, “the exclusive right of navigating -all boats that might be propelled by steam on all -the waters within the territory, or jurisdiction, of -the State for the term of twenty years, provided -he should, within a twelvemonth, build such a -boat, the mean of whose progress should not be -less than four miles an hour.” The month of -March, 1799, elapsed, however, without the condition -of the grant having been complied with. -At a later date, a similar grant was made to -Livingston and Fulton.</p> -<p>In the latter part of the year 1800, Mr. Jefferson -appointed the Chancellor minister to France, where -he remained until 1804, having in the meanwhile -negotiated the treaty which ceded Louisiana to the -United States, and where he made the acquaintance -of Robert Fulton. In 1804, the Chancellor -<span class="pb" id="Page_24">24</span> -made the tour of Europe, and returned the following -year to the United States.</p> -<p>In Colden’s Life of Fulton, there is an account, -in the Chancellor’s own words, of the commencement -of his acquaintance with Fulton. I quote: -“Robert R. Livingston, Esquire, when minister -in France, met with Mr. Fulton, and they formed -that friendship and connection with each other to -which a similarity of pursuits generally gives birth. -He communicated to Mr. Fulton the importance -of steamboats to their own country; informed him -of what had been attempted in America, and of his -resolution to resume the pursuit on his return, and -advised him to turn his attention to the subject.”</p> -<p>We have already seen that Mr. Fulton’s plan, -after making calculations as to the efficiency of -paddles and ducks’ feet, was to use endless chains -with resisting boards upon them as propellors. -With these he made a course of experiments on -a little rivulet that runs through the village of -Plombiéres, in France, in 1802; and “addressed -several letters to Mr. Livingston and Mr. Barlow, -giving them a minute account of his experiments -and assurances of the certainty of success which -they afforded him.”</p> -<p>That the Chancellor had informed Fulton of -what had been attempted in America, is admitted -by Colden; and this, too, prior doubtless, to the -experiments at Plombiéres. That Roosevelt’s pertinacity -<span class="pb" id="Page_25">25</span> -in regard to wheels over the sides was -communicated with other information is not to -be doubted; that the Chancellor should have told -him, as he told Roosevelt, in the letter of October -28th, 1798, “that they were not to be thought of,” -it is most reasonable to suppose; and that Fulton -agreed with the Chancellor is proved by the “assurance -of certain success” which he entertained, -of endless chains and floats, or resisting boards.</p> -<p>Between the spring of 1802 and the fall of that -year, Mr. Fulton changed his mind; for he and -Livingston were building a boat, propelled by -Roosevelt’s vertical wheels, in January, 1803. -The Chancellor, by this time, had become convinced -that vertical wheels were things “to be -thought of.” That it was Roosevelt’s plan that -was adopted after all their own plans had failed—the -plan derived, with the details of its execution, -from Roosevelt himself,—does not seem to admit -of any reasonable doubt.</p> -<p>Biography is too often eulogy. The name of -Fulton is irrevocably, and justly, the representative -name in connection with steam navigation -throughout all lands. For a while, and in the -memory of the writer, the name of Livingston -was connected with it in men’s mouths. But -Livingston’s connection with the subject is fast -being forgotten. Fulton’s never will be forgotten, -not because he was the inventor of the steamboat -<span class="pb" id="Page_26">26</span> -however, not because he first suggested the combination -that made success certain; but because, -in his hands, it became a commercial success. -He was the first who demonstrated its practical -utility, when, in 1807, he made the first voyage -in the Clermont from New York to Albany and -back. Still he was indebted to others, in the first -instance, for the elements of his success.</p> -<p>I have said that biography is too often eulogy. -The biographer becomes jealous of the reputation -of his hero. Colden was not exempt from the -weakness common to his class; and instead of -giving to Roosevelt the credit of having first put -the idea of vertical wheels over the sides into a -practical shape, by his detailed description of their -mechanism, he says that the want of success of a -French inventor, who had horizontal screws on -either side of a boat, “it is probable,” induced -Mr. Fulton again to resort to the wheels, which, -in the original paper that he communicated to -Lord Stanhope, in 1793, he proposed to use as -propellors. Even had this been so, without any -question having arisen as to the facts, Roosevelt’s -model of a boat at Esopus, with its hickory and -whalebone springs, would have been ten years -ahead of the Frenchman.</p> -<p>But there are some matters connected with the -letter to Lord Stanhope, which are not without -interest in this connection.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_27">27</div> -<p>We have seen that Roosevelt, in January, 1815, -applied to the Legislature of New Jersey, for protection -as an inventor of the vertical wheels over -the sides, for which he had obtained letters patent -from the United States in the preceding month -of December, 1814, being the original document -shewn to me by Delacy. Somewhere about this -time, Mr. Fulton appeared as a witness before the -Legislature in connection with this same subject -of steam navigation; and Colden’s life contains a -letter from Mr. Emmet, the celebrated lawyer, in -which he states, that, in order to shew Mr. Fulton’s -prior claim to invention, in the application of -“water wheels to steamboats,” he examined him -to prove a copy of the letter in question. Nothing -was said, it would seem, of its being a copy, when -this was first presented: but Governor Ogden -noticed that the letter was written on <i>American -paper</i>; and, subsequently, Mr. Fulton explained -that the first copy having been considerably worn -out and obscured, he had copied it over again and -attached it to the old drawings. This was made the -subject of uncomfortable criticism by the opposite -counsel; and Mr. Emmet, in his letter, expresses -great indignation at what he states was a malicious -attempt to injure the honor of the dead, and -regrets that he omitted to notice, in his reply, -the insinuations which Mr., afterwards Judge, -Hopkinson permitted himself to make. The occurrence -<span class="pb" id="Page_28">28</span> -was unquestionably an unfortunate one, -whatever the real facts may have been; and respect -for the memory of Mr. Fulton leads me to hope -that Mr. Emmet was correct in his version of the -transaction. His letter, however, is important in -another aspect: it shews that the merit of the -invention, at the time, was considered to be the -application of vertical wheels over the sides, and -that this was claimed for Fulton on the strength -of the letter to Lord Stanhope and the accompanying -drawings of 1793, notwithstanding the -endless chains and floats already referred to as -illustrating the convictions of 1793.</p> -<p>I have never seen the drawings or read the -letter of Mr. Fulton; but it is difficult for me to -believe that he had invented in 1793, what was -unquestionably the solution of the difficulty, and -yet, in 1802, have dwelt in his letters to Livingston -and Barlow upon his assurances of the certainty -of success with endless chains and resisting -boards. It is with no want of charity, that it is -suggested, that Mr. Colden, in writing a biography, -overlooked the possibility of its logic being -criticized when compared with its facts.</p> -<p>There is some light, however, to be obtained -from Lord Stanhope’s reply to Mr. Fulton’s letter. -It is as follows:</p> -<blockquote> -<div class="pb" id="Page_29">29</div> -<p class="jr1">“<span class="sc">Holdsworthy Devon</span>, <i>October 7th, 1793</i>.</p> -<p>“<span class="sc">Sir</span>: I have received yours of the 30th September, -in which you <i>propose to communicate to me</i> -the principles of an invention which you say you -have discovered respecting the moving of ships by -the means of steam. It is a subject on which I -have made important discoveries. I shall be glad -to receive the communication which <i>you intend</i>, as -I have made the principles of mechanics my particular -study, &c.” (There are no words italicised -in the original.<span class="hst"> L.</span>)</p> -</blockquote> -<p>Certainly, it is only necessary to read this letter -to be satisfied, that the one to which it is a reply, -and it is not suggested that Mr. Fulton ever wrote -another, could not have described the combination -which made the steamboat the thing that it now -is: or that it could have been accompanied by -drawings shewing the plan finally adopted,—the -Roosevelt plan, going back as far as 1782, and -described in practical detail in the letter of 21st -October, 1798.</p> -<p>It is true that Mr. Fulton obtained letters patent -of the United States for his steamboat in 1809—in -reference to which Mr. Colden says, as though -to corroborate Fulton’s claim as inventor,</p> -<blockquote> -<p>“They (the Chancellor and Mr. Fulton) entered -into a contract, by which it was, among other -<span class="pb" id="Page_30">30</span> -things, agreed that a patent should be taken out -in the United States in Mr. Fulton’s name, which -Mr. Livingston well knew could not be done -without Mr. Fulton <i>taking an oath that the improvement -was solely his</i>.”</p> -</blockquote> -<p>And a patent was in fact taken out, in those -days when patents were had for the asking, and -when none of that examination, which now protects -the public, was required by law.</p> -<p>We have already seen, in the case stated for -Mr. Wirt’s opinion, the allegation that Fulton -neither subscribed nor swore to the specification; -and that the name Robert Fulton was in the -handwriting of another man. Unless this had -been the fact, it would hardly have been alleged -in a paper, prepared for the opinion of eminent -counsel. But I have before me an original letter -dated Trenton, January, 1815, addressed to Mr. -Roosevelt by Delacy, in which the latter gives -an account of the proceedings before the Legislature, -and in which is this sentence:</p> -<blockquote> -<p>“Fulton has the effrontery to avow his having -got Fletcher to sign his name and makes light of -it, as if he was entitled to violate the laws, as -well as private rights, at pleasure.”</p> -</blockquote> -<p>It is true, this is the letter of a partizan in a -struggle before the Legislature. Still, the matter -<span class="pb" id="Page_31">31</span> -of fact would not be misstated in a private correspondence, -where there was no conceivable motive -to mislead.</p> -<p>The committee of the Legislature finally reported, -and very wisely, that it was inexpedient -to make any special provision in connection with -the matter in controversy before that body.</p> -<p>It was in March, 1815, on the heel of the Legislative -proceedings, that the deed of trust to Mr. -William Griffith was made, and the fact of his -accepting the trust, and that Aaron Ogden of -New Jersey, was a party to the transaction, shews -that the cause of Roosevelt as the inventor of -vertical wheels over the sides under the patent -of 1814, was deemed good as against the patent -granted to Fulton four or five years previously. -Had the letter to Lord Stanhope or the reply -thereto, been regarded by the outside world, or -by those interested in the subject, as sufficient to -establish Fulton’s prior right to the invention of -vertical wheels over the sides of steamboats, counsel -of the standing of Mr. Griffith would not have -become mixed up in the business, licenses to use -Roosevelt’s patent would not have been granted, -nor would I have made the acquaintance of John -Devereux Delacy; for Roosevelt’s pretensions would -have been nipped in the bud.</p> -<p>My tale is nearly ended. The object has been -to shew that the merit of the practical suggestion -<span class="pb" id="Page_32">32</span> -of the employment of vertical wheels over the -sides of steamboats was due to one who has been -lost sight of in this connection, and wholly ignored -in the biography of Fulton, who availing himself -of the suggestion of another, in all its details, -made it a great commercial success, and in so -doing built upon it a lasting fame. That the -papers I have referred to, now collated for the -first time, shew this to be the fact, I think there -can be no question.</p> -<p>It may be interesting to state something in -regard to the subsequent career of Roosevelt. -He was once asked why, with the secret of success -in his possession, he allowed it to slumber. -Why did not <i>he</i> anticipate the Clermont in the -first five years of the present century. I give -the answer in his own words from a manuscript -before me.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>“<i>First</i>: At the time Chancellor Livingston’s -horizontal wheel experiment failed, I was under -a contract with the corporation for supplying the -city of Philadelphia with water, by means of two -steam engines; and, besides, I was under a contract -with the United States to erect rolling works -and supply government with copper, rolled and -drawn, for six 74 gun ships, that were then to be -built. The engines for the supplying of Philadelphia -with water I completed, though with heavy -<span class="pb" id="Page_33">33</span> -loss. The rolling works I also brought into operation -upon a very extensive scale, and a considerable -quantity of copper was delivered. But the -encouragement from government by which I had -been led into this heavy expense was cut off by -a change of men in the administration. The 74s -were laid aside, and no appropriations were made, -and embarrassment to me was the natural consequence.”</p> -</blockquote> -<p>This embarrassment, in the then condition of -the law, was imprisonment for debts contracted -in getting ready to fulfil his contract. In truth, -he was a broken man. In the meanwhile, on -the return of Livingston and Fulton to America, -the workmen that Roosevelt had brought from -Germany and made what they were, entered -into Fulton’s service, and to their skill was he -indebted for the mechanical success of his earlier -boats. In 1807, Roosevelt was introduced to -him; and in a letter from the Chancellor, now -before me, references to old times are pleasantly -made; and, a year or two afterwards, we find -Roosevelt associated with Fulton in the introduction -of steamboats on the Western waters. Here, -he built the New Orleans, the pioneer boat that -descended the river in 1811—the year of the -comet and the earthquake. The voyage of the -New Orleans is, in itself, a romance; but time -<span class="pb" id="Page_34">34</span> -does not permit it to be told at present.<a class="fn" id="fr_1" href="#fn_1">[1]</a> -With all his merit, Fulton was not an easy man to -get along with; and Roosevelt had his faults of -temper too, no doubt; and after the successful -voyage of the New Orleans, the two men parted, -and Roosevelt disappeared from public life, and -was lost in the quiet of the domestic circle of a -numerous and happy family. He died at a very -advanced age, not many years ago, forgotten by -the world as he was forgotten by the biographer of -Fulton. He appears again before me, as I write, -as I remember to have seen him in my childhood, -and in after years—a finished gentleman, -energetic and sanguine, warm and generous in -his temper, a devoted husband and father, and -now made the hero of a lost chapter in the -history of the steamboat.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_35">35</div> -<h2 id="c2"><span class="small">APPENDIX.</span></h2> -<h3 id="c3">N. J. ROOSEVELT TO R. R. LIVINGSTON.</h3> -<p class="center"><span class="sc">Proposes Vertical Wheels with the Size of Cylinder and presses for Money Arrangements.</span></p> -<blockquote> -<p class="jr1"><span class="sc">Second River</span>, <i>Sept. 6th, 1798</i>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dr Sir</span>,</p> -<p>I have your two letters of the 31st and 1st inst. before me. Since writing -you the 27th, I made an experiment in order to ascertain as nearly as I -could the power of the engine, and put on your wheels. This was done by -laying the vessel on shore stern foremost so as to leave the wheels entirely -out of the water. The Engine was then put to work at the rate of from -40 to 45 strokes and wheels turned from 160 to 180 revolutions per minute. -When the water first entered them it was thrown out with great violence; -but before it got any considerable depth in them the motion of the engine -was impeded and in a short time entirely stopped. By this experiment I -was fully convinced that the wheels would require a power far greater -than this engine possesses and that any attempts to proceed with the power -we have and the present wheels would be fruitless. I was also farther -convinced (by getting men whose strength was ascertained to turn the -wheels by hand before the operation of the engine) tho’ she has her full -power and indeed considerably more than as first mentioned, I expected -we would have. Now, Sir, to proceed with the experiment you recommended -of closing the openings with doors will be doing nothing more -than what we have already done by the last trial. <span class="sc">I would therefore -recommend that we throw two wheels of wood over the sides -fastened to the axes of the flys with 8 arms or paddles, that -part which enters the water of sheet iron to shift according to -the power they require either deeper in the water or otherwise -and that we navigate the vessel with those until we can -procure an Engine of proper size which I think ought not to be -less than 24 inches cylinder.</span> The Barometer to ascertain the exact -power of the engine has not as you observe been left to depend entirely on -Mr. Van Ness, although I looked upon him as your Representative according -to the tenor of your own letter; but Mr. Mark and Mr. Speyer have -<span class="pb" id="Page_36">36</span> -both been on the search for one and have not yet succeeded. The copper -pipe for it is made and we will I believe be obliged to wait for the glass -until we can get it from the glass house above Albany. I have requested -Mr. Speyer, who has gone up to the Oneida country, to call on Mr. Dezang -for that purpose. If you know of any to be had in New York please to -inform me and I will immediately get it.</p> -<p>As to your charge of my want of candor and my possessing too much -distrust, those Sir are charges which have never before been laid to me and -which I feel perfectly free from and I will recommend to the Chancellor -to meet me in future upon equally candid and fair ground. I can assure -him he shall never have reason to complain of me on that score again.<a class="fn" id="fr_2" href="#fn_2">[2]</a> -We have as you observe put our hands to the oars and ought not to look -back until we reach port. This I am for, Sir, with all my heart, and firmly -believe that with this determination we have nothing to fear, as I think, -<i>with the wheels I have recommended</i>, that the State patent may be secured. -We will then have time to prepare for your wheels, and if they should not -have the effect you promise us, we can then adopt such other plans as we -may together think best. No bad consequences need be apprehended from -what I communicated out of your letter to Smallman and Stoudinger as -they are as anxious for the success of the business and your good opinion -as I am. As to altering any of the wheels in the way you propose I cannot -approve, as the alteration will be attended with considerable expense, -and as I believe any alteration we can make with our present small Engine -will be inadequate to driving the wheels to any advantage. In this the -Chancellor will agree with me when he considers that when the Engine -making 30 strokes per minute the horizontal wheels make 120 revolutions -by which 3/4 is taken from the power to afford this.</p> -<p>I sincerely hope that Mrs. Livingston may soon recover from her accident -so that you may not be detained long from thoroughly investigating -everything appertaining to our present concern.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="lc">I am, dear Sir, &c., &c.</p> -<p class="lr">N. J. ROOSEVELT.</p> -</div> -<p>N. B. I have not, upon overlooking what I have above written, been so -particular in my objections to your proposed alterations as may be agreeable -<span class="pb" id="Page_37">37</span> -and will ask for a little of your patience. See how the alteration -of the wheels on the connecting rod by being smaller will operate. They -will most certainly shorten the stroke of the engine. This therefore cannot -take place unless we alter the wheels round which they move accordingly, -which may be done. At the same time in doing it we shall be obliged to -lengthen the spindle of the horizontal wheels and disturb the wooden work -the whole of which will be attended with considerable expense and require -a second alteration when we come to operate with power equal to what -those wheels will require, and indeed, why should we go to any expense in -alterations which can do us no service; as I clearly saw from actual experiment -that about 1400 pounds will be necessary to be applied directly to the -wheels independent of friction, which is equal to an engine of 24 inches -Cylinder. An Engine of this size I find has 5424 pounds power independent -of the friction of the machine and I think power enough for the air -pumps (perhaps something more.) This I cannot however ascertain until I -get a barometer and try our present engine, which I believe perfect. I was -about trying the power by weights but found difficulties which I have not -yet been able to get over, as her power is equal both ways, and to bring the -weight only to the connecting rod would tear everything to pieces.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="lc">Yours, &c.</p> -<p class="lr">N. J. ROOSEVELT.</p> -</div> -<p>A plan of my substitute which may not be quite correct, as I do not understand -anything of drawing. -<span class="lr">N. J. R.<a class="fn" id="fr_3" href="#fn_3">[3]</a></span></p> -</blockquote> -<hr /> -<h3 id="c4">N. J. ROOSEVELT TO R. R. LIVINGSTON.</h3> -<blockquote> -<p class="jr1"><span class="sc">Second River</span>, <i>Sept. 10th, 1798</i>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dear Sir</span>,</p> -<p>I acknowledge receipt of yours of the 3d Inst. By this time you have -doubtless recd. mine of the 6th Inst. which gave you all the information -on the subject of the boat I was then capable of doing; since which I have -thought of trying another experiment upon <i>the present plan</i> and concluded -to morrow to set about it. It will take us three days with two hands -which will cost very trifling and enable us to calculate with more certainty -what power will be required <i>for your wheels</i>. The plan is this. Sun and -planet wheels we will take off and form a double crank with the coupling -links, which at one end will be fastened to the shaft of the fly wheels by -taking out the brasses and drilling holes for pins to enter. This change -will give us only half the motion of your wheels we first contemplated and -<span class="pb" id="Page_38">38</span> -consequently double the power we now have. I will try this in the same -way we did the last time by leaving the vessel’s stern on shore, and in the -meanwhile <i>I hope to hear your opinion of throwing wheels over the sides. -I will also be glad</i> to know if it is more agreeable to you to give a note for -the balance of your proportion of the expense attending this business or -whether you will make me a remittance in cash. Could I at present raise -money through the house of J. Mark for all the ends I have in this quarter -I would not solicit more money until you come down. This however it -is not for them to do. I hope the Chancellor will consider my situation -in the midst of many workmen as an apology and pardon me for my -impatience.</p> -<p><span class="center">Yours, &c.</span> -<span class="lr">N. J. ROOSEVELT.</span></p> -<p><span class="sc">R. R. Livingston.</span></p> -</blockquote> -<hr /> -<h3 id="c5">R. R. LIVINGSTON TO N. J. ROOSEVELT.</h3> -<p class="center"><span class="sc">Acknowledges Wheels over the Sides to have been Proposed by Roosevelt and rejects them.</span></p> -<blockquote> -<p class="jr1"><span class="sc">Clermont</span>, <i>18th Sept., 1798</i>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dear Sir</span>,</p> -<p>Mr. Mouchette is just returned. I sincerely congratulate you upon the -success of the engine of which he gives the most favourable report & fully -justifies yr. confidence in your engines. I am sufficiently sanguine to hope -that all difficulties are now vanished. Knowing our power nothing remains -but adapt the vessel to it. In attempting this hitherto we have deceived -ourselves by wandering into the field of conjecture rather than adhereing -to plain calculations & we shall still do so if we expect that the present -engine will turn the wheels we now have 80 times in a minute, as will appear -from this calculation. Our wells contain exactly 60 cubic feet of -water. The whole of this is set in motion at every revolution of the wheels -with a rapidity equal to the main motion of the arms, that is if the wheels -make 80 revolutions in a minute at the rate of 8 miles an hour. Now as -the boat will not remove more than 20 feet of water if she goes 8 miles an -hour, if it was possible to move the wheels as they are now constructed 80 -rounds in a minute we should throw away one half of our power, for the -boat could not move faster than the water in the wheels & the power -would be uselessly expended in throwing out water unnecessarily.</p> -<p>But it will be found on experiment that however perfect our engine is, it -cannot turn the present wheels 80 times in a minute. The wheels then -must necessarily be altered or the motion rendered still slower. To make -<span class="pb" id="Page_39">39</span> -the motion slower is to diminish our chance of moving the boat fast because -she will at no rate move faster than the water in the wheels though she -may be made to move as fast as I have found on actual experiment. The -wheels then must be altered, not by making the arms shorter for this would -diminish their motion, besides that it would require an alteration in the -boat—but by diminishing their depth. They are now if I recollect 18 -Inches deep, let them be reduced to nine Inches.</p> -<p>Let the motion of the wheels by no means exceed 80 nor be lower than -70 turns in a minute and I will answer for the success of the experiment, -& upon the whole it will turn out a fortunate discovery since we shall find -that our wells need not be above half the size we have made them & of -course much room and much weight of water be saved in future. That we -have erred hitherto should not discourage us. It is the fate of all new -undertakings and it is happy when the error can be so easily discovered & -detected. Another circumstance of considerable moment must be attended -to. If the diminution of the motion is brought about by changing the sun -and planet wheels, one half the motion of the flys will be lost & they rendered -almost useless from this circumstance. If they are made heavier -they will overload the boat.</p> -<p>I would propose as the best mode of altering the motion of the wheels -to alter the cog wheels & to leave the sun and planet wheels as they were—this -will give the proper motion to the fly & diminish the friction. Let -the cog wheels be made smaller and have no more cogs than the trunnel -rounds, or only so many more as will serve to give the motion we require. -Nor will this alteration be attended with more trouble than the one at first -proposed; but even if it is, it is so essential to give the flys a rapid motion -that we must, now we have gone so far, submit to this trouble and expense -to have this experiment properly made. <i>I say nothing on the subject of</i> -<span class="smaller">WHEELS OVER THE SIDES</span> <i>as I am perfectly convinced from a variety of experiments -of the superiority of those we have adopted</i>. I expect to be down -the last of this month when I shall see you & make such money arrangements -as we may find necessary.</p> -<p>In the meantime I hope to hear how you go on. I flatter myself no delay -will be incurred which can possibly be avoided, every moment being precious. -Mr. Mark will I hope forward this to you the moment it arrives, so -that the necessary alterations may be made before you proceed far on any -difficult plan.</p> -<p>I am very much hurt that you should construe any part of my former -letters into a reflection on your candour. I am sure that nothing of this -kind was ever intended & I flatter myself that if you attend a little more -<span class="pb" id="Page_40">40</span> -to the expressions (tho: I cannot now recollect them) that they will not -bear this harsh construction.<a class="fn" id="fr_4" href="#fn_4">[4]</a></p> -<p><span class="center">I am dear Sir, with esteem, your most ob: hum: servt:</span> -<span class="lr">ROB. R. LIVINGSTON.</span></p> -</blockquote> -<hr /> -<h3 id="c6">N. J. ROOSEVELT TO R. R. LIVINGSTON.</h3> -<p class="center"><span class="sc">Experiment made & Opinion of the Spanish Minister—Again Coaxes to have Vertical Wheels tried.</span></p> -<blockquote> -<p class="jr1"><span class="sc">Second River</span>, <i>Oct. 21st, 1798</i>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dear Sir</span>,</p> -<p>I dropped you a line in haste on Friday last, since which I received your -favour of the 10th: the person to whom you gave it in charge did not put -it in the post office until yesterday. Your instructions therefore came too -late for the rims, as they had by your former request been left off and no -bad consequence has resulted. I have not yet seen Mr. Stevens, but have -been expecting him every day, as he requested me by letter to inform him -what time we would be ready, which I did. Had I received your letter -sooner I would also have sent to see if Mr. Mouchet was still at N. Ark -& requested him to come up.</p> -<p>There was no occasion to try the wheels from 5 Inches upwards, as I -found the Engine overloaded at 5. I think at present the most advisable -mode of proceeding for us will be to change the wheels on shaft and spindle -so as to give the Engine her full speed with 50 revolutions of the lower -wheels, and if she will carry more, then increase the width of the paddles. -I have ordered a pattern made for two wheels accordingly and will cast -them the first casting we make after it is finished. Please to write me if -you agree in this respect. The Spanish Minister was on board the day we -made the last experiment and was perfectly well pleased with the operation -of the Engine and will give us an order for one of 36 Inches. This will cost -him upwards of 13,000 Dolls: Our small one is not equal to the purposes -for which he wants his. During our sail he, at the time the tide and wind -favoured us, supposed we went at the rate of 6 miles an hour; but I think -the delight he felt expressed at the novelty of the Voyage was the cause of -his mistake. My report to you was three miles, still water, which I have -reason to believe was accurate. I have at present a better opinion of your -plan than ever, and could wish them to be contrasted with paddles upon -<span class="pb" id="Page_41">41</span> -Mr. Stevens’ plan, <span class="smaller">OR WHEELS OVER THE SIDES</span>, so as fairly to ascertain -the difference of the application of the power. We have by the last experiment -a striking proof in favor of your plan which is demonstrated by the -diminution in width and slow motion of the wheels. At our last experiment -the effect was certainly greater than we could have promised ourselves.</p> -<p>I hope to hear from you soon, and in the meanwhile will do what strikes -me as reasonable upon our present plan so that no time is lost.</p> -<p>Mrs. Mark requests me to thank you for your polite invitation of visiting -Mrs. Livingston, but does not think it will be in her power this fall, -as Mr. Mark is at present too much occupied with business to leave home.</p> -<p><span class="center">Yours respectfully,</span> -<span class="lr">N. J. ROOSEVELT.</span></p> -</blockquote> -<p>This letter is complim’y to Livingston—about his plan of wheel—but -still Roosevelt mentions that it would be prudent to try in contrast <i>Stevens’ -paddles</i>—(& his <i>own</i> plan) wheels <i>over the sides</i>. (Note by Judge Griffith.)</p> -<hr /> -<h3 id="c7">R. R. LIVINGSTON TO N. J. ROOSEVELT.</h3> -<p class="center"><span class="sc">Liv’n Acknowledges the Boat to Answer & Refuses to use Vertical Wheels.</span></p> -<blockquote> -<p class="jr1"><span class="sc">Clermont</span>, <i>28 Octr., 1798</i>.</p> -<p><span class="sc">Dear Sir</span>,</p> -<p>After sending mine of yesterday I received your favor of the 21st, in -which you enter more particularly into the experiments you have made, -but not so fully as I would wish, as you will find by the queries I have -troubled you with. If you are right as to the motion through the water, -the Spanish Minister could not err much in his calculation, for it appears -to me that the tide in your river is not short of 2 miles & I have found in -my models that the velocity of the boat with the tide is greater in proportion -than the mere difference between that and still water.</p> -<p>This is one of the experiments I wished you to ascertain accurately by -running one hour with the tide & determining the distance and running -back the same distance against the tide. Be it as it will, we now know -what we can do with a sufficient power, and tho’ <i>paddles should even do -more they are too inconvenient and too liable to accidents to be used</i>—<span class="smaller">AS FOR -VERTICAL WHEELS THEY ARE OUT OF THE QUESTION</span>.</p> -<p>What I principally write now for is to ask you whether it would not be -better instantly to fit the boat for passengers by putting a deck over so -much as you make cabbin of. This should be the whole, only leaving -room for wood near the engine. This deck should be of inch pine boards -<span class="pb" id="Page_42">42</span> -& rounded so as to carry off the water and made as tight as possible. It -should be raised about ten Inches so as to admit of glasses that shove past -each other all round The inside only wants to be papered with any cheap -common paper and to have two rows of benches the one behind the other. -The rear bench so low as to admit the knees under the front one. A -narrow table of one board should run through the middle. The back -cabbin should be fitted for the ship’s company and have windows and -shutters in case of bad weather. Some arrangement should also be made -for boiling in pot and kettle. All this should be going on while you are -fitting the machinery. It will I believe be best to get two or three quick -hands from New York to do it as your shipwright is both slow and extravagant. -We have yet one month to use and a pretty important one, -because the roads will soon be bad, and tho’ we should only go 3 miles an -hour we shall still be able to pick up something besides our expenses and -acquire some experience of what further is necessary. I have provided a -Captain at £5 a month who understands the river. You say you have a -steward and fire engine hand. Tho’ I think Smallman should make the -first voyage.</p> -<p><span class="center">I am, Dr. Sir,</span> -<span class="lr">R. R. LIVINGSTON.</span></p> -<p><span class="sc">Mr. N. J. Roosevelt.</span></p> -</blockquote> -<p>The headings of the foregoing letters are copied from their respective -indorsations which would seem to have been made by different hands and -as though in the preparation of a case.</p> -<p class="jr1">L.</p> -<hr /> -<h3 id="c8">PATENT TO MR. ROOSEVELT.</h3> -<blockquote> -<p>THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,</p> -<p><i>To all to whom these LETTERS PATENT shall come</i>:</p> -<p><span class="sc">Whereas</span>, NICHOLAS J. ROOSEVELT, a Citizen of the United -States, hath alleged that he has invented a new and useful improvement</p> -<p class="center">IN PROPELLING BOATS &c. BY STEAM,</p> -<p>which improvement he states has not been known or used before his application; -hath made oath that he does verily believe that he is the true inventor -or discoverer of the said improvement; hath paid into the Treasury -of the United States the sum of thirty dollars, delivered a receipt for the -same, and presented a petition to the Secretary of State, signifying a desire -of obtaining an exclusive property in the said improvement, and praying -that a patent may be granted for that purpose: <span class="sc">These are therefore</span> to -grant, according to law, to the said NICHOLAS J. ROOSEVELT, his -<span class="pb" id="Page_43">43</span> -heirs, administrators, or assigns, for the term of fourteen years, from the -first day of December, one thousand eight hundred and fourteen, the full -and exclusive right and liberty of making, constructing, using and vending -to others to be used, the said improvement; a description whereof is -given in the words of the said Nicholas J. Roosevelt himself, in the schedule -hereto annexed, and is made a part of these presents.</p> -<p><span class="sc">In testimony whereof</span>, I have caused these Letters to be made -Patent, and the Seal of the United States to be hereunto affixed.</p> -<p class="center"><span class="ab1">SEAL</span></p> -<p><span class="sc">Given</span> under my hand, at the City of Washington, this -first day of December in the year of our Lord one thousand -eight hundred and fourteen and of the independence -of the United States of America, the thirty-ninth.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="lr">JAMES MADISON.</p> -<p class="t0"><i>By the President.</i></p> -<p class="lr"><span class="sc">Jas. Monroe</span>, <i>Secretary of State</i>.</p> -</div> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">City of Washington</span>, <i>to wit</i>:</p> -<p><span class="sc">I do hereby Certify</span>, That the foregoing Letters Patent were delivered -to me on the first day of December in the year of our Lord, one thousand -eight hundred and fourteen to be examined; that I have examined -the same, and find them conformable to law: and I do hereby return the -same to the <span class="sc">Secretary of State</span> within fifteen days from the date aforesaid, -to wit; on this first day of December in the year aforesaid.</p> -<p><span class="lr"><span class="sc">Richard Rush</span>,</span> -<span class="lr"><i>Attorney General of the United States</i>.</span></p> -<p class="tb"><span class="sc">To all to Whom these Presents shall come</span>:</p> -<p><i>Nicholas J. Roosevelt, of the State of New Jersey, Esqr. sends greeting</i>:</p> -<p><span class="sc">Be it known</span>, That I, the said Nicholas J. Roosevelt have discovered, -invented and constructed a new & useful mode & improvement in the propelling -of boats or vessels through water by the force & agency of fire & -steam, the construction of which discovery, invention & improvement is -specified as follows, as the mode to which I have given a preference reserving -to myself the right of varying and changing the proportions and combinations -of the several parts of the said discovery and invention as experience -may suggest or as I shall think advisable or expedient, to wit.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="lc">A true copy from the Specification filed in the Patent Office.</p> -<p class="lr"><span class="sc">Geo. Lyon</span>, <i>Clk.</i></p> -<p class="t0"><span class="sc">Patent Office</span>, <i>3d December, 1814</i>.</p> -</div> -</blockquote> -<div class="pb" id="Page_44">44</div> -<p class="revint"><i>THE SCHEDULE referred to in these Letters potent and making part of -the same containing a description in the words of the said Nicholas J. -Roosevelt himself of his improvement in propelling Boats, &c. by steam.</i></p> -<blockquote> -<p>In a boat or vessel of any form, but of sufficient capacity to contain the -machinery required, I place a Steam Engine of a power proportioned to -the restance to be overcome, in propelling a boat or vessel a given distance -in a given time, this steam Engine is supplied by a boiler of the -usual form or made Cylindric one or more at pleasure so as to be of sufficient -capacity to feed the Engine. I next place two wheels over the sides, -on the axis of which I put flyes, dispence with them or otherwise combine -them at pleasure, either to regulate motion or give additional velocity, or -they may be connected with the water shaft and steam Engine, by wheels -so as to give any number of revolutions that may be desired. The arms -of the water wheels I would make of wood, to which I attach floats or paddles -of cast Iron, or of Boiler plate thick sheet Iron, though they may be -made of wood. These floats I make move up and down on the arms, by -means of screws and holes, so as to make them enter deeper or shallower -in the water, in taking a purchase or hold on the water agreeably to the -depth of water the boat may draw, and the lading there may be on board, -or agreeably to other circumstances. The supporters of the outer ends of -the water wheels shaft to be made of Iron with braces, though if required -they may be made of wood.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="lr">Ns. J. ROOSEVELT.</p> -<p class="t0">Witnesses:</p> -<p class="t2"><span class="sc">Jere’h Ballard</span>,</p> -<p class="t2"><span class="sc">John Dev’x DeLacy</span>.</p> -</div> -</blockquote> -<hr /> -<p>Of the foregoing correspondence, but a small portion relates to the question -of wheels over the sides. It is inserted at length however,—going, as -it does, to shew the warm interest, and the active measures that were on -foot at the close of the eighteenth century to develope one of the mighty -agencies of the nineteenth. The crudeness of many of the suggestions and -the literary carelessness of the correspondence on both sides, is indicative of -a very different condition of things from that which exists at present.</p> -<p><span class="lr">L.</span></p> -<h2 id="c9"><span class="small">FOOTNOTES</span></h2> -<div class="fnblock"><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_1" href="#fr_1">[1]</a>Somewhere -about the year 1842, the writer of the foregoing address was -narrating the substance of it at the White Sulphur Springs of Virginia. -Among his hearers was Mr. Samuel Davis, of Philadelphia, but formerly -of Natchez, Mississippi, who supplemented the story with the following -anecdote. He was standing on the wharf at Natchez, one of a crowd, -watching the approach of the New Orleans on her first voyage. There -was a rise in the river at the time; and when the steamboat rounded to, to -head up stream, she was some short distance below the landing,—and, for -a while, the current was more than she could overcome. At Mr. Davis’ -side, was an old negro servant, who watched the struggle with much excitement, -slapping his thighs and gesticulating in a most outlandish way. -When at last, after a more rapid revolution of the wheels started the boat -ahead, the negro threw up his hat, exclaiming, “By golly, Sa, old Massesseppa -got her massa; hooraw.” Mr. Davis sent a quantity of his cotton -by the boat to New Orleans, against the advice of all his friends. He was -the first person who ventured a bale on such a risk! -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_2" href="#fr_2">[2]</a>The -reference here is to a letter of the Chancellor (numbered 25 in the collection -I have,) in which, being then in a dissatisfied and complaining mood, he says: “I -again repeat, Sir, that I trust in a few days to hear that experiments have been made -and to be minutely acquainted with the result, that I may take my measures accordingly. -In doing of which should wish to receive your advice. From a frank and candid -communication much more advantage will result to all parties than from reserve, -silence and distrust.</div> -<div class="fncont"><span class="center">I am, dear Sir, your most obt. hum. servt.</span> -<span class="jr1">R. R. LIVINGSTON.</span></div> -<div class="fncont"><i>See letter of Aug. 31, 1798.</i> -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_3" href="#fr_3">[3]</a>The plan here referred to is not among the papers. L. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_4" href="#fr_4">[4]</a>The Chancellor had evidently forgotten the -concluding paragraph of his letter of August 31, 1798. -</div> -</div> -<h2>Transcriber’s Notes</h2> -<ul> -<li>Silently corrected a few typos, including listed errata.</li> -<li>Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.</li> -<li>In the text versions only, text in <i>italics</i> is delimited by _underscores_.</li> -</ul> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Lost Chapter in the History of the -Steamboat, by John Hazelhurst Boneval Latrobe - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LOST CHAPTER--HISTORY OF STEAMBOAT *** - -***** This file should be named 63140-h.htm or 63140-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/3/1/4/63140/ - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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