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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1a82d59 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #63119 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/63119) diff --git a/old/63119-0.txt b/old/63119-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 935a0f2..0000000 --- a/old/63119-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,6131 +0,0 @@ -Project Gutenberg's The Two Spies, by Benson J. Lossing and Anna Seward - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: The Two Spies - Nathan Hale and John André - -Author: Benson J. Lossing - Anna Seward - -Release Date: September 4, 2020 [EBook #63119] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE TWO SPIES *** - - - - -Produced by WebRover, MFR, Graeme Macketh and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - -[Illustration: Hale's Birthplace.] - - THE TWO SPIES - - NATHAN HALE AND JOHN ANDRÉ - - BY - BENSON J. LOSSING, LL. D. - - _ILLUSTRATED WITH PEN-AND-INK SKETCHES BY H. ROSA_ - - ANNA SEWARD'S MONODY ON MAJOR ANDRÉ - - NEW YORK: - D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, - 72 FIFTH AVENUE. - - 1897. - - - - - Copyright, 1886, - By D. APPLETON AND COMPANY. - - - - -FORETALK. - - -This little volume contains a brief account of the most important -events in the life-career of two notable spies in our War for -Independence, NATHAN HALE and JOHN ANDRÉ. They were both young men, -well educated, endowed with genius and ability for conspicuous -achievements, brave and accomplished soldiers, pure and virtuous in -private character, truthful, manly, refined in thoughts and manners, -handsome in person, lovely in disposition, and beloved by all who knew -them. - -Yet they were spies! - -"Spies," says Vattel, "are generally condemned to capital punishment, -and not unjustly, there being scarcely any other way of preventing -the mischief which they may do. For this reason a man of honor, who -would not expose himself to die by the hand of a common executioner, -ever declines serving as a spy. He considers it beneath him, as it can -seldom be done without some kind of treachery." - -May not a spy be a man of lofty honor, and act under the inspiration -of disinterested patriotism? Stratagem, an artifice or scheme for -deceiving an enemy in war, is regarded as honorable, but is it not -seldom exercised "without some kind of treachery"? - -It is the _motive_ which gives true character to the deed. When the -motive is a purely mercenary one, the deed is dishonorable; when it -is the lofty one of a desire to serve one's country or his race, -unselfishly, the act is certainly honorable. Nathan Hale truthfully -said, "Every kind of service necessary for the public good becomes -honorable by being necessary." - -The motives of the two spies were expressed by themselves. Hale said: -"I wish to be useful. If the exigencies of my country demand a peculiar -service, its claims to the performance of that service are imperious." -André avowed that in the enterprise in which he was engaged all he -sought "was military glory, the applause of his king and country, and, -perhaps, a brigadiership." - -The last words uttered by André under the gibbet indicated that his -supreme thought at that moment was of _himself_. He said to the -American officers present, "I request you, gentlemen, that you will -bear me witness to the world that I die like a brave man." Hale's last -words upon the ladder indicated that his supreme thought at that moment -was of his _country_. He said, "I only regret that I have but one life -to lose for my country!" - -In 1856 a "Life of Captain Nathan Hale," by I.W. Stuart, was published -at Hartford, in a small volume of 230 pages. In 1861 "The Life and -Career of Major John André," by Winthrop Sargeant, was published -at Boston in a small octavo volume of nearly 500 pages. It is an -exhaustive work. To these two books I acknowledge much indebtedness. - -The spirited pen-and-ink sketches which illustrate this little volume -were largely copied from original drawings by the author; also from -other original drawings and autographs. The two pictures, _Cunningham -destroying Hale's Letters_, and _The Tournament_, are original designs -by the artist. - -This volume contains the full text of André's "Cow-Chase," and -the famous "Monody on Major André," by Miss Anna Seward, with a -portrait and a brief biographical sketch of the author; also three -characteristic letters written by André to Miss Seward, when he was a -youth of eighteen. The "Monody," I believe, has never been published in -America. - - B.J.L. - - The Ridge, _April, 1886_. - - - - -CONTENTS. - - - NATHAN HALE. - - CHAPTER I. - PAGE - - Hale's Birthplace and Parentage.--The Hale Family 3 - - Hale's Youthhood and Education 4 - - Dr. Munson's Recollections of him 5 - - Hale at Yale College and as a School-teacher 7 - - Patriotism of 8, 9 - - His Military Career at Boston and New York 9-12 - - - CHAPTER II. - - The American Army at New York 12, 13 - - A Man for Secret Service sought 18 - - Hale's Idea of the Service; he volunteers 14 - - His Career as a Spy 15-20 - - His Arrest 17 - - Taken to General Howe's Headquarters 19 - - Sentenced to be hanged without Trial.--Great Fire in New York 20 - - - CHAPTER III. - - Hale at the Place of Execution 21 - - Cruelly treated by Cunningham, the Provost-Marshal 22 - - His Last Words 23 - - Sympathy, expressed; his Execution 24 - - Monumental Memorials of Hale 25-27 - - Literary Contributions to his Memory 27-31 - - Tribute to Hale by Henry J. Raymond 31 - - Proposed Monument in Memory of Hale at New York 33 - - Proposed Epitaph 34 - - - - - JOHN ANDRÉ. - - - - - CHAPTER I. - - - André's Birth, Parentage, Education, and Family 37 - - His Acquaintance with Anna Seward and her Literary Friends 38 - - His Betrothal to Honora Sneyd 40 - - His Correspondence with Miss Seward 41 - - Enters the Army 42 - - Presaging Omens 42, 43 - - André goes to America 43 - - Made a Prisoner 44 - - At Philadelphia--his Accomplishments and Captivating Manners 45 - - Lord Howe entertained 45 - - - CHAPTER II. - - The Mischianza described by André 46-59 - - - CHAPTER III. - - The Mischianza and the Character of General Howe criticised 59, 60 - - The British fly from Philadelphia toward New York, General Clinton in - Command.--Battle of Monmouth 60 - - Expedition to Rhode Island 61 - - André's Genius and Social Position 62 - - His Letter to Benedict Arnold's Wife 63 - - Arnold's Career in Philadelphia 63, 64 - - His Treasonable Correspondence with Sir Henry Clinton and André 64, 65 - - André a Spy in Charleston 66 - - Arnold's Premeditated Treason.--Occasion of "The Cow-Chase" 67 - - - CHAPTER IV. - - "The Cow-Chase" 68 - - - CHAPTER V. - - Gloomy State of Public Affairs.--Proposed Personal Meeting between - Arnold and André 79 - - Arrangements for such a Meeting 79, 80 - - André at a Dinner-Party 80, 81 - - Goes to meet General Arnold 81 - - The Meeting 81, 82 - - They go to Smith's House 83 - - The Terms of Treasonable Service agreed upon.--André compelled to - attempt a Return to New York by Land 84 - - Receives Papers from Arnold.--His Journey.--The Neutral Ground 85 - - André arrested 86 - - Patriotism of his Captors 88 - - Their Reward 89 - - André discovered to be a Spy 90 - - His Confession 91 - - His Letter to Washington 91-93 - - - CHAPTER VI. - - Washington returns from Hartford at a Critical Moment.--Arnold receives - Notice of André's Arrest 93 - - Painful Interview with his Wife.--He escapes to the _Vulture_ 94 - - Washington at Arnold's Quarters.--Discovers Arnold's Treason.--His - Calmness and Tenderness 96 - - André brought to Arnold's Quarters and sent to General Greene at - Tappaan 97 - - His Free Conversation with Major Tallmadge 98 - - Effects of the News of his Capture 99 - - Tried by a Board of Officers and condemned as a Spy 100 - - Efforts to save him 101 - - His Choice of the Mode of Death 102 - - His Execution 103-105 - - - CHAPTER VII. - - Almost Universal Sympathy felt for André 105, 106 - - Honored by his King 106 - - A Monument to his Memory in Westminster Abbey, described 106-108 - - André's Remains removed to the Abbey 108 - - Memorials to mark the Place of his Execution 109-115 - - Memorial-Stone erected by Mr. Field at Tappaan 110-115 - - Mr. Field's Generous Proposition 110, 114, 118 - - Attempts to destroy the Field Memorial at Tappaan 117, 118 - - An Indignation Meeting at Tappaan 119 - - A Monument to mark the Place where André was captured at - Tarrytown 119-121 - - Biographical Sketch of Anna Seward 125 - - Monody on Major André 135 - - André's Letters to Miss Seward 152 - - Index 165 - - - - -ILLUSTRATIONS. - - - PAGE - - Nathan Hale's Birthplace _Frontispiece_ - - Fac-simile of Hale's Handwriting 6 - - Union Grammar School-house at New London 8 - - The Beekman Mansion 18 - - Beekman's Greenhouse 19 - - Cunningham destroying Hale's Letters 22 - - The Hale Monument at Coventry 26 - - Portrait of John André _face_ 37 - - Portrait of Honora Sneyd 39 - - The Mischianza Ticket 47 - - Lady's Head-Dress 48 - - The Joust at the Tournament 52 - - Fac-simile of Arnold's disguised Handwriting 65 - - Fac-simile of André's disguised Handwriting 65 - - Fac-simile of the Last Stanza of the Cow-Chase 78 - - The Smith House 82 - - Fac-simile of Arnold's Passport 87 - - Portrait of John Paulding 89 - - The Robinson House 95 - - "The '76 Stone House" 97 - - Washington's Headquarters at Tappaan 100 - - Passage from the Vulture 104 - - André's Monument in Westminster Abbey 107 - - Bowlder-Monument 109 - - Dean Stanley's Autograph 112 - - Memorial at Tappaan 116 - - Memorial at Tarrytown 120 - - Portrait of Anna Seward _face_ 125 - - - - -NATHAN HALE. - - - - -NATHAN HALE. - - - - -CHAPTER I. - - -In a picturesque region of Tolland County, Connecticut, twenty miles -eastward of Hartford, situated upon an eminence which commands a -beautiful and extensive prospect westward toward the State capital, -there once stood, and perhaps now stands, a pleasant farm-house, -built of wood, and two stories in height.[1] In that house, on the -6th of June, 1755, a child was born whose name appears conspicuous -in our national history. It was a boy, and one of twelve children, -whose father, Richard Hale, had emigrated in early life from Newberry, -in Massachusetts, to Coventry, and there married Elizabeth Strong, -a charming maiden eighteen years of age. He was a descendant of -Robert Hale, or Hales, who settled in Charlestown, in 1632, and who -seems to have been a scion of the Hales of Kent, for he bore their -coat-of-arms--three broad arrows feathered white, on a red field. - -Both Richard and Elizabeth Hale were of the strictest sect of the -Puritans of their day. They revered the Bible as the voice of God; -reverenced magistrates and gospel ministers as his chosen servants; -regarded the strict observance of the Christian Sabbath as a binding -obligation, and family worship and grace before meals as imperative -duties and precious privileges. - -The sixth child of Richard and Elizabeth Hale they named NATHAN. He -was feeble in body at the beginning of his life, and gave very little -promise of surviving the period of infancy; but tender motherly care -carried him safely over the critical second year, and he became -a robust child, physically and mentally. He grew up a lively, -sweet-tempered, and beautiful youth; and these qualities marked his -young manhood. - -Nathan Hale, the distinguished person alluded to, bright and active, -loved out-of-door pastimes, and communing with Nature everywhere. He -was conspicuous among his companions for remarkable athletism. He would -spring, with apparent ease, out of one hogshead into another, through a -series; and he would place his hand upon a fence as high as his head, -and spring over it at a bound with apparently little effort. - -Having an intense thirst for knowledge, young Hale was very studious. -His father designed him for the Christian ministry, and he was fitted -for college by the Rev. Dr. Huntington, one of the most eminent -Congregational divines and scholars of his day, and then the pastor of -the parish in which Nathan was born. - -Young Hale entered Yale College when in the sixteenth year of his -age. His brother Enoch, the grandfather of Rev. Edward Everett Hale, -of Boston, and two years the senior of Nathan, entered Yale at the -same time. The students then numbered about sixty. His course of -college-life was eminently praiseworthy; and he was graduated with the -highest honors in September, 1773. Popular with all the students, the -tutors, and the faculty, he was always a welcome visitor in the best -families of New Haven. - -In the autumn of 1848 I visited the venerable Eneas Munson, M.D., at -New Haven. He had been assistant surgeon, under Dr. Thatcher, in the -old War for Independence. He knew young Hale well during the later -period of his life at Yale College, for he was then a frequent visitor -at the home of Dr. Munson's father. - -"I was greatly impressed," said Dr. Munson, "with Hale's scientific -knowledge, evinced during his conversation with my father. I am sure -he was equal to André in solid acquirements, and his taste for art and -talents as an artist were quite remarkable. His personal appearance was -as notable. He was almost six feet in height, perfectly proportioned, -and in figure and deportment he was the most manly man I have ever met. -His chest was broad; his muscles were firm; his face wore a most benign -expression; his complexion was roseate; his eyes were light blue and -beamed with intelligence; his hair was soft and light brown in color, -and his speech was rather low, sweet, and musical. His personal beauty -and grace of manner were most charming. Why, all the girls in New -Haven fell in love with him," said Dr. Munson, "and wept tears of real -sorrow when they heard of his sad fate. In dress he was always neat; -he was quick to lend a helping hand to a being in distress, brute or -human; was overflowing with good-humor, and was the idol of all his -acquaintances." - -Such was the verbal testimony of a personal acquaintance of Nathan Hale -as to his appearance and character. When he left Yale College.[2] Dr. -Jared Sparks, who knew several of Hale's intimate friends, writes of -him: - -[Illustration: Please accept for yourself and Mrs. Munson the grateful -thanks of one who will always remember the kindness he ever experienced -whenever he visited your abode. - - your friend, - Nathan Hale. - -Fac-simile of Hale's Handwriting.] - -"Possessing genius, taste, and order, he became distinguished as a -scholar; and, endowed in an eminent degree with those graces and gifts -of Nature which add a charm to youthful excellence, he gained universal -esteem and confidence. To high moral worth and irreproachable habits -were joined gentleness of manner, an ingenuous disposition, and vigor -of understanding. No young man of his years put forth a fairer promise -of future usefulness and celebrity; the fortunes of none were fostered -more sincerely by the generous good wishes of his associates, and the -hopes and encouraging presages of his superiors." - -Among Hale's classmates was (afterward Major) Benjamin Tallmadge, who -had charge of André soon after his arrest. With William Robinson and -Ezra Samson he was engaged with Hale at their graduation, in a Latin -syllogistic dispute, followed by a debate on the question, "Whether the -education of daughters be not, without any just reason, more neglected -than that of the sons?" - -"In this debate Hale was triumphant," wrote James Hillhouse, another of -his classmates, who was a few months his junior. "He was the champion -of 'The Daughters,' and most ably advocated their cause. You may be -sure that he received the plaudits of the ladies present." - -On leaving college, Hale engaged in school-teaching for nearly two -years. He first taught a select school at East Haddam, on the left bank -of the Connecticut River, then a place of much wealth. - -In 1774 he was called to the position of preceptor in the Union -Grammar-School at New London, an institution of high grade, intended to -furnish facilities for a thorough English education and the classical -preparation necessary for entering college. The school-building stood -on State Street. Young Hale was appointed its first preceptor after its -organization. It was a high compliment to his ability. - -Hale's connection with this school was most agreeable. Everybody became -warmly attached to him. His life moved on in a placid current, with -scarcely a ripple upon its surface. He assiduously cultivated science -and letters, moved in the most refined society, and engaged in social -pleasures and religious repose. His future appeared full of joyful -promises. - -[Illustration: Union Grammar School-house at New London.] - -Suddenly war's alarms dispelled Hale's dream of quiet happiness. -The news of the bloodshed at Lexington and Concord aroused the -continent--New England in a special manner. A messenger, riding express -with the news, between Boston and New York, brought it to New London -late on the 21st of April. It created intense excitement. A town -meeting was called at the court-house at twilight. Among the speakers -present whose words fired the hearts of the eager listeners was Nathan -Hale. With impassioned language and intense earnestness he exhorted the -people to take patriotic action at once. "Let us march immediately," -he cried, "and never lay down our arms until we have obtained our -independence!" This was the first public demand for independence made -at the beginning of the great struggle. - -When the meeting adjourned, Hale, with others, enrolled himself as a -volunteer. A company was soon formed. On the following morning when the -school assembled, he prayed with his pupils, gave them good advice, -bade each one of them an affectionate farewell, and soon afterward -departed for Cambridge. He returned and resumed his duties at the -school, but it was not long before his intense desire to serve his -country caused him to enlist as a lieutenant of a company in Colonel -Charles Webb's regiment--a body raised by order of the General Assembly -for home defense, or, if necessary, for the protection of the country -at large. - -Late in September Hale marched with his regiment to Cambridge, and -participated in the siege of Boston. He received the commission of -captain early in January, and was vigilant and brave at all times. The -British were driven from the New England capital in March (1776), and -sailed away to Halifax with a host of Tories, who fled from the wrath -of the Whigs whom they had oppressed. After the British left Boston, -the bulk of the American army proceeded to New York. So earnest and -unselfish was Hale's patriotism that, when, late in 1775, the men of -his company, whose term of service had expired, determined to return -home, he offered to give them his month's pay if they would remain so -much longer. - -Soon after Hale's arrival at New York, he successfully performed a -daring feat. A British sloop, laden with provisions, was anchored in -the East River under the protection of the guns of the man-of-war -_Asia_ sixty-four. General Heath gave Hale permission to attempt the -capture of the supply-vessel. With a few picked men (probably of -Glover's brigade, who were largely seamen), as resolute as himself, -he proceeded in a whale-boat silently at midnight to the side of the -sloop, unobserved by the sentinel on the deck. Hale and his men sprang -on board, secured the sentinel, confined the crew below the hatches, -raised her anchor, and took her into Coenties Slip just at the dawn of -day. Captain Hale was at the helm. The victors were greeted with loud -huzzas from a score of voices when the sloop touched the wharf. The -stores of provisions of the prize-vessel were distributed among Hale's -hungry fellow-soldiers. - -We have no information concerning Hale's movements from the time of his -capture of the supply-vessel until after the battle of Long Island. -He became captain of a company of Connecticut Rangers in May--a corps -composed of choice men picked from the different Connecticut regiments, -and placed under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Knowlton, who -had distinguished himself in the battle of Bunker's (Breed's) Hill. -They were known as "Congress's Own." - -In two or three letters written by Hale to his brothers in the earlier -part of the summer, he mentions some hostile movements, but there are -no indications that he was engaged in any of them. He seems not to -have been in the battle of Long Island or a participant in the famous -retreat of Washington across the East River, from Brooklyn, at the -close of August. He was among the troops that remained in New York when -the British invaded Long Island (for he was sick at that time), and -joined the retreating forces in their march toward Harlem Heights early -in September. He first appears after that movement in the presence of -Washington, at the house of the opulent Quaker merchant, Robert Murray, -on Murray Hill, to receive instructions for the performance of an -important mission. What was the nature of that mission? Let us see: - -The American army on Manhattan Island was in a most perilous condition -after the retreat from Long Island. It was fearfully demoralized, -and seemed to be on the point of dissolution. Despair had taken -possession of the minds of the militia. They deserted by companies -and even by regiments. Impatient of restraint, insubordination -everywhere prevailed. The soldiers clamored for pay; the money-chest -was empty. They clamored for clothing and blankets, as cold weather was -approaching; the commissary could not respond. One third of the men -were without tents, and one fourth of them were on the sick-roll. Only -fourteen thousand men were fit for duty, and these were scattered in -detachments lying between each extremity of the island, a distance of a -dozen miles or more. - -The British army was then twenty-five thousand strong, and lay in -compact detachments along the shores of New York Bay and the East -River, from (present) Greenwood Cemetery to Flushing and beyond. The -soldiers were veterans, and were flushed with the recent victory. They -were commanded by able generals. The army was supported by a powerful -naval force which studded with armed vessels the waters that clasped -Manhattan Island. Each arm of the service was magnificently equipped -with artillery, stores, and munitions of war of every kind. - -Such was the condition and relative position of the two armies when, on -the 7th of September, Washington called a council of war to consider -the important questions, What shall be done? Shall we defend or abandon -New York? - -Washington had already asked Congress, "If we should be obliged to -abandon the town, ought it to stand as winter-quarters for the enemy?" -He was answered by a resolve that, in case he should find it necessary -that he should quit New York, he should "have special care taken that -no damage be done to the city, Congress having no doubt of their being -able to recover it." It was resolved to remain and defend the city. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[Footnote 1: See the frontispiece, copied from a drawing by J.W. -Barber, of New Haven, in 1840.] - -[Footnote 2: Dr. Munson allowed me to read the following letter written -by Hale to his father, from New London, late in September, 1774, and to -make a _fac-simile_ of the last paragraph as seen above: - - "New London, _November_ 30, 1774. - - "SIR: I am very happily situated here. I love my employment; find many - friends among strangers; have time for scientific study, and seem - to fill the place assigned me with satisfaction. I have a school of - more than thirty boys to instruct, about half of them in Latin; and - my salary is satisfactory. During the summer I had a morning class of - young ladies--about a score--from five to seven o'clock; so you see my - time is pretty fully occupied, profitably I hope to my pupils and to - their teacher. - "Please accept for yourself and Mrs. Munson the grateful thanks of one - who will always remember the kindness he ever experienced whenever he - visited your abode. - - Your friend, - Nathan Hale."] - - - - -CHAPTER II. - - -Perils were gathering thick and fast, and at another council, held on -the 12th, it was resolved to abandon the city and take a position on -Harlem Heights. The sick were sent over to New Jersey, and the public -stores were taken to Dobb's Ferry, twenty miles up the Hudson River. -Then the main army moved northward, leaving in the city a guard of four -thousand men under General Putnam, with orders to follow if necessary. - -Washington made his headquarters at the house of Robert Murray on the -14th. The position of the American army now appeared more perilous -than ever. Two ships-of-war had passed up the East River. Others soon -followed. Scouts reported active movements among the British troops -everywhere, but could not penetrate, even by reasonable conjecture, the -designs of the enemy. It was of the utmost importance to know something -of their real intentions. Washington wrote to General Heath, then -stationed at Kingsbridge: - -"As everything, in a manner, depends upon obtaining intelligence of the -enemy's motions, I do most earnestly entreat you and General Clinton to -exert yourselves to accomplish this most desirable end. Leave no stone -unturned, nor do not stick at expense, to bring this to pass, as I -was never more uneasy than on account of my want of knowledge on this -score. Keep constant lookout, with good glasses, on some commanding -heights that look well on to the other shore." - -The vital questions pressing for answer were, Will they make a direct -attack upon the city? Will they land upon the island, above the city, -or at Morrisania beyond the Harlem River? Will they attempt to cut -off our communications with the main, by seizing the region along the -Harlem River or at Kingsbridge, by landing forces on the shores of -the East and Hudson Rivers, at Turtle Bay, or at Bloomingdale, and, -stretching a cordon of armed men from river to river, cut off the four -thousand troops left in the city? - -Washington, in his perplexity, called another council of war at -Murray's. He told his officers that he could not procure the least -information concerning the intentions of the enemy, and asked the -usual question of late, What shall be done? It was resolved to send a -competent person, in disguise, into the British camps on Long Island -to unveil the momentous secret. It needed one skilled in military and -scientific knowledge and a good draughtsman; a man possessed of a quick -eye, a cool head, unflinching courage; tact, caution, and sagacity--a -man on whose judgment and fidelity implicit reliance might be placed. - -Washington sent for Lieutenant-Colonel Knowlton and asked him to -seek for a trustful man for the service, in his own noted regiment -or in some other. Knowlton summoned a large number of officers to a -conference at his quarters, and, in the name of the commander-in-chief, -invited a volunteer for the important service. They were surprised. -There was a long pause. Patriotism, ambition, a love of adventure, -and indignation, alternately took possession of their feelings. It was -an invitation to serve their country supremely by becoming a spy--a -character upon whom all civilized nations place the ban of scorn and -contumely! They recoiled from such a service, and there was a general -and even resentful refusal to comply with the request. - -Late in the conference, when Knowlton had despaired of finding a man -competent and willing to undertake the perilous mission, a young -officer appeared, pale from the effects of recent severe sickness. -Knowlton repeated the invitation, when, almost immediately, the voice -of the young soldier was heard uttering the momentous words, "I will -undertake it!" It was the voice of Captain Nathan Hale. - -Everybody was astonished. The whole company knew Hale. They loved and -admired him. They tried to dissuade him from his decision, setting -forth the risk of sacrificing all his good prospects in life and -the fond hopes of his parents and friends. They painted in darkest -colors the ignominy and death to which he might be exposed. His warmly -attached friend, William Hull (afterward a general in the War of 1812), -who was a member of his company and had been a classmate at college, -employed all the force of friendship and the arts of persuasion to bend -him from his purpose, but in vain. With warmth and decision Hale said: - -"Gentlemen, I think I owe to my country the accomplishment of an object -so important and so much desired by the commander of her armies, -and I know no mode of obtaining the information but by assuming a -disguise and passing into the enemy's camp. I am fully sensible of -the consequences of discovery and capture in such a situation. But -for a year I have been attached to the army, and have not rendered -any material service, while receiving a compensation for which I make -no return. Yet I am not influenced by any expectation of promotion -or pecuniary reward. I wish to be useful; _and every kind of service -necessary for the public good becomes honorable by being necessary_. If -the exigencies of my country demand a peculiar service, its claims to -the performance of that service are imperious." - -These manly, wise, and patriotic words--this willingness to sacrifice -himself, if necessary, for the good of his country--silenced his -brother officers. Accompanied by Knowlton, he appeared before -Washington the same afternoon, and received instructions concerning his -mission. His commander also furnished him with a general order to the -owners of all American vessels in Long Island Sound to convey him to -any point on Long Island which he might designate. - -Hale left the camp on Harlem Heights the same evening, accompanied by -Sergeant Stephen Hempstead, a trustworthy member of his company, whom -he engaged to go with him as far as it would be prudent. He was also -accompanied by his trusty servant, Ansel Wright. They found no safe -place to cross the Sound until they arrived at Norwalk, fifty miles -from New York, owing to the presence of small British cruisers in those -waters. There Hale exchanged his regimentals for a citizen's dress -of brown cloth and a broad-brimmed round hat, and directed Hempstead -and Wright to tarry for him at Norwalk until his return, which he -supposed would be on the 20th. He directed a boat to be sent for him on -the morning of that day, and left with Hempstead his uniform and his -military commission and other papers. - -There are somewhat conflicting accounts concerning Hale's movements -after he left Norwalk. All agree that he was conveyed across the Sound -to Huntington Bay, where he landed; that he assumed the character of a -schoolmaster and loyalist disgusted with the "rebel" cause, and that -he professed to be in quest of an engagement as a school-teacher. -It is known that he entered the British camps in personal disguise -and with the pretext of loyalty and the character of a pedagogue; -that he was received with great cordiality as a "good fellow"; that -he visited all the British camps on Long Island, made observations -openly, and drawings and memoranda of fortifications, etc., secretly; -that he passed over from Brooklyn to New York city and gathered much -information concerning affairs there, the British having invaded -Manhattan Island and secured possession of the town since his -departure;[3] and that he returned to Long Island and passed through -the various camps to Huntington Bay for the purpose of going back to -Norwalk. - -Tradition tells us that Hale was conveyed from Norwalk to Huntington -Bay on a sloop, and was landed from her yawl two hours before daybreak -in the neighborhood of a place called "The Cedars." Near there a -Widow Chichester, a stanch loyalist (called "Widow Chich"), kept a -tavern, which was the resort of all the Tories in that region. Hale -passed this dangerous place with safety before cock-crowing, and at a -farm-house a mile distant he was kindly furnished with breakfast and -a bed for repose after his night's toil. Then he made his way to the -nearest British camp, and was received without suspicion of his real -character. Concerning his movements after that, until his return from -New York, tradition is silent. - -Hale, on his return, had reached in safety the point on the Long -Island shore where he first landed, and prepared to recross the sound -at Norwalk the next morning. He wore shoes with loose inner soles. -Between the soles he had concealed the accurate drawings he had made of -fortifications, etc., and also his memoranda, written in Latin on thin -paper. He had given directions for the boat, from which he had landed, -to come for him on a designated morning, which would be the next after -his return. Satisfied that he was safe from harm, for he was remote -from a British post, and happy with the thought that his perilous -mission was ended successfully and that he should render his country -most important service, he awaited the coming morning with patience and -serenity of mind. - -Feeling secure in his simple dress and disguised manner, Hale entered -the tavern of the Widow Chichester, at "The Cedars." A number of -persons were in the room. A moment afterward, a man, whose face seemed -familiar to him, suddenly departed and was not seen again. - -Hale passed the night at the tavern, and at dawn went out to look -for the expected boat. To his great joy he saw one moving toward the -shore, with several men in it. Not doubting they were his friends, he -hastened toward the beach, where, as the vessel touched the shore, -he was astounded by the sight of a barge bearing British marines. He -turned to flee, when a loud voice called, "Surrender or die!" Looking -back he saw six men standing erect, with muskets leveled at him. He was -seized, taken into the barge, and conveyed to the British guard-ship -_Halifax_, Captain Quarne, which was anchored behind a point of wooded -land of Lloyd's Neck. - -It has been asserted that the man who so suddenly departed from the -room of the tavern at "The Cedars" when Hale entered was a Tory cousin -of his, a dissipated fellow, who recognized his kinsman in disguise and -betrayed him into the hands of the enemy; but there is no warrant for -such an accusation. - -Hale's captors stripped and searched him, and found the evidences of -his being a spy in the papers concealed between the soles of his shoes. -These formed as positive testimony as to his true character as did the -papers found in André's boot, which convicted the adjutant-general of -the British army of being a spy. - -[Illustration: The Beekman Mansion.] - -[Illustration: Beekman's Greenhouse.] - -Captain Hale was taken in one of the boats of the _Halifax_ to General -Howe's headquarters, at the elegant mansion of James Beekman, at Mount -Pleasant, as the high bank of the East River at Turtle Bay was called. -The house was situated at (present) Fifty-first Street and First -Avenue. It was then deserted by its stanch Whig owner. Around it were -beautiful lawns and blooming gardens; and near it was a greenhouse -filled with exotic shrubbery and plants.[4] In that greenhouse Hale -was confined, under a strong guard, on Saturday night, the 21st of -September. He had been taken before Howe, who, without trial, and -upon the evidence found in his shoes, condemned him to be hanged early -the next morning. Howe delivered him into the custody of William -Cunningham, the notorious British provost-marshal, with orders to -execute him before sunrise the next day. - -This severity, nay, absolute inhumanity, was doubtless the result -of great irritation of the minds of the British officers at that -moment. They had looked upon the little city of New York, containing -twenty thousand inhabitants, as a most comfortable place for their -winter-quarters. On the very morning when Hale was arrested (at a -little past midnight), a fearful conflagration was accidentally begun -at a low tavern on the wharf near Whitehall Slip (now Staten Island -Ferry). Swiftly the flames spread, and were not quenched until about -five hundred buildings were consumed. The British believed, and so -declared, that the fire was the work of Whig incendiaries, to deprive -the army of comforts. The city was yet ablaze while Hale was lying in -Beekman's greenhouse, awaiting his doom in the early morning. - -When Hale was taken before Howe, he frankly acknowledged his rank and -his purpose as a spy. He firmly but respectfully told of his success -in getting information in the British camps, and expressed his regret -that he had not been able to serve his country better. "I was present -at this interview," wrote a British officer, "and I observed that the -frankness, the manly bearing, and the evident disinterested patriotism -of the handsome young prisoner, sensibly touched a tender chord of -General Howe's nature; but the stern rules of war concerning such -offenses would not allow him to exercise even pity." - -FOOTNOTES: - -[Footnote 3: On the day after Hale's departure, a strong British force -crossed the East River and landed at Kip's Bay at the foot of (present) -Thirty-fourth Street, drove off an American detachment stationed there, -and formed a line almost across the island to Bloomingdale. On the 16th -detachments of the two armies had a severe contest on Harlem Plains, in -which the Americans were victorious, but at the cost of the life of the -gallant Colonel Knowlton.] - -[Footnote 4: I made a sketch of the Beekman mansion in 1849, and of -the greenhouse in 1852, a few days before it was demolished, with all -the glories of the garden, at Mount Pleasant; for, at the behest of -the Street Commissioner, streets were opened through the whole Beekman -domain. The site of the greenhouse was in the center of (present) -Fifty-second Street, a little east of First Avenue. It was erected -with the mansion in 1764. The mansion was occupied, during the war, -as headquarters by Generals Howe, Clinton, and Robertson. It was the -residence of the Brunswick General Riedesel and his family in the -summer of 1780. General Carleton occupied it in 1783.] - - - - -CHAPTER III. - - -Long before daybreak of a Christian Sabbath, Nathan Hale was marched -to the place of execution, in the vicinity of (present) East Broadway -and Market Street. He was escorted by a file of soldiers, and there -delivered to the provost-marshal. The young commander of a British -detachment lying near, told Captain William Hull that on Hale's -arrival he requested Cunningham to allow him to sit in his (the -officer's) marquee while waiting for the necessary preparations. The -boon was granted. Hale requested the presence of a chaplain; it was -denied. He asked for a Bible; it was refused. At the solicitation -of the compassionate young officer in whose tent Hale sat, he was -allowed to write brief letters to his mother, sisters, and the young -maiden to whom he was betrothed;[5] but, when they were handed to the -provost-marshal to cause them to be forwarded, that officer read them. -He grew furious as he perceived the noble spirit which breathed in -every sentence, and with coarse oaths and foul epithets he tore them -into shreds before the face of his young victim. Hale gave Cunningham -a withering glance of scorn, and then resumed his usual calmness -and dignity of demeanor. Tho provost-marshal afterward said that he -destroyed the epistles "that the rebels should never know that they had -a man who could die with such firmness." - -[Illustration: Cunningham destroying Hale's Letters.] - -It was in the morning twilight of a beautiful September day that Hale -was led out to execution. The gallows was the limb of an apple-tree -in Colonel Rutgers's orchard.[6] Even at that early hour quite a -large number of men and women had gathered to witness the sad scene. -Cunningham watched every arrangement with evident satisfaction; -and, when everything was ready for the last scene in the tragedy, -he scoffingly demanded of his victim his "last dying speech and -confession!" - -The soul of the young martyr, patriot, and hero, who was standing upon -the fatal ladder[7] with his eyes turned heavenward, was then in secret -communion with his Maker, and his mortal ears seemed closed to earthly -sounds. He did not notice the insulting words of the human fiend. A -moment afterward he looked benignly upon the evidently sympathetic -spectators, and with a calm, clear voice pronounced the last words -uttered by him: - -"I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country!" - -The women wept; some of them sobbed audibly. The sublime and burning -words of the victim about to be sacrificed upon the altar of liberty, -and the visible tokens of sympathy among those who witnessed the scene, -maddened the coarse-natured and malignant provost-marshal.[8] He cried -out in a voice hoarse with anger, "Swing the rebel off!" and cursed the -tearful women with foul imprecations, calling them rebels and harlots! - -So ended, in an atmosphere of mingled Christian faith, fortitude, and -hope, and of savage barbarism and brutality, the beautiful life-drama -of Nathan Hale, the early martyr for the cause of human freedom in -the grand struggle for the independence of our country. It is a cause -for just reproach of our people that their history, poetry, oratory, -and art have, for more than a century, neglected to erect a fitting -memorial to his memory--either in the literature of the land he so -loved that he freely gave his young life a sacrifice for its salvation -from bondage, or in bronze or marble. Nowhere in our broad domain, -stretching from sea to sea, teeming with almost sixty million freemen, -is there even a mural tablet seen with the name of Nathan Hale upon it, -excepting a small monument in his native town, overlooking the graves -of his kindred, in an obscure church-yard, which was erected forty -years ago. - -The body of the martyr was laid in the earth near the spot where his -spirit left it. A British officer was sent to acquaint Washington -with his fate. A rude stone placed by the side of the grave of his -father, in the burial-ground of the Congregational Church in his -native town, for long years revealed to passers-by the fact that it -was in commemoration of "Nathan Hale, Esq., a captain in the army -of the United States, who was born June 6, 1755, received the first -honors of Yale College, September, 1773," and "resigned his life a -sacrifice to his country's liberty at New York, September 22, 1776, -aged twenty-two." An entry of his death was made upon the town records -of Coventry. - -Late in November, 1837--sixty-one years after his sacrifice--the -citizens of Coventry formed a "Hale Monument Association" for the -purpose of raising funds for the erection of a suitable memorial to -the memory of the young patriot. The association applied in vain to -Congress for aid. By fairs, tea-parties, private dramatic performances, -and other social appliances, carried on chiefly by the gentler sex, -and a grant of twelve hundred dollars by the State of Connecticut, a -sufficient sum was secured in 1846 to erect the desired monument. - -At one of the fairs, a poem, addressed to "The Daughters of Freedom," -and printed on white satin, was offered for sale, and was widely -distributed. It contained the following verses: - - "Ye come with hearts that oft have glowed - At his soul-stirring tale, - To wreath the deathless evergreen - Around the name of Hale. - - "Here his memorial stone shall rise - In freedom's hallowed shade, - Prouder than André's trophied tomb - 'Mid mightiest monarchs laid." - -[Illustration: The Hale Monument at Coventry.] - -The Hale memorial stands upon elevated ground near the Congregational -Church in South Coventry, and by the side of the old burial-ground in -which repose the remains of his nearest kindred. Toward the north it -overlooks the beautiful Lake Waugumbaug, in the pellucid waters of -which Hale angled in his boyhood and early youth. - -The monument was designed by Henry Austin, of New Haven, and was -erected under the superintendence of Solomon Willard, the architect of -the Bunker's Hill Monument. It was completed in the summer of 1846, at -a cost of three thousand seven hundred and thirty-four dollars. The -material is Quincy granite. Its form is seen in the engraving. The -height is forty-five feet, and it is fourteen feet square at its base. -The pedestal bears on its four sides the following inscriptions: - -_North side_: "CAPTAIN NATHAN HALE, 1776." _West side_: "Born at -Coventry, June 6, 1755." _East side_: "Died at New York, September 22, -1776." _South side_: "I REGRET THAT I HAVE BUT ONE LIFE TO LOSE FOR MY -COUNTRY." - -The fate of young Hale produced universal sorrow in the Continental -army and among the patriotic people. In the Whig newspapers of the day -tributes to his worth as a man and a patriot appeared in both prose -and verse.[9] During the War of 1812'-15, a little fort, erected -upon Black Rock, at the entrance to New Haven Harbor, on the site of -a smaller one, built during the Revolution, was named Fort Hale, the -first monument of stone that commemorated him. It has long been in -ruins. Then followed the simple structure built by his neighbors at -Coventry. Brief notices of the martyr have been given from time to time -in occasional poetic effusions and in oratory. Timothy Dwight, Hale's -tutor at Yale College, and afterward president of that institution, -wrote: - - "Thus while fond Virtue wished in vain to save, - HALE, bright and generous, found a hapless grave; - With genius' living flame his bosom glowed, - And Science lured him to her sweet abode. - In Worth's fair path his feet adventured far, - The pride of peace, the rising hope of war; - In duty firm, in danger calm as even, - To friends unchanging, and sincere to Heaven. - How short his course, the prize how early won! - While weeping Friendship mourns her favorite gone." - -I.W. Stuart, in his little biography of Hale,[10] has preserved -fragments of several poetic effusions. A short time after Hale's death, -an unknown personal friend of the martyr wrote a poem of one hundred -and sixty lines, in which he described the personal appearance of the -young soldier--tall and with "a beauteous face." Of his qualities of -temper and conduct he wrote: - - "Removed from envy, malice, pride, and strife, - He walked through goodness as he walked through life; - A kinder brother Nature never knew, - A child more duteous or a friend more true." - -Of Hale's motives in becoming a spy he wrote: - - "Hate of oppression's arbitrary plan, - The love of freedom, and the rights of man; - A strong desire to save from slavery's chain - The future millions of the Western main." - -The poet follows him in his career until he enters upon his perilous -mission under instructions from Washington. Of the final scene he wrote: - - "Not Socrates or noble Russell died. - Or gentle Sidney, Britain's boast and pride, - Or gen'rous Moore, approached life's final goal, - With more composed, more firm and stable soul." - -J.S. Babcock, of Coventry, wrote in the metre of Wolfe's "Sir John -Moore": - - "He fell in the spring of his early prime, - With his fair hopes all around him; - He died for his birth-land--a 'glorious crime'-- - Ere the palm of his fame had crowned him. - - "He fell in her darkness--he lived not to see - The noon of her risen glory; - But the name of the brave, in the hearts of the free, - Shall be twined in her deathless glory." - -In a poem delivered before the Linonian Society of Yale College, at its -centennial anniversary in 1853, a society of which Hale was a member, -Francis M. Finch said, in allusion to the martyr: - - "To drum-beat and heart-beat, - A soldier marches by; - There is color on his cheek, - There is courage in his eye; - Yet to drum-beat and heart-beat - In a moment he must die. - - "By starlight and moonlight - He seeks the Briton's camp; - He hears the rustling flag, - And that armèd sentry's tramp; - And the starlight and moonlight - His silent wanderings lamp. - - "With slow tread, and still tread, - He scans the tented-line; - And he counts the battery-guns - By the gaunt and shadowy pine; - And his slow tread and still tread - Gives no warning sign. - - "The dark wave, the plumed wave, - It meets his eager glance, - And it sparkles 'neath the stars - Like the glimmer of a lance; - A dark wave, a plumed wave, - On an emerald expanse. - - * * * * * - - "With calm brow, steady brow, - He listens to his doom; - In his look there is no fear, - Nor a shadow trace of gloom; - And with calm brow and steady brow - He robes him for the tomb. - - "In the long night, the still night, - He kneels upon the sod; - And the brutal guards withhold - E'en the solemn Word of God! - In the long night, the still night, - He walks where Christ hath trod! - - "'Neath the blue morn, the sunny morn, - He dies upon the tree; - And he mourns that he can lose - But one life for Liberty; - And in the blue morn, the sunny morn - His spirit-wings are free! - - * * * * * - - "From fame-leaf and angel-leaf, - From monument and urn, - The sad of earth, the glad of heaven, - His tragic fate shall learn; - And on fame-leaf and angel-leaf - The name of HALE shall burn!" - -At the dedication of a monument in 1853, erected on the spot near -Tarrytown where André was captured, the late Henry J. Raymond, in an -address on the occasion, said: - -"At an early stage of the Revolution, NATHAN HALE, captain in the -American army, which he had entered, abandoning brilliant prospects -of professional distinction for the sole purpose of defending the -liberties of his country--gifted, educated, ambitious--the equal of -André in talent, in worth, in amiable manners, and in every manly -quality, and his superior in that final test of character--the motives -by which his acts were prompted and his life was guided--laid aside -every consideration personal to himself, and entered upon a service -of infinite hazard to life and honor, because Washington deemed -it important to the sacred cause to which both had been sacredly -set apart. Like André, he was found in the hostile camp; like him, -though without trial, he was adjudged as a spy; and, like him, he was -condemned to death. - -"And here the likeness ends. No consoling word, no pitying or -respectful look, cheered the dark hours of his doom. He was met with -insult at every turn. The sacred consolations of the minister of -God were denied him; the Bible was taken from him; with an excess of -barbarity hard to be paralleled in civilized war, his dying letters -of farewell to his mother and sisters were destroyed in his presence; -and, uncheered by sympathy, mocked by brutal power, and attended only -by that sense of duty, incorruptible, undefiled, which had ruled his -life--finding a fit farewell in the serene and sublime regret that he -had 'but _one_ life to lose for his country'--he went forth to meet the -great darkness of an ignominious death. - -"The loving hearts of his early companions have erected a neat monument -to his memory in his native town; but, beyond that little circle, where -stands his name recorded? While the majesty of England, in the person -of her sovereign, sent an embassy across the sea to solicit the remains -of André at the hands of his foes, that they might be enshrined in that -sepulchre where she garners the relics of her mighty and renowned sons-- - - 'Splendid in their ashes, pompous in the grave,' - -the children of Washington have left the body of HALE to sleep in its -unknown tomb, though it be on his native soil, unhonored by any outward -observance, unmarked by any memorial stone. Monody, eulogy, monument of -marble or of brass, and of letters more enduring than all, have in his -own land and in ours given the name and fate of André to the sorrowing -remembrance of all time to come. American genius has celebrated his -praises, has sung of his virtues, and exalted to heroic heights his -prayer, manly but personal to himself, for choice in the manner of -death--his dying challenge to all men to witness the courage with which -he met his fate. But where, save on the cold page of history, stands -the record of HALE? Where is the hymn that speaks to immortality, and -tells of the added brightness and enhanced glory when his soul joined -its noble host? And where sleep the American of Americans, that their -hearts are not stirred to solemn rapture at the thought of the sublime -love of country which buoyed him not alone 'above the fear of death,' -but far beyond all thought of himself, of his fate and his fame, or of -anything less than his country--and which shaped his dying breath into -the sacred sentence which trembled at the last upon his quivering lip?" - -These eloquent words have a deeper significance to-day than when they -were uttered a generation ago. It is a just reproach to a nation of -nearly sixty million freemen, rich and powerful beyond any other people -on the globe, that the memory of NATHAN HALE, their self-sacrificing -benefactor in purpose, and a true and noble martyr in the cause of -the liberty they enjoy, has been, until lately, absolutely neglected -by them; that no "monody, eulogy, monument of marble or of brass," -dedicated to him by the public voice, appears anywhere in our broad -land. But there are now abundant promises that this reproach will be -speedily removed. An earnest effort was begun by the "Daily Telegraph," -a morning journal of New York city, late in 1885, to procure funds by -half-dime or "nickel" subscriptions, sufficient to erect a suitable -monument to the memory of NATHAN HALE, in the city of New York, where -he suffered martyrdom. There is also a project on foot for the erection -of a statue of Hale in the Connecticut State Capitol at Hartford. For -this purpose the State of Connecticut has appropriated five thousand -dollars. - -Let the conscience of our people, inspired by gratitude and patriotism, -be fairly awakened to the propriety of the undertaking, and funds will -speedily be forthcoming sufficient to erect a magnificent monument -in memory of NATHAN HALE, in the city where he died for his country. -I recommend, as a portion of the inscription upon the monument, the -subjoined epitaph, written fully thirty years ago, by George Gibbs, the -ripe scholar and antiquary, who was at one time the librarian of the -New York Historical Society:[11] - - STRANGER, BENEATH THIS STONE - LIES THE DUST OF - A SPY, - WHO PERISHED UPON THE GIBBET; - YET - THE STORIED MARBLES OF THE GREAT, - THE SHRINES OF HEROES, - ENTOMBED NOT ONE MORE WORTHY OF - HONOR - THAN HIM WHO HERE - SLEEPS HIS LAST SLEEP. - NATIONS - BOW WITH REVERENCE BEFORE THE DUST - OF HIM WHO DIES - A GLORIOUS DEATH, - URGED ON BY THE SOUND OF THE - TRUMPET - AND THE SHOUTS OF - ADMIRING THOUSANDS. - BUT WHAT REVERENCE, WHAT HONOR, - IS NOT DUE TO ONE - WHO FOR HIS COUNTRY ENCOUNTERED - EVEN AN INFAMOUS DEATH, - SOOTHED BY NO SYMPATHY, - ANIMATED BY NO PRAISE! - -FOOTNOTES: - -[Footnote 5: Her name was Alice Adams. She was a native of Canterbury, -Connecticut, and was distinguished both for her intelligence and -personal beauty. After Hale's death she married Eleazar Ripley, who -left her a widow, with one child, at the age of eighteen years. The -child died about a year after its father's death, and the mother -subsequently married William Lawrence, of Hartford, where she lived -until September, 1845, when she died at the age of eighty-eight -years. She possessed a miniature of Hale and many of his letters. The -miniature and the letters disappeared many years ago, and there is no -likeness of the young martyr extant. The last words uttered by Hale's -betrothed were, "Write to Nathan!"--Stuart's "Life of Nathan Hale," p. -28.] - -[Footnote 6: The place of Hale's execution has been a subject of -conjecture. Some have supposed that it occurred near the Beekman -mansion, Howe's headquarters; others, that he was taken from the -Provost Prison (now the Hall of Records), in the City Hall Park, to -the usual place of execution of state criminals, at the Barracks near -Chambers Street; and others, on the farm of Colonel Rutgers, whose -country mansion was near the East River--at Pike and Monroe Streets. - -In 1849 I visited the venerable Jeremiah Johnson, ex-Mayor of Brooklyn, -who was living at his farm-house not far from the Navy-Yard, then -between the city of Brooklyn and the village of Williamsburgh. -Among other interesting facts concerning the Revolution, of his own -experience and observation, which he had treasured in his memory, was -that his father was present at the execution of Hale. Like other Long -Island farmers at that time, he went to New York occasionally with -truck. On the day of the great fire he was there, when himself and his -team were pressed into the service of the British. He was with the -detachment on Colonel Rutgers's farm at the time of the execution, -and saw the martyr hanged upon the limb of an apple-tree in Rutgers's -orchard. It was at the west side, not far from the line of (present) -East Broadway.] - -[Footnote 7: The method employed at military executions at that time -was to place a ladder against the gallows-beam or limb, cause the -prisoner to ascend it a few feet, and, at a given signal, turn the -ladder and leave the victim suspended.] - -[Footnote 8: The pen of every writer who has noticed the career of -William Cunningham, the notorious provost-marshal of the British army -in New York and Philadelphia, has portrayed him as a most detestable -character. To the credit of the commander with whom he served, be it -said that it is satisfactorily proven that he was employed directly -by the British ministry, and was independent of the authority of Howe -and Clinton. He was a large, burly, red-haired, red-faced Irishman, -sixty years of age, addicted to strong drink to excess, and with most -forbidding features. His cruelties and crimes committed while in charge -of prisoners of war in New York were notorious and monstrous. Upon the -scaffold in England, after the war, he confessed that he had caused the -death of fully two thousand prisoners under his charge by starvation -and otherwise. He put poison into their food at times, and sold their -rations for his own benefit, allowing the prisoners to starve!] - -[Footnote 9: A ballad was written and published, soon after Hale's -death, which was very popular at the time. It was evidently written by -one who was not well informed as to the true history of the matter. Of -his arrest the ballad says: - - "Cooling shades of the night were coming apace, - The tattoo had beat, the tattoo had beat, - The noble one sprang from his dark lurking-place, - To make his retreat, to make his retreat. - - "He warily trod on the dry, rustling leaves - As he passed through the wood, as he passed through the wood, - And silently gained his rude launch on the shore, - As she played with the flood, as she played with the flood. - - "The guards of the camp on that dark, dreary night - Had a murderous will, a murderous will; - They took him and bore him afar from the shore, - To a hut on the hill, to a hut on the hill."] - -[Footnote 10: "Life of Captain Nathan Hale, the Martyr Spy of the -American Revolution." By I.W. Stuart, Hartford, 1856.] - -[Footnote 11: A statue in plaster, modeled from a description of -Hale's features and person, has been made by E.S. Wood, sculptor. It -represents an athletic young man, with his coat and vest removed, his -neck and upper portion of his chest bared by the turning down of the -collar of his ruffled shirt, and holding in his right hand, which is -resting upon his hip, the rope with which he is about to be suspended -from the tree. The face of the martyr is an excellent ideal of the -character of the young hero.] - - - - -JOHN ANDRÉ. - -[Illustration: John André] - - - - -JOHN ANDRÉ. - - - - -CHAPTER I. - - -It is not known whether the place of JOHN ANDRÉ'S nativity was in -London or elsewhere in England. His father was a Switzer, born in -Geneva. He was a merchant in London, where he married a pretty French -maiden named Girardot, a native of that city, who in the year 1751 -became the mother of the famous British spy. - -Of André's childhood and early youth very little is known, even of the -scenes of his primary education. Later, we find him at the University -in Geneva; and, when he was approaching young manhood, he was -distinguished for many accomplishments and solid acquirements. He had -mastered several European languages, and was an expert mathematician. -He was versed in military science, and had a wide acquaintance with -_belles-lettres_ literature. He was an adept in music, dancing, and the -arts of design, and was specially commended for his military drawings. - -André had a taste and a desire for military life; but, before he was -seventeen years of age, he was called home to take a place in his -father's counting-room. At that time his family lived at the Manor -House, Clapton, where his father died in the spring of 1769. The family -then consisted of the widow, two sons, and three daughters. Of these -John was the oldest and Anna was the youngest--the "tuneful Anna," as -Miss Seward calls her in her "Monody," because of her poetic genius. - -John, though so young, was now a chief manager of his father's business -and the head of his mother's household. The summer of 1769 was spent -by the family at little villages in the interior of England, in the -picturesque region of Lichfield, a famous cathedral town, in which Dr. -Johnson was born, and at its grammar-school he and Addison and Garrick -received their earlier education. - -In that delightful neighborhood young André formed an acquaintance -with Miss Anna Seward, the bright and charming daughter of Rev. -Thomas Seward, canon-resident of Lichfield Cathedral, who lived in -the bishop's palace. His daughter, then twenty-two years of age, was -already distinguished as a poet. Her home was the gathering-place -of the local literary celebrities of that day--Dr. Erasmus Darwin, -author of "The Botanic Garden," and grandfather of the champion -of the doctrine of evolution in our day; Thomas Hayley, author of -"The Triumphs of Temper"; Sir Brooke Boothby, who wrote "Fables and -Satires"; Richard Lovell Edgeworth, a "gay Lothario," with some -literary pretensions; Thomas Day, an eccentric philosopher, who wrote -the story of "Sandford and Merton," once as popular as "Robinson -Crusoe"; the blind and ill-humored Miss Anna Williams, the biographer -of the Emperor Julian; and other residents or occasional sojourners. - -Miss Seward was the central figure in this literary circle. Her -personal beauty, vivacity, wit, and charming conversational powers, -were very fascinating. Into that galaxy John André was introduced and -gave it additional luster. - -The young London merchant also became acquainted with another maiden -near his own age. She is represented as exceedingly lovely in person -and character. Her eyes were blue, her hair was of a golden color, and -her complexion was brilliant, heightened in its charms, perhaps, by a -hectic glow upon her cheek--the sad prophecy of the early fading of -youthful beauty and of life. The maiden was Honora Sneyd, an inmate of -the family of Canon Seward, and the loved companion of Anna. - -[Illustration: Honora Sneyd.--(From a painting by Romney.)[12]] - -André was then eighteen years of age; a handsome, slender, graceful, -and vivacious youth, with features as delicate as those of a girl, -and accomplished beyond most young men of his time. He was five feet -nine inches in height, dark complexion, dark eyes, brown hair, with -a somewhat serious and tender expression. His manners were easy and -insinuating. The young couple fell desperately in love with each other -at their first meeting. - -Anna was delighted, and she fostered the passion. The lovers were -betrothed before the summer was over; but "Love's young dream" was -disturbed. The father of Miss Sneyd and the mother of André decided -that both were too young for wedlock then, and it was agreed that at -least two years should intervene between betrothal and nuptials. It was -also deemed proper that they should be kept apart as much as possible -during that period, in order to test the strength and reality of their -attachment, and for other prudential reasons. - -With this understanding André returned to his desk in London, a hundred -and twenty miles away. He had sketched two miniatures of Miss Sneyd. -One he gave to Anna Seward, the other he placed in a locket and carried -it in his bosom. He also arranged for a correspondence between Miss -Seward and himself, of which Honora was to be the chief burden. Three -of these letters have been preserved, and are printed in this volume. -"His epistolary writings," says Dr. Sparks, "so far as specimens of -them have been preserved, show a delicacy of sentiment, a playfulness -of imagination, and an ease of style, which could proceed only from -native refinement and a high degree of culture." - -André had an aversion to mercantile pursuits, and had told his -Lichfield friends that he greatly preferred the military profession. -Miss Seward urged him to stick to his desk, as the only sure promise -of a competence which would enable him to marry Honora. Her persuasion -prevailed, and he resolved to remain a merchant, for a time at least. -In one of his letters to her he wrote: - -"I know you will interest yourself in my destiny. I have now completely -subdued my aversion to the profession of a merchant, and hope, in time, -to acquire an inclination for it.... When an impertinent consciousness -whispers in my ear that I am not of the right stuff for a merchant, -I draw my Honora's picture from my bosom, and the sight of that dear -talisman so inspirits my industry that no toil seems oppressive." - -This correspondence was kept up several months, but André's suit did -not prosper. Distance, separation, and various circumstances cooled the -ardor of Miss Sneyd's love for her young admirer, and correspondence -between them ceased. She had other suitors; and, in 1773, she married -Richard Lovell Edgeworth, a gay young widower of twenty-five, who -possessed a handsome fortune in the form of a fine estate in Ireland. -Honora became the mother of Maria Edgeworth, the novelist. She died -of consumption a few years afterward. In compliance with her dying -request, her husband married her sister Elizabeth for his third wife. - -André remained faithful to his first love, and carried Honora's -miniature in his bosom until he died. He abandoned the mercantile -business in 1771, joined the royal army with the commission of -lieutenant in 1772, and went over to Germany. He joined his -regiment--the Royal English Fusileers--in Canada, late in 1774, having -made a farewell visit to his stanch friend Miss Seward before he sailed -for America. During that visit a singular circumstance occurred. Miss -Seward took André a little distance from Lichfield to call upon two -literary friends, Mr. Cunningham, and a curate, the Rev. Mr. Newton. -She had apprised them of the intended visit. - -Mr. Cunningham afterward related to Miss Seward a singular dream he had -on the night before this visit. He was in a great forest. A horseman -approached at full speed. As he drew near, three men suddenly sprang -from their concealment in bushes, seized the rider, and took him away. -The appearance of the captive's face was deeply impressed upon the -dreamer's memory. He awoke, fell asleep again, and dreamed. He was -now in a vast crowd of people, near a great city. The man whom he saw -captured in the forest was now brought forth and hanged. This dream was -related to the curate the next morning, and when, a while afterward, -Miss Seward with her friend arrived, Mr. Cunningham recognized in André -the person he saw captured and hanged. - -Other presaging visions concerning André's fate have been related, some -of them being undoubtedly pure fiction. For example: Soon after the -evacuation of Philadelphia by the British in 1778, and the Americans -had taken possession of the city, some of the Continental officers gave -a dinner-party to Washington at a spacious mansion in the suburbs, once -belonging to one of the Penn family. At that banquet were two ladies -who had known Major André during the British occupation, and had dined -with him at this Penn mansion. As they were passing through a grove -near the house on that occasion, they both saw at the same moment the -body of a man suspended from a limb, and recognized his features as -those of André. They spoke of the vision at the table, and were laughed -at; even Washington joining in the merriment. This ghost-story may be -thus disposed of: Washington was not in Philadelphia at any time in the -year 1778. At the time above mentioned he was chasing Sir Henry Clinton -across New Jersey. - -The following account appears to be well authenticated: A feminine -friend of Miss Mary Hannah, a sister of André, shared a bed with her -one night at about the time of her brother's execution. The friend was -awakened by the loud sobs of Miss André, who said she had seen her -brother made a prisoner. Her friend soothed her into quiet, and both -fell asleep. Soon Miss André again awoke her friend, and said she had -again seen her brother on trial as a spy. She described the scene with -great particularity. Again she was quieted, and both fell asleep. Again -she aroused her friend by screaming, "They are hanging him!" They both -made a memorandum of the affair. The next mail brought the sad news of -André's execution at about the time when his sister, Mary Hannah, saw -him in her vision. - -Lieutenant André journeyed from England to Quebec, by way of -Philadelphia. Why did he take this roundabout course? He arrived at -Philadelphia in September (1774), just after the first Continental -Congress began its session there. His abilities as a keen observer -of men and things were well known to General Carleton, the Governor -of Canada, who arrived at Quebec from England while André was in -Philadelphia. May not that astute officer have directed André, -before he left England, to go to Philadelphia as a spy, to learn -what he could of the condition of public affairs, and the temper of -the people in the disturbed colonies, and especially the designs of -the Continental Congress? From Philadelphia he went to New York and -Boston, and thence by water to Quebec, everywhere traveling, without -recognition, in citizen's dress. He undoubtedly carried to Carleton -much valuable information which that wide-awake officer desired to -know. André arrived at Quebec early in November. - -A year later Lieutenant André was made a prisoner of war when -Montgomery captured the fort at St. Johns, on the Sorel. "I have been -taken a prisoner by the Americans," André wrote to Miss Seward, "and -stripped of everything except the picture of Honora, which I concealed -in my mouth. Preserving this, I yet think myself fortunate." He and -his fellow-prisoners were taken first to Connecticut, and then to -Lancaster and Carlisle in Pennsylvania. There he made many friends by -his urbanity, his refined tastes, and his accomplishments. He taught -the children of citizens the art of drawing in a free and easy style; -and he was a welcome guest in the higher social circles, was made a -participant in all their pleasure-parties, and so added to their own -enjoyments. - -Toward the close of 1776 André was exchanged and joined the British -army in New York, then commanded by General Howe. To that officer -he presented a memoir on the existing war, which was very favorably -received. He had kept a journal ever since he came to America, in -which both pen and pencil were jointly employed in the delineation and -description of everything of interest which came under his observation, -and this furnished him with much material for his memoir. Howe was -delighted with his young soldier, and as soon as a vacancy occurred he -gave him the position of aide on the staff of General Grey, with the -rank of captain. He was now fairly in the line of promotion which his -signal abilities entitled him to receive. - -André served with distinction as a staff-officer. He was the soul of -the military social circle during the occupation of Philadelphia by the -British army in the winter and spring of 1778. His pen, his pencil, and -his brush, were continually busy in satirizing and caricaturing the -"rebel" officers, or in dramatic exhibitions. He was a leader in all -the social amusements of the army, the chief of which were theatrical -performances. In these André was dramatist, actor, song-writer, and -manager. He wrote prologues and localized plays, and was the chief -manager of weekly balls. In a word, he was leader in setting on foot -scenes of gayety and extravagance that were long remembered and -lamented. André occupied the house of Dr. Franklin for several months. -He carried away some valuable books. - -Many of the young officers were scions of the British nobility, -and possessed ample means for the gratification of any desire. The -infection of demoralization that spread through the army and society -was fearful. The army suffered much. Dr. Franklin said, "Howe did -not take Philadelphia--Philadelphia took Howe." Cupid scattered his -darts so widely and with such effect among the soldiers, that in the -flight of the British army across New Jersey, on the evacuation of -Philadelphia, fully six hundred soldiers deserted and returned to their -sweethearts and lately married wives. - -Many of the fair daughters of the Philadelphia loyalists were -captivated by the young British officers. Among the latter was not -one more fascinating than Major André, and no one was more welcome -into the best society. He formed warm friendships with several leading -families; among others, that of Edward Shippen, one of the wealthiest -and most cultivated citizens, whose youngest daughter married General -Benedict Arnold. - -Late in May, 1778, General Howe surrendered the command of the army -into the hands of Sir Henry Clinton, and prepared to return to England. -The officers of the army, who were very much attached to him, resolved -to give him a spectacular parting entertainment which should eclipse in -novelty and splendor anything ever seen in America. In the conception -and preparation of the entertainment the genius of André, in all its -phases, was brought into requisition. He designed the decorations, the -costumes to be worn, even the ticket of admission to the show. The -entertainment was called _Mischianza_--a medley. It was given at the -country-seat of Thomas Wharton, a Philadelphia Quaker--a fine, stately -mansion, with spacious grounds around it, standing near the present -navy-yard. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[Footnote 12: In a letter to the Right Honorable Lady Butler, dated -Lichfield, June 4, 1798, Miss Seward speaks of the picture as follows: -"Honora Sneyd, after she became Mrs. Edgeworth, sat to Smart, at -that time a celebrated miniature-painter. He totally missed the -likeness which Major André had, from his then inexperience in the -art, so faintly and with so little justice to her beauty, caught. -Romney accidentally, and without ever having beheld her, produced it -completely. Yes, he drew, to represent the Serena of the 'Triumph -of Temper,' his own abstract idea of perfect loveliness, and the -form of the face of Honora Sneyd rose beneath his pencil." Serena is -represented reading by candle-light.] - - - - -CHAPTER II. - - -In a letter to his friend Miss Seward, dated Philadelphia, May 23, -1778, Major André gave the following account of the great _fête_ in -honor of General Howe: - -"That our sentiments might be the more unreservedly and unequivocally -known, it was resolved among us that we should give him as splendid an -entertainment as the shortness of the time and our present situation -would allow us. For the expenses the whole army would most cheerfully -have contributed; but it was requisite to draw the line somewhere, -and twenty-two field-officers joined in a subscription adequate to a -plan they meant to adopt. I know your curiosity will be raised on this -occasion; I shall, therefore, give you as particular an account of our -_Mischianza_[13] as I have been able to collect. - -[Illustration: The Mischianza Ticket.--(Drawn by Major André.)[14]] - -"From the name you will perceive that it was made up from a variety -of entertainments. Four of the gentlemen subscribers were appointed -managers--Sir John Wrottesley, Colonel O'Hara, Major Gardiner, and -Montressor, the chief engineer. On the tickets of admission which -they gave out for Monday, the 18th, was engraved, in a shield, a view -of the sea, with the setting sun, and in a wreath the words '_Luceo -discedens, aucto splendore resurgam._' At top was the general's crest, -with '_vive! vale!_' All round the shield ran a vignette, and various -military trophies filled up the ground.[15] - -[Illustration: Lady's Head-Dress. - -(Drawn by Major André.)] - -"A grand regatta began the entertainment. It consisted of three -divisions. In the first place was the _Ferret_ galley, having on board -several general officers and a number of ladies. In the center was the -_Hussar_ galley, with Sir William and Lord Howe, Sir Henry Clinton, -the officers of their suite, and some ladies. The _Cornwallis_ galley -brought up the rear, having on board General Knyphausen and his suite, -the British generals, and a party of ladies. On each quarter of these -galleys, and forming their division, were five flat-boats, lined with -green cloth, and filled with ladies and gentlemen. In front of the -whole were three flat-boats, with a band of music in each. Six barges -rowed about each flank, to keep off the swarm of boats that covered -the river from side to side. The galleys were dressed out in a variety -of colors and streamers, and on each flat-boat was displayed the flag -of its own division. In the stream opposite the center of the city the -_Fanny_, armed ship, magnificently decorated, was placed at anchor; -and at some distance ahead lay his Majesty's ship _Roebuck_, with the -admiral's flag hoisted at the foretopmast-head. The transport ships, -extending in a line the whole length of the town, appeared with colors -flying and crowded with spectators, as were also the openings of the -several wharves on the shore, exhibiting the most picturesque and -enlivening scene the eye could desire. The rendezvous was at Knight's -wharf, at the north end of the city."[16] - - * * * * * - -After giving an account of the aquatic procession down the river, André -continues: - -"The landing-place was the Old Fort, a little to the southward of the -town,[17] fronting the building prepared for the reception of the -company, about four hundred yards from the water by a gentle ascent. As -soon as the general's barge was seen to push for the shore, a salute of -seventeen guns was fired from the _Roebuck_, and, after some interval, -by the same number by the _Vigilant_. The company, as they disembarked, -arranged themselves into a line of procession, and advanced through an -avenue formed by the two files of grenadiers, and a line of light horse -supporting each file. This avenue led to a square lawn of two hundred -and fifty yards on each side, lined with troops, and properly prepared -for the exhibition of a tilt and tournament, according to the customs -and ordinances of ancient chivalry. We proceeded through the center of -the square. The music, consisting of all the bands of the army, moved -in front. The managers, with favors of white and blue ribbons on their -breasts, followed next in order. The general, admiral, and the rest of -the company, succeeded promiscuously. - -"In front of the building, bounding the view through a vista formed by -two triumphal arches, erected at proper intervals in a line with the -landing-place, two pavilions, with rows of benches rising one above -another, and serving as the wings of the first triumphal arch, received -the ladies, while the gentlemen ranged themselves in convenient order -on each side. On the front seat of each pavilion were placed seven of -the principal young ladies of the country, dressed in Turkish habits, -and wearing on their turbans the favors with which they meant to -reward the several knights who were to contend in their honor. These -arrangements were scarcely made, when the sound of trumpets was heard -at a distance; and a band of knights, dressed in ancient habits of -white and red silk, and mounted on gray horses, richly caparisoned in -trappings of the same colors, entered the lists, attended by their -esquires on foot, in suitable apparel, in the following order: - -"Four trumpeters, properly habited, their trumpets decorated with small -pendent banners. A herald in his robes of ceremony; on his tunic was -the device of his band, two roses intertwined, with the motto--'_We -droop when separated_.' - -"Lord Cathcart, superbly mounted on a managed horse, appeared as chief -of these knights; two young black slaves, with sashes and drawers of -blue and white silk, wearing large silver clasps round their necks and -arms, their breasts and shoulders bare, held his stirrups. On his right -hand walked Captain Harard, and on his left Captain Brownlow, and his -two esquires, the one bearing his lance, the other his shield. His -device was Cupid riding on a lion; the motto--'_Surmounted by Love_.' -His lordship appeared in honor of Miss Auchmuty.[18] - -"Then came in order the knights of his band, each attended by his -'squire, bearing his lance and shield. - -"First knight, Hon. Captain Cathcart,[19] in honor of Miss N. -White.--'Squire, Captain Peters.--Device, a heart and sword; -motto--'_Love and Honor_.' - -"Second knight, Lieutenant Bygrove, in honor of Miss Craig.--'Squire, -Lieutenant Nichols.--Device, Cupid tracing a circle; motto--'_Without -End_.' - -"Third knight, Captain André, in honor of Miss P. Chew.[20]--'Squire, -Lieutenant André.[21]--Device, two game-cocks fighting; motto--'_No -rival_.' - -"Fourth knight, Captain Horneck, in honor of Miss N. Redmond.--'Squire, -Lieutenant Talbot.--Device, a burning heart; motto--'_Absence can not -extinguish_.' - -"Fifth knight, Captain Mathews, in honor of Miss Bond.--'Squire, -Lieutenant Hamilton.--Device, a winged heart; motto--'_Each fair by -turns_.' - -"Sixth knight, Lieutenant Sloper, in honor of Miss M. -Shippen.[22]--'Squire, Lieutenant Brown.--Device, a heart and sword; -motto--'_Honor and the fair_.'" - -[Illustration: The Joust at the Tournament.] - -After they had made the circuit of the square, and saluted the ladies -as they passed before the pavilion, they ranged themselves in a line -with that in which were the ladies of their device; and their herald -(Mr. Beaumont) advancing into the center of the square, after a -flourish of trumpets, proclaimed the following challenge: - -"The Knights of the Blended Rose, by me, their herald, proclaim and -assert that the Ladies of the Blended Rose excel in wit, beauty, and -every accomplishment, those of the whole world; and should any knight -or knights be so hardy as to dispute or deny it, they are ready to -enter the lists with them, and maintain their assertions by deeds of -arms, according to the laws of ancient chivalry." - -At the third repetition of this challenge, the sound of trumpets was -heard from the opposite side of the square; and another herald, with -four trumpeters, dressed in black-and-orange, galloped into the lists. -He was met by the Herald of the Blended Rose, and, after a short -parley, they both advanced in front of the pavilions, when the black -herald (Lieutenant Moore) ordered his trumpets to sound, and thus -proclaimed defiance to the challenge in the following words: - -"The Knights of the Burning Mountain present themselves here, not to -contest by words, but to disprove by deeds, the vainglorious assertions -of the Knights of the Blended Rose, and enter these lists to maintain -that the Ladies of the Burning Mountain are not excelled in beauty, -virtue, or accomplishments, by any in the universe." - -He then returned to the part of the barrier through which he had -entered, and shortly afterward the Black Knights, attended by their -'squires, rode into the lists in the following order: - -"Four trumpeters preceding the herald, on whose tunic was represented a -mountain sending forth flames; motto--'_I burn forever_.' - -"Captain Watson, of the Guards, as chief, dressed in a magnificent suit -of black-and-orange silk, and mounted on a black managed horse, with -trappings of the same color with his own dress, appeared in honor of -Miss Franks. He was attended in the same manner with Lord Cathcart. -Captain Scott bore his lance and Lieutenant Lytton his shield. The -device, a heart, with a wreath of flowers; motto--'_Love and glory_.' - -"First knight, Lieutenant Underwood, in honor of Miss S. -Shippen.--'Squire, Ensign Haserkam.--Device, a pelican feeding her -young; motto--'_For those I love_.' - -"Second knight, Lieutenant Wingard, in honor of Miss R.P. -Shippen.--'Squire, Captain Boscawen.--Device, a bay-leaf; -motto--'_Unchangeable_.' - -"Third knight, Lieutenant Deleval, in honor of Miss B. Bond.--'Squire, -Captain Thorne.--Device, a heart, aimed at by several arrows, and -struck by one; motto--'_Only one pierces me_.' - -"Fourth knight, Monsieur Montluissent (Lieutenant of the Hessian -Chasseurs), in honor of Miss B. Redman.--'Squire, Captain -Campbell.--Device, a sunflower turning toward the sun; motto--'_Je vise -à vous_.' - -"Fifth knight, Lieutenant Hobart, in honor of Miss S. Chew.--'Squire, -Lieutenant Briscoe.--Device, Cupid piercing a coat-of-mail with his -arrow; motto--'_Proof to all but love_.' - -"Sixth knight, Brigade-Major Tarleton, in honor of Miss W. -Smith.--'Squire, Captain Heart.--Device, a light dragoon; -motto--'_Swift, vigilant, and bold_.' - -"After they had rode round the lists, and made their obeisance to -the ladies, they drew up, fronting the White Knights; and the chief -of them having thrown down his gauntlet, the Chief of the Black -Knights directed his esquire to take it up. The knights then received -their lances from their esquires, fixed their shields on their left -arms, and, making a general salute to each other by a very graceful -movement of their lances, turned round to take their career, and, -encountering in full gallop, shivered their spears. In the second and -third encounter they discharged their pistols. In the fourth they -fought with swords. At length the two chiefs, spurring forward into -the center, engaged furiously in single combat, till the marshal of -the field (Major Gwyne) rushed in between the chiefs and declared -that the Fair Damsels of the Blended Rose and Burning Mountain were -perfectly satisfied with the proofs of love and the signal feats of -valor given by their respective knights; and commanded them, as they -prized the future favors of their mistresses, that they would instantly -desist from further combat. Obedience being paid by the chiefs to the -order, they joined their respective bands. The White Knights and their -attendants filed off to the left, the Black Knights to the right, and, -after passing each other at the lower side of the quadrangle, moved up -alternately till they approached the pavilion of the ladies, where they -gave a general salute. - -"A passage being now opened between the pavilions, the knights, -preceded by their 'squires and the bands of music, rode through the -first triumphal arch and arranged themselves to the right and left. -This arch was erected in honor of Lord Howe. It presented two fronts, -in the Tuscan order; the pediment was adorned with various naval -trophies, and at the top was a figure of Neptune, with a trident -in his right hand. In a niche on each side stood a sailor with a -drawn cutlass. Three plumes of feathers were placed on the summit -of each wing, and on the entablature was this inscription: '_Laus -illi debetur, et a me gratia major_.' The interval between the two -arches was an avenue three hundred feet long and thirty-four broad. -It was lined on each side with a file of troops; and the colors of -all the army, planted at proper distances, had a beautiful effect in -diversifying the scene. - -"Between these colors the knights and 'squires took their stations. The -bands continued to play several pieces of martial music. The company -moved forward in procession, with the ladies in the Turkish habits in -front: as these passed they were saluted by their knights, who then -dismounted and joined them; and in this order we were all conducted -into a garden that fronted the house, through the second triumphal arch -dedicated to the general. This arch was also built in the Tuscan order. -On the interior part of the pediment were painted a Plume of Feathers -and various military trophies. At the top stood the figure of Fame, and -on the entablature these words--'_I, bone, quo virtuo tua le vocet; I -pede fausto_.' On the right-hand pillar was placed a bomb-shell, and -on the left a flaming heart. The front next the house was adorned with -preparations for a fire-work. - -"From the garden we ascended a flight of steps covered with carpets, -which led into a spacious hall; the panels, painted in imitation of -Sienna marble,[23] inclosing portions of white marble; the surbase and -all below were black. In this hall, and in the adjoining apartments, -were prepared tea, lemonade, and other cooling liquors, to which the -company seated themselves; during which time the knights came in, and -on the knee received their favors from their respective ladies. One of -these rooms was afterward appropriated to the use of the Pharaoh table. -As you entered it you saw, in a panel over the chimney, a cornucopia, -exuberantly filled with flowers of the richest colors. Over the door, -as you went out, another presented itself, shrunk, reversed, and -emptied. - -"From these apartments we were conducted up to a ballroom, decorated -in a light, elegant style of painting. The ground was a pale blue, -paneled with a small gold bead, and in the interior filled with -dropping festoons of flowers in their natural colors. Below the -surface the ground was of rose-pink, with drapery festooned in blue. -These decorations were heightened by eighty-five mirrors, decked with -rose-pink silk ribbons and artificial flowers; and in the intermediate -spaces were thirty-four branches with wax-lights, ornamented in a -similar manner. On the same floor were four drawing-rooms, with -sideboards of refreshments, decorated and lighted in the same style and -taste as the ballroom. - -"The ball was opened by the knights and their ladies, and the dances -continued till ten o'clock, when the windows were thrown open, and -a magnificent bouquet of rockets began the fire-works. These were -planned by Captain Montressor, the chief-engineer, and consisted of -twenty different exhibitions, displayed under his directions with -the happiest success and in the highest style of beauty. Toward the -conclusion the interior part of the triumphal arch was illuminated amid -an uninterrupted flight of rockets and bursting balloons. The military -trophies on each side assumed a variety of transparent colors. The -shell and flaming heart on the wings sent forth Chinese fountains, -succeeded by fire-works. Fame appeared at the top, spangled with stars, -and from her trumpet blowing the following device in letters of light: -'_Les lauriers sont immortels_.' A _sauteur_ of rockets bursting from -the pediment concluded the _feu d' artifice_. - -"At twelve supper was announced, and large folding-doors, hitherto -artfully concealed, being suddenly thrown open, discovered a -magnificent saloon of two hundred and ten feet by forty, and twenty-two -in height, with three alcoves on each side, which served for -sideboards. The ceiling was the segment of a circle, and the sides were -painted of a light straw-color, with vine-leaves and festoon-flowers, -some in a bright and some in a darkish green. Fifty-six large -pier-glasses, ornamented with green silk, artificial flowers, and -ribbons; a hundred branches with three lights in each, trimmed in the -same manner as the mirrors; eighteen lusters, each with twenty-four -lights, suspended from the ceiling, and ornamented as the branches; -three hundred wax-tapers disposed along the supper-tables; four hundred -and thirty covers; twelve hundred dishes; twenty-four black slaves, -in Oriental dresses, with silver collars and bracelets, ranged in two -lines and bending to the ground as the general and admiral approached -the saloon--all these, forming together the most brilliant assemblage -of gay objects, and appearing at once as we entered by an easy ascent, -exhibited a _coup d'oeil_ beyond description magnificent. - -"Toward the end of the supper the Herald of the Blended Rose, in his -habit of ceremony, attended by his trumpeters, entered the saloon, and -proclaimed the king's health, the queen and royal family, the army -and navy, with their respective commanders, the knights and their -ladies, and the ladies in general. Each of these toasts was followed -by a flourish of music. After supper we returned to the ballroom and -continued to dance until four o'clock." - -FOOTNOTES: - -[Footnote 13: This account was printed in the "Lady's Magazine," with -which Miss Seward had a literary connection, in August, 1778.] - -[Footnote 14: This is one half the size of the original.] - -[Footnote 15: I copied this ticket from one of the originals in the -Franklin Library, at Philadelphia, in 1848. It is attached, with -drawings of a head-dress for the _Mischianza_, and a portrait of -Captain Cathcart, a son of Lord Cathcart, to his manuscript "Annals -of Philadelphia," deposited with this institution by the late John F. -Watson, Esq. The designs for the ticket and the other sketches were -made by André; and a _silhouette_ of Sir John Wrottesley, one of the -managers, was cut by André. They were presented to Mr. Watson by Miss -Craig, a participant in the _fête_. She was the chosen lady of the -Second Knight of the Blended Rose. André's drawings for the costumes of -the Ladies of the Blended Rose and Burning Mountain are preserved. The -form was a polonaise, or a flowing robe of white silk, with a spangled -pink sash and spangled shoes and stockings; a veil spangled and trimmed -with silver lace, and a towering head-dress of pearls and jewels. The -Ladies of the Burning Mountain had their polonaises and white sashes -bound with black. The engraving shows the style of the head-dress, -copied from André's drawing.] - -[Footnote 16: A little above Vine Street.] - -[Footnote 17: A little below the present navy-yard.] - -[Footnote 18: Miss Auchmuty was the only English maiden present. -She was about to become the bride of Captain Montressor, the chief -engineer. Watson says there were not more than fifty unmarried American -ladies present; the rest were all married.] - -[Footnote 19: Captain Cathcart, the son of Lord Cathcart, married a -daughter of Andrew Eliot, once a collector of customs at Philadelphia. -The young officer had been making love most vehemently to Miss Eliot -all winter. She was pretty, lively, and well educated. The captain -wrote her many letters, avowing his love for her, but much of his -conduct seems to have been mere coquetry. Miss Eliot was in earnest, -and received his attentions and his letters as genuine tokens of his -love. When it became evident that he meant to deceive her, her father -laid his letters before Sir Henry Clinton, of whose military family -young Cathcart was a member. Clinton advised the young man to marry -Miss Eliot. Cathcart wished to postpone it until the end of the war. -Clinton told him he had gone so far that he must marry her speedily or -leave his family. They were married in April, 1779. She was afterward -"Lady Cathcart," and appeared at court when her husband became an earl.] - -[Footnote 20: A daughter of Chief-Justice Chew.] - -[Footnote 21: A brother of Captain André, then nineteen years of age. -After André's death, he was knighted by the king.] - -[Footnote 22: Afterward the wife of Benedict Arnold.] - -[Footnote 23: The painting was done in distemper upon canvas, in the -manner of theatrical scene-painting. André was assisted in his art-work -by Captain Oliver De Lancey, of New York, an energetic leader of -loyalists. He married a daughter of David Franks. She was active in the -_Mischianza_ affair. Her sister married Colonel Johnson, of the British -army, who was in command at Stony Point, on the Hudson, when it was -captured by General Wayne in the summer of 1779.] - - - - -CHAPTER III. - - -The _Mischianza_ was severely criticised in Great Britain and America, -as an undeserved compliment to an incompetent officer. Howe was an -indolent procrastinator, and fond of sensual indulgence; and he had not -only effected nothing of importance for his country in America, but had -hindered more competent men. He was charged by Galloway, a Philadelphia -Tory then in London, with "a vanity and presumption unparalleled in -history, after his indolence and wretched blunders," in accepting from -a few officers "a triumph more magnificent than would have become -the conqueror of America, without the consent of his sovereign or -approbation of his country." - -It is asserted that at Philadelphia Howe was openly licentious, kept -a mistress, loved his bottle inordinately, and engaged secretly in -business transactions for his own gain, similar to those with which -Benedict Arnold was charged, and caused him to be reprimanded by order -of Congress. Horace Walpole said, "He returned to England richer in -money than in laurels." Another said, "The only bays he possessed were -those that drew his carriage"; and still another, that "he has given -America to the Americans." And yet staid men, as well as romantic -enthusiasts like André, did not hesitate to award him honors which only -great heroes and most virtuous men deserve. André even wrote a fulsome -poetic address to be read to Howe during the _fête_. The general -exercised good sense by forbidding its utterance. - -The extreme folly of the _Mischianza_, under the peculiar -circumstances, was deplored by sensible men in and out of the army. -When an old British major of artillery, in Philadelphia, was asked by -a young person what was the distinction between the "Knights of the -Burning Mountain" and the "Knights of the Blended Rose," the veteran -replied: "The 'Knights of the Burning Mountain' are tom-fools, and the -'Knights of the Blended Rose' are damned fools! I know of no other -distinction between them." The old soldier, though a Briton, greatly -admired Washington. Placing a hand upon each knee, he added, in a tone -of deep mortification, "What will Washington think of this?" - -Just one month after this grand show at Philadelphia, a far grander and -more important spectacle was exhibited at that city. It was the sudden -flight of the whole British army from the town, across the Delaware -and over New Jersey, eagerly pressing toward New York; also the speedy -entrance of Continental troops into Philadelphia, and the return of -Congress. - -Sir Henry Clinton, now in chief command of the British army, was -making preparations for a vigorous campaign, when orders came from the -ministers to evacuate Philadelphia at once, to prevent a blockade of -the army and navy on the Delaware by a French fleet under D'Estaing, -then on its way to America. Clinton obeyed. Washington, with his -recuperated army at Valley Forge, pursued and overtook the fugitives -near Monmouth Court-House. There, on a very hot Sunday in June (28th), -a sanguinary but indecisive battle was fought. That night Clinton -secretly stole away with his whole force (while the wearied Americans -slept on their arms), and escaped to New York. - -Lord Howe had scarcely left the Capes of the Delaware, when D'Estaing -appeared. Howe sailed for New York, and anchored his fleet in Raritan -Bay. D'Estaing's larger vessels could not enter the shallow waters of -the bay, and sailed away for Rhode Island, to assist American troops -in expelling the British from that domain. A storm dispersed the two -fleets. The attempt at expulsion was a failure. Clinton sailed with -four thousand troops to strengthen British power on Rhode Island. -Thence he sent General Grey on a marauding expedition to New Bedford -and its vicinity. André accompanied him, and afterward wrote an amusing -poem, to the tune of "Yankee Doodle," entitled "Yankee Doodle's -Expedition to Rhode Island."[24] He also wrote a poem, in eighteen -stanzas, giving an amusing account of a duel between Christopher -Gadsden, of South Carolina, and General Robert Howe, of the Continental -army. This poem may be found in Sargent's "Life and Career of Major -André." Other poems, evidently from André's pen, ridiculing the -"rebels," frequently appeared in Rivington's "Royal Gazette," until the -tragedy that ended his life in the fall of 1780. - -Late in 1778 General Grey returned to England, when André took the -position of aide to General Clinton, with the rank of provincial major. -He evinced such eminent clerical and executive ability that early in -1779 he was made deputy adjutant-general of the British forces in -America. - -The city of New York continued to be the headquarters of the British -army until the close of the war. Clinton made his quarters at No. 1 -Broadway, a spacious house, with a garden extending to the Hudson -River. He also occupied the fine Beekman mansion at Turtle Bay as a -summer residence. - -The British officers made the city a theatre of great gayety. They were -continually engaged in every kind of amusement, to while away their -time when not on active duty. In these amusements Major André was ever -conspicuous, especially in dramatic performances; and there he freely -indulged his love for good-natured satirical writing. He wrote much for -Rivington's "Gazette" in prose and verse--political squibs, satires, -and lampoons--the "rebels" and their doings being his chief theme. - -It was at No. 1 Broadway that André wrote his best-known poem, "The -Cow-Chase," in imitation of "Chevy Chase." There he also wrote his most -elaborate prose composition, "A Dream." This he read aloud at a social -gathering, and it was published in Rivington's paper. In his position -on Clinton's staff he was able to exercise his ever-kindly disposition -toward the unfortunate, and never left unimproved an opportunity to do -so. - -Major André was with Sir Henry Clinton on an expedition up the Hudson -in May, 1779, when the British captured the American post of Stony -Point, and Fort Lafayette, on Verplanck's Point, opposite. When the -batteries of Fort Lafayette were silenced, André was sent to receive -the surrender of the garrison and the works. A few weeks later he -wrote a friendly letter to Margaret Shippen (then the wife of General -Benedict Arnold), in whose family the major had been a great favorite -while in Philadelphia. The letter was dated "Headquarters, New York, -the 16th of August, 1779." He offered to do some "shopping" in New York -for Mrs. Arnold, saying: - - "It would make me very happy to become useful to you here. You know - the _Mischianza_ made me a complete milliner. Should you not have - received supplies for your fullest equipment for that department, I - shall be glad to enter into the whole detail of cap-wire, needles, - gauze, etc., and to the best of my ability render you in these trifles - services from which I hope you would infer a zeal to be further - employed. I beg you would present my best respects to your sisters, to - the Miss Chews, and to Mrs. Shippen and Mrs. Chew. - - "I have the honor to be, with the greatest regard, madam, your most - obedient and most humble servant, - - "John André." - -General Arnold had been made military governor of Philadelphia after -the American troops and Congress repossessed it. He lived most -extravagantly. He kept a coach-and-four, with a coachman in livery; -gave sumptuous dinner parties, and charmed the gayer portion of -Philadelphia society by his princely display. He was keenly watched by -men who knew his character well, or envied his success as a soldier, -and he was hated by persons in exalted positions for his many bad -qualities. Among the latter was General Joseph Reed, then President -of the Executive Council of Pennsylvania. Early in 1779 that Council -submitted to Congress charges against Arnold of being guilty of -malfeasance in office. Congress referred the charges to a committee of -inquiry, whose report exculpated the general from all criminality in -the matter charged against him. - -Arnold promptly asked Congress to investigate the charges. He regarded -this report of the committee as a vindication of his character; but -he immediately urged Congress to act speedily upon the report. -Instead of doing so, the report was referred to a joint committee -of Congress and the Executive Council of Pennsylvania. They passed -a resolution to refer some of the charges to a court-martial, to be -appointed by Washington. When the charges were so referred, Arnold was -indignant, but was compelled to submit. He urged prompt action, but a -court-martial to try him was not convened until December following. -They gave their decision on the 26th of January, 1780. The accused was -acquitted of several of the charges, and of "all intentional wrong" -in the whole matter of the other charges; but it was decided that, -for "imprudent and improper conduct," he should be reprimanded by -the commander-in-chief. This was done in the most delicate manner by -Washington; but, as it implied a stigma upon his character, Arnold -was exceedingly indignant. This act doubtless stimulated him in his -treasonable undertaking, in which he appears to have been already -engaged for fully nine months. Dr. Sparks says: "He [Arnold] had -already made secret advances to the enemy under a feigned name, -intending to square his conduct according to circumstances; and -prepared, if the court decided against him, to seek revenge at any -hazard." - -There appears to be clear evidence that overtures were first made by -the other side, probably by Beverly Robinson,[25] to whom is attributed -a letter given by Marbois, who was attached to the French legation at -Philadelphia.[26] Be that as it may, it is known that correspondence -between General Arnold and Sir Henry Clinton began so early as the -spring of 1779. Arnold wrote in a disguised hand, and under the -assumed name of "Gustavus." The tenor of the correspondence was of a -commercial character, so as to mislead others. - -After the exchange of two or three letters, and with the impression -that "Gustavus" was an officer of high rank in the American army, -Clinton committed the task of carrying on the correspondence to Major -André, who wrote over the signature of "John Anderson," in a slightly -disguised hand. Not doubting that "Gustavus" was General Arnold, André -probably wrote the letter to Mrs. Arnold in August for the purpose of -making clear to her husband the name and character of "John Anderson" -by means of his handwriting: - -[Illustration: - - I am in behalf of Mi'm ---- and Co. - - Sin your Obed. Hble Servant - - Mr. John Anderson - - Merchant Gustavus - -Fac-simile of Arnold's Disguised Handwriting.] - -[Illustration: - - Let me entreat you Sir to favour a matter interesting to the parties - concerned. - - John Anderson - -Fac-simile of André's Disguised Handwriting.] - -Major André was with Sir Henry Clinton at the siege and capture of -Charleston in the spring of 1780, and there is clear evidence that he -played the part of a spy in that tragedy. It is asserted that Edward -Shrewsberry, a respectable citizen of Charleston, but a suspected Tory, -was ill at his house on East Bay during the siege. His Whig brother, -who belonged to the American army, frequently visited him. He saw at -his Tory brother's house, on several occasions, a young man clad in -homespun, who was introduced to him as a Virginian, also belonging -to the patriot army. After the capitulation, and the British were -in possession of the city, the Continental soldier saw at the house -of his sick brother the same young man, but in different apparel, -who was introduced to him as Major André, of the British army. His -brother afterward confessed that the major and the homespun-clad young -"Virginian" were one and the same man. To another visitor this young -man in homespun was introduced by Shrewsberry as "a back-country -man who had brought down cattle for the garrison." He was afterward -informed that the cattle-driver was Major André. - -If these assertions be true--and there is no reason for doubting their -truth--Major André did not hesitate, when an occasion offered, to play -the part of a spy for the benefit of his king and country. Six months -afterward, when circumstances had placed him in that position, and he -was a prisoner, he expressed, in a letter to Washington, a desire to -rescue himself from "an imputation of having assumed a mean character -for treacherous purposes or self-interest." - -In the early autumn of 1780 Major André was made adjutant-general -of the British forces in America. He was then busy in consummating -the intrigue and conspiracy with Arnold. The time had arrived when -it had become necessary to bring matters to a head--to settle upon a -definite plan and time for action, terms, etc. Arnold had, at his own -earnest solicitation, been appointed to the command at West Point and -its dependencies in August, and had resolved to surrender that strong -post into the hands of the enemies of his country. It was an object of -covetous desire on the part of the British, for the possession of it -would open a free communication between New York and Canada, which they -had been endeavoring to secure ever since the invasion of Burgoyne in -1777. The subject of the surrender of West Point was the burden of the -correspondence between Arnold and André early in September. - -At midsummer, 1780, an occasion drew from Major André's pen his most -notable satirical poem, in imitation, in structure and metre, of the -famous old British ballad, "Chevy Chase." It appears to have been -written for the twofold purpose of gratifying his own quick perception -of the ludicrous and to retaliate in kind the satirical attacks of -Whig writers upon him and his friends. The occasion was an expedition -in July against a block-house on the west bank of the Hudson, three -or four miles below Fort Lee, at the base of the Palisades, which was -occupied by a British picket of seventy men--loyal refugees--for the -protection of some wood-cutters and the neighboring Tories. - -On Bergen Neck, not far from the block-house, were a large number of -cattle and horses within reach of the British foragers who might go -out from the fort at Paulus' Hook (now Jersey City). Washington sent -General Wayne with horse and foot--less than two thousand men--to -storm the block-house and to drive the cattle within the American -lines. Wayne sent the cavalry under Major Henry Lee ("Legion Harry," -father of the late General Robert E. Lee, of the Confederate army), -to perform the latter duty, while he, with three regiments, marched -against the block-house with four pieces of light artillery. A brief -but sharp skirmish ensued. The assailants were compelled to retire, -and Wayne returned to camp with a large number of cattle driven by the -dragoons. The failure to capture the block-house was attributed to the -ineffectualness of the small cannons. - -The "Cow-Chase" was published in Rivington's "Gazette," the last canto -on the day of the author's arrest as a spy at Tarrytown. He made -copies of the poem for his friends. Of one of these, belonging to the -late Rev. Dr. Sprague, of Albany, I was permitted, in 1849, to make -the following copy of the poem given in the next chapter; also the -fac-simile given of the last stanza of the poem in the handwriting of -Major André. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[Footnote 24: This poem, with explanatory notes, may be found in Frank -Moore's "Ballads of the Revolution."] - -[Footnote 25: Beverly Robinson was a gentleman of fortune, a son-in-law -of Frederick Phillipse, proprietor of Phillipse Manor on the Hudson, -and a very active Tory.] - -[Footnote 26: See a copy of this letter in the "Life and Career of John -André," by Winthrop Sargent, p. 447.] - - - - -CHAPTER IV. - - -COW-CHASE. - -BY MAJOR JOHN ANDRÉ. - - Elizabethtown, _August 1, 1780_. - - -CANTO I. - - To drive the kine, one summer's morn, - The tanner[27] took his way: - The calf shall rue that is unborn - The jumbling of that day. - - And Wayne descending steers shall know, - And tauntingly deride, - And call to mind, in ev'ry low, - The tanning of his hide. - - Let Bergen cows still ruminate - Unconscious in the stall, - What mighty means were used to get, - And lose them after all. - - For many heroes bold and brave - From New Bridge and Tapaan, - And those that drink Passaic's wave, - And those that eat soupaan;[28] - - And sons of distant Delaware, - And still remoter Shannon, - And Major Lee with horses rare, - And Proctor with his cannon-- - - All wondrous proud in arms they came! - What hero could refuse - To tread the rugged path to fame, - Who had a pair of shoes?[29] - - At six the host, with sweating buff, - Arrived at Freedom's Pole,[30] - When Wayne, who thought he'd time enough, - Thus speechified the whole: - - "O ye whom glory doth unite, - Who Freedom's cause espouse, - Whether the wing that's doomed to fight, - Or that to drive the cows; - - "Ere yet you tempt your further way, - Or into action come, - Hear, soldiers, what I have to say, - And take a pint of rum.[31] - - "Intemperate valor then will string - Each nervous arm the better, - So all the land shall IO! sing, - And read the gen'ral's letter.[32] - - "Know that some paltry refugees, - Whom I've a mind to fight, - Are playing h--l among the trees - That grow on yonder height! - - "Their fort and block-house we'll level, - And deal a horrid slaughter; - We'll drive the scoundrels to the devil, - And ravish wife and daughter. - - "I under cover of th' attack, - Whilst you are all at blows, - From English Neighb'rhood and Tinack - Will drive away the cows. - - "For well you know the latter is - The serious operation, - And fighting with the refugees[33] - Is only--demonstration." - - His daring words from all the crowd - Such great applause did gain, - That every man declared aloud - For serious work with--Wayne. - - Then from the cask of rum once more - They took a heavy gill, - When one and all they loudly swore - They'd fight upon the hill. - - But here--the Muse has not a strain - Befitting such great deeds: - "Hurra," they cried, "hurra for Wayne!" - And, shouting--did their needs. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[Footnote 27: André seems to have been impressed with the idea that the -occupation of General Wayne, the leader of the expedition, was that of -a tanner in his early life. - -A few foot-notes were made to the poem when it was published in -England. These are here placed in italics. The remainder are by the -author of this volume.] - -[Footnote 28: _A hasty-pudding made of the meal of Indian corn._] - -[Footnote 29: This is in allusion to the fact that many of the American -soldiers, at that time, were without shoes or stockings.] - -[Footnote 30: _Freedom's, i.e., liberty-pole--a long stick stuck in the -ground._] - -[Footnote 31: Rum was the usual kind of spirituous liquor that formed a -portion of the rations of the soldiers.] - -[Footnote 32: In his letter to Congress (July 26, 1780) concerning this -expedition, Washington spoke of the American cannons being "too light -to penetrate the logs of which it [the block-house] was constructed." -He also attributed the great loss of the Americans in that attack to -the "intemperate valor" of the men. André exercised a poetical license -in putting these words into the mouth of Wayne before the occurrence.] - -[Footnote 33: Loyalists expelled from the American lines.] - - -CANTO II. - - Near his meridian pomp the sun - Had journeyed from th' horizon, - When fierce the dusky tribe moved on, - Of heroes drunk as poison. - - The sounds confused, of boasting oaths, - Re-echoed through the wood: - Some vowed to sleep in dead men's clothes, - And some to swim in blood. - - At Irvine's nod, 'twas fine to see - The left prepared to fight, - The while the drovers, Wayne and Lee - Drew off upon the right. - - Which Irvine 'twas Fame don't relate, - Nor can the Muse assist her-- - Whether 'twas he that cocks a hat, - Or he that gives a glister. - - For greatly one was signalized, - That fought at Chestnut Hill, - And Canada immortalized - The vender of the pill.[34] - - Yet the attendance upon Proctor - They both might have to boast of; - For there was business for the doctor, - And hats to be disposed of. - - Let none uncandidly infer - That Stirling wanted spunk, - The self-made Peer[35] had sure been there, - But that the Peer was drunk. - - But turn we to the Hudson's banks, - Where stood the modest train, - With purpose firm, though slender ranks, - Nor cared a pin for Wayne. - - For then the unrelenting hand - Of rebel fury drove, - And tore from ev'ry genial hand - Of friendship and of love. - - And some within a dungeon's gloom, - By mock tribunals laid, - Had waited long a cruel doom, - Impending o'er their head. - - Here one bewails a brother's fate, - There one a sire demands, - Cut off, alas! before their date, - By ignominious hands. - - And silvered grandsires here appeared - In deep distress serene, - Of reverend manners that declared - The better days they'd seen. - - Oh! cursed rebellion, these are thine, - Thine are these tales of woe; - Shall at thy dire, insatiate shrine - Blood never cease to flow? - - And now the foe began to lead - His forces to the attack; - Balls whistling unto balls succeed, - And make the block-house crack. - - No shot could pass, if you will take - The gen'ral's word for true;[36] - But 'tis a d----le mistake, - For ev'ry shot went through. - - The firmer as the rebels pressed, - The loyal heroes stand; - Virtue had nerved each honest breast, - And industry each hand. - - In valor's frenzy, Hamilton[37] - Rode like a soldier big, - And Secretary Harrison[38] - With pen stuck in his wig. - - But, lest chieftain Washington - Should mourn them in the mumps,[39] - The fate of Withington to shun, - They fought _behind_ the stumps.[40] - - But ah! Thaddeus Posset, why - Should thy poor soul elope? - And why should Titus Hooper die-- - Ah! die without a rope? - - Apostate Murphy, thou to whom - Fair Shela ne'er was cruel; - _In death shalt hear her_ mourn thy doom, - "Och! would ye die, my jewel?" - - Thee, Nathan Pumpkin, I lament, - Of melancholy fate; - The gray goose, stolen as he went, - In his heart's blood was wet. - - Now, as the fight was further fought, - And balls began to thicken, - The fray assumed, the gen'rals thought, - The color of a licking. - - Yet undismayed, the chiefs command, - And, to redeem the day, - Cry, "Soldiers, charge!" They hear, they stand-- - They turn and run away! - - -CANTO III. - - Not all delights the bloody spear, - Or horrid din of battle; - There are, I'm sure, who'd like to hear - A word about the rattle. - - The chief whom we beheld of late - Near Schralenberg haranguing, - At Yan Van Poop's[41] unconscious sat - Of Irvine's hearty banging; - - While valiant Lee, with courage wild, - Most bravely did oppose - The tears of women and of child, - Who begged he'd leave the cows. - - But Wayne, of sympathizing heart, - Required a relief - Not all the blessings could impart - Of battle or of beef. - - For now a prey to female charms, - His soul took more delight in - A lovely Hamadryad's[42] arms, - Than cow-driving or fighting. - - A nymph, the refugees had drove - Far from her native tree, - Just happened to be on the move, - When up came Wayne and Lee. - - She in mad Anthony's fierce eye - The hero saw portrayed, - And, all in tears, she took him by - The bridle of his jade.[43] - - "Hear," said the nymph, "O great commander, - No human lamentations; - The trees you see them cutting yonder - Are all my near relations. - - "And I, forlorn, implore thine aid - To free the sacred grove; - So shall thy prowess be repaid - With an immortal's love." - - Now some, to prove she was a goddess, - Said this enchanting fair - Had late retired from the _Bodies_[44] - In all the pomp of war; - - That drums and merry fifes had played - To honor her retreat, - And Cunningham[45] himself conveyed - The lady through the street. - - Great Wayne, by soft compassion swayed, - To no inquiry stoops, - But takes the fair, afflicted maid - _Right_ into Yan Van Poop's. - - So Roman Anthony, they say, - Disgraced the imperial banner, - And for a gypsy lost a day, - Like Anthony the tanner. - - The Hamadryad had but half - Received redress from Wayne, - When drums and colors, cow and calf, - Came down the road amain. - - All in a cloud of dust were seen - The sheep, the horse, the goat, - The gentle heifer, ass obscene, - The yearling, and the shoat. - - And pack-horses with fowls came by, - Befeathered on each side, - Like Pegasus, the horse that I - And other poets ride. - - Sublime upon the stirrups rose - The mighty Lee behind, - And drove the terror-smitten cows - Like chaff before the wind! - - But sudden see the woods above - Pour down another corps, - All helter-skelter in a drove, - Like that I sung before. - - Irvine and terror in the van - Came flying all abroad, - And cannon, colors, horse, and man, - Ran tumbling to the road. - - Still as he fled, 'twas Irvine's cry, - And his example too: - "Run on, my merry men, all--for why?" - The shot will not go through. - - Five refugees, 'tis true, were found - Stiff on the block-house floor; - But then, 'tis thought, the shot went round, - And in at the back door! - - As when two kennels in the street, - Swelled with a recent rain, - In gushing streams together meet, - And seek the neighboring drain-- - - So meet these dung-born tribes in one, - As swift in their career, - And so to New Bridge they ran on, - But all the cows got clear. - - Poor Parson Caldwell, all in wonder, - Saw the returning train, - And mourned to Wayne the lack of plunder, - For them to steal again.[46] - - For 'twas his right to seize the spoil, and - To share with each commander, - As he had done at Staten Island - With frost-bit Alexander.[47] - - In his dismay, the frantic priest - Began to grow prophetic, - You had swore, to see his lab'ring breast, - He'd taken an emetic! - - "I view a future day," said he, - "Brighter than this day dark is, - And you shall see what you shall see, - Ha! ha! one pretty marquis;[48] - - "And he shall come to Paulus Hook,[49] - And great achievements think on, - And make a bow and take a look, - Like Satan over Lincoln. - - "And all the land around shall glory - To see the Frenchmen caper, - And pretty Susan[50] tell the story - In the next Chatham paper." - - This solemn prophecy, of course, - Gave all much consolation; - Except to Wayne, who lost his horse - Upon the great occasion-- - - His horse that carried all his prog, - His military speeches, - His corn-stalk whisky for his grog-- - Blue stockings and brown breeches. - - And now I've closed my epic strain, - I tremble as I show it, - Lest this same warrio-drover, Wayne, - Should ever catch the poet.[51] - -[Illustration: - - And now I've clos'd my Epic strain, - I tremble as I shew it, - Lest this same warrio-drover Wayne - Should ever catch the Poet. - - Finis - -Fac-simile of the last Stanza of the Cow-Chase.] - - - - -CHAPTER V. - - -We have seen that Arnold, at his own earnest solicitation, had been -appointed to the command of West Point in August, 1780. It was then -known to Sir Henry Clinton that "Gustavus" was no other than General -Arnold. Everything was ripe for the consummation of the plot; both -parties were anxious for the end. - -It was a gloomy hour in the history of the great struggle, aside from -the contemplated act of foul treason. Charleston had fallen in May, and -an American army there had been made prisoners. Gates had been defeated -near Camden in August, and another American army dispersed. The South -was in possession of the enemy; New Jersey was in nearly the same -condition, and on Manhattan Island lay a strong army of veteran British -soldiers. This was the moment sagaciously chosen by Arnold to strike a -fatal blow at the liberties of his country. - -At the close of August Arnold wrote to André, in the usual disguise -of commercial phrases, demanding a personal interview at an American -outpost in Westchester County, the latter to come in the disguise of -"John Anderson," a bearer of intelligence from New York. But André was -not disposed to enter the American lines in disguise. A meeting of -André and Beverly Robinson with General Arnold, at Dobb's Ferry, on the -neutral ground, on September 11th, was arranged; but the interview was -prevented by providential interposition--an interposition in favor of -the American cause so conspicuously manifested in every stage of this -conspiracy. - -Washington had made arrangements for a conference, at Hartford, on -the 20th of September, with the Count de Rochambeau, the commander -of the French forces, then at Newport, Rhode Island, who had come to -assist the Americans in their struggle. It was arranged between Arnold -and André that the surrender of West Point should take place during -Washington's absence. A personal interview for the purpose of settling -everything concerning the great transaction was absolutely necessary, -and a meeting of the complotters was appointed to take place on the -night of the 21st of September, on the west side of the Hudson, in a -lonely spot not far from the hamlet of Haverstraw. - -Beverly Robinson and a few others were sharers in the great secret; and -there were vague rumors in the air that Major André was engaged in an -enterprise which, if successful, would end the war, and redound to his -honor and secure him great renown--a baronetcy and a brigadiership, -perhaps. It is said that Sir Henry Clinton promised these rewards to -his adjutant-general. In confirmation of the truth of this assertion, -an incident that occurred on the day when André left New York to meet -Arnold may here be cited. - -On the 20th of September (1780) Colonel Williams, whose headquarters -were in the Kip mansion, at Kip's Bay, foot of (present) Thirty-fourth -Street, East River, gave a dinner-party to General Sir Henry Clinton -and his staff. It was a beautiful, sunny day, and there were exuberant -Tories around the banquet-table on that occasion. The spirits of Sir -Henry were specially buoyant, for he was anticipating a great victory -in the near future. His accomplished adjutant-general, Major André, was -with him. - -When the band had ceased playing the favorite dinner air, "The Roast -Beef of Old England," many toasts were drunk. At length Colonel -Williams arose and said: "Sir Henry, our adjutant-general appears very -dull this afternoon. We all know what a brave soldier, what a genial -companion, what a charming song-bird he is; and yet music is, perhaps, -the least among his accomplishments. I call upon the adjutant-general -for a song." Colonel Williams then said, "Gentlemen, I offer the toast, -'Major John André, our worthy adjutant-general, the brave soldier and -accomplished gentleman.'" - -The toast was greeted with great applause. Then André arose and said: -"Yes, Colonel Williams, I do feel rather serious this afternoon, and -I can give no particular reason for it. I will sing, however, as you -request me to." Then he sang, with great sweetness and much pathos, the -old familiar camp-song, beginning-- - - "Why, soldiers, why, - Should we be melancholy, boys? - Why, soldiers, why, - Whose business 'tis to die! - For should next campaign - Send us to Him who made us, boys, - We're free from pain; - But should we remain, - A bottle and kind landlady - Makes all well again." - -With a trembling and husky voice the usually gay young soldier thanked -the company for the honor they had done him, when Sir Henry said: "A -word in addition, gentlemen, if you please. The major leaves the city -on duty to-night, which will most likely terminate in making plain John -André _Sir_ John André--for success must crown his efforts." - -Major André left the hilarious company with a countenance saddened by -an indefinable presentiment of impending disaster, and departed on that -fatal mission involved in his complot with General Arnold. - -André went up the Hudson that evening in the sloop-of-war _Vulture_, -twenty-four, to have the arranged personal interview with Arnold. He -was accompanied by Beverly Robinson. The vessel was anchored between -Teller's (now Croton) Point and Verplanck's Point, and lay there all -the next day. Arnold had agreed to send a boat to the _Vulture_ to -convey André to the shore at the appointed time. For that service he -had employed Joshua H. Smith, an intimate acquaintance and a gentleman -farmer, at whose house Mrs. Arnold had been entertained a few days -before, while on her way to join her husband at his headquarters. -Smith's house is yet standing, upon an eminence known as Treason Hill, -between Stony Point and Haverstraw. It overlooks a picturesque region, -with Haverstraw Bay in the foreground. - -[Illustration: The Smith House.] - -The place appointed for the meeting of the conspirators was at a lonely -spot in a thicket at the foot of Torn Mountain, near the west shore -of the Hudson, about two miles below Haverstraw. It was outside the -American lines. Smith appeared in a small boat, with two stout oarsmen, -at the side of the _Vulture_ at midnight. André was ready to accompany -him. He covered his scarlet uniform with a long blue surtout. Clinton -had instructed him to have nothing to do with papers of any kind, and -he went ashore empty-handed. - -It was a little past midnight when André was landed on the beach at -the mouth of a little creek. He was conducted by Smith to Arnold's -place of concealment, and there in the dimmed starlight these notable -conspirators, who had long communed through mysterious epistles, met -face to face for the first time. At Arnold's request, Smith went back -to his boat to await the return of André, who was to be conveyed again -to the _Vulture_ before daybreak. - -The interview was long protracted. It was not ended when the eastern -horizon began to kindle with the dawn. Both men were anxious to -complete the business at that time. Arnold had two horses with him, -one of them ridden by his servant. He now proposed that André should -mount his servant's horse and ride with him to Smith's house and there -complete the arrangement. The major reluctantly consented to do so, -with the understanding that he was to be conveyed to the _Vulture_ as -soon as possible. - -As the two horsemen approached the little hamlet of Haverstraw they -were challenged by a sentinel. André was alarmed. He was, unwittingly, -within the American lines; but he had gone too far, however, to recede, -and they rode on together to Smith's house. By ten o'clock they -had finished their business, when Arnold, after handing André some -papers containing all needed information concerning the post to be -surrendered, departed in his barge for West Point. - -It had been arranged that Sir Henry Clinton should ascend the Hudson -with a strong force on the 25th, and attack the important post; and -Arnold, after making a show of resistance, should surrender it, with -all the men and munitions of war, on the plea of the weakness of the -garrison. A part of the plan was the seizure of Washington, who was to -return on the 27th. For this service the traitor was to receive from -the king the commission of brigadier-general in the royal army, and -fifty thousand dollars in gold. The surrender was not effected, but -Arnold received the commission, and nearly forty thousand dollars in -gold. - -When the conspirators arrived at Smith's house at sunrise, André was -alarmed at the disappearance of the _Vulture_. She had been cannonaded -from Verplanck's Point, and compelled to drop down the river. - -Just after the departure of Arnold, the _Vulture_ reappeared at her -anchorage of the night before. André urged Smith to take him to the -sloop immediately, but he declined, giving various reasons for his -conduct. He was really afraid to perform the service, and the British -adjutant-general was kept in a state of great anxiety on Treason Hill -until evening. Arnold had intimated that the major might be compelled -to cross the river and return to New York by land. To provide for any -contingency, he furnished passports, one to secure to André a safeguard -through the American posts to the neutral ground, and another to secure -such safety in passing down the river in a boat to Dobb's Ferry. - -Smith decided that André must return by land. He tried to procure an -American uniform for the major's disguise, but could not, and his guest -was compelled to accept an old purple or crimson coat, trimmed with -threadbare gold lace, and a tarnished beaver hat belonging to Smith. -The rest of his suit was his military undress, nankeen small-clothes, -and white-topped boots. His long surtout with a cape covered all. - -In violation of Clinton's positive orders, André took away the papers -which Arnold had given him. These he concealed in his stockings beneath -his feet. So equipped, and bearing Arnold's passports, André mounted a -black horse which the American general had provided for his use, and -at twilight, accompanied by Smith and his negro servant, he crossed -the river at the King's Ferry, went safely through the American works -at Verplanck's Point, and reluctantly spent the night at a farm-house -below the Croton River, within the American lines. The travelers slept -together. It was a weary and restless night for André. They arose early -and rode on some distance together. After breakfast they parted company -at Pine's bridge, André pushing on within the neutral ground. He was -induced to leave the road leading to the White Plains, which he had -been directed to take, and, turning westward at Chappaqua, he followed -another road nearer the river, which led him to Tarrytown. This was a -fatal mistake. - -The neutral ground, extending from King's Bridge nearly to the -Croton River, was swarming with Tories. It was the region of great -manors, whose owners were loyalists, and their retainers were their -political followers. It was a most uncomfortable dwelling-place for -the comparatively few Whig inhabitants. It was infested with gangs of -marauders, who were called "cow-boys." They were constantly stealing -the cattle of the Whigs and driving them off to the British army in -New York. The patriotic inhabitants, especially the young men, armed -themselves in defense of their property. - -On the morning of Friday, the 23d of September (1780), seven young men, -farmers and neighbors--John Paulding, Isaac Van Wart, David Williams, -John Yerks and three others--were out on a scout together. They seem -to have been a sort of guerrillas, acting independently in intercepting -marauders and arresting suspicious-looking travelers. Paulding had been -a prisoner in New York a short time before, and had escaped in the -disguise of a Hessian coat which a friend had procured for him. This -coat he now wore. - -Three of the four young men above named were playing cards in a thicket -near the highway, half a mile from Tarrytown, at about nine o'clock in -the morning, when a well-dressed horseman approached on a black steed. -He was a stranger, and the young men concluded to stop him and inquire -about his errand. Paulding, who was the leader of the little band, -stepped out of the bushes with his musket, and ordered the traveler to -halt and give an account of himself. Seeing Paulding with a British -military coat on, and knowing that he was far below the American lines -and nearer those of the British, the horseman said to the three young -scouts: - -"My lads, I hope you belong to our party." - -"What party?" asked Paulding. - -"The lower party--the British." - -"We do," said Paulding. - -Completely thrown off his guard, the traveler exclaimed with much -animation: "Thank God, I am once more among friends! I am a British -officer, out in the country on particular business, and hope you will -not detain me a minute." - -"We are Americans," said Paulding, seizing the bridle of the horse, -"and you are our prisoner." - -The traveler was shocked, but, assuming composure, he said, "I must do -anything to get along," and with apparent unconcern he pulled from his -pocket Arnold's passport, which read: - - "Headquarters, Robinson's House, _September 22, 1780_. - - Permit Mr. John Anderson to pass the guards to the White Plains, or - below if he chooses, he being on public business by my direction. - - "B. Arnold, _Major-General_." - -[Illustration: - - Head Quarters Robinsons - House Sep.^t 22^d--1780 - -Permit M.r John Anderson to pass the Guards to the White Plains, or -below if He Chooses, He being on Public Business by my Direction - - B. Arnold MGenl - -Arnold's Passport] - -The suspicions of the young men were now thoroughly aroused. Making the -traveler dismount, they searched every part of his clothing, but found -nothing of importance. - -"Try his boots," said Van Wart. - -They compelled him to sit upon a log by the road-side, and, pulling -off his boots, they discovered, by the bagging of his stocking-feet, -several papers. These Paulding, the only one of the young men who could -read, glanced over and exclaimed: - -"My God! he is a spy!" - -Major John André, adjutant-general of the British army, was their -prisoner, but they did not know it. They believed that he was a British -officer, as he himself at first announced. They questioned him closely -about the papers in his boots, but he became very reticent. He offered -them large bribes to induce them to let him pass. He offered them -his gold watch. They refused. "I will give you a hundred guineas and -any amount of dry goods," he said. They refused. "I will give you a -thousand guineas," he said, "and you can hold me as a hostage till one -of your number return with the money." - -"We would not let you go for ten thousand guineas!" said Paulding, in a -loud voice. That decision settled the fate of André. - -The prisoner then requested his captors to take him to the nearest -American post, and ask him no more questions. They complied. He was -seated on his horse, which one of them alternately led, while the -others marched alongside as guards. - -Such was the story of André's capture, as related by the three young -men. Major André declared that the sole object of the captors in -arresting him was evidently plunder; that they searched every part -of him, even his saddle and his boots, for gold; and that, if he had -possessed sufficient in specie (he had only some Continental bills), he -might have easily persuaded them to let him go. But the preponderance -of contemporary testimony is in favor of the captors' story. Washington -wrote to Congress: - -"Their conduct merits our warmest esteem, and I beg leave to add that I -think the public would do well to grant them a handsome gratuity. They -have prevented, in all probability, our suffering one of the severest -strokes that could have been meditated against us." - -[Illustration: John Paulding - -(From a Miniature in possession of the late James K. Paulding.)] - -Congress complimented the captors on their fidelity and patriotism by a -resolution of thanks, ordered that an annuity of two hundred dollars in -specie should be paid to each out of the public treasury, and directed -the Board of War to have a silver medal of appropriate design struck -and given to each. These medals Washington presented to the captors -in person. Tradition tells us that André would undoubtedly have -been released but for the strong will and patriotic impulses of John -Paulding, then only twenty-two years of age. - -André was delivered to Lieutenant-Colonel Jameson, then in command -of Sheldon's dragoons and a few Connecticut militia at North Salem. -That honest officer believed the captive to be what Arnold's passport -proclaimed him, simply "John Anderson," on public business by direction -of his general, and treated him very kindly as such. The prisoner -requested Jameson to inform Arnold that John Anderson was a captive, -in his custody. The honest, unsuspicious Jameson complied. He wrote to -Arnold to this effect, explaining how Anderson came to be a prisoner, -and concluded that the simplest way in the matter would be to send the -captive to Arnold with the letter! He detailed Lieutenant Allen and -four of the militia to take both to headquarters, and at the same time -sent the papers found in André's boot by express to Washington, who was -then on his way from Hartford. - -André was delighted by the turn affairs had taken, for now there -appeared a way of escape for both Arnold and himself. The escort with -the prisoner were some distance on their way, when Major Benjamin -Tallmadge, a vigilant and active officer of the dragoons, returned -to Jameson's quarters after a brief absence. Learning all about the -capture and the nature of the papers found on the prisoner, he at once -pronounced him a spy and Arnold a traitor. He persuaded Jameson to -order the return of the prisoner, agreeing to bear all blame himself -for the act. The captive was brought back, but, unfortunately, Allen -proceeded alone with Jameson's letter to Arnold. - -André was committed to the care of Lieutenant King, of the dragoons, -who was convinced, by the prisoner's manner and other tokens, that he -was no ordinary man. Finally, the captive requested King to walk with -him in a large yard attached to the house in which they were, when the -prisoner said, "I must make a confidant of somebody, and I know not a -more proper person than yourself, you have treated me so kindly." He -then made a full confession of his rank, and gave a brief narrative of -his career in America since his capture at St. Johns. Procuring writing -materials, he wrote the following letter to Washington: - - "Salem, _the 24th September, 1780_. - - "Sir: What I have as yet said concerning myself was in the justifiable - attempt to be extricated. I am too little accustomed to duplicity to - have succeeded. - - "I beg your Excellency will be persuaded that no alteration in the - temper of my mind, or apprehension for my safety, induces me to take - the step of addressing you, but that it is to rescue myself from an - imputation of having assumed a mean character for treacherous purposes - or self-interest, a conduct incompatible with the principles which - actuate me, as well as my condition in life. It is to vindicate my - fame that I speak, and not to solicit security. The person in your - possession is Major John André, adjutant-general in the British army. - - "The influence of one commander with another in the army of his - adversary is an advantage taken in war. A correspondence for this - purpose I held, as confidential, in the present instance, with his - Excellency Sir Henry Clinton. - - "To favor it, I agreed to meet upon ground not within the posts of - either army a person who was to give me intelligence. I came up in the - _Vulture_ man-of-war for this effect, and was fetched by a boat from - the shore to the beach; being there, I was told that the approach of - day would prevent my return, and that I must be concealed until the - next night. I was in my regimentals, and had fairly risked my person. - - "Against my stipulation and without my knowledge beforehand, I was - conducted within one of your posts. Your Excellency will conceive my - sensation on this occasion, and will imagine how much more I must have - been affected, by a refusal to reconduct me back the next night as I - had been brought. Thus become a prisoner, I had to concert my escape. - I quitted my uniform, and was passed another way in the night, without - the American posts to neutral ground, and informed I was beyond - all armed parties, and left to press for New York. I was taken at - Tarrytown by some volunteers. Thus, as I have had the honor to relate, - was I betrayed (being adjutant-general of the British army) into the - vile condition of an enemy in disguise within your posts. - - "Having avowed myself a British officer, I have nothing to reveal but - what relates to myself, which is true, on the honor of an officer - and a gentleman. The request I have to make to your Excellency, and - I am conscious I address myself well, that in any rigor feeling - may dictate, a decency of conduct toward me may mark, that, though - unfortunate, I am branded with nothing dishonorable, as no motive - could be mine but the service of my King, and as I was an involuntary - impostor. - - "Another request is, that I may be permitted to write an open letter - to Sir Henry Clinton, and another to a friend for clothes and linen. - - "I take the liberty to mention the condition of some gentlemen at - Charlestown, who, being either on parole or under protection, were - engaged in a conspiracy against us. Though their situation is not - exactly similar, they are objects who may be set in exchange for me, - or are persons whom the treatment I receive may affect. - - "It is no less, sir, in a confidence in the generosity of your mind, - than on account of your superior station, that I have chosen to - importune you with this letter. - - "I have the honor to be, with great respect, sir, your Excellency's - most obedient and most humble servant, - - "John André, _Adjutant-General_. - - "His Excellency General WASHINGTON." - -FOOTNOTES: - -[Footnote 34: _One of the Irvines was a hatter; the other was a -physician._ It was probably the latter--Dr. William Irvine--who -was in this expedition, for he was then in command of the Second -Pennsylvania Regiment. He had been a captain in Canada about two years. -Brigadier-General Irvine was made a prisoner at Chestnut Hill, near -Philadelphia, in December, 1777.] - -[Footnote 35: William Alexander, Lord Stirling, was a general in the -Continental army. He had been frustrated in obtaining a Scottish estate -and peerage to which he was clearly entitled. He assumed the title as a -right.] - -[Footnote 36: General Wayne reported that, owing to the lightness -of his field-pieces, the shot did not penetrate the logs of the -block-house.] - -[Footnote 37: _Vide Lee's trial._ General Charles Lee, in his testimony -at his trial by court-martial, after the battle of Monmouth, spoke of -"Colonel Hamilton flourishing his sword" after delivering a message -from Washington on the battle-field, and saying, "'I will stay, and we -will all die here on this spot.' I could not but be surprised," said -Lee, "at his expression, but observed him much fluttered, and in a sort -of frenzy of valor."] - -[Footnote 38: Richard Harrison, Washington's secretary.] - -[Footnote 39: _A disorder prevalent in the rebel lines._] - -[Footnote 40: _The merit of these lines, which is doubtless very great, -can only be felt by true connoisseurs conversant in ancient song._ In -"Chevy Chase" occurs the stanza: - - "For Witherington needs must I wayle, - As one in doleful dumps; - For when his legges were smitten off, - He fought upon his stumps."] - -[Footnote 41: _Who kept a dram-shop._] - -[Footnote 42: _A deity of the woods._] - -[Footnote 43: _A New England name for a horse, mare, or gelding._] - -[Footnote 44: _A cant appellation given among the soldiers to the corps -that has the honor to guard his Majesty's person_--a body-guard.] - -[Footnote 45: William Cunningham, the veteran provost-marshal at New -York.] - -[Footnote 46: Rev. James Caldwell, an earnest Whig of New Jersey, and -pastor of a church at Connecticut Farms. His wife had been shot by -a newly enlisted soldier in her own house, when the British, under -Knyphausen, made a raid upon Springfield in 1778.] - -[Footnote 47: _Calling himself, because he was ordered not to do it, -Earl of Stirling, though no sterling earl._ (See foot-note, page 71.) -In a winter expedition to Staten Island a larger proportion of his -soldiers were frost-bitten.] - -[Footnote 48: _Lafayette._] - -[Footnote 49: Now Jersey City, where the British had a redoubt. This -Major Henry Lee surprised, in August, 1779, and carried away one -hundred and fifty-nine of the garrison prisoners.] - -[Footnote 50: Mrs. Susannah Livingston, a daughter of Governor William -Livingston, of New Jersey, who was suspected of political authorship.] - -[Footnote 51: It so happened that when André was taken to Tappaan he -was delivered to the custody of Wayne. The latter was not a member of -the board of inquiry. Frank Moore says that, under André's signature to -a MS. copy of the "Cow-Chase," some one wrote: - - "When the epic strain was sung, - The poet by the neck was hung, - And to his cost he finds, too late, - The 'dung-born tribe' decides his fate."] - - - - -CHAPTER VI. - - -Washington lodged at Fishkill, eighteen miles from West Point, on the -night of September 24th, and early the next morning (the day appointed -for Clinton to ascend the river and receive the surrender of the -post in the Highlands) he and his companions reached the vicinity of -Arnold's quarters, where they intended to breakfast. He and two or -three officers turned aside to inspect a redoubt, while Lafayette, -Hamilton, and other young officers, rode forward with a message from -their chief to Mrs. Arnold, bidding her not to delay breakfast on his -account. - -While these officers were at table with Arnold and his wife, a courier -arrived with a letter to the general. It was Jameson's letter, brought -by Allen, telling Arnold of the arrest of "John Anderson," and the -sending of the papers found in his boots to Washington. Arnold glanced -at the letter, sat a few minutes in general conversation, and then -asked to be excused. His wife perceived anxiety in his countenance, -and, leaving the table, followed him out of the room. He commanded -Allen not to mention that he had brought a letter from Jameson; -ordered a horse to be saddled and brought to the door immediately, and -ascending to his wife's chamber, to which she had retired, he told her -in a few hurried words of his perilous situation, and that his life -depended upon his instant flight and reaching the British lines in -safety. - -This awful message smote the young wife and mother fearfully. She -screamed and fell at his feet in a swoon. He had not a moment to lose. -Leaving her in the care of her maid, he kissed their sleeping babe and -hurried to the breakfast-room. Telling the guests that his wife had -been taken ill suddenly, and that he was called in haste over to West -Point and would return presently, he mounted the horse at the door, -dashed down the bridle-path to the river half a mile distant, snatched -his pistols from the holsters as he dismounted, and, summoning the crew -of his barge, he entered it and ordered them to pull into the middle of -the stream and row swiftly down the river, for he bore a flag to the -_Vulture_, and must return soon to meet General Washington. - -Arnold sat in the prow of his barge. When they came in sight of the -_Vulture_ he raised a white handkerchief upon a walking-stick. They -soon reached the vessel. Arnold ascended to her deck, where he met -Colonel Robinson, and briefly related to him the unhappy state of -affairs. He tried, in vain, to lure the crew of his barge into the -king's service. "If General Arnold likes the King of England, let him -serve him; _we_ love our country, and mean to live or die in support of -her cause," indignantly exclaimed James Larvey, the coxswain. "So will -we," said his companions. They were sent on shore at Teller's Point by -the same flag. Arnold sent a letter to Washington, covering one to his -wife. He assured the commander-in-chief that his wife was innocent of -all knowledge of his act, and entreated him to extend his protection -to her and her child. He also exonerated his military family from all -participation in his designs. - -By the same flag Colonel Robinson wrote to Washington, asserting that, -under the circumstances which led to André's arrest, he could not -detain him without "the greatest violation of flags and contrary to the -usage of all nations"; and, assuming that the American commander would -see the matter in the same light, he desired that he would order Major -André to be "set at liberty, and allowed to return immediately." - -[Illustration: The Robinson House.--(From a Sketch by the Author in -1849.)] - -The _Vulture_ returned to New York the same evening, and early the -next morning Arnold conveyed to General Clinton the first intelligence -of the capture of Major André. Let us go back to Arnold's quarters at -Robinson's house, in the Highlands. - -Washington arrived at Arnold's quarters an hour after the traitor's -flight. Informed of the illness of Mrs. Arnold, and that her husband -had gone over to West Point, the chief took a hurried breakfast and -proceeded thither with all his staff, excepting Colonel Hamilton. As -they touched the west shore of the river they were surprised at not -receiving the usual cannon-salute. - -"Is not General Arnold here?" Washington asked Colonel Lamb. - -"No, sir," Lamb replied; "he has not been here for two days, nor have I -heard from him in that time." - -Meanwhile Hamilton, as Washington's private secretary, had received -and examined the papers taken from André's stocking; also the letters -of Jameson, and that of the prisoner to Washington revealing the -conspiracy. Hamilton immediately sought his chief. He met him on his -way up from the river, and told him of his discovery of Arnold's -treason and of his flight to the _Vulture_. Men were dispatched to -Verplanck's Point to intercept him, but they arrived too late. An order -was sent to Colonel Jameson to forward André to West Point immediately. -He said to Lafayette and Knox, sadly: - -"Arnold is a traitor! Whom can we trust now?" The whole plot was -revealed, and the danger impending over the post was made manifest. - -Yet Washington gave no outward sign of excitement. He sent couriers in -all directions with orders for the strengthening of every redoubt, and -ordered Greene to put the army at Tappaan in readiness to move toward -West Point at a moment's warning. But it was soon evident that the -danger was overpast. Informed of Mrs. Arnold's sad condition, he said -to one of his aides, "Go to her and inform her that, though my duty -required that no means should be neglected to arrest General Arnold, I -have great pleasure in acquainting _her_ that he is now safe on board a -British vessel of war." - -André was brought to the Robinson house early on the 26th (September, -1780). He had been aroused from slumber at midnight to begin a dreary -journey in a falling rain, under a strong escort led by Lieutenant -King. On the way they were joined by Major Tallmadge and one or two -other officers. Tallmadge was made the special custodian of the -prisoner from that time until his execution; and on the evening of the -26th André was conveyed to West Point. - -General Greene was in chief command of the American army during -Washington's absence. Its headquarters were at Tappaan (usually called -Orangetown), a short distance from the west shore of the Hudson. -Washington sent secret orders to Greene to receive the prisoner. - -[Illustration: "The '76 Stone House."] - -On the morning of the 28th André, with a strong escort, went down the -river in a barge, landed at the King's Ferry, and journeyed to Tappaan -on horseback. There he was lodged in a substantial stone dwelling -belonging to Mr. Maybie, known, in our day, as a tavern, by the name -of "The '76 Stone House." - -On this journey of a day, Tallmadge and André, who were about equal in -age, had much free conversation. The prisoner's custodian, like every -one else, was fascinated by the young soldier, and was deeply impressed -with sympathy for him. In reply to a question by Tallmadge, André said -that, in the enterprise in which he was engaged, all he sought was -_military glory, the applause of his king and his country, and perhaps -a brigadiership_. He asked Tallmadge in what light he would be regarded -by General Washington and a military tribunal. Tallmadge tried to evade -an answer, but, being pressed, he said: - -"I had a much-loved classmate in Yale College by the name of Nathan -Hale, who entered the army in 1775. Immediately after the battle of -Long Island, General Washington wanted information respecting the -strength, position, and probable movements of the enemy. Captain Hale -tendered his services, went over to Brooklyn, and was taken just as he -was passing the outposts of the enemy on his return. _Do you remember -the sequel of the story?_" "Yes," said André, "he was hanged as a -spy. But you surely do not consider his case and mine alike." "Yes, -precisely similar; and similar will be your fate," said Tallmadge. - -In general orders on the 26th Greene proclaimed, "Treason of the -blackest dye was discovered yesterday." He then gave a general account -of the affair to the army and the people. It created wide-spread -indignation and alarm, but the latter feeling was tempered by the -concluding words of the order: "Arnold has made his escape to the -enemy; but Major André, the adjutant-general of the British army, who -came out as a spy to negotiate the business, is our prisoner." - -The news of the capture of André, and this ominous general order, -produced intense excitement in both armies, and especially within the -British lines. The evident sympathy of Washington and some of his -officers for the prisoner when he was brought to Tappaan, created much -feeling in the American army. Some of the officers declared that if -they were not to be protected against such treacherous conduct, and -this spy be pardoned, it was time to leave the army. In a manuscript -account of the affair now before me, written by Elias Boudinot, LL. D., -the eminent American commissary of prisoners, he observed: - -"Though these were their sentiments, they were only murmured from tent -to tent. A few days convinced them that they had a commander-in-chief -who knew how to make his compassion for the unfortunate and his duty to -those who depended upon him for protection to harmonize and influence -his conduct. He treated Major André with the greatest tenderness, while -he carried the sentence of the council into execution according to the -laws of war. At New York, when the first account of André's capture and -condemnation arrived, the officers and citizens laughed at the idea -that the 'rebels' would dare to execute the adjutant-general of the -British army; but, if it should take place, vengeance in every form -should be taken sevenfold. But, when it was known that André was no -more, General Clinton shut himself up for three days, and every one at -the Coffee-House and other public places hung their heads, and scarcely -an observation relative to it escaped their lips." - -[Illustration: Washington's Headquarters at Tappaan.] - -Washington had returned to his headquarters at Tappaan,[52] and -ordered a meeting of a board of officers on the 29th, to make -careful inquiries and report their opinion "of the light in which he -[the prisoner] ought to be considered, and what punishment ought to -be inflicted." The board consisted of six major-generals and eight -brigadier-generals. The court of inquiry was held in the Dutch church -at Tappaan. General Greene presided. When André was brought before his -judges, he gave a detailed statement of the facts, and did not deny any -of the specifications presented by the judge-advocate, John Laurance. -After careful deliberation the board reported that the prisoner "ought -to be considered as a spy from the enemy, and that, agreeably to the -law and usages of nations, it is their opinion he ought to suffer -death." "André met the result," wrote Colonel Hamilton, "with manly -firmness. 'I foresee my fate,' he said, 'and though I pretend not -to play the hero, or be indifferent to life, yet I am reconciled to -whatever may happen, conscious that misfortune, not guilt, has brought -it upon me.'" - -Washington approved the finding of the court of inquiry, and sentenced -André to be hung as a spy on the first day of October, at five o'clock -in the afternoon. He sent an account of the proceedings of the court -and a letter from André to Sir Henry Clinton.[53] - -Meanwhile great exertions had been made to save André from his sad -fate. General Clinton wrote to Washington (September 26th) that André -was not a legal spy, for a flag of truce had been sent to receive him, -and passports were granted for his return. On receiving the papers -from Washington, Sir Henry wrote a second letter to the American -chief commander, expressing the opinion that the board "had not been -rightly informed of all the circumstances," and asked a postponement -of the execution until a conference might be held. The request was -granted. The execution was postponed one day. General Greene met -General Robertson and others at Dobb's Ferry, not as an officer, but as -a private gentleman, but nothing occurred to warrant a change in the -opinion of the board of inquiry and the decision of Washington.[54] - -The Americans would gladly have saved the life of André could Arnold -have been given up to them. Efforts to that end were made. Unofficial -overtures were made to Clinton to exchange Arnold for André, but honor -forbade the act. All efforts in this direction failed. - -On the morning of October 1st, the day on which André expected to die, -he wrote the following touching note to Washington: - - "Sir: Buoyed above the terror of death by the consciousness of a life - devoted to honorable pursuits, and stained with no action that can - give remorse, I trust that the request I make to your Excellency at - this serious period, and which is to soften my last moments, will not - be rejected. - - "Sympathy toward a soldier will surely induce your Excellency and a - military tribunal to adapt the mode of my death to the feelings of a - man of honor. - - "Let me hope, sir, that if aught in my character impresses you with - esteem toward me, if aught in my misfortune marks me as the victim - of policy and not of resentment, I shall experience the operation of - those feelings in your breast by being informed that I am not to die - on a gibbet. - - "I have the honor to be your Excellency's most obedient and most - humble servant, - - John André." - -Colonel Hamilton urged Washington to comply with André's request, but -the commander could not grant it. Unwilling to wound the feelings of -the prisoner by a refusal, he did not reply to the note. - -On the preceding evening André wrote letters to his mother, sisters, -Miss Seward, and other friends, and made a pen-and-ink sketch of -himself sitting at a table with a pen in his hand. On the following -morning he made a rude sketch, with pen and ink, depicting the scene -of his passage from the _Vulture_ to the shore, when he went to meet -Arnold.[55] - -At noon on the 2d day of October, 1780, Major André was executed upon -an eminence near Tappaan village, in the presence of a vast concourse -of people. He was dressed in full military costume and white top-boots. -He was taken to the gallows--a cross-piece between two moderate-sized -trees--by a procession of nearly all the field-officers, excepting -Washington and his staff, who remained at headquarters. General -Greene led the cavalcade, which passed between two files of soldiers, -extending from the prison up to the fatal spot. The prisoner's step was -firm, and he did not falter until he saw the gallows, and knew he was -to be hanged as a felon and not shot as a soldier. His hesitation was -only for a moment. - -A baggage-wagon, bearing a plain pine coffin, had been driven under -the gallows. A grave had been dug near by. Into the wagon the prisoner -stepped and, taking the rope from the hangman, adjusted it to his neck, -and tied a white handkerchief over his eyes. Then Adjutant-General -Scammell read the order for the execution in a clear voice, and at -its conclusion told André that he might speak if he desired it. The -prisoner lifted the handkerchief from his eyes and, bowing courteously -to General Greene and his officers, said in firm voice, "All I request -of you, gentlemen, is that, while I acknowledge the propriety of my -sentence, you will bear me witness that I die like a brave man." In an -undertone he murmured, "It will be but a momentary pang." The wagon was -driven swiftly from under him, and in a few minutes he ceased to exist. - -[Illustration: Passage from the Vulture.--(Fac-simile of a Pen-and-ink -Sketch by André.)] - -"Thus died in the bloom of life," wrote Dr. Thacher, a surgeon of the -Continental army, who was present, "the accomplished Major André, the -pride of the royal army and the valued friend of Sir Henry Clinton." -The same authority wrote that André's regimentals, which had been -brought up to Tappaan by his servant, were handed to that servant, and -he was buried near one of the trees which formed the gibbet. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[Footnote 52: This building is yet standing, and is in nearly the same -condition as it was in 1780, at which time it belonged to John de -Windt, a native of the Island of St. Thomas. By a peculiar arrangement -of bricks in its front wall, the date of its construction--1700--may -be seen. In a large room which Washington occupied as his office, and -where André's death-warrant was signed, the spacious fireplace was -surrounded by Dutch pictorial tiles, when I visited and made the above -sketch, in 1849.] - -[Footnote 53: This letter evinced great tenderness of feeling toward -his commander. He declared that the events connected with his coming -within the American lines were contrary to his own intentions, and -avowed the object of his letter to be to remove from Sir Henry's mind -any suspicion that he (André) imagined he was bound by his Excellency's -orders to expose himself to what had happened.] - -[Footnote 54: General Robertson bore a letter from Arnold to -Washington, which he reserved until all oral arguments had failed, -when he read it to the gentlemen of the conference. Had there been -a chance for coming to an understanding in regard to André before, -this impudent letter from the traitor would have destroyed it. Arnold -said: "If, after this just and candid opinion of Major André's case, -the board of general officers adhere to their former opinion, I shall -suppose it dictated by passion and resentment; and, if that gentleman -should suffer the severity of the sentence, I shall think myself bound -by every tie of duty and honor to retaliate on such unhappy persons of -your army as may fall in my power, that the respect due to flags and -the law of nations may be better understood and observed."] - -[Footnote 55: The size of the original drawing from which the above -sketch was made is twelve by seven inches. It will be observed that -André has but one oarsman, instead of two, as was the case. The -drawing was found on his table by his servant after the execution, and -delivered by him at New York to Lieutenant-Colonel Crosby of André's -regiment (the Twenty-second), and who, on his return to England, -caused a _fac-simile_ of it to be produced by the mezzotint process of -engraving.] - - - - -CHAPTER VII. - - -Almost universal sympathy was felt and expressed for Major André. -He was undoubtedly an involuntary spy. The court of inquiry which -decided his fate came to their conclusions with regret; but duty, the -law of nations, and the exigencies of war, compelled them to give -such a verdict as they did. Washington signed his death-warrant with -reluctance and with much emotion. All the American officers were moved -by deep sympathy for him. Some of the younger officers--Lafayette, -Hamilton, Tallmadge, and others--were enamored with him, and became -attached to him. "From the few days of intimate intercourse I had with -him," wrote Tallmadge, "I became so deeply attached to Major André -that I could remember no instance when my affections were so fully -absorbed by any man." The multitude who saw the execution were deeply -moved with compassion. Dr. Thacher says the tears of thousands fell on -that occasion. The event made a deep impression upon both armies. The -king specially honored the memory of André by ordering a notable mural -monument to be erected in Westminster Abbey, near the "Poets' Corner." -A picture of this monument is seen in the engraving.[56] The memorial -was executed in statuary marble, and is about seven and a half feet -in height. It represents a sarcophagus with a device in low relief, -and elevated upon a paneled pedestal, upon which are appropriate -inscriptions.[57] On the sarcophagus is a representation of Washington -and his officers in his tent at the moment when he received the report -of the court of inquiry; at the same time a messenger has arrived with -the letter of André to Washington asking for a soldier's death. On the -right is a guard of Continental soldiers, and a tree on which André -was executed. Two men are preparing the prisoner for execution, while -at the foot of the tree sit Mercy and Innocence. On the top of the -sarcophagus is the British lion, and the figure of Britannia, who is -lamenting the fate of André. The king settled a pension upon the family -of André, and, to wipe out the imputed stain produced by his death as a -spy, the honor of knighthood was conferred upon his brother. - -[Illustration: André's Monument in Westminster Abbey.] - -As related in the inscription on the pedestal of André's monument, -given in a foot-note, Mr. Buchanan caused his remains to be disinterred -and sent to England. Two small cedar-trees were growing near the grave -wherein lay his remains. A portion of one of these was sent with the -remains, and, at the suggestion of the consul, the duke caused a -snuff-box to be made of it for the Rev. Mr. Demorest, of Tappaan, who -gave Mr. Buchanan much assistance in his undertaking. It was elegant in -design, was lined with gold, and was inscribed with the words: - -"From his Royal Highness the Duke of York, to mark his sense of the -Rev. John Demorest's liberal attention upon the occasion of the removal -of the remains of the late Major André, at Tappaan, on the 10th of -August, 1821." - -The surviving sisters of André sent a silver cup to Mr. Demorest, with -a suitable inscription; also an inkstand to the British consul. - -Two monuments have been erected at different times on the spot where -André was executed, each with the sole purpose of commemorating this -very important event in our national history, and to mark the exact -locality of its occurrence. One of these monuments was set up by James -Lee,[58] a public-spirited New York merchant, nearly forty years ago. -It consisted of a small bowlder, upon the upper surface of which were -cut the words, "André was executed October 2, 1780." It was on the -right side of a lane which ran from the highway from Tappaan village to -old Tappaan, on the westerly side of a large peach-orchard, and about -a mile from Washington's headquarters. I visited the spot in 1849, and -made a drawing of this simple memorial-stone for my "Pictorial Field -Book of the Revolution." In a foot-note of that work (vol. i, p. 772) -I said, "A more elegant and durable monument should be erected on the -spot." - -[Illustration: Bowlder-Monument.] - -A "more elegant and durable monument" was placed on the same spot a few -years ago by another public-spirited New York merchant, Mr. Cyrus W. -Field, and bears an inscription written by the late Rev. Arthur Penrhyn -Stanley, the Dean of Westminster. When that eminent divine and earnest -friend of our country and admirer of our free institutions was about -to visit the United States in 1878, he made a list of the objects and -localities which he desired to see while here. Among these was the -place of André's execution. - -While Dean Stanley was visiting Mr. Field at his country residence on -the eastern bank of the Hudson, nearly opposite Tappaan, he with his -two traveling companions and their host crossed the river, and, with -one or two citizens of Tappaan, visited places of historic interest -in the vicinity. They found that nothing marked the place of André's -execution, and that it had even been a subject of controversy. The -bowlder-monument had been removed several years before. The dean -expressed his surprise and regret that no object indicated the -locality of such an important historical event, when Mr. Field said -he would erect a memorial-stone there at his own expense upon certain -conditions. A few days afterward (October, 1878) he wrote to a citizen -of Tappaan: - -"I am perfectly willing to erect a monument on 'André Hill' [so named -by the people in commemoration of the event which occurred there], and -the dean will write an inscription, if the people who own the land will -make a grant of about twenty square feet for the purpose." - -So soon as it became known that Mr. Field proposed to erect a -memorial-stone at Tappaan, a correspondent of a New York morning -journal denounced the intention, upon the wholly erroneous assumption -that it was to be a "monument in honor of Major André, the British -spy." Other correspondents, equally uninformed, followed with -denunciations. A storm of apparently indignant protests, or worse, -ensued; and one writer, lacking courage to give his name, made a threat -that, if Mr. Field should set up a memorial-stone upon the place where -André was executed, "ten thousand men" were ready to pull it down and -cast it into the river! These writers, many of whom concealed their -real names, created considerable feeling in the public mind unfavorable -to the project, and elicited a multitude of appeals to the patriotism -and the prejudices of the American people, to oppose what?--a phantom! - -This intemperate and unwise correspondence continued several weeks. -There were calm defenders of Mr. Field's motives in proposing to -erect a monument, by persons who were well informed and had a clear -perception of the intent and importance of such an act. The discussion -was fruitful of some good. It had the salutary effect of calling public -attention to the claims of _Nathan Hale_, the notable martyr spy of the -Revolution, to a memorial tribute--a public recognition of his virtues -and his deeds--which had been so long deferred by our people. These -claims were now earnestly advocated, not only by Mr. Field's critics, -but by patriotic citizens. Considerable sums of money were offered for -the laudable purpose of erecting a suitable monument in the city of New -York to the memory of Hale. Several persons offered one hundred dollars -each. - -Before the visit of Mr. Field and the dean, Mr. Henry Whittemore, -a public-spirited citizen of Tappan, and Secretary of the Rockland -County Historical Society, had found four living men who were present -at the disinterment of André's remains in 1821. With these men he -went to "André Hill," where they identified the place of the spy's -grave.[59] The requisite plot of ground was secured by Mr. Field, who -was compelled to buy many surrounding acres at an exorbitant price. -Then, relying upon the good sense, the intelligence, and the patriotism -of the American people for a just appreciation of his motives, he -proceeded to have a memorial-stone prepared. - -Soon after Dean Stanley returned home he wrote the promised -inscription, and, in a letter to Mr. Whittemore (January, 1879), he -said: - -[Illustration: - - A wreath of autumnal leaves from the Hudson I had placed on the - monument in the abbey-- attracts universal admiration. - - I remain, - yours gratefully, - - A.P. Stanley - -Dean Stanley's Autograph.] - - "I have sent to Mr. Cyrus W. Field the inscription suggested. Perhaps - you will kindly see that the facts are correctly stated. It is - desirable that the inscription should contain neither an attack nor a - defense of André, but only an expression of sympathy with him in his - tragical fate, and with Washington for the difficult circumstances in - which the judges were placed. - - "A wreath of autumn leaves from the Hudson I had placed on the - monument in the abbey attracts universal attention. I have also the - silver medals of Washington's headquarters, and the old Dutch church - at Tappaan. - - "I remain, yours gratefully, - - "_A.P. Stanley_."[60] - -On the 2d of October, 1879, the ninety-ninth anniversary of the -execution of André, the monument prepared by Mr. Field's order, and -placed over the spot where the spy was buried, was uncovered in the -presence of representatives of the Historical Societies of New York, -and Rockland County, of officers of the army of the United States, of -the newspaper press and other gentlemen, and a few ladies. At noon, the -hour of the day when André was executed, Mr. Field directed the workmen -to uncover the memorial. There was no pomp or ceremony on the occasion. -Not a speech was uttered, nor a token of applause given. - -From "André Hill" the company went with Mr. Whittemore to his home in -Washington's headquarters and the room in which André's death-warrant -was signed. While there the neglect of the memory of Nathan Hale, shown -by the American people, was spoken of, when Mr. Field said: - - "Gentlemen, if I may be granted permission, I will erect a monument in - memory of Nathan Hale on the spot where he suffered death in the city - of New York, if the place may be found." - -Several years ago Mr. Field made a similar offer to the New York -Historical Society.[61] More than thirty years before, he was a -contributor to the fund raised to erect the modest monument in memory -of Hale at South Coventry, delineated on page 26; and he was next to -the largest contributor to the fund for procuring the bronze statue -of a captor of André that surmounts the monument at Tarrytown, which -commemorates that important event. - -The memorial-stone erected at Tappaan is composed of a shaft of Quincy -gray granite, standing upon a pedestal of the same material. The whole -structure is about nine feet in height from the ground to the apex. It -is perfectly chaste in design. There is no ornamentation. The granite -is highly polished. It stands upon an elevation, about two miles from -the Hudson River, and thirty yards from the boundary-line between New -York and New Jersey, and overlooks a beautiful country.[62] On its west -side it bears the following inscription, written by Dean Stanley: - - "HERE DIED, OCTOBER 2, 1780, - MAJOR JOHN ANDRÉ, OF THE BRITISH ARMY, - WHO, ENTERING THE AMERICAN LINES - ON A SECRET MISSION TO BENEDICT ARNOLD, - FOR THE SURRENDER OF WEST POINT, - WAS TAKEN PRISONER, TRIED AND CONDEMNED AS A SPY. - HIS DEATH, - THOUGH ACCORDING TO THE STERN RULE OF WAR, - MOVED EVEN HIS ENEMIES TO PITY; - AND BOTH ARMIES MOURNED THE FATE - OF ONE SO YOUNG AND SO BRAVE. - IN 1821 HIS REMAINS WERE REMOVED TO WESTMINSTER ABBEY. - A HUNDRED YEARS AFTER THE EXECUTION - THIS STONE WAS PLACED ABOVE THE SPOT WHERE HE LAY, - BY A CITIZEN OF THE UNITED STATES, AGAINST WHICH HE FOUGHT, - NOT TO PERPETUATE THE RECORD OF STRIFE, - BUT IN TOKEN OF THOSE BETTER FEELINGS - WHICH HAVE SINCE UNITED TWO NATIONS, - ONE IN RACE, IN LANGUAGE, AND IN RELIGION, - WITH THE HOPE THAT THIS FRIENDLY UNION - WILL NEVER BE BROKEN." - -On the north face: - - "HE WAS MORE UNFORTUNATE THAN CRIMINAL." - "AN ACCOMPLISHED MAN AND GALLANT OFFICER." - - GEORGE WASHINGTON. - -The first of these two lines was quoted from a letter of Washington to -Count de Rochambeau, October 10, 1780. (See Sparks's "Life and Writings -of Washington," vol. vii, p. 241.) The second line is from the sentence -of a letter written by Washington to Colonel John Laurens on the 13th -of October. (See Sparks, vol. vii, p. 256.) - -On the north face of the stone are the words: - - "SUNT LACRYMÆ RERUM ET MENTEM MORTALIA TANGUNT." - -The east front was left blank for another inscription. - -[Illustration: Memorial at Tappaan.] - -Such, in a few sentences, is the story of the erection of the -memorial-stone at Tappaan by Mr. Field. The idea was the product of -spontaneous thought, elicited by a special occasion. The sole object -to be attained is the laudable and patriotic one of perpetuating, by a -visible record, the memory of one of the most important events in our -history, at the place of its occurrence. That event has two prominent -aspects, namely: the courage, patriotism, faith in the American -people, and the unswerving fidelity in the discharge of a momentous -trust, of our beloved Washington and his officers, in the face of most -extraordinary temptations to do otherwise; and the execution as a spy -of the adjutant-general of the British army, while that army, twenty -thousand strong, was lying only a few miles distant, and supported by -powerful ships of war. - -These were the events to be commemorated by this memorial-stone, and -not the name or character of any individual. It was no more a monument -"in honor of Major André, the British spy," than was the monument -of white marble, twenty-five feet in height, which was erected by -patriotic men, in 1853, to mark the spot at Tarrytown where the spy -was captured, or the naming of the rivulet near which it stands "André -Brook." Surely every intelligent and right-minded American, clearly -comprehending the truth of the whole matter, will award to Mr. Field -the meed of praise for his generous and patriotic deed. - -An attempt was made on the night of November 3, 1885, to destroy the -beautiful memorial-stone at Tappaan by an explosion of dynamite. The -pedestal was shattered into pieces, but the shaft was only shaken -from its perpendicular position. This crime was the logical result -of persistent misrepresentation of the character and intent of the -memorial in some of the newspapers. Twice before, attempts had been -made to destroy it; the first time by a defacement of the inscription -by a misguided person who, on a dark night, battered the letters, many -of them almost beyond recognition. The destroyer[63] left a small -American flag hanging over the monument from a stick, supported by a -pile of stones, upon the apex; also the following lines, the product, -evidently, of one moved by a spirit of conscious untruthfulness, or of -profound ignorance of the character of the object assailed: - - "Too long hath stood the traitor's shaft, - A monument to shame, - Built up to praise the traitor's craft, - To sanctify ill fame. - Are freemen bound to still forbear, - And meekly still implore, - When conquered foes their altars rear - Within our very door. - - "This vulgar and insulting stone - Would honor for all time, - Not sneaking André's death alone, - But black Ben Arnold's crime. - And they, who thus can glorify - The traitor and his deeds, - Themselves high treason would employ - If 'twould fulfill their needs. - - "Americans! resolve, proclaim - That on our own dear land, - Never, while the people reign, - Shall treason's statue stand! - And he who dares erect it next, - On fair Columbia's breast, - With furtive or with false pretext, - Shall dangle from its crest!" - -The second attempt to destroy the memorial-stone was made on a dark -night. Nitro-glycerine or dynamite was used for the purpose. The -explosion was heard for miles around. The perpetrator of the deed was -not discovered. The stones of the pedestal were shattered, but the -shaft remained in an upright position. - -Mr. Field had the damages to the memorial repaired. He designed to have -the acres around it fashioned into a handsome little park. He also -proposed to erect within the grounds a fire-proof building for the use -of the Rockland County Historical and Forestry Society as a depository -of historical and other relics of that county, the building to be -presented to the society, and the park to the citizens of Tappaan, as a -free gift. The outrage of November 3, 1885, may frustrate this generous -plan. - -Two days after that outrage, a New York morning journal of large -circulation and wide influence declared that "the malignity with -which the people about Tappaan regard Mr. Field's monument to André -appears to be settled and permanent." To this grave indictment of -the inhabitants of a portion of Rockland County as participants in -the crime, that people responded by resolutions unanimously adopted -at an indignation meeting held at the Reformed Church at Tappaan on -the evening of the 9th. They denounced the charge as utterly untrue, -expressed their belief that no person in the vicinity had "the remotest -connection" with the crime; that it was desirable to have the place -of André's execution indicated by a memorial-stone with a suitable -inscription, and commended Mr. Field for his zeal in perpetuating -events of the Revolution in such a manner.[64] - -In the foregoing narrative I have endeavored to present a brief, plain, -and truthful story of the memorial at Tappaan, about which so much has -been said and written. I have fashioned it from trustworthy materials. -I have simply recorded the facts, and leave the readers to form their -own conclusions. - -The monument at Tarrytown has been alluded to. It was erected in -1853, on the spot where tradition says Major André was captured, to -commemorate that event. It bore upon a tablet the following inscription: - -[Illustration: Monument and Statue at Tarrytown.] - -"On this spot, the 23d of September, 1780, the spy, Major John André, -Adjutant-General of the British Army, was captured by John Paulding, -David Williams, and Isaac Van Wart, all natives of this county. History -has told the rest. - -"The people of Westchester County have erected this monument as well to -commemorate a great event as to testify their high estimation of that -integrity and patriotism which, rejecting every temptation, rescued the -United States from most imminent peril by baffling the acts of a spy -and the plots of a traitor. Dedicated October 7, 1853." - -The citizens of Westchester County, desirous of giving more -significance to this monument, caused its conical shaft to be removed, -and in its place erected a bronze statue of a captor--a young volunteer -soldier. This statue is the work of the accomplished sculptor, Mr. -O'Donovan, of New York. - -The monument and statue were unveiled in the presence of thousands of -spectators on the centennial of the event commemorated--the 23d of -September, 1880. On that occasion Samuel J. Tilden presided. A prayer -was offered by the venerable son of one of the captors, Isaac Van Wart, -and an oration was pronounced by Chauncey M. Depew. General James -Husted was the marshal of the day. - -On one face of the monument is the old inscription, and upon another, -next to the highway, is a fine bronze _bas-relief_ representing the -scene of the capture. This also is from the _atelier_ of Mr. O'Donovan. -An excellent picture of this work of art and of the statue may be found -in the "Memorial Souvenir of the Monument Association," prepared by Dr. -Nathaniel C. Husted, secretary of the association. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[Footnote 56: The original drawing from which the engraving was made -was received from London in 1849 by the author of this little work, -together with a copy of a profile likeness of André--simply the head -and shoulders--said to have been drawn by himself.] - -[Footnote 57: Upon a panel is the following inscription: "Sacred to the -memory of Major JOHN ANDRÉ, who, raised to the rank of Adjutant-General -of the British Army in America, and employed in an important and -hazardous enterprise, fell a sacrifice to his zeal for his king and -country, on the 2d of October, A.D. 1780, eminently beloved and -esteemed by the army in which he served, and lamented even by his foes. -His gracious sovereign, King George the Third, has caused this monument -to be erected." - -After the removal of André's remains to Westminster Abbey, as mentioned -in the text, the following inscription was cut upon the base of the -pedestal: - -"The remains of Major JOHN ANDRÉ were, on the 10th of August, 1821, -removed from Tappaan by James Buchanan, Esq., his Majesty's Consul at -New York, under instructions from his Royal Highness the Duke of York, -and, with the permission of the Dean and Chapter, finally deposited in -a grave contiguous to this monument on the 28th of November, 1821."] - -[Footnote 58: It was chiefly through the liberality and personal -influence of Mr. Lee that the funds were raised for procuring the fine -bronze equestrian statue of Washington, by H.K. Brown, at Union Square, -New York. That was the first statue erected in the open air in that -city, and is not surpassed in artistic merit by any since set up there.] - -[Footnote 59: Mr. Whittemore had procured this identification fully six -months before the visit of Mr. Field and his guests, with the view to -have a memorial-stone placed upon the spot. He had consulted with the -owner of the land about it. The latter believed it would enhance the -value of his property, and favored the project.] - -[Footnote 60: Above may be seen a _fac-simile_ of the last paragraph of -Dean Stanley's letter.] - -[Footnote 61: The letter of Mr. Field conveying his generous offer -to the New York Historical Society (September, 1880) was referred -to the Executive Committee. They warmly recommended its favorable -consideration by the society. In their report, referring to the event -commemorated by the memorial-stone at Tappaan, the committee said it -was an "event which, perhaps, more signally than any other act of -his life, illustrates the wisdom and firmness of Washington under -circumstances of peculiar trial, in which even his devoted followers -were disposed to question his humanity, if not his justice, and almost -to fall in with the sentimental calumny of the day, which has been so -often reviewed and refuted as to become ridiculous. The memorial-stone -of André's execution is a monument to Washington."] - -[Footnote 62: The engraving is from the original drawing of the -architect. Just below the inscription, at the bottom of the shaft, is -cut "Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, Dean of Westminster."] - -[Footnote 63: It was ascertained that the perpetrator of the crime was -a "crank"--a printer, in the city of New York--who, after eluding the -officers of the law for some time, finally died.] - -[Footnote 64: A petition addressed to the Governor of the State, asking -him to assist in an effort to discover the perpetrator of the crime, -was signed by a large number of the most respectable citizens of -Rockland County.] - - - - -MONODY ON MAJOR ANDRÉ. - -[Illustration: Anna Seward.] - - -THE AUTHOR OF THE MONODY. - - -Anna Seward, the abiding friend and ever-faithful correspondent of -Major André until his death, was a daughter of Thomas Seward, the -canon-resident of Lichfield Cathedral. She was born at Eyam, in -Derbyshire, England, in 1747. Her education, superior to that of most -girls of her time, was superintended by her father, who was a graduate -of Oxford, a man of great moral worth, and noted for his scholarship. - -Miss Seward evinced a taste and a genius for poetic composition at a -very early age, and before she reached the period of young womanhood -she attracted the attention of local literary characters. She became -a great favorite of Dr. Samuel Johnson, who was a native of Lichfield -and was a frequent guest at the house of her father. On one occasion, -when she was about fourteen years of age, she wrote a clever poetical -address of welcome to Dr. Johnson, which greatly pleased the recipient. -Miss Seward is often incidentally mentioned in Boswell's "Life of -Johnson." Writing of a visit at Mr. Seward's in 1775, when Anna was -twenty-eight years of age, Boswell, Johnson's shadow, says, "And -now, for the first time, I had the pleasure of seeing his celebrated -daughter, Miss Anna Seward, to whom I have since been indebted for many -civilities." - -Miss Seward's first acquaintance with young André, her interest in -his love-affair with Honora Sneyd, and her pleasant epistolary and -personal intercourse with him until his departure for America, have -been referred to in the early portions of the brief notice of that -young soldier's career contained in this volume. During his service in -America she was his constant correspondent; and she first informed him -of the death of Honora a short time before his own tragic exit from -earth. - -The circumstances attending the death of her friend inspired Miss -Seward to write her most notable and most admired poem, "Monody on -Major André." She was then thirty-three years old. It was printed -for the author at Lichfield early in 1781. Being consonant in its -utterances with the feelings of the British public at that time, it -had a large sale, and produced a powerful sensation. She received -congratulatory letters from literary people and others in various parts -of the kingdom. No man was more delighted with it than was Dr. Johnson, -"the colossus of English literature." - -Johnson was a fierce Tory, and hated the Americans with a spirit of -savage ferocity. On one occasion, while at Lichfield, he said, "I am -willing to love all mankind, excepting an American." He called them -"rascals," "robbers and pirates," and angrily exclaimed, "I'd burn -and destroy them!" Boswell says Miss Seward, who was present at this -outburst of passion, and whose feelings were favorable to the American -cause, boldly rebuked Johnson, saying, "Sir, this is an instance that -we are most violent against those we have most injured." This delicate -but keen reproach irritated Johnson still more, and, says Boswell, -"he roared out another tremendous volley, which one might fancy could -be heard across the Atlantic." But Johnson and Anna Seward remained -good friends until a short time before the death of the former. They -corresponded with each other, and frequently met in social circles. - -I have said Dr. Johnson was delighted by Miss Seward's "Monody." -He exhibited that delight in the most public manner by writing and -publishing in the "Gentleman's Magazine," over his own signature, the -following poetic epistle to the author: - - -"To Miss Seward, on her Monody on Major André: - - "Above the frigid etiquette of form, - With the same animated feelings warm, - I come, fair maid, enamored of thy lays, - With tribute verse, to swell the note of praise. - Nor let the gentle Julia's[65] hand disclaim - The bold intrusion of an honest strain. - Nor is it mine alone--'tis the full voice - Of such as honor with no vulgar choice,[66] - Of such as feel each glowing line along - Once the bright subject of an humble song.[67] - The treasures of the female heart make known - By copying the soft movements of her own. - Woman should walk arrayed in her own robe, - The hope, the boast, the blessing of the globe. - - "_Shrewsbury._ S. Johnson." - -Miss Seward's "Monody" was dedicated to Sir Henry Clinton. To it were -appended three letters written to her by young André immediately after -his betrothal to and personal separation from Honora Sneyd. These I -have appended to the "Monody," The printed copy of that poem, before -me, bears the autograph signature of Anna Seward at the end. - -It was not long after Johnson's poetical epistle to the author of the -"Monody" appeared before an interruption of the goodly feeling between -him and his fair friend occurred. In 1782 Johnson's "Lives of the -British Poets" appeared, in which he severely criticised the poetry of -her cherished friend Thomas Hayley. Ever ready and prompt to defend -heroically those she had learned to esteem, she instantly took fire at -the attack, and she wrote letters to her friends which were far from -complimentary to Johnson. To Hayley she wrote: - -"You have seen Dr. Johnson's 'Lives of the Poets.' They have excited -your generous indignation. A heart like Hayley's would shrink -astonished to perceive a mind so enriched with the power of genius -capable of such cool malignity. Yet the 'Gentleman's Magazine' praised -these unworthy efforts to blight the laurels of undoubted fame. Oh, -that the venom may fall where it ought!" - -Animadversions by Miss Seward more severe than this found their way, -without her consent, into the public prints, and deeply offended Dr. -Johnson. The breach thus made was never healed. Miss Seward refused to -retract a word, but persisted in her utterances. Sometimes, even after -the death of Dr. Johnson, in 1784, they were spiced with attacks upon -his personal character. These attacks drew from Boswell a defense of -his dead friend, whom he almost adored, and in 1793 he and Miss Seward -carried on a spirited controversy in the "Gentleman's Magazine." - -Miss Seward's writings in verse and prose were quite voluminous. The -latter, consisting of her literary correspondence from 1784 to 1807, -was published in six volumes in the latter year. Her poetical works, -with extracts from her literary correspondence, edited by Sir Walter -Scott, were published in three volumes in 1810. Next to her "Monody," -in point of excellence and popularity, was her "Elegy on Captain James -Cook," the famous circumnavigator of the globe. Of this performance Sir -Walter Scott said, "It conveyed a high impression of the original power -of the author." - -The literary fame of Anna Seward has not been enduring, and she, who -was a conspicuous figure in the world of letters in England during -the last quarter of the eighteenth century, is now almost forgotten. -Her known social relations to Major André, and her "Monody," have -perpetuated her memory in the minds of Americans. It is said that, -when she was fully informed of all the circumstances connected with -the death of André, she was satisfied that she had been unjust toward -Washington in her animadversions upon his character in her poem, and -expressed a regret that she had so misjudged him. - -Miss Seward, in a letter to her friend Miss Ponsonby, related that -several years after the peace a friend of Washington's, an American -officer, introduced himself to her (Miss Seward), saying he was -commissioned by General Washington to call upon her and assure her that -no circumstance of his life had been so mortifying as to be censured -in the "Monody" on André as the pitiless author of his ignominious -fate; that he had labored to save him; and that he requested his friend -to leave with Miss Seward a package of papers which he had sent, -consisting of copies of the records of the court-martial, etc. "The -American officer referred to," says Sargent, "is supposed to have been -Colonel Humphreys." - -Various opinions have been expressed concerning the writings of Miss -Seward. The literary circle of Lichfield, of which she was the -central figure, appears to have been a mutual-admiration society. The -productions of each member appear to have been eulogized by every -other member. Her friend, the celebrated Dr. Erasmus Darwin, declared -that she was "the inventress of epic elegy"; the eccentric philosopher -Day called her a "prodigy of genius"; while the wits of London gently -ridiculed the pretensions of the literary Lichfieldians. Horace Walpole -wrote: "Misses Seward and Williams, and a half a dozen more of these -harmonious virgins, have no imagination, no novelty. Their thoughts -and phrases are like their gowns--old remnants cut and turned." The -Rev. Alexander Dyce wrote: "She was endowed with considerable genius, -and with an ample portion of that fine enthusiasm which sometimes may -be taken for it; but her taste was far from good, and her numerous -productions (a few excepted) are disfigured by florid ornament and -elaborate magnificence." - -After Miss Seward's death, in 1809, there was published a small volume -with the title of "The Beauties of Anna Seward." She died a maiden. The -portrait preceding this brief memoir is a carefully drawn copy with pen -and ink of an engraving by A. Carden, from the original picture painted -in 1763, when she was sixteen years of age, by Tilly Kettle, an English -portrait-painter of note, who was then only about twenty-three years of -age. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[Footnote 65: André in his correspondence with Miss Seward on the topic -of Honora addressed her as "Julia."] - -[Footnote 66: A reading society at Shrewsbury is here alluded to.] - -[Footnote 67: Alluding to an "Essay on Woman," written by Johnson.] - - - - - MONODY - - ON - - MAJOR ANDRÉ. - - By Miss SEWARD, - - (AUTHOR OF THE ELEGY ON CAPTAIN COOK.) - - - TO WHICH ARE ADDED - LETTERS ADDRESSED TO HER - By MAJOR ANDRÉ, - - IN THE YEAR 1769. - - - LICHFIELD: - - PRINTED AND SOLD BY J. JACKSON, FOR THE AUTHOR; - SOLD ALSO BY ROBINSON, PATER-NOSTER ROW; CADELL AND EVANS, IN THE - STRAND, LONDON; PRINCE, OXFORD; MERRILL, CAMBRIDGE; - AND PRATT AND CLINCH, BATH. - - M.DCC.LXXXI. - - [_Price, Two-Shillings-and-Six-Pence._] - - - - - TO - - HIS EXCELLENCY, - - SIR HENRY CLINTON, - - KNIGHT OF THE BATH. - - Sir: _With the zeal of a religious Enthusiast to his murdered Saint, - the Author of this mournful Eulogium consecrates it to the Memory of - Major André, who fell a Martyr in the Cause of his King and Country, - with the firm Intrepidity of a Roman, and the amiable Resignation of a - Christian Hero._ - - _Distant Awe and Reverence prevent her offering these Effusions of - Gratitude to the Beneficent and Royal Patron of the André Family. May - Mr. André's illustrious General, the Guardian of his injured Honour, - his conspicuous and personal Friend, deign to accept them from One who - was once happy in the Friendship of the_ Glorious Sufferer. - - _Your Excellency's_ - _Most obedient humble Servant_, - Anna Seward. - - - - -MONODY - -ON - -MAJOR ANDRÉ. - - - Loud howls the storm! the vex'd Atlantic roars! - Thy Genius, Britain, wanders on its shores! - Hears cries of horror, wafted from afar, - And groans of Anguish, mid the shrieks of War! - Hears the deep curses of the Great and Brave, - Sigh in the wind, and murmur on the wave! - O'er his damp brow the sable crape he binds, - And throws his victor-garland[68] to the winds; - Bids haggard Winter, in her drear sojourn, - Tear the dim foliage from her drizzling urn; - With sickly yew unfragrant cypress twine, - And hang the dusky wreath round Honour's shrine. - Bids steel-clad valour chace his dove-like Bride, - Enfeebling Mercy, from his awful side; - Where long she sat, and check'd the ardent rein, - As whirl'd his chariot o'er th' embattled plain; - Gilded with sunny smile her April tear, - Rais'd her white arm and stay'd th' uplifted spear; - Then, in her place, bid Vengeance mount the car, - And glut with gore th' insatiate Dogs of War!-- - With one pale hand the bloody scroll[69] he rears, - And bids his nations blot it with their tears; - And one, extended o'er th' Atlantic wave, - Points to his André's ignominious grave! - - And shall the Muse, that marks the solemn scene, - "As busy Fancy lifts the veil between," - Refuse to mingle in the awful train, - Nor breathe with glowing zeal the votive strain? - From public fame shall admiration fire - The boldest numbers of her raptur'd lyre - To hymn a Stranger?--and with ardent lay - Lead the wild mourner round her Cook's morai, - While André fades upon his dreary bier, - And Julia's[70] only tribute is her tear? - Dear, lovely Youth! whose gentle virtues stole - Thro' Friendship's soft'ning medium on her soul! - Ah no!--with every strong resistless plea, - Rise the recorded days she pass'd with thee, - While each dim shadow of o'erwhelming years, - With Eagle-glance reverted, Mem'ry clears. - - Belov'd companion of the fairest hours - That rose for her in joy's resplendent bow'rs, - How gaily shone on thy bright Morn of Youth - The Star of Pleasure, and the Sun of Truth! - Full from their Source descended on thy mind - Each gen'rous virtue, and each taste refin'd. - Young Genius led thee to his varied fane, - Bade thee ask[71] all his gifts, nor ask in vain; - Hence novel thoughts, in ev'ry lustre drest - Of pointed wit, that diamond of the breast; - Hence glow'd thy fancy with poetic ray, - Hence music warbled in thy sprightly lay; - And hence thy pencil, with his colours warm, - Caught ev'ry grace, and copied ev'ry charm, - Whose transient glories beam on Beauty's cheek, - And bid the glowing Ivory breathe and speak. - Blest pencil! by kind Fate ordain'd to save - Honora's semblance from[72]her early grave, - Oh! while on[73]Julia's arm it sweetly smiles, - And each lorn thought, each long regret beguiles, - Fondly she weeps the hand, which form'd the spell, - Now shroudless mould'ring in its earthy cell! - - But sure the Youth, whose ill-starr'd passion strove - With all the pangs of inauspicious Love, - Full oft' deplor'd the Fatal Art, that stole - The jocund freedom of its Master's soul! - While with nice hand he mark'd the living grace, - And matchless sweetness of Honora's face, - Th' enamour'd Youth the faithful traces blest, - That barb'd the dart of Beauty in his breast; - Around his neck th' enchanting Portrait hung, - While a warm vow burst ardent from his tongue, - That from his bosom no succeeding day, - No chance should bear that Talisman away. - 'Twas thus[74]Apelles bask'd in Beauty's blaze, - And felt the mischief of the steadfast gaze; - Trac'd with disorder'd hand Campaspe's charms, - And as their beams the kindling Canvas warms, - Triumphant Love, with still superior art, - Engraves their wonders on the Painter's heart. - - Dear lost Companion! ever-constant Youth! - That Fate had smil'd propitious on thy Truth! - Nor bound th' ensanguin'd laurel on that brow - Where Love ordain'd his brightest wreath to glow! - Then Peace had led thee to her softest bow'rs, - And Hymen strew'd thy path with all his flow'rs; - Drawn to thy roof, by Friendship's silver cord, - Each social Joy had brighten'd at thy board; - Science, and soft Affection's blended rays - Had shone unclouded on thy lengthen'd days; - From hour to hour thy taste, with conscious pride, - Had mark'd new talents in thy lovely Bride; - Till thou hadst own'd the magic of her face - Thy fair Honora's least engaging grace. - Dear lost Honora! o'er thy early bier - Sorrowing the Muse still sheds her sacred tear! - The blushing Rose-bud in its vernal bed, - By Zephyrs fann'd, by glist'ring Dew-drops fed, - In June's gay morn that scents the ambient air, - Was not more sweet, more innocent or fair. - Oh! when such Pairs their kindred Spirit find, - When Sense and Virtue deck each spotless Mind, - Hard is the doom that shall the union break, - And Fate's dark billow rises o'er the wreck. - - Now Prudence, in her cold and thrifty care, - Frown'd on the Maid, and bade the Youth despair, - For Pow'r Parental sternly saw, and strove - To tear the lily-bands of plighted love; - Nor strove in vain;--but while the Fair-One's sighs - Disperse, like April storms in sunny skies, - The firmer Lover, with unswerving truth, - To his first passion consecrates his Youth; - Tho' four long years a night of absence prove, - Yet Hope's soft Star shone trembling on his Love; - Till[75]hov'ring Rumour chas'd the pleasing dream - And veil'd with Raven-wing the silver beam. - "Honora lost! my happy Rival's Bride! - "Swell ye full Sails! and roll thou mighty Tide! - "O'er the dark Waves forsaken André bear - "Amid the vollying Thunders of the War! - "To win bright Glory from my Country's foes, - "E'en in this ice of Love, my bosom glows. - "Voluptuous London! in whose gorgeous bow'rs - "The frolic Pleasures lead the dancing Hours, - "From Orient-vales Sabean-odours bring, - "Nor ask her roses of the tardy Spring; - "Where Paintings burn the Grecian Meed to claim - "From the high Temple of immortal Fame, - "Bears to the radiant Goal, with ardent pace, - "Her Kauffman's Beauty, and her Reynolds' Grace; - "Where Music floats the glitt'ring roofs among, - "And with meand'ring cadence swells the Song, - "While sun-clad Poesy the Bard inspires, - "And foils the Grecian Harps, the Latian Lyres. - - "Ye soft'ning Luxuries! ye polish'd Arts! - "Bend your enfeebling rays on tranquil Hearts! - "I quit the Song, the Pencil, and the Lyre, - "White robes of Peace, and Pleasure's soft Attire, - "To seize the Sword, to mount the rapid Car, - "In all the proud habiliments of War.-- - "Honora lost! I woo a sterner Bride, - "The arm'd Bellona calls me to her side; - "Harsh is the music of our marriage strain! - "It breathes in thunder from the Western plain! - "Wide o'er the wat'ry world its echoes roll, - "And rouse each latent ardour of my soul. - "And tho' unlike the soft melodious lay, - "That gaily wak'd Honora's nuptial day, - "Its deeper tones shall whisper, e'er they cease, - "More genuine transport, and more lasting peace! - - "Resolv'd I go!--nor from that fatal bourne - "To these gay scenes shall André's step return! - "Set is the Star of Love, that ought to guide - "His refluent Bark across the mighty Tide!-- - "But while my Country's Foes, with impious hand, - "Hurl o'er the blasted plains the livid brand - "Of dire Sedition!--Oh! let Heav'n ordain, - "While André lives, he may not live in vain! - - "Yet without one kind farewell, could I roam - "Far from my weeping Friends, my peaceful home, - "The best affections of my heart must cease, - "And gratitude be lost, with hope, and peace! - My lovely Sisters! who were wont to twine - "Your Souls' soft feeling with each wish of mine, - "Shall, when this breast beats high at Glory's call, - "From your mild eyes the show'rs of Sorrow fall?-- - "The light of Excellence, that round you glows, - "Decks with reflected beam your Brother's brows. - "Oh! may his Fame, in some distinguish'd day, - "Pour on that Excellence the brightest ray! - "Dim clouds of woe! ye veil each sprightly grace - "That us'd to sparkle in Maria's face.-- - "My[76]tuneful Anna to her lute complains, - "But Grief's fond throbs arrest the parting strains.-- - "Fair as the silver blossom on the thorn, - "Soft as the spirit of the vernal morn, - "Louisa, chace those trembling fears, that prove - "Th' ungovern'd terrors of a Sister's love. - "They bend thy sweet head, like yon lucid flow'r, - "That shrinks and fades beneath the summer's show'r-- - "Oh! smile, my Sisters, on this destin'd day, - "And with the radiant omen gild my way! - "And thou, my Brother, gentle as the gale, - "Whose breath perfumes anew the blossom'd vale, - "Yet quick of Spirit, as th' electric beam, - "When from the clouds its darting lightnings stream, - "Soothe with incessant care our Mother's woes, - "And hush her anxious sighs to soft repose.-- - "And be ye sure, when distant far I stray - "To share the dangers of the arduous day, - "Your tender faithful amity shall rest - "The[77] last dear record of my grateful breast. - - "Oh! graceful Priestess at the fane of Truth, - "Friend of my Soul! and Guardian of my Youth! - "Skill'd to convert the duty to the choice, - "My gentle Mother!--in whose melting voice - "The virtuous precept, that perpetual flow'd, - "With music warbled, and with beauty glow'd, - "Thy Tears!--ah Heav'n!--not drops of molten lead, - "Pour'd on thy hapless Son's devoted head, - "With keener smart had each sensation torn!-- - "They wake the nerve where agonies are born! - "But oh! restrain me not!--thy tender strife, - "What wou'd it save?--alas!--thy André's life! - "Oh! what a weary pilgrimage 'twill prove - "Strew'd with the thorns of disappointed Love! - "Ne'er can he break the charm, whose fond controul, - "By habit rooted, lords it o'er his soul, - "If here he languish in inglorious ease, - "Where Science palls, and Pleasures cease to please. - "'Tis Glory only, with her potent ray, - "Can chace the clouds that darken all his way. - "Then dry those pearly drops that wildly flow, - "Nor snatch the laurel from my youthful brow!-- - "The Rebel Standard blazes to the noon! - "And Glory's path is bright before thy Son! - "Then join thy voice! and thou with Heav'n ordain - "While André lives, he may not live in vain!" - - He says!--and sighing seeks the busy strand, - Where anchor'd Navies wait the wish'd command. - To the full gale the nearer billows roar, - And proudly lash the circumscribing shore; - While furious on the craggy coast they rave, - All calm and lovely rolls the distant wave; - For onward, as th' unbounded waters spread, - Deep sink the rocks in their capacious bed, - And all their pointed terror's utmost force - But gently interrupts the billow's course. - - So on his present hour rude Passion preys! - So smooth the prospect of his future days! - Unconscious of the Storm, that grimly sleeps, - To wreck its fury on th' unshelter'd Deeps! - Now yielding Waves divide before the prow, - The white sails bend, the streaming pennants glow; - And swiftly waft him to the Western plain, - Where fierce Bellona rages o'er the slain. - - Firm in their strength, opposing Legions stand, - Prepar'd to drench with blood the thirsty Land. - Now Carnage hurls her flaming bolts afar, - And Desolation groans amid the War. - As bleed the Valiant, and the Mighty yield, - Death stalks, the only Victor, o'er the field. - - Foremost in all the horrors of the day, - Impetuous André[78] leads the glorious way; - Till, rashly bold, by numbers forc'd to yield, - They drag him captive from the long-fought field.-- - Around the Hero crowd th' exulting Bands, - And seize the spoils of war with bloody hands, - Snatch the dark plumage from his awful crest, - And tear the golden crescent from his breast; - The sword, the tube, that wings the death from far, - And all the fatal implements of War! - - Silent, unmov'd the gallant Youth survey'd - The lavish spoils triumphant Ruffians made. - The idle ornament, the useless spear - He little recks, but oh! there is a fear - Pants with quick throb, while yearning sorrows dart - Thro' his chill frame, and tremble at his heart: - - "What tho' Honora's voice no more shall charm! - "No more her beamy smile my bosom warm! - "Yet from these eyes shall force for ever tear - "The sacred Image of that Form so dear?-- - "Shade of my Love![79]--tho' mute and cold thy charms, - "Ne'er hast thou blest my happy Rival's arms! - "To my sad heart each Dawn has seen thee prest! - "Each Night has laid thee pillow'd on my breast! - "Force shall not tear thee from thy faithful shrine; - "Shade of my Love! thou shalt be ever mine! - - "'Tis fix'd!--these lips shall resolute enclose - "The precious Soother of my ceaseless woes. - "And shou'd relentless Violence invade - "This last retreat, by frantic Fondness made, - "One way remains!--Fate whispers to my Soul - "Intrepid[80]Portia and her burning coal! - "So shall the throbbing Inmate of my breast - "From Love's sole gift meet everlasting rest!" - - While these sad thoughts in swift succession fire - The smother'd embers of each fond desire, - Quick to his mouth his eager hands removes - The beauteous semblance of the Form he loves. - That darling treasure safe, resign'd he wears - The sordid robe, the scanty viand shares; - With cheerful fortitude content to wait - The barter'd ransom of a kinder Fate. - - Now many a Moon in her pale course had shed - The pensive beam on André's captive head. - At length the Sun rose jocund, to adorn - With all his splendour the enfranchis'd Morn. - Again the Hero joins the ardent Train - That pours its thousands on the tented plain; - And shines distinguish'd in the long Array, - Bright as the silver Star that leads the Day! - His modest temperance, his wakeful heed, - His silent diligence, his ardent speed, - Each Warrior-duty to the Veteran taught, - Shaming the vain Experience Time had brought. - Dependence scarcely feels his gentle sway, - He shares each want, and smiles each grief away; - And to the virtues of a noble Heart, - Unites the talents of inventive Art. - Thus from his swift and faithful pencil flow - The Lines, the Camp, the Fortress of the Foe; - Serene to counteract each deep design, - Points the dark Ambush, and the springing Mine; - Till, as a breathing Incense, André's name - Pervades the Host, and swells the loud acclaim. - - The Chief no virtue views with cold regard, - Skill'd to discern, and generous to reward; - Each tow'ring hope his honour'd smiles impart, - As near his Person, and more near his Heart - The graceful Youth he draws,--and round his brow - Bids Rank and Pow'r their mingled brilliance throw. - - Oh! hast thou seen a blooming Morn of May - In crystal beauty shed the modest ray, - And with its balmy dews' refreshing show'r - Swell the young grain, and ope the purple flow'r, - In brightening lustre reach its radiant Noon, - Rob'd in the gayest mantle of the Sun? - Then 'mid the splendours of its azure skies, - Oh! hast thou seen the cruel Storm arise, - In sable horror shroud each dazzling charm, - And dash their glories back with icy arm? - - Thus lowr'd the deathful cloud amid the blaze - Of André's rising hopes,--and quench'd their rays! - Ah, fatal Embassy!--thy hazards dire - His kindling Soul with ev'ry ardour fire; - Great Clinton gives it to the courage prov'd, - And the known wisdom of the Friend he lov'd. - - As fair Euryalus, to meet his Fate, - With Nysus rushes from the Dardan gate, - Relentless Fate! whose fury scorns to spare - The snowy breast, red lip, and shining hair, - So polish'd André launches on the waves, - Where[81]Hudson's tide its dreary confine laves. - With firm intrepid foot the Youth explores - Each dangerous pathway of the hostile shores; - But on no Veteran-Chief his step attends, - As silent round the gloomy Wood he wends; - Alone he meets the brave repentant Foe, - Sustains his late resolve, receives his vow, - With ardent skill directs the doubtful course, - Seals the firm bond, and ratifies its force. - 'Tis thus, America, thy Generals fly, - And wave new banners in their native sky! - Sick of the mischiefs artful Gallia pours, - In friendly semblance on thy ravag'd shores. - Unnatural compact!--shall a Race of Slaves - Sustain the ponderous standard Freedom waves? - No! while their feign'd Protection spreads the toils, - The Vultures hover o'er the destin'd spoils! - How fade Provincial-glories, while ye run - To court far deeper bondage than ye shun! - Is this the generous active rising Flame, - That boasted Liberty's immortal name, - Blaz'd for its rights infring'd, its trophies torn, - And taught the Wife the dire mistake to mourn, - When haughty Britain, in a luckless hour, - With rage inebriate, and the lust of pow'r, - To fruitless conquest, and to countless graves, - Led her gay Legions o'er the Western waves? - The Friend of Discord, cow'ring at the prow, - Sat darkly smiling at th' impending woe! - - Long did my Soul the wretched strife survey, - And wept the horrors of the deathful day; - Thro' rolling Years saw undecisive War - Drag bleeding Wisdom at his iron Car; - Exhaust my Country's treasure, pour her gore - In fruitless conflict on the distant shore; - Saw the firm Congress all her might oppose, - And while I mourn'd her fate, rever'd her Foes. - - But when, repentant of her prouder aim, - She gently waives the long-disputed claim; - Extends the Charter with your Rights restor'd, - And hides in olive-wreaths the blood-stain'd sword, - Then to reject her peaceful wreaths, and throw - Your Country's Freedom to our mutual Foe!-- - Infatuate Land!--from that detested day - Distracted Councils, and the thirst of Sway, - Rapacious Avarice, Superstition vile, - And all the _Frenchman_ dictates in his guile - Disgrace your Congress!--Justice drops her scale! - And radiant Liberty averts her sail! - They fly indignant the polluted plain, - Where Truth is scorn'd, and Mercy pleads in vain. - That she does plead in vain, thy witness bear, - Accursed Hour!--thou darkest of the Year! - That with Misfortune's deadliest venom fraught, - To Tappan's Wall the gallant André brought. - - Oh Washington! I thought thee great and good, - Nor knew thy Nero-thirst of guiltless blood! - Severe to use the pow'r that Fortune gave, - Thou cool determin'd Murderer of the Brave! - Lost to each fairer Virtue, that inspires - The genuine fervor, of the patriot fires! - And You, the base Abettors of the doom, - That sunk his blooming honors in the tomb, - Th' opprobrious tomb your harden'd hearts decreed, - While all he ask'd was as the Brave to Bleed! - Nor other boon the glorious Youth implor'd - Save the cold Mercy of the Warrior-Sword! - O dark, and pitiless! your impious hate - O'er-whelm'd the Hero in the Ruffian's fate! - Stopt with the[82]Felon-cord the rosy breath! - And venom'd with disgrace the darts of Death! - Remorseless Washington! the day shall come - Of deep repentance for this barb'rous doom! - When injur'd André's memory shall inspire - A kindling Army with resistless fire; - Each falchion sharpen that the Britons wield, - And lead their fiercest Lion to the field! - Then, when each hope of thine shall set in night, - When dubious dread, and unavailing flight - Impel your Host, thy guilt-upbraided Soul - Shall wish untouch'd the sacred Life you stole! - And when thy Heart appall'd and vanquish'd Pride - Shall vainly ask the mercy they deny'd, - With horror shalt thou meet the fate they gave, - Nor Pity gild the darkness of thy grave! - For Infamy, with livid hand shall shed - Eternal mildew on the ruthless head! - - Less cruel far than thou, on Ilium's plain - Achilles, raging for Patroclus slain! - When hapless Priam bends the aged knee, - To deprecate the Victor's dire decree, - The nobler Greek, in melting pity spares - The lifeless Hector to his Father's prayers, - Fierce as he was;--'tis _Cowards_ only know - Persisting vengeance o'er a _fallen_ Foe. - - But no intreaty wakes the soft remorse, - Oh, murder'd André! for thy sacred Corse; - Vain were an army's, vain its Leader's sighs!-- - Damp in the Earth on Hudson's shore it lies! - Unshrouded welters in the wintry storm, - And gluts the riot of the[83]Tappan Worm! - But oh! its dust, like Abel's blood, shall rise, - And call for justice from the angry skies! - - What tho' the Tyrants, with malignant pride, - To thy pale Corse each decent rite deny'd! - Thy graceful limbs in no kind covert laid, - Nor with the Christian Requiem sooth'd thy shade! - Yet on thy grass-green Bier soft April-show'rs - Shall earliest wake the sweet spontaneous Flow'rs, - Bid the blue Hare-bell and the Snow-drop there - Hang their cold cup, and drop the pearly tear! - And oft, at pensive Eve's ambiguous gloom, - Imperial Honour, bending o'er thy tomb, - With solemn strains shall lull thy deep repose, - And with his deathless Laurels shade thy brows! - - Lamented Youth! while with inverted spear - The British Legions pour th' indignant tear! - Round the dropt arm the[84]funeral scarf entwine, - And in their heart's deep core thy worth enshrine, - While my weak Muse, in fond attempt and vain, - But feebly pours a perishable strain, - Oh! ye distinguish'd Few! whose glowing lays - Bright Phœbus kindles with his purest rays, - Snatch from its radiant source the living fire, - And light with[85]Vestal flame your André's Hallow'd Pyre. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[Footnote 68: Victor-garland--alluding to the conquest by Lord -Cornwallis.] - -[Footnote 69: Bloody scroll. The court-martial decree, signed at -Tappan, for Major André's execution.] - -[Footnote 70: _Julia_--the name by which Mr. André addressed the author -in his correspondence with her.] - -[Footnote 71: _All his gifts._--Mr. André has conspicuous talents for -Poetry, Music, and Painting. The newspapers mentioned a satiric poem -of his upon Americans, which was supposed to have stimulated this -barbarity towards him ["The Cow-Chase"].--Of his wit and vivacity, the -letters subjoined to this work afford ample proof.--They were addressed -to the author by Mr. André when he was a youth of eighteen.] - -[Footnote 72: _Early grave._--Miss Honora S. [Honora Sneyd], to whom -Mr. André's attachment was of such singular constancy, died in a -consumption a few months before he suffer'd death at Tappan. She had -married another Gentleman [Richard Lovell Edgeworth] four years after -her engagement with Mr. André had been dissolved by parental authority.] - -[Footnote 73: _Julia's arm._--Mr. André drew two miniature pictures of -Miss Honora S. on his first acquaintance with her at Buxton, in the -year 1769, one for himself, the other for the author of this poem.] - -[Footnote 74: _'Twas thus Apelles._--Prior is very elegant upon this -circumstance in an Ode to his Friend, Mr. Howard the Painter.] - -[Footnote 75: _Hov'ring Rumour._--The tidings of Honora's Marriage. -Upon that event Mr. André quitted his Profession as a Merchant and -join'd our Army in America.] - -[Footnote 76: _Tuneful Anna._--Miss Anna André has a poetical talent.] - -[Footnote 77: _Last dear record._--"I have a Mother, and three Sisters, -to whom the value of my commission wou'd be an object, as the loss -of Grenada has much affected their income. It is needless to be more -explicit on this subject, I know your Excellency's goodness."--See -Major André's last letter to General Clinton, publish'd in the Gazette.] - -[Footnote 78: _Impetuous André._--It is in this passage only that -fiction has been employ'd thro' the narrative of the poem. Mr. André -was a prisoner in America, soon after his arrival there, but the Author -is unacquainted with the circumstances of the action in which he was -taken.] - -[Footnote 79: _Shade of my Love._--The miniature of Honora. A letter -from Major André to one of his Friends, written a few years ago, -contained the following sentence: "I have been taken prisoner by the -Americans and stript of everything except the picture of Honora, -which I concealed in my mouth. Preserving that, I yet think myself -fortunate."] - -[Footnote 80: - - _Intrepid Portia._--"_Brutus_.] Impatient of my absence, - "And grieved that young Octavius with Mark Antony - "Had made themselves so strong, she grew distracted, - "And, her Attendants absent, swallow'd fire. - "_Cassius._] And dy'd so? - "_Brutus._] Even so!" - -See Shakespear's Play of Julius Cæsar, Act IV., Scene IV.] - - -[Footnote 81: _Hudson's tide._--Major André came up the Hudson River to -meet General Arnold. On his return by Land he fell into the hands of -the Enemy.] - -[Footnote 82: _Felon-cord._--"As I suffer in the defence of my Country, -I must consider this hour as the most glorious of my life.--Remember -that I die as becomes a British Officer, while the manner of my death -must reflect disgrace on your Commander." See Major André's last words, -inserted in the General Evening Post, for Tuesday, November the 14, -1780.] - -[Footnote 83: _Tappan._--The place where Major André was executed.] - -[Footnote 84: _Funeral scarf._--Our whole Army in America went into -mourning for Major André, a distinguish'd tribute to his merit.] - -[Footnote 85: _Vestal flame._--The Vestal fire was kept perpetually -burning, and originally kindled from the rays of the Sun.] - - - - -LETTERS - -ADDRESSED TO THE AUTHOR OF THE FOREGOING POEM, BY MAJOR ANDRÉ, WHEN HE -WAS A YOUTH OF EIGHTEEN. - - -LETTER I. - - Clapton, _October 3, 1769_. - -From their agreeable excursion to Shrewsbury, my dearest friends are -by this time returned to their thrice-beloved Lichfield. Once again -have they beheld those fortunate _spires_, the constant witnesses of -all their pains and pleasures. I can well conceive the emotions of joy -which their first appearance, from the neighboring hills, excites after -absence; they seem to welcome you home, and invite you to reiterate -those hours of happiness, of which they are a species of monument. I -shall have an eternal love and reverence for them. Never shall I forget -the joy that danced in Honora's eyes, when she first showed them to me -from Needwood Forest on our return with you from Buxton to Lichfield. -I remember she called them the _Ladies of the Valley_--their lightness -and elegance deserve the title. Oh, how I loved them from that instant! -My enthusiasm concerning them is carried farther even than yours and -Honora's, for every object that has a pyramidal form recalls them to my -recollection, with a sensation that brings the tear of pleasure into my -eyes. - -How happy must you have been at Shrewsbury! only that you tell me, -alas! that dear Honora was not so well as you wished during your stay -there. I always hope the best. My impatient spirit rejects every -obtruding idea which I have not fortitude to support. Dr. Darwin's -skill and your tender care will remove that sad pain in her side, -which makes writing troublesome and injurious to her; which robs her -poor _cher Jean_[86] of those precious pages with which, he flatters -himself, she would otherwise have indulged him. So your happiness -at Shrewsbury scorned to be indebted to public amusements. Five -virgins, united in the soft bonds of friendship! how I should have -liked to have made the sixth! But you surprise me by such an absolute -exclusion of the beaux. I certainly thought that when five wise virgins -were watching at midnight, it must have been in expectation of the -bridegroom's coming. _We_ are at this instant five virgins, writing -round the same table--my three sisters, Mr. Ewer, and myself. I beg no -reflections injurious to the honor of poor _cher Jean_. My mother is -gone to pay a visit, and has left us in possession of the old coach; -but as for nags, we can boast only of two long-tails, and my sisters -say they are sorry cattle, being no other than my friend Ewer and -myself, who, to say the truth, have enormous pig-tails. - -My dear Boissier is come to town; he has brought a little of the -soldier with him, but he is the same honest, warm, intelligent friend I -always found him. He sacrifices the town diversions, since I will not -partake of them. - -We are jealous of your correspondents, who are so numerous. Yet, write -to the Andrés often, my dear Julia, for who are they that will value -your letters quite so much as we value them? - -The least scrap of a letter will be received with the greatest joy. -Write, therefore, though it were only to give us the comfort of -having a piece of paper which has recently passed through your hands; -Honora will put in a little postscript, were it only to tell me that -she is _my very sincere friend_, who will neither give me love nor -comfort--very short, indeed, Honora, was thy last postscript! But I -am too presumptuous; I will not scratch out, but I _un_say. From the -little there _was_ I received more joy than I deserve. This _cher Jean_ -is an impertinent fellow, but he will grow discreet in time. You must -consider him as a poor novice of _eighteen_, who, for all the sins he -may commit, is sufficiently punished in the single evil of being one -hundred and twenty miles from Lichfield. - -My mother and sisters will go to Putney in a few days, to stay some -time. We none of us like Clapton. _I_ need not care, for I am all -day long in town, but it is avoiding Scylla to fall into Charybdis. -You paint to me the pleasant vale of Stow in the richest autumnal -coloring. In return, I must tell you that my zephyrs are wafted through -cracks in the wainscot; for murmuring streams I have dirty kennels; -for bleating flocks, grunting pigs; and squalling cats for birds that -incessantly warble. I have said something of this sort in my letter to -Miss Spearman, and am twinged with the idea of these epistles being -confronted, and that I shall recall to your memory the fat knight's -love-letters to Mrs. Ford and Mrs. Page. - -Julia, perhaps thou fanciest I am merry--alas! But I do not wish to -make you as doleful as myself; and besides, when I would express -the tender feelings of my soul, I have no language which does them -justice; if I had, I should regret that you could not have it fresher, -and that whatever one communicates by letter must go such a roundabout -way before it reaches one's correspondent--from the writer's heart, -through his head, arm, hand, pen, ink, paper, over many a weary hill -and dale, to the eye, head, and heart of the reader. I have often -regretted our not possessing a sort of faculty which should enable -our sensations, remarks, etc., to arise from their source in a sort -of exaltations, and fall upon our paper in words and phrases properly -adapted to express them, without passing through an imagination whose -operations so often fail to second those of the heart. Then what a -metamorphose should we see in people's style! How eloquent those who -are truly attached! how stupid they who falsely profess affection! -Perhaps the former had never been able to express half their regard; -while the latter, by their flowers of rhetoric, had made us believe -a thousand times more than they ever felt--but this is whimsical -moralizing. - -My sisters Penserosas were dispersed on their arrival in town, by the -joy of seeing Louisa and their dear little brother Billy again, our -kind and excellent Uncle Giradot, and Uncle Lewis André. I was glad to -see them, but they complained, not without reason, of the gloom upon my -countenance. Billy wept for joy that we were returned, while poor _cher -Jean_ was ready to weep for sorrow. Louisa is grown still handsomer -since we left her. Our sisters, Mary and Anne, knowing your partiality -to beauty, are afraid that, when they introduce her to you, she will -put their noses out of joint. Billy is not old enough for me to be -afraid of in the rival-way, else I should keep him aloof, for his heart -is formed of those affectionate materials so dear to the ingenuous -taste of Julia and her Honora. - -I sympathize in your resentment against the canonical dons who stumpify -the heads of those good green[87] people, beneath whose friendly -shade so many of your happiest hours have glided away--but they defy -them; let them stumpify as much as they please, time will repair the -mischief; their verdant arms will again extend and invite you to their -shelter. - -The evenings grow long. I hope your conversation round the fire will -sometimes fall on the Andrés; it will be a great comfort that they are -remembered. We chink our glasses to your healths at every meal. "Here's -to our Lichfieldian friends," says Nanny. "Oh-h!" says Mary. "With all -my soul, say I." "_Allons!_" cries my mother--and the draught seems -nectar. The libation made, we begin our uncloying theme, and so beguile -the gloomy evening. - -Mr. and Mrs. Seward will accept my most affectionate respects. My male -friend at Lichfield will join in your conversation on the Andrés. -Among the numerous good qualities he is possessed of, he certainly has -gratitude, and then he can not forget those who so sincerely love and -esteem him. I, in particular, shall always recall with pleasure the -happy hours I have passed in his company. My friendship for him, and -for your family, has diffused itself, like the precious ointment from -Aaron's beard, on everything which surrounds you; therefore I beg you -would give my amities to the whole town. Persuade Honora to forgive the -length and ardor of the enclosed, and believe me truly, - - Your affectionate and faithful friend, - J. André. - - -LETTER II. - - London, _October 19, 1769_. - -From the midst of books, papers, bills, and other implements of gain, -let me lift up my drowsy head awhile to converse with dear Julia. And -first, as I know she has a fervent wish to see me a quill-driver, I -must tell her that I begin, as people are wont to do, to look upon -my future profession with great partiality. I no longer see it in -so disadvantageous a light. Instead of figuring a merchant as a -middle-aged man, with a bob-wig, a rough beard, in snuff-colored -clothes, grasping a guinea in his red hand, I conceive a comely young -man, with a tolerable pig-tail, wielding a pen with all the noble -fierceness of the Duke of Marlborough brandishing a truncheon upon -a sign-post, surrounded with types and emblems, and canopied with -cornucopias that disembogue their stores upon his head; Mercuries -reclined upon bales of goods; Genii playing with pens, ink, and paper; -while in perspective, his gorgeous vessels, "launched on the bosom of -the silver Thames," are wafting to distant lands the produce of this -commercial nation. Thus all the mercantile glories crowd on my fancy, -emblazoned in the most refulgent coloring of an ardent imagination. -Borne on her soaring pinions, I wing my flight to the time when Heaven -shall have crowned my labors with success and opulence. I see sumptuous -palaces rising to receive me. I see orphans, and widows, and painters, -and fiddlers, and poets, and builders, protected and encouraged; and -when the fabric is pretty nearly finished by my shattered pericranium, -I cast my eyes around and find John André by a small coal-fire, in a -gloomy compting-house in Warnford Court, nothing so little as what he -has been making himself, and in all probability never to be much more -than he is at present. But oh, my dear Honora! it is for thy sake only -I wish for wealth. You say she was somewhat better at the time you -wrote last. I must flatter myself that she will soon be without any -remains of this threatening disease. - -It is seven o'clock. You and Honora, with two or three more select -friends, are now probably encircling your dressing-room fireplace. What -would I not give to enlarge that circle! The idea of a clean hearth, -and a snug circle round it, formed by a few sincere friends, transports -me. You seem combined together against the inclemency of the weather, -the hurry, bustle, ceremony, censoriousness, and envy of the world. The -purity, the warmth, the kindly influence of fire, to all for whom it -is kindled, is a good emblem of the friendship of such amiable minds -as Julia's and her Honora's. Since I can not be there in reality, pray -imagine me with you; admit me to your _conversaziones_; think how I -wish for the blessing of joining them!--and be persuaded that I take -part in all your pleasures, in the dear hope that e'er it be very long -your blazing hearth will burn again for me. Pray keep me a place; let -the poker, tongs, or shovel, represent me; but you have Dutch tiles, -which are infinitely better; so let Moses, or Aaron, or Balaam's ass, -be my representative. - -But time calls me to Clapton. I quit you abruptly till to-morrow, -when, if I do not tear the nonsense I have been writing, I may perhaps -increase its quantity. Signora Cynthia is in clouded majesty. Silvered -with her beams, I am about to jog to Clapton upon my own stumps; -musing as I homeward plod my way--ah! need I name the subject of my -contemplations? - - _Thursday._ - -I had a sweet walk home last night, and found the Claptonians, with -their fair guest, a Miss Mourgue, very well. My sisters send their -_amitiés_, and will write in a few days. - -This morning I returned to town. It has been the finest day imaginable. -A solemn mildness was diffused throughout the blue horizon; its light -was clear and distinct rather than dazzling. The serene beams of the -autumnal sun, gilded hills, variegated woods, glittering spires, -ruminating herds, bounding flocks, all combined to enchant the eyes, -expand the heart, and - - "Chace all sorrow but despair." - -In the midst of such a scene no lesser grief can prevent our sympathy -with Nature. A calmness, a benevolent disposition seizes us with sweet, -insinuating power. The very brute creation seems sensible of these -beauties; there is a species of mild cheerfulness in the face of a lamb -which I have but indifferently expressed in a corner of my paper, and a -demure, contented look in an ox, which, in the fear of expressing still -worse, I leave unattempted. - -Business calls me away. I must dispatch my letter. Yet what does it -contain?--no matter. You like anything better than news. Indeed, you -never told me so; but I have an intuitive knowledge upon the subject, -from the sympathy which I have constantly perceived in the taste of -Julia and _cher Jean_. What is it to you or me-- - - If here in the city we have nothing but riot, - If the Spital-field weavers can't be kept quiet, - If the weather is fine, or the streets should be dirty, - Or if Mr. Dick Wilson died aged of thirty? - -But if I was to hearken to the versifying grumbling I feel within me, -I should fill my paper and not have room left to entreat that you -would plead my cause to Honora more eloquently than the enclosed letter -has the power of doing. Apropos of verses, you desire me to recollect -my random description of the engaging appearance of the charming Mrs. -----. Here it is, at your service: - - Then rustling and bustling the lady comes down, - With a flaming red face, and a broad yellow gown, - And a hobbling out-of-breath gait, and a frown. - -This little French cousin of ours, Delarise, was my sister Mary's -playfellow at Paris. His sprightliness engages my sisters extremely. -Doubtless they talk much of him to you in their letters. How sorry I am -to bid you adieu! Oh, let me not be forgot by the friends most dear to -you at Lichfield! _Lichfield!_ Ah! of what magic letters is that little -word composed! How graceful it looks when it is written! Let nobody -talk to me of its original meaning,[88] "The field of blood!" Oh, no -such thing! It is the field of joy! "The beautiful city that lifts her -fair head in the valley and says, I _am_, and there is none beside me!" -Who says she is vain? Julia will not say so, nor yet Honora, and least -of all their devoted - - J. André. - - -LETTER III. - - Clapton, _November 1, 1769_. - -My ears still ring with the sounds of "O Jack! O Jack! How do the -dear Lichfieldians? What do they say? What are they about? What -did _you_ do while you were with them?" Have patience, said I, good -people! and began my story, which they devoured with as much joyful -avidity as Adam did Gabriel's tidings of heaven. My mother and sisters -are all very well, and delighted with their little Frenchman, who is -a very agreeable lad. Surely you applaud the fortitude with which -I left you! Did I not come off with flying colors? It was a great -effort, for, alas! this recreant heart did _not second_ the smiling -courage of the _countenance_; nor is it yet as it ought to be, from -the hopes that it may reasonably entertain of seeing you all again -e'er the winter's dreary hours are past. Julia, my dear Julia, gild -them with tidings of our beloved Honora! Oh, that you may be able to -tell me that she regains her health, and her charming vivacity! Your -sympathizing heart partakes all the joys and pains of your friends. -Never can I forget its kind offices, which were of such moment to my -peace! _Mine_ is formed for friendship, and I am blessed in being able -to place so _well_ the purest passion of an ingenuous mind! How am I -honored in Mr. and Mrs. Seward's attachment to me! Charming were the -anticipations which beguiled the long tracts of hill, and dale, and -plain that divide London from Lichfield! With what delight my eager -eyes _drank_ their first view of the dear spires! What rapture did -I not feel on entering your gates! in flying up the hall steps! in -rushing into the dining-room! in meeting the gladdened eyes of dear -Julia and her enchanting friend! That instant convinced me of the truth -of Rousseau's observation, that "there are _moments_ worth ages." -Shall not those moments return? Ah, Julia! the cold hand of absence is -heavy upon the heart of your poor _cher Jean_. He is forced to hammer -into it perpetually every consoling argument that the magic wand of -hope can conjure up, viz., that every moment of industrious absence -advances his journey, you know whither. I may sometimes make excursions -to Lichfield, and bask in the light of my Honora's eyes! Sustain me, -Hope!--nothing on my part shall be wanting which may induce thee to -_fulfill_ thy blossoming promises. - -The happy social circle--Julia, Honora, Miss S----n, Miss B----n, -her brother, Mr. S----e, Mr. R----n, etc., etc.--are now, perhaps, -enlivening your dressing-room, the dear _blue region_, as Honora calls -it, with the sensible observation, the tasteful criticism, or the -elegant song; dreading the iron-tongue of the nine-o'clock bell, which -disperses the beings whom friendship and kindred virtues had drawn -together. My imagination attaches itself to _all_, even the _inanimate_ -objects which surround Honora and her Julia; that have beheld their -graces and virtues expand and ripen--my dear Honora's--from their -infant bud. - -The sleepy Claptonian train are gone to bed, somewhat wearied with -their excursion to Enfield, whither they have this day carried their -favorite little Frenchman, so _great_ a favorite; the parting was quite -tragical. I walked hither from town, as usual, to-night; no hour of -the twenty-four is so precious to me as that devoted to this solitary -walk. O my friend! I am far from possessing the patient frame of mind -which I so continually invoke! Why is Lichfield an hundred and twenty -miles from me? There is no _moderation_ in the distance! Fifty or sixty -miles had been a great deal too much, but _then_ there would have been -less opposition from _authority_ to my frequent visits. I conjure you, -supply the want of these blessings by frequent _letters_. I must not, -will not ask them of Honora, since the use of the pen is forbid to her -declining health; I will content myself, as usual, with a postscript -from her in your epistle. My sisters are charmed with the packet which -arrived yesterday, and which they will answer soon. - -As yet I have said nothing of our journey. We met an entertaining Irish -gentleman at Dunchurch, and, being fellow-sufferers in cold and hunger, -joined interests, ordered four horses, and stuffed three in a chaise. -It is not to _you_--I need not apologize for talking in rapture of an -higgler whom we met on our road. His cart had passed us, and was at a -considerable distance, when, looking back, he perceived that our chaise -had stopped, and that the driver seemed mending something. He ran up -to him, and with a face full of honest anxiety, pity, good-nature, and -every sweet affection under heaven, asked him if we wanted anything; -that he had plenty of nails, ropes, etc., in his cart. That wretch of a -postillion made no other reply than "We want nothing, master." From the -same impulse the good Irishman, Mr. Till, and myself, thrust our heads -instantly out of the chaise, and tried to recompense to the honest -creature by forcing upon him a little pecuniary tribute. My benevolence -will be the warmer, while I live, for the treasured remembrance of this -higgler's countenance. - -'I know you interest yourself in my destiny. I have now completely -subdued my aversion to the profession of a merchant, and hope in time -to acquire an inclination for it; yet God forbid I should ever love -what I am to make the object of my attention!--that vile trash, which -I care not for, but only as it may be the future means of procuring -the blessing of my soul. Thus all my mercantile calculations go to -the tune of _dear Honora_. When an impertinent consciousness whispers -in my ear that I am not of the right stuff for a merchant, I draw my -Honora's picture from my bosom, and the sight of that dear talisman so -inspirits my industry that no toil appears oppressive. - -The poetic talk you set me in is a sad method. My head and heart are -too full of other matters to be engrossed by a draggle-tailed wench of -the Heliconian puddle. I am going to try my interest in Parliament. -How you stare!--it is to procure a frank. Be so good as to give -the enclosed to Honora; _it_ will speak to _her_. And do _you_ say -everything that is kind for me to every _other_ distinguished friend of -the dressing-room circle; encourage them in their obliging desire of -scribbling in your letters, but don't let them take Honora's corner of -the sheet. - -Adieu! May you all possess that cheerfulness denied to your _cher -Jean_. I fear it hurts my mother to see my musing moods, but I can -neither help nor overcome them. The near hopes of another excursion to -Lichfield could alone disperse every gloomy vapor of my imagination. -Again, and yet again, adieu! - - J. André. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[Footnote 86: name of kindness, by which Mr. André was often called by -his mother and sisters, and generally adopted by the persons mentioned -in these letters.] - -[Footnote 87: The trees in the cathedral-walk in Lichfield.] - -[Footnote 88: _Field of blood._--Here is a small mistake. Lichfield is -not the field of blood, but "the field of dead bodies," alluding to -the battle fought between the Romans and the British Christians in the -Diocletian persecution, when the latter were massacred. Three slain -kings, with their burying-place, now Barrowcop Hill, and the cathedral -in miniature, form the city arms. Lich is still a word in use. The -church-yard gates, through which funerals pass, are often called -Lich-gates, vulgarly Light-gates.] - - - - -INDEX. - - - A - - Adams, Alice, Hale's affianced, 21 (_note_). - - Alexander, William, Lord Stirling, 71 (_note_). - - American army on Manhattan Island, condition of, 11; - on Harlem Heights--perils menacing the, 12. - - American cause, gloomy prospects for the, 79. - - Anderson, the fictitious name of Major André, 65. - - André, John, birth, parentage, education, and family of, 37; - at Lichfield with Anna Seward, 38; - personal appearance of--betrothed to Honora Sneyd--paints a miniature - portrait of her--correspondence of, with Anna Seward, 40, 41; - enters the British army--alleged presages of his death, 42, 43; - goes to America--his observations there, 43, 44; - made a prisoner, exchanged, and promoted by General Howe, 44, 45; - social position of, in Philadelphia, 45, 46; - writes "Yankee Doodle's Expedition to Rhode Island"--aide-de-camp to - General Clinton, 61; - genius of, displayed--goes with Clinton up the Hudson River, 62; - letters of, to Mrs. Benedict Arnold, 63; - secret correspondence of, with General Arnold, 65; - a spy at Charleston--made adjutant-general of the British forces - in America, 66; - writes "The Cow-Chase," 68; - at a dinner-party given by Colonel Williams--sadness of, 80; - sings a campaign song--important mission of, 81; - meets Arnold near Haverstraw--goes to Smith's house--bargain with - Arnold, 83, 84; - attempts to return to New York through the American lines--disguise - of, 84; - conceals papers received from Arnold in his boots--journey of, toward - New York, 85; - arrest of, 86; - suspected of being a spy, 87, 88; - tries to bribe his captors--taken to an American post, 88; - confession of, 91; - letter of, to Washington, 91-93; - sent to West Point, 97; - sent to Tappaan in charge of Major Tallmadge, 97, 98; - sympathy for, 99, 105, 106; - effect of the news of capture of, 99; - trial and sentence of, 100, 101; - exertions to save the life of, 101; - letter of, to Washington, on the mode of his death, 102; - letters of, to friends--drawings of, 103 (_note_); - execution of, 103-105; - monument in honor of, in Westminster Abbey, 106; - remains of, removed to the abbey, 106 (_note_); - place of execution of, marked by memorial-stones, 108, 109. - - André Brook, the, 117. - - Arnold, Benedict, life of, in Philadelphia--charges against, 63; - urges an investigation, 64; - treasonable correspondence of, 64, 65; - secret correspondence of, with Major André--disguised handwriting - of, 65; - in command at West Point, 78; - tries to meet André in disguise, 79; - plans of, for consummating treason, 83, 84; - meets André near Haverstraw, 83; - takes André to Smith's house--finishes his bargain to betray his - country--gives André important papers, 84; - receives notice of the arrest of André, 93; - hurried interview with his wife--escapes to the _Vulture_--patriotism - of his barge crew, 94; - attempts to arrest, 96; - impudent letter of, to Washington, 101 (_note_). - - Arnold, Mrs., distress of, 94; - Washington's kindness to, 96. - - Austin, Henry, designer of the Hale Monument at Coventry, 27. - - - B - - Babcock, J.S., poetic tribute of, to the memory of Nathan Hale, 29. - - Boothby, Sir Richard, a literary friend of Anna Seward, 38. - - Boudinot, Elias, concerning the arrest and execution of André, 99. - - British army near New York, condition of the, 11. - - Buchanan, James, assists in the removal of André's remains to - England, 108. - - - C - - Caldwell, Rev. James, 77 (_note_). - - Captors of André, 85; - rewarded, 89. - - Carleton, Governor of Canada, 43. - - Cathcart, Captain, and Miss Eliot, 51 (_note_). - - "Cedars, The," and the Widow Chichester, 16. - - Chichester, the Widow, and the Tories, 16. - - Clinton, Sir Henry, 43; - succeeds Howe, 46; - in command of the British army--flight of, across New Jersey--fights - at Monmouth Court-House, 60; - headquarters of, at New York, 61, 62, 83; - letter of, to Washington--André's letter to, 101. - - Court of inquiry in the case of André, 100. - - "Cow-Chase, The," a satire by Major André, 67-78. - - Cunningham, William, character of, 24 (_note_), 25. - - - D - - Darwin, Erasmus, 38. - - De Lancey, Oliver, assists André in art-work--marries Miss Franks - 56 (_note_). - - Demorest, Rev. John, assists at the disinterment of the remains of - Major André--silver cup sent to, by André's sisters, 108. - - Depew, Chauncey M., oration by, at Tarrytown, 121. - - D'Estaing, with French fleet, goes to Rhode Island, 61. - - Dobb's Ferry, 84; - conference at, 101. - - Dream, a singular, concerning André, 42. - - - E - - Edgeworth, Richard Lovell, marries Honora Sneyd, 38, 41. - - Eliot, Miss, and Captain Cathcart, 51. - - - F - - Field, Cyrus W., erects a memorial-stone at the place of André's - execution, 109-115; - proposes to erect a monument in memory of Nathan Hale at his own - expense, 113, 114; - letter of, on the subject, to the New York Historical Society, 114; - contribution of, to the Hale monument at Coventry, 114; - generous designs of, for the benefit of the Rockland County - Historical and Forestry Society, 118. - - Finch, Francis M., poem on Nathan Hale by, 29. - - Fort Hale, 28. - - - G - - Gibbs, George, epitaph for Hale's tomb, written by, 84. - - Grey, General, marauding expedition of, to New Bedford, 61. - - Greene, General Nathanael, in command at Tappaan, proclaims Arnold's - treason, 98. - - "Gustavus," the fictitious name of Arnold, 61. - - - H - - Hale and André, character and motives of, iv. - - Hale, Edward Everett, 4. - - Hale, Enoch, 4. - - Hale, Nathan, childhood and youth of--personal appearance and vigor - of--enters Yale College, 4; - Dr. E. Munson's recollections of, 5; - letter of, to Dr. Munson, 6 (_note_); - a school-teacher at East Haddam and New London, 7; - patriotism of, aroused--speech of, 8; - a volunteer soldier at the siege of Boston--patriotism - displayed--commissioned captain--daring feat of, at New York, 9; - generosity of--in the battle of Long Island and the retreat--illness - of, 10; - volunteers for the secret service, and resists the dissuasions of his - friends--ideas of, concerning secret service, 14, 15; - receives instructions from Washington--departure of, on secret - service, 15; - goes to Long Island and enters the British camps in disguise--methods - of, as a spy, 16; - arrest of, 17; - character of, discovered, 18; - at General Howe's headquarters at the Beekman mansion--confined in a - greenhouse, 19; - interview of, with General Howe, 20; - treatment of, by Cunningham, 21, 22; - last words of, 23; - place of execution of, 23 (_note_); - execution of--sympathy for--neglect of memory of, 24; - memorials of, 25; - monument erected in memory of, 27, 28; - poem written concerning, 27-31; - and André compared, 31; - proposed monument in memory of, at New York--statue of, - contemplated, 33; - epitaph for tomb of, 34; - monument to, proposed, 111, 113, 114. - - Hale, Richard and Elizabeth, parents of Nathan Hale, 3. - - Hayley, Thomas, an English poet, 38. - - Hamilton, Alexander, 73, 93, 96, 100, 102. - - Harrison, Richard, 73 (_note_). - - Hempstead, Stephen, 15. - - Hillhouse, James, a classmate with Hale, 7. - - Howe, General William, succeeded by Sir Henry Clinton, 46; - _fête_ given in honor of, 46-59; - estimate of the character of, 59. - - Hull, Lieutenant William, and Nathan Hale, 14. - - Huntington, Rev. Dr., fits Hale for college, 4. - - Husted, General James, marshal at the dedication of the monument at - Tarrytown, 121. - - Husted, Dr. Nathaniel C., author of a "Memorial Souvenir," 121. - - - I - - Irvines, the two, 71 (_note_). - - - J - - Jameson, Lieutenant-Colonel, and Major André, 90. - - Johnson, Jeremiah, concerning the place of Hale's execution, 23. - - - K - - Knowlton, Lieutenant-Colonel, and Nathan Hale, 13; - death of, 16 (_note_). - - - L - - Lafayette with Washington at West Point, 93. - - Laurance, John, Judge Advocate-General, 100. - - Lawrence, William, 21 (_note_). - - Lee, Charles, and Colonel Hamilton, 73 (_note_). - - Lee, Henry ("Legion Harry"), 67. - - Lee, James, marks the spot where André was executed, 108, 110; - statue of Washington in New York, 108 (_note_). - - Lionian Society of Yale College, 29. - - Livingston, Susannah, 77 (_note_). - - - M - - Memorial-stone near Tappaan, unveiling of the, 113; - description of, and inscription upon the, 115; - what the stone commemorates, 116, 117; - attempts to destroy the, 117-119. - - Military execution, method of, 23 (_note_). - - Mischianza, the, description of, by Major André, 46-58; - criticism of the, 59; - the, deplored, 60. - - Monmouth, battle of, 60. - - Munson, Dr. Eneas, relates his personal recollections of - Nathan Hale, 5. - - Monody on Major André, 135. - - Murray, Robert, Washington at house of, 12. - - - N - - Neutral ground, the, and its inhabitants, 85. - - New York City, great conflagration at, 20. - - - O - - O'Donovan, sculptor, author of a statue at Tarry town, 121. - - - P - - Paulding, John, a captor of André, 85-89. - - Philadelphia, British army in, and its demoralization, 45; - flight of British from--American troops and Congress enter, 60. - - - R - - Raymond, Henry J., oration of, at Tarrytown, 31-33. - - Reed, General Joseph, and General Arnold, 63. - - Ripley, Eleazar, 21 (_note_). - - Robertson, General, and General Greene at Dobb's Ferry--bears a letter - from Arnold to Washington, 101. - - Robinson, Beverly, letter of, 64; - and André and Arnold, 79; - with André on the _Vulture_, 81; - letter of, to Washington, 95. - - - S - - Samson, Ezra, 7. - - Seward, Anna, literary friends of, 38; - biographical sketch of, 125; - Major André's letters to, 152. - - Seward, Rev. Thomas, father of Anna Seward, 38. - - Smith, J.H., and Arnold and André, 82-84. - - Sneyd, Honora, betrothed to André, 40; - marries Richard Lovell Edgeworth, and death of, 41. - - Sparks, Dr., on André, 64. - - Spies, character of, defined, iii. - - Sprague, Rev. W.B., 68. - - Stanley, Rev. Arthur Penrhyn, Dean of Westminster, visits the place of - André's execution, 110; - writes an inscription for a memorial-stone placed on the spot--letter - to Mr. Whittemore concerning the inscription, 112; - inscription by, 115. - - Stuart's biography of Hale, 28. - - - T - - Tallmadge, Benjamin, and Nathan Hale, at college, 7; - pronounces André a spy, 90; - custodian of and frank conversation with André, 98. - - Tappaan, allusion to, in "The Cow-Chase," 69; - André taken to, 99; - André executed near, 103; - memorial-stone near, erected by Mr. Field, 113; - indignation meeting at, 119. - - Tarrytown, monument at, 119-121. - - Thacher, Dr., on André's execution, 105, 106. - - Tilden, Samuel J., presides at the dedication of a monument at - Tarrytown, 121. - - - U - - Union Grammar-School at New London taught by Hale, 7. - - - V - - Van Wart, Isaac, a captor of André, 85-87. - - _Vulture_, the, sloop-of-war, bears André up the Hudson River, 81. - - - W - - Washington asks and receives instructions from Congress, 11, 12; - at Murray's house, 12; - instructions of, for obtaining information, 12; - calls a council of war--desires a trustworthy man for secret - service, 13; - in conference with French officers, 79; - at West Point and Arnold's quarters--discovers Arnold's - treason--kindness to Mrs. Arnold, 96, 97. - - Watson, J.F., and relics of the _Mischianza_, 48 (_note_). - - Wayne, General Anthony, expedition of, 67. - - Webb, Colonel Charles, 9. - - West Point, surrender of, contemplated, 67; - and arranged for, 79, 80. - - Wharton, Thomas, house of, the scene of the _Mischianza_, 46. - - Whittemore, Henry, and the Field memorial-stone at Tappaan, 111-113. - - Willard, Solomon, architect of the Bunker Hill Monument, 27. - - Williams, David, a captor of André, 85. - - Williams, Colonel, gives a dinner-party to Sir Henry Clinton, 80. - - Windt, John de, 99 (_note_). - - Wood, E.S., sculptor, 34 (_note_). - - Wright, Ansel, Hale's trusty servant, 15. - - - Y - - "Yankee Doodle's Expedition to Rhode Island," by André, 61. - - Yerks, John, a captor of André, 85. - - York, Duke of, causes the remains of André to be removed to England, - 106 (_note_); - sends a snuff-box to Rev. J. Demorest, 108. - - Monody on Major André, 135. - - André's letters to Miss Seward, 152. - - -THE END. - - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's The Two Spies, by Benson J. Lossing and Anna Seward - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE TWO SPIES *** - -***** This file should be named 63119-0.txt or 63119-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/3/1/1/63119/ - -Produced by WebRover, MFR, Graeme Macketh and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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Lossing—A Project Gutenberg eBook - </title> - <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> - <style type="text/css"> - -body { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - - h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {font-weight: normal; - text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ - clear: both; -} - -p { - margin-top: .51em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: .49em; -} - -.p2 {margin-top: 2em;} -.p4 {margin-top: 4em;} -.p6 {margin-top: 6em;} - -.ph1, .ph2, .ph3, .ph4 { text-align: center; text-indent: 0em; /*font-weight: bold;*/ } -.ph1 { font-size: xx-large; margin: .67em auto; } -.ph2 { font-size: x-large; margin: .75em auto; } -.ph3 { font-size: large; margin: .83em auto; } -.ph4 { font-size: medium; margin: 1.12em auto; } -.ph5 { font-size: small; margin: 1.12em auto; text-align: center;} -.ph6 { font-size: x-small; margin: 1.12em auto; text-align: center; } - -.hang { - text-indent: -2em; - padding-left: 2em} - -p.drop:first-letter { - font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, serif; - font-size: xx-large; - line-height: 70%} - -.uppercase { - font-size: small; - text-transform: uppercase} - - - - - -hr { - width: 33%; - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - margin-left: 33.5%; - margin-right: 33.5%; - clear: both; -} - -hr.tb {width: 45%; margin-left: 27.5%; margin-right: 27.5%;} -hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%;} -hr.full {width: 95%; margin-left: 2.5%; margin-right: 2.5%;} - -hr.r5 {width: 5%; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 47.5%; margin-right: 47.5%;} -hr.r65 {width: 65%; margin-top: 3em; margin-bottom: 3em; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%;} - -div.chapter {page-break-before: always;} -h2.nobreak {page-break-before: avoid;} - - - -table { - margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; -} -table.autotable { border-collapse: collapse; } -table.autotable td, -table.autotable th { padding: 4px; } - -.tdl {text-align: left;} -.tdr {text-align: right;} -.tdc {text-align: center;} - -.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ - /* visibility: hidden; */ - position: absolute; - left: 92%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; - font-style: normal; - font-weight: normal; - font-variant: normal; -} /* page numbers */ - - -.blockquot { - margin-left: 5%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - - - -.bb {border-bottom: 2px solid;} - -.bl {border-left: 2px solid;} - -.bt {border-top: 2px solid;} - -.br {border-right: 2px solid;} - -.bbox {border: 2px solid;} - -.center {text-align: center;} - -.right {text-align: right;} - -.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} - -.allsmcap {font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;} - -.u {text-decoration: underline;} - - - - - -.caption { text-align: center;} - - - - - -/* Footnotes */ -.footnotes {border: 1px dashed;} - -.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} - -.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} - -.fnanchor { - vertical-align: super; - font-size: .8em; - text-decoration: - none; -} - - - -/* Transcriber's notes */ -.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; - color: black; - font-size:smaller; - padding:0.5em; - margin-bottom:5em; - font-family:sans-serif, serif; } - - </style> - </head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -Project Gutenberg's The Two Spies, by Benson J. Lossing and Anna Seward - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: The Two Spies - Nathan Hale and John André - -Author: Benson J. Lossing - Anna Seward - -Release Date: September 4, 2020 [EBook #63119] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE TWO SPIES *** - - - - -Produced by WebRover, MFR, Graeme Macketh and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - - - - - -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<p class="center"> -<img src="images/illus02.jpg" alt="pic" /> -<a id="illus02" ></a> -</p> -<p class="caption"> <span class="smcap">Hale's Birthplace.</span></p> - - - -<p class="ph1" >THE TWO SPIES</p> - -<p class="ph2" style="margin-top: 5em;">NATHAN HALE AND JOHN ANDRÉ</p> - -<p class="ph6" style="margin-top: 5em;">BY</p> -<p class="ph4">BENSON J. LOSSING, LL. D.</p> - -<p class="ph5" style="margin-top: 5em;"><i>ILLUSTRATED WITH PEN-AND-INK SKETCHES BY H. ROSA</i></p> - -<p class="ph4" style="margin-top: 5em;">ANNA SEWARD'S MONODY ON MAJOR ANDRÉ</p> - -<p class="ph5" style="margin-top: 5em;">NEW YORK:<br /> -D. APPLETON AND COMPANY,</p> -<p class="ph6">72 FIFTH AVENUE.</p> - -<p class="ph6">1897.</p> - - - - - - -<p class="ph6" style="margin-top: 5em;"><span class="smcap">Copyright</span>, 1886,</p> -<p class="ph5"><span class="smcap">By</span> D. APPLETON AND COMPANY.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" >FORETALK.</h2> -</div> - - -<p>This little volume contains a brief account of the most important -events in the life-career of two notable spies in our War for -Independence, <span class="smcap">Nathan Hale</span> and <span class="smcap">John André</span>. They were -both young men, well educated, endowed with genius and ability for -conspicuous achievements, brave and accomplished soldiers, pure and -virtuous in private character, truthful, manly, refined in thoughts and -manners, handsome in person, lovely in disposition, and beloved by all -who knew them.</p> - -<p>Yet they were spies!</p> - -<p>"Spies," says Vattel, "are generally condemned to capital punishment, -and not unjustly, there being scarcely any other way of preventing -the mischief which they may do. For this reason a man of honor, who -would not expose himself to die by the hand of a common executioner, -ever declines serving as a spy. He considers it beneath him, as it can -seldom be done without some kind of treachery."</p> - -<p>May not a spy be a man of lofty honor, and act under the inspiration -of disinterested patriotism? Stratagem, an artifice or scheme for -deceiving an enemy in war, is regarded as honorable, but is it not -seldom exercised "without some kind of treachery"?</p> - -<p>It is the <i>motive</i> which gives true character to the deed. When the -motive is a purely mercenary one, the deed is dishonorable; when it -is the lofty one of a desire to serve one's country or his race, -unselfishly, the act is certainly honorable. Nathan Hale truthfully -said, "Every kind of service necessary for the public good becomes -honorable by being necessary."</p> - -<p>The motives of the two spies were expressed by themselves. Hale said: -"I wish to be useful. If the exigencies of my country demand a peculiar -service, its claims to the performance of that service are imperious." -André avowed that in the enterprise in which he was engaged all he -sought "was military glory, the applause of his king and country, and, -perhaps, a brigadiership."</p> - -<p>The last words uttered by André under the gibbet indicated that his -supreme thought at that moment was of <i>himself</i>. He said to the -American officers present, "I request you, gentlemen, that you will -bear me witness to the world that I die like a brave man." Hale's last -words upon the ladder indicated that his supreme thought at that moment -was of his <i>country</i>. He said, "I only regret that I have but one life -to lose for my country!"</p> - -<p>In 1856 a "Life of Captain Nathan Hale," by I.W. Stuart, was published -at Hartford, in a small volume of 230 pages. In 1861 "The Life and -Career of Major John André," by Winthrop Sargeant, was published -at Boston in a small octavo volume of nearly 500 pages. It is an -exhaustive work. To these two books I acknowledge much indebtedness.</p> - -<p>The spirited pen-and-ink sketches which illustrate this little volume -were largely copied from original drawings by the author; also from -other original drawings and autographs. The two pictures, <i>Cunningham -destroying Hale's Letters</i>, and <i>The Tournament</i>, are original designs -by the artist.</p> - -<p>This volume contains the full text of André's "Cow-Chase," and -the famous "Monody on Major André," by Miss Anna Seward, with a -portrait and a brief biographical sketch of the author; also three -characteristic letters written by André to Miss Seward, when he was a -youth of eighteen. The "Monody," I believe, has never been published in -America.</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 65%;">B.J.L.</span><br /> -</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><span class="smcap">The Ridge</span>, <i>April, 1886</i>.</p></div> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" >CONTENTS.</h2> -</div> - - -<table summary="toc" width="75%"> -<tr><td colspan="2" align="center"><a href="#NATHAN_HALE">NATHAN HALE.</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td colspan="2" align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_Ia">CHAPTER I.</a></td></tr> - - -<tr><td>Hale's Birthplace and Parentage.—The Hale Family</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>Hale's Youthhood and Education</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>Dr. Munson's Recollections of him</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>Hale at Yale College and as a School-teacher</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>Patriotism of</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>His Military Career at Boston and New York</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_9">9</a>-12</td></tr> - - -<tr><td colspan="2" align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_IIa">CHAPTER II.</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>The American Army at New York</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>A Man for Secret Service sought</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>Hale's Idea of the Service; he volunteers</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>His Career as a Spy</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_15">15</a>-20</td></tr> - -<tr><td>His Arrest</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>Taken to General Howe's Headquarters</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>Sentenced to be hanged without Trial.—Great Fire in New York</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td></tr> - - -<tr><td colspan="2" align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_IIIa">CHAPTER III.</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>Hale at the Place of Execution</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>Cruelly treated by Cunningham, the Provost-Marshal</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>His Last Words</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>Sympathy, expressed; his Execution</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>Monumental Memorials of Hale</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_25">25</a>-27</td></tr> - -<tr><td>Literary Contributions to his Memory</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_27">27</a>-31</td></tr> - -<tr><td>Tribute to Hale by Henry J. Raymond</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>Proposed Monument in Memory of Hale at New York</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>Proposed Epitaph</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td></tr> - - -<tr><td colspan="2" align="center"><a href="#JOHN_ANDRE">JOHN ANDRÉ.</a></td></tr> - - -<tr><td colspan="2" align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_Ib">CHAPTER I.</a></td></tr> - - - -<tr><td>André's Birth, Parentage, Education, and Family</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>His Acquaintance with Anna Seward and her Literary Friends</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>His Betrothal to Honora Sneyd</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>His Correspondence with Miss Seward</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>Enters the Army</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>Presaging Omens</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>André goes to America</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>Made a Prisoner</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>At Philadelphia—his Accomplishments and Captivating Manners</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>Lord Howe entertained</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td></tr> - - -<tr><td colspan="2" align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_IIb">CHAPTER II.</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>The Mischianza described by André</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_46">46</a>-59</td></tr> - - -<tr><td colspan="2" align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_IIIb">CHAPTER III.</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>The Mischianza and the Character of General Howe criticised</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>The British fly from Philadelphia toward New York, General Clinton in -Command.—Battle of Monmouth</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>Expedition to Rhode Island</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>André's Genius and Social Position</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>His Letter to Benedict Arnold's Wife</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>Arnold's Career in Philadelphia </td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>His Treasonable Correspondence with Sir Henry Clinton and André</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>André a Spy in Charleston</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>Arnold's Premeditated Treason.—Occasion of "The Cow-Chase"</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td></tr> - - -<tr><td colspan="2" align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_IVb">CHAPTER IV.</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>"The Cow-Chase"</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td></tr> - - -<tr><td colspan="2" align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_Vb">CHAPTER V.</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>Gloomy State of Public Affairs.—Proposed Personal Meeting between -Arnold and André</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>Arrangements for such a Meeting</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>André at a Dinner-Party</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>Goes to meet General Arnold</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>The Meeting</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>They go to Smith's House</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>The Terms of Treasonable Service agreed upon.—André compelled to -attempt a Return to New York by Land</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>Receives Papers from Arnold.—His Journey.—The Neutral Ground</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>André arrested</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>Patriotism of his Captors</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_88">88</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>Their Reward</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>André discovered to be a Spy</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>His Confession</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>His Letter to Washington</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_91">91</a>-93</td></tr> - - -<tr><td colspan="2" align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_VIb">CHAPTER VI.</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>Washington returns from Hartford at a Critical Moment.—Arnold receives -Notice of André's Arrest</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>Painful Interview with his Wife.—He escapes to the <i>Vulture</i></td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>Washington at Arnold's Quarters.—Discovers Arnold's Treason.—His -Calmness and Tenderness</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>André brought to Arnold's Quarters and sent to General Greene at -Tappaan</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>His Free Conversation with Major Tallmadge</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>Effects of the News of his Capture</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>Tried by a Board of Officers and condemned as a Spy</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>Efforts to save him</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>His Choice of the Mode of Death</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>His Execution</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_103">103</a>-105</td></tr> - - -<tr><td colspan="2" align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_VIIb">CHAPTER VII.</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>Almost Universal Sympathy felt for André</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>Honored by his King</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>A Monument to his Memory in Westminster Abbey, described</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_106">106</a>-108</td></tr> - -<tr><td>André's Remains removed to the Abbey</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>Memorials to mark the Place of his Execution</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_109">109</a>-115</td></tr> - -<tr><td>Memorial-Stone erected by Mr. Field at Tappaan</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_110">110</a>-115</td></tr> - -<tr><td>Mr. Field's Generous Proposition</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>Attempts to destroy the Field Memorial at Tappaan</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>An Indignation Meeting at Tappaan</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td>A Monument to mark the Place where André was captured at Tarrytown</td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_119">119</a>-121</td></tr> - -<tr><td><span class="smcap">Biographical Sketch of Anna Seward</span></td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td><span class="smcap">Monody on Major André</span></td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td><span class="smcap">André's Letters to Miss Seward</span></td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td><span class="smcap">Index</span></td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_165">165</a></td></tr> -</table> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" >ILLUSTRATIONS.</h2> -</div> - - -<p> - - -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap"><a href="#illus02">Nathan Hale's Birthplace</a></span></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap"><a href="#illus01">Fac-simile of Hale's Handwriting</a></span></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap"><a href="#illus03">Union Grammar School-house at New London</a></span></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap"><a href="#illus04">The Beekman Mansion</a></span> </span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap"><a href="#illus05">Beekman's Greenhouse</a></span> </span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap"><a href="#illus06">Cunningham destroying Hale's Letters</a></span> </span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap"><a href="#illus07">The Hale Monument at Coventry</a></span> </span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap"><a href="#illus08">Portrait of John André</a></span> </span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap"><a href="#illus09">Portrait of Honora Sneyd</a></span></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap"><a href="#illus10">The Mischianza Ticket</a></span></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap"><a href="#illus11">Lady's Head-Dress</a></span></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap"><a href="#illus12">The Joust at the Tournament</a></span></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap"><a href="#illus13">Fac-simile of Arnold's disguised Handwriting</a></span></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap"><a href="#illus14">Fac-simile of André's disguised Handwriting</a></span></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap"><a href="#illus15">Fac-simile of the Last Stanza of the Cow-Chase</a></span></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap"><a href="#illus16">The Smith House</a></span></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap"><a href="#illus17">Fac-simile of Arnold's Passport</a></span></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap"><a href="#illus18">Portrait of John Paulding</a></span></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap"><a href="#illus19">The Robinson House</a></span> </span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"<span class="smcap"><a href="#illus20">The '76 Stone House</a></span>"</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap"><a href="#illus21">Washington's Headquarters at Tappaan</a></span></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap"><a href="#illus22">Passage from the Vulture</a></span></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap"><a href="#illus23">André's Monument in Westminster Abbey</a></span></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap"><a href="#illus24">Bowlder-Monument</a></span></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap"><a href="#illus25">Dean Stanley's Autograph</a></span></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap"><a href="#illus26">Memorial at Tappaan</a></span></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap"><a href="#illus27">Memorial at Tarrytown</a></span></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap"><a href="#illus28">Portrait of Anna Seward</a></span></span> -</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_3"></a>[Pg 3]</span></p> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="NATHAN_HALE">NATHAN HALE.</h2> -</div> - - - - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_Ia">CHAPTER I.</h2> -</div> - - -<p>In a picturesque region of Tolland County, Connecticut, twenty miles -eastward of Hartford, situated upon an eminence which commands a -beautiful and extensive prospect westward toward the State capital, -there once stood, and perhaps now stands, a pleasant farm-house, -built of wood, and two stories in height.<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> In that house, on the -6th of June, 1755, a child was born whose name appears conspicuous -in our national history. It was a boy, and one of twelve children, -whose father, Richard Hale, had emigrated in early life from Newberry, -in Massachusetts, to Coventry, and there married Elizabeth Strong, -a charming maiden eighteen years of age. He was a descendant of -Robert Hale, or Hales, who settled in Charlestown, in 1632, and who -seems to have been a scion of the Hales of Kent, for he bore their -coat-of-arms—three broad arrows feathered white, on a red field.</p> - -<p>Both Richard and Elizabeth Hale were of the strictest sect of the -Puritans of their day. They revered the Bible<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4"></a>[Pg 4]</span> as the voice of God; -reverenced magistrates and gospel ministers as his chosen servants; -regarded the strict observance of the Christian Sabbath as a binding -obligation, and family worship and grace before meals as imperative -duties and precious privileges.</p> - -<p>The sixth child of Richard and Elizabeth Hale they named -<span class="smcap">Nathan</span>. He was feeble in body at the beginning of his life, -and gave very little promise of surviving the period of infancy; but -tender motherly care carried him safely over the critical second year, -and he became a robust child, physically and mentally. He grew up a -lively, sweet-tempered, and beautiful youth; and these qualities marked -his young manhood.</p> - -<p>Nathan Hale, the distinguished person alluded to, bright and active, -loved out-of-door pastimes, and communing with Nature everywhere. He -was conspicuous among his companions for remarkable athletism. He would -spring, with apparent ease, out of one hogshead into another, through a -series; and he would place his hand upon a fence as high as his head, -and spring over it at a bound with apparently little effort.</p> - -<p>Having an intense thirst for knowledge, young Hale was very studious. -His father designed him for the Christian ministry, and he was fitted -for college by the Rev. Dr. Huntington, one of the most eminent -Congregational divines and scholars of his day, and then the pastor of -the parish in which Nathan was born.</p> - -<p>Young Hale entered Yale College when in the sixteenth year of his -age. His brother Enoch, the grandfather of Rev. Edward Everett Hale, -of Boston, and two years the senior of Nathan, entered Yale at the -same time. The students then numbered about sixty. His course of -col<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5"></a>[Pg 5]</span>lege-life was eminently praiseworthy; and he was graduated with the -highest honors in September, 1773. Popular with all the students, the -tutors, and the faculty, he was always a welcome visitor in the best -families of New Haven.</p> - -<p>In the autumn of 1848 I visited the venerable Eneas Munson, M.D., at -New Haven. He had been assistant surgeon, under Dr. Thatcher, in the -old War for Independence. He knew young Hale well during the later -period of his life at Yale College, for he was then a frequent visitor -at the home of Dr. Munson's father.</p> - -<p>"I was greatly impressed," said Dr. Munson, "with Hale's scientific -knowledge, evinced during his conversation with my father. I am sure -he was equal to André in solid acquirements, and his taste for art and -talents as an artist were quite remarkable. His personal appearance was -as notable. He was almost six feet in height, perfectly proportioned, -and in figure and deportment he was the most manly man I have ever met. -His chest was broad; his muscles were firm; his face wore a most benign -expression; his complexion was roseate; his eyes were light blue and -beamed with intelligence; his hair was soft and light brown in color, -and his speech was rather low, sweet, and musical. His personal beauty -and grace of manner were most charming. Why, all the girls in New -Haven fell in love with him," said Dr. Munson, "and wept tears of real -sorrow when they heard of his sad fate. In dress he was always neat; -he was quick to lend a helping hand to a being in distress, brute or -human; was overflowing with good-humor, and was the idol of all his -acquaintances."</p> - -<p>Such was the verbal testimony of a personal acquaintance of Nathan Hale -as to his appearance and character.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6"></a>[Pg 6]</span> When he left Yale College.<a id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> Dr. -Jared Sparks, who knew several of Hale's intimate friends, writes of -him:</p> - -<p class="center"> -<img src="images/illus01.jpg" alt="pic" /> -<a id="illus01" ></a> -</p> -<p class="caption"> Please accept for yourself and Mrs. Munson the grateful -thanks of one who will always remember the kindness he ever experienced -whenever he visited your abode.<br /> - - -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">your friend,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nathan Hale.</span><br /> -<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Fac-simile of Hale's Handwriting.</span></p> - -<p>"Possessing genius, taste, and order, he became distinguished as a -scholar; and, endowed in an eminent degree with those graces and gifts -of Nature which add a charm to youthful excellence, he gained universal -esteem and confidence. To high moral worth and irreproachable habits -were joined gentleness of manner, an ingenuous disposition,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7"></a>[Pg 7]</span> and vigor -of understanding. No young man of his years put forth a fairer promise -of future usefulness and celebrity; the fortunes of none were fostered -more sincerely by the generous good wishes of his associates, and the -hopes and encouraging presages of his superiors."</p> - -<p>Among Hale's classmates was (afterward Major) Benjamin Tallmadge, who -had charge of André soon after his arrest. With William Robinson and -Ezra Samson he was engaged with Hale at their graduation, in a Latin -syllogistic dispute, followed by a debate on the question, "Whether the -education of daughters be not, without any just reason, more neglected -than that of the sons?"</p> - -<p>"In this debate Hale was triumphant," wrote James Hillhouse, another of -his classmates, who was a few months his junior. "He was the champion -of 'The Daughters,' and most ably advocated their cause. You may be -sure that he received the plaudits of the ladies present."</p> - -<p>On leaving college, Hale engaged in school-teaching for nearly two -years. He first taught a select school at East Haddam, on the left bank -of the Connecticut River, then a place of much wealth.</p> - -<p>In 1774 he was called to the position of preceptor in the Union -Grammar-School at New London, an institution of high grade, intended to -furnish facilities for a thorough English education and the classical -preparation necessary for entering college. The school-building stood -on State Street. Young Hale was appointed its first preceptor after its -organization. It was a high compliment to his ability.</p> - -<p>Hale's connection with this school was most agreeable. Everybody became -warmly attached to him. His life moved on in a placid current, with -scarcely a ripple upon its surface. He assiduously cultivated science -and letters, moved<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8"></a>[Pg 8]</span> in the most refined society, and engaged in social -pleasures and religious repose. His future appeared full of joyful -promises.</p> - -<p class="center"> -<img src="images/illus03.jpg" alt="pic" /> -<a id="illus03" ></a> -</p> -<p class="caption"> <span class="smcap">Union Grammar School-house at New London.</span></p> - -<p>Suddenly war's alarms dispelled Hale's dream of quiet happiness. -The news of the bloodshed at Lexington and Concord aroused the -continent—New England in a special manner. A messenger, riding express -with the news, between Boston and New York, brought it to New London -late on the 21st of April. It created intense excitement. A town -meeting was called at the court-house at twilight. Among the speakers -present whose words fired the hearts of the eager listeners was Nathan -Hale. With impassioned language and intense earnestness he exhorted the -people to take patriotic action at once. "Let us march immediately," -he cried, "and never lay down our arms until we have obtained our -independence!" This was the first public demand for independence made -at the beginning of the great struggle.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9"></a>[Pg 9]</span></p> - -<p>When the meeting adjourned, Hale, with others, enrolled himself as a -volunteer. A company was soon formed. On the following morning when the -school assembled, he prayed with his pupils, gave them good advice, -bade each one of them an affectionate farewell, and soon afterward -departed for Cambridge. He returned and resumed his duties at the -school, but it was not long before his intense desire to serve his -country caused him to enlist as a lieutenant of a company in Colonel -Charles Webb's regiment—a body raised by order of the General Assembly -for home defense, or, if necessary, for the protection of the country -at large.</p> - -<p>Late in September Hale marched with his regiment to Cambridge, and -participated in the siege of Boston. He received the commission of -captain early in January, and was vigilant and brave at all times. The -British were driven from the New England capital in March (1776), and -sailed away to Halifax with a host of Tories, who fled from the wrath -of the Whigs whom they had oppressed. After the British left Boston, -the bulk of the American army proceeded to New York. So earnest and -unselfish was Hale's patriotism that, when, late in 1775, the men of -his company, whose term of service had expired, determined to return -home, he offered to give them his month's pay if they would remain so -much longer.</p> - -<p>Soon after Hale's arrival at New York, he successfully performed a -daring feat. A British sloop, laden with provisions, was anchored in -the East River under the protection of the guns of the man-of-war -<i>Asia</i> sixty-four. General Heath gave Hale permission to attempt the -capture of the supply-vessel. With a few picked men (probably of -Glover's brigade, who were largely seamen), as resolute as him<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10"></a>[Pg 10]</span>self, -he proceeded in a whale-boat silently at midnight to the side of the -sloop, unobserved by the sentinel on the deck. Hale and his men sprang -on board, secured the sentinel, confined the crew below the hatches, -raised her anchor, and took her into Coenties Slip just at the dawn of -day. Captain Hale was at the helm. The victors were greeted with loud -huzzas from a score of voices when the sloop touched the wharf. The -stores of provisions of the prize-vessel were distributed among Hale's -hungry fellow-soldiers.</p> - -<p>We have no information concerning Hale's movements from the time of his -capture of the supply-vessel until after the battle of Long Island. -He became captain of a company of Connecticut Rangers in May—a corps -composed of choice men picked from the different Connecticut regiments, -and placed under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Knowlton, who -had distinguished himself in the battle of Bunker's (Breed's) Hill. -They were known as "Congress's Own."</p> - -<p>In two or three letters written by Hale to his brothers in the earlier -part of the summer, he mentions some hostile movements, but there are -no indications that he was engaged in any of them. He seems not to -have been in the battle of Long Island or a participant in the famous -retreat of Washington across the East River, from Brooklyn, at the -close of August. He was among the troops that remained in New York when -the British invaded Long Island (for he was sick at that time), and -joined the retreating forces in their march toward Harlem Heights early -in September. He first appears after that movement in the presence of -Washington, at the house of the opulent Quaker merchant, Robert Murray, -on Murray Hill, to receive instructions for<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11"></a>[Pg 11]</span> the performance of an -important mission. What was the nature of that mission? Let us see:</p> - -<p>The American army on Manhattan Island was in a most perilous condition -after the retreat from Long Island. It was fearfully demoralized, -and seemed to be on the point of dissolution. Despair had taken -possession of the minds of the militia. They deserted by companies -and even by regiments. Impatient of restraint, insubordination -everywhere prevailed. The soldiers clamored for pay; the money-chest -was empty. They clamored for clothing and blankets, as cold weather was -approaching; the commissary could not respond. One third of the men -were without tents, and one fourth of them were on the sick-roll. Only -fourteen thousand men were fit for duty, and these were scattered in -detachments lying between each extremity of the island, a distance of a -dozen miles or more.</p> - -<p>The British army was then twenty-five thousand strong, and lay in -compact detachments along the shores of New York Bay and the East -River, from (present) Greenwood Cemetery to Flushing and beyond. The -soldiers were veterans, and were flushed with the recent victory. They -were commanded by able generals. The army was supported by a powerful -naval force which studded with armed vessels the waters that clasped -Manhattan Island. Each arm of the service was magnificently equipped -with artillery, stores, and munitions of war of every kind.</p> - -<p>Such was the condition and relative position of the two armies when, on -the 7th of September, Washington called a council of war to consider -the important questions, What shall be done? Shall we defend or abandon -New York?</p> - -<p>Washington had already asked Congress, "If we should be obliged to -abandon the town, ought it to stand as winter-<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12"></a>[Pg 12]</span>quarters for the enemy?" -He was answered by a resolve that, in case he should find it necessary -that he should quit New York, he should "have special care taken that -no damage be done to the city, Congress having no doubt of their being -able to recover it." It was resolved to remain and defend the city.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> See the frontispiece, copied from a drawing by J.W. -Barber, of New Haven, in 1840.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2" class="label">[2]</a> Dr. Munson allowed me to read the following letter written -by Hale to his father, from New London, late in September, 1774, and to -make a <i>fac-simile</i> of the last paragraph as seen above: -</p></div> - -<div class="blockquot"> - - -<p> - -"<span class="smcap">New London</span>, <i>November</i> 30, 1774.<br /> -</p> - -<p> -"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I am very happily situated here. I love my employment; -find many friends among strangers; have time for scientific study, and -seem to fill the place assigned me with satisfaction. I have a school -of more than thirty boys to instruct, about half of them in Latin; and -my salary is satisfactory. During the summer I had a morning class of -young ladies—about a score—from five to seven o'clock; so you see my -time is pretty fully occupied, profitably I hope to my pupils and to -their teacher. -</p> -<p> -"Please accept for yourself and Mrs. Munson the grateful thanks of one -who will always remember the kindness he ever experienced whenever he -visited your abode. -</p> -<p> - -Your friend,<br /> -<span class="smcap">Nathan Hale</span>."<br /> -</p></div></div> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_IIa">CHAPTER II.</h2> -</div> - - -<p>Perils were gathering thick and fast, and at another council, held on -the 12th, it was resolved to abandon the city and take a position on -Harlem Heights. The sick were sent over to New Jersey, and the public -stores were taken to Dobb's Ferry, twenty miles up the Hudson River. -Then the main army moved northward, leaving in the city a guard of four -thousand men under General Putnam, with orders to follow if necessary.</p> - -<p>Washington made his headquarters at the house of Robert Murray on the -14th. The position of the American army now appeared more perilous -than ever. Two ships-of-war had passed up the East River. Others soon -followed. Scouts reported active movements among the British troops -everywhere, but could not penetrate, even by reasonable conjecture, the -designs of the enemy. It was of the utmost importance to know something -of their real intentions. Washington wrote to General Heath, then -stationed at Kingsbridge:</p> - -<p>"As everything, in a manner, depends upon obtaining intelligence of the -enemy's motions, I do most earnestly entreat you and General Clinton to -exert yourselves to accomplish this most desirable end. Leave no stone -unturned, nor<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13"></a>[Pg 13]</span> do not stick at expense, to bring this to pass, as I -was never more uneasy than on account of my want of knowledge on this -score. Keep constant lookout, with good glasses, on some commanding -heights that look well on to the other shore."</p> - -<p>The vital questions pressing for answer were, Will they make a direct -attack upon the city? Will they land upon the island, above the city, -or at Morrisania beyond the Harlem River? Will they attempt to cut -off our communications with the main, by seizing the region along the -Harlem River or at Kingsbridge, by landing forces on the shores of -the East and Hudson Rivers, at Turtle Bay, or at Bloomingdale, and, -stretching a cordon of armed men from river to river, cut off the four -thousand troops left in the city?</p> - -<p>Washington, in his perplexity, called another council of war at -Murray's. He told his officers that he could not procure the least -information concerning the intentions of the enemy, and asked the -usual question of late, What shall be done? It was resolved to send a -competent person, in disguise, into the British camps on Long Island -to unveil the momentous secret. It needed one skilled in military and -scientific knowledge and a good draughtsman; a man possessed of a quick -eye, a cool head, unflinching courage; tact, caution, and sagacity—a -man on whose judgment and fidelity implicit reliance might be placed.</p> - -<p>Washington sent for Lieutenant-Colonel Knowlton and asked him to -seek for a trustful man for the service, in his own noted regiment -or in some other. Knowlton summoned a large number of officers to a -conference at his quarters, and, in the name of the commander-in-chief, -invited a volunteer for the important service. They were surprised. -There was a long pause. Patriotism, ambition, a love of advent<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14"></a>[Pg 14]</span>ure, -and indignation, alternately took possession of their feelings. It was -an invitation to serve their country supremely by becoming a spy—a -character upon whom all civilized nations place the ban of scorn and -contumely! They recoiled from such a service, and there was a general -and even resentful refusal to comply with the request.</p> - -<p>Late in the conference, when Knowlton had despaired of finding a man -competent and willing to undertake the perilous mission, a young -officer appeared, pale from the effects of recent severe sickness. -Knowlton repeated the invitation, when, almost immediately, the voice -of the young soldier was heard uttering the momentous words, "I will -undertake it!" It was the voice of Captain Nathan Hale.</p> - -<p>Everybody was astonished. The whole company knew Hale. They loved and -admired him. They tried to dissuade him from his decision, setting -forth the risk of sacrificing all his good prospects in life and -the fond hopes of his parents and friends. They painted in darkest -colors the ignominy and death to which he might be exposed. His warmly -attached friend, William Hull (afterward a general in the War of 1812), -who was a member of his company and had been a classmate at college, -employed all the force of friendship and the arts of persuasion to bend -him from his purpose, but in vain. With warmth and decision Hale said:</p> - -<p>"Gentlemen, I think I owe to my country the accomplishment of an object -so important and so much desired by the commander of her armies, -and I know no mode of obtaining the information but by assuming a -disguise and passing into the enemy's camp. I am fully sensible of -the consequences of discovery and capture in such a situation. But -for a year I have been attached to the army, and have<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15"></a>[Pg 15]</span> not rendered -any material service, while receiving a compensation for which I make -no return. Yet I am not influenced by any expectation of promotion -or pecuniary reward. I wish to be useful; <i>and every kind of service -necessary for the public good becomes honorable by being necessary</i>. If -the exigencies of my country demand a peculiar service, its claims to -the performance of that service are imperious."</p> - -<p>These manly, wise, and patriotic words—this willingness to sacrifice -himself, if necessary, for the good of his country—silenced his -brother officers. Accompanied by Knowlton, he appeared before -Washington the same afternoon, and received instructions concerning his -mission. His commander also furnished him with a general order to the -owners of all American vessels in Long Island Sound to convey him to -any point on Long Island which he might designate.</p> - -<p>Hale left the camp on Harlem Heights the same evening, accompanied by -Sergeant Stephen Hempstead, a trustworthy member of his company, whom -he engaged to go with him as far as it would be prudent. He was also -accompanied by his trusty servant, Ansel Wright. They found no safe -place to cross the Sound until they arrived at Norwalk, fifty miles -from New York, owing to the presence of small British cruisers in those -waters. There Hale exchanged his regimentals for a citizen's dress -of brown cloth and a broad-brimmed round hat, and directed Hempstead -and Wright to tarry for him at Norwalk until his return, which he -supposed would be on the 20th. He directed a boat to be sent for him on -the morning of that day, and left with Hempstead his uniform and his -military commission and other papers.</p> - -<p>There are somewhat conflicting accounts concerning<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16"></a>[Pg 16]</span> Hale's movements -after he left Norwalk. All agree that he was conveyed across the Sound -to Huntington Bay, where he landed; that he assumed the character of a -schoolmaster and loyalist disgusted with the "rebel" cause, and that -he professed to be in quest of an engagement as a school-teacher. -It is known that he entered the British camps in personal disguise -and with the pretext of loyalty and the character of a pedagogue; -that he was received with great cordiality as a "good fellow"; that -he visited all the British camps on Long Island, made observations -openly, and drawings and memoranda of fortifications, etc., secretly; -that he passed over from Brooklyn to New York city and gathered much -information concerning affairs there, the British having invaded -Manhattan Island and secured possession of the town since his -departure;<a id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> and that he returned to Long Island and passed through -the various camps to Huntington Bay for the purpose of going back to -Norwalk.</p> - -<p>Tradition tells us that Hale was conveyed from Norwalk to Huntington -Bay on a sloop, and was landed from her yawl two hours before daybreak -in the neighborhood of a place called "The Cedars." Near there a -Widow Chichester, a stanch loyalist (called "Widow Chich"), kept a -tavern, which was the resort of all the Tories in that region. Hale -passed this dangerous place with safety before cock-crowing, and at a -farm-house a mile distant he was kindly furnished with breakfast and -a bed for repose after his night's toil. Then he made his way to the -nearest British<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17"></a>[Pg 17]</span> camp, and was received without suspicion of his real -character. Concerning his movements after that, until his return from -New York, tradition is silent.</p> - -<p>Hale, on his return, had reached in safety the point on the Long -Island shore where he first landed, and prepared to recross the sound -at Norwalk the next morning. He wore shoes with loose inner soles. -Between the soles he had concealed the accurate drawings he had made of -fortifications, etc., and also his memoranda, written in Latin on thin -paper. He had given directions for the boat, from which he had landed, -to come for him on a designated morning, which would be the next after -his return. Satisfied that he was safe from harm, for he was remote -from a British post, and happy with the thought that his perilous -mission was ended successfully and that he should render his country -most important service, he awaited the coming morning with patience and -serenity of mind.</p> - -<p>Feeling secure in his simple dress and disguised manner, Hale entered -the tavern of the Widow Chichester, at "The Cedars." A number of -persons were in the room. A moment afterward, a man, whose face seemed -familiar to him, suddenly departed and was not seen again.</p> - -<p>Hale passed the night at the tavern, and at dawn went out to look -for the expected boat. To his great joy he saw one moving toward the -shore, with several men in it. Not doubting they were his friends, he -hastened toward the beach, where, as the vessel touched the shore, -he was astounded by the sight of a barge bearing British marines. He -turned to flee, when a loud voice called, "Surrender or die!" Looking -back he saw six men standing erect, with muskets leveled at him. He was -seized, taken into the barge, and conveyed to the British guard-ship -<i>Halifax</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18"></a>[Pg 18]</span> Captain Quarne, which was anchored behind a point of wooded -land of Lloyd's Neck.</p> - -<p>It has been asserted that the man who so suddenly departed from the -room of the tavern at "The Cedars" when Hale entered was a Tory cousin -of his, a dissipated fellow, who recognized his kinsman in disguise and -betrayed him into the hands of the enemy; but there is no warrant for -such an accusation.</p> - -<p>Hale's captors stripped and searched him, and found the evidences of -his being a spy in the papers concealed between the soles of his shoes. -These formed as positive testimony as to his true character as did the -papers found in André's boot, which convicted the adjutant-general of -the British army of being a spy.</p> - -<p class="center"> -<img src="images/illus04.jpg" alt="pic" /> -<a id="illus04" ></a> -</p> -<p class="caption"> <span class="smcap">The Beekman Mansion.</span></p> - -<p class="center"> -<img src="images/illus05.jpg" alt="pic" /> -<a id="illus05" ></a> -</p> -<p class="caption"> <span class="smcap">Beekman's Greenhouse.</span></p> - -<p>Captain Hale was taken in one of the boats of the <i>Hali<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19"></a>[Pg 19]</span>fax</i> to General -Howe's headquarters, at the elegant mansion of James Beekman, at Mount -Pleasant, as the high bank of the East River at Turtle Bay was called. -The house was situated at (present) Fifty-first Street and First -Avenue. It was then deserted by its stanch Whig owner. Around it were -beautiful lawns and blooming gardens; and near it was a greenhouse -filled with exotic shrubbery and plants.<a id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> In that greenhouse Hale -was confined, under a strong guard, on Saturday night, the 21st of -September. He had<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20"></a>[Pg 20]</span> been taken before Howe, who, without trial, and -upon the evidence found in his shoes, condemned him to be hanged early -the next morning. Howe delivered him into the custody of William -Cunningham, the notorious British provost-marshal, with orders to -execute him before sunrise the next day.</p> - -<p>This severity, nay, absolute inhumanity, was doubtless the result -of great irritation of the minds of the British officers at that -moment. They had looked upon the little city of New York, containing -twenty thousand inhabitants, as a most comfortable place for their -winter-quarters. On the very morning when Hale was arrested (at a -little past midnight), a fearful conflagration was accidentally begun -at a low tavern on the wharf near Whitehall Slip (now Staten Island -Ferry). Swiftly the flames spread, and were not quenched until about -five hundred buildings were consumed. The British believed, and so -declared, that the fire was the work of Whig incendiaries, to deprive -the army of comforts. The city was yet ablaze while Hale was lying in -Beekman's greenhouse, awaiting his doom in the early morning.</p> - -<p>When Hale was taken before Howe, he frankly acknowledged his rank and -his purpose as a spy. He firmly but respectfully told of his success -in getting information in the British camps, and expressed his regret -that he had not been able to serve his country better. "I was present -at this interview," wrote a British officer, "and I observed that the -frankness, the manly bearing, and the evident disinterested patriotism -of the handsome young prisoner, sensibly touched a tender chord of -General Howe's nature; but the stern rules of war concerning such -offenses would not allow him to exercise even pity."</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21"></a>[Pg 21]</span></p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3" class="label">[3]</a> On the day after Hale's departure, a strong British force -crossed the East River and landed at Kip's Bay at the foot of (present) -Thirty-fourth Street, drove off an American detachment stationed there, -and formed a line almost across the island to Bloomingdale. On the 16th -detachments of the two armies had a severe contest on Harlem Plains, in -which the Americans were victorious, but at the cost of the life of the -gallant Colonel Knowlton.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4" class="label">[4]</a> I made a sketch of the Beekman mansion in 1849, and of -the greenhouse in 1852, a few days before it was demolished, with all -the glories of the garden, at Mount Pleasant; for, at the behest of -the Street Commissioner, streets were opened through the whole Beekman -domain. The site of the greenhouse was in the center of (present) -Fifty-second Street, a little east of First Avenue. It was erected -with the mansion in 1764. The mansion was occupied, during the war, -as headquarters by Generals Howe, Clinton, and Robertson. It was the -residence of the Brunswick General Riedesel and his family in the -summer of 1780. General Carleton occupied it in 1783.</p></div></div> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_IIIa">CHAPTER III.</h2> -</div> - - -<p>Long before daybreak of a Christian Sabbath, Nathan Hale was marched -to the place of execution, in the vicinity of (present) East Broadway -and Market Street. He was escorted by a file of soldiers, and there -delivered to the provost-marshal. The young commander of a British -detachment lying near, told Captain William Hull that on Hale's -arrival he requested Cunningham to allow him to sit in his (the -officer's) marquee while waiting for the necessary preparations. The -boon was granted. Hale requested the presence of a chaplain; it was -denied. He asked for a Bible; it was refused. At the solicitation -of the compassionate young officer in whose tent Hale sat, he was -allowed to write brief letters to his mother, sisters, and the young -maiden to whom he was betrothed;<a id="FNanchor_5" href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> but, when they were handed to the -provost-marshal to cause them to be forwarded, that officer read them. -He grew furious as he perceived the noble spirit which breathed in -every sentence, and with coarse oaths and foul epithets he tore them -into shreds before the face of his young victim. Hale gave Cunningham -a withering glance of scorn, and then resumed his usual calmness -and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22"></a>[Pg 22]</span> dignity of demeanor. Tho provost-marshal afterward said that he -destroyed the epistles "that the rebels should never know that they had -a man who could die with such firmness."</p> - -<p class="center"> -<img src="images/illus06.jpg" alt="pic" /> -<a id="illus06" ></a> -</p> -<p class="caption"> <span class="smcap">Cunningham destroying Hale's Letters.</span></p> - -<p>It was in the morning twilight of a beautiful September day that Hale -was led out to execution. The gallows was<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_23"></a>[Pg 23]</span> the limb of an apple-tree -in Colonel Rutgers's orchard.<a id="FNanchor_6" href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> Even at that early hour quite a -large number of men and women had gathered to witness the sad scene. -Cunningham watched every arrangement with evident satisfaction; -and, when everything was ready for the last scene in the tragedy, -he scoffingly demanded of his victim his "last dying speech and -confession!"</p> - -<p>The soul of the young martyr, patriot, and hero, who was standing upon -the fatal ladder<a id="FNanchor_7" href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> with his eyes turned heavenward, was then in secret -communion with his Maker, and his mortal ears seemed closed to earthly -sounds. He did not notice the insulting words of the human fiend. A -moment afterward he looked benignly upon the evidently sympathetic -spectators, and with a calm, clear voice pronounced the last words -uttered by him:</p> - -<p>"I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country!"</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_24"></a>[Pg 24]</span></p> - -<p>The women wept; some of them sobbed audibly. The sublime and burning -words of the victim about to be sacrificed upon the altar of liberty, -and the visible tokens of sympathy among those who witnessed the scene, -maddened the coarse-natured and malignant provost-marshal.<a id="FNanchor_8" href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> He cried -out in a voice hoarse with anger, "Swing the rebel off!" and cursed the -tearful women with foul imprecations, calling them rebels and harlots!</p> - -<p>So ended, in an atmosphere of mingled Christian faith, fortitude, and -hope, and of savage barbarism and brutality, the beautiful life-drama -of Nathan Hale, the early martyr for the cause of human freedom in -the grand struggle for the independence of our country. It is a cause -for just reproach of our people that their history, poetry, oratory, -and art have, for more than a century, neglected to erect a fitting -memorial to his memory—either in the literature of the land he so -loved that he freely gave his young life a sacrifice for its salvation -from bondage, or in bronze or marble. Nowhere in our broad domain, -stretching from sea to sea, teeming with almost sixty million freemen, -is there even a mural tablet seen with the name of Nathan Hale upon it, -excepting a small monument in his native town, overlooking<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_25"></a>[Pg 25]</span> the graves -of his kindred, in an obscure church-yard, which was erected forty -years ago.</p> - -<p>The body of the martyr was laid in the earth near the spot where his -spirit left it. A British officer was sent to acquaint Washington -with his fate. A rude stone placed by the side of the grave of his -father, in the burial-ground of the Congregational Church in his -native town, for long years revealed to passers-by the fact that it -was in commemoration of "Nathan Hale, Esq., a captain in the army -of the United States, who was born June 6, 1755, received the first -honors of Yale College, September, 1773," and "resigned his life a -sacrifice to his country's liberty at New York, September 22, 1776, -aged twenty-two." An entry of his death was made upon the town records -of Coventry.</p> - -<p>Late in November, 1837—sixty-one years after his sacrifice—the -citizens of Coventry formed a "Hale Monument Association" for the -purpose of raising funds for the erection of a suitable memorial to -the memory of the young patriot. The association applied in vain to -Congress for aid. By fairs, tea-parties, private dramatic performances, -and other social appliances, carried on chiefly by the gentler sex, -and a grant of twelve hundred dollars by the State of Connecticut, a -sufficient sum was secured in 1846 to erect the desired monument.</p> - -<p>At one of the fairs, a poem, addressed to "The Daughters of Freedom," -and printed on white satin, was offered for sale, and was widely -distributed. It contained the following verses:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 25%;"> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Ye come with hearts that oft have glowed</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">At his soul-stirring tale,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To wreath the deathless evergreen</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Around the name of Hale.</span><br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_27"></a>[Pg 27]</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Here his memorial stone shall rise</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">In freedom's hallowed shade,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prouder than André's trophied tomb</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">'Mid mightiest monarchs laid."</span><br /> -</p> - -<p class="center"> -<img src="images/illus07.jpg" alt="pic" /> -<a id="illus07" ></a> -</p> -<p class="caption"> <span class="smcap">The Hale Monument at Coventry.</span></p> - -<p>The Hale memorial stands upon elevated ground near the Congregational -Church in South Coventry, and by the side of the old burial-ground in -which repose the remains of his nearest kindred. Toward the north it -overlooks the beautiful Lake Waugumbaug, in the pellucid waters of -which Hale angled in his boyhood and early youth.</p> - -<p>The monument was designed by Henry Austin, of New Haven, and was -erected under the superintendence of Solomon Willard, the architect of -the Bunker's Hill Monument. It was completed in the summer of 1846, at -a cost of three thousand seven hundred and thirty-four dollars. The -material is Quincy granite. Its form is seen in the engraving. The -height is forty-five feet, and it is fourteen feet square at its base. -The pedestal bears on its four sides the following inscriptions:</p> - -<p><i>North side</i>: "<span class="smcap">Captain Nathan Hale</span>, 1776." <i>West side</i>: "Born -at Coventry, June 6, 1755." <i>East side</i>: "Died at New York, September -22, 1776." <i>South side</i>: "<span class="smcap">I regret that I have but one life to lose -for my country</span>."</p> - -<p>The fate of young Hale produced universal sorrow in the Continental -army and among the patriotic people. In the Whig newspapers of the day -tributes to his worth as a man and a patriot appeared in both prose -and verse.<a id="FNanchor_9" href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> Dur<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_28"></a>[Pg 28]</span>ing the War of 1812'-15, a little fort, erected -upon Black Rock, at the entrance to New Haven Harbor, on the site of -a smaller one, built during the Revolution, was named Fort Hale, the -first monument of stone that commemorated him. It has long been in -ruins. Then followed the simple structure built by his neighbors at -Coventry. Brief notices of the martyr have been given from time to time -in occasional poetic effusions and in oratory. Timothy Dwight, Hale's -tutor at Yale College, and afterward president of that institution, -wrote:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 25%;"> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Thus while fond Virtue wished in vain to save,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Hale</span>, bright and generous, found a hapless grave;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">With genius' living flame his bosom glowed,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And Science lured him to her sweet abode.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">In Worth's fair path his feet adventured far,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The pride of peace, the rising hope of war;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">In duty firm, in danger calm as even,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To friends unchanging, and sincere to Heaven.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">How short his course, the prize how early won!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">While weeping Friendship mourns her favorite gone."</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>I.W. Stuart, in his little biography of Hale,<a id="FNanchor_10" href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> has preserved -fragments of several poetic effusions. A short time after Hale's death, -an unknown personal friend of the martyr wrote a poem of one hundred -and sixty lines, in which he described the personal appearance of the -young soldier—<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_29"></a>[Pg 29]</span>tall and with "a beauteous face." Of his qualities of -temper and conduct he wrote:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 25%;"> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Removed from envy, malice, pride, and strife,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">He walked through goodness as he walked through life;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A kinder brother Nature never knew,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A child more duteous or a friend more true."</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>Of Hale's motives in becoming a spy he wrote:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 25%;"> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Hate of oppression's arbitrary plan,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The love of freedom, and the rights of man;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A strong desire to save from slavery's chain</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The future millions of the Western main."</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>The poet follows him in his career until he enters upon his perilous -mission under instructions from Washington. Of the final scene he wrote:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 25%;"> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Not Socrates or noble Russell died.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Or gentle Sidney, Britain's boast and pride,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Or gen'rous Moore, approached life's final goal,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">With more composed, more firm and stable soul."</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>J.S. Babcock, of Coventry, wrote in the metre of Wolfe's "Sir John -Moore":</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 25%;"> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"He fell in the spring of his early prime,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">With his fair hopes all around him;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">He died for his birth-land—a 'glorious crime'—</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Ere the palm of his fame had crowned him.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"He fell in her darkness—he lived not to see</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The noon of her risen glory;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">But the name of the brave, in the hearts of the free,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Shall be twined in her deathless glory."</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>In a poem delivered before the Linonian Society of Yale College, at its -centennial anniversary in 1853, a society of which Hale was a member, -Francis M. Finch said, in allusion to the martyr:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_30"></a>[Pg 30]</span></p> - -<p style="margin-left: 25%;"> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"To drum-beat and heart-beat,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A soldier marches by;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">There is color on his cheek,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">There is courage in his eye;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Yet to drum-beat and heart-beat</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">In a moment he must die.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"By starlight and moonlight</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">He seeks the Briton's camp;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">He hears the rustling flag,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And that armèd sentry's tramp;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And the starlight and moonlight</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">His silent wanderings lamp.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"With slow tread, and still tread,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">He scans the tented-line;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And he counts the battery-guns</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">By the gaunt and shadowy pine;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And his slow tread and still tread</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Gives no warning sign.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"The dark wave, the plumed wave,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">It meets his eager glance,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And it sparkles 'neath the stars</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Like the glimmer of a lance;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A dark wave, a plumed wave,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">On an emerald expanse.</span><br /> -</p> - - -<hr class="tb" /> -<p style="margin-left: 25%;"> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"With calm brow, steady brow,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">He listens to his doom;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">In his look there is no fear,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Nor a shadow trace of gloom;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And with calm brow and steady brow</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">He robes him for the tomb.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"In the long night, the still night,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">He kneels upon the sod;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And the brutal guards withhold</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">E'en the solemn Word of God!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">In the long night, the still night,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">He walks where Christ hath trod!</span><br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_31"></a>[Pg 31]</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"'Neath the blue morn, the sunny morn,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">He dies upon the tree;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And he mourns that he can lose</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">But one life for Liberty;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And in the blue morn, the sunny morn</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">His spirit-wings are free!</span><br /> -</p> - - -<hr class="tb" /> -<p style="margin-left: 25%;"> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"From fame-leaf and angel-leaf,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">From monument and urn,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The sad of earth, the glad of heaven,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">His tragic fate shall learn;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And on fame-leaf and angel-leaf</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The name of <span class="smcap">Hale</span> shall burn!"</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>At the dedication of a monument in 1853, erected on the spot near -Tarrytown where André was captured, the late Henry J. Raymond, in an -address on the occasion, said:</p> - -<p>"At an early stage of the Revolution, <span class="smcap">Nathan Hale</span>, captain -in the American army, which he had entered, abandoning brilliant -prospects of professional distinction for the sole purpose of defending -the liberties of his country—gifted, educated, ambitious—the equal -of André in talent, in worth, in amiable manners, and in every manly -quality, and his superior in that final test of character—the motives -by which his acts were prompted and his life was guided—laid aside -every consideration personal to himself, and entered upon a service -of infinite hazard to life and honor, because Washington deemed -it important to the sacred cause to which both had been sacredly -set apart. Like André, he was found in the hostile camp; like him, -though without trial, he was adjudged as a spy; and, like him, he was -condemned to death.</p> - -<p>"And here the likeness ends. No consoling word, no pitying or -respectful look, cheered the dark hours of his doom. He was met with -insult at every turn. The sacred<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_32"></a>[Pg 32]</span> consolations of the minister of -God were denied him; the Bible was taken from him; with an excess of -barbarity hard to be paralleled in civilized war, his dying letters -of farewell to his mother and sisters were destroyed in his presence; -and, uncheered by sympathy, mocked by brutal power, and attended only -by that sense of duty, incorruptible, undefiled, which had ruled his -life—finding a fit farewell in the serene and sublime regret that he -had 'but <i>one</i> life to lose for his country'—he went forth to meet the -great darkness of an ignominious death.</p> - -<p>"The loving hearts of his early companions have erected a neat monument -to his memory in his native town; but, beyond that little circle, where -stands his name recorded? While the majesty of England, in the person -of her sovereign, sent an embassy across the sea to solicit the remains -of André at the hands of his foes, that they might be enshrined in that -sepulchre where she garners the relics of her mighty and renowned sons—</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">'Splendid in their ashes, pompous in the grave,'</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>the children of Washington have left the body of <span class="smcap">Hale</span> to -sleep in its unknown tomb, though it be on his native soil, unhonored -by any outward observance, unmarked by any memorial stone. Monody, -eulogy, monument of marble or of brass, and of letters more enduring -than all, have in his own land and in ours given the name and fate of -André to the sorrowing remembrance of all time to come. American genius -has celebrated his praises, has sung of his virtues, and exalted to -heroic heights his prayer, manly but personal to himself, for choice -in the manner of death—his dying challenge to all men to witness the -courage with which he met his fate. But where, save on the cold page of -history,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_33"></a>[Pg 33]</span> stands the record of <span class="smcap">Hale</span>? Where is the hymn that -speaks to immortality, and tells of the added brightness and enhanced -glory when his soul joined its noble host? And where sleep the American -of Americans, that their hearts are not stirred to solemn rapture at -the thought of the sublime love of country which buoyed him not alone -'above the fear of death,' but far beyond all thought of himself, of -his fate and his fame, or of anything less than his country—and which -shaped his dying breath into the sacred sentence which trembled at the -last upon his quivering lip?"</p> - -<p>These eloquent words have a deeper significance to-day than when they -were uttered a generation ago. It is a just reproach to a nation of -nearly sixty million freemen, rich and powerful beyond any other -people on the globe, that the memory of <span class="smcap">Nathan Hale</span>, their -self-sacrificing benefactor in purpose, and a true and noble martyr in -the cause of the liberty they enjoy, has been, until lately, absolutely -neglected by them; that no "monody, eulogy, monument of marble or of -brass," dedicated to him by the public voice, appears anywhere in our -broad land. But there are now abundant promises that this reproach -will be speedily removed. An earnest effort was begun by the "Daily -Telegraph," a morning journal of New York city, late in 1885, to -procure funds by half-dime or "nickel" subscriptions, sufficient to -erect a suitable monument to the memory of <span class="smcap">Nathan Hale</span>, in the -city of New York, where he suffered martyrdom. There is also a project -on foot for the erection of a statue of Hale in the Connecticut State -Capitol at Hartford. For this purpose the State of Connecticut has -appropriated five thousand dollars.</p> - -<p>Let the conscience of our people, inspired by gratitude and patriotism, -be fairly awakened to the propriety of the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_34"></a>[Pg 34]</span> undertaking, and funds will -speedily be forthcoming sufficient to erect a magnificent monument -in memory of <span class="smcap">Nathan Hale</span>, in the city where he died for -his country. I recommend, as a portion of the inscription upon the -monument, the subjoined epitaph, written fully thirty years ago, by -George Gibbs, the ripe scholar and antiquary, who was at one time the -librarian of the New York Historical Society:<a id="FNanchor_11" href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></p> - -<p style="margin-left: 25%;"> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">STRANGER, BENEATH THIS STONE</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">LIES THE DUST OF</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A SPY,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">WHO PERISHED UPON THE GIBBET;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">YET</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">THE STORIED MARBLES OF THE GREAT,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">THE SHRINES OF HEROES,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ENTOMBED NOT ONE MORE WORTHY OF</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">HONOR</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">THAN HIM WHO HERE</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">SLEEPS HIS LAST SLEEP.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">NATIONS</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">BOW WITH REVERENCE BEFORE THE DUST</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">OF HIM WHO DIES</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A GLORIOUS DEATH,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">URGED ON BY THE SOUND OF THE</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">TRUMPET</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">AND THE SHOUTS OF</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ADMIRING THOUSANDS.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">BUT WHAT REVERENCE, WHAT HONOR,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">IS NOT DUE TO ONE</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">WHO FOR HIS COUNTRY ENCOUNTERED</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">EVEN AN INFAMOUS DEATH,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">SOOTHED BY NO SYMPATHY,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ANIMATED BY NO PRAISE!</span><br /> -</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_5" href="#FNanchor_5" class="label">[5]</a> Her name was Alice Adams. She was a native of Canterbury, -Connecticut, and was distinguished both for her intelligence and -personal beauty. After Hale's death she married Eleazar Ripley, who -left her a widow, with one child, at the age of eighteen years. The -child died about a year after its father's death, and the mother -subsequently married William Lawrence, of Hartford, where she lived -until September, 1845, when she died at the age of eighty-eight -years. She possessed a miniature of Hale and many of his letters. The -miniature and the letters disappeared many years ago, and there is no -likeness of the young martyr extant. The last words uttered by Hale's -betrothed were, "Write to Nathan!"—Stuart's "Life of Nathan Hale," p. -28.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_6" href="#FNanchor_6" class="label">[6]</a> The place of Hale's execution has been a subject of -conjecture. Some have supposed that it occurred near the Beekman -mansion, Howe's headquarters; others, that he was taken from the -Provost Prison (now the Hall of Records), in the City Hall Park, to -the usual place of execution of state criminals, at the Barracks near -Chambers Street; and others, on the farm of Colonel Rutgers, whose -country mansion was near the East River—at Pike and Monroe Streets. -</p> -<p> -In 1849 I visited the venerable Jeremiah Johnson, ex-Mayor of Brooklyn, -who was living at his farm-house not far from the Navy-Yard, then -between the city of Brooklyn and the village of Williamsburgh. -Among other interesting facts concerning the Revolution, of his own -experience and observation, which he had treasured in his memory, was -that his father was present at the execution of Hale. Like other Long -Island farmers at that time, he went to New York occasionally with -truck. On the day of the great fire he was there, when himself and his -team were pressed into the service of the British. He was with the -detachment on Colonel Rutgers's farm at the time of the execution, -and saw the martyr hanged upon the limb of an apple-tree in Rutgers's -orchard. It was at the west side, not far from the line of (present) -East Broadway.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_7" href="#FNanchor_7" class="label">[7]</a> The method employed at military executions at that time -was to place a ladder against the gallows-beam or limb, cause the -prisoner to ascend it a few feet, and, at a given signal, turn the -ladder and leave the victim suspended.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_8" href="#FNanchor_8" class="label">[8]</a> The pen of every writer who has noticed the career of -William Cunningham, the notorious provost-marshal of the British army -in New York and Philadelphia, has portrayed him as a most detestable -character. To the credit of the commander with whom he served, be it -said that it is satisfactorily proven that he was employed directly -by the British ministry, and was independent of the authority of Howe -and Clinton. He was a large, burly, red-haired, red-faced Irishman, -sixty years of age, addicted to strong drink to excess, and with most -forbidding features. His cruelties and crimes committed while in charge -of prisoners of war in New York were notorious and monstrous. Upon the -scaffold in England, after the war, he confessed that he had caused the -death of fully two thousand prisoners under his charge by starvation -and otherwise. He put poison into their food at times, and sold their -rations for his own benefit, allowing the prisoners to starve!</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_9" href="#FNanchor_9" class="label">[9]</a> A ballad was written and published, soon after Hale's -death, which was very popular at the time. It was evidently written by -one who was not well informed as to the true history of the matter. Of -his arrest the ballad says: -</p> -<p> - -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Cooling shades of the night were coming apace,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The tattoo had beat, the tattoo had beat,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The noble one sprang from his dark lurking-place,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">To make his retreat, to make his retreat.</span><br /> -</p> -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"He warily trod on the dry, rustling leaves</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">As he passed through the wood, as he passed through the wood,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And silently gained his rude launch on the shore,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">As she played with the flood, as she played with the flood.</span><br /> -</p> -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"The guards of the camp on that dark, dreary night</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Had a murderous will, a murderous will;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">They took him and bore him afar from the shore,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">To a hut on the hill, to a hut on the hill."</span><br /> -</p> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_10" href="#FNanchor_10" class="label">[10]</a> "Life of Captain Nathan Hale, the Martyr Spy of the -American Revolution." By I.W. Stuart, Hartford, 1856.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_11" href="#FNanchor_11" class="label">[11]</a> A statue in plaster, modeled from a description of -Hale's features and person, has been made by E.S. Wood, sculptor. It -represents an athletic young man, with his coat and vest removed, his -neck and upper portion of his chest bared by the turning down of the -collar of his ruffled shirt, and holding in his right hand, which is -resting upon his hip, the rope with which he is about to be suspended -from the tree. The face of the martyr is an excellent ideal of the -character of the young hero.</p></div></div> - - - -<p class="center"> -<img src="images/illus08.jpg" alt="pic" /> -<a id="illus08" ></a> -</p> - -<p class="caption"> John André</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_37"></a>[Pg 37]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="JOHN_ANDRE">JOHN ANDRÉ.</h2> -</div> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_Ib">CHAPTER I.</h2> -</div> - - -<p>It is not known whether the place of <span class="smcap">John André's</span> nativity was -in London or elsewhere in England. His father was a Switzer, born in -Geneva. He was a merchant in London, where he married a pretty French -maiden named Girardot, a native of that city, who in the year 1751 -became the mother of the famous British spy.</p> - -<p>Of André's childhood and early youth very little is known, even of the -scenes of his primary education. Later, we find him at the University -in Geneva; and, when he was approaching young manhood, he was -distinguished for many accomplishments and solid acquirements. He had -mastered several European languages, and was an expert mathematician. -He was versed in military science, and had a wide acquaintance with -<i>belles-lettres</i> literature. He was an adept in music, dancing, and the -arts of design, and was specially commended for his military drawings.</p> - -<p>André had a taste and a desire for military life; but, before he was -seventeen years of age, he was called home to take a place in his -father's counting-room. At that time his family lived at the Manor -House, Clapton, where his father died in the spring of 1769. The family -then consisted of the widow, two sons, and three daughters. Of these -John was the oldest and Anna was the youngest—the "tuneful<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_38"></a>[Pg 38]</span> Anna," as -Miss Seward calls her in her "Monody," because of her poetic genius.</p> - -<p>John, though so young, was now a chief manager of his father's business -and the head of his mother's household. The summer of 1769 was spent -by the family at little villages in the interior of England, in the -picturesque region of Lichfield, a famous cathedral town, in which Dr. -Johnson was born, and at its grammar-school he and Addison and Garrick -received their earlier education.</p> - -<p>In that delightful neighborhood young André formed an acquaintance -with Miss Anna Seward, the bright and charming daughter of Rev. -Thomas Seward, canon-resident of Lichfield Cathedral, who lived in -the bishop's palace. His daughter, then twenty-two years of age, was -already distinguished as a poet. Her home was the gathering-place -of the local literary celebrities of that day—Dr. Erasmus Darwin, -author of "The Botanic Garden," and grandfather of the champion -of the doctrine of evolution in our day; Thomas Hayley, author of -"The Triumphs of Temper"; Sir Brooke Boothby, who wrote "Fables and -Satires"; Richard Lovell Edgeworth, a "gay Lothario," with some -literary pretensions; Thomas Day, an eccentric philosopher, who wrote -the story of "Sandford and Merton," once as popular as "Robinson -Crusoe"; the blind and ill-humored Miss Anna Williams, the biographer -of the Emperor Julian; and other residents or occasional sojourners.</p> - -<p>Miss Seward was the central figure in this literary circle. Her -personal beauty, vivacity, wit, and charming conversational powers, -were very fascinating. Into that galaxy John André was introduced and -gave it additional luster.</p> - -<p>The young London merchant also became acquainted with another maiden -near his own age. She is represented<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_39"></a>[Pg 39]</span> as exceedingly lovely in person -and character. Her eyes were blue, her hair was of a golden color, and -her complexion was brilliant, heightened in its charms, perhaps, by a -hectic glow upon her cheek—the sad prophecy of the early fading of -youthful beauty and of life. The maiden was Honora Sneyd, an inmate of -the family of Canon Seward, and the loved companion of Anna.</p> - -<p class="center"> -<img src="images/illus09.jpg" alt="pic" /> -<a id="illus09" ></a> -</p> - - -<p class="caption"> <span class="smcap">Honora Sneyd.</span>—(From a painting by Romney.)<a id="FNanchor_12" href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></p> - -<p>André was then eighteen years of age; a handsome, slender, graceful, -and vivacious youth, with features as deli<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_40"></a>[Pg 40]</span>cate as those of a girl, -and accomplished beyond most young men of his time. He was five feet -nine inches in height, dark complexion, dark eyes, brown hair, with -a somewhat serious and tender expression. His manners were easy and -insinuating. The young couple fell desperately in love with each other -at their first meeting.</p> - -<p>Anna was delighted, and she fostered the passion. The lovers were -betrothed before the summer was over; but "Love's young dream" was -disturbed. The father of Miss Sneyd and the mother of André decided -that both were too young for wedlock then, and it was agreed that at -least two years should intervene between betrothal and nuptials. It was -also deemed proper that they should be kept apart as much as possible -during that period, in order to test the strength and reality of their -attachment, and for other prudential reasons.</p> - -<p>With this understanding André returned to his desk in London, a hundred -and twenty miles away. He had sketched two miniatures of Miss Sneyd. -One he gave to Anna Seward, the other he placed in a locket and carried -it in his bosom. He also arranged for a correspondence between Miss -Seward and himself, of which Honora was to be the chief burden. Three -of these letters have been preserved, and are printed in this volume. -"His epistolary writings," says Dr. Sparks, "so far as specimens of -them have been preserved, show a delicacy of sentiment, a play<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_41"></a>[Pg 41]</span>fulness -of imagination, and an ease of style, which could proceed only from -native refinement and a high degree of culture."</p> - -<p>André had an aversion to mercantile pursuits, and had told his -Lichfield friends that he greatly preferred the military profession. -Miss Seward urged him to stick to his desk, as the only sure promise -of a competence which would enable him to marry Honora. Her persuasion -prevailed, and he resolved to remain a merchant, for a time at least. -In one of his letters to her he wrote:</p> - -<p>"I know you will interest yourself in my destiny. I have now completely -subdued my aversion to the profession of a merchant, and hope, in time, -to acquire an inclination for it.... When an impertinent consciousness -whispers in my ear that I am not of the right stuff for a merchant, -I draw my Honora's picture from my bosom, and the sight of that dear -talisman so inspirits my industry that no toil seems oppressive."</p> - -<p>This correspondence was kept up several months, but André's suit did -not prosper. Distance, separation, and various circumstances cooled the -ardor of Miss Sneyd's love for her young admirer, and correspondence -between them ceased. She had other suitors; and, in 1773, she married -Richard Lovell Edgeworth, a gay young widower of twenty-five, who -possessed a handsome fortune in the form of a fine estate in Ireland. -Honora became the mother of Maria Edgeworth, the novelist. She died -of consumption a few years afterward. In compliance with her dying -request, her husband married her sister Elizabeth for his third wife.</p> - -<p>André remained faithful to his first love, and carried Honora's -miniature in his bosom until he died. He aban<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_42"></a>[Pg 42]</span>doned the mercantile -business in 1771, joined the royal army with the commission of -lieutenant in 1772, and went over to Germany. He joined his -regiment—the Royal English Fusileers—in Canada, late in 1774, having -made a farewell visit to his stanch friend Miss Seward before he sailed -for America. During that visit a singular circumstance occurred. Miss -Seward took André a little distance from Lichfield to call upon two -literary friends, Mr. Cunningham, and a curate, the Rev. Mr. Newton. -She had apprised them of the intended visit.</p> - -<p>Mr. Cunningham afterward related to Miss Seward a singular dream he had -on the night before this visit. He was in a great forest. A horseman -approached at full speed. As he drew near, three men suddenly sprang -from their concealment in bushes, seized the rider, and took him away. -The appearance of the captive's face was deeply impressed upon the -dreamer's memory. He awoke, fell asleep again, and dreamed. He was -now in a vast crowd of people, near a great city. The man whom he saw -captured in the forest was now brought forth and hanged. This dream was -related to the curate the next morning, and when, a while afterward, -Miss Seward with her friend arrived, Mr. Cunningham recognized in André -the person he saw captured and hanged.</p> - -<p>Other presaging visions concerning André's fate have been related, some -of them being undoubtedly pure fiction. For example: Soon after the -evacuation of Philadelphia by the British in 1778, and the Americans -had taken possession of the city, some of the Continental officers gave -a dinner-party to Washington at a spacious mansion in the suburbs, once -belonging to one of the Penn family. At that banquet were two ladies -who had known Major André during the British occupation, and had dined -with him at this<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_43"></a>[Pg 43]</span> Penn mansion. As they were passing through a grove -near the house on that occasion, they both saw at the same moment the -body of a man suspended from a limb, and recognized his features as -those of André. They spoke of the vision at the table, and were laughed -at; even Washington joining in the merriment. This ghost-story may be -thus disposed of: Washington was not in Philadelphia at any time in the -year 1778. At the time above mentioned he was chasing Sir Henry Clinton -across New Jersey.</p> - -<p>The following account appears to be well authenticated: A feminine -friend of Miss Mary Hannah, a sister of André, shared a bed with her -one night at about the time of her brother's execution. The friend was -awakened by the loud sobs of Miss André, who said she had seen her -brother made a prisoner. Her friend soothed her into quiet, and both -fell asleep. Soon Miss André again awoke her friend, and said she had -again seen her brother on trial as a spy. She described the scene with -great particularity. Again she was quieted, and both fell asleep. Again -she aroused her friend by screaming, "They are hanging him!" They both -made a memorandum of the affair. The next mail brought the sad news of -André's execution at about the time when his sister, Mary Hannah, saw -him in her vision.</p> - -<p>Lieutenant André journeyed from England to Quebec, by way of -Philadelphia. Why did he take this roundabout course? He arrived at -Philadelphia in September (1774), just after the first Continental -Congress began its session there. His abilities as a keen observer -of men and things were well known to General Carleton, the Governor -of Canada, who arrived at Quebec from England while André was in -Philadelphia. May not that astute officer have directed André, -before he left England, to go to Philadelphia<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_44"></a>[Pg 44]</span> as a spy, to learn -what he could of the condition of public affairs, and the temper of -the people in the disturbed colonies, and especially the designs of -the Continental Congress? From Philadelphia he went to New York and -Boston, and thence by water to Quebec, everywhere traveling, without -recognition, in citizen's dress. He undoubtedly carried to Carleton -much valuable information which that wide-awake officer desired to -know. André arrived at Quebec early in November.</p> - -<p>A year later Lieutenant André was made a prisoner of war when -Montgomery captured the fort at St. Johns, on the Sorel. "I have been -taken a prisoner by the Americans," André wrote to Miss Seward, "and -stripped of everything except the picture of Honora, which I concealed -in my mouth. Preserving this, I yet think myself fortunate." He and -his fellow-prisoners were taken first to Connecticut, and then to -Lancaster and Carlisle in Pennsylvania. There he made many friends by -his urbanity, his refined tastes, and his accomplishments. He taught -the children of citizens the art of drawing in a free and easy style; -and he was a welcome guest in the higher social circles, was made a -participant in all their pleasure-parties, and so added to their own -enjoyments.</p> - -<p>Toward the close of 1776 André was exchanged and joined the British -army in New York, then commanded by General Howe. To that officer -he presented a memoir on the existing war, which was very favorably -received. He had kept a journal ever since he came to America, in -which both pen and pencil were jointly employed in the delineation and -description of everything of interest which came under his observation, -and this furnished him with much material for his memoir. Howe was -delighted with his young soldier,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_45"></a>[Pg 45]</span> and as soon as a vacancy occurred he -gave him the position of aide on the staff of General Grey, with the -rank of captain. He was now fairly in the line of promotion which his -signal abilities entitled him to receive.</p> - -<p>André served with distinction as a staff-officer. He was the soul of -the military social circle during the occupation of Philadelphia by the -British army in the winter and spring of 1778. His pen, his pencil, and -his brush, were continually busy in satirizing and caricaturing the -"rebel" officers, or in dramatic exhibitions. He was a leader in all -the social amusements of the army, the chief of which were theatrical -performances. In these André was dramatist, actor, song-writer, and -manager. He wrote prologues and localized plays, and was the chief -manager of weekly balls. In a word, he was leader in setting on foot -scenes of gayety and extravagance that were long remembered and -lamented. André occupied the house of Dr. Franklin for several months. -He carried away some valuable books.</p> - -<p>Many of the young officers were scions of the British nobility, -and possessed ample means for the gratification of any desire. The -infection of demoralization that spread through the army and society -was fearful. The army suffered much. Dr. Franklin said, "Howe did -not take Philadelphia—Philadelphia took Howe." Cupid scattered his -darts so widely and with such effect among the soldiers, that in the -flight of the British army across New Jersey, on the evacuation of -Philadelphia, fully six hundred soldiers deserted and returned to their -sweethearts and lately married wives.</p> - -<p>Many of the fair daughters of the Philadelphia loyalists were -captivated by the young British officers. Among the latter was not -one more fascinating than Major André, and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_46"></a>[Pg 46]</span> no one was more welcome -into the best society. He formed warm friendships with several leading -families; among others, that of Edward Shippen, one of the wealthiest -and most cultivated citizens, whose youngest daughter married General -Benedict Arnold.</p> - -<p>Late in May, 1778, General Howe surrendered the command of the army -into the hands of Sir Henry Clinton, and prepared to return to England. -The officers of the army, who were very much attached to him, resolved -to give him a spectacular parting entertainment which should eclipse in -novelty and splendor anything ever seen in America. In the conception -and preparation of the entertainment the genius of André, in all its -phases, was brought into requisition. He designed the decorations, the -costumes to be worn, even the ticket of admission to the show. The -entertainment was called <i>Mischianza</i>—a medley. It was given at the -country-seat of Thomas Wharton, a Philadelphia Quaker—a fine, stately -mansion, with spacious grounds around it, standing near the present -navy-yard.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_12" href="#FNanchor_12" class="label">[12]</a> In a letter to the Right Honorable Lady Butler, dated -Lichfield, June 4, 1798, Miss Seward speaks of the picture as follows: -"Honora Sneyd, after she became Mrs. Edgeworth, sat to Smart, at -that time a celebrated miniature-painter. He totally missed the -likeness which Major André had, from his then inexperience in the -art, so faintly and with so little justice to her beauty, caught. -Romney accidentally, and without ever having beheld her, produced it -completely. Yes, he drew, to represent the Serena of the 'Triumph -of Temper,' his own abstract idea of perfect loveliness, and the -form of the face of Honora Sneyd rose beneath his pencil." Serena is -represented reading by candle-light.</p></div></div> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_IIb">CHAPTER II.</h2> -</div> - - -<p>In a letter to his friend Miss Seward, dated Philadelphia, May 23, -1778, Major André gave the following account of the great <i>fête</i> in -honor of General Howe:</p> - -<p>"That our sentiments might be the more unreservedly and unequivocally -known, it was resolved among us that we should give him as splendid an -entertainment as the shortness of the time and our present situation -would allow us. For the expenses the whole army would most cheerfully -have contributed; but it was requisite to draw the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_47"></a>[Pg 47]</span> line somewhere, -and twenty-two field-officers joined in a subscription adequate to a -plan they meant to adopt. I know your curiosity will be raised on this -occasion; I shall, therefore, give you as particular an account of our -<i>Mischianza</i><a id="FNanchor_13" href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> as I have been able to collect.</p> - -<p class="center"> -<img src="images/illus10.jpg" alt="pic" /> -<a id="illus10" ></a> -</p> - - -<p class="caption"> <span class="smcap">The Mischianza Ticket.</span>—(Drawn by Major -André.)<a id="FNanchor_14" href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p> - -<p>"From the name you will perceive that it was made up from a variety -of entertainments. Four of the gentlemen subscribers were appointed -managers—Sir John Wrottesley, Colonel O'Hara, Major Gardiner, and -Montressor, the chief engineer. On the tickets of admission which -they gave out for Monday, the 18th, was engraved, in a shield, a view -of the sea, with the setting sun, and in a wreath the words<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_48"></a>[Pg 48]</span> '<i>Luceo -discedens, aucto splendore resurgam.</i>' At top was the general's crest, -with '<i>vive! vale!</i>' All round the shield ran a vignette, and various -military trophies filled up the ground.<a id="FNanchor_15" href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></p> - -<p class="center"> -<img src="images/illus11.jpg" alt="pic" /> -<a id="illus11" ></a> -</p> - - -<p class="caption"> <span class="smcap">Lady's Head-Dress.</span><br /> - -(Drawn by Major André.)</p> - -<p>"A grand regatta began the entertainment. It consisted of three -divisions. In the first place was the <i>Ferret</i> galley, having on board -several general officers and a number of ladies. In the center was the -<i>Hussar</i> galley, with Sir William and Lord Howe, Sir Henry Clinton, -the officers of their suite, and some ladies. The <i>Cornwallis</i> galley -brought up the rear, having on board General Knyphausen and his suite, -the British generals, and a party of ladies. On each quarter of these -galleys, and forming their division, were five flat-boats, lined with -green cloth, and filled with ladies and gentlemen. In front of the -whole were three flat-boats, with a band of music in each. Six barges -rowed about each flank, to keep off the swarm of boats that covered -the river from side to side. The galleys were dressed out in a variety -of colors and streamers, and on each flat-boat was displayed the flag -of its own division. In the stream opposite the center of the city the -<i>Fanny</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_49"></a>[Pg 49]</span> armed ship, magnificently decorated, was placed at anchor; -and at some distance ahead lay his Majesty's ship <i>Roebuck</i>, with the -admiral's flag hoisted at the foretopmast-head. The transport ships, -extending in a line the whole length of the town, appeared with colors -flying and crowded with spectators, as were also the openings of the -several wharves on the shore, exhibiting the most picturesque and -enlivening scene the eye could desire. The rendezvous was at Knight's -wharf, at the north end of the city."<a id="FNanchor_16" href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>After giving an account of the aquatic procession down the river, André -continues:</p> - -<p>"The landing-place was the Old Fort, a little to the southward of the -town,<a id="FNanchor_17" href="#Footnote_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> fronting the building prepared for the reception of the -company, about four hundred yards from the water by a gentle ascent. As -soon as the general's barge was seen to push for the shore, a salute of -seventeen guns was fired from the <i>Roebuck</i>, and, after some interval, -by the same number by the <i>Vigilant</i>. The company, as they disembarked, -arranged themselves into a line of procession, and advanced through an -avenue formed by the two files of grenadiers, and a line of light horse -supporting each file. This avenue led to a square lawn of two hundred -and fifty yards on each side, lined with troops, and properly prepared -for the exhibition of a tilt and tournament, according to the customs -and ordinances of ancient chivalry. We proceeded<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_50"></a>[Pg 50]</span> through the center of -the square. The music, consisting of all the bands of the army, moved -in front. The managers, with favors of white and blue ribbons on their -breasts, followed next in order. The general, admiral, and the rest of -the company, succeeded promiscuously.</p> - -<p>"In front of the building, bounding the view through a vista formed by -two triumphal arches, erected at proper intervals in a line with the -landing-place, two pavilions, with rows of benches rising one above -another, and serving as the wings of the first triumphal arch, received -the ladies, while the gentlemen ranged themselves in convenient order -on each side. On the front seat of each pavilion were placed seven of -the principal young ladies of the country, dressed in Turkish habits, -and wearing on their turbans the favors with which they meant to -reward the several knights who were to contend in their honor. These -arrangements were scarcely made, when the sound of trumpets was heard -at a distance; and a band of knights, dressed in ancient habits of -white and red silk, and mounted on gray horses, richly caparisoned in -trappings of the same colors, entered the lists, attended by their -esquires on foot, in suitable apparel, in the following order:</p> - -<p>"Four trumpeters, properly habited, their trumpets decorated with small -pendent banners. A herald in his robes of ceremony; on his tunic was -the device of his band, two roses intertwined, with the motto—'<i>We -droop when separated</i>.'</p> - -<p>"Lord Cathcart, superbly mounted on a managed horse, appeared as chief -of these knights; two young black slaves, with sashes and drawers of -blue and white silk, wearing large silver clasps round their necks and -arms, their breasts and shoulders bare, held his stirrups. On his right -hand walked Captain Harard, and on his left Captain Brownlow,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_51"></a>[Pg 51]</span> and his -two esquires, the one bearing his lance, the other his shield. His -device was Cupid riding on a lion; the motto—'<i>Surmounted by Love</i>.' -His lordship appeared in honor of Miss Auchmuty.<a id="FNanchor_18" href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></p> - -<p>"Then came in order the knights of his band, each attended by his -'squire, bearing his lance and shield.</p> - -<p>"First knight, Hon. Captain Cathcart,<a id="FNanchor_19" href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> in honor of Miss N. -White.—'Squire, Captain Peters.—Device, a heart and sword; -motto—'<i>Love and Honor</i>.'</p> - -<p>"Second knight, Lieutenant Bygrove, in honor of Miss Craig.—'Squire, -Lieutenant Nichols.—Device, Cupid tracing a circle; motto—'<i>Without -End</i>.'</p> - -<p>"Third knight, Captain André, in honor of Miss P. Chew.<a id="FNanchor_20" href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a>—'Squire, -Lieutenant André.<a id="FNanchor_21" href="#Footnote_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a>—Device, two game-cocks fighting; motto—'<i>No -rival</i>.'</p> - -<p>"Fourth knight, Captain Horneck, in honor of Miss N. Redmond.—'Squire, -Lieutenant Talbot.—Device, a burning heart; motto—'<i>Absence can not -extinguish</i>.'</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_52"></a>[Pg 52]</span></p> - -<p>"Fifth knight, Captain Mathews, in honor of Miss Bond.—'Squire, -Lieutenant Hamilton.—Device, a winged heart; motto—'<i>Each fair by -turns</i>.'</p> - -<p>"Sixth knight, Lieutenant Sloper, in honor of Miss M. -Shippen.<a id="FNanchor_22" href="#Footnote_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a>—'Squire, Lieutenant Brown.—Device, a heart and sword; -motto—'<i>Honor and the fair</i>.'"</p> - -<p class="center"> -<img src="images/illus12.jpg" alt="pic" /> -<a id="illus12" ></a> -</p> - - - -<p class="caption"> <span class="smcap">The Joust at the Tournament.</span></p> - -<p>After they had made the circuit of the square, and saluted the ladies -as they passed before the pavilion, they ranged themselves in a line -with that in which were the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_53"></a>[Pg 53]</span> ladies of their device; and their herald -(Mr. Beaumont) advancing into the center of the square, after a -flourish of trumpets, proclaimed the following challenge:</p> - -<p>"The Knights of the Blended Rose, by me, their herald, proclaim and -assert that the Ladies of the Blended Rose excel in wit, beauty, and -every accomplishment, those of the whole world; and should any knight -or knights be so hardy as to dispute or deny it, they are ready to -enter the lists with them, and maintain their assertions by deeds of -arms, according to the laws of ancient chivalry."</p> - -<p>At the third repetition of this challenge, the sound of trumpets was -heard from the opposite side of the square; and another herald, with -four trumpeters, dressed in black-and-orange, galloped into the lists. -He was met by the Herald of the Blended Rose, and, after a short -parley, they both advanced in front of the pavilions, when the black -herald (Lieutenant Moore) ordered his trumpets to sound, and thus -proclaimed defiance to the challenge in the following words:</p> - -<p>"The Knights of the Burning Mountain present themselves here, not to -contest by words, but to disprove by deeds, the vainglorious assertions -of the Knights of the Blended Rose, and enter these lists to maintain -that the Ladies of the Burning Mountain are not excelled in beauty, -virtue, or accomplishments, by any in the universe."</p> - -<p>He then returned to the part of the barrier through which he had -entered, and shortly afterward the Black Knights, attended by their -'squires, rode into the lists in the following order:</p> - -<p>"Four trumpeters preceding the herald, on whose tunic was represented a -mountain sending forth flames; motto—'<i>I burn forever</i>.'</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_54"></a>[Pg 54]</span></p> - -<p>"Captain Watson, of the Guards, as chief, dressed in a magnificent suit -of black-and-orange silk, and mounted on a black managed horse, with -trappings of the same color with his own dress, appeared in honor of -Miss Franks. He was attended in the same manner with Lord Cathcart. -Captain Scott bore his lance and Lieutenant Lytton his shield. The -device, a heart, with a wreath of flowers; motto—'<i>Love and glory</i>.'</p> - -<p>"First knight, Lieutenant Underwood, in honor of Miss S. -Shippen.—'Squire, Ensign Haserkam.—Device, a pelican feeding her -young; motto—'<i>For those I love</i>.'</p> - -<p>"Second knight, Lieutenant Wingard, in honor of Miss R.P. -Shippen.—'Squire, Captain Boscawen.—Device, a bay-leaf; -motto—'<i>Unchangeable</i>.'</p> - -<p>"Third knight, Lieutenant Deleval, in honor of Miss B. Bond.—'Squire, -Captain Thorne.—Device, a heart, aimed at by several arrows, and -struck by one; motto—'<i>Only one pierces me</i>.'</p> - -<p>"Fourth knight, Monsieur Montluissent (Lieutenant of the Hessian -Chasseurs), in honor of Miss B. Redman.—'Squire, Captain -Campbell.—Device, a sunflower turning toward the sun; motto—'<i>Je vise -à vous</i>.'</p> - -<p>"Fifth knight, Lieutenant Hobart, in honor of Miss S. Chew.—'Squire, -Lieutenant Briscoe.—Device, Cupid piercing a coat-of-mail with his -arrow; motto—'<i>Proof to all but love</i>.'</p> - -<p>"Sixth knight, Brigade-Major Tarleton, in honor of Miss W. -Smith.—'Squire, Captain Heart.—Device, a light dragoon; -motto—'<i>Swift, vigilant, and bold</i>.'</p> - -<p>"After they had rode round the lists, and made their obeisance to -the ladies, they drew up, fronting the White Knights; and the chief -of them having thrown down his<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_55"></a>[Pg 55]</span> gauntlet, the Chief of the Black -Knights directed his esquire to take it up. The knights then received -their lances from their esquires, fixed their shields on their left -arms, and, making a general salute to each other by a very graceful -movement of their lances, turned round to take their career, and, -encountering in full gallop, shivered their spears. In the second and -third encounter they discharged their pistols. In the fourth they -fought with swords. At length the two chiefs, spurring forward into -the center, engaged furiously in single combat, till the marshal of -the field (Major Gwyne) rushed in between the chiefs and declared -that the Fair Damsels of the Blended Rose and Burning Mountain were -perfectly satisfied with the proofs of love and the signal feats of -valor given by their respective knights; and commanded them, as they -prized the future favors of their mistresses, that they would instantly -desist from further combat. Obedience being paid by the chiefs to the -order, they joined their respective bands. The White Knights and their -attendants filed off to the left, the Black Knights to the right, and, -after passing each other at the lower side of the quadrangle, moved up -alternately till they approached the pavilion of the ladies, where they -gave a general salute.</p> - -<p>"A passage being now opened between the pavilions, the knights, -preceded by their 'squires and the bands of music, rode through the -first triumphal arch and arranged themselves to the right and left. -This arch was erected in honor of Lord Howe. It presented two fronts, -in the Tuscan order; the pediment was adorned with various naval -trophies, and at the top was a figure of Neptune, with a trident -in his right hand. In a niche on each side stood a sailor with a -drawn cutlass. Three plumes of feathers were placed on the summit -of each wing, and on the entablature was this<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_56"></a>[Pg 56]</span> inscription: '<i>Laus -illi debetur, et a me gratia major</i>.' The interval between the two -arches was an avenue three hundred feet long and thirty-four broad. -It was lined on each side with a file of troops; and the colors of -all the army, planted at proper distances, had a beautiful effect in -diversifying the scene.</p> - -<p>"Between these colors the knights and 'squires took their stations. The -bands continued to play several pieces of martial music. The company -moved forward in procession, with the ladies in the Turkish habits in -front: as these passed they were saluted by their knights, who then -dismounted and joined them; and in this order we were all conducted -into a garden that fronted the house, through the second triumphal arch -dedicated to the general. This arch was also built in the Tuscan order. -On the interior part of the pediment were painted a Plume of Feathers -and various military trophies. At the top stood the figure of Fame, and -on the entablature these words—'<i>I, bone, quo virtuo tua le vocet; I -pede fausto</i>.' On the right-hand pillar was placed a bomb-shell, and -on the left a flaming heart. The front next the house was adorned with -preparations for a fire-work.</p> - -<p>"From the garden we ascended a flight of steps covered with carpets, -which led into a spacious hall; the panels, painted in imitation of -Sienna marble,<a id="FNanchor_23" href="#Footnote_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> inclosing portions of white marble; the surbase and -all below were black. In this hall, and in the adjoining apartments, -were prepared tea, lemonade, and other cooling liquors, to which the -com<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_57"></a>[Pg 57]</span>pany seated themselves; during which time the knights came in, and -on the knee received their favors from their respective ladies. One of -these rooms was afterward appropriated to the use of the Pharaoh table. -As you entered it you saw, in a panel over the chimney, a cornucopia, -exuberantly filled with flowers of the richest colors. Over the door, -as you went out, another presented itself, shrunk, reversed, and -emptied.</p> - -<p>"From these apartments we were conducted up to a ballroom, decorated -in a light, elegant style of painting. The ground was a pale blue, -paneled with a small gold bead, and in the interior filled with -dropping festoons of flowers in their natural colors. Below the -surface the ground was of rose-pink, with drapery festooned in blue. -These decorations were heightened by eighty-five mirrors, decked with -rose-pink silk ribbons and artificial flowers; and in the intermediate -spaces were thirty-four branches with wax-lights, ornamented in a -similar manner. On the same floor were four drawing-rooms, with -sideboards of refreshments, decorated and lighted in the same style and -taste as the ballroom.</p> - -<p>"The ball was opened by the knights and their ladies, and the dances -continued till ten o'clock, when the windows were thrown open, and -a magnificent bouquet of rockets began the fire-works. These were -planned by Captain Montressor, the chief-engineer, and consisted of -twenty different exhibitions, displayed under his directions with -the happiest success and in the highest style of beauty. Toward the -conclusion the interior part of the triumphal arch was illuminated amid -an uninterrupted flight of rockets and bursting balloons. The military -trophies on each side assumed a variety of transparent colors. The -shell and flaming heart on<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_58"></a>[Pg 58]</span> the wings sent forth Chinese fountains, -succeeded by fire-works. Fame appeared at the top, spangled with stars, -and from her trumpet blowing the following device in letters of light: -'<i>Les lauriers sont immortels</i>.' A <i>sauteur</i> of rockets bursting from -the pediment concluded the <i>feu d' artifice</i>.</p> - -<p>"At twelve supper was announced, and large folding-doors, hitherto -artfully concealed, being suddenly thrown open, discovered a -magnificent saloon of two hundred and ten feet by forty, and twenty-two -in height, with three alcoves on each side, which served for -sideboards. The ceiling was the segment of a circle, and the sides were -painted of a light straw-color, with vine-leaves and festoon-flowers, -some in a bright and some in a darkish green. Fifty-six large -pier-glasses, ornamented with green silk, artificial flowers, and -ribbons; a hundred branches with three lights in each, trimmed in the -same manner as the mirrors; eighteen lusters, each with twenty-four -lights, suspended from the ceiling, and ornamented as the branches; -three hundred wax-tapers disposed along the supper-tables; four hundred -and thirty covers; twelve hundred dishes; twenty-four black slaves, -in Oriental dresses, with silver collars and bracelets, ranged in two -lines and bending to the ground as the general and admiral approached -the saloon—all these, forming together the most brilliant assemblage -of gay objects, and appearing at once as we entered by an easy ascent, -exhibited a <i>coup d'œil</i> beyond description magnificent.</p> - -<p>"Toward the end of the supper the Herald of the Blended Rose, in his -habit of ceremony, attended by his trumpeters, entered the saloon, and -proclaimed the king's health, the queen and royal family, the army -and navy, with their respective commanders, the knights and their -ladies,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_59"></a>[Pg 59]</span> and the ladies in general. Each of these toasts was followed -by a flourish of music. After supper we returned to the ballroom and -continued to dance until four o'clock."</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_13" href="#FNanchor_13" class="label">[13]</a> This account was printed in the "Lady's Magazine," with -which Miss Seward had a literary connection, in August, 1778.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_14" href="#FNanchor_14" class="label">[14]</a> This is one half the size of the original.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_15" href="#FNanchor_15" class="label">[15]</a> I copied this ticket from one of the originals in the -Franklin Library, at Philadelphia, in 1848. It is attached, with -drawings of a head-dress for the <i>Mischianza</i>, and a portrait of -Captain Cathcart, a son of Lord Cathcart, to his manuscript "Annals -of Philadelphia," deposited with this institution by the late John F. -Watson, Esq. The designs for the ticket and the other sketches were -made by André; and a <i>silhouette</i> of Sir John Wrottesley, one of the -managers, was cut by André. They were presented to Mr. Watson by Miss -Craig, a participant in the <i>fête</i>. She was the chosen lady of the -Second Knight of the Blended Rose. André's drawings for the costumes of -the Ladies of the Blended Rose and Burning Mountain are preserved. The -form was a polonaise, or a flowing robe of white silk, with a spangled -pink sash and spangled shoes and stockings; a veil spangled and trimmed -with silver lace, and a towering head-dress of pearls and jewels. The -Ladies of the Burning Mountain had their polonaises and white sashes -bound with black. The engraving shows the style of the head-dress, -copied from André's drawing.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_16" href="#FNanchor_16" class="label">[16]</a> A little above Vine Street.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_17" href="#FNanchor_17" class="label">[17]</a> A little below the present navy-yard.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_18" href="#FNanchor_18" class="label">[18]</a> Miss Auchmuty was the only English maiden present. -She was about to become the bride of Captain Montressor, the chief -engineer. Watson says there were not more than fifty unmarried American -ladies present; the rest were all married.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_19" href="#FNanchor_19" class="label">[19]</a> Captain Cathcart, the son of Lord Cathcart, married a -daughter of Andrew Eliot, once a collector of customs at Philadelphia. -The young officer had been making love most vehemently to Miss Eliot -all winter. She was pretty, lively, and well educated. The captain -wrote her many letters, avowing his love for her, but much of his -conduct seems to have been mere coquetry. Miss Eliot was in earnest, -and received his attentions and his letters as genuine tokens of his -love. When it became evident that he meant to deceive her, her father -laid his letters before Sir Henry Clinton, of whose military family -young Cathcart was a member. Clinton advised the young man to marry -Miss Eliot. Cathcart wished to postpone it until the end of the war. -Clinton told him he had gone so far that he must marry her speedily or -leave his family. They were married in April, 1779. She was afterward -"Lady Cathcart," and appeared at court when her husband became an earl.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_20" href="#FNanchor_20" class="label">[20]</a> A daughter of Chief-Justice Chew.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_21" href="#FNanchor_21" class="label">[21]</a> A brother of Captain André, then nineteen years of age. -After André's death, he was knighted by the king.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_22" href="#FNanchor_22" class="label">[22]</a> Afterward the wife of Benedict Arnold.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_23" href="#FNanchor_23" class="label">[23]</a> The painting was done in distemper upon canvas, in the -manner of theatrical scene-painting. André was assisted in his art-work -by Captain Oliver De Lancey, of New York, an energetic leader of -loyalists. He married a daughter of David Franks. She was active in the -<i>Mischianza</i> affair. Her sister married Colonel Johnson, of the British -army, who was in command at Stony Point, on the Hudson, when it was -captured by General Wayne in the summer of 1779.</p></div></div> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_IIIb">CHAPTER III.</h2> -</div> - - -<p>The <i>Mischianza</i> was severely criticised in Great Britain and America, -as an undeserved compliment to an incompetent officer. Howe was an -indolent procrastinator, and fond of sensual indulgence; and he had not -only effected nothing of importance for his country in America, but had -hindered more competent men. He was charged by Galloway, a Philadelphia -Tory then in London, with "a vanity and presumption unparalleled in -history, after his indolence and wretched blunders," in accepting from -a few officers "a triumph more magnificent than would have become -the conqueror of America, without the consent of his sovereign or -approbation of his country."</p> - -<p>It is asserted that at Philadelphia Howe was openly licentious, kept -a mistress, loved his bottle inordinately, and engaged secretly in -business transactions for his own gain, similar to those with which -Benedict Arnold was charged, and caused him to be reprimanded by order -of Congress. Horace Walpole said, "He returned to England richer in -money than in laurels." Another said, "The only bays he possessed were -those that drew his carriage"; and still another, that "he has given -America to the Americans." And yet staid men, as well as romantic -enthusiasts like André, did not hesitate to award him honors which only -great heroes and most virtuous men deserve. André even wrote a fulsome -poetic address to be read to Howe during the <i>fête</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_60"></a>[Pg 60]</span> The general -exercised good sense by forbidding its utterance.</p> - -<p>The extreme folly of the <i>Mischianza</i>, under the peculiar -circumstances, was deplored by sensible men in and out of the army. -When an old British major of artillery, in Philadelphia, was asked by -a young person what was the distinction between the "Knights of the -Burning Mountain" and the "Knights of the Blended Rose," the veteran -replied: "The 'Knights of the Burning Mountain' are tom-fools, and the -'Knights of the Blended Rose' are damned fools! I know of no other -distinction between them." The old soldier, though a Briton, greatly -admired Washington. Placing a hand upon each knee, he added, in a tone -of deep mortification, "What will Washington think of this?"</p> - -<p>Just one month after this grand show at Philadelphia, a far grander and -more important spectacle was exhibited at that city. It was the sudden -flight of the whole British army from the town, across the Delaware -and over New Jersey, eagerly pressing toward New York; also the speedy -entrance of Continental troops into Philadelphia, and the return of -Congress.</p> - -<p>Sir Henry Clinton, now in chief command of the British army, was -making preparations for a vigorous campaign, when orders came from the -ministers to evacuate Philadelphia at once, to prevent a blockade of -the army and navy on the Delaware by a French fleet under D'Estaing, -then on its way to America. Clinton obeyed. Washington, with his -recuperated army at Valley Forge, pursued and overtook the fugitives -near Monmouth Court-House. There, on a very hot Sunday in June (28th), -a sanguinary but indecisive battle was fought. That night Clinton -secretly stole away with his whole force (while the wearied Americans -slept on their arms), and escaped to New York.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_61"></a>[Pg 61]</span></p> - -<p>Lord Howe had scarcely left the Capes of the Delaware, when D'Estaing -appeared. Howe sailed for New York, and anchored his fleet in Raritan -Bay. D'Estaing's larger vessels could not enter the shallow waters of -the bay, and sailed away for Rhode Island, to assist American troops -in expelling the British from that domain. A storm dispersed the two -fleets. The attempt at expulsion was a failure. Clinton sailed with -four thousand troops to strengthen British power on Rhode Island. -Thence he sent General Grey on a marauding expedition to New Bedford -and its vicinity. André accompanied him, and afterward wrote an amusing -poem, to the tune of "Yankee Doodle," entitled "Yankee Doodle's -Expedition to Rhode Island."<a id="FNanchor_24" href="#Footnote_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> He also wrote a poem, in eighteen -stanzas, giving an amusing account of a duel between Christopher -Gadsden, of South Carolina, and General Robert Howe, of the Continental -army. This poem may be found in Sargent's "Life and Career of Major -André." Other poems, evidently from André's pen, ridiculing the -"rebels," frequently appeared in Rivington's "Royal Gazette," until the -tragedy that ended his life in the fall of 1780.</p> - -<p>Late in 1778 General Grey returned to England, when André took the -position of aide to General Clinton, with the rank of provincial major. -He evinced such eminent clerical and executive ability that early in -1779 he was made deputy adjutant-general of the British forces in -America.</p> - -<p>The city of New York continued to be the headquarters of the British -army until the close of the war. Clinton made his quarters at No. 1 -Broadway, a spacious house, with a<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_62"></a>[Pg 62]</span> garden extending to the Hudson -River. He also occupied the fine Beekman mansion at Turtle Bay as a -summer residence.</p> - -<p>The British officers made the city a theatre of great gayety. They were -continually engaged in every kind of amusement, to while away their -time when not on active duty. In these amusements Major André was ever -conspicuous, especially in dramatic performances; and there he freely -indulged his love for good-natured satirical writing. He wrote much for -Rivington's "Gazette" in prose and verse—political squibs, satires, -and lampoons—the "rebels" and their doings being his chief theme.</p> - -<p>It was at No. 1 Broadway that André wrote his best-known poem, "The -Cow-Chase," in imitation of "Chevy Chase." There he also wrote his most -elaborate prose composition, "A Dream." This he read aloud at a social -gathering, and it was published in Rivington's paper. In his position -on Clinton's staff he was able to exercise his ever-kindly disposition -toward the unfortunate, and never left unimproved an opportunity to do -so.</p> - -<p>Major André was with Sir Henry Clinton on an expedition up the Hudson -in May, 1779, when the British captured the American post of Stony -Point, and Fort Lafayette, on Verplanck's Point, opposite. When the -batteries of Fort Lafayette were silenced, André was sent to receive -the surrender of the garrison and the works. A few weeks later he -wrote a friendly letter to Margaret Shippen (then the wife of General -Benedict Arnold), in whose family the major had been a great favorite -while in Philadelphia. The letter was dated "Headquarters, New York, -the 16th of August, 1779." He offered to do some "shopping" in New York -for Mrs. Arnold, saying:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_63"></a>[Pg 63]</span></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>"It would make me very happy to become useful to you here. You know -the <i>Mischianza</i> made me a complete milliner. Should you not have -received supplies for your fullest equipment for that department, I -shall be glad to enter into the whole detail of cap-wire, needles, -gauze, etc., and to the best of my ability render you in these trifles -services from which I hope you would infer a zeal to be further -employed. I beg you would present my best respects to your sisters, to -the Miss Chews, and to Mrs. Shippen and Mrs. Chew.</p> - -<p>"I have the honor to be, with the greatest regard, madam, your most -obedient and most humble servant,</p> - -<p> -"<span class="smcap">John André</span>."<br /> -</p></div> - -<p>General Arnold had been made military governor of Philadelphia after -the American troops and Congress repossessed it. He lived most -extravagantly. He kept a coach-and-four, with a coachman in livery; -gave sumptuous dinner parties, and charmed the gayer portion of -Philadelphia society by his princely display. He was keenly watched by -men who knew his character well, or envied his success as a soldier, -and he was hated by persons in exalted positions for his many bad -qualities. Among the latter was General Joseph Reed, then President -of the Executive Council of Pennsylvania. Early in 1779 that Council -submitted to Congress charges against Arnold of being guilty of -malfeasance in office. Congress referred the charges to a committee of -inquiry, whose report exculpated the general from all criminality in -the matter charged against him.</p> - -<p>Arnold promptly asked Congress to investigate the charges. He regarded -this report of the committee as a vindication of his character; but -he immediately urged<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_64"></a>[Pg 64]</span> Congress to act speedily upon the report. -Instead of doing so, the report was referred to a joint committee -of Congress and the Executive Council of Pennsylvania. They passed -a resolution to refer some of the charges to a court-martial, to be -appointed by Washington. When the charges were so referred, Arnold was -indignant, but was compelled to submit. He urged prompt action, but a -court-martial to try him was not convened until December following. -They gave their decision on the 26th of January, 1780. The accused was -acquitted of several of the charges, and of "all intentional wrong" -in the whole matter of the other charges; but it was decided that, -for "imprudent and improper conduct," he should be reprimanded by -the commander-in-chief. This was done in the most delicate manner by -Washington; but, as it implied a stigma upon his character, Arnold -was exceedingly indignant. This act doubtless stimulated him in his -treasonable undertaking, in which he appears to have been already -engaged for fully nine months. Dr. Sparks says: "He [Arnold] had -already made secret advances to the enemy under a feigned name, -intending to square his conduct according to circumstances; and -prepared, if the court decided against him, to seek revenge at any -hazard."</p> - -<p>There appears to be clear evidence that overtures were first made by -the other side, probably by Beverly Robinson,<a id="FNanchor_25" href="#Footnote_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> to whom is attributed -a letter given by Marbois, who was attached to the French legation at -Philadelphia.<a id="FNanchor_26" href="#Footnote_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> Be that as it may, it is known that correspondence -between General Arnold and Sir Henry Clinton began so early as the -spring<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_65"></a>[Pg 65]</span> of 1779. Arnold wrote in a disguised hand, and under the -assumed name of "Gustavus." The tenor of the correspondence was of a -commercial character, so as to mislead others.</p> - -<p>After the exchange of two or three letters, and with the impression -that "Gustavus" was an officer of high rank in the American army, -Clinton committed the task of carrying on the correspondence to Major -André, who wrote over the signature of "John Anderson," in a slightly -disguised hand. Not doubting that "Gustavus" was General Arnold, André -probably wrote the letter to Mrs. Arnold in August for the purpose of -making clear to her husband the name and character of "John Anderson" -by means of his handwriting:</p> - - - -<p class="center"> -<img src="images/illus13.jpg" alt="pic" /> -<a id="illus13" ></a> -</p> - - - - -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fac-simile of Arnold's Disguised Handwriting.</span></p> - -<p class="center"> -<img src="images/illus14.jpg" alt="pic" /> -<a id="illus14" ></a> -</p> - - - - -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fac-simile of André's Disguised Handwriting.</span></p> - -<p>Major André was with Sir Henry Clinton at the siege<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_66"></a>[Pg 66]</span> and capture of -Charleston in the spring of 1780, and there is clear evidence that he -played the part of a spy in that tragedy. It is asserted that Edward -Shrewsberry, a respectable citizen of Charleston, but a suspected Tory, -was ill at his house on East Bay during the siege. His Whig brother, -who belonged to the American army, frequently visited him. He saw at -his Tory brother's house, on several occasions, a young man clad in -homespun, who was introduced to him as a Virginian, also belonging -to the patriot army. After the capitulation, and the British were -in possession of the city, the Continental soldier saw at the house -of his sick brother the same young man, but in different apparel, -who was introduced to him as Major André, of the British army. His -brother afterward confessed that the major and the homespun-clad young -"Virginian" were one and the same man. To another visitor this young -man in homespun was introduced by Shrewsberry as "a back-country -man who had brought down cattle for the garrison." He was afterward -informed that the cattle-driver was Major André.</p> - -<p>If these assertions be true—and there is no reason for doubting their -truth—Major André did not hesitate, when an occasion offered, to play -the part of a spy for the benefit of his king and country. Six months -afterward, when circumstances had placed him in that position, and he -was a prisoner, he expressed, in a letter to Washington, a desire to -rescue himself from "an imputation of having assumed a mean character -for treacherous purposes or self-interest."</p> - -<p>In the early autumn of 1780 Major André was made adjutant-general -of the British forces in America. He was then busy in consummating -the intrigue and conspiracy with Arnold. The time had arrived when -it had become necessary to bring matters to a head—to settle upon a -definite plan and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_67"></a>[Pg 67]</span> time for action, terms, etc. Arnold had, at his own -earnest solicitation, been appointed to the command at West Point and -its dependencies in August, and had resolved to surrender that strong -post into the hands of the enemies of his country. It was an object of -covetous desire on the part of the British, for the possession of it -would open a free communication between New York and Canada, which they -had been endeavoring to secure ever since the invasion of Burgoyne in -1777. The subject of the surrender of West Point was the burden of the -correspondence between Arnold and André early in September.</p> - -<p>At midsummer, 1780, an occasion drew from Major André's pen his most -notable satirical poem, in imitation, in structure and metre, of the -famous old British ballad, "Chevy Chase." It appears to have been -written for the twofold purpose of gratifying his own quick perception -of the ludicrous and to retaliate in kind the satirical attacks of -Whig writers upon him and his friends. The occasion was an expedition -in July against a block-house on the west bank of the Hudson, three -or four miles below Fort Lee, at the base of the Palisades, which was -occupied by a British picket of seventy men—loyal refugees—for the -protection of some wood-cutters and the neighboring Tories.</p> - -<p>On Bergen Neck, not far from the block-house, were a large number of -cattle and horses within reach of the British foragers who might go -out from the fort at Paulus' Hook (now Jersey City). Washington sent -General Wayne with horse and foot—less than two thousand men—to -storm the block-house and to drive the cattle within the American -lines. Wayne sent the cavalry under Major Henry Lee ("Legion Harry," -father of the late General Robert E. Lee, of the Confederate army), -to perform the latter duty, while<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_68"></a>[Pg 68]</span> he, with three regiments, marched -against the block-house with four pieces of light artillery. A brief -but sharp skirmish ensued. The assailants were compelled to retire, -and Wayne returned to camp with a large number of cattle driven by the -dragoons. The failure to capture the block-house was attributed to the -ineffectualness of the small cannons.</p> - -<p>The "Cow-Chase" was published in Rivington's "Gazette," the last canto -on the day of the author's arrest as a spy at Tarrytown. He made -copies of the poem for his friends. Of one of these, belonging to the -late Rev. Dr. Sprague, of Albany, I was permitted, in 1849, to make -the following copy of the poem given in the next chapter; also the -fac-simile given of the last stanza of the poem in the handwriting of -Major André.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_24" href="#FNanchor_24" class="label">[24]</a> This poem, with explanatory notes, may be found in Frank -Moore's "Ballads of the Revolution."</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_25" href="#FNanchor_25" class="label">[25]</a> Beverly Robinson was a gentleman of fortune, a son-in-law -of Frederick Phillipse, proprietor of Phillipse Manor on the Hudson, -and a very active Tory.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_26" href="#FNanchor_26" class="label">[26]</a> See a copy of this letter in the "Life and Career of John -André," by Winthrop Sargent, p. 447.</p></div></div> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_IVb">CHAPTER IV.</h2> -</div> - - -<p class="center">COW-CHASE.</p> - -<p class="center">BY MAJOR JOHN ANDRÉ.</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 65%;"><span class="smcap">Elizabethtown</span>, <i>August 1, 1780</i>.</span> -</p> - - -<p class="center">CANTO I.</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 25%;"> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To drive the kine, one summer's morn,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The tanner<a id="FNanchor_27" href="#Footnote_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> took his way:</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The calf shall rue that is unborn</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The jumbling of that day.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And Wayne descending steers shall know,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And tauntingly deride,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And call to mind, in ev'ry low,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The tanning of his hide.</span><br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_69"></a>[Pg 69]</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Let Bergen cows still ruminate</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Unconscious in the stall,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">What mighty means were used to get,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And lose them after all.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">For many heroes bold and brave</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">From New Bridge and Tapaan,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And those that drink Passaic's wave,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And those that eat soupaan;<a id="FNanchor_28" href="#Footnote_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And sons of distant Delaware,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And still remoter Shannon,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And Major Lee with horses rare,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And Proctor with his cannon—</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">All wondrous proud in arms they came!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">What hero could refuse</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To tread the rugged path to fame,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Who had a pair of shoes?<a id="FNanchor_29" href="#Footnote_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">At six the host, with sweating buff,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Arrived at Freedom's Pole,<a id="FNanchor_30" href="#Footnote_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">When Wayne, who thought he'd time enough,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Thus speechified the whole:</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"O ye whom glory doth unite,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Who Freedom's cause espouse,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Whether the wing that's doomed to fight,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Or that to drive the cows;</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Ere yet you tempt your further way,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Or into action come,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hear, soldiers, what I have to say,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And take a pint of rum.<a id="FNanchor_31" href="#Footnote_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Intemperate valor then will string</span><br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_70"></a>[Pg 70]</span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Each nervous arm the better,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">So all the land shall IO! sing,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And read the gen'ral's letter.<a id="FNanchor_32" href="#Footnote_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Know that some paltry refugees,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Whom I've a mind to fight,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Are playing h—l among the trees</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">That grow on yonder height!</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Their fort and block-house we'll level,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And deal a horrid slaughter;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">We'll drive the scoundrels to the devil,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And ravish wife and daughter.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"I under cover of th' attack,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Whilst you are all at blows,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">From English Neighb'rhood and Tinack</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Will drive away the cows.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"For well you know the latter is</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The serious operation,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And fighting with the refugees<a id="FNanchor_33" href="#Footnote_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Is only—demonstration."</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">His daring words from all the crowd</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Such great applause did gain,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">That every man declared aloud</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">For serious work with—Wayne.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Then from the cask of rum once more</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">They took a heavy gill,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">When one and all they loudly swore</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">They'd fight upon the hill.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">But here—the Muse has not a strain</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Befitting such great deeds:</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Hurra," they cried, "hurra for Wayne!"</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And, shouting—did their needs.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_71"></a>[Pg 71]</span></p> - - - -<p class="center">CANTO II.</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 25%;"> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Near his meridian pomp the sun</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Had journeyed from th' horizon,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">When fierce the dusky tribe moved on,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Of heroes drunk as poison.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The sounds confused, of boasting oaths,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Re-echoed through the wood:</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Some vowed to sleep in dead men's clothes,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And some to swim in blood.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">At Irvine's nod, 'twas fine to see</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The left prepared to fight,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The while the drovers, Wayne and Lee</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Drew off upon the right.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Which Irvine 'twas Fame don't relate,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Nor can the Muse assist her—</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Whether 'twas he that cocks a hat,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Or he that gives a glister.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">For greatly one was signalized,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">That fought at Chestnut Hill,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And Canada immortalized</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The vender of the pill.<a id="FNanchor_34" href="#Footnote_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Yet the attendance upon Proctor</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">They both might have to boast of;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">For there was business for the doctor,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And hats to be disposed of.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Let none uncandidly infer</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">That Stirling wanted spunk,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The self-made Peer<a id="FNanchor_35" href="#Footnote_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> had sure been there,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">But that the Peer was drunk.</span><br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_72"></a>[Pg 72]</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">But turn we to the Hudson's banks,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Where stood the modest train,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">With purpose firm, though slender ranks,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Nor cared a pin for Wayne.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">For then the unrelenting hand</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Of rebel fury drove,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And tore from ev'ry genial hand</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Of friendship and of love.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And some within a dungeon's gloom,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">By mock tribunals laid,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Had waited long a cruel doom,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Impending o'er their head.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Here one bewails a brother's fate,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">There one a sire demands,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cut off, alas! before their date,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">By ignominious hands.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And silvered grandsires here appeared</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">In deep distress serene,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Of reverend manners that declared</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The better days they'd seen.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oh! cursed rebellion, these are thine,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Thine are these tales of woe;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shall at thy dire, insatiate shrine</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Blood never cease to flow?</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And now the foe began to lead</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">His forces to the attack;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Balls whistling unto balls succeed,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And make the block-house crack.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">No shot could pass, if you will take</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The gen'ral's word for true;<a id="FNanchor_36" href="#Footnote_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">But 'tis a d——le mistake,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">For ev'ry shot went through.</span><br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_73"></a>[Pg 73]</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The firmer as the rebels pressed,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The loyal heroes stand;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Virtue had nerved each honest breast,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And industry each hand.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">In valor's frenzy, Hamilton<a id="FNanchor_37" href="#Footnote_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Rode like a soldier big,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And Secretary Harrison<a id="FNanchor_38" href="#Footnote_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">With pen stuck in his wig.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">But, lest chieftain Washington</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Should mourn them in the mumps,<a id="FNanchor_39" href="#Footnote_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The fate of Withington to shun,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">They fought <i>behind</i> the stumps.<a id="FNanchor_40" href="#Footnote_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">But ah! Thaddeus Posset, why</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Should thy poor soul elope?</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And why should Titus Hooper die—</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Ah! die without a rope?</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Apostate Murphy, thou to whom</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fair Shela ne'er was cruel;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>In death shalt hear her</i> mourn thy doom,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"Och! would ye die, my jewel?"</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thee, Nathan Pumpkin, I lament,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Of melancholy fate;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The gray goose, stolen as he went,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">In his heart's blood was wet.</span><br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_74"></a>[Pg 74]</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Now, as the fight was further fought,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And balls began to thicken,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The fray assumed, the gen'rals thought,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The color of a licking.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Yet undismayed, the chiefs command,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And, to redeem the day,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cry, "Soldiers, charge!" They hear, they stand—</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">They turn and run away!</span><br /> -</p> - - -<p class="center">CANTO III.</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 25%;"> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Not all delights the bloody spear,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Or horrid din of battle;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">There are, I'm sure, who'd like to hear</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A word about the rattle.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The chief whom we beheld of late</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Near Schralenberg haranguing,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">At Yan Van Poop's<a id="FNanchor_41" href="#Footnote_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> unconscious sat</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Of Irvine's hearty banging;</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">While valiant Lee, with courage wild,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Most bravely did oppose</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The tears of women and of child,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Who begged he'd leave the cows.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">But Wayne, of sympathizing heart,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Required a relief</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Not all the blessings could impart</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Of battle or of beef.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">For now a prey to female charms,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">His soul took more delight in</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A lovely Hamadryad's<a id="FNanchor_42" href="#Footnote_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> arms,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Than cow-driving or fighting.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A nymph, the refugees had drove</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Far from her native tree,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Just happened to be on the move,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">When up came Wayne and Lee.</span><br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_75"></a>[Pg 75]</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">She in mad Anthony's fierce eye</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The hero saw portrayed,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And, all in tears, she took him by</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The bridle of his jade.<a id="FNanchor_43" href="#Footnote_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Hear," said the nymph, "O great commander,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">No human lamentations;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The trees you see them cutting yonder</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Are all my near relations.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"And I, forlorn, implore thine aid</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">To free the sacred grove;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">So shall thy prowess be repaid</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">With an immortal's love."</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Now some, to prove she was a goddess,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Said this enchanting fair</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Had late retired from the <i>Bodies</i><a id="FNanchor_44" href="#Footnote_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">In all the pomp of war;</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">That drums and merry fifes had played</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">To honor her retreat,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And Cunningham<a id="FNanchor_45" href="#Footnote_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> himself conveyed</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The lady through the street.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Great Wayne, by soft compassion swayed,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">To no inquiry stoops,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">But takes the fair, afflicted maid</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Right</i> into Yan Van Poop's.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">So Roman Anthony, they say,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Disgraced the imperial banner,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And for a gypsy lost a day,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Like Anthony the tanner.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Hamadryad had but half</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Received redress from Wayne,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">When drums and colors, cow and calf,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Came down the road amain.</span><br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_76"></a>[Pg 76]</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">All in a cloud of dust were seen</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The sheep, the horse, the goat,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The gentle heifer, ass obscene,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The yearling, and the shoat.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And pack-horses with fowls came by,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Befeathered on each side,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Like Pegasus, the horse that I</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And other poets ride.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sublime upon the stirrups rose</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The mighty Lee behind,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And drove the terror-smitten cows</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Like chaff before the wind!</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">But sudden see the woods above</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Pour down another corps,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">All helter-skelter in a drove,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Like that I sung before.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Irvine and terror in the van</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Came flying all abroad,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And cannon, colors, horse, and man,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Ran tumbling to the road.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Still as he fled, 'twas Irvine's cry,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And his example too:</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Run on, my merry men, all—for why?"</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The shot will not go through.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Five refugees, 'tis true, were found</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Stiff on the block-house floor;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">But then, 'tis thought, the shot went round,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And in at the back door!</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">As when two kennels in the street,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Swelled with a recent rain,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">In gushing streams together meet,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And seek the neighboring drain—</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">So meet these dung-born tribes in one,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">As swift in their career,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And so to New Bridge they ran on,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">But all the cows got clear.</span><br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_77"></a>[Pg 77]</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Poor Parson Caldwell, all in wonder,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Saw the returning train,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And mourned to Wayne the lack of plunder,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">For them to steal again.<a id="FNanchor_46" href="#Footnote_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">For 'twas his right to seize the spoil, and</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">To share with each commander,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">As he had done at Staten Island</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">With frost-bit Alexander.<a id="FNanchor_47" href="#Footnote_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">In his dismay, the frantic priest</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Began to grow prophetic,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">You had swore, to see his lab'ring breast,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">He'd taken an emetic!</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"I view a future day," said he,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"Brighter than this day dark is,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And you shall see what you shall see,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Ha! ha! one pretty marquis;<a id="FNanchor_48" href="#Footnote_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"And he shall come to Paulus Hook,<a id="FNanchor_49" href="#Footnote_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And great achievements think on,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And make a bow and take a look,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Like Satan over Lincoln.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"And all the land around shall glory</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">To see the Frenchmen caper,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And pretty Susan<a id="FNanchor_50" href="#Footnote_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> tell the story</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">In the next Chatham paper."</span><br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_78"></a>[Pg 78]</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">This solemn prophecy, of course,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Gave all much consolation;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Except to Wayne, who lost his horse</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Upon the great occasion—</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">His horse that carried all his prog,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">His military speeches,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">His corn-stalk whisky for his grog—</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Blue stockings and brown breeches.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And now I've closed my epic strain,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">I tremble as I show it,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lest this same warrio-drover, Wayne,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Should ever catch the poet.<a id="FNanchor_51" href="#Footnote_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a></span><br /> -</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_27" href="#FNanchor_27" class="label">[27]</a> André seems to have been impressed with the idea that the -occupation of General Wayne, the leader of the expedition, was that of -a tanner in his early life. -</p> -<p> -A few foot-notes were made to the poem when it was published in -England. These are here placed in italics. The remainder are by the -author of this volume.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_28" href="#FNanchor_28" class="label">[28]</a> <i>A hasty-pudding made of the meal of Indian corn.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_29" href="#FNanchor_29" class="label">[29]</a> This is in allusion to the fact that many of the American -soldiers, at that time, were without shoes or stockings.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_30" href="#FNanchor_30" class="label">[30]</a> <i>Freedom's, i.e., liberty-pole—a long stick stuck in the -ground.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_31" href="#FNanchor_31" class="label">[31]</a> Rum was the usual kind of spirituous liquor that formed a -portion of the rations of the soldiers.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_32" href="#FNanchor_32" class="label">[32]</a> In his letter to Congress (July 26, 1780) concerning this -expedition, Washington spoke of the American cannons being "too light -to penetrate the logs of which it [the block-house] was constructed." -He also attributed the great loss of the Americans in that attack to -the "intemperate valor" of the men. André exercised a poetical license -in putting these words into the mouth of Wayne before the occurrence.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_33" href="#FNanchor_33" class="label">[33]</a> Loyalists expelled from the American lines.</p></div> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_34" href="#FNanchor_34" class="label">[34]</a> <i>One of the Irvines was a hatter; the other was a -physician.</i> It was probably the latter—Dr. William Irvine—who -was in this expedition, for he was then in command of the Second -Pennsylvania Regiment. He had been a captain in Canada about two years. -Brigadier-General Irvine was made a prisoner at Chestnut Hill, near -Philadelphia, in December, 1777.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_35" href="#FNanchor_35" class="label">[35]</a> William Alexander, Lord Stirling, was a general in the -Continental army. He had been frustrated in obtaining a Scottish estate -and peerage to which he was clearly entitled. He assumed the title as a -right.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_36" href="#FNanchor_36" class="label">[36]</a> General Wayne reported that, owing to the lightness -of his field-pieces, the shot did not penetrate the logs of the -block-house.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_37" href="#FNanchor_37" class="label">[37]</a> <i>Vide Lee's trial.</i> General Charles Lee, in his testimony -at his trial by court-martial, after the battle of Monmouth, spoke of -"Colonel Hamilton flourishing his sword" after delivering a message -from Washington on the battle-field, and saying, "'I will stay, and we -will all die here on this spot.' I could not but be surprised," said -Lee, "at his expression, but observed him much fluttered, and in a sort -of frenzy of valor."</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_38" href="#FNanchor_38" class="label">[38]</a> Richard Harrison, Washington's secretary.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_39" href="#FNanchor_39" class="label">[39]</a> <i>A disorder prevalent in the rebel lines.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_40" href="#FNanchor_40" class="label">[40]</a> <i>The merit of these lines, which is doubtless very great, -can only be felt by true connoisseurs conversant in ancient song.</i> In -"Chevy Chase" occurs the stanza: -</p> -<p> - -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"For Witherington needs must I wayle,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">As one in doleful dumps;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">For when his legges were smitten off,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">He fought upon his stumps."</span><br /> -</p> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_41" href="#FNanchor_41" class="label">[41]</a> <i>Who kept a dram-shop.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_42" href="#FNanchor_42" class="label">[42]</a> <i>A deity of the woods.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_43" href="#FNanchor_43" class="label">[43]</a> <i>A New England name for a horse, mare, or gelding.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_44" href="#FNanchor_44" class="label">[44]</a> <i>A cant appellation given among the soldiers to the corps -that has the honor to guard his Majesty's person</i>—a body-guard.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_45" href="#FNanchor_45" class="label">[45]</a> William Cunningham, the veteran provost-marshal at New -York.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_46" href="#FNanchor_46" class="label">[46]</a> Rev. James Caldwell, an earnest Whig of New Jersey, and -pastor of a church at Connecticut Farms. His wife had been shot by -a newly enlisted soldier in her own house, when the British, under -Knyphausen, made a raid upon Springfield in 1778.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_47" href="#FNanchor_47" class="label">[47]</a> <i>Calling himself, because he was ordered not to do it, -Earl of Stirling, though no sterling earl.</i> (See foot-note, page 71.) -In a winter expedition to Staten Island a larger proportion of his -soldiers were frost-bitten.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_48" href="#FNanchor_48" class="label">[48]</a> <i>Lafayette.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_49" href="#FNanchor_49" class="label">[49]</a> Now Jersey City, where the British had a redoubt. This -Major Henry Lee surprised, in August, 1779, and carried away one -hundred and fifty-nine of the garrison prisoners.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_50" href="#FNanchor_50" class="label">[50]</a> Mrs. Susannah Livingston, a daughter of Governor William -Livingston, of New Jersey, who was suspected of political authorship.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_51" href="#FNanchor_51" class="label">[51]</a> It so happened that when André was taken to Tappaan he -was delivered to the custody of Wayne. The latter was not a member of -the board of inquiry. Frank Moore says that, under André's signature to -a MS. copy of the "Cow-Chase," some one wrote: -</p> -<p> - -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"When the epic strain was sung,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The poet by the neck was hung,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And to his cost he finds, too late,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The 'dung-born tribe' decides his fate."</span><br /> -</p> -</div> -</div> - -<p class="center"> -<img src="images/illus15.jpg" alt="pic" /> -<a id="illus15" ></a> -</p> - - - - -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fac-simile of the last Stanza of the Cow-Chase.</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_Vb">CHAPTER V.</h2> -</div> - - -<p>We have seen that Arnold, at his own earnest solicitation, had been -appointed to the command of West Point in August, 1780. It was then -known to Sir Henry Clinton<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_79"></a>[Pg 79]</span> that "Gustavus" was no other than General -Arnold. Everything was ripe for the consummation of the plot; both -parties were anxious for the end.</p> - -<p>It was a gloomy hour in the history of the great struggle, aside from -the contemplated act of foul treason. Charleston had fallen in May, and -an American army there had been made prisoners. Gates had been defeated -near Camden in August, and another American army dispersed. The South -was in possession of the enemy; New Jersey was in nearly the same -condition, and on Manhattan Island lay a strong army of veteran British -soldiers. This was the moment sagaciously chosen by Arnold to strike a -fatal blow at the liberties of his country.</p> - -<p>At the close of August Arnold wrote to André, in the usual disguise -of commercial phrases, demanding a personal interview at an American -outpost in Westchester County, the latter to come in the disguise of -"John Anderson," a bearer of intelligence from New York. But André was -not disposed to enter the American lines in disguise. A meeting of -André and Beverly Robinson with General Arnold, at Dobb's Ferry, on the -neutral ground, on September 11th, was arranged; but the interview was -prevented by providential interposition—an interposition in favor of -the American cause so conspicuously manifested in every stage of this -conspiracy.</p> - -<p>Washington had made arrangements for a conference, at Hartford, on -the 20th of September, with the Count de Rochambeau, the commander -of the French forces, then at Newport, Rhode Island, who had come to -assist the Americans in their struggle. It was arranged between Arnold -and André that the surrender of West Point should take place during -Washington's absence. A personal interview for the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_80"></a>[Pg 80]</span> purpose of settling -everything concerning the great transaction was absolutely necessary, -and a meeting of the complotters was appointed to take place on the -night of the 21st of September, on the west side of the Hudson, in a -lonely spot not far from the hamlet of Haverstraw.</p> - -<p>Beverly Robinson and a few others were sharers in the great secret; and -there were vague rumors in the air that Major André was engaged in an -enterprise which, if successful, would end the war, and redound to his -honor and secure him great renown—a baronetcy and a brigadiership, -perhaps. It is said that Sir Henry Clinton promised these rewards to -his adjutant-general. In confirmation of the truth of this assertion, -an incident that occurred on the day when André left New York to meet -Arnold may here be cited.</p> - -<p>On the 20th of September (1780) Colonel Williams, whose headquarters -were in the Kip mansion, at Kip's Bay, foot of (present) Thirty-fourth -Street, East River, gave a dinner-party to General Sir Henry Clinton -and his staff. It was a beautiful, sunny day, and there were exuberant -Tories around the banquet-table on that occasion. The spirits of Sir -Henry were specially buoyant, for he was anticipating a great victory -in the near future. His accomplished adjutant-general, Major André, was -with him.</p> - -<p>When the band had ceased playing the favorite dinner air, "The Roast -Beef of Old England," many toasts were drunk. At length Colonel -Williams arose and said: "Sir Henry, our adjutant-general appears very -dull this afternoon. We all know what a brave soldier, what a genial -companion, what a charming song-bird he is; and yet music is, perhaps, -the least among his accomplishments. I call upon the adjutant-general -for a song." Colonel Williams then said, "Gentlemen, I offer the toast, -'Major John André,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_81"></a>[Pg 81]</span> our worthy adjutant-general, the brave soldier and -accomplished gentleman.'"</p> - -<p>The toast was greeted with great applause. Then André arose and said: -"Yes, Colonel Williams, I do feel rather serious this afternoon, and -I can give no particular reason for it. I will sing, however, as you -request me to." Then he sang, with great sweetness and much pathos, the -old familiar camp-song, beginning—</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 25%;"> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Why, soldiers, why,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Should we be melancholy, boys?</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Why, soldiers, why,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Whose business 'tis to die!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">For should next campaign</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Send us to Him who made us, boys,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">We're free from pain;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">But should we remain,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A bottle and kind landlady</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Makes all well again."</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>With a trembling and husky voice the usually gay young soldier thanked -the company for the honor they had done him, when Sir Henry said: "A -word in addition, gentlemen, if you please. The major leaves the city -on duty to-night, which will most likely terminate in making plain John -André <i>Sir</i> John André—for success must crown his efforts."</p> - -<p>Major André left the hilarious company with a countenance saddened by -an indefinable presentiment of impending disaster, and departed on that -fatal mission involved in his complot with General Arnold.</p> - -<p>André went up the Hudson that evening in the sloop-of-war <i>Vulture</i>, -twenty-four, to have the arranged personal interview with Arnold. He -was accompanied by Beverly Robinson. The vessel was anchored between -Teller's (now Croton) Point and Verplanck's Point, and lay there all -the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_82"></a>[Pg 82]</span> next day. Arnold had agreed to send a boat to the <i>Vulture</i> to -convey André to the shore at the appointed time. For that service he -had employed Joshua H. Smith, an intimate acquaintance and a gentleman -farmer, at whose house Mrs. Arnold had been entertained a few days -before, while on her way to join her husband at his headquarters. -Smith's house is yet standing, upon an eminence known as Treason Hill, -between Stony Point and Haverstraw. It overlooks a picturesque region, -with Haverstraw Bay in the foreground.</p> - -<p class="center"> -<img src="images/illus16.jpg" alt="pic" /> -<a id="illus16" ></a> -</p> -<p class="caption"> <span class="smcap">The Smith House.</span></p> - -<p>The place appointed for the meeting of the conspirators was at a lonely -spot in a thicket at the foot of Torn Mountain, near the west shore -of the Hudson, about two miles below Haverstraw. It was outside the -American lines. Smith appeared in a small boat, with two stout oarsmen, -at the side of the <i>Vulture</i> at midnight. André was ready to accompany -him. He covered his scarlet uniform with a<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_83"></a>[Pg 83]</span> long blue surtout. Clinton -had instructed him to have nothing to do with papers of any kind, and -he went ashore empty-handed.</p> - -<p>It was a little past midnight when André was landed on the beach at -the mouth of a little creek. He was conducted by Smith to Arnold's -place of concealment, and there in the dimmed starlight these notable -conspirators, who had long communed through mysterious epistles, met -face to face for the first time. At Arnold's request, Smith went back -to his boat to await the return of André, who was to be conveyed again -to the <i>Vulture</i> before daybreak.</p> - -<p>The interview was long protracted. It was not ended when the eastern -horizon began to kindle with the dawn. Both men were anxious to -complete the business at that time. Arnold had two horses with him, -one of them ridden by his servant. He now proposed that André should -mount his servant's horse and ride with him to Smith's house and there -complete the arrangement. The major reluctantly consented to do so, -with the understanding that he was to be conveyed to the <i>Vulture</i> as -soon as possible.</p> - -<p>As the two horsemen approached the little hamlet of Haverstraw they -were challenged by a sentinel. André was alarmed. He was, unwittingly, -within the American lines; but he had gone too far, however, to recede, -and they rode on together to Smith's house. By ten o'clock they -had finished their business, when Arnold, after handing André some -papers containing all needed information concerning the post to be -surrendered, departed in his barge for West Point.</p> - -<p>It had been arranged that Sir Henry Clinton should ascend the Hudson -with a strong force on the 25th, and attack the important post; and -Arnold, after making a show<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_84"></a>[Pg 84]</span> of resistance, should surrender it, with -all the men and munitions of war, on the plea of the weakness of the -garrison. A part of the plan was the seizure of Washington, who was to -return on the 27th. For this service the traitor was to receive from -the king the commission of brigadier-general in the royal army, and -fifty thousand dollars in gold. The surrender was not effected, but -Arnold received the commission, and nearly forty thousand dollars in -gold.</p> - -<p>When the conspirators arrived at Smith's house at sunrise, André was -alarmed at the disappearance of the <i>Vulture</i>. She had been cannonaded -from Verplanck's Point, and compelled to drop down the river.</p> - -<p>Just after the departure of Arnold, the <i>Vulture</i> reappeared at her -anchorage of the night before. André urged Smith to take him to the -sloop immediately, but he declined, giving various reasons for his -conduct. He was really afraid to perform the service, and the British -adjutant-general was kept in a state of great anxiety on Treason Hill -until evening. Arnold had intimated that the major might be compelled -to cross the river and return to New York by land. To provide for any -contingency, he furnished passports, one to secure to André a safeguard -through the American posts to the neutral ground, and another to secure -such safety in passing down the river in a boat to Dobb's Ferry.</p> - -<p>Smith decided that André must return by land. He tried to procure an -American uniform for the major's disguise, but could not, and his guest -was compelled to accept an old purple or crimson coat, trimmed with -threadbare gold lace, and a tarnished beaver hat belonging to Smith. -The rest of his suit was his military undress, nankeen small-clothes, -and white-topped boots. His long surtout with a cape covered all.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_85"></a>[Pg 85]</span></p> - -<p>In violation of Clinton's positive orders, André took away the papers -which Arnold had given him. These he concealed in his stockings beneath -his feet. So equipped, and bearing Arnold's passports, André mounted a -black horse which the American general had provided for his use, and -at twilight, accompanied by Smith and his negro servant, he crossed -the river at the King's Ferry, went safely through the American works -at Verplanck's Point, and reluctantly spent the night at a farm-house -below the Croton River, within the American lines. The travelers slept -together. It was a weary and restless night for André. They arose early -and rode on some distance together. After breakfast they parted company -at Pine's bridge, André pushing on within the neutral ground. He was -induced to leave the road leading to the White Plains, which he had -been directed to take, and, turning westward at Chappaqua, he followed -another road nearer the river, which led him to Tarrytown. This was a -fatal mistake.</p> - -<p>The neutral ground, extending from King's Bridge nearly to the -Croton River, was swarming with Tories. It was the region of great -manors, whose owners were loyalists, and their retainers were their -political followers. It was a most uncomfortable dwelling-place for -the comparatively few Whig inhabitants. It was infested with gangs of -marauders, who were called "cow-boys." They were constantly stealing -the cattle of the Whigs and driving them off to the British army in -New York. The patriotic inhabitants, especially the young men, armed -themselves in defense of their property.</p> - -<p>On the morning of Friday, the 23d of September (1780), seven young men, -farmers and neighbors—John Paulding, Isaac Van Wart, David Williams, -John Yerks and three<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_86"></a>[Pg 86]</span> others—were out on a scout together. They seem -to have been a sort of guerrillas, acting independently in intercepting -marauders and arresting suspicious-looking travelers. Paulding had been -a prisoner in New York a short time before, and had escaped in the -disguise of a Hessian coat which a friend had procured for him. This -coat he now wore.</p> - -<p>Three of the four young men above named were playing cards in a thicket -near the highway, half a mile from Tarrytown, at about nine o'clock in -the morning, when a well-dressed horseman approached on a black steed. -He was a stranger, and the young men concluded to stop him and inquire -about his errand. Paulding, who was the leader of the little band, -stepped out of the bushes with his musket, and ordered the traveler to -halt and give an account of himself. Seeing Paulding with a British -military coat on, and knowing that he was far below the American lines -and nearer those of the British, the horseman said to the three young -scouts:</p> - -<p>"My lads, I hope you belong to our party."</p> - -<p>"What party?" asked Paulding.</p> - -<p>"The lower party—the British."</p> - -<p>"We do," said Paulding.</p> - -<p>Completely thrown off his guard, the traveler exclaimed with much -animation: "Thank God, I am once more among friends! I am a British -officer, out in the country on particular business, and hope you will -not detain me a minute."</p> - -<p>"We are Americans," said Paulding, seizing the bridle of the horse, -"and you are our prisoner."</p> - -<p>The traveler was shocked, but, assuming composure, he said, "I must do -anything to get along," and with apparent<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_87"></a>[Pg 87]</span> unconcern he pulled from his -pocket Arnold's passport, which read:</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p style="margin-left: 20%;"> - -"<span class="smcap">Headquarters, Robinson's House</span>, <i>September 22, 1780</i>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>Permit Mr. John Anderson to pass the guards to the White Plains, or -below if he chooses, he being on public business by my direction.</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 30%;"> -<span class="smcap">"B. Arnold</span>, <i>Major-General</i>."<br /> -</p></div> - -<p class="center"> -<img src="images/illus17.jpg" alt="pic" /> -<a id="illus17" ></a> -</p> - -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Arnold's Passport</span></p> - -<p>The suspicions of the young men were now thoroughly aroused. Making the -traveler dismount, they searched every part of his clothing, but found -nothing of importance.</p> - -<p>"Try his boots," said Van Wart.</p> - -<p>They compelled him to sit upon a log by the road-side, and, pulling -off his boots, they discovered, by the bagging<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_88"></a>[Pg 88]</span> of his stocking-feet, -several papers. These Paulding, the only one of the young men who could -read, glanced over and exclaimed:</p> - -<p>"My God! he is a spy!"</p> - -<p>Major John André, adjutant-general of the British army, was their -prisoner, but they did not know it. They believed that he was a British -officer, as he himself at first announced. They questioned him closely -about the papers in his boots, but he became very reticent. He offered -them large bribes to induce them to let him pass. He offered them -his gold watch. They refused. "I will give you a hundred guineas and -any amount of dry goods," he said. They refused. "I will give you a -thousand guineas," he said, "and you can hold me as a hostage till one -of your number return with the money."</p> - -<p>"We would not let you go for ten thousand guineas!" said Paulding, in a -loud voice. That decision settled the fate of André.</p> - -<p>The prisoner then requested his captors to take him to the nearest -American post, and ask him no more questions. They complied. He was -seated on his horse, which one of them alternately led, while the -others marched alongside as guards.</p> - -<p>Such was the story of André's capture, as related by the three young -men. Major André declared that the sole object of the captors in -arresting him was evidently plunder; that they searched every part -of him, even his saddle and his boots, for gold; and that, if he had -possessed sufficient in specie (he had only some Continental bills), he -might have easily persuaded them to let him go. But the preponderance -of contemporary testimony is in favor of the captors' story. Washington -wrote to Congress:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_89"></a>[Pg 89]</span></p> - -<p>"Their conduct merits our warmest esteem, and I beg leave to add that I -think the public would do well to grant them a handsome gratuity. They -have prevented, in all probability, our suffering one of the severest -strokes that could have been meditated against us."</p> - -<p class="center"> -<img src="images/illus18.jpg" alt="pic" /> -<a id="illus18" ></a> -</p> -<p class="caption"> John Paulding<br /> -(From a Miniature in possession of the late James K. Paulding.)</p> - -<p>Congress complimented the captors on their fidelity and patriotism by a -resolution of thanks, ordered that an annuity of two hundred dollars in -specie should be paid to each out of the public treasury, and directed -the Board of War to have a silver medal of appropriate design struck -and given to each. These medals Washington presented to the captors -in person. Tradition tells us that André would un<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_90"></a>[Pg 90]</span>doubtedly have -been released but for the strong will and patriotic impulses of John -Paulding, then only twenty-two years of age.</p> - -<p>André was delivered to Lieutenant-Colonel Jameson, then in command -of Sheldon's dragoons and a few Connecticut militia at North Salem. -That honest officer believed the captive to be what Arnold's passport -proclaimed him, simply "John Anderson," on public business by direction -of his general, and treated him very kindly as such. The prisoner -requested Jameson to inform Arnold that John Anderson was a captive, -in his custody. The honest, unsuspicious Jameson complied. He wrote to -Arnold to this effect, explaining how Anderson came to be a prisoner, -and concluded that the simplest way in the matter would be to send the -captive to Arnold with the letter! He detailed Lieutenant Allen and -four of the militia to take both to headquarters, and at the same time -sent the papers found in André's boot by express to Washington, who was -then on his way from Hartford.</p> - -<p>André was delighted by the turn affairs had taken, for now there -appeared a way of escape for both Arnold and himself. The escort with -the prisoner were some distance on their way, when Major Benjamin -Tallmadge, a vigilant and active officer of the dragoons, returned -to Jameson's quarters after a brief absence. Learning all about the -capture and the nature of the papers found on the prisoner, he at once -pronounced him a spy and Arnold a traitor. He persuaded Jameson to -order the return of the prisoner, agreeing to bear all blame himself -for the act. The captive was brought back, but, unfortunately, Allen -proceeded alone with Jameson's letter to Arnold.</p> - -<p>André was committed to the care of Lieutenant King, of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_91"></a>[Pg 91]</span> the dragoons, -who was convinced, by the prisoner's manner and other tokens, that he -was no ordinary man. Finally, the captive requested King to walk with -him in a large yard attached to the house in which they were, when the -prisoner said, "I must make a confidant of somebody, and I know not a -more proper person than yourself, you have treated me so kindly." He -then made a full confession of his rank, and gave a brief narrative of -his career in America since his capture at St. Johns. Procuring writing -materials, he wrote the following letter to Washington:</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p style="margin-left: 40%;"> - -"<span class="smcap">Salem</span>, <i>the 24th September, 1780</i>.<br /> -</p> - -<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>: What I have as yet said concerning myself was in the -justifiable attempt to be extricated. I am too little accustomed to -duplicity to have succeeded.</p> - -<p>"I beg your Excellency will be persuaded that no alteration in the -temper of my mind, or apprehension for my safety, induces me to take -the step of addressing you, but that it is to rescue myself from an -imputation of having assumed a mean character for treacherous purposes -or self-interest, a conduct incompatible with the principles which -actuate me, as well as my condition in life. It is to vindicate my -fame that I speak, and not to solicit security. The person in your -possession is Major John André, adjutant-general in the British army.</p> - -<p>"The influence of one commander with another in the army of his -adversary is an advantage taken in war. A correspondence for this -purpose I held, as confidential, in the present instance, with his -Excellency Sir Henry Clinton.</p> - -<p>"To favor it, I agreed to meet upon ground not within the posts of -either army a person who was to give me intelligence. I came up in the -<i>Vulture</i> man-of-war for this effect,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_92"></a>[Pg 92]</span> and was fetched by a boat from -the shore to the beach; being there, I was told that the approach of -day would prevent my return, and that I must be concealed until the -next night. I was in my regimentals, and had fairly risked my person.</p> - -<p>"Against my stipulation and without my knowledge beforehand, I was -conducted within one of your posts. Your Excellency will conceive my -sensation on this occasion, and will imagine how much more I must have -been affected, by a refusal to reconduct me back the next night as I -had been brought. Thus become a prisoner, I had to concert my escape. -I quitted my uniform, and was passed another way in the night, without -the American posts to neutral ground, and informed I was beyond -all armed parties, and left to press for New York. I was taken at -Tarrytown by some volunteers. Thus, as I have had the honor to relate, -was I betrayed (being adjutant-general of the British army) into the -vile condition of an enemy in disguise within your posts.</p> - -<p>"Having avowed myself a British officer, I have nothing to reveal but -what relates to myself, which is true, on the honor of an officer -and a gentleman. The request I have to make to your Excellency, and -I am conscious I address myself well, that in any rigor feeling -may dictate, a decency of conduct toward me may mark, that, though -unfortunate, I am branded with nothing dishonorable, as no motive -could be mine but the service of my King, and as I was an involuntary -impostor.</p> - -<p>"Another request is, that I may be permitted to write an open letter -to Sir Henry Clinton, and another to a friend for clothes and linen.</p> - -<p>"I take the liberty to mention the condition of some gentlemen at -Charlestown, who, being either on parole or under protection, were -engaged in a conspiracy against us.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_93"></a>[Pg 93]</span> Though their situation is not -exactly similar, they are objects who may be set in exchange for me, -or are persons whom the treatment I receive may affect.</p> - -<p>"It is no less, sir, in a confidence in the generosity of your mind, -than on account of your superior station, that I have chosen to -importune you with this letter.</p> - -<p>"I have the honor to be, with great respect, sir, your Excellency's -most obedient and most humble servant,</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 55%;"> -"<span class="smcap">John André</span>, <i>Adjutant-General</i>.<br /> -</p></div> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>"His Excellency General <span class="smcap">Washington</span>."</p></div> - - - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_VIb">CHAPTER VI.</h2> -</div> - - -<p>Washington lodged at Fishkill, eighteen miles from West Point, on the -night of September 24th, and early the next morning (the day appointed -for Clinton to ascend the river and receive the surrender of the -post in the Highlands) he and his companions reached the vicinity of -Arnold's quarters, where they intended to breakfast. He and two or -three officers turned aside to inspect a redoubt, while Lafayette, -Hamilton, and other young officers, rode forward with a message from -their chief to Mrs. Arnold, bidding her not to delay breakfast on his -account.</p> - -<p>While these officers were at table with Arnold and his wife, a courier -arrived with a letter to the general. It was Jameson's letter, brought -by Allen, telling Arnold of the arrest of "John Anderson," and the -sending of the papers found in his boots to Washington. Arnold glanced -at the letter, sat a few minutes in general conversation, and then -asked to be excused. His wife perceived anxiety in his countenance, -and, leaving the table, followed him out of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_94"></a>[Pg 94]</span> the room. He commanded -Allen not to mention that he had brought a letter from Jameson; -ordered a horse to be saddled and brought to the door immediately, and -ascending to his wife's chamber, to which she had retired, he told her -in a few hurried words of his perilous situation, and that his life -depended upon his instant flight and reaching the British lines in -safety.</p> - -<p>This awful message smote the young wife and mother fearfully. She -screamed and fell at his feet in a swoon. He had not a moment to lose. -Leaving her in the care of her maid, he kissed their sleeping babe and -hurried to the breakfast-room. Telling the guests that his wife had -been taken ill suddenly, and that he was called in haste over to West -Point and would return presently, he mounted the horse at the door, -dashed down the bridle-path to the river half a mile distant, snatched -his pistols from the holsters as he dismounted, and, summoning the crew -of his barge, he entered it and ordered them to pull into the middle of -the stream and row swiftly down the river, for he bore a flag to the -<i>Vulture</i>, and must return soon to meet General Washington.</p> - -<p>Arnold sat in the prow of his barge. When they came in sight of the -<i>Vulture</i> he raised a white handkerchief upon a walking-stick. They -soon reached the vessel. Arnold ascended to her deck, where he met -Colonel Robinson, and briefly related to him the unhappy state of -affairs. He tried, in vain, to lure the crew of his barge into the -king's service. "If General Arnold likes the King of England, let him -serve him; <i>we</i> love our country, and mean to live or die in support of -her cause," indignantly exclaimed James Larvey, the coxswain. "So will -we," said his companions. They were sent on shore at Teller's Point by -the same flag. Arnold sent a letter to Washington, covering one to his -wife. He as<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_95"></a>[Pg 95]</span>sured the commander-in-chief that his wife was innocent of -all knowledge of his act, and entreated him to extend his protection -to her and her child. He also exonerated his military family from all -participation in his designs.</p> - -<p>By the same flag Colonel Robinson wrote to Washington, asserting that, -under the circumstances which led to André's arrest, he could not -detain him without "the greatest violation of flags and contrary to the -usage of all nations"; and, assuming that the American commander would -see the matter in the same light, he desired that he would order Major -André to be "set at liberty, and allowed to return immediately."</p> - -<p class="center"> -<img src="images/illus19.jpg" alt="pic" /> -<a id="illus19" ></a> -</p> -<p class="caption"> <span class="smcap">The Robinson House.</span>—(From a Sketch by the -Author in 1849.)</p> - -<p>The <i>Vulture</i> returned to New York the same evening, and early the -next morning Arnold conveyed to General Clinton the first intelligence -of the capture of Major André. Let us go back to Arnold's quarters at -Robinson's house, in the Highlands.</p> - -<p>Washington arrived at Arnold's quarters an hour after<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_96"></a>[Pg 96]</span> the traitor's -flight. Informed of the illness of Mrs. Arnold, and that her husband -had gone over to West Point, the chief took a hurried breakfast and -proceeded thither with all his staff, excepting Colonel Hamilton. As -they touched the west shore of the river they were surprised at not -receiving the usual cannon-salute.</p> - -<p>"Is not General Arnold here?" Washington asked Colonel Lamb.</p> - -<p>"No, sir," Lamb replied; "he has not been here for two days, nor have I -heard from him in that time."</p> - -<p>Meanwhile Hamilton, as Washington's private secretary, had received -and examined the papers taken from André's stocking; also the letters -of Jameson, and that of the prisoner to Washington revealing the -conspiracy. Hamilton immediately sought his chief. He met him on his -way up from the river, and told him of his discovery of Arnold's -treason and of his flight to the <i>Vulture</i>. Men were dispatched to -Verplanck's Point to intercept him, but they arrived too late. An order -was sent to Colonel Jameson to forward André to West Point immediately. -He said to Lafayette and Knox, sadly:</p> - -<p>"Arnold is a traitor! Whom can we trust now?" The whole plot was -revealed, and the danger impending over the post was made manifest.</p> - -<p>Yet Washington gave no outward sign of excitement. He sent couriers in -all directions with orders for the strengthening of every redoubt, and -ordered Greene to put the army at Tappaan in readiness to move toward -West Point at a moment's warning. But it was soon evident that the -danger was overpast. Informed of Mrs. Arnold's sad condition, he said -to one of his aides, "Go to her and inform her that, though my duty -required that no means should be neglected<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_97"></a>[Pg 97]</span> to arrest General Arnold, I -have great pleasure in acquainting <i>her</i> that he is now safe on board a -British vessel of war."</p> - -<p>André was brought to the Robinson house early on the 26th (September, -1780). He had been aroused from slumber at midnight to begin a dreary -journey in a falling rain, under a strong escort led by Lieutenant -King. On the way they were joined by Major Tallmadge and one or two -other officers. Tallmadge was made the special custodian of the -prisoner from that time until his execution; and on the evening of the -26th André was conveyed to West Point.</p> - -<p>General Greene was in chief command of the American army during -Washington's absence. Its headquarters were at Tappaan (usually called -Orangetown), a short distance from the west shore of the Hudson. -Washington sent secret orders to Greene to receive the prisoner.</p> - -<p class="center"> -<img src="images/illus20.jpg" alt="pic" /> -<a id="illus20" ></a> -</p> -<p class="caption"> "<span class="smcap">The '76 Stone House.</span>"</p> - -<p>On the morning of the 28th André, with a strong escort, went down the -river in a barge, landed at the King's Ferry, and journeyed to Tappaan -on horseback. There he was lodged in a substantial stone dwelling -belonging to Mr.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_98"></a>[Pg 98]</span> Maybie, known, in our day, as a tavern, by the name -of "The '76 Stone House."</p> - -<p>On this journey of a day, Tallmadge and André, who were about equal in -age, had much free conversation. The prisoner's custodian, like every -one else, was fascinated by the young soldier, and was deeply impressed -with sympathy for him. In reply to a question by Tallmadge, André said -that, in the enterprise in which he was engaged, all he sought was -<i>military glory, the applause of his king and his country, and perhaps -a brigadiership</i>. He asked Tallmadge in what light he would be regarded -by General Washington and a military tribunal. Tallmadge tried to evade -an answer, but, being pressed, he said:</p> - -<p>"I had a much-loved classmate in Yale College by the name of Nathan -Hale, who entered the army in 1775. Immediately after the battle of -Long Island, General Washington wanted information respecting the -strength, position, and probable movements of the enemy. Captain Hale -tendered his services, went over to Brooklyn, and was taken just as he -was passing the outposts of the enemy on his return. <i>Do you remember -the sequel of the story?</i>" "Yes," said André, "he was hanged as a -spy. But you surely do not consider his case and mine alike." "Yes, -precisely similar; and similar will be your fate," said Tallmadge.</p> - -<p>In general orders on the 26th Greene proclaimed, "Treason of the -blackest dye was discovered yesterday." He then gave a general account -of the affair to the army and the people. It created wide-spread -indignation and alarm, but the latter feeling was tempered by the -concluding words of the order: "Arnold has made his escape to the -enemy; but Major André, the adjutant-general of the British army, who -came out as a spy to negotiate the business, is our prisoner."</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_99"></a>[Pg 99]</span></p> - -<p>The news of the capture of André, and this ominous general order, -produced intense excitement in both armies, and especially within the -British lines. The evident sympathy of Washington and some of his -officers for the prisoner when he was brought to Tappaan, created much -feeling in the American army. Some of the officers declared that if -they were not to be protected against such treacherous conduct, and -this spy be pardoned, it was time to leave the army. In a manuscript -account of the affair now before me, written by Elias Boudinot, LL. D., -the eminent American commissary of prisoners, he observed:</p> - -<p>"Though these were their sentiments, they were only murmured from tent -to tent. A few days convinced them that they had a commander-in-chief -who knew how to make his compassion for the unfortunate and his duty to -those who depended upon him for protection to harmonize and influence -his conduct. He treated Major André with the greatest tenderness, while -he carried the sentence of the council into execution according to the -laws of war. At New York, when the first account of André's capture and -condemnation arrived, the officers and citizens laughed at the idea -that the 'rebels' would dare to execute the adjutant-general of the -British army; but, if it should take place, vengeance in every form -should be taken sevenfold. But, when it was known that André was no -more, General Clinton shut himself up for three days, and every one at -the Coffee-House and other public places hung their heads, and scarcely -an observation relative to it escaped their lips."</p> - -<p class="center"> -<img src="images/illus21.jpg" alt="pic" /> -<a id="illus21" ></a> -</p> -<p class="caption"> <span class="smcap">Washington's Headquarters at Tappaan.</span></p> - -<p>Washington had returned to his headquarters at Tappaan,<a id="FNanchor_52" href="#Footnote_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> and -ordered a meeting of a board of officers on the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_100"></a>[Pg 100]</span> 29th, to make -careful inquiries and report their opinion "of the light in which he -[the prisoner] ought to be considered, and what punishment ought to -be inflicted." The board consisted of six major-generals and eight -brigadier-generals. The court of inquiry was held in the Dutch church -at Tappaan. General Greene presided. When André was brought before his -judges, he gave a detailed statement of the facts, and did not deny any -of the specifications presented by the judge-advocate, John Laurance. -After careful deliberation the board reported that the prisoner "ought -to be considered as a spy from the enemy, and that, agreeably to the -law and usages of nations, it is their opinion he ought to suffer -death." "André met the result," wrote Colonel Ham<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_101"></a>[Pg 101]</span>ilton, "with manly -firmness. 'I foresee my fate,' he said, 'and though I pretend not -to play the hero, or be indifferent to life, yet I am reconciled to -whatever may happen, conscious that misfortune, not guilt, has brought -it upon me.'"</p> - -<p>Washington approved the finding of the court of inquiry, and sentenced -André to be hung as a spy on the first day of October, at five o'clock -in the afternoon. He sent an account of the proceedings of the court -and a letter from André to Sir Henry Clinton.<a id="FNanchor_53" href="#Footnote_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a></p> - -<p>Meanwhile great exertions had been made to save André from his sad -fate. General Clinton wrote to Washington (September 26th) that André -was not a legal spy, for a flag of truce had been sent to receive him, -and passports were granted for his return. On receiving the papers -from Washington, Sir Henry wrote a second letter to the American -chief commander, expressing the opinion that the board "had not been -rightly informed of all the circumstances," and asked a postponement -of the execution until a conference might be held. The request was -granted. The execution was postponed one day. General Greene met -General Robertson and others at Dobb's Ferry, not as an officer, but as -a private gentleman, but nothing occurred to warrant a change in the -opinion of the board of inquiry and the decision of Washington.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_102"></a>[Pg 102]</span><a id="FNanchor_54" href="#Footnote_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a></p> - -<p>The Americans would gladly have saved the life of André could Arnold -have been given up to them. Efforts to that end were made. Unofficial -overtures were made to Clinton to exchange Arnold for André, but honor -forbade the act. All efforts in this direction failed.</p> - -<p>On the morning of October 1st, the day on which André expected to die, -he wrote the following touching note to Washington:</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>: Buoyed above the terror of death by the consciousness -of a life devoted to honorable pursuits, and stained with no action -that can give remorse, I trust that the request I make to your -Excellency at this serious period, and which is to soften my last -moments, will not be rejected.</p> - -<p>"Sympathy toward a soldier will surely induce your Excellency and a -military tribunal to adapt the mode of my death to the feelings of a -man of honor.</p> - -<p>"Let me hope, sir, that if aught in my character impresses you with -esteem toward me, if aught in my misfortune marks me as the victim -of policy and not of resentment, I shall experience the operation of -those feelings in your breast by being informed that I am not to die -on a gibbet.</p> - -<p>"I have the honor to be your Excellency's most obedient and most -humble servant,</p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">John André</span>."<br /> -</p></div> - -<p>Colonel Hamilton urged Washington to comply with André's request, but -the commander could not grant it.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_103"></a>[Pg 103]</span> Unwilling to wound the feelings of -the prisoner by a refusal, he did not reply to the note.</p> - -<p>On the preceding evening André wrote letters to his mother, sisters, -Miss Seward, and other friends, and made a pen-and-ink sketch of -himself sitting at a table with a pen in his hand. On the following -morning he made a rude sketch, with pen and ink, depicting the scene -of his passage from the <i>Vulture</i> to the shore, when he went to meet -Arnold.<a id="FNanchor_55" href="#Footnote_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a></p> - -<p>At noon on the 2d day of October, 1780, Major André was executed upon -an eminence near Tappaan village, in the presence of a vast concourse -of people. He was dressed in full military costume and white top-boots. -He was taken to the gallows—a cross-piece between two moderate-sized -trees—by a procession of nearly all the field-officers, excepting -Washington and his staff, who remained at headquarters. General -Greene led the cavalcade, which passed between two files of soldiers, -extending from the prison up to the fatal spot. The prisoner's step was -firm, and he did not falter until he saw the gallows, and knew he was -to be hanged as a felon and not shot as a soldier. His hesitation was -only for a moment.</p> - -<p>A baggage-wagon, bearing a plain pine coffin, had been driven under -the gallows. A grave had been dug near by. Into the wagon the prisoner -stepped and, taking the rope from the hangman, adjusted it to his neck, -and tied a white handkerchief over his eyes. Then Adjutant-General -Scam<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_105"></a>[Pg 105]</span>mell read the order for the execution in a clear voice, and at -its conclusion told André that he might speak if he desired it. The -prisoner lifted the handkerchief from his eyes and, bowing courteously -to General Greene and his officers, said in firm voice, "All I request -of you, gentlemen, is that, while I acknowledge the propriety of my -sentence, you will bear me witness that I die like a brave man." In an -undertone he murmured, "It will be but a momentary pang." The wagon was -driven swiftly from under him, and in a few minutes he ceased to exist.</p> - -<p class="center"> -<img src="images/illus22.jpg" alt="pic" /> -<a id="illus22" ></a> -</p> -<p class="caption"> <span class="smcap">Passage from the Vulture.</span>—(Fac-simile of a -Pen-and-ink Sketch by André.)</p> - -<p>"Thus died in the bloom of life," wrote Dr. Thacher, a surgeon of the -Continental army, who was present, "the accomplished Major André, the -pride of the royal army and the valued friend of Sir Henry Clinton." -The same authority wrote that André's regimentals, which had been -brought up to Tappaan by his servant, were handed to that servant, and -he was buried near one of the trees which formed the gibbet.</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_52" href="#FNanchor_52" class="label">[52]</a> This building is yet standing, and is in nearly the same -condition as it was in 1780, at which time it belonged to John de -Windt, a native of the Island of St. Thomas. By a peculiar arrangement -of bricks in its front wall, the date of its construction—1700—may -be seen. In a large room which Washington occupied as his office, and -where André's death-warrant was signed, the spacious fireplace was -surrounded by Dutch pictorial tiles, when I visited and made the above -sketch, in 1849.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_53" href="#FNanchor_53" class="label">[53]</a> This letter evinced great tenderness of feeling toward -his commander. He declared that the events connected with his coming -within the American lines were contrary to his own intentions, and -avowed the object of his letter to be to remove from Sir Henry's mind -any suspicion that he (André) imagined he was bound by his Excellency's -orders to expose himself to what had happened.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_54" href="#FNanchor_54" class="label">[54]</a> General Robertson bore a letter from Arnold to -Washington, which he reserved until all oral arguments had failed, -when he read it to the gentlemen of the conference. Had there been -a chance for coming to an understanding in regard to André before, -this impudent letter from the traitor would have destroyed it. Arnold -said: "If, after this just and candid opinion of Major André's case, -the board of general officers adhere to their former opinion, I shall -suppose it dictated by passion and resentment; and, if that gentleman -should suffer the severity of the sentence, I shall think myself bound -by every tie of duty and honor to retaliate on such unhappy persons of -your army as may fall in my power, that the respect due to flags and -the law of nations may be better understood and observed."</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_55" href="#FNanchor_55" class="label">[55]</a> The size of the original drawing from which the above -sketch was made is twelve by seven inches. It will be observed that -André has but one oarsman, instead of two, as was the case. The -drawing was found on his table by his servant after the execution, and -delivered by him at New York to Lieutenant-Colonel Crosby of André's -regiment (the Twenty-second), and who, on his return to England, -caused a <i>fac-simile</i> of it to be produced by the mezzotint process of -engraving.</p></div></div> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_VIIb">CHAPTER VII.</h2> -</div> - - -<p>Almost universal sympathy was felt and expressed for Major André. -He was undoubtedly an involuntary spy. The court of inquiry which -decided his fate came to their conclusions with regret; but duty, the -law of nations, and the exigencies of war, compelled them to give -such a verdict as they did. Washington signed his death-warrant with -reluctance and with much emotion. All the American officers were moved -by deep sympathy for him. Some of the younger officers—Lafayette, -Hamilton, Tallmadge, and others—were enamored with him, and became -attached to him.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_106"></a>[Pg 106]</span> "From the few days of intimate intercourse I had with -him," wrote Tallmadge, "I became so deeply attached to Major André -that I could remember no instance when my affections were so fully -absorbed by any man." The multitude who saw the execution were deeply -moved with compassion. Dr. Thacher says the tears of thousands fell on -that occasion. The event made a deep impression upon both armies. The -king specially honored the memory of André by ordering a notable mural -monument to be erected in Westminster Abbey, near the "Poets' Corner." -A picture of this monument is seen in the engraving.<a id="FNanchor_56" href="#Footnote_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> The memorial -was executed in statuary marble, and is about seven and a half feet -in height. It represents a sarcophagus with a device in low relief, -and elevated upon a paneled pedestal, upon which are appropriate -inscriptions.<a id="FNanchor_57" href="#Footnote_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> On the sarcophagus is a representation of Washington -and his officers in his tent at the moment when he received the report -of the court of inquiry; at the same time a messenger has arrived<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_107"></a>[Pg 107]</span> with -the letter of André to Washington asking for a soldier's death. On the -right is a guard of Continental soldiers, and a tree on which André -was executed. Two men are preparing the prisoner for execution, while -at the foot of the tree sit Mercy and Innocence. On the top of the -sarcophagus is the British lion, and the figure of Britannia, who<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_108"></a>[Pg 108]</span> is -lamenting the fate of André. The king settled a pension upon the family -of André, and, to wipe out the imputed stain produced by his death as a -spy, the honor of knighthood was conferred upon his brother.</p> - -<p class="center"> -<img src="images/illus23.jpg" alt="pic" /> -<a id="illus23" ></a> -</p> -<p class="caption"> <span class="smcap">André's Monument in Westminster Abbey.</span></p> - -<p>As related in the inscription on the pedestal of André's monument, -given in a foot-note, Mr. Buchanan caused his remains to be disinterred -and sent to England. Two small cedar-trees were growing near the grave -wherein lay his remains. A portion of one of these was sent with the -remains, and, at the suggestion of the consul, the duke caused a -snuff-box to be made of it for the Rev. Mr. Demorest, of Tappaan, who -gave Mr. Buchanan much assistance in his undertaking. It was elegant in -design, was lined with gold, and was inscribed with the words:</p> - -<p>"From his Royal Highness the Duke of York, to mark his sense of the -Rev. John Demorest's liberal attention upon the occasion of the removal -of the remains of the late Major André, at Tappaan, on the 10th of -August, 1821."</p> - -<p>The surviving sisters of André sent a silver cup to Mr. Demorest, with -a suitable inscription; also an inkstand to the British consul.</p> - -<p>Two monuments have been erected at different times on the spot where -André was executed, each with the sole purpose of commemorating this -very important event in our national history, and to mark the exact -locality of its occurrence. One of these monuments was set up by James -Lee,<a id="FNanchor_58" href="#Footnote_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> a public-spirited New York merchant, nearly forty years<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_109"></a>[Pg 109]</span> ago. -It consisted of a small bowlder, upon the upper surface of which were -cut the words, "<span class="smcap">André was executed October 2, 1780</span>." It was -on the right side of a lane which ran from the highway from Tappaan -village to old Tappaan, on the westerly side of a large peach-orchard, -and about a mile from Washington's headquarters. I visited the spot -in 1849, and made a drawing of this simple memorial-stone for my -"Pictorial Field Book of the Revolution." In a foot-note of that work -(vol. i, p. 772) I said, "A more elegant and durable monument should be -erected on the spot."</p> - -<p class="center"> -<img src="images/illus24.jpg" alt="pic" /> -<a id="illus24" ></a> -</p> -<p class="caption"> <span class="smcap">Bowlder-Monument.</span></p> - -<p>A "more elegant and durable monument" was placed on the same spot a few -years ago by another public-spirited New York merchant, Mr. Cyrus W. -Field, and bears an inscription written by the late Rev. Arthur Penrhyn -Stanley, the Dean of Westminster. When that eminent divine and earnest -friend of our country and admirer of our free institutions was about -to visit the United States in 1878, he made<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_110"></a>[Pg 110]</span> a list of the objects and -localities which he desired to see while here. Among these was the -place of André's execution.</p> - -<p>While Dean Stanley was visiting Mr. Field at his country residence on -the eastern bank of the Hudson, nearly opposite Tappaan, he with his -two traveling companions and their host crossed the river, and, with -one or two citizens of Tappaan, visited places of historic interest -in the vicinity. They found that nothing marked the place of André's -execution, and that it had even been a subject of controversy. The -bowlder-monument had been removed several years before. The dean -expressed his surprise and regret that no object indicated the -locality of such an important historical event, when Mr. Field said -he would erect a memorial-stone there at his own expense upon certain -conditions. A few days afterward (October, 1878) he wrote to a citizen -of Tappaan:</p> - -<p>"I am perfectly willing to erect a monument on 'André Hill' [so named -by the people in commemoration of the event which occurred there], and -the dean will write an inscription, if the people who own the land will -make a grant of about twenty square feet for the purpose."</p> - -<p>So soon as it became known that Mr. Field proposed to erect a -memorial-stone at Tappaan, a correspondent of a New York morning -journal denounced the intention, upon the wholly erroneous assumption -that it was to be a "monument in honor of Major André, the British -spy." Other correspondents, equally uninformed, followed with -denunciations. A storm of apparently indignant protests, or worse, -ensued; and one writer, lacking courage to give his name, made a threat -that, if Mr. Field should set up a memorial-stone upon the place where -André was executed,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_111"></a>[Pg 111]</span> "ten thousand men" were ready to pull it down and -cast it into the river! These writers, many of whom concealed their -real names, created considerable feeling in the public mind unfavorable -to the project, and elicited a multitude of appeals to the patriotism -and the prejudices of the American people, to oppose what?—a phantom!</p> - -<p>This intemperate and unwise correspondence continued several weeks. -There were calm defenders of Mr. Field's motives in proposing to -erect a monument, by persons who were well informed and had a clear -perception of the intent and importance of such an act. The discussion -was fruitful of some good. It had the salutary effect of calling public -attention to the claims of <i>Nathan Hale</i>, the notable martyr spy of the -Revolution, to a memorial tribute—a public recognition of his virtues -and his deeds—which had been so long deferred by our people. These -claims were now earnestly advocated, not only by Mr. Field's critics, -but by patriotic citizens. Considerable sums of money were offered for -the laudable purpose of erecting a suitable monument in the city of New -York to the memory of Hale. Several persons offered one hundred dollars -each.</p> - -<p>Before the visit of Mr. Field and the dean, Mr. Henry Whittemore, -a public-spirited citizen of Tappan, and Secretary of the Rockland -County Historical Society, had found four living men who were present -at the disinterment of André's remains in 1821. With these men he -went to "André Hill," where they identified the place of the spy's -grave.<a id="FNanchor_59" href="#Footnote_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> The requisite plot of ground was secured by Mr.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_112"></a>[Pg 112]</span> Field, who -was compelled to buy many surrounding acres at an exorbitant price. -Then, relying upon the good sense, the intelligence, and the patriotism -of the American people for a just appreciation of his motives, he -proceeded to have a memorial-stone prepared.</p> - -<p>Soon after Dean Stanley returned home he wrote the promised -inscription, and, in a letter to Mr. Whittemore (January, 1879), he -said:</p> - -<p class="center"> -<img src="images/illus25.jpg" alt="pic" /> -<a id="illus25" ></a> -</p> - - -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Dean Stanley's Autograph.</span></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>"I have sent to Mr. Cyrus W. Field the inscription suggested. Perhaps -you will kindly see that the facts are correctly stated. It is -desirable that the inscription should contain neither an attack nor a -defense of André, but only<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_113"></a>[Pg 113]</span> an expression of sympathy with him in his -tragical fate, and with Washington for the difficult circumstances in -which the judges were placed.</p> - -<p>"A wreath of autumn leaves from the Hudson I had placed on the -monument in the abbey attracts universal attention. I have also the -silver medals of Washington's headquarters, and the old Dutch church -at Tappaan.</p> - -<p> -"I remain, yours gratefully,<br /> -<br /> -"<i>A.P. Stanley</i>."<a id="FNanchor_60" href="#Footnote_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a><br /> -</p></div> - -<p>On the 2d of October, 1879, the ninety-ninth anniversary of the -execution of André, the monument prepared by Mr. Field's order, and -placed over the spot where the spy was buried, was uncovered in the -presence of representatives of the Historical Societies of New York, -and Rockland County, of officers of the army of the United States, of -the newspaper press and other gentlemen, and a few ladies. At noon, the -hour of the day when André was executed, Mr. Field directed the workmen -to uncover the memorial. There was no pomp or ceremony on the occasion. -Not a speech was uttered, nor a token of applause given.</p> - -<p>From "André Hill" the company went with Mr. Whittemore to his home in -Washington's headquarters and the room in which André's death-warrant -was signed. While there the neglect of the memory of Nathan Hale, shown -by the American people, was spoken of, when Mr. Field said:</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>"Gentlemen, if I may be granted permission, I will erect a monument in -memory of Nathan Hale on the spot where<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_114"></a>[Pg 114]</span> he suffered death in the city -of New York, if the place may be found."</p></div> - -<p>Several years ago Mr. Field made a similar offer to the New York -Historical Society.<a id="FNanchor_61" href="#Footnote_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> More than thirty years before, he was a -contributor to the fund raised to erect the modest monument in memory -of Hale at South Coventry, delineated on page 26; and he was next to -the largest contributor to the fund for procuring the bronze statue -of a captor of André that surmounts the monument at Tarrytown, which -commemorates that important event.</p> - -<p>The memorial-stone erected at Tappaan is composed of a shaft of Quincy -gray granite, standing upon a pedestal of the same material. The whole -structure is about nine feet in height from the ground to the apex. It -is perfectly chaste in design. There is no ornamentation. The granite -is highly polished. It stands upon an elevation, about two miles from -the Hudson River, and thirty yards from the boundary-line between New -York and New Jersey, and overlooks a beautiful country.<a id="FNanchor_62" href="#Footnote_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> On its west -side it bears the following inscription, written by Dean Stanley:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_115"></a>[Pg 115]</span></p> - -<p style="margin-left: 25%;"> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"HERE DIED, OCTOBER 2, 1780,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">MAJOR JOHN ANDRÉ, OF THE BRITISH ARMY,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">WHO, ENTERING THE AMERICAN LINES</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ON A SECRET MISSION TO BENEDICT ARNOLD,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">FOR THE SURRENDER OF WEST POINT,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">WAS TAKEN PRISONER, TRIED AND CONDEMNED AS A SPY.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">HIS DEATH,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">THOUGH ACCORDING TO THE STERN RULE OF WAR,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">MOVED EVEN HIS ENEMIES TO PITY;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">AND BOTH ARMIES MOURNED THE FATE</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">OF ONE SO YOUNG AND SO BRAVE.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">IN 1821 HIS REMAINS WERE REMOVED TO WESTMINSTER ABBEY.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A HUNDRED YEARS AFTER THE EXECUTION</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">THIS STONE WAS PLACED ABOVE THE SPOT WHERE HE LAY,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">BY A CITIZEN OF THE UNITED STATES, AGAINST WHICH HE FOUGHT,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">NOT TO PERPETUATE THE RECORD OF STRIFE,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">BUT IN TOKEN OF THOSE BETTER FEELINGS</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">WHICH HAVE SINCE UNITED TWO NATIONS,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ONE IN RACE, IN LANGUAGE, AND IN RELIGION,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">WITH THE HOPE THAT THIS FRIENDLY UNION</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">WILL NEVER BE BROKEN."</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>On the north face:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 25%;"> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"HE WAS MORE UNFORTUNATE THAN CRIMINAL."</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"AN ACCOMPLISHED MAN AND GALLANT OFFICER."</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 30%;">GEORGE WASHINGTON.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>The first of these two lines was quoted from a letter of Washington to -Count de Rochambeau, October 10, 1780. (See Sparks's "Life and Writings -of Washington," vol. vii, p. 241.) The second line is from the sentence -of a letter written by Washington to Colonel John Laurens on the 13th -of October. (See Sparks, vol. vii, p. 256.)</p> - -<p>On the north face of the stone are the words:</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"SUNT LACRYMÆ RERUM ET MENTEM MORTALIA TANGUNT."</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>The east front was left blank for another inscription.</p> - -<p class="center"> -<img src="images/illus26.jpg" alt="pic" /> -<a id="illus26" ></a> -</p> -<p class="caption"> <span class="smcap">Memorial at Tappaan.</span></p> - -<p>Such, in a few sentences, is the story of the erection of the -memorial-stone at Tappaan by Mr. Field. The idea was<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_116"></a>[Pg 116]</span> the product of -spontaneous thought, elicited by a special occasion. The sole object -to be attained is the laudable and patriotic one of perpetuating, by a -visible record, the memory of one of the most important events in our -history, at the place of its occurrence. That event has two prominent -aspects, namely: the courage, patriotism, faith in the American -people, and the unswerving fidelity in the discharge of a momentous -trust, of our beloved Washington and his officers, in the face of most -extraordinary temptations to do otherwise; and the execution as a spy -of the adjutant-general of the British army, while that army,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_117"></a>[Pg 117]</span> twenty -thousand strong, was lying only a few miles distant, and supported by -powerful ships of war.</p> - -<p>These were the events to be commemorated by this memorial-stone, and -not the name or character of any individual. It was no more a monument -"in honor of Major André, the British spy," than was the monument -of white marble, twenty-five feet in height, which was erected by -patriotic men, in 1853, to mark the spot at Tarrytown where the spy -was captured, or the naming of the rivulet near which it stands "André -Brook." Surely every intelligent and right-minded American, clearly -comprehending the truth of the whole matter, will award to Mr. Field -the meed of praise for his generous and patriotic deed.</p> - -<p>An attempt was made on the night of November 3, 1885, to destroy the -beautiful memorial-stone at Tappaan by an explosion of dynamite. The -pedestal was shattered into pieces, but the shaft was only shaken -from its perpendicular position. This crime was the logical result -of persistent misrepresentation of the character and intent of the -memorial in some of the newspapers. Twice before, attempts had been -made to destroy it; the first time by a defacement of the inscription -by a misguided person who, on a dark night, battered the letters, many -of them almost beyond recognition. The destroyer<a id="FNanchor_63" href="#Footnote_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> left a small -American flag hanging over the monument from a stick, supported by a -pile of stones, upon the apex; also the following lines, the product, -evidently, of one moved by a spirit of conscious untruthfulness, or of -profound ignorance of the character of the object assailed:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_118"></a>[Pg 118]</span></p> - -<p style="margin-left: 25%;"> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Too long hath stood the traitor's shaft,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">A monument to shame,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Built up to praise the traitor's craft,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">To sanctify ill fame.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Are freemen bound to still forbear,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">And meekly still implore,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">When conquered foes their altars rear</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Within our very door.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"This vulgar and insulting stone</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Would honor for all time,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Not sneaking André's death alone,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">But black Ben Arnold's crime.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And they, who thus can glorify</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">The traitor and his deeds,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Themselves high treason would employ</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">If 'twould fulfill their needs.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Americans! resolve, proclaim</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">That on our own dear land,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Never, while the people reign,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Shall treason's statue stand!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And he who dares erect it next,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">On fair Columbia's breast,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">With furtive or with false pretext,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Shall dangle from its crest!"</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>The second attempt to destroy the memorial-stone was made on a dark -night. Nitro-glycerine or dynamite was used for the purpose. The -explosion was heard for miles around. The perpetrator of the deed was -not discovered. The stones of the pedestal were shattered, but the -shaft remained in an upright position.</p> - -<p>Mr. Field had the damages to the memorial repaired. He designed to have -the acres around it fashioned into a handsome little park. He also -proposed to erect within the grounds a fire-proof building for the use -of the Rockland County Historical and Forestry Society as a depository -of historical and other relics of that county, the building to be<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_119"></a>[Pg 119]</span> -presented to the society, and the park to the citizens of Tappaan, as a -free gift. The outrage of November 3, 1885, may frustrate this generous -plan.</p> - -<p>Two days after that outrage, a New York morning journal of large -circulation and wide influence declared that "the malignity with -which the people about Tappaan regard Mr. Field's monument to André -appears to be settled and permanent." To this grave indictment of -the inhabitants of a portion of Rockland County as participants in -the crime, that people responded by resolutions unanimously adopted -at an indignation meeting held at the Reformed Church at Tappaan on -the evening of the 9th. They denounced the charge as utterly untrue, -expressed their belief that no person in the vicinity had "the remotest -connection" with the crime; that it was desirable to have the place -of André's execution indicated by a memorial-stone with a suitable -inscription, and commended Mr. Field for his zeal in perpetuating -events of the Revolution in such a manner.<a id="FNanchor_64" href="#Footnote_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a></p> - -<p>In the foregoing narrative I have endeavored to present a brief, plain, -and truthful story of the memorial at Tappaan, about which so much has -been said and written. I have fashioned it from trustworthy materials. -I have simply recorded the facts, and leave the readers to form their -own conclusions.</p> - -<p>The monument at Tarrytown has been alluded to. It was erected in -1853, on the spot where tradition says Major André was captured, to -commemorate that event. It bore upon a tablet the following inscription:</p> - -<p class="center"> -<img src="images/illus27.jpg" alt="pic" /> -<a id="illus27" ></a> -</p> -<p class="caption"> <span class="smcap">Monument and Statue at Tarrytown.</span></p> - -<p>"On this spot, the 23d of September, 1780, the spy, Major<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_121"></a>[Pg 121]</span> John André, -Adjutant-General of the British Army, was captured by John Paulding, -David Williams, and Isaac Van Wart, all natives of this county. History -has told the rest.</p> - -<p>"The people of Westchester County have erected this monument as well to -commemorate a great event as to testify their high estimation of that -integrity and patriotism which, rejecting every temptation, rescued the -United States from most imminent peril by baffling the acts of a spy -and the plots of a traitor. Dedicated October 7, 1853."</p> - -<p>The citizens of Westchester County, desirous of giving more -significance to this monument, caused its conical shaft to be removed, -and in its place erected a bronze statue of a captor—a young volunteer -soldier. This statue is the work of the accomplished sculptor, Mr. -O'Donovan, of New York.</p> - -<p>The monument and statue were unveiled in the presence of thousands of -spectators on the centennial of the event commemorated—the 23d of -September, 1880. On that occasion Samuel J. Tilden presided. A prayer -was offered by the venerable son of one of the captors, Isaac Van Wart, -and an oration was pronounced by Chauncey M. Depew. General James -Husted was the marshal of the day.</p> - -<p>On one face of the monument is the old inscription, and upon another, -next to the highway, is a fine bronze <i>bas-relief</i> representing the -scene of the capture. This also is from the <i>atelier</i> of Mr. O'Donovan. -An excellent picture of this work of art and of the statue may be found -in the "Memorial Souvenir of the Monument Association," prepared by Dr. -Nathaniel C. Husted, secretary of the association.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_123"></a>[Pg 123]</span></p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_56" href="#FNanchor_56" class="label">[56]</a> The original drawing from which the engraving was made -was received from London in 1849 by the author of this little work, -together with a copy of a profile likeness of André—simply the head -and shoulders—said to have been drawn by himself.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_57" href="#FNanchor_57" class="label">[57]</a> Upon a panel is the following inscription: "Sacred to -the memory of Major <span class="smcap">John André</span>, who, raised to the rank of -Adjutant-General of the British Army in America, and employed in an -important and hazardous enterprise, fell a sacrifice to his zeal -for his king and country, on the 2d of October, <span class="allsmcap">A.D.</span> 1780, -eminently beloved and esteemed by the army in which he served, and -lamented even by his foes. His gracious sovereign, <span class="smcap">King George the -Third</span>, has caused this monument to be erected." -</p> -<p> -After the removal of André's remains to Westminster Abbey, as mentioned -in the text, the following inscription was cut upon the base of the -pedestal: -</p> -<p> -"The remains of Major <span class="smcap">John André</span> were, on the 10th of -August, 1821, removed from Tappaan by <span class="smcap">James Buchanan</span>, Esq., -his Majesty's Consul at New York, under instructions from his Royal -Highness the <span class="smcap">Duke of York</span>, and, with the permission of the -Dean and Chapter, finally deposited in a grave contiguous to this -monument on the 28th of November, 1821."</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_58" href="#FNanchor_58" class="label">[58]</a> It was chiefly through the liberality and personal -influence of Mr. Lee that the funds were raised for procuring the fine -bronze equestrian statue of <span class="smcap">Washington</span>, by H.K. Brown, at -Union Square, New York. That was the first statue erected in the open -air in that city, and is not surpassed in artistic merit by any since -set up there.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_59" href="#FNanchor_59" class="label">[59]</a> Mr. Whittemore had procured this identification fully six -months before the visit of Mr. Field and his guests, with the view to -have a memorial-stone placed upon the spot. He had consulted with the -owner of the land about it. The latter believed it would enhance the -value of his property, and favored the project.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_60" href="#FNanchor_60" class="label">[60]</a> Above may be seen a <i>fac-simile</i> of the last paragraph of -Dean Stanley's letter.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_61" href="#FNanchor_61" class="label">[61]</a> The letter of Mr. Field conveying his generous offer -to the New York Historical Society (September, 1880) was referred -to the Executive Committee. They warmly recommended its favorable -consideration by the society. In their report, referring to the event -commemorated by the memorial-stone at Tappaan, the committee said it -was an "event which, perhaps, more signally than any other act of -his life, illustrates the wisdom and firmness of Washington under -circumstances of peculiar trial, in which even his devoted followers -were disposed to question his humanity, if not his justice, and almost -to fall in with the sentimental calumny of the day, which has been so -often reviewed and refuted as to become ridiculous. The memorial-stone -of André's execution is a monument to Washington."</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_62" href="#FNanchor_62" class="label">[62]</a> The engraving is from the original drawing of the -architect. Just below the inscription, at the bottom of the shaft, is -cut "<span class="smcap">Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, Dean of Westminster</span>."</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_63" href="#FNanchor_63" class="label">[63]</a> It was ascertained that the perpetrator of the crime was -a "crank"—a printer, in the city of New York—who, after eluding the -officers of the law for some time, finally died.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_64" href="#FNanchor_64" class="label">[64]</a> A petition addressed to the Governor of the State, asking -him to assist in an effort to discover the perpetrator of the crime, -was signed by a large number of the most respectable citizens of -Rockland County.</p></div></div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_124"></a>[Pg 124]</span></p> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="MONODY_ON_MAJOR_ANDRE">MONODY ON MAJOR ANDRÉ.</h2> -</div> - -<p class="center"> -<img src="images/illus28.jpg" alt="pic" /> -<a id="illus28" ></a> -</p> -<p class="caption"> <span class="smcap">Anna Seward.</span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_125"></a>[Pg 125]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_AUTHOR_OF_THE_MONODY">THE AUTHOR OF THE MONODY.</h2> -</div> - - -<p>Anna Seward, the abiding friend and ever-faithful correspondent of -Major André until his death, was a daughter of Thomas Seward, the -canon-resident of Lichfield Cathedral. She was born at Eyam, in -Derbyshire, England, in 1747. Her education, superior to that of most -girls of her time, was superintended by her father, who was a graduate -of Oxford, a man of great moral worth, and noted for his scholarship.</p> - -<p>Miss Seward evinced a taste and a genius for poetic composition at a -very early age, and before she reached the period of young womanhood -she attracted the attention of local literary characters. She became -a great favorite of Dr. Samuel Johnson, who was a native of Lichfield -and was a frequent guest at the house of her father. On one occasion, -when she was about fourteen years of age, she wrote a clever poetical -address of welcome to Dr. Johnson, which greatly pleased the recipient. -Miss Seward is often incidentally mentioned in Boswell's "Life of -Johnson." Writing of a visit at Mr. Seward's in 1775, when Anna was -twenty-eight years of age, Boswell, Johnson's shadow, says, "And -now, for the first time, I had the pleasure of seeing his celebrated -daughter, Miss Anna Seward, to whom I have since been indebted for many -civilities."</p> - -<p>Miss Seward's first acquaintance with young André, her<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_126"></a>[Pg 126]</span> interest in -his love-affair with Honora Sneyd, and her pleasant epistolary and -personal intercourse with him until his departure for America, have -been referred to in the early portions of the brief notice of that -young soldier's career contained in this volume. During his service in -America she was his constant correspondent; and she first informed him -of the death of Honora a short time before his own tragic exit from -earth.</p> - -<p>The circumstances attending the death of her friend inspired Miss -Seward to write her most notable and most admired poem, "Monody on -Major André." She was then thirty-three years old. It was printed -for the author at Lichfield early in 1781. Being consonant in its -utterances with the feelings of the British public at that time, it -had a large sale, and produced a powerful sensation. She received -congratulatory letters from literary people and others in various parts -of the kingdom. No man was more delighted with it than was Dr. Johnson, -"the colossus of English literature."</p> - -<p>Johnson was a fierce Tory, and hated the Americans with a spirit of -savage ferocity. On one occasion, while at Lichfield, he said, "I am -willing to love all mankind, excepting an American." He called them -"rascals," "robbers and pirates," and angrily exclaimed, "I'd burn -and destroy them!" Boswell says Miss Seward, who was present at this -outburst of passion, and whose feelings were favorable to the American -cause, boldly rebuked Johnson, saying, "Sir, this is an instance that -we are most violent against those we have most injured." This delicate -but keen reproach irritated Johnson still more, and, says Boswell, -"he roared out another tremendous volley, which one might fancy could -be heard across the Atlantic." But Johnson and Anna Seward<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_127"></a>[Pg 127]</span> remained -good friends until a short time before the death of the former. They -corresponded with each other, and frequently met in social circles.</p> - -<p>I have said Dr. Johnson was delighted by Miss Seward's "Monody." -He exhibited that delight in the most public manner by writing and -publishing in the "Gentleman's Magazine," over his own signature, the -following poetic epistle to the author:</p> - - -<p class="center">"<span class="smcap">To Miss Seward, on her Monody on Major André</span>:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 25%;"> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Above the frigid etiquette of form,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">With the same animated feelings warm,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">I come, fair maid, enamored of thy lays,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">With tribute verse, to swell the note of praise.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nor let the gentle Julia's<a id="FNanchor_65" href="#Footnote_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> hand disclaim</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The bold intrusion of an honest strain.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nor is it mine alone—'tis the full voice</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Of such as honor with no vulgar choice,<a id="FNanchor_66" href="#Footnote_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Of such as feel each glowing line along</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Once the bright subject of an humble song.<a id="FNanchor_67" href="#Footnote_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The treasures of the female heart make known</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">By copying the soft movements of her own.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Woman should walk arrayed in her own robe,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The hope, the boast, the blessing of the globe.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"<i>Shrewsbury.</i> <span class="smcap">S. Johnson.</span>"</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>Miss Seward's "Monody" was dedicated to Sir Henry Clinton. To it were -appended three letters written to her by young André immediately after -his betrothal to and personal separation from Honora Sneyd. These I -have appended to the "Monody," The printed copy of that poem, before -me, bears the autograph signature of Anna Seward at the end.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_128"></a>[Pg 128]</span></p> - -<p>It was not long after Johnson's poetical epistle to the author of the -"Monody" appeared before an interruption of the goodly feeling between -him and his fair friend occurred. In 1782 Johnson's "Lives of the -British Poets" appeared, in which he severely criticised the poetry of -her cherished friend Thomas Hayley. Ever ready and prompt to defend -heroically those she had learned to esteem, she instantly took fire at -the attack, and she wrote letters to her friends which were far from -complimentary to Johnson. To Hayley she wrote:</p> - -<p>"You have seen Dr. Johnson's 'Lives of the Poets.' They have excited -your generous indignation. A heart like Hayley's would shrink -astonished to perceive a mind so enriched with the power of genius -capable of such cool malignity. Yet the 'Gentleman's Magazine' praised -these unworthy efforts to blight the laurels of undoubted fame. Oh, -that the venom may fall where it ought!"</p> - -<p>Animadversions by Miss Seward more severe than this found their way, -without her consent, into the public prints, and deeply offended Dr. -Johnson. The breach thus made was never healed. Miss Seward refused to -retract a word, but persisted in her utterances. Sometimes, even after -the death of Dr. Johnson, in 1784, they were spiced with attacks upon -his personal character. These attacks drew from Boswell a defense of -his dead friend, whom he almost adored, and in 1793 he and Miss Seward -carried on a spirited controversy in the "Gentleman's Magazine."</p> - -<p>Miss Seward's writings in verse and prose were quite voluminous. The -latter, consisting of her literary correspondence from 1784 to 1807, -was published in six volumes in the latter year. Her poetical works, -with extracts from her literary correspondence, edited by Sir Walter -Scott, were<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_129"></a>[Pg 129]</span> published in three volumes in 1810. Next to her "Monody," -in point of excellence and popularity, was her "Elegy on Captain James -Cook," the famous circumnavigator of the globe. Of this performance Sir -Walter Scott said, "It conveyed a high impression of the original power -of the author."</p> - -<p>The literary fame of Anna Seward has not been enduring, and she, who -was a conspicuous figure in the world of letters in England during -the last quarter of the eighteenth century, is now almost forgotten. -Her known social relations to Major André, and her "Monody," have -perpetuated her memory in the minds of Americans. It is said that, -when she was fully informed of all the circumstances connected with -the death of André, she was satisfied that she had been unjust toward -Washington in her animadversions upon his character in her poem, and -expressed a regret that she had so misjudged him.</p> - -<p>Miss Seward, in a letter to her friend Miss Ponsonby, related that -several years after the peace a friend of Washington's, an American -officer, introduced himself to her (Miss Seward), saying he was -commissioned by General Washington to call upon her and assure her that -no circumstance of his life had been so mortifying as to be censured -in the "Monody" on André as the pitiless author of his ignominious -fate; that he had labored to save him; and that he requested his friend -to leave with Miss Seward a package of papers which he had sent, -consisting of copies of the records of the court-martial, etc. "The -American officer referred to," says Sargent, "is supposed to have been -Colonel Humphreys."</p> - -<p>Various opinions have been expressed concerning the writings of Miss -Seward. The literary circle of Lichfield,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_130"></a>[Pg 130]</span> of which she was the -central figure, appears to have been a mutual-admiration society. The -productions of each member appear to have been eulogized by every -other member. Her friend, the celebrated Dr. Erasmus Darwin, declared -that she was "the inventress of epic elegy"; the eccentric philosopher -Day called her a "prodigy of genius"; while the wits of London gently -ridiculed the pretensions of the literary Lichfieldians. Horace Walpole -wrote: "Misses Seward and Williams, and a half a dozen more of these -harmonious virgins, have no imagination, no novelty. Their thoughts -and phrases are like their gowns—old remnants cut and turned." The -Rev. Alexander Dyce wrote: "She was endowed with considerable genius, -and with an ample portion of that fine enthusiasm which sometimes may -be taken for it; but her taste was far from good, and her numerous -productions (a few excepted) are disfigured by florid ornament and -elaborate magnificence."</p> - -<p>After Miss Seward's death, in 1809, there was published a small volume -with the title of "The Beauties of Anna Seward." She died a maiden. The -portrait preceding this brief memoir is a carefully drawn copy with pen -and ink of an engraving by A. Carden, from the original picture painted -in 1763, when she was sixteen years of age, by Tilly Kettle, an English -portrait-painter of note, who was then only about twenty-three years of -age.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_131"></a>[Pg 131]</span></p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_65" href="#FNanchor_65" class="label">[65]</a> André in his correspondence with Miss Seward on the topic -of Honora addressed her as "Julia."</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_66" href="#FNanchor_66" class="label">[66]</a> A reading society at Shrewsbury is here alluded to.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_67" href="#FNanchor_67" class="label">[67]</a> Alluding to an "Essay on Woman," written by Johnson.</p></div></div> - - - - - -<p class="ph3">MONODY</p> - -<p class="ph5" style="margin-top: 2em;">ON</p> - -<p class="ph3" style="margin-top: 2em;">MAJOR ANDRÉ.</p> - -<p class="ph4" style="margin-top: 5em;"><span class="smcap">By Miss SEWARD</span>,</p> - -<p class="ph5">(AUTHOR OF THE ELEGY ON CAPTAIN COOK.)</p> - - -<p class="ph5" style="margin-top: 10em;">TO WHICH ARE ADDED<br /> -LETTERS ADDRESSED TO HER<br /> -<span class="smcap">By</span> MAJOR ANDRÉ,<br /> - -IN THE YEAR 1769.</p> - -<p class="ph6" style="margin-top: 5em;">LICHFIELD:</p> - -<p class="ph6">PRINTED AND SOLD BY J. JACKSON, FOR THE AUTHOR;<br /> -SOLD ALSO BY ROBINSON, PATER-NOSTER ROW; CADELL AND EVANS, IN THE<br /> -STRAND, LONDON; PRINCE, OXFORD; MERRILL, CAMBRIDGE;<br /> -AND PRATT AND CLINCH, BATH.</p> - -<p class="ph6">M.DCC.LXXXI.</p> - -<p class="ph6">[<i>Price, Two-Shillings-and-Six-Pence.</i>]</p> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_133"></a>[Pg 133]</span></p> - - - - - - -<p class="ph6" style="margin-top: 5em;">TO</p> - -<p class="ph5">HIS EXCELLENCY,</p> - -<p class="ph4">SIR HENRY CLINTON,</p> - -<p class="ph5">KNIGHT OF THE BATH.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: <i>With the zeal of a religious Enthusiast to his murdered -Saint, the Author of this mournful Eulogium consecrates it to the -Memory of Major André, who fell a Martyr in the Cause of his King -and Country, with the firm Intrepidity of a Roman, and the amiable -Resignation of a Christian Hero.</i></p> - -<p><i>Distant Awe and Reverence prevent her offering these Effusions of -Gratitude to the Beneficent and Royal Patron of the André Family. May -Mr. André's illustrious General, the Guardian of his injured Honour, -his conspicuous and personal Friend, deign to accept them from One who -was once happy in the Friendship of the</i> <span class="smcap">Glorious Sufferer</span>.</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 25%;"><i>Your Excellency's</i></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 30%;"><i>Most obedient humble Servant</i>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 35%;"><span class="smcap">Anna Seward</span>.</span> -</p></div> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_135"></a>[Pg 135]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="MONODY">MONODY</h2> -</div> - -<p class="ph4">ON</p> - -<p class="ph3">MAJOR ANDRÉ.</p> - - -<p style="margin-left: 25%;"> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Loud howls the storm! the vex'd Atlantic roars!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thy Genius, Britain, wanders on its shores!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hears cries of horror, wafted from afar,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And groans of Anguish, mid the shrieks of War!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hears the deep curses of the Great and Brave,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sigh in the wind, and murmur on the wave!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">O'er his damp brow the sable crape he binds,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And throws his victor-garland<a id="FNanchor_68" href="#Footnote_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a> to the winds;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bids haggard Winter, in her drear sojourn,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tear the dim foliage from her drizzling urn;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">With sickly yew unfragrant cypress twine,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And hang the dusky wreath round Honour's shrine.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bids steel-clad valour chace his dove-like Bride,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Enfeebling Mercy, from his awful side;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Where long she sat, and check'd the ardent rein,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">As whirl'd his chariot o'er th' embattled plain;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gilded with sunny smile her April tear,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rais'd her white arm and stay'd th' uplifted spear;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Then, in her place, bid Vengeance mount the car,</span><br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_136"></a>[Pg 136]</span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">And glut with gore th' insatiate Dogs of War!—</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">With one pale hand the bloody scroll<a id="FNanchor_69" href="#Footnote_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a> he rears,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And bids his nations blot it with their tears;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And one, extended o'er th' Atlantic wave,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Points to his <span class="smcap">André's</span> ignominious grave!</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And shall the Muse, that marks the solemn scene,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"As busy Fancy lifts the veil between,"</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Refuse to mingle in the awful train,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nor breathe with glowing zeal the votive strain?</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">From public fame shall admiration fire</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The boldest numbers of her raptur'd lyre</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To hymn a Stranger?—and with ardent lay</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lead the wild mourner round her <span class="smcap">Cook's</span> morai,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">While <span class="smcap">André</span> fades upon his dreary bier,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And <span class="smcap">Julia's</span><a id="FNanchor_70" href="#Footnote_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a> only tribute is her tear?</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dear, lovely Youth! whose gentle virtues stole</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thro' Friendship's soft'ning medium on her soul!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ah no!—with every strong resistless plea,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rise the recorded days she pass'd with thee,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">While each dim shadow of o'erwhelming years,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">With Eagle-glance reverted, Mem'ry clears.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Belov'd companion of the fairest hours</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">That rose for her in joy's resplendent bow'rs,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">How gaily shone on thy bright Morn of Youth</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Star of Pleasure, and the Sun of Truth!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Full from their Source descended on thy mind</span><br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_137"></a>[Pg 137]</span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Each gen'rous virtue, and each taste refin'd.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Young Genius led thee to his varied fane,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bade thee ask<a id="FNanchor_71" href="#Footnote_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a> all his gifts, nor ask in vain;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hence novel thoughts, in ev'ry lustre drest</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Of pointed wit, that diamond of the breast;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hence glow'd thy fancy with poetic ray,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hence music warbled in thy sprightly lay;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And hence thy pencil, with his colours warm,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Caught ev'ry grace, and copied ev'ry charm,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Whose transient glories beam on Beauty's cheek,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And bid the glowing Ivory breathe and speak.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Blest pencil! by kind Fate ordain'd to save</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Honora's</span> semblance from<a id="FNanchor_72" href="#Footnote_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a>her early grave,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oh! while on<a id="FNanchor_73" href="#Footnote_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a><span class="smcap">Julia's</span> arm it sweetly smiles,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And each lorn thought, each long regret beguiles,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fondly she weeps the hand, which form'd the spell,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Now shroudless mould'ring in its earthy cell!</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">But sure the Youth, whose ill-starr'd passion strove</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">With all the pangs of inauspicious Love,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Full oft' deplor'd the Fatal Art, that stole</span><br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_138"></a>[Pg 138]</span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">The jocund freedom of its Master's soul!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">While with nice hand he mark'd the living grace,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And matchless sweetness of <span class="smcap">Honora's</span> face,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Th' enamour'd Youth the faithful traces blest,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">That barb'd the dart of Beauty in his breast;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Around his neck th' enchanting Portrait hung,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">While a warm vow burst ardent from his tongue,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">That from his bosom no succeeding day,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">No chance should bear that Talisman away.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">'Twas thus<a id="FNanchor_74" href="#Footnote_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a>Apelles bask'd in Beauty's blaze,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And felt the mischief of the steadfast gaze;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Trac'd with disorder'd hand Campaspe's charms,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And as their beams the kindling Canvas warms,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Triumphant Love, with still superior art,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Engraves their wonders on the Painter's heart.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dear lost Companion! ever-constant Youth!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">That Fate had smil'd propitious on thy Truth!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nor bound th' ensanguin'd laurel on that brow</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Where Love ordain'd his brightest wreath to glow!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Then Peace had led thee to her softest bow'rs,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And Hymen strew'd thy path with all his flow'rs;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Drawn to thy roof, by Friendship's silver cord,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Each social Joy had brighten'd at thy board;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Science, and soft Affection's blended rays</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Had shone unclouded on thy lengthen'd days;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">From hour to hour thy taste, with conscious pride,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Had mark'd new talents in thy lovely Bride;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Till thou hadst own'd the magic of her face</span><br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_139"></a>[Pg 139]</span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thy fair <span class="smcap">Honora's</span> least engaging grace.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dear lost <span class="smcap">Honora</span>! o'er thy early bier</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sorrowing the Muse still sheds her sacred tear!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The blushing Rose-bud in its vernal bed,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">By Zephyrs fann'd, by glist'ring Dew-drops fed,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">In June's gay morn that scents the ambient air,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Was not more sweet, more innocent or fair.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oh! when such Pairs their kindred Spirit find,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">When Sense and Virtue deck each spotless Mind,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hard is the doom that shall the union break,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And Fate's dark billow rises o'er the wreck.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Now Prudence, in her cold and thrifty care,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frown'd on the Maid, and bade the Youth despair,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">For Pow'r Parental sternly saw, and strove</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To tear the lily-bands of plighted love;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nor strove in vain;—but while the Fair-One's sighs</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Disperse, like April storms in sunny skies,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The firmer Lover, with unswerving truth,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To his first passion consecrates his Youth;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tho' four long years a night of absence prove,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Yet Hope's soft Star shone trembling on his Love;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Till<a id="FNanchor_75" href="#Footnote_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a>hov'ring Rumour chas'd the pleasing dream</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And veil'd with Raven-wing the silver beam.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"<span class="smcap">Honora</span> lost! my happy Rival's Bride!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Swell ye full Sails! and roll thou mighty Tide!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"O'er the dark Waves forsaken <span class="smcap">André</span> bear</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Amid the vollying Thunders of the War!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"To win bright Glory from my Country's foes,</span><br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_140"></a>[Pg 140]</span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"E'en in this ice of Love, my bosom glows.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Voluptuous <span class="smcap">London</span>! in whose gorgeous bow'rs</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"The frolic Pleasures lead the dancing Hours,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"From Orient-vales Sabean-odours bring,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Nor ask her roses of the tardy Spring;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Where Paintings burn the Grecian Meed to claim</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"From the high Temple of immortal Fame,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Bears to the radiant Goal, with ardent pace,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Her Kauffman's Beauty, and her Reynolds' Grace;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Where Music floats the glitt'ring roofs among,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"And with meand'ring cadence swells the Song,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"While sun-clad Poesy the Bard inspires,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"And foils the Grecian Harps, the Latian Lyres.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Ye soft'ning Luxuries! ye polish'd Arts!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Bend your enfeebling rays on tranquil Hearts!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"I quit the Song, the Pencil, and the Lyre,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"White robes of Peace, and Pleasure's soft Attire,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"To seize the Sword, to mount the rapid Car,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"In all the proud habiliments of War.—</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"<span class="smcap">Honora</span> lost! I woo a sterner Bride,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"The arm'd Bellona calls me to her side;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Harsh is the music of our marriage strain!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"It breathes in thunder from the Western plain!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Wide o'er the wat'ry world its echoes roll,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"And rouse each latent ardour of my soul.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"And tho' unlike the soft melodious lay,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"That gaily wak'd <span class="smcap">Honora's</span> nuptial day,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Its deeper tones shall whisper, e'er they cease,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"More genuine transport, and more lasting peace!</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Resolv'd I go!—nor from that fatal bourne</span><br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_141"></a>[Pg 141]</span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"To these gay scenes shall <span class="smcap">André's</span> step return!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Set is the Star of Love, that ought to guide</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"His refluent Bark across the mighty Tide!—</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"But while my Country's Foes, with impious hand,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Hurl o'er the blasted plains the livid brand</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Of dire Sedition!—Oh! let Heav'n ordain,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"While <span class="smcap">André</span> lives, he may not live in vain!</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Yet without one kind farewell, could I roam</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Far from my weeping Friends, my peaceful home,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"The best affections of my heart must cease,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"And gratitude be lost, with hope, and peace!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">My lovely Sisters! who were wont to twine</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Your Souls' soft feeling with each wish of mine,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Shall, when this breast beats high at Glory's call,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"From your mild eyes the show'rs of Sorrow fall?—</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"The light of Excellence, that round you glows,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Decks with reflected beam your Brother's brows.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Oh! may his Fame, in some distinguish'd day,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Pour on that Excellence the brightest ray!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Dim clouds of woe! ye veil each sprightly grace</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"That us'd to sparkle in <span class="smcap">Maria's</span> face.—</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"My<a id="FNanchor_76" href="#Footnote_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a>tuneful <span class="smcap">Anna</span> to her lute complains,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"But Grief's fond throbs arrest the parting strains.—</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Fair as the silver blossom on the thorn,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Soft as the spirit of the vernal morn,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"<span class="smcap">Louisa</span>, chace those trembling fears, that prove</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Th' ungovern'd terrors of a Sister's love.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"They bend thy sweet head, like yon lucid flow'r,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"That shrinks and fades beneath the summer's show'r—</span><br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_142"></a>[Pg 142]</span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Oh! smile, my Sisters, on this destin'd day,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"And with the radiant omen gild my way!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"And thou, my Brother, gentle as the gale,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Whose breath perfumes anew the blossom'd vale,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Yet quick of Spirit, as th' electric beam,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"When from the clouds its darting lightnings stream,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Soothe with incessant care our Mother's woes,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"And hush her anxious sighs to soft repose.—</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"And be ye sure, when distant far I stray</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"To share the dangers of the arduous day,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Your tender faithful amity shall rest</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"The<a id="FNanchor_77" href="#Footnote_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a> last dear record of my grateful breast.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Oh! graceful Priestess at the fane of Truth,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Friend of my Soul! and Guardian of my Youth!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Skill'd to convert the duty to the choice,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"My gentle Mother!—in whose melting voice</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"The virtuous precept, that perpetual flow'd,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"With music warbled, and with beauty glow'd,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Thy Tears!—ah Heav'n!—not drops of molten lead,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Pour'd on thy hapless Son's devoted head,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"With keener smart had each sensation torn!—</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"They wake the nerve where agonies are born!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"But oh! restrain me not!—thy tender strife,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"What wou'd it save?—alas!—thy <span class="smcap">André's</span> life!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Oh! what a weary pilgrimage 'twill prove</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Strew'd with the thorns of disappointed Love!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Ne'er can he break the charm, whose fond controul,</span><br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_143"></a>[Pg 143]</span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"By habit rooted, lords it o'er his soul,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"If here he languish in inglorious ease,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Where Science palls, and Pleasures cease to please.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"'Tis Glory only, with her potent ray,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Can chace the clouds that darken all his way.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Then dry those pearly drops that wildly flow,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Nor snatch the laurel from my youthful brow!—</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"The Rebel Standard blazes to the noon!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"And Glory's path is bright before thy Son!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Then join thy voice! and thou with Heav'n ordain</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"While <span class="smcap">André</span> lives, he may not live in vain!"</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">He says!—and sighing seeks the busy strand,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Where anchor'd Navies wait the wish'd command.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To the full gale the nearer billows roar,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And proudly lash the circumscribing shore;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">While furious on the craggy coast they rave,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">All calm and lovely rolls the distant wave;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">For onward, as th' unbounded waters spread,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Deep sink the rocks in their capacious bed,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And all their pointed terror's utmost force</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">But gently interrupts the billow's course.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">So on his present hour rude Passion preys!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">So smooth the prospect of his future days!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Unconscious of the Storm, that grimly sleeps,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To wreck its fury on th' unshelter'd Deeps!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Now yielding Waves divide before the prow,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The white sails bend, the streaming pennants glow;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And swiftly waft him to the Western plain,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Where fierce Bellona rages o'er the slain.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Firm in their strength, opposing Legions stand,</span><br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_144"></a>[Pg 144]</span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prepar'd to drench with blood the thirsty Land.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Now Carnage hurls her flaming bolts afar,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And Desolation groans amid the War.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">As bleed the Valiant, and the Mighty yield,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Death stalks, the only Victor, o'er the field.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Foremost in all the horrors of the day,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Impetuous <span class="smcap">André</span><a id="FNanchor_78" href="#Footnote_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> leads the glorious way;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Till, rashly bold, by numbers forc'd to yield,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">They drag him captive from the long-fought field.—</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Around the Hero crowd th' exulting Bands,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And seize the spoils of war with bloody hands,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Snatch the dark plumage from his awful crest,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And tear the golden crescent from his breast;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The sword, the tube, that wings the death from far,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And all the fatal implements of War!</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Silent, unmov'd the gallant Youth survey'd</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The lavish spoils triumphant Ruffians made.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The idle ornament, the useless spear</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">He little recks, but oh! there is a fear</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pants with quick throb, while yearning sorrows dart</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thro' his chill frame, and tremble at his heart:</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"What tho' <span class="smcap">Honora's</span> voice no more shall charm!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"No more her beamy smile my bosom warm!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Yet from these eyes shall force for ever tear</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"The sacred Image of that Form so dear?—</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Shade of my <span class="smcap">Love</span>!<a id="FNanchor_79" href="#Footnote_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a>—tho' mute and cold thy charms,</span><br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_145"></a>[Pg 145]</span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Ne'er hast thou blest my happy Rival's arms!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"To my sad heart each Dawn has seen thee prest!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Each Night has laid thee pillow'd on my breast!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Force shall not tear thee from thy faithful shrine;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Shade of my Love! thou shalt be ever mine!</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"'Tis fix'd!—these lips shall resolute enclose</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"The precious Soother of my ceaseless woes.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"And shou'd relentless Violence invade</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"This last retreat, by frantic Fondness made,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"One way remains!—Fate whispers to my Soul</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Intrepid<a id="FNanchor_80" href="#Footnote_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a>Portia and her burning coal!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"So shall the throbbing Inmate of my breast</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"From Love's sole gift meet everlasting rest!"</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">While these sad thoughts in swift succession fire</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The smother'd embers of each fond desire,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Quick to his mouth his eager hands removes</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The beauteous semblance of the Form he loves.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">That darling treasure safe, resign'd he wears</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The sordid robe, the scanty viand shares;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">With cheerful fortitude content to wait</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The barter'd ransom of a kinder Fate.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Now many a Moon in her pale course had shed</span><br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_146"></a>[Pg 146]</span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">The pensive beam on <span class="smcap">André's</span> captive head.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">At length the Sun rose jocund, to adorn</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">With all his splendour the enfranchis'd Morn.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Again the Hero joins the ardent Train</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">That pours its thousands on the tented plain;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And shines distinguish'd in the long Array,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bright as the silver Star that leads the Day!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">His modest temperance, his wakeful heed,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">His silent diligence, his ardent speed,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Each Warrior-duty to the Veteran taught,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shaming the vain Experience Time had brought.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dependence scarcely feels his gentle sway,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">He shares each want, and smiles each grief away;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And to the virtues of a noble Heart,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Unites the talents of inventive Art.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thus from his swift and faithful pencil flow</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Lines, the Camp, the Fortress of the Foe;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Serene to counteract each deep design,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Points the dark Ambush, and the springing Mine;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Till, as a breathing Incense, <span class="smcap">André's</span> name</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pervades the Host, and swells the loud acclaim.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The <span class="smcap">Chief</span> no virtue views with cold regard,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Skill'd to discern, and generous to reward;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Each tow'ring hope his honour'd smiles impart,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">As near his Person, and more near his Heart</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The graceful Youth he draws,—and round his brow</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bids Rank and Pow'r their mingled brilliance throw.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oh! hast thou seen a blooming Morn of May</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">In crystal beauty shed the modest ray,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And with its balmy dews' refreshing show'r</span><br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_147"></a>[Pg 147]</span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Swell the young grain, and ope the purple flow'r,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">In brightening lustre reach its radiant Noon,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rob'd in the gayest mantle of the Sun?</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Then 'mid the splendours of its azure skies,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oh! hast thou seen the cruel Storm arise,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">In sable horror shroud each dazzling charm,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And dash their glories back with icy arm?</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thus lowr'd the deathful cloud amid the blaze</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Of <span class="smcap">André's</span> rising hopes,—and quench'd their rays!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ah, fatal Embassy!—thy hazards dire</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">His kindling Soul with ev'ry ardour fire;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Great <span class="smcap">Clinton</span> gives it to the courage prov'd,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And the known wisdom of the Friend he lov'd.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">As fair Euryalus, to meet his Fate,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">With Nysus rushes from the Dardan gate,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Relentless Fate! whose fury scorns to spare</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The snowy breast, red lip, and shining hair,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">So polish'd <span class="smcap">André</span> launches on the waves,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Where<a id="FNanchor_81" href="#Footnote_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a>Hudson's tide its dreary confine laves.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">With firm intrepid foot the Youth explores</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Each dangerous pathway of the hostile shores;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">But on no Veteran-Chief his step attends,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">As silent round the gloomy Wood he wends;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alone he meets the brave repentant Foe,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sustains his late resolve, receives his vow,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">With ardent skill directs the doubtful course,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seals the firm bond, and ratifies its force.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">'Tis thus, <span class="smcap">America</span>, thy Generals fly,</span><br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_148"></a>[Pg 148]</span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">And wave new banners in their native sky!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sick of the mischiefs artful <span class="smcap">Gallia</span> pours,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">In friendly semblance on thy ravag'd shores.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Unnatural compact!—shall a Race of Slaves</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sustain the ponderous standard Freedom waves?</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">No! while their feign'd Protection spreads the toils,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Vultures hover o'er the destin'd spoils!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">How fade Provincial-glories, while ye run</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To court far deeper bondage than ye shun!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Is this the generous active rising Flame,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">That boasted Liberty's immortal name,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Blaz'd for its rights infring'd, its trophies torn,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And taught the Wife the dire mistake to mourn,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">When haughty <span class="smcap">Britain</span>, in a luckless hour,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">With rage inebriate, and the lust of pow'r,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To fruitless conquest, and to countless graves,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Led her gay Legions o'er the Western waves?</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Friend of Discord, cow'ring at the prow,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sat darkly smiling at th' impending woe!</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Long did my Soul the wretched strife survey,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And wept the horrors of the deathful day;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thro' rolling Years saw undecisive War</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Drag bleeding Wisdom at his iron Car;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Exhaust my Country's treasure, pour her gore</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">In fruitless conflict on the distant shore;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Saw the firm <span class="smcap">Congress</span> all her might oppose,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And while I mourn'd her fate, rever'd her Foes.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">But when, repentant of her prouder aim,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">She gently waives the long-disputed claim;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Extends the Charter with your Rights restor'd,</span><br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_149"></a>[Pg 149]</span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">And hides in olive-wreaths the blood-stain'd sword,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Then to reject her peaceful wreaths, and throw</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Your Country's Freedom to our mutual Foe!—</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Infatuate Land!—from that detested day</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Distracted Councils, and the thirst of Sway,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rapacious Avarice, Superstition vile,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And all the <i>Frenchman</i> dictates in his guile</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Disgrace your <span class="smcap">Congress</span>!—Justice drops her scale!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And radiant Liberty averts her sail!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">They fly indignant the polluted plain,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Where Truth is scorn'd, and Mercy pleads in vain.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">That she does plead in vain, thy witness bear,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Accursed Hour!—thou darkest of the Year!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">That with Misfortune's deadliest venom fraught,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To Tappan's Wall the gallant <span class="smcap">André</span> brought.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oh <span class="smcap">Washington</span>! I thought thee great and good,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nor knew thy Nero-thirst of guiltless blood!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Severe to use the pow'r that Fortune gave,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thou cool determin'd Murderer of the Brave!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lost to each fairer Virtue, that inspires</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The genuine fervor, of the patriot fires!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And You, the base Abettors of the doom,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">That sunk his blooming honors in the tomb,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Th' opprobrious tomb your harden'd hearts decreed,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">While all he ask'd was as the Brave to Bleed!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nor other boon the glorious Youth implor'd</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Save the cold Mercy of the Warrior-Sword!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">O dark, and pitiless! your impious hate</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">O'er-whelm'd the Hero in the Ruffian's fate!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stopt with the<a id="FNanchor_82" href="#Footnote_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a>Felon-cord the rosy breath!</span><br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_150"></a>[Pg 150]</span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">And venom'd with disgrace the darts of Death!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Remorseless <span class="smcap">Washington</span>! the day shall come</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Of deep repentance for this barb'rous doom!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">When injur'd <span class="smcap">André's</span> memory shall inspire</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A kindling Army with resistless fire;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Each falchion sharpen that the Britons wield,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And lead their fiercest Lion to the field!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Then, when each hope of thine shall set in night,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">When dubious dread, and unavailing flight</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Impel your Host, thy guilt-upbraided Soul</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shall wish untouch'd the sacred Life you stole!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And when thy Heart appall'd and vanquish'd Pride</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shall vainly ask the mercy they deny'd,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">With horror shalt thou meet the fate they gave,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nor Pity gild the darkness of thy grave!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">For Infamy, with livid hand shall shed</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eternal mildew on the ruthless head!</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Less cruel far than thou, on Ilium's plain</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Achilles, raging for Patroclus slain!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">When hapless Priam bends the aged knee,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To deprecate the Victor's dire decree,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The nobler Greek, in melting pity spares</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The lifeless Hector to his Father's prayers,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fierce as he was;—'tis <i>Cowards</i> only know</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Persisting vengeance o'er a <i>fallen</i> Foe.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">But no intreaty wakes the soft remorse,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oh, murder'd <span class="smcap">André</span>! for thy sacred Corse;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vain were an army's, vain its Leader's sighs!—</span><br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_151"></a>[Pg 151]</span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Damp in the Earth on Hudson's shore it lies!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Unshrouded welters in the wintry storm,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And gluts the riot of the<a id="FNanchor_83" href="#Footnote_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a>Tappan Worm!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">But oh! its dust, like Abel's blood, shall rise,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And call for justice from the angry skies!</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">What tho' the Tyrants, with malignant pride,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To thy pale Corse each decent rite deny'd!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thy graceful limbs in no kind covert laid,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nor with the Christian Requiem sooth'd thy shade!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Yet on thy grass-green Bier soft April-show'rs</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shall earliest wake the sweet spontaneous Flow'rs,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bid the blue Hare-bell and the Snow-drop there</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hang their cold cup, and drop the pearly tear!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And oft, at pensive Eve's ambiguous gloom,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Imperial Honour, bending o'er thy tomb,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">With solemn strains shall lull thy deep repose,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And with his deathless Laurels shade thy brows!</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lamented Youth! while with inverted spear</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The British Legions pour th' indignant tear!</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Round the dropt arm the<a id="FNanchor_84" href="#Footnote_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a>funeral scarf entwine,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And in their heart's deep core thy worth enshrine,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">While my weak Muse, in fond attempt and vain,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">But feebly pours a perishable strain,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oh! ye distinguish'd Few! whose glowing lays</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bright Phœbus kindles with his purest rays,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Snatch from its radiant source the living fire,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And light with<a id="FNanchor_85" href="#Footnote_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a>Vestal flame your <span class="smcap">André's Hallow'd Pyre</span>.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_152"></a>[Pg 152]</span></p> - -<div class="footnotes"> -<h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_68" href="#FNanchor_68" class="label">[68]</a> Victor-garland—alluding to the conquest by Lord -Cornwallis.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_69" href="#FNanchor_69" class="label">[69]</a> Bloody scroll. The court-martial decree, signed at -Tappan, for Major André's execution.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_70" href="#FNanchor_70" class="label">[70]</a> <i>Julia</i>—the name by which Mr. André addressed the author -in his correspondence with her.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_71" href="#FNanchor_71" class="label">[71]</a> <i>All his gifts.</i>—Mr. André has conspicuous talents for -Poetry, Music, and Painting. The newspapers mentioned a satiric poem -of his upon Americans, which was supposed to have stimulated this -barbarity towards him ["The Cow-Chase"].—Of his wit and vivacity, the -letters subjoined to this work afford ample proof.—They were addressed -to the author by Mr. André when he was a youth of eighteen.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_72" href="#FNanchor_72" class="label">[72]</a> <i>Early grave.</i>—Miss Honora S. [Honora Sneyd], to whom -Mr. André's attachment was of such singular constancy, died in a -consumption a few months before he suffer'd death at Tappan. She had -married another Gentleman [Richard Lovell Edgeworth] four years after -her engagement with Mr. André had been dissolved by parental authority.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_73" href="#FNanchor_73" class="label">[73]</a> <i>Julia's arm.</i>—Mr. André drew two miniature pictures of -Miss Honora S. on his first acquaintance with her at Buxton, in the -year 1769, one for himself, the other for the author of this poem.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_74" href="#FNanchor_74" class="label">[74]</a> <i>'Twas thus Apelles.</i>—Prior is very elegant upon this -circumstance in an Ode to his Friend, Mr. Howard the Painter.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_75" href="#FNanchor_75" class="label">[75]</a> <i>Hov'ring Rumour.</i>—The tidings of Honora's Marriage. -Upon that event Mr. André quitted his Profession as a Merchant and -join'd our Army in America.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_76" href="#FNanchor_76" class="label">[76]</a> <i>Tuneful Anna.</i>—Miss Anna André has a poetical talent.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_77" href="#FNanchor_77" class="label">[77]</a> <i>Last dear record.</i>—"I have a Mother, and three Sisters, -to whom the value of my commission wou'd be an object, as the loss -of Grenada has much affected their income. It is needless to be more -explicit on this subject, I know your Excellency's goodness."—See -Major André's last letter to General Clinton, publish'd in the Gazette.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_78" href="#FNanchor_78" class="label">[78]</a> <i>Impetuous André.</i>—It is in this passage only that -fiction has been employ'd thro' the narrative of the poem. Mr. André -was a prisoner in America, soon after his arrival there, but the Author -is unacquainted with the circumstances of the action in which he was -taken.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_79" href="#FNanchor_79" class="label">[79]</a> <i>Shade of my Love.</i>—The miniature of Honora. A letter -from Major André to one of his Friends, written a few years ago, -contained the following sentence: "I have been taken prisoner by the -Americans and stript of everything except the picture of Honora, -which I concealed in my mouth. Preserving that, I yet think myself -fortunate."</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_80" href="#FNanchor_80" class="label">[80]</a> -</p> -<p> - -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Intrepid Portia.</i>—"<i>Brutus</i>. Impatient of my absence,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">"And grieved that young Octavius with Mark Antony</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">"Had made themselves so strong, she grew distracted,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">"And, her Attendants absent, swallow'd fire.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">"<i>Cassius.</i>] And dy'd so?</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">"<i>Brutus.</i>] Even so!"</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>See Shakespear's Play of Julius Cæsar, Act IV., Scene IV.]</p></div> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_81" href="#FNanchor_81" class="label">[81]</a> <i>Hudson's tide.</i>—Major André came up the Hudson River to -meet General Arnold. On his return by Land he fell into the hands of -the Enemy.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_82" href="#FNanchor_82" class="label">[82]</a> <i>Felon-cord.</i>—"As I suffer in the defence of my Country, -I must consider this hour as the most glorious of my life.—Remember -that I die as becomes a British Officer, while the manner of my death -must reflect disgrace on your Commander." See Major André's last words, -inserted in the General Evening Post, for Tuesday, November the 14, -1780.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_83" href="#FNanchor_83" class="label">[83]</a> <i>Tappan.</i>—The place where Major André was executed.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_84" href="#FNanchor_84" class="label">[84]</a> <i>Funeral scarf.</i>—Our whole Army in America went into -mourning for Major André, a distinguish'd tribute to his merit.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_85" href="#FNanchor_85" class="label">[85]</a> <i>Vestal flame.</i>—The Vestal fire was kept perpetually -burning, and originally kindled from the rays of the Sun.</p></div></div> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="LETTERS">LETTERS</h2> -</div> - -<p class="center">ADDRESSED TO THE AUTHOR OF THE FOREGOING POEM, BY MAJOR ANDRÉ, WHEN HE -WAS A YOUTH OF EIGHTEEN.</p> - - -<p class="center">LETTER I.</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 45%;"><span class="smcap">Clapton</span>, <i>October 3, 1769</i>.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>From their agreeable excursion to Shrewsbury, my dearest friends are -by this time returned to their thrice-beloved Lichfield. Once again -have they beheld those fortunate <i>spires</i>, the constant witnesses of -all their pains and pleasures. I can well conceive the emotions of joy -which their first appearance, from the neighboring hills, excites after -absence; they seem to welcome you home, and invite you to reiterate -those hours of happiness, of which they are a species of monument. I -shall have an eternal love and reverence for them. Never shall I forget -the joy that danced in Honora's eyes, when she first showed them to me -from Needwood Forest on our return with you from Buxton to Lichfield. -I remember she called them the <i>Ladies of the Valley</i>—their lightness -and elegance deserve the title. Oh, how I loved them from that instant! -My enthusiasm concerning them is carried farther even than yours and -Honora's, for every object that has a pyramidal form recalls them to my -recollection, with a sensation that brings the tear of pleasure into my -eyes.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_153"></a>[Pg 153]</span></p> - -<p>How happy must you have been at Shrewsbury! only that you tell me, -alas! that dear Honora was not so well as you wished during your stay -there. I always hope the best. My impatient spirit rejects every -obtruding idea which I have not fortitude to support. Dr. Darwin's -skill and your tender care will remove that sad pain in her side, -which makes writing troublesome and injurious to her; which robs her -poor <i>cher Jean</i><a id="FNanchor_86" href="#Footnote_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a> of those precious pages with which, he flatters -himself, she would otherwise have indulged him. So your happiness -at Shrewsbury scorned to be indebted to public amusements. Five -virgins, united in the soft bonds of friendship! how I should have -liked to have made the sixth! But you surprise me by such an absolute -exclusion of the beaux. I certainly thought that when five wise virgins -were watching at midnight, it must have been in expectation of the -bridegroom's coming. <i>We</i> are at this instant five virgins, writing -round the same table—my three sisters, Mr. Ewer, and myself. I beg no -reflections injurious to the honor of poor <i>cher Jean</i>. My mother is -gone to pay a visit, and has left us in possession of the old coach; -but as for nags, we can boast only of two long-tails, and my sisters -say they are sorry cattle, being no other than my friend Ewer and -myself, who, to say the truth, have enormous pig-tails.</p> - -<p>My dear Boissier is come to town; he has brought a little of the -soldier with him, but he is the same honest, warm, intelligent friend I -always found him. He sacrifices the town diversions, since I will not -partake of them.</p> - -<p>We are jealous of your correspondents, who are so numerous. Yet, write -to the Andrés often, my dear Julia, for<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_154"></a>[Pg 154]</span> who are they that will value -your letters quite so much as we value them?</p> - -<p>The least scrap of a letter will be received with the greatest joy. -Write, therefore, though it were only to give us the comfort of -having a piece of paper which has recently passed through your hands; -Honora will put in a little postscript, were it only to tell me that -she is <i>my very sincere friend</i>, who will neither give me love nor -comfort—very short, indeed, Honora, was thy last postscript! But I -am too presumptuous; I will not scratch out, but I <i>un</i>say. From the -little there <i>was</i> I received more joy than I deserve. This <i>cher Jean</i> -is an impertinent fellow, but he will grow discreet in time. You must -consider him as a poor novice of <i>eighteen</i>, who, for all the sins he -may commit, is sufficiently punished in the single evil of being one -hundred and twenty miles from Lichfield.</p> - -<p>My mother and sisters will go to Putney in a few days, to stay some -time. We none of us like Clapton. <i>I</i> need not care, for I am all -day long in town, but it is avoiding Scylla to fall into Charybdis. -You paint to me the pleasant vale of Stow in the richest autumnal -coloring. In return, I must tell you that my zephyrs are wafted through -cracks in the wainscot; for murmuring streams I have dirty kennels; -for bleating flocks, grunting pigs; and squalling cats for birds that -incessantly warble. I have said something of this sort in my letter to -Miss Spearman, and am twinged with the idea of these epistles being -confronted, and that I shall recall to your memory the fat knight's -love-letters to Mrs. Ford and Mrs. Page.</p> - -<p>Julia, perhaps thou fanciest I am merry—alas! But I do not wish to -make you as doleful as myself; and besides, when I would express -the tender feelings of my soul, I have<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_155"></a>[Pg 155]</span> no language which does them -justice; if I had, I should regret that you could not have it fresher, -and that whatever one communicates by letter must go such a roundabout -way before it reaches one's correspondent—from the writer's heart, -through his head, arm, hand, pen, ink, paper, over many a weary hill -and dale, to the eye, head, and heart of the reader. I have often -regretted our not possessing a sort of faculty which should enable -our sensations, remarks, etc., to arise from their source in a sort -of exaltations, and fall upon our paper in words and phrases properly -adapted to express them, without passing through an imagination whose -operations so often fail to second those of the heart. Then what a -metamorphose should we see in people's style! How eloquent those who -are truly attached! how stupid they who falsely profess affection! -Perhaps the former had never been able to express half their regard; -while the latter, by their flowers of rhetoric, had made us believe -a thousand times more than they ever felt—but this is whimsical -moralizing.</p> - -<p>My sisters Penserosas were dispersed on their arrival in town, by the -joy of seeing Louisa and their dear little brother Billy again, our -kind and excellent Uncle Giradot, and Uncle Lewis André. I was glad to -see them, but they complained, not without reason, of the gloom upon my -countenance. Billy wept for joy that we were returned, while poor <i>cher -Jean</i> was ready to weep for sorrow. Louisa is grown still handsomer -since we left her. Our sisters, Mary and Anne, knowing your partiality -to beauty, are afraid that, when they introduce her to you, she will -put their noses out of joint. Billy is not old enough for me to be -afraid of in the rival-way, else I should keep him aloof, for his heart -is formed of those affectionate ma<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_156"></a>[Pg 156]</span>terials so dear to the ingenuous -taste of Julia and her Honora.</p> - -<p>I sympathize in your resentment against the canonical dons who stumpify -the heads of those good green<a id="FNanchor_87" href="#Footnote_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a> people, beneath whose friendly -shade so many of your happiest hours have glided away—but they defy -them; let them stumpify as much as they please, time will repair the -mischief; their verdant arms will again extend and invite you to their -shelter.</p> - -<p>The evenings grow long. I hope your conversation round the fire will -sometimes fall on the Andrés; it will be a great comfort that they are -remembered. We chink our glasses to your healths at every meal. "Here's -to our Lichfieldian friends," says Nanny. "Oh-h!" says Mary. "With all -my soul, say I." "<i>Allons!</i>" cries my mother—and the draught seems -nectar. The libation made, we begin our uncloying theme, and so beguile -the gloomy evening.</p> - -<p>Mr. and Mrs. Seward will accept my most affectionate respects. My male -friend at Lichfield will join in your conversation on the Andrés. -Among the numerous good qualities he is possessed of, he certainly has -gratitude, and then he can not forget those who so sincerely love and -esteem him. I, in particular, shall always recall with pleasure the -happy hours I have passed in his company. My friendship for him, and -for your family, has diffused itself, like the precious ointment from -Aaron's beard, on everything which surrounds you; therefore I beg you -would give my amities to the whole town. Persuade Honora to forgive the -length and ardor of the enclosed, and believe me truly,</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 10%;">Your affectionate and faithful friend,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 35%;"><span class="smcap">J. André</span>.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_157"></a>[Pg 157]</span></p> - - -<p class="center">LETTER II.</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 35%;"><span class="smcap">London</span>, <i>October 19, 1769</i>.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>From the midst of books, papers, bills, and other implements of gain, -let me lift up my drowsy head awhile to converse with dear Julia. And -first, as I know she has a fervent wish to see me a quill-driver, I -must tell her that I begin, as people are wont to do, to look upon -my future profession with great partiality. I no longer see it in -so disadvantageous a light. Instead of figuring a merchant as a -middle-aged man, with a bob-wig, a rough beard, in snuff-colored -clothes, grasping a guinea in his red hand, I conceive a comely young -man, with a tolerable pig-tail, wielding a pen with all the noble -fierceness of the Duke of Marlborough brandishing a truncheon upon -a sign-post, surrounded with types and emblems, and canopied with -cornucopias that disembogue their stores upon his head; Mercuries -reclined upon bales of goods; Genii playing with pens, ink, and paper; -while in perspective, his gorgeous vessels, "launched on the bosom of -the silver Thames," are wafting to distant lands the produce of this -commercial nation. Thus all the mercantile glories crowd on my fancy, -emblazoned in the most refulgent coloring of an ardent imagination. -Borne on her soaring pinions, I wing my flight to the time when Heaven -shall have crowned my labors with success and opulence. I see sumptuous -palaces rising to receive me. I see orphans, and widows, and painters, -and fiddlers, and poets, and builders, protected and encouraged; and -when the fabric is pretty nearly finished by my shattered pericranium, -I cast my eyes around and find John André by a small coal-fire, in a -gloomy compting-house in Warnford Court, nothing so little as what he -has been making himself, and in all probability never to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_158"></a>[Pg 158]</span> be much more -than he is at present. But oh, my dear Honora! it is for thy sake only -I wish for wealth. You say she was somewhat better at the time you -wrote last. I must flatter myself that she will soon be without any -remains of this threatening disease.</p> - -<p>It is seven o'clock. You and Honora, with two or three more select -friends, are now probably encircling your dressing-room fireplace. What -would I not give to enlarge that circle! The idea of a clean hearth, -and a snug circle round it, formed by a few sincere friends, transports -me. You seem combined together against the inclemency of the weather, -the hurry, bustle, ceremony, censoriousness, and envy of the world. The -purity, the warmth, the kindly influence of fire, to all for whom it -is kindled, is a good emblem of the friendship of such amiable minds -as Julia's and her Honora's. Since I can not be there in reality, pray -imagine me with you; admit me to your <i>conversaziones</i>; think how I -wish for the blessing of joining them!—and be persuaded that I take -part in all your pleasures, in the dear hope that e'er it be very long -your blazing hearth will burn again for me. Pray keep me a place; let -the poker, tongs, or shovel, represent me; but you have Dutch tiles, -which are infinitely better; so let Moses, or Aaron, or Balaam's ass, -be my representative.</p> - -<p>But time calls me to Clapton. I quit you abruptly till to-morrow, -when, if I do not tear the nonsense I have been writing, I may perhaps -increase its quantity. Signora Cynthia is in clouded majesty. Silvered -with her beams, I am about to jog to Clapton upon my own stumps; -musing as I homeward plod my way—ah! need I name the subject of my -contemplations?</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_159"></a>[Pg 159]</span></p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Thursday.</i></span><br /> -</p> - -<p>I had a sweet walk home last night, and found the Claptonians, with -their fair guest, a Miss Mourgue, very well. My sisters send their -<i>amitiés</i>, and will write in a few days.</p> - -<p>This morning I returned to town. It has been the finest day imaginable. -A solemn mildness was diffused throughout the blue horizon; its light -was clear and distinct rather than dazzling. The serene beams of the -autumnal sun, gilded hills, variegated woods, glittering spires, -ruminating herds, bounding flocks, all combined to enchant the eyes, -expand the heart, and</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Chace all sorrow but despair."</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>In the midst of such a scene no lesser grief can prevent our sympathy -with Nature. A calmness, a benevolent disposition seizes us with sweet, -insinuating power. The very brute creation seems sensible of these -beauties; there is a species of mild cheerfulness in the face of a lamb -which I have but indifferently expressed in a corner of my paper, and a -demure, contented look in an ox, which, in the fear of expressing still -worse, I leave unattempted.</p> - -<p>Business calls me away. I must dispatch my letter. Yet what does it -contain?—no matter. You like anything better than news. Indeed, you -never told me so; but I have an intuitive knowledge upon the subject, -from the sympathy which I have constantly perceived in the taste of -Julia and <i>cher Jean</i>. What is it to you or me—</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 25%;"> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">If here in the city we have nothing but riot,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">If the Spital-field weavers can't be kept quiet,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">If the weather is fine, or the streets should be dirty,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Or if Mr. Dick Wilson died aged of thirty?</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>But if I was to hearken to the versifying grumbling I feel within me, -I should fill my paper and not have room left to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_160"></a>[Pg 160]</span> entreat that you -would plead my cause to Honora more eloquently than the enclosed letter -has the power of doing. Apropos of verses, you desire me to recollect -my random description of the engaging appearance of the charming Mrs. -----. Here it is, at your service:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 25%;"> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Then rustling and bustling the lady comes down,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">With a flaming red face, and a broad yellow gown,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And a hobbling out-of-breath gait, and a frown.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>This little French cousin of ours, Delarise, was my sister Mary's -playfellow at Paris. His sprightliness engages my sisters extremely. -Doubtless they talk much of him to you in their letters. How sorry I am -to bid you adieu! Oh, let me not be forgot by the friends most dear to -you at Lichfield! <i>Lichfield!</i> Ah! of what magic letters is that little -word composed! How graceful it looks when it is written! Let nobody -talk to me of its original meaning,<a id="FNanchor_88" href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a> "The field of blood!" Oh, no -such thing! It is the field of joy! "The beautiful city that lifts her -fair head in the valley and says, I <i>am</i>, and there is none beside me!" -Who says she is vain? Julia will not say so, nor yet Honora, and least -of all their devoted</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 35%;"> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">J. André</span>.</span><br /> -</p> - - -<p class="center">LETTER III.</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 35%;"><span class="smcap">Clapton</span>, <i>November 1, 1769</i>.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>My ears still ring with the sounds of "O Jack! O Jack! How do the -dear Lichfieldians? What do they say? What<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_161"></a>[Pg 161]</span> are they about? What -did <i>you</i> do while you were with them?" Have patience, said I, good -people! and began my story, which they devoured with as much joyful -avidity as Adam did Gabriel's tidings of heaven. My mother and sisters -are all very well, and delighted with their little Frenchman, who is -a very agreeable lad. Surely you applaud the fortitude with which -I left you! Did I not come off with flying colors? It was a great -effort, for, alas! this recreant heart did <i>not second</i> the smiling -courage of the <i>countenance</i>; nor is it yet as it ought to be, from -the hopes that it may reasonably entertain of seeing you all again -e'er the winter's dreary hours are past. Julia, my dear Julia, gild -them with tidings of our beloved Honora! Oh, that you may be able to -tell me that she regains her health, and her charming vivacity! Your -sympathizing heart partakes all the joys and pains of your friends. -Never can I forget its kind offices, which were of such moment to my -peace! <i>Mine</i> is formed for friendship, and I am blessed in being able -to place so <i>well</i> the purest passion of an ingenuous mind! How am I -honored in Mr. and Mrs. Seward's attachment to me! Charming were the -anticipations which beguiled the long tracts of hill, and dale, and -plain that divide London from Lichfield! With what delight my eager -eyes <i>drank</i> their first view of the dear spires! What rapture did -I not feel on entering your gates! in flying up the hall steps! in -rushing into the dining-room! in meeting the gladdened eyes of dear -Julia and her enchanting friend! That instant convinced me of the truth -of Rousseau's observation, that "there are <i>moments</i> worth ages." -Shall not those moments return? Ah, Julia! the cold hand of absence is -heavy upon the heart of your poor <i>cher Jean</i>. He is forced to hammer -into it perpetually every consoling argument that the magic wand of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_162"></a>[Pg 162]</span> -hope can conjure up, viz., that every moment of industrious absence -advances his journey, you know whither. I may sometimes make excursions -to Lichfield, and bask in the light of my Honora's eyes! Sustain me, -Hope!—nothing on my part shall be wanting which may induce thee to -<i>fulfill</i> thy blossoming promises.</p> - -<p>The happy social circle—Julia, Honora, Miss S——n, Miss B——n, -her brother, Mr. S——e, Mr. R——n, etc., etc.—are now, perhaps, -enlivening your dressing-room, the dear <i>blue region</i>, as Honora calls -it, with the sensible observation, the tasteful criticism, or the -elegant song; dreading the iron-tongue of the nine-o'clock bell, which -disperses the beings whom friendship and kindred virtues had drawn -together. My imagination attaches itself to <i>all</i>, even the <i>inanimate</i> -objects which surround Honora and her Julia; that have beheld their -graces and virtues expand and ripen—my dear Honora's—from their -infant bud.</p> - -<p>The sleepy Claptonian train are gone to bed, somewhat wearied with -their excursion to Enfield, whither they have this day carried their -favorite little Frenchman, so <i>great</i> a favorite; the parting was quite -tragical. I walked hither from town, as usual, to-night; no hour of -the twenty-four is so precious to me as that devoted to this solitary -walk. O my friend! I am far from possessing the patient frame of mind -which I so continually invoke! Why is Lichfield an hundred and twenty -miles from me? There is no <i>moderation</i> in the distance! Fifty or sixty -miles had been a great deal too much, but <i>then</i> there would have been -less opposition from <i>authority</i> to my frequent visits. I conjure you, -supply the want of these blessings by frequent <i>letters</i>. I must not, -will not ask them of Honora, since the use of the pen is forbid to her -declining health; I will content myself, as usual,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_163"></a>[Pg 163]</span> with a postscript -from her in your epistle. My sisters are charmed with the packet which -arrived yesterday, and which they will answer soon.</p> - -<p>As yet I have said nothing of our journey. We met an entertaining Irish -gentleman at Dunchurch, and, being fellow-sufferers in cold and hunger, -joined interests, ordered four horses, and stuffed three in a chaise. -It is not to <i>you</i>—I need not apologize for talking in rapture of an -higgler whom we met on our road. His cart had passed us, and was at a -considerable distance, when, looking back, he perceived that our chaise -had stopped, and that the driver seemed mending something. He ran up -to him, and with a face full of honest anxiety, pity, good-nature, and -every sweet affection under heaven, asked him if we wanted anything; -that he had plenty of nails, ropes, etc., in his cart. That wretch of a -postillion made no other reply than "We want nothing, master." From the -same impulse the good Irishman, Mr. Till, and myself, thrust our heads -instantly out of the chaise, and tried to recompense to the honest -creature by forcing upon him a little pecuniary tribute. My benevolence -will be the warmer, while I live, for the treasured remembrance of this -higgler's countenance.</p> - -<p>'I know you interest yourself in my destiny. I have now completely -subdued my aversion to the profession of a merchant, and hope in time -to acquire an inclination for it; yet God forbid I should ever love -what I am to make the object of my attention!—that vile trash, which -I care not for, but only as it may be the future means of procuring -the blessing of my soul. Thus all my mercantile calculations go to -the tune of <i>dear Honora</i>. When an impertinent consciousness whispers -in my ear that I am not of the right stuff for a merchant, I draw my -Honora's picture from my bosom, and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_164"></a>[Pg 164]</span> the sight of that dear talisman so -inspirits my industry that no toil appears oppressive.</p> - -<p>The poetic talk you set me in is a sad method. My head and heart are -too full of other matters to be engrossed by a draggle-tailed wench of -the Heliconian puddle. I am going to try my interest in Parliament. -How you stare!—it is to procure a frank. Be so good as to give -the enclosed to Honora; <i>it</i> will speak to <i>her</i>. And do <i>you</i> say -everything that is kind for me to every <i>other</i> distinguished friend of -the dressing-room circle; encourage them in their obliging desire of -scribbling in your letters, but don't let them take Honora's corner of -the sheet.</p> - -<p>Adieu! May you all possess that cheerfulness denied to your <i>cher -Jean</i>. I fear it hurts my mother to see my musing moods, but I can -neither help nor overcome them. The near hopes of another excursion to -Lichfield could alone disperse every gloomy vapor of my imagination. -Again, and yet again, adieu!</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 35%;"><span class="smcap">J. André.</span></span><br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_165"></a>[Pg 165]</span></p> - -<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_86" href="#FNanchor_86" class="label">[86]</a> name of kindness, by which Mr. André was often called by -his mother and sisters, and generally adopted by the persons mentioned -in these letters.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_87" href="#FNanchor_87" class="label">[87]</a> The trees in the cathedral-walk in Lichfield.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_88" href="#FNanchor_88" class="label">[88]</a> <i>Field of blood.</i>—Here is a small mistake. Lichfield is -not the field of blood, but "the field of dead bodies," alluding to -the battle fought between the Romans and the British Christians in the -Diocletian persecution, when the latter were massacred. Three slain -kings, with their burying-place, now Barrowcop Hill, and the cathedral -in miniature, form the city arms. Lich is still a word in use. The -church-yard gates, through which funerals pass, are often called -Lich-gates, vulgarly Light-gates.</p></div></div> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="INDEX">INDEX.</h2> -</div> - - -<p class="center"> -A</p> -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Adams, Alice, Hale's affianced, <a href="#Page_21">21</a> (<i>note</i>).</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alexander, William, Lord Stirling, <a href="#Page_71">71</a> (<i>note</i>).</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">American army on Manhattan Island, condition of, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">on Harlem Heights—perils menacing the, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">American cause, gloomy prospects for the, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Anderson, the fictitious name of Major André, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">André, John, birth, parentage, education, and family of, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Lichfield with Anna Seward, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">personal appearance of—betrothed to Honora Sneyd—paints a miniature -portrait of her—correspondence of, with Anna Seward, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">enters the British army—alleged presages of his death, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">goes to America—his observations there, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">made a prisoner, exchanged, and promoted by General Howe, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">social position of, in Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">writes "Yankee Doodle's Expedition to Rhode Island"—aide-de-camp to -General Clinton, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">genius of, displayed—goes with Clinton up the Hudson River, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">letters of, to Mrs. Benedict Arnold, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">secret correspondence of, with General Arnold, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_166"></a>[Pg 166]</span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">a spy at Charleston—made adjutant-general of the British forces -in America, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">writes "The Cow-Chase," <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at a dinner-party given by Colonel Williams—sadness of, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sings a campaign song—important mission of, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">meets Arnold near Haverstraw—goes to Smith's house—bargain with -Arnold, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">attempts to return to New York through the American lines—disguise -of, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">conceals papers received from Arnold in his boots—journey of, toward</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">New York, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">arrest of, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">suspected of being a spy, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">tries to bribe his captors—taken to an American post, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">confession of, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">letter of, to Washington, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>-93;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sent to West Point, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sent to Tappaan in charge of Major Tallmadge, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sympathy for, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">effect of the news of capture of, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">trial and sentence of, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">exertions to save the life of, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">letter of, to Washington, on the mode of his death, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">letters of, to friends—drawings of, <a href="#Page_103">103</a> (<i>note</i>);</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">execution of, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>-105;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">monument in honor of, in Westminster Abbey, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">remains of, removed to the abbey, <a href="#Page_106">106</a> (<i>note</i>);</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">place of execution of, marked by memorial-stones, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">André Brook, the, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Arnold, Benedict, life of, in Philadelphia—charges against, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_167"></a>[Pg 167]</span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">urges an investigation, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">treasonable correspondence of, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">secret correspondence of, with Major André—disguised handwriting -of, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">in command at West Point, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">tries to meet André in disguise, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">plans of, for consummating treason, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">meets André near Haverstraw, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">takes André to Smith's house—finishes his bargain to betray his -country—gives André important papers, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">receives notice of the arrest of André, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">hurried interview with his wife—escapes to the <i>Vulture</i>—patriotism -of his barge crew, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">attempts to arrest, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">impudent letter of, to Washington, <a href="#Page_101">101</a> (<i>note</i>).</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Arnold, Mrs., distress of, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Washington's kindness to, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Austin, Henry, designer of the Hale Monument at Coventry, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -</p> -<p class="center">B</p> -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Babcock, J.S., poetic tribute of, to the memory of Nathan Hale, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Boothby, Sir Richard, a literary friend of Anna Seward, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Boudinot, Elias, concerning the arrest and execution of André, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">British army near New York, condition of the, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Buchanan, James, assists in the removal of André's remains to -England, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -</p> -<p class="center">C</p> -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Caldwell, Rev. James, <a href="#Page_77">77</a> (<i>note</i>).</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Captors of André, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">rewarded, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Carleton, Governor of Canada, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cathcart, Captain, and Miss Eliot, <a href="#Page_51">51</a> (<i>note</i>).</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Cedars, The," and the Widow Chichester, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chichester, the Widow, and the Tories, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Clinton, Sir Henry, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_168"></a>[Pg 168]</span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">succeeds Howe, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</span><br /> -in command of the British army—flight of, across New Jersey—fights -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Monmouth Court-House, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">headquarters of, at New York, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">letter of, to Washington—André's letter to, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Court of inquiry in the case of André, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Cow-Chase, The," a satire by Major André, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>-78.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cunningham, William, character of, <a href="#Page_24">24</a> (<i>note</i>), <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -</p> -<p class="center">D</p> -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Darwin, Erasmus, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">De Lancey, Oliver, assists André in art-work—marries Miss Franks -<a href="#Page_56">56</a> (<i>note</i>).</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Demorest, Rev. John, assists at the disinterment of the remains of Major -André—silver cup sent to, by André's sisters, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Depew, Chauncey M., oration by, at Tarrytown, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">D'Estaing, with French fleet, goes to Rhode Island, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dobb's Ferry, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">conference at, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dream, a singular, concerning André, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">E</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edgeworth, Richard Lovell, marries Honora Sneyd, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eliot, Miss, and Captain Cathcart, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -</p> -<p class="center">F</p> -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Field, Cyrus W., erects a memorial-stone at the place of André's -execution, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>-115;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">proposes to erect a monument in memory of Nathan Hale at his own -expense, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">letter of, on the subject, to the New York Historical Society, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">contribution of, to the Hale monument at Coventry, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">generous designs of, for the benefit of the Rockland County Historical -and Forestry Society, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_169"></a>[Pg 169]</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Finch, Francis M., poem on Nathan Hale by, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fort Hale, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -</p> -<p class="center">G</p> -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gibbs, George, epitaph for Hale's tomb, written by, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grey, General, marauding expedition of, to New Bedford, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Greene, General Nathanael, in command at Tappaan, proclaims Arnold's -treason, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Gustavus," the fictitious name of Arnold, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -</p> -<p class="center">H</p> -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hale and André, character and motives of, iv.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hale, Edward Everett, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hale, Enoch, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hale, Nathan, childhood and youth of—personal appearance and vigor -of—enters Yale College, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Dr. E. Munson's recollections of, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">letter of, to Dr. Munson, <a href="#Page_6">6</a> (<i>note</i>);</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">a school-teacher at East Haddam and New London, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">patriotism of, aroused—speech of, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">a volunteer soldier at the siege of Boston—patriotism -displayed—commissioned captain—daring feat of, at New York, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">generosity of—in the battle of Long Island and the retreat—illness -of, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">volunteers for the secret service, and resists the dissuasions of his -friends—ideas of, concerning secret service, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">receives instructions from Washington—departure of, on secret -service, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">goes to Long Island and enters the British camps in disguise—methods -of, as a spy, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">arrest of, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">character of, discovered, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at General Howe's headquarters at the Beekman mansion—confined in a -greenhouse, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">interview of, with General Howe, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_170"></a>[Pg 170]</span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">treatment of, by Cunningham, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">last words of, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">place of execution of, <a href="#Page_23">23</a> (<i>note</i>);</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">execution of—sympathy for—neglect of memory of, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">memorials of, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">monument erected in memory of, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">poem written concerning, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>-31;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">and André compared, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">proposed monument in memory of, at New York—statue of, -contemplated, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">epitaph for tomb of, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">monument to, proposed, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hale, Richard and Elizabeth, parents of Nathan Hale, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hayley, Thomas, an English poet, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hamilton, Alexander, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Harrison, Richard, <a href="#Page_73">73</a> (<i>note</i>).</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hempstead, Stephen, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hillhouse, James, a classmate with Hale,<a href="#Page_7"> 7</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Howe, General William, succeeded by Sir Henry Clinton, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>fête</i> given in honor of, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>-59;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">estimate of the character of, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hull, Lieutenant William, and Nathan Hale, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Huntington, Rev. Dr., fits Hale for college, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Husted, General James, marshal at the dedication of the monument at -Tarrytown, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Husted, Dr. Nathaniel C., author of a "Memorial Souvenir," <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -</p> -<p class="center">I</p> -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Irvines, the two, <a href="#Page_71">71</a> (<i>note</i>).</span><br /> -<br /> -</p> -<p class="center">J</p> -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jameson, Lieutenant-Colonel, and Major André, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Johnson, Jeremiah, concerning the place of Hale's execution, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -</p> -<p class="center">K</p> -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Knowlton, Lieutenant-Colonel, and Nathan Hale, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">death of, <a href="#Page_16">16</a> (<i>note</i>).</span><br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_171"></a>[Pg 171]</span><br /> -<br /> -</p> -<p class="center">L</p> -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lafayette with Washington at West Point, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Laurance, John, Judge Advocate-General, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lawrence, William, <a href="#Page_21">21</a> (<i>note</i>).</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lee, Charles, and Colonel Hamilton, <a href="#Page_73">73</a> (<i>note</i>).</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lee, Henry ("Legion Harry"), <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lee, James, marks the spot where André was executed, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">statue of Washington in New York, <a href="#Page_108">108</a> (<i>note</i>).</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lionian Society of Yale College, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Livingston, Susannah, <a href="#Page_77">77</a> (<i>note</i>).</span><br /> -<br /> -</p> -<p class="center">M</p> -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Memorial-stone near Tappaan, unveiling of the, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">description of, and inscription upon the, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">what the stone commemorates, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">attempts to destroy the, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>-119.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Military execution, method of, <a href="#Page_23">23</a> (<i>note</i>).</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mischianza, the, description of, by Major André, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>-58;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">criticism of the, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">the, deplored, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Monmouth, battle of, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Munson, Dr. Eneas, relates his personal recollections of Nathan Hale,<a href="#Page_5"> 5</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Monody on Major André, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Murray, Robert, Washington at house of, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -</p> -<p class="center">N</p> -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Neutral ground, the, and its inhabitants, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">New York City, great conflagration at, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -</p> -<p class="center">O</p> -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">O'Donovan, sculptor, author of a statue at Tarry town, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -</p> -<p class="center">P</p> -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paulding, John, a captor of André, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>-89.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Philadelphia, British army in, and its demoralization, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</span><br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_172"></a>[Pg 172]</span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">flight of British from—American troops and Congress enter, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -</p> -<p class="center">R</p> -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Raymond, Henry J., oration of, at Tarrytown, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>-33.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Reed, General Joseph, and General Arnold, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ripley, Eleazar, <a href="#Page_21">21</a> (<i>note</i>).</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robertson, General, and General Greene at Dobb's Ferry—bears a letter -from Arnold to Washington, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robinson, Beverly, letter of, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">and André and Arnold, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">with André on the <i>Vulture</i>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">letter of, to Washington, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -</p> -<p class="center">S</p> -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Samson, Ezra, <a href="#Page_7">7.</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seward, Anna, literary friends of, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">biographical sketch of, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Major André's letters to, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seward, Rev. Thomas, father of Anna Seward, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Smith, J.H., and Arnold and André, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>-84.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sneyd, Honora, betrothed to André, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">marries Richard Lovell Edgeworth, and death of, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sparks, Dr., on André, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spies, character of, defined, iii.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sprague, Rev. W.B., <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stanley, Rev. Arthur Penrhyn, Dean of Westminster, visits the place of -André's execution, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">writes an inscription for a memorial-stone placed on the spot—letter -to Mr. Whittemore concerning the inscription, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">inscription by, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stuart's biography of Hale, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -</p> -<p class="center">T</p> -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tallmadge, Benjamin, and Nathan Hale, at college, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">pronounces André a spy, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">custodian of and frank conversation with André, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_173"></a>[Pg 173]</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tappaan, allusion to, in "The Cow-Chase," <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">André taken to, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">André executed near, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">memorial-stone near, erected by Mr. Field, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">indignation meeting at, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tarrytown, monument at, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>-121.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thacher, Dr., on André's execution, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tilden, Samuel J., presides at the dedication of a monument at -Tarrytown, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -</p> -<p class="center">U</p> -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Union Grammar-School at New London taught by Hale, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -</p> -<p class="center">V</p> -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Van Wart, Isaac, a captor of André, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>-87.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Vulture</i>, the, sloop-of-war, bears André up the Hudson River, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -</p> -<p class="center">W</p> -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Washington asks and receives instructions from Congress, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at Murray's house, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">instructions of, for obtaining information, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">calls a council of war—desires a trustworthy man for secret -service, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">in conference with French officers, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">at West Point and Arnold's quarters—discovers Arnold's -treason—kindness to Mrs. Arnold, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</span><br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_174"></a>[Pg 174]</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Watson, J.F., and relics of the <i>Mischianza</i>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a> (<i>note</i>).</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wayne, General Anthony, expedition of, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Webb, Colonel Charles,<a href="#Page_9"> 9</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">West Point, surrender of, contemplated, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">and arranged for, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wharton, Thomas, house of, the scene of the <i>Mischianza</i>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Whittemore, Henry, and the Field memorial-stone at Tappaan, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>-113.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Willard, Solomon, architect of the Bunker Hill Monument, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Williams, David, a captor of André, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Williams, Colonel, gives a dinner-party to Sir Henry Clinton, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Windt, John de, <a href="#Page_99">99</a> (<i>note</i>).</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wood, E.S., sculptor, <a href="#Page_34">34</a> (<i>note</i>).</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wright, Ansel, Hale's trusty servant, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -</p> -<p class="center">Y</p> -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Yankee Doodle's Expedition to Rhode Island," by André, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Yerks, John, a captor of André, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">York, Duke of, causes the remains of André to be removed to England, -<a href="#Page_106">106</a> (<i>note</i>);</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sends a snuff-box to Rev. J. Demorest, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Monody on Major André</span>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">André's letters to Miss Seward</span>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</span><br /> -</p> - - -<p class="center">THE END.</p> - - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's The Two Spies, by Benson J. 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