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Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..588d130 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #63088 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/63088) diff --git a/old/63088-0.txt b/old/63088-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index a9c247c..0000000 --- a/old/63088-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,16406 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The castles and abbeys of England; Vol. 1 -of 2, by William Beattie - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: The castles and abbeys of England; Vol. 1 of 2 - from the national records, early chronicles, and other standard authors - -Author: William Beattie - -Illustrator: Thomas Allom - John Wykeham Archer - W.H. (William Henry) Bartlett - -Release Date: August 31, 2020 [EBook #63088] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CASTLES AND ABBEYS *** - - - - -Produced by Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images available at The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - -[E-text transcriber-note: Words or phrases surrounded with <g> and </g> appear in - Old English font in the original book.] - - - - [Illustration: - - Henry Room John Rogers. - - William Beattie MD.] - - London, Published for the Proprietors by Geo. Virtue. 36. Ivy Lane. - - THE - - CASTLES AND ABBEYS - - OF - - ENGLAND, - - FROM THE NATIONAL RECORDS, EARLY CHRONICLES, AND OTHER - STANDARD AUTHORS. - - BY WILLIAM BEATTIE, M.D., - - GRAD. OF EDIN.; MEMB. OF THE ROYAL COLL. OF PHYS., LONDON; - OF THE HIST. INSTIT. OF FRANCE; AUTHOR OF - “SWITZERLAND,” “SCOTLAND,” “THE WALDENSES,” - “RESIDENCE IN GERMANY,” ETC. ETC. - - ILLUSTRATED BY UPWARDS OF TWO HUNDRED ENGRAVINGS. - -[Illustration] - - GEORGE VIRTUE: - LONDON AND NEW YORK. - - GLASGOW: - WILLIAM MACKENZIE, PRINTER, LONDON STREET. - -[Illustration] - - - - -LIST OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS. - - -<g>Arundel Castle.</g> - - ARTISTS. ENGRAVERS. PAGE. - -GENERAL VIEW OF THE CASTLE OF ARUNDEL, including part of the Town, with -the Church, the College of the Holy Trinity, the River Arun, &c. from -the South ALLOM. ARCHER. 1 - -THE INTERIOR QUADRANGLE OF THE CASTLE FROM THE KEEP, showing its -present condition, as restored by the late Duke of Norfolk ARCHER. EVANS. 7 - -ARMS OF ROGER MONTGOMERY, Earl of Arundel and Shrewsbury ARCHER. JACKSON. 8 - -SEAL OF WILLIAM DE ALBINI, Earl of Arundel. From the Impression J. W. ARCHER. 9 - -ARMS OF JOHN FITZALAN, Ninth Earl of Arundel, Oswaldestre, and Clun 11 - -SHIELD OF MONTGOMERY. Gules, a Lion rampant, or, within a bordure. From -Horsfield’s History 12 - -THE CASTLE OF ARUNDEL from the Swan Lake on the South-east, showing the -natural advantages of its position ARCHER. JACKSON. 13 - -NORMAN DOOR, richly ornamented, in the Keep. From a Drawing by Mr. -BEATTIE, sculptor NICHOLLES. 14 - -JOHN MOT, having escaped from the Dungeon, taking Sanctuary at the College -Gate of the Holy Trinity ARCHER. 15 - -SOUTH-EAST FRONT OF ARUNDEL CASTLE in its present state, taken from the -Meadows ARCHER. EVANS. 17 - -THE OUTER GATEWAY OF NORMAN ARCHITECTURE, rebuilt by Richard Fitzalan ARCHER. JACKSON. 18 - -MOONLIGHT VIEW from the Window of St. Martin’s Chapel in the Keep, over -the Vale of the Arun to the Sea ARCHER. JACKSON. 19 - -HORNED OWLS IN THE KEEP OF ARUNDEL CASTLE. Portraits taken on the spot ARCHER. EVANS. 20 - -THE INNER GATEWAY AND KEEP OF THE CASTLE, showing on the left the Entrance -to the Tower ARCHER. JACKSON. 21 - -GOTHIC DOORWAY OF THE ANCIENT HALL OF THE BARONS, on the site of the -New Hall, by Mr. BEATTIE EVANS. 23 - -INNER GATEWAY during the Parliamentary Siege, with Cavaliers on guard, by -torchlight ALLOM & ARCHER. JACKSON. 24 - -VIEW FROM THE BATTLEMENTS, showing the Outer Gate with the Sallyport in -its present state ARCHER. GRAY. 26 - -BAS-RELIEF OF KING ALFRED INSTITUTING THE TRIAL BY JURY, on the Southeast -of the interior Quadrangle. From a Drawing by Mr. BEATTIE EVANS. 28 - -ANCIENT FAMILY ARMS, ACHIEVEMENTS, &c. as sculptured in front of the -Barons’ Hall ARCHER. NICHOLLES. 29 - - Do. do. do. do. ARCHER. NICHOLLES. 31 - - Do. do. do. do. ARCHER. NICHOLLES. 33 - -VIEW OF THE COLLEGE OF THE HOLY TRINITY, looking into the Inner Court ARCHER. EVANS. 34 - -GLASS IN THE GOTHIC WINDOW OF THE CHAPEL, representing the Swallow -(Hirondelle), as the Arms of Arundel ARCHER. EVANS. 35 - -HAWK ON HAND--characteristic of the Ancient “Sporting Counts” ARCHER. 36 - -HIORNE’S TOWER, in the Park of Arundel--a modern Gothic erection 36 - -BEVIS’S GRAVE, in Pugh-Dean, in the Deer Park, showing the Traditionary -Tumuli of Bevis and his horse “Hirondelle” ARCHER. JACKSON. 37 - -THE EMPRESS MATILDA’S ROOM in the Inner Gateway Tower of the Castle, -with the ancient Bedstead, _supposed_ to be that on which she slept ARCHER. EVANS. 38 - -KING STEPHEN DISMOUNTED AT WALLINGFORD, in front of the Army SARGENT. EVANS. 41 - -CRUSADING--Beacon-guard on the Walls of Damietta ARCHER. JACKSON. 43 - -THE GRAND CEREMONY OF KNIGHTHOOD in Westminster Hall SARGENT. EVANS. 45 - -THE ADMIRAL’S SHIP AND FLEET, under the command of Arundel PRIOR. WHIMPER. 47 - -SCENE OF THE CONSPIRACY IN ARUNDEL CASTLE ARCHER. JACKSON. 49 - -NIGHT VISIT TO EARL RICHARD OF ARUNDEL’S TOMB, Cheapside SARGENT. WHIMPER. 53 - -JOHN, EARL OF ARUNDEL, mortally wounded at Gerberoi ALLOM. WHIMPER. 55 - -HENRY FITZALAN, EARL OF ARUNDEL, mounting the Breach at the Siege of -Boulogne ALLOM. JACKSON. 57 - -FUNERAL OF THE LAST EARL OF THE FITZALANS ARCHER. JACKSON. 60 - -RENCONTRE AT BOSWORTH FIELD, and Death of John, Duke of Norfolk. From -a Drawing by Mr. BEATTIE EVANS. 63 - -BOSWORTH FIELD--the Young Earl of Surrey and Sir John Talbot ALLOM. WHIMPER. 65 - -FLODDEN FIELD--Bivouac after the Battle ARCHER. GRAY. 67 - -HENRY HOWARD, EARL OF SURREY--Portrait. From a Drawing by Mr. -BEATTIE M. JACKSON. 69 - -HENRY HOWARD, Victor at the Grand Tournament in Florence, with a View -of the Old Ducal Palace from the Piazza ARCHER. JACKSON. 71 - -PRISON SCENE IN THE TOWER OF LONDON ARCHER. GRAY. 74 - -OFFICIAL SEAL OF THE EARL-MARSHAL OF ENGLAND HERMAN. WAKEFIELD. 75 - -THE COAT OF ARMS OF THE ANCIENT EARLS OF SURREY ARCHER. GRAY. 76 - -ARMS OF THE DUKE OF NORFOLK--Earl-Marshal of England ARCHER. GRAY. 77 - -TOMB OF THE GREAT DUKE OF NORFOLK in Framlingham Church HERMAN. WAKEFIELD. 78 - -<g>St. Alban’s Abbey.</g> - -S. ALBANUS - -PROTO-MARTYR ANGLICANUS. - -[Illustration] - - ARTISTS. ENGRAVERS. PAGE -STEEL PLATE.--GENERAL VIEW OF ST. ALBAN’S -ABBEY, from the South T. ALLOM. ADLARD. - -PISCINA--with a Monk of the Order PRIOR. SMITH. 79 - -ENTRANCE TO OUR LADY’S CHAPEL, From the North. PRIOR. SMITH. 80 - -THE NAVE OF THE ABBEY CHURCH, Showing the Saxon (or Norman) and Gothic -Arches, the Great West Window, &c. HERMAN. EVANS. 83 - -THE CHOIR--with the Pulpit, Organ, Window of the North Transept, the -Norman Arches, &c. SARGENT. EVANS. 86 - -THE SHRINE-TOMB OF HUMPHREY THE GOOD, DUKE OF GLOUCESTER. Drawn -By Mr. BEATTIE GRAY. 89 - -THE DUKE’S VAULT, with His Coffin and Skeleton, in their present state, under -The Shrine PRIOR. WHIMPER. 91 - -THE ENTRANCE TO THE LADY CHAPEL, from the South PRIOR. JACKSON. 93 - -THE ANCIENT ALTAR OF THE ABBEY, now in the South Aisle, with Pilgrims ARCHER. GRAY. 95 - -THE GATE-HOUSE, or Grand Entrance to the Abbey Court, from the Interior SARGENT. NICHOLLES. 96 - -ST. PETER’S STREET, including the Abbey Tower, the Market-place, and the -Town-hall PRIOR. SMITH. 99 - -THE ENTRANCE TO THE LADY CHAPEL, from the North Lane PRIOR. JACKSON. 102 - -ST. MICHAEL’S CHURCH, from the Churchyard PRIOR. SMITH. 104 - -MONUMENT AND STATUE OF LORD CHANCELLOR BACON, in St. Michael’s Church PRIOR. WHIMPER. 105 - -SOPWELL NUNNERY in Ruins, with the Abbey Church in the background SARGENT. WHIMPER. 107 - -GRAND ENTRANCE TO THE ABBEY CHURCH from the West, with the Distribution -of Alms in the Cemetery PRIOR. WHIMPER. 108 - -INTERIOR OF THE LADY CHAPEL--showing the public thoroughfare through the -Outer Chapel PRIOR. SMITH. 109 - -ARMS OF THE MONASTERY OF ST. ALBANS HERMAN. COOK. 110 - -[Illustration] - -THE - -<g>Palace of Eltham</g>. - - “That, passing by some monument that stoops - With age, whose ruins plead for a repair, - Pity the fall of such a goodly pile!”--SHIRLEY. - - ARTISTS. ENGRAVERS. PAGE - -STEEL PLATE.--INTERIOR OF THE ROYAL HALL OF ELTHAM, with the Banquet -given to King John of France, by Edward the Third SARGENT. GODFREY. - -INTERIOR OF ELTHAM HALL in its present state PRIOR. M. JACKSON. 111 - -NORTH ENTRANCE TO THE HALL, ditto SARGENT. NICHOLLES. 114 - -JOHN OF ELTHAM--his Tomb in Westminster Abbey HERMAN. WAKEFIELD. 116 - -THE EXTERIOR OF ELTHAM, from the South-west, in its present state HERMAN. WALL. 118 - -ANCIENT GATEWAY in Ruins. Emblematic HERMAN. WALL. 122 - -ANCIENT BRIDGE ACROSS THE MOAT, the Approach to Eltham Hall HERMAN. WALL. 123 - -ELTHAM HALL, from the North-east--showing the Entrance, Double Windows, -&c. SARGENT. WALL. 125 - -SCREEN IN ELTHAM HALL--with the Entrance-door in the Centre, and Orchestra -above SARGENT. O. SMITH. 126 - -GREAT BAY-WINDOW IN THE HALL, at the North-east end of the Dais SARGENT. WAKEFIELD. 127 - -MEETING OF ANNE OF CLEVES AND HENRY VIII. ON BLACKHEATH. Eltham -Hall on the right, and Shooter’s Hill in the background HERMAN. WALMESLEY. 130 - -<g>Rochester Castle.</g> - -[Illustration] - -“Hic matres, miseraque nurus, hic cara sororum -Pectora mærentum. puerique parentibus orbi -Dirum execrantur bellum.” - - ARTISTS. ENGRAVERS. PAGE. - -STEEL PLATE.--ROCHESTER CASTLE, from the River Medway SARGENT. ADLARD. - -ARMS OF ROCHESTER CASTLE--Seal of the Town HERMAN. WALL. 133 - -ROCHESTER CASTLE, with the Outer Walls, taken from the South-east end of -the Bridge SARGENT. JACKSON. 134 - -GATEWAY. Portcullis and Sentinel on Guard WHIMPER. 138 - -THE DONJON; or GUNDULPH’S TOWER--showing the Entrance from the South SARGENT. EVANS. 140 - -ODO, BISHOP OF BAYEUX and EARL OF KENT HERMAN. COOKE. 141 - -ROCHESTER CASTLE. The Siege by King John, A.D. 1215 SARGENT. WHIMPER. 143 - -THE BATTLEMENTS OF THE MAIN TOWER--showing Arcades on the right, where -the Castle Chapel is supposed to have been SARGENT. EVANS. 146 - -ARCHWAY, with View into the Tilting Yard WHIMPER. 149 - -SMALL TOWER OF THE CASTLE--showing the thickness of the Outer Walls PRIOR. WALL. 153 - -PRINCIPAL ENTRANCE TO THE MAIN TOWER--showing the position of the ancient -Portcullis. View taken from the Entrance, looking Westward PRIOR. RIMBAULT. 154 - -THE STATE PRISON in Rochester Castle; as it is, and as it was PRIOR. WHIMPER. 155 - -STATE APARTMENTS IN THE CASTLE--showing the Norman Architecture. SARGENT. O. SMITH. 157 - -ROCHESTER CASTLE BY MOONLIGHT--with the supposed Secret Entrance from -the River HERMAN. WAKEFIELD. 159 - -INNER ARCHED GALLERY, surrounding the Apartments PRIOR. WALL. 160 - -WEST GALLERY OF ROCHESTER CASTLE--showing the Interior, with the Norman -workmanship PRIOR. RIMBAULT. 161 - -THE CASTLE PRISON. Entrance to the Dungeon, with Staircase and Archway PRIOR. WHIMPER. 162 - -ROCHESTER BRIDGE AND CASTLE, from the Medway, looking South HERMAN. NICHOLLES. 164 - -GADSHILL TAVERN--the scene of Falstaff’s adventure, as it now appears PRIOR. WALL. 167 - -[Illustration] - -<g>Tewkesbury Abbey.</g> - - - “Extingue flammas litium; - Aufer calorem noxium; - Confer salutem corporum - Veramque pacem cordium.” - - ARTISTS. ENGRAVERS. - -STEEL PLATE.--THE ABBEY OF TEWKESBURY, from the Toll-gate, -looking across the Battle-field, or “Bloody-Meadow” SARGENT. HINCHCLIFFE. - - PAGE - -THE SOUTH CHANCEL, with the Tombs, Shrines--scene after the Battle SARGENT. EVANS. 169 - -FUNERAL PROCESSION TO ST. FAITH’S CHAPEL. Burial of Hugh, a Mercian -Noble PRIOR. JACKSON. 171 - -WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR, from an Ancient Statue. Fr. Monum. HERMAN. DALZIEL. 172 - -A BLACK FRIAR, or BENEDICTINE MONK of Tewkesbury HERMAN. WALMESLEY. 173 - -THE CHAPTER-HOUSE OF TEWKESBURY--now the Grammar School PRIOR. WALL. 174 - -EAST END OF THE CHANCEL. Behind the Altar Screen. In Ecclesia nostra de -Theokesberye, &c. A.D. M.CC.XXX SARGENT. RIMBAULT. 177 - -GOTHIC SHRINE-TOMB of the Le Despenser Family HERMAN. GRAY. 179 - -THE AXE AND BLOCK ARCHER. 181 - -PORTRAIT OF GEORGE, DUKE OF CLARENCE. From the Brit. Mus. HERMAN. DALZIEL. 183 - -THE SEAL OF TEWKESBURY HERMAN. DALZIEL. 184 - -THE ANCIENT GATE OF THE ABBEY, with Reliques of the Conventual Outbuildings PRIOR. WHIMPER. 186 - -NORTH AISLE, PISCINA IN THE COLUMN. Pilgrims, Antique Alms-boxes, &c. SARGENT. GRAY. 188 - -GREAT WEST ENTRANCE TO THE CHURCH. Norman Window, Towers, &c. -from the Churchyard SARGENT. JACKSON. 189 - -ANCIENT FONT AND COVER in the Abbey Church SARGENT. JACKSON. 190 - -CLOISTER BELL-CASE, in which was suspended the Vesper-bell, C PRIOR. O. SMITH. 191 - -ABBOT’S ENTRANCE TO THE CHURCH from the South, with the -Tomb of SOMERSET PRIOR. O. SMITH. 194 - -NORTH TRANSEPT OF THE CHURCH, with carved Stalls, &c. -originally in the Choir PRIOR. WALL. 197 - -PORTRAIT OF MARGARET OF ANJOU, Queen of Henry VI HERMAN. DALZIEL. 201 - -BATTLE OF TEWKESBURY, and Death of Lord Wenlock HERMAN. DALZIEL. 205 - -PORTRAIT OF PRINCE EDWARD, murdered after the Battle HERMAN. DALZIEL. 206 - -CLOISTERS OF TEWKESBURY ABBEY, with the Rich Windows, -Arcades, and Shrine-work PRIOR. WALMESLEY. 208 - -[Illustration] - -<g>Kenilworth Castle.</g> - - “Follow where all is fled! Rome’s azure sky, - Flowers, ruins, statues, music, speech, are weak, -The brightness they transfused with fitting words to speak.” - - ARTISTS. ENGRAVERS. - -STEEL PLATE.--THE CASTLE OF KENILWORTH. General View -from the Lake ALLOM. ADLARD. - - PAGE - -ARMORIAL SHIELD OF THE EARL OF LEICESTER ARCHER. WAKEFIELD. 211 - -VIEW OF THE CASTLE from the East, with Lunn’s Tower, Gatehouse, &c. ARCHER. JACKSON. 212 - -GATE OF TUE ANCIENT PRIORY, with Sepulchral Remains ARCHER. NICHOLLES. 215 - -SIMON DE MONTFORT, from a Sepulchral Effigy HERMAN. NICHOLLES. 217 - -REMAINS OF THE GREAT HALL IN THE CASTLE, with the Undercroft SARGENT. WALL. 220 - -RICH WINDOW IN THE PRESENCE CHAMBER, or Hall PRIOR. EVANS. 222 - -JOHN OF GAUNT, Duke of Lancaster--Lord of Kenilworth HERMAN. NICHOLLES. 224 - -THE STRONG TOWER, with adjoining Ruins SARGENT. EVANS. 226 - -THE THREE BARONIAL KITCHENS, west side of the Castle SARGENT. SMITH. 228 - -LEICESTER’S STABLES, with the Timber-work, &c. SARGENT. EVANS. 231 - -PART OF LEICESTER’S BUILDINGS, erected by Robert Dudley PRIOR. WALL. 232 - -THE GATEWAY, part of the Dudley Buildings ARCHER. JACKSON. 233 - -THE FLOODGATE, or WATER TOWER (see the Plan) PRIOR. NICHOLLES. 235 - -LEICESTER’S CHIMNEY PIECE, formerly in the Presence Chamber ARCHER. GRAY. 237 - -EFFIGY OF ROBERT DUDLEY, Earl of Leicester, from his Tomb ARCHER. GRAY. 239 - -ENTRANCE TO THE GREAT HALL, with Entrance to the Nether Hall, or Undercroft. -On the left a Window of “Queen Elizabeth’s Dressing-room” HERMAN. O. SMITH. 241 - -PLAN OF THE CASTLE, as it appeared in 1575, from the “Illust. Kenilworth;” -with references and explanations at p. 280 HERMAN. WAKEFIELD. 243 - -SIGNATURE OF QUEEN ELIZABETH, from the Original in the British Museum HERMAN. WAKEFIELD. 245 - -KENILWORTH CASTLE, from the East, showing on the left Mervyn’s Tower--Leicester-Buildings--The -Keep--The Gate-House--The Stables, &c. PRIOR. WALL. 247 - -PORTRAIT OF ROBERT DUDLEY, Earl of Leicester LAW. EVANS. 249 - -VIEW FROM THE TILT-YARD, now a sheep-walk, showing part of the outworks. -Cæsar’s Tower on the left--part of Leicester-Buildings--and the Gate-House - ARCHER. DALZIEL. 251 - -LUNN’S TOWER AT SUNSET, showing the remains of the Moat, grass-grown ARCHER. EVANS. 253 - -PORTRAIT OF AMY ROBSART--Dudley’s first wife, murdered in Cumnor Hall ARCHER. WHIMPER. 255 - -THE SNAKE AND DOVE, allegorical of Dudley and Amy Robsart ARCHER. DALZIEL. 256 - -SEAL OF KENILWORTH PRIORY, impression with the parchment attached, from -the British Museum HERMAN. JACKSON. 259 - -THE BRIDGE AT KENILWORTH, with the Church and Gate-House on the left SARGENT. EVANS. 260 - -[Illustration] - -<g>Waltham Abbey.</g> - - “Within fifteen, holding my passage - Mydde of a cloyster; depict upon a wall, - I saw a CRUCIFIXE, whose woundes were not small, - With this Worde wide written there besyde-- - ‘BEHOLDE MY MEEKNESS, CHILDE, AND LEAVE THY PRIDE!’”--LYDGATE. - - ARTISTS. ENGRAVERS. PAGE. - -STEEL PLATE.--WALTHAM ABBEY CHURCH, from thy Meadows SARGENT. GODFREY. - -VIEW OF THE MAIN STREET, with the Tower of the Abbey Church DELAMOTTE. WALL. 261 - -ABBEY CHURCH, East End (with a funeral), showing the Ancient Arch Window TIFFIN. JACKSON. 264 - -HERALDIC SHIELD OF THE ABBEY HERMAN. WAKEFIELD. 265 - -SAXON BRIDGE, still used in “Harold’s Park,” Waltham HERMAN. WALL. 268 - -INNER PORCH OF THE ABBEY CHURCH DELAMOTTE. WALL. 270 - -BAKER’S ENTRY, remains of the Houses occupied by the Abbots’ retainers HERMAN. WALMESLEY. 271 - -GATEWAY, BRIDGE, and ABBEY TOWER HERMAN. WALL. 274 - -PRINCIPAL ENTRANCE TO THE CHURCH, with a Monk HERMAN. WAKEFIELD. 276 - -ANCIENT FONT IN THE CHURCH OF WALTHAM HERMAN. WAKEFIELD. 277 - -VIEW OF THE ABBEY CHURCH, across the Burial-ground HERMAN. WALMESLEY. 278 - -ORNAMENTAL BUTTRESSES OF THE ABBEY CHURCH HERMAN. EVANS. 278 - -THE SEAL OF THE ABBOTS OF WALTHAM HERMAN. JACKSON. 279 - -[Illustration] - -<g>Carisbrooke Castle.</g> - -“O, uncertain path of life: in our hopes how little security: in our joy what short duration! where can -weak man find shelter? Where in this short life peace?”--CAMOEMS. - - - ARTISTS. ENGRAVERS. PAGE. - -STEEL PLATE.--VIEW OF THE CASTLE FROM THE NORTH, showing the Keep, -and Gate, and Outworks SARGENT. RADCLIFFE. - -ENTRANCE TO THE KEEP by an ascent of seventy-two stone steps SARGENT. EVANS. 281 - -CARISBROOKE CASTLE--The ancient Donjon--partly Saxon--from the “Roman -Mounds” SARGENT. EVANS. 283 - -THE BARRACKS AND GOVERNOR’S HOUSE, with the Keep, from Mountjoy Tower SARGENT. EVANS. 285 - -ANCIENT GATE IN THE CASTLE, viewed from the Interior, leading to the steps SARGENT. EVANS. 287 - -PART OF THE KEEP, known as the Flag-staff Tower, with the Battlement SARGENT. EVANS. 289 - -PORTRAIT OF HENRY BEAUCHAMP, crowned King of the Isle of Wight, in his -Coronation Robes, from the original by Rous, British Museum HERMAN. 291 - -NORMAN GATE, from the Interior, with the Original Oaken Door, said to be -500 years old SARGENT. EVANS. 293 - -THE GOVERNOR’S HOUSE, with part of the Barracks, erected by Queen Elizabeth SARGENT. EVANS. 294 - -THE GREAT GATE, with Round Prison Towers, Machicolations, and Queen -Elizabeth’s Gate in the foreground. View taken from the road SARGENT. EVANS. 296 - -THE GARRISON WELL, showing the Great Windlass-Wheel, &c.; with the -Interior of the Building as it now appears SARGENT. EVANS. 297 - -SIGN-MANUAL OF KING CHARLES I., from the Original MS. British Museum HERMAN. WALMESLEY. 298 - -“QUEEN ELIZABETH’S TOWER,” with the Outer Gate and Landscape, from the -Keep SARGENT. EVANS. 299 - -VIEW OF THE APARTMENTS OCCUPIED BY KING CHARLES DURING HIS IMPRISONMENT -IN THE CASTLE, with the Window from which he attempted to -escape--Objects emblematical of his Reign SARGENT. EVANS. 301 - -EXACT FORM AND APPEARANCE OF THE SAME WINDOW, from which, with his -own hand, the King had sawed through one of the Iron Bars SARGENT. EVANS. 302 - -GROUND-PLAN OF CARISBROOKE CASTLE, showing all the Buildings and Outworks HERMAN. WALMESLEY. 304 - -[Illustration] - - -<g>Netley Abbey.</g> - -“Mundus abit, fortis sim, non ero: sim speciosus, -Non ero; sim dives non ero, mundus abit. -Mundus abit, non CHRISTUS abit: cote non abeuntem.”--MOR CATH MARTENE. - - ARTISTS. ENGRAVERS. PAGE. -VIEW OF THE SOUTH TRANSEPT OF NETLEY ABBEY, -showing the beauty and richness of its Architecture SARGENT. HINCHLIFFE. 305 - -IMPRESSION OF THE ABBEY SEAL, with the Wax and -Ribbon attached, from the Original HERMAN. WALMESLEY. 306 - -THE ABBOT’S SEAL, with its Impression and Inscription HERMAN. WALMESLEY. 307 - -THE GREAT WEST WINDOW OF THE ABBEY SARGENT. EVANS. 309 - -THE FOUNTAIN-COURT OF NETLEY ABBEY SARGENT. EVANS. 311 - -THE CONFESSIONAL, for the Cistercian Brotherhood of the Abbey SARGENT. EVANS. 313 - -THE SACRISTY OF THE ABBEY, Vaulted, and Lighted by two Windows SARGENT. EVANS. 314 - -THE CHAPTER-HOUSE OF THE ABBEY SARGENT. EVANS. 316 - -THE ABBOT’S KITCHEN, with the ancient Fireplace SARGENT. EVANS. 318 - -THE SOUTH FRONT OF NETLEY ABBEY SARGENT. EVANS. 320 - -THE BUTTERY-DOOR OF NETLEY ABBEY. Peasants with their Offerings receiving -the Priest’s Benediction SARGENT. EVANS. 321 - -THE CONFESSIONAL OF NETLEY ABBEY, with Confessor and Penitent SARGENT. EVANS. 323 - -PALMER, Pilgrim 324 - -NETLEY BEACH--a Scene on the road to the Sun Inn SARGENT. EVANS. 327 - -NETLEY CASTLE, lately used as a public House of Entertainment SARGENT. EVANS. 329 - -PLAN OF NETLEY ABBEY--arrangement of the Buildings HERMAN. 330 - -[Illustration] - -<g>Appendix.</g> - - ARTISTS. ENGRAVERS. PAGE. - -ALLEGORICAL SUBJECT--with Figures and Tomes SARGENT. EVANS. 331 - -VIEW OF THE CASTLE OF ARUNDEL, from a new Point ARCHER. GILKS. 335 - -KNIGHT IN ARMOUR 336 - -SCROLL-HEAD, illustrative of Arundel Castle--West Gateway--“Owl and -Swallow” HERMAN. DELAMOTTE. 337 - -THE BARON’S HALL--Minstrelsy in the Olden Time--SYR BEVIS ARCHER. DALZIEL. 338 - -VIGNETTE--TILTING HELMET, SWORD, AND SHIELD 341 - -PISCINA IN ABBEY CHURCH, St. Albans, referred to in the Text PRIOR. JACKSON. 343 - -ANCIENT ARMOUR OF ELTHAM HALL--“THE DUKE’S STUDY” ARCHER. DALZIEL. 345 - -DISCOVERY OF HAROLD’S BODY, after the Battle of Hastings, by his Mistress, -“Edith with the Swan’s neck” ARCHER. DALZIEL. 348 - -HEAD OF KING CHARLES I. as Prisoner in Carisbrooke Castle LAW. JACKSON. 350 - -THE ABBOT OF NETLEY’S MITRE AND CROSIER SARGENT. EVANS. 352 - - -<g>List of Illustrations.</g> - -ALLEGORICAL VIGNETTE SARGENT. EVANS. v - -ARMS AND ABBATIAL TROPHIES OF ST. ALBANS HERMAN. DELAMOTTE. vii - -ARCHITECTURAL SCROLL-HEAD AND TROPHIES OF ELTHAM HALL HERMAN. DELAMOTTE. viii - -MILITARY SCROLL AND ARMS OF ROCHESTER CASTLE HERMAN. DELAMOTTE. ix - -SCROLL-HEAD, WITH ARMS AND TROPHIES OF TEWKESBURY ABBEY HERMAN. DELAMOTTE. x - -MILITARY TROPHIES OF KENILWORTH, with the Arms of Robert Earl of Leicester - HERMAN. DELAMOTTE. xi - -SCROLL, WITH THE SHRINE OF THE HOLY CROSS, WALTHAM ABBEY HERMAN. DELAMOTTE. xii - -SCROLL-HEAD AND GATEWAY, with the Royal Crown and Arms HERMAN. DELAMOTTE. xiii - -ALLEGORICAL HEADING OF NETLEY ABBEY HERMAN. DELAMOTTE. xiv - -<g>Fínís.</g> VIGNETTE--CHRONICLES OF ENGLAND SARGENT. EVANS. xv - - -<g>Architectural Letters.</g> - - - A, characteristic of ARUNDEL. - S, “ ST. ALBANS. - E, “ ELTHAM. - R, “ ROCHESTER. - T, “ TEWKESBURY. - K, “ KENILWORTH. - W, “ WALTHAM. - C, “ CARISBROOKE. - N, “ NETLEY. - - * * * * * - - De tout usage antique amateur idolâtre; - De toute nouveauté frondeur opiniâtre; - Homme d’un autre siècle, et ne suivant en tout - Pour tou qu’un vieux honneur, pour loi que le vieux goût: - Cerveau des plus bornés qui, tenant pour maxime - Qu’un seigneur de paroisse est un être sublime!-- - On n’imagine pas combien il se respecte, - Ivre de son château dont il est l’architecte.--GRESSET, _Le Châtelain_. - - ---- Enraptured have I loved to roam, - A lingering votary, the vaulted dome, - Where the tall shafts, that mount in massy pride, - Their mingling branches shoot from side to side; - Where elfin Sculptors, with fantastic clew, - O’er the long roof their wild embroidery drew; - Where Superstition, with capricious hand, - In many a maze the wreathed window plann’d, - With hues romantic tinged the gorgeous pane, - To fill with holy light the wondrous fane! - -[Illustration: - -Designed by Lonsdale. Painted by Backler. Engraved by Allen. - -_Signing of the Magna Charta by King John._ - -FROM THE GREAT WINDOW OF THE BARONS HALL ARUNDEL CASTLE. - -_page 27._ - -LONDON, GEORGE VIRTUE.] - - - - -[Illustration: CASTLES & ABBEYS OF ENGLAND] - - -<g>The Castles and Abbeys of England</g> may be justly regarded as the great -fixed landmarks in her history. They stand like monumental pillars in -the stream of time, inscribed with the names of her native chivalry and -early hierarchy, whose patriotic deeds and works of piety they were -raised to witness and perpetuate. - -Viewed in this connexion, they are subjects of enduring interest and -curiosity; especially to those whose minds have been strongly imbued -with a love of the arts, a veneration for the great minds and the wise -measures of which they are the splendid memorials. We linger in the -feudal court, and muse in the deserted sanctuary, with emotions which we -can hardly define: in the one our patriotism gathers strength and -decision; in the other, that piety of which it is the outward evidence, -sheds a warmer influence on the heart. We traverse the apartments that -once contained the noble founders of our national Freedom; the venerable -and intrepid champions of our Faith; the revered fathers of our -Literature; with a feeling which amounts to almost devotion. We turn -aside to the mouldering gates of our ancestors as a pilgrim turns to -some favourite shrine; to those ruins which were the cradles of liberty, -the residence of men illustrious for their deeds, the stronghold and -sanctuary of their domestic virtues and affections. The mutilated -altars of our religion, the crumbling sepulchres of our forefathers, are -pregnant with an interest which no other source can afford. In these -venerable remains, the visible stamp of sanctity still clings to the -threshold; we tread the ground with a soft silent step, overawed by the -solemnity of the scene; we feel that--although the sacred fire is -extinguished on the altar, the hallelujahs hushed in the quire, and -priest and penitent gone for ever--we feel that the presence of a -divinity still hallows the spot; that the wings of the presiding -cherubim are still extended over its altar. - -But turning from the cloistered abbey, to the castellated fortress of -antiquity, a new train of associations springs up. The vaulted gateway, -the rudely sculptured shield, the heavy portcullis, and massive -towers--all contrast forcibly with the scene we have just left, but -present to the mind’s eye a no less faithful picture of feudal times. It -was from these towers that the flower of English chivalry went forth -under the banner of the Cross--carried the terror of their arms to the -gates of Jerusalem, and earned those glorious ‘badges’ which are now the -proud distinction of their respective houses. - -In a survey of these primitive strongholds, these rude citadels of our -national faith and honour, every feature is invested with traditionary -interest. They are intimately associated with our native Literature, -civil and sacred; with History, Poetry, Painting, and the Drama; with -local tradition, legendary and antiquarian lore. - -To the early founders of our castles and abbeys, we are mainly indebted -for the blessings we still enjoy as a free and independent nation. It -was the unflinching fortitude and uncompromising faith of our baronial -ancestors which extorted from the hands of Despotism the grand charters -of English freedom; and, if the men who achieved such things ought to -live in the grateful remembrance of their country, surely the local -habitations with which their names are identified, must ever be viewed -as classic scenes with which the grandeur and glory of England are -inseparably connected. - -It is there that the very Genius of chivalry still presents himself with -that stern and majestic countenance which views with disdain the -‘luxurious and degenerate posterity’ which has robbed him of his -honours. It is there that the scenes of other days recur to the -imagination in all their native pomp and solemnity. These were the -ancient schools where the manly exercises of knighthood, the generous -virtues of patriotism, fortitude, honour, courtesy and wisdom, were -habitually taught and practised. - -The love and reverence of antiquity are imbibed with our earliest -classic discipline; but when we turn to the history of our own country, -and contemplate in her castles, abbeys, and cathedrals, the monuments of -her former greatness, we become animated with a different emotion; we -feel the strong bond of relationship which unites us with their -founders. We dwell with romantic interest on their valour, munificence, -hospitality; a hospitality which was open to all; to knight, pilgrim, -and minstrel; to him whose honoured office “wedded to immortal verse” -the fortunes, achievements, and festivities of the noble owner; and by -exciting the first efforts of wit and fancy, secured an introduction to -every species of polite learning--to all the softer influences by which -the stern manners of the age were gradually softened and refined. - -With respect to our ecclesiastical foundations, our abbeys, priories, -and cathedrals; how great is the proportion that was built and endowed -by our ancient nobility! Next to the glory of bearing arms in the Holy -Land, was the desire of founding churches at home; for to honour God -with their substance, to brave every danger in defence of their -religion, were maxims that regulated the chief actions of their lives, -and extended their view beyond the boundaries of time. To them and their -long line of descendants, we are indebted for feats of arms, for -examples of Christian fortitude, which have preserved our throne and -constitution inviolate, and raised the British character to its zenith -of national glory. By the practical lessons which they afford, they -inspire us with admiration of their lofty virtues. Their patriotism at -home, their perilous adventures abroad, their indomitable courage and -inflexible faith, their triumphs at the scaffold and the stake,--all -evinced a constancy in virtue, a confidence in God, which nothing could -shake or overthrow. - -In the history of feudal times, when turbulence and faction were -constantly troubling the serene atmosphere of public and private life, -we observe the spiritual and temporal power mutually aiding and -restraining each other: both uniting to regulate the balance of the -state, to enforce obedience to the laws, to resist those -unconstitutional and oppressive measures which produced such frequent -and painful divisions between the sovereign and his vassals. - -But, while thus adverting to the character and polity of feudal times, -we are far from maintaining that there was no flaw in the system, no -flagrant act of injustice in its administration. On the contrary, we -freely admit its imperfection; but we as freely applaud its excellences. -We grant that every castle had its dungeon; every dungeon, perhaps, its -prisoners and captives; but still, viewed as a scheme of civil freedom, -the feudal polity ‘bears a noble countenance. Deprived of its sustaining -power, the very names of right and privilege must have fallen prostrate -at the feet of unlimited despotism.’ If, says Hallam, ‘when the people -were poor and disunited, the nobility had not been brave and free, the -tyranny which on every favourable occasion was breaking through all -barriers would have rioted without control.’ - -In these prefatory remarks, however, we refrain from supporting our -views by the evidence of facts; but to the indulgent reader, who feels -an interest in the subject, and will accompany us in our tour[1] through -the feudal monuments in question, we hope to prove by many interesting -records, anecdotes, and illustrations, the beneficial influence of a -system, prolific beyond all others in the grandeur of its institutions, -and forming what may be justly styled the monumental ages of England. - -But along with their graver history, these primitive strongholds of the -national faith and freedom unite a thousand pleasing and faithful -pictures of social life. It was in these palaces, castles, abbeys, -halls, and manor-houses, that, in the ‘merry days of England,’ the -festivals of our Church and the fêtes of Chivalry, were celebrated in -all their splendour. It was there the noble host collected around him -his friends and retainers, that the walls were hung with banners, that -steel-clad warders paced the battlements, that the sound of the horn -summoned the guests from the ‘joust’ or the chase,--that the ‘boar’s -head’ smoked on the ample board,--that mantling cups were drained to the -health of ‘beauty,’ and fresh honours decreed to the ‘brave.’ - -It was in these halls that the ‘Christmas log,’ flashing through the -painted casement, announced the reign of hospitality,--when the ‘roast -beef of Old England,’ her nut-brown October, and the national songs and -dance, conspired to produce one long scene of mirth and festivity; when -the ‘harper’ sang those romantic and heroic ballads at which the young -caught fire, and the old threw aside the weight of years. Who can -reflect on these scenes, now the subject of history, without a lively -interest in the Castles and Abbeys of England? - -Hitherto, the grand objection to works of this description, has been -their expense, which has confined the circulation of picturesque -antiquarian works to the opulent classes of society. The great -recommendation of the present work is its unprecedented cheapness, being -illustrated by original views taken on the spot, and not amounting in -general to more than a twentieth of the price at which its predecessors -in the same field have been published. - -6, PARK SQUARE, LONDON. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - - Derived down to us, and received - In a succession, far the noblest way, - Of breeding up our youths in letters, arms, - Fair mien, discourses, civil exercise, - And all the blazon of a gentleman.-- - Where can he learn to vault, to ride, to fence, - To move his body gracefully; to speak - His language purer; or to tune his mind - Or manners more to the harmony of Nature - Than in these Nurseries of Nobility? - -BEN JONSON’S _New Inn_. Act I. Scene 3. - - N.B. A LIST OF THE NATIONAL RECORDS, ANCIENT CHRONICLES, AND OTHER - STANDARD AUTHORITIES QUOTED, OR REFERRED TO, IN THE FOLLOWING WORK, - WILL BE FOUND ANNEXED TO EACH SUBJECT RESPECTIVELY. - -[Illustration: - -_Drawn by T. Allom._ _Engraved by I. W. Archer._ - -ARUNDEL CASTLE.] - - - - -THE CASTLE OF ARUNDLE, - -<g>Sussex</g>, - -PRINCIPAL SEAT OF HIS GRACE THE DUKE OF NORFOLK, K.G. - -[Illustration] - - Since William rose and Harold fell, - There have been Counts of Arundel; - And Earls old Arundel shall have, - While rivers flow and forests wave. - - -<g>The Castle of Arundel</g> enjoys a twofold celebrity, in its great antiquity -and in its peculiar privilege of conferring the title of Earl on its -possessor. The former reverts to a period much anterior to the conquest; -the latter was hereditary in the eleventh century, and confirmed by Act -of Parliament in the sixth year of the reign of Henry the Sixth. But its -chief and enduring interest is derived from the long list of warriors -and statesmen whose names are identified with the place; and whose -deeds, during the lapse of eight centuries, have shed lustre on the -national history. - -The earliest recorded notice of Arundel occurs in the will of the Great -<g>Alfred</g>[2], in which he bequeaths it, along with other lordships, to his -brother’s son Athelm. It is described in that document[3] as a manor, -but without any specific distinction in its privileges from those of -Aldingbourn, Compton, and Beeding, with which it is associated; and to -Godwin and his son <g>Harold</g>, who were successively earls of Sussex[4], it -passed, in all probability, in the same form. It was not till the -overthrow of the Saxon dynasty[5], however, that Arundel assumes a -prominent station in history as a native fortress of strength and -importance[6]. Among the train of warlike barons who attended the Norman -in his successful expedition to our coast, was Roger de Monte - -[Sidenote: - -1066 { -1070. { -] - -Gomerico, or <g>Montgomery</g>, nearly related to the Conqueror by blood, and -possessing extensive territories in Normandy[7]. At the battle of -Hastings, which placed the British crown on the head of William, -Montgomery led the - -[Illustration] - -centre division of the army[8], and contributed to the victory. In -return for this important service, and to bind him more firmly to his -interests, the Conqueror four years afterwards bestowed upon him the two -comtés, or earldoms, of Shrewsbury and Arundel[9]. Of the six rapes[10] -into which Sussex is divided, two, comprising Chichester and <g>Arundel</g>, -and calculated to contain eighty-four knights’ fees[11] and a half, were -set apart to form the honour[12] of Arundel. Of this and his other -princely territories, Montgomery retained possession during a period of -twenty years; and the ample revenues which they produced enabled him to -support that dignity, splendour, and host of retainers which bespoke the -rank of one of the great vassals of the crown. He was a man, according -to Orderic[13], of exemplary prudence and moderation; a great lover of -equity, and of discreet and modest persons. When he perceived his end -approaching, the attachment which he had always felt for a religious -life induced him to solicit admission to the Abbey of Shrewsbury, which -he had founded; and there, three days after he had assumed the monastic -habit[14], he expired in the month of July, 1094. Of his family, -consisting of five sons and four daughters, an account will be found in -the Appendix. - -[Sidenote: - -1098 { -1102 { -] - -On the death of Roger Montgomery, his English possessions descended by -will to <g>Hugh</g>, his younger son, whose life, like that of his brother -<g>Robert</g>, was spent in wars of retaliation and aggression; seconding the -enterprises of the turbulent nobles of his period; alternately opposing, -and punished by, the king. When an attempt was made upon the island of -Anglesea by the king of Norway[15], Hugh made all haste to give him a -warm reception; but although the enemy was put to flight, one of his -arrows taking effect upon the Earl of Arundel[16], entered at the eye, -and passing through the brain, struck him dead from his horse. He was -buried in Shrewsbury. From Hugh the earldom passed to his elder brother -Robert, Comte of Belesme, in La Perche, on payment of a fine to the king -of three thousand pounds--an immense sum at that period. But on the -revolt of the latter, when his possessions were forfeited to King Henry -the First, the honour and castle of Arundel were resumed as property of -the Crown. - -By <g>Henry</g> they were settled in dower upon his second queen, Adeliza, -daughter of Godfrey, Duke of Lorraine, who on the death of the king -conveyed them by a second marriage to William de - -[Illustration] - -<g>Albini</g>, lord of Buckenham in Norfolk, of whose descendants we shall make -more deliberate mention hereafter. When the Empress <g>Matilda</g>, daughter of -Henry the First, and mother of Henry the Second, landed in England in -1139, to assert her claims against the usurper Stephen, she was -received, as will hereafter be noticed, at Arundel, and lodged with her -retinue in the castle--an event which served greatly to advance and -establish the fortunes of Albini. For the news of her landing having -alarmed the Usurper, he drew his forces immediately under the walls, and -laid close siege to the castle. Albini, however, not only preserved his -royal guest from violence, but, by good generalship or caution, secured -for her a safe-conduct to Bristol, from which she took shipping and -returned to the Continent. - -On the accession of her son, Henry the Second, this and other faithful -services were not forgotten by the sovereign, who, to testify the sense -in which he viewed Albini’s devotion to his cause, confirmed to him and -to his heirs for ever the honour and castle of Arundel[17]. He died in -1176, and William, his son and successor, in 1196. - -<g>William de Albini</g>, the third in regular descent who enjoyed the earldom -of Arundel, is well known in history as one of the barons who signed the -Magna Charta, and otherwise evinced himself one of the most talented and -enterprising men of his day. Having died on his way home through Italy -in 1221, he was succeeded by his son William, the fourth earl, who dying -early, without issue, was succeeded by his brother, <g>Hugh</g> de Albini, the -last of the race. Hugh died in 1243, leaving four sisters, or their -representatives, as his co-heirs, amongst whom, under a special -commission from the Crown, his manorial estates were divided. Of these -four sisters, the second, Isabel, had married Fitzalan of Oswaldestre; -and to her son John Fitzalan, as nephew to the late Earl Hugh, the -castle of Arundel and all its appurtenances descended by inheritance. -This was the beginning of a new line of Earls--the Fitzalans of Arundel, -six of whom in succession held that distinguished rank in the state. - -[Illustration] - -<g>The Fitzalan Family</g>, like those of Montgomery and Albini, was of Norman -origin, and descended from Alan, the son of Fleald, who attended the -Conqueror at the battle of Hastings, and received, amongst other spoils -of the vanquished, the castle of Madoc-ap-Meredith in Wales, with the -lordship of Oswaldestre in Salop. His wife was a daughter of -Warren-the-Bald, sheriff of Shropshire, and consequently grand-niece of -Roger Montgomery. By her he had two sons; William, who, adopting his -patronymic, was called Fitz-Alan; and Walter, who, pursuing his fortunes -in Scotland and being appointed by King David grand-steward of the -kingdom, became the progenitor of the royal family of <g>Stuart</g>[18]. -William Fitzalan, the elder brother, married Ellen, daughter of William -Peverel, and niece of Robert, Earl of Gloucester, and with her obtained -a large accession of property in Bretagne. He defended Shrewsbury -against Stephen, fought with the Empress Matilda at Winchester, and at -the accession of Henry the Second was appointed sheriff of Shropshire. -At his death he left an only son, William, whose marriage with Isabel, -daughter and heiress of Ingelram-de-Say, added the extensive lordship of -Clun to the patrimonial possessions of the family; when the titles of -Clun and Oswaldestre were first united, and continue in the Howard -family to the present day. After the death of William, the first lord of -these honours, his son and successor survived him only five years, and -leaving no issue, the property devolved on his brother, John Fitzalan, -who, in concert with the Barons, opposed the tyrannical measures of the -king, and was appointed by Henry the Third one of the Lords Marchers in -Wales. At his death he was succeeded by his only son, the subject of -this notice, and first of his family who was Earl of Arundel. - -On two occasions, however, the family honours and property were -alienated by attainder, and given in the first instance to Edmund, Earl -of Kent; and in the latter to Holland, Duke of Exeter. This took place -in the persons of Edmund the third, and Richard the fifth earl; but in -both cases their sons were restored to that station and inheritance -which their own political offences had forfeited. - -[Sidenote: - -1415 { - { -] - -<g>Thomas</g>, the sixth earl of the Fitzalan line, dying without issue, left -three sisters as his co-heirs. But his grandfather, Richard, in order to -prevent the further division of the honour, had entailed it first upon -his Countess for the term of her natural life; and then on the heirs -male of his own body, by the said Countess Alianor, with remainders -over. In pursuance of this arrangement, therefore, the castle and -estates of Arundel passed, on the demise of Earl Thomas, to his -second-cousin, John Fitzalan, Lord Maltravers, from whom it again -descended through a succession of seven earls of the united families of -Fitzalan and Maltravers--many of them highly distinguished, and -terminated in Henry, the twenty-second Earl of Arundel. - -<g>Henry’s</g> only son, a youth of splendid accomplishments, had died at -Brussels; and of his two daughters, Joan, the elder, was married to Lord -Lumley; and Mary to Thomas Howard, fourth Duke of Norfolk. But the -latter, having died after giving birth to a son, Philip Howard; and the -other, Lady Lumley, having been married twenty years without issue; a -fine was levied in 1570, by which the earl, ten years previous to his -death, entailed the castle and honour of Arundel, with a numerous list -of parks, forests, lands, estates, &c., upon Lord Lumley and Joan, his -wife, for the term of their separate lives, remainder to the lawful -heirs of the said Joan, remainder to Philip, son of Mary, Duchess of -Norfolk, and his heirs.[19] - -[Sidenote: - -1581. { - { -] - -<g>Philip</g>, first of the Ducal House of Howard invested with the title of -Earl of Arundel, continued in the enjoyment of his honours only during -the short period of eight years, when, as will hereafter appear, he was -attainted in 1589, and his estates forfeited to the crown. Fifteen years -later, however, they were restored to his son Thomas, on the accession -of King <g>James</g>, who was anxious to redress the wrongs of the father, by -extending the hand of royal favour to the son. This event in the -fortunes of the Howard family took place in 1604; and from that period -down to the present time, the title has passed without interruption -through a line of descendants-- - - Cui genus a proavis ingens, clarumque paternæ - Nomen erat Virtutis. - -<g>With</g> this brief and hasty sketch of the origin of the Castle of Arundel -and its powerful lords, whose deeds and destinies shed around its -history feelings of mingled sympathy and admiration; we turn aside to -view the fortress, whose apartments have been the hereditary asylum and -berçeau of patriotism, chivalry, piety, and British independence, during -a period of eight centuries. - - Combien de souvenirs ici sont retracés! - J’aime à voir ces glacis, ces angles, ces fossés, - Ces vestiges épars des siéges, des batailles, - Ces boulets qu’arrêta l’épaisseur des murailles. - -[Illustration] - -To the great antiquity of Arundel Castle we have already adverted. -BEVIS[20]--a hero of romance--is currently believed to have been its -founder; but however easily this may be disputed, the fact of its having -been a royal fortress, long before the Conquest, seems fully -established. The earliest recorded evidence to this effect appears in -the Domesday Survey, where it is stated that, in the time of Edward the -Confessor, the castle of Arundel[21] rendered for a certain mill forty -shillings, for one pasture twenty shillings; and that between the town, -the port, and the customs of the shipping, it rendered twelve pounds, -and was worth thirteen. - -But as the name and epoch of its founder remain in total obscurity[22], -conjecture, however plausible or ingenious, would here be fruitless; and -leaving the fanciful antiquary and etymologist to indulge their several -tastes in exploring the labyrinth of fable, we turn at once to the -broad noon of history, to draw from authentic sources such facts as may -appear in some respects more extraordinary than fiction. - -[Illustration] - -<g>The Castle of Arundel</g>, in point of situation, presents every advantage -which could be desired for the erection of a military fortress. At the -southern extremity of the elevated platform on which it stands, a strong -wall inclosed the inner court, containing upwards of five acres; on the -north-east and south-east a precipitous dip of the hill, to at least -ninety feet, rendered the castle inaccessible. On the remaining sides, a -deep fosse, protected on the north by a double vallation, and cutting -off all external communication in that direction, secured the garrison -against any sudden incursion or surprise. Or, if assailed,-- - - From gate and battlemented tower - Fell the warder’s iron shower-- - And swift and sharp, from twanging yew, - The feathered shafts incessant flew. - -In the centre of this spacious area, rose the <g>donjon</g> or Keep, circular -in form, of enormous strength, crowning a lofty artificial mound, and -commanding a wide and uninterrupted view of all the neighbouring -approaches. The height of the mount, from the bottom of the fosse on the -external side, was seventy feet; on the internal, sixty-nine; and with -that of the walls and battlements, by which it was crowned, presented a -commanding elevation on the east of ninety-six feet; and on the west, of -one hundred and three. The walls, measuring from eight to ten feet in -thickness, inclosed a nearly circular space, varying between fifty-nine -and sixty-seven feet in diameter, which afforded accommodation for the -garrison. The apartments, judging from the corbel stones still -remaining, appear to have been arranged round the walls, converging -towards the centre, from which they received their light, as from an -open cupola. Externally there were neither loop-holes nor openings in -the masonry, from which, as in other keeps, an army could be annoyed; so -that it was only from the ramparts and battlements that the garrison -could repel an assault.--See Dallaway’s Rape of Arundel and Horsted’s -History. - -Such in all probability was the ‘Castrum de Harundel’ when the Conqueror -placed it in the hands of Roger Montgomery, and such as it had been -when erected by the wise policy of King Alfred. At this time the Keep -appears to have comprised the whole strength of the place, the barbican -or outer rampart excepted; so that to give it the strength and space of -a Norman castle, by contributing those improvements which the -circumstances of the time demanded, and of which its natural position -was highly susceptible, engaged the first care of its Norman possessor. -The external walls, accordingly, were faced with a new casing of Caen -stone; the whole structure was supported at intervals by broad flat -buttresses; and on the south-east side of the Keep an improved - -[Illustration] - -entrance was effected, where the Norman art is still visible. It is a -wide semicircular <g>archway</g> cut through the solid wall, ornamented on the -inner side with a plain torus moulding, and terminated on the outer by a -smaller arch, richly carved with the chevron and other ornaments in -common use during the latter part of the eleventh century.[23] - -But of all the architectural improvements effected by Roger Montgomery -in the wide area beneath the Keep, the most conspicuous in the present -day is the great Gateway. It consists of a square tower standing over an -arched way, which forms the entrance to the court, and communicates with -the Keep by a raised passage carried across the moat, and terminated by -a flight of steps. The upper part of this tower is supposed to be the -work of the thirteenth century; but the lower portion, comprising the -whole of the covered-way, retains its original stamp, and presents a -striking specimen of Norman taste. The arch is circular, without a -keystone, and quite destitute of ornament. The arch, as well as all that -remains of the ancient front of the tower, is composed of square blocks -of Pulborough stone, the angles of which still preserve their original -sharpness. A portcullis was formerly placed at the outer extremity of -the passage, which was probably still further strengthened by a -drawbridge over the fosse immediately beneath it.[24]--See the -engravings. - -The Barbican, or <g>Bebis’ Tower</g>, as it is generally called, is another of -those warlike adjuncts by which the Norman baron strengthened and -improved his new residence. It occupies the north-west side of the ditch -by which the Keep is surrounded, and, notwithstanding the ravages of -siege and storm, presents many of the characteristic features of Norman -architecture. It is an oblong tower, supported by a huge buttress at -each of its angles, and originally was of considerable elevation; but -during the Parliamentary siege, about to be noticed, the upper part was -destroyed, and the temporary roof which now covers it was supplied at a -later period. The whole is now invested with a luxuriant mantle of ivy, -and presents, like the adjoining Keep, a green pyramidal mass of -foliage, through which at intervals the grey stone and white mortar are -discernible. It is haunted ground-- - - For there, ’tis said, ’mid scenes forlorn, - When midnight spreads her dreary pall, - The blast of Bebis’ bugle-horn - Rings loudly from its ramparts tall. - While, starting to the unearthly sound, - Warrior spectres gather round; - And dismal through the dusky air, - Banners gleam and torches glare-- - Till all, at cock-crow, to their shrouds - Shrink away like fleeting clouds. - -Under the east end of the Castle is an immense <g>vault</g>, described by a -late historian of the Castle as sixty-six feet in length by nearly -twenty-one feet in width, and upwards of fourteen feet high. The arches -are circular, and formed of square blocks of chalk strengthened by four -transverse ribs of massive stone. The walls, varying in thickness, -present at different parts externally a compact mass of seven feet and -upwards. This is the dismal receptacle in which the unhappy captive whom -the fortune of war had placed at the mercy of his feudal lord, or the -culprit who had violated the laws, were shut up in miserable durance. -Few have ever traversed that dreary vault without an involuntary -shudder, as imagination conjured up the scenes of human agony that must -have transpired unheard, unpitied, under the veil of its sepulchral -darkness-- - - Where oft, at the dark and midnight watch, - As the sentry walks his round, - The wail of pain, and the clanking chain, - Send forth a dismal sound. - -[Sidenote: - -1404. { - { -] - -A curious instance of escape from this dungeon, in connexion with the -law of sanctuary, is recorded by Mr. Tierney, on the authority of Bishop -Rede’s Register:--A person named John Mot, having been committed on a -charge of robbery, contrived to elude the vigilance of his keepers, -passed the - -[Illustration] - -enclosure of the castle, and had nearly succeeded in effecting his -retreat, when his flight becoming known, the constable, assisted by a -part of the inhabitants, followed in close pursuit. Finding that he was -likely to be overtaken, the fugitive turned to the College of the Holy -Trinity, and seizing the ring attached to the gate, claimed the rights -of sanctuary. The constable, however, appears to have doubted the -validity of this appeal to ecclesiastical protection, and the captive -was forcibly disengaged, and hurried back to prison. But the -circumstance got wind; rumours of the occurrence soon spread through the -neighbourhood; the immunities of the church and the laws of sanctuary -were said to have been violated; two of the parties who had aided the -constable in securing the offender were summoned before the bishop, to -answer the charge in person. Being questioned, and found guilty, they -were ordered to make a pilgrimage on foot to the shrine of St. Richard, -at Chichester, to present an offering there according to their ability; -to be cudgelled (fustigati) five times through the church of Arundel, -and five times to recite the Pater-noster, the Ave, and the Creed, upon -their knees before the crucifix at the high-altar. Before, however, this -sentence could be carried into execution, it was ascertained that, on -discovery of the error which had been committed, the captive had been -“restored to the church.” The cudgelling was therefore ordered to be -remitted; and an offering of a burning taper by each of the offending -parties at the high-mass on the following Sunday, was substituted in its -place.[25] - -Of the <g>Baronial Chapel</g>, believed to have been erected at the same time, -and now converted into the modern dining-room of the castle, little is -known, beyond the fact of its having existed in the latter part of the -thirteenth century[26]. During the minority of Richard Fitzalan, a royal -patent was issued, by which we learn that the king, in right of the -wardship which he possessed, presented to “the chapel of St. George, -within the castle of Arundel.”[27] From that early period, down to the -close of the last century, when the late Duke entered upon his plans for -restoring the castle to its original splendour, this hallowed apartment -had served as the family oratory of the <g>Montgomeries</g>, the <g>Albinis</g>, the -<g>Fitzalans</g>, the <g>Howards</g>. But the rich and beautiful Gothic temple which -the Duke has substituted has, in some degree, compensated for the -metamorphosis to which the primitive altar of the family has been -subjected. The spot, however, where an altar had stood for centuries--at -which so many generations had knelt in their joy or their sorrow; had -paid the tribute of gratitude in prosperity, and implored succour in -adversity; at which the marriage benediction, the baptismal rite, and -the solemn service for the dead, had been so long and often -celebrated--such a spot, however transformed by the hand of man, to -whatever secular purposes converted, possesses that inherent sanctity -which no disguise can obliterate-- - - Unseen a hallowed incense fills the air, - And mystic voices peal the notes of prayer. - Still round that shrine where once the VIRGIN smiled, - And kings and shepherds hailed the SAVIOUR-CHILD, - A seraph watches with extended wing, - And angel-quires their songs of triumph sing. - -[Illustration] - -<g>The South-east</g> front of Arundel Castle, which crowns an abrupt descent -overlooking the river Arun, appears, in common with the dungeon already -described, to have been the work of Montgomery, and contemporary with -the adjoining tower. This opinion is confirmed by the close resemblance -of its external masonry to that of the keep; as well as by the remains -of some double round-headed windows, still visible in the walls, and -which strictly correspond with double arches in Winchester Cathedral, -built about the same epoch by Walkelin, cousin of William the Conqueror. - -[Sidenote: 1094. {] - -Whatever appears to have been necessary for the strength and security of -a Norman baron and his retainers, seems to have been fully and -expeditiously effected by <g>Earl Roger</g>, whose experienced eye and warlike -spirit soon detected the weak points of Arundel Castle, and supplied a -remedy in those massive walls and outworks, which, with a -well-disciplined garrison, must have rendered it impregnable in all the -ordinary extremities of foreign or domestic warfare. The earl who next -employed his taste and munificence in the work, was Richard Fitzalan, -the third of his family, to whom we shall return in a subsequent -notice. Having obtained a patent, authorising him to strengthen the -defences of the town, by enclosing it on the exposed sides with walls, -he appears to have availed himself of the same opportunity to rebuild -the upper part of the old gatehouse, which had now stood upwards of a -century, and to enlarge it on the west by the erection of an external -gateway, a correct engraving of which is here introduced. - -[Illustration] - -It consists of a long covered passage, “approached originally by a -drawbridge over the fosse;” the entrance is under an “obtusely-pointed -arch without machicolations, defended by a portcullis, and flanked by -two square embattled towers, which are divided into four stories of -apartments.” The lowest of these comprises the dungeons, entirely dark, -and sunk to a depth of nearly fifteen feet below the bottom of the -fosse. The upper rooms are lighted externally by narrow label-headed -windows; and at the west corner a chamber, which extends along the whole -of the covered-way, communicates with one of these apartments. This -central chamber is still perfect, and accessible, by a spiral stone -staircase, from the passage below. In the north wall of the archway is -the ancient sally-port[28], which opens into the ditch. The foundation -of the well-tower, and the construction of the present entrance to the -Keep, are of similar origin with the gateway. Originally it was of -considerable elevation; but having suffered by the united efforts of -time and violence, the upper part was taken down by order of the late -Duke, and the rubbish thrown into the well, which, according to our -cicerone, was three hundred feet in depth[29]. In most of the ancient -fortresses, situated on lofty and commanding situations, the -garrison-well was always an object of paramount interest. The labour and -ingenuity with which it was constructed, and the almost incredible depth -to which it was often found necessary to perforate, before an adequate -supply of that indispensable requisite, pure water, could be secured, -are sufficient to excite our curiosity and admiration. - -In the square tower immediately adjoining, on the east side, is “the -present entrance to the Keep. Its narrow pointed arch is concealed -beneath the dark projection of the tower; whilst the portcullis which -once closed its approach, and the steep winding ascent which conducts to -it, must have rendered the position of this garrison impregnable”--so -far as that could be accomplished by art; for it is only in the hands of -the truly brave that any place can be pronounced impregnable[30]. - -<g>The tower</g>, which is a continuation of that built over the well, is -curiously contrived: its eastern wall is built against the old Norman -door-way, in such a manner as to include within it about one-third of -the open space of the arch. Parallel with this wall, on the inner side, -is another erected about three feet distant, forming a long narrow slit -within the tower, which, by means of the enclosed portion of the ancient -arch, opens a direct communication with the interior of the Keep. Over -this covered space is a sort of stone funnel, resembling a chimney, with -an opening into a chamber above; and immediately below, at the base of -the outer wall, is a very small pointed arch, which is supposed to have -been intended either as a sally-port, or as a private entrance to the -fortress when other avenues were necessarily closed. Scarcely rising -above the surface, it escaped observation, and enabled a spy to -disappear almost as if he had sunk into the earth; whilst, in case of -discovery or of an enemy attempting to force a passage by this aperture, -the funnel above presented a prompt sluice, through which melted lead, -boiling water, and other destructive missiles could be discharged upon -the heads of the intruders, so as completely to cut of all access to the -interior[31]. - -[Illustration] - -The ancient Chapel or <g>Oratory</g> of the garrison is another of those -architectural features which owe their foundation to Richard Fitzalan. -It was dedicated to St. Martin, and together with that of St. -George--the Baronial Chapel already noticed--is mentioned in Domesday -Survey, as enjoying an annual rent of twelve-pence, payable by one of -the burgesses of Arundel[32]. The view from this consecrated spot, as -observed through the opening of its mutilated arches, offers one of the -finest coups-d’œil in this romantic and commanding position. The chapel -is a relic of great interest--but only a relic, for - - Now loud, now fainter - The gale sweeps thro’ its fretwork, and oft sings - The owl his anthem, where the silenced quire - Lie with their hallelujahs quenched like fire. - -<g>The Keep</g> of Arundel Castle,--for so many ages the residence of a warlike -garrison,--is now abandoned to the ‘owls and bats.’ Of the former, the -breed is peculiar to the place, and the largest in the kingdom. To the -student of natural history, a visit to their domicile is a treat of no -common interest. Strangers often resort from a great distance to make -acquaintance with them; and many who attach little importance to -Minerva, are struck with the gravity of her representatives in -Arundel-Keep. - -[Illustration] - -The “portraits,” here introduced, were taken from life, with a peep into -their domestic economy, which is conducted in the old niche-like -fire-place of the garrison, where the steel-clad warrior of other days -has often prepared his hasty mess, or chafed his limbs after a cold -night-watch on the battlements. There is here, perhaps, no fox to look -out from the loophole and bay the moon; but these <g>Owls</g> are no unpoetical -substitutes to proclaim the changes that have come over this once -thickly peopled fortress. - -When we visited them in October last, they consisted of three couples, -and in size and appearance fully justified the character we had heard of -them. They are not permitted, however, to remain at large; a strong -circular netting is thrown over the Keep, and under this awning they may -enjoy everything--except liberty. They have the advantage also of -separate niches for the enjoyment of connubial happiness: but it is easy -to observe that, not having freedom, they fancy they have nothing worth -having. The custodé, in order to show them off to advantage, dislodged a -couple; and certainly the expanse of wing which they showed in their -flight to the opposite side, was much more like that of an eagle than an -owl. At that moment the fact of their being prisoner seemed to have been -forgotten; for when removed from their perch by an unceremonious ‘poke’ -of the keeper’s rod of office, they made an ambitious attempt to soar at -once into the sky; but the netting was too strong, and, compelled to -keep a horizontal flight, they dropped sulkily into a niche in the -opposite wall, with a peculiar barking sound, very expressive of -indignation and disappointment. - -Several of these horned owls, as curious specimens of natural history, -have been stuffed, and advanced to posthumous honours in the Castle -gallery. With one of them, the patriarch of the family, an anecdote is -connected, which in justice to his memory we think it our duty to -record:--Some years ago an elderly gentleman on his way through Arundel, -took advantage of a short halt at the Norfolk Arms to visit the Castle. -He was much pleased, as all sensible visitors must be, with everything -he saw, but most with the grave moping owls of the Keep. But of all the -family, one in particular had a sagacity of expression which appeared to -engross the whole attention of his visitor. His horns long, and -horizontally projecting from either temple; his scarlet-coloured eyes, -that seemed as if they had become inflamed by long-continued study; his -wings that hung loosely about him like a professor’s gown; his face, his -feet--every feature in short, seemed to say--This is no common owl. - -‘He’s a sagacious fellow, this!’ observed the stranger. ‘Very, sir,’ -said the keeper, ‘very!--We always calls him the Chancellor.’ ‘The what? -the chancellor?’ ‘Yes, sir; sometimes the chancellor and sometimes Lord -Eldon--he’s so very wise!’--the stranger was highly amused at finding a -namesake under the ivy in Arundel Keep; and we need scarcely add that -the visitor was, in fact, the chancellor himself--the late venerable and -learned Lord Eldon. - -[Illustration: A]s an ‘ivy-mantled tower,’ this <g>Keep</g> is without a rival -in all we can recollect of foreign and domestic castles. The artificial -mound on which it stands, is a dense mass of ornamental trees and -shrubs--half girdled by a solitary walk along the bottom of the ancient -fosse, over which the redundant verdure throws a delicious freshness. On -the side facing the open court, the masonry of the Keep is concealed -under a thick mantle of ivy, which climbs to the very summit, and in its -ascent, flings its luxuriant festoons over every projecting fragment. -The interior is clothed with the same perennial drapery; and once -deserted by man, nature has taken the ruin under her own immediate -protection--repairing the shattered walls, filling up every blank, and -mantling the whole in her own livery. - -To those who are fond of romantic scenes and impressions, it would be -difficult to select a more congenial spot than the Keep in question; -particularly by moonlight, when all the rich and waving outline of the -ruin is brought forward in bright silver tracery. In certain conditions -of that luminary, the effect of light and shade is peculiarly striking; -and it requires but little assistance from imagination to embody, among -its isolated projections, the airy forms of sentinels planted at various -intervals; their arms coming every now and then into sudden relief, as -the moon touches the glittering leaves with her - -[Illustration] - -fitful light, and the night breeze communicates to the detached branches -a sort of temporary, life-like movement. It is then that airy visions -are said to haunt the place, and not unfrequently cross the path of the -intruder:-- - - For oft on the mouldering Keep by night - <g>Earl Roger</g> takes his stand, - With the sword that shone at Hastings’ fight, - Firm grasped in his red right hand! - Then he calls his spectre-knights by name-- - To their spectre-Chief they fly - When each gauntlet rears its bristling spears, - To their Norman battle-cry! - But beware--beware to wander there, - At the mass of the blessed Yule - When, with spectral forms in glittering arms, - That haunted Keep is full! - ’Tis then they shout, as they shouted once - When our Saxon standard fell; - And the Norman blade its carnage stayed - At the sound of <g>Harold’s</g> knell! etc.--MS - -Of the four original towers, planted at regular intervals around the -enclosed space beyond the Keep, all, with the exception of the barbican -already mentioned, appear to have been the work of the period in -question. They are of the same form as that of the outer gateway, and -have the facilities of free intercourse by means of a connecting walk -along the ramparts. They were all dismantled during the last siege; but -in the ruins which still remain, the characteristic style of Earl -Richard is apparent. Two sally-ports of the same date, and at opposite -sides of the enclosure, may still be seen in a state of -preservation.--See ‘History of the Castle.’--50. - -The next embellishment bestowed upon the Castle of Arundel was the <g>great -Hall</g>. It was erected by Richard, grandson of the Richard Fitzalan whose -taste and munificence had contributed the addition already mentioned. - -[Illustration] - -It was in the style of Edward the Third; with an entrance from the -court, through a deep pointed doorway, under a plain projecting porch. -The hall itself was entirely demolished during the Parliamentary siege -referred to in these pages; but the remaining doorway continued to -indicate the splendour of the original design, till its place was -occupied by a still more striking and elaborate structure--<g>the Barons’ -Hall</g> of the present century. - -The last addition to this baronial seat of so many illustrious families, -was the wing on the north-east side; but when the restoration of the -Castle was commenced under the auspices of the late Duke, this was -removed to make room for the great library. The character of its -architecture was that of the time of Henry the Eighth. It consisted of -the family apartments, with a splendid gallery, a hundred and twenty -feet in length, lighted by eight windows looking into the court, and -erected by Earl Henry, the last of the Fitzalans. - -In the preceding outline we have endeavoured to convey a general idea of -the Castle of Arundel, as it appeared at the commencement of the -seventeenth century--enriched by the labour of centuries, and the -accumulated fame of the Montgomeries, the Albinis, the Fitzalans, and -the Howards; all of whom had manifested a strong attachment to the -place, strengthened by associations which connected them with the most -brilliant events of English history, and identified their names and -fortunes with those of Arundel. But at the disastrous period of the -great civil war, the noble proprietor was an exile. The succession of -calamities, which had given the family history of his immediate -predecessors such mournful interest, was still felt in its consequences, -and contributed, with other causes, to invest the fortress of his -ancestors with many bitter as well as bright remembrances. Under these -circumstances, the possession of Arundel Castle became an object of -sanguinary contention between the Royal and Parliamentary leaders, and, -being alternately taken and retaken, was as often delivered up to the -reckless fury of its captors. - -[Sidenote: 1642.{] - -<g>Sir Ralph Hopton</g> having received orders to dislodge the Parliamentary -troops, marched from his head-quarters at Winchester, and laid siege to -Arundel. The garrison was not in a condition to offer any effectual -resistance, and on the third day the Royal standard was floating from -the Keep. Placing the fortress in as defensive a position as time and -circumstances would permit, and delegating the command to Sir Edward -Ford, Hopton returned to Winchester. This was too favourable an occasion -to be lost sight of by the Parliament, and <g>Sir William Waller</g> was -instructed to take instant measures for the recovery of the Castle. His -march was greatly facilitated by a severe frost, so that the -cross-roads, which would otherwise have been impassable, were -sufficiently hard to admit of his transporting the cavalry and heavy -ordnance to the scene of action; and on Tuesday, the nineteenth of -December, his guns were directed against the Castle. - -On the Friday following, a despatch from Waller was read in the House of -Lords, in which he details the progress of the siege in terms so -characteristic of the times, that we cannot omit its insertion in this -place:--“My Lords, According to your commands, I advanced the last -Lord’s day from Farnham to this place. I could not reach that night past -Haslemere; the nexte day I marched to Cowdray, where we understanding -there were four troopes of horse and one hundred foote, I resolved to -give them the good night; and to - -[Illustration] - -that end I despatched away two regiments of horse to lay the passage -round; but they were too nimble for me, and escaped hither, where I -overtook them on Tuesday night. The next morning, after we had taken a -view, and found out a place where we might flank their line with our -ordnance, we fell in upon the north side of the workes; and we did so -scower a weedy hill in the park, on the west side of the pond, with our -pieces, that we made it too hot for them, which gave such courage to our -men, that with the same breath they assaulted an entrenchment newly cast -up, and which was very strong. It was drawn from the town gate down to -the aforesaid pond near the mill. At the same time we fell on a narrow -passage near the mill, where they had likewise a double work and very -strong; but in a short time, by the good hand of God, we forced both, -and entered the town with our horse and foote, notwithstanding a brave -sally made by their horse. We beat them into the castle, and entered the -first gate with them; the second they made good and barricaded; and -they are there welcome to stay. I am resolved to block them up, for I -know they are in a necessitous condition. God hath been pleased to -blesse me hitherto with a gracious successe, his great and holy name be -praysed! But truely, my Lord, I am very weake in foote, and my horse so -hackneyed out that they are ready to lie down under us. I expect Colonel -Behre and Colonel Morley here this day.” - -The progress of the siege is too lengthy for detail in this place; but -we proceed with a few extracts characteristic of the spirit with which -it was conducted:--“To-day,” says the relation, “Major Bodley did a -notable exploit; he, perceiving divers in the castle looking forth in a -balcone, took unto himself and twelve others their muskets into a -private place of advantage, from whence they already discharged into the -said balcone, and slew and wounded divers of the enemy.” A very ‘notable -exploit’ indeed! the said Major appears to have been one of those heroes -who like ‘to shoot round a corner.’ “The same day,” continues the -narrative, “two sacres were planted in the steeple with divers -musquetiers, who, on Friday morning betimes, played hotly on the enemy, -which appeared on the top of the Castle. (The church steeple is within -easy musket-shot of the battlements.) The same day divers were taken in -their intended escape from the Castle: also, the contents of a pond -being drained, it emptied the wells of water within the Castle, so that -now the enemy began to be distressed with thirst; divers fled from the -Castle and were taken prisoners.” “On Sunday,” agreeably to the record, -“divers more fled; many horses were turned forth, of which our soldiers -made a good purchase; only one of them was shot by the enemy, whose -bloody crueltie and inhuman malice did mightily appear against us, in -that they took and hewed him all to pieces, which, doubtlesse, they -would have done to us, had we been likewise in their power. On Tuesday -the enemy made shew of a salley, but hereupon the drums did beat and the -trumpets sounded; all our men were presently gathered together in a fit -posture to charge the enemy, when they presently took to their heels, -and so manfully retreated. On Tuesday we planted ordnance in a new place -against the Castle, which made the enemy that they durst not peep over -the walls to shoot at us. On Wednesday divers came forth again into the -balcone, having forgot the former danger, whereupon we placed divers -musquetiers in the ruins of an old chappel, from whence we did good -execution upon them”--adopting, it is presumed, the aforesaid practice -of Major Bodley, of shooting round the corner. “On Thursday more of the -enemies were taken escaping out of the Castle, and that afternoon the -enemy hung out a white flag pretending a parley, and calling to some of -our men, delivered them letters directed to our Generall, in which they -desired sack, tobacco, cards and dice to be sent unto them, to make -merry this idle time, promising to return for them beef and mutton; but -the truth is,” says the narrator, “they wanted even bread and water, and -that night did put divers live oxen over the walls of the Castle, for -want of fodder.” In another place he mentions that “some of the enemies -fled out of the castle, and escaped by the river Arun, in a boat made of -a raw oxe hide.” There was also skirmishing between Hopton’s and -Waller’s horse, to the advantage of the latter. “On Friday the fifth of -January, on the eve of capitulation, the enemy,” says he, “began to feel -the fruits of their deserts, being extremely pinched with famine.” - -The next letter, dated January 6, 1643, is addressed by Waller to -Lieut.-General the Earl of Essex:--“My Lord, on Thursday the enemy sent -a drummer to me, signifying their willingness to surrender the Castle, -if they might have honourable conditions. I returned answer, that, when -I first possessed myself of the town, I summoned them into the Castle to -yield upon fair quarter; I now took them at their word, and bid them -yield to mercy. That - -[Illustration] - -night I heard no more of them; but the next morning the drummer came to -me again, with another letter, wherein they disavowed that answer to my -trumpet, laying the blame upon one who, they say, had no more soldiery -than civility, that without their assent or knowledge had given that -language. I sent them answer, that I was very well satisfied, that, in -this disavowing that rashness, they had made room for courtesy; and that -I was contented to give them fair quarter, and that, according to their -desire formerly expressed, if they would send out to me two officers of -quality, I would employ two of equal condition to treat with them about -the particulars of the surrender. Within a short time after, there came -out unto me Colonel Bamfield and Major Bodvil, who pressed very much -that they might have liberty to march away like soldiers, otherwise they -would choose death rather than life; and so broke off. About two hours -after they sent out unto me Lieut.-Colonel Rawlins and Major Moulin, -who, after some debate, came to an agreement with me that this morning -they would deliver the castle into my hands by ten of the clock, with -colours and arms undefaced and unspoiled; and that the gentlemen and -officers should have fair quarter and civil usage, and the ordinary -soldiers quarter. For the performance of these covenants, Sir Edward -Ford and Sir Edward Bishop were immediately to be yielded to me, which -was accordingly done. - -“This morning we entered, and are now, blessed be God, in possession of -that place. We have taken seventeen colours of foot, and two of horse, -and one thousand prisoners, one with another, besides one hundred and -sixty, which we took at the first entering of the town, and such as came -from the enemy to us during the siege. I humbly desire that the London -regiments may be sent hither to secure this important place, while I -advance with what strength I have towards the enemy, who lye at -Havant.--I humbly rest,” &c. - -The result of this siege was ruinous to the Castle. Its successive -occupation by two hostile garrisons; the destructive means employed from -within for its defence, and from without for its reduction, left its -halls roofless, its noble apartments unlatticed; its Keep, gates, and -battlements rent and neglected; and from that day - - “Its huge old halls of knightly state, - Dismantled lay and desolate.” - -At length, after an interval of seventy years, <g>Thomas</g> Duke of Norfolk, -having determined to rescue the baronial seat of his ancestors from -utter destruction, repaired the old and added new apartments, till it -was once more in a habitable condition. But the restoration to which we -have more especially to refer in this place, was commenced in 1786 by -the late Duke, who continued it till his demise in 1815--an interval of -nearly thirty years, during which, although he is said to have expended -six hundred thousand pounds in the execution of his plan, it is still -incomplete. The noble proprietor, himself an amateur in the science of -architecture, superintended all the designs; and wherever any precious -relique of antiquity was to be found, it was carefully drawn or modelled -by skilful artists, and introduced into the plan of the Castle. Hence -the richness and variety observable in the doors, windows, niches, and -architectural ornaments so profusely employed on three sides of the -quadrangle. - -<g>The grand entrance</g> to the court-yard of the Castle is formed by a lofty -arched gateway of immense bulk, and generally admired for the -architectural dignity and grandeur of the design. The effect is striking -at first sight, and conveys to the mind of the visitor a feature highly -characteristic of a feudal residence. The arch is pointed, surmounted by -a heavy machicolation, and flanked by two hexagonal towers, which, -according to the original design, were to have been ‘encircled with an -external gallery, terminating at each angle in a turret,’ but the design -remains unfinished. Compared, however, with the old gateway, which -speaks so audibly of other times, the modern structure possesses no -interest; and to enjoy the impression, the stranger must endeavour to -divest his mind of the fact that it is a building of yesterday, -otherwise he will be apt to exclaim with Delille, in his indignation of -modern imitations:-- - - “Mais loin..... - Ces restes d’un château qui n’exista jamais: - Ces vieux ponts nés d’hier, et cette tour gothique, - Ayant l’air délabré sans avoir l’air antique, - Artifice à la fois impuissant et grossier.” - -On entering the court through this <g>gateway</g>, the first object that -strikes the eye is a large bas-relief on the opposite side, representing -Alfred the Great instituting the trial by jury on Salisbury Plain. The -spot chosen was by the side of a dead wall. In his left hand is a roll -of parchment, half unfurled, with the Saxon sentence:--“That man fiœbbe -gemot on œlcum wœpentace.” “That man in every hundred shall find twelve -jury.” It occupies a large portion of the front of that part of the -Castle next to the great library, and bearing the appropriate title of -the ‘<g>Alfred Saloon</g>.’ But from the - -[Illustration] - -faithful and spirited etching here introduced, the reader will obtain a -much clearer idea of the subject than from any description. It is -strictly historical, and was designed by Rossi. It is probable, however, -that this admirable institution did not originate with Alfred, but that -it was only improved and perfected by him[33]. - -On the right of the gateway stands the Baronial Chapel, a modern -erection of florid Gothic, with pinnacles, niches, buttresses, all in -the best taste and of elaborate workmanship. The interior is not -finished, but the duke intended to have done so after the models of -ancient Saxon and Norman churches, copies of which had been already -procured at the time of his demise. - -Adjoining the chapel is the <g>Barons’ Hall</g> or banquet-chamber, a building -much admired. Over four beautiful Saxon arches is a raised parapet, -along the base of which are seen, sculptured in stone, a variety of -hieroglyphic figures, taken from antique designs, illustrative of the -family history, and procured from the Herald’s College, of which his -Grace is hereditary Earl Marshal. - -[Illustration] - -The south side of the quadrangle is part of the ancient structure, -restored from the ruinous condition in which it had been allowed to -continue from the last siege, down to the accession of the late Duke to -his family honours. It consists of an entirely new front of massive -stone, which differs from the others in exhibiting the insignia of the -Howards in union with those of their predecessors. The grand entrance is -in the Norman style. It is twenty-eight feet wide from the abutments, -fronted with Portland stone, curiously carved, and worked with infinite -intersections of wreathed vine-leaves, roses, laurel, oak, acorns, and -other vegetable emblems. The top is finished with a line of artificial -stone in the shape of fence-work, a little elevated. On the right of the -doorway is a colossal statue of Hospitality; and on the left is another -of Liberty, as seen in the view of the Court already introduced. - -The north-east wing, which contains <g>the Library</g>, was commenced in 1801. -Its basement is formed upon the Norman model; its upper part is in the -style of Henry the Sixth, with a projecting square tower in the centre, -and lighted from an oriel window. The sculpture and carving upon the -windows and doorways exhibit much delicacy and beauty of workmanship. -Those under the bas-relief, in front of the Alfred Saloon, are of -elegant design and finish. The Library here mentioned is an apartment of -great magnificence; it measures one hundred and seventeen feet in length -by thirty-five in width, and is, beyond doubt, one of the finest -specimens of modern Gothic in England. It displays the grandeur of -ancient designs under the delicate finish of modern art, and brings into -one view specimens of almost every ornament of which, during the -fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the graceful Gothic presented so -many exquisite combinations. The book-cases and reading-galleries are -supported by fifteen columns wrought out of the richest Spanish -mahogany; while the ‘spidered roof’ displays a beauty of workmanship and -delicacy of carving, enriched with fruit-foliage, which have seldom been -surpassed. It is divided into several compartments for reading recesses, -and communicates with the Alfred Saloon by two magnificent -folding-doors. At present, however, the shelves are sparingly furnished, -and the mahogany--rich and elaborate as it is--offers a striking -contradiction to those ideas of antiquity which the Gothic carving might -otherwise convey. The chimney-pieces are of fine Carrara marble, and in -their sculpture exhibit pure classical taste. - -<g>The great Drawing-room</g> is a spacious noble apartment, and commands an -extensive view of the winding vale of the Arun. It is chiefly -remarkable, however, for the family portraits which adorn its walls and, -to the eye of the historian, throw open a vast and interesting field of -retrospection: - - “For, by dim lights, the portraits of the dead - Have something ghastly, desolate, and dread. -..... Their buried locks still wave - Along the canvas; their eyes glance like dreams - On ours, as stars within some dusky cave; - But death is imaged in their shadowy beams.” - -Of these portraits we noticed about sixteen, one of which is a beautiful -historical piece, by Mather Brown, representing Thomas Howard, Earl of -Surrey, vindicating himself before Henry the Seventh for the part he -took at the Battle of Bosworth. Henry upbraided him with having served -in the cause of the late usurper and tyrant, Richard the Third. “Sir,” -replied Surrey, “he was my crowned king. If the authority of Parliament -had placed the crown on that stake, I would have fought for it. Let it -place it on your head, and you will find me as ready in your defence.” -In the back-ground of the painting, the Princess Elizabeth, sister of -the young princes who were smothered in the Tower, is seen displaying -the red rose as an emblem of the two houses. - -Another interesting portrait is that of “Jocky of Norfolk,” father of -the preceding, who fell with Richard at the battle of Bosworth. A third -is the portrait of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, “the delight and -ornament of his age and nation,” whose bright life and tragical end are -familiarly known to every reader.--But to this we purpose to return in a -subsequent part of the work. A fourth is that of Thomas, Duke of -Norfolk, painted by Holbein, whose evil fortunes are so closely -associated with those of Mary Queen of Scots. Also the portraits of his -wife, Mary Fitzalan, the last of her family, who died in her eighteenth -year; and of her only brother, Henry Fitzalan, Lord Maltravers, painted -at Brussels. - -There are also portraits of the celebrated Cardinal Howard, of “belted -Will Howard,” and of various other members of the same house, by the -eminent painters of the day. - -In the furnishing of these state apartments there is little to excite -attention; it combines elegance with simplicity, but contains nothing -gorgeous in colour or texture. The woodwork is nearly mahogany -throughout. Nothing, however, could be more out of place--a wood that -has been known in this country little more than a century, is ill -associated with the Gothic ornaments of a baronial hall. Old English oak -is, beyond doubt, that which best harmonizes with our ideas in such -places. A piece of old oak carving is an object of never-failing -interest to the mind of an antiquary; but in Arundel Castle we observed -no specimens of native ‘gnarled oak,’ except in the “Windsor rooms.” - -<g>The Dining-room</g>--formed, as we have already mentioned, out of the -ancient family chapel--is a lofty, spacious, well-proportioned room, and -chiefly remarkable for its great window of stained glass, which still -throws “a religious light” over the banquet. It is quite modern, and the -historical subject selected for its embellishment is the Meeting of -Solomon and the Queen of Sheba--portraits of the late Duke and -Duchess-dowager of Norfolk. “On each side is a beautiful transparency on -plate-glass--one representing the Mercy-seat in the Jewish tabernacle, -the pillars protected by cherubim, with Aaron’s pitcher and rod lying at -the foot of the altar; the other is a fine representation of the -Interior of the Tabernacle, as transmitted to us in the Biblical -account; and both serving to soften and modify the light as it falls on -the great painting in the centre[34]. - -[Illustration] - -The interior of the <g>Barons’ Hall</g>, however, is by far the most -interesting apartment in the Castle, and claims a high station among the -banquet-rooms of modern times. It was designed, in connexion with the -chapel already noticed, to commemorate the triumph of the Barons over -King John, by the signing of the Great Charter at Runnymede. Its -architecture, like that of the appendant chapel, is in the style of the -fourteenth century. It is seventy-one feet in length by thirty-five in -breadth, lofty in proportion, and, as a whole, produces a striking -effect on the spectator. The roof consists of Spanish chestnut, -elaborately carved in imitation of the richest Gothic originals, with -numerous combinations, emblematical groups, and curious workmanship. -The windows are of the acutely-pointed form; the canopies over the -arches, which are ornamented with the lozenge, rest on corbel-heads of -kings; and the transoms form the lower compartment of each light into a -plain unadorned parallelogram. The windows, however, are the grand -attraction, for in these the story of English freedom is brilliantly -told. They are thirteen in number, nine of which are finished, and -filled with stained glass. - -<g>The great window</g> illustrates the ratification of Magna Charta by King -John, who, with ‘an indignant but powerless frown, seems to pause in the -act of affixing his signature to the instrument, as if to upbraid the -uncompromising patriotism of the Barons.’ On his right stand Cardinal -Pandolfo, the Pope’s Legate, and the Archbishop of Dublin, who turns his -head in conversation with other prelates behind him. On his left are -seen Cardinal Langton, a mediator between the King and the Barons, but -who administered an oath to the latter, never to pause in the struggle -till they had obtained full concession of their liberty. Behind the -Archbishop stands Almeric, Master of the Knights Templars[35]. In the -foreground appears Baron Fitzwalter[36], with his page[37]; and behind -him are the Lord Mayor[38] of London, and the attendant guards. In the -background is a distant view of the Camp at Runnymede. For chasteness of -drawing, depth of colouring, and sparkling brilliancy, this window is -considered a masterpiece of modern art. - -The other eight windows, executed by Edgington, the talented artist -already mentioned, contain full-length figures of eight Barons, -progenitors of the Norfolk family, who were instrumental in procuring -the Great Charter[39]. They are habited in chain-armour, the military -costume of the thirteenth century, each with his armorial bearings -emblazoned on his surcoat and shield. The heads are actual portraits of -various distinguished members of the house of Howard, some of whom are -still living. The effect is superb, and, at first sight, there is some -difficulty in drawing the distinction between the real and the ideal. -The scenes are so finely isolated, and the single portraits so - -[Illustration] - -prominent, that each appears as if he had the free and unimpeded use of -his limbs, and could step down into the banquet-hall at his pleasure, - - “To curb a despot and to save the state.” - -The door of this magnificent <g>Hall</g> was first thrown open on the 15th of -June, 1815, being the six hundredth anniversary of the great foundation -of English liberty. For the joyful celebration of this glorious epoch in -the old baronial style, a brilliant assembly of rank and title had -arrived from various parts of the country, among whom were twenty-two -representatives of the ancient Howards. Complete suits of armour, in -which the ancient chivalry of England had gathered the spoils of -victory--some at Agincourt, others at Cressy--were arranged in military -order around the walls. Swords, that, by the evidence on their blades, -had “done the state some service;” helmets that had been worn by the -Howards at Flodden, or by “Belted Will” in some of his Border forays; -chain and scale armour; spears and lances that had often gleamed in -strife and tournament--all the implements of ancient warfare, from the -thick iron casque of the archer, to the elaborate and richly-gilded -harness of the baron, were all reburnished and brought into unexpected -light for this occasion. Nothing, in fact, was omitted that could -increase the interest, by giving an air of striking reality to the -scene. If the spirits of the ancient Barons could have looked down upon -the hall in this hour of gorgeous festivity, they would have rejoiced to -see what a bright inheritance their patriotic struggles had bequeathed, -and have felt that they had become, indeed, immortal in the hearts of -their descendants, - -At this <g>banquet</g> nearly three hundred guests assisted. At the upper end -of the table was a noble “baron of beef,” surmounted by the ducal -coronet and the banners of the House of Norfolk. The evening was ushered -in by a splendid ball, at which ‘castled Arundel’ - - “Had gather’d then - Her beauty and her chivalry, and bright - The lamps shone o’er fair women and brave men.” - -<g>The ball</g> was opened by the Duke of Norfolk and the Marchioness of -Stafford--late Duchess-Countess of Sutherland--followed by about fifty -couples, who kept up the dance, enlivened by admirable music, till one -o’clock in the morning, when supper was announced, and the Sussex Band -struck up the patriotic air of “The Roast Beef of Old England,” as an -expressive welcome to the hospitable board. The festal scene was -continued till the mailed warriors, niched in the walls and casements, -caught the morning light on their armour; when King John and Baron -Fitzwalter appeared to signify, that as the <g>Grand Charter</g> was now fully -ratified, lord and dame were at “liberty” to retire--wishing - - “To each and all a fair good night, - With rosy dreams and slumbers light.” - -Among the original Ecclesiastical foundations in Arundel, was the Alien -Priory, or Cell of <g>St. Nicholas</g>, already mentioned. Roger Montgomery, -who had restored the Benedictine Abbey of Seez, in Normandy, granted to -the - -[Sidenote: - -1102 { -1380. { -] - -monks of that establishment, liberty to erect a priory within the town -of Arundel, and the building having been completed, five monks from the -parent abbey arrived and took possession accordingly. In the early part -of the same century, the priory was vacated; and the rectorial residence -adjoining the church, of which William de Albini was patron, was -converted into a residence for the prior and four monks. Thus occupied, -it continued during two centuries to be known as the Convent or Priory -of St. Nicholas. But <g>Richard</g>, Earl of Arundel, having resolved to -connect it with the chapel of his college then about to be established, -obtained from King Richard the Second a grant for that purpose, and on -the site of the ancient priory arose the College of the <g>Holy Trinity</g>, a -quadrangular structure, inclosing a square yard, or court, partly -occupied by cloisters, and partly devoted to other purposes of - -[Illustration] - -a monastic establishment. On the north side was the Collegiate Chapel, -forming an apparent chancel to the parochial church; on the east were -the refectory and various domestic offices connected with it; and the -remaining sides on the south and west, were occupied by the members of -the fraternity. Within the court was the Master’s house, attached to the -south-east angle of the chapel, with which it communicated by a small -stone balcony on the first story, and a flight of steps, which still -remain, behind the high altar. As the collegiate church was intended to -be the family <g>sepulchre</g> of the founder, every preparation was made to -insure its monumental splendour; and the tomb of his son, Earl <g>Thomas</g>, -was the first of a magnificent series. No stranger can enter this chapel -without being strongly impressed with the classic beauty and elaborate -sculpture of its family monuments. But during the siege already noticed, -these sacred walls were given up as barracks for Waller’s soldiers; and -many of the sepulchral antiquities, with which the place was so richly -adorned, were wantonly mutilated.[40] Six monuments, however, still -remain to fix the attention, and excite the admiration, of all who are -lovers of the arts, or given to the study of Gothic remains. In the -centre is that of Earl Thomas, son of the founder, and his Countess -<g>Beatrix</g>, daughter of John, King of Portugal. It is a large sculptured -altar-tomb of alabaster, formerly painted and gilt, and adorned with -effigies of the earl and countess, in their robes of state. A rich -canopy rises behind the head; and at the feet of the earl is a horse, -the Fitzalan cognizance. At the feet of the countess, two lap-dogs hold -in their mouths the extremity of her mantle. Arranged in niches around -the tomb, are twenty-eight priests, each with an open book in his hand; -and guarding the rim is a series of forty family shields, originally -emblazoned. On the south side of the <g>high Altar</g> is a lofty sacellum, -consisting of an arcade and canopy, composed of elaborate -tabernacle-work, and, in its original state, richly painted and -gilt.--But it would far exceed the limits of this work to convey even a -general idea of these splendid memorials of departed greatness. We were -glad to observe, on our late visit, that the restoration of this chapel -is daily advancing, under the direction of the Duke of Norfolk; and in a -few years, it is to be hoped, may recover something of its original -splendour. - -<g>The Church</g>, which forms a principal feature in the general view of the -castle, is a spacious and handsome structure, consisting of a nave, two -aisles, and a transept, surmounted by a low square tower, terminating in -a spire, and forming a conspicuous landmark for mariners. A row of -circular windows inclosing quatrefoils, in the clerestory; an ancient -octagon stone font; a pulpit richly tabernacled in the same material; -several monumental inscriptions, and a roof of Irish oak, proverbial for -its durability, are among the - -[Illustration] - -objects that deserve attention. In one of the chapel windows is the -figure of a swallow on the wing, which may claim attention from the -etymologist, as pointing to the oft-contested origin of the name -Arundel; for history and geography, says Mr. Tierney, “the realms of -fancy and romance have all been explored in order to discover its -etymon. One author has amused himself with a rebus founded on the -resemblance between the words Arundel and Hirondelle; and it is not -improbable that the migratory bird here introduced may have been -selected as an appropriate emblem for the chapel window. The conjecture -is, at least, as plausible as another that has been advanced; namely, -that Arundel is derived from Hirondelle[41], the name of Bevis’s -horse.” - -<g>The Park</g> of Arundel, which contains much picturesque scenery and many -thriving plantations, was originally the hunting-forest of the ancient - -[Illustration] - -Counts, and covered a great extent of country, which is now either under -cultivation, or converted into pasture. Beyond the pleasure-grounds, -immediately under the Keep, is the Inner Park, entirely surrounded by an -artificial earth-work, still perfect, and adorned with magnificent elm -and beech trees. The new, or Outer Park, comprises an extent of nearly -twelve hundred acres, enclosed by a high wall with lodges, and stocked -with a thousand head of deer. The scenery is variegated by numerous -undulations of surface--alternate ridge and ravine, grove and glade, and -watered by rivulets that derive their source from the neighbouring -Downs. - -At a short distance from the entrance to the Park, on the south side, is -<g>Hiorne’s Tower</g>, the subject of the accompanying view. It is a triangular -building, about fifty feet in height, with a turret at each angle, and -in design and execution presents an admirable specimen of Gothic -architecture. The merit of the design is due to the late distinguished -architect, Mr. Hiorne, who superintended its erection, and left it as a -monument to his name. The view from this tower, under a favourable -atmosphere, presents a magnificent - -[Illustration] - -prospect of the adjoining Park. The soft pastoral hills that trace their -bold outline on the sky; the umbrageous woods that cover the nearer -acclivities; the villages, hamlets, and isolated dwellings that infuse -life and activity into the picture; the herds of deer that are seen at -intervals through the trees; the distant channel with its shipping, and -the shining meanders of the river Arun--all present, in combination, one -of the most richly diversified landscapes on which the eye of poet or of -painter could love to expatiate. - -To the readers of romance this scene is rendered doubly interesting by -its immediate vicinity to Pugh-dean, where the graves of <g>Bevis</g>, the -giant castellan of Arundel, and his horse Hirondelle, carry us back to -the days of King Arthur and his knights. To this personage we have -already adverted[42]; “but of his connexion with the Castle of Arundel,” -says Tierney, “it were difficult to trace the origin, although there can -be little doubt that it existed at a very early period. At the bottom of -the valley called Pugh-dean, the locality now under notice, is a low -oblong mound, resembling a raised grave in its form, and known in the -traditions of the neighbourhood as ‘Bevis’s burialplace.’ It is about -six feet wide, and not less than thirty feet long. It is accompanied by -several - -[Illustration] - -smaller but similar mounds; and although peculiar in its shape, as -compared with Roman and other tumuli which have been examined at -different times, has, nevertheless much of a sepulchral character in its -appearance. It was lately opened to a depth of several feet, but nothing -was discovered in it. In the middle, however, at the bottom to which the -ground was originally made to shelve from each end, a level space of -about six feet in length had been left, as if for the reception of a -deposit; and as the lightness of the soil above seemed to indicate that -it had been merely removed, it is not improbable that this deposit may -have rewarded some antiquary more fortunate than those who were engaged -in the late excavation.” - -Not far from this retired valley a different interest is excited by its -having been the site of the chapel and hermitage of St. James--an -hospital for lepers, and built soon after the middle of the thirteenth -century, for the reception of the unhappy outcasts who were afflicted -with that loathsome malady. The clump of trees observed in the view -marks the locale of this ancient sanctuary, which must have enclosed a -very considerable area. - -A pleasing incident in the history of Arundel, is the visit of the -<g>Empress Matilda</g> to her step-mother, Queen Adeliza, as already alluded to -in our notice of Albini. Accompanied by her natural-brother, Robert of -Gloucester, and a retinue of one hundred and forty knights, she was -received within the walls of the Castle, and treated with all the -distinction which her own dignity and the affection of her relative -could bestow. The news of her arrival, however, threw the army of <g>King -Stephen</g> into immediate motion, and brought the engines of war under the -walls of the Castle. Fearful of the consequences, Queen Adeliza -determined to try the effects of policy in lieu of force, and appealed -to the chivalrous feelings of the incensed Monarch, in behalf of her -illustrious but ill-timed visitor. She assured him that the only object -of her royal guest in making this visit, was to gratify those feelings -of love and relationship, which might be reasonably supposed to exist -between mother and daughter; that the gates of the Castle had been -thrown open to her, not as a rival to the throne, but as a peacefully -disposed visitor, who had a longing desire to see her native land, and -who was ready to depart whenever it should please the King to grant her -his safe-conduct to the nearest port. It was, moreover, delicately -insinuated, that to lay siege to a Castle, where the only commander of -the garrison was a lady, and where the only offence complained of was a -mere act of hospitality to a female relation, was surely an enterprise -neither worthy of a hero such as his Majesty, nor becoming in him who -was the crowned head of the English chivalry. - -The result of this appeal, or of some more convincing argument[43], has -been already stated in the safe retirement of Matilda from the scene of -danger, and her return to Normandy. But a small <g>chamber</g> over the inner -gateway enjoys - -[Illustration] - -the traditionary fame of having been her sleeping room, during her -sojourn in the Castle. It is a low square apartment, such as the -castellan might have occupied during a siege. But, as an imperial -chamber, it never could have had more than one recommendation, namely -its security, in times when security was the chief object to be kept in -view; and six centuries ago it was no doubt a very eligible state -chamber. The <g>bedstead</g> on which the Empress is said to have reposed--for -we would not disturb any point of popular and poetical faith--is -certainly a relic of considerable antiquity. Its massive walnut posts -are elaborately carved, but so worm-eaten, that, unless tenderly -scrutinised, the wood would be apt to fall into powder in the hands of -the visitor. Looking upon this, as a relic of the twelfth century, it -may be imagined with what feelings the daughter of a King, the consort -of an Emperor, and mother of a King, laid her head upon that humble -couch, reflected on her checkered fate, and felt the shock of warlike -engines under the battlements. - - “’Mid crash of states, exposed to fortune’s frown, - Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown.” - -The other events and incidents which give Arundel particular distinction -among the ancient baronial seats of England, are partly owing to the -regal dignity of its visitors. It was here that Alfred and Harold are -believed to have resided; and it was in the castle of Arundel that -William Rufus, on his return from Normandy, celebrated the feast of -Easter.[44] In 1302, King Edward the First spent some time within its -walls: and from the fact of its containing an apartment familiarly known -as the ‘<g>King’s Chamber</g>,’ it is probable that, in later times, it was -often graced by the royal presence.[45] The luxury and splendour of its -apartments are amply attested by the minute inventories of the costly -materials employed in their decoration; while the princely revenues of -many of its lords permitted them to indulge in a style of hospitality to -which few subjects could aspire. It was frequented by the élite of our -English chivalry; beauty and valour were its hereditary inmates; its -court resounded to the strains of music; while military fêtes and -religious solemnities gave alternate life and interest to its halls. -Many a plan, afterwards developed in the field or the senate, was first -conceived and matured in the baronial fastness of Arundel. One of the -dark yet dramatic scenes of which it has been the theatre, is the -conspiracy, in which the Earls of Arundel, Derby, Marshall, and Warwick; -the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Abbot of St. Alban’s and the Prior of -Westminster, met the Duke of Gloucester, for the final ratification of -the plot. After receiving the sacrament, says the Chronicle, they -solemnly engaged, each for himself, and for one another, to seize the -person of King Richard the Second; his brothers, the Dukes of Lancaster -and York; and, finally, to cause all the lords of the King’s Council to -be ignominiously put to death. This plot, however, was happily divulged -in time to defeat its execution; and Arundel was brought to the block on -the evidence of his son-in-law, Earl Marshall, then deputy-governor of -Calais.[46] - -So great, says Caraccioli, “was the hereditary fame of Arundel Castle, -and so high its prerogative, that Queen Adeliza’s brother, Joceline of -Lorraine, though a lineal descendant of Charlemagne, felt himself -honoured in being nominated to the title of its Castellan.” From William -de Albini, Joceline received in gift Petworth, with its large demesne; -and on his marriage with Agness, heiress of the Percies, took the name -of Percy--and, hence, probably, the origin of “<g>Percy’s Hall</g>,” an -apartment which has existed from time immemorial in Arundel Castle. - -Of <g>Isabel</g> de Albini, the widow of Earl Hugh, the following anecdote is -preserved:[47]--Having applied to the King for the wardship of a certain -person, which she claimed as her right, and failing in her suit, she -addressed him in these spirited words:--“Constituted and appointed by -God for the just government of your people, you neither govern yourself -nor your subjects as you ought to do. You have wronged the Church, -oppressed the nobles, and to myself, personally, have refused an act of -justice, by withholding the right to which I am entitled.” “And have the -Barons,” said the King, “formed a charter, and appointed you their -advocate, fair dame?” “No,” replied the Countess; “but the <g>King</g> has -violated the charter of liberties given them by his father, and which he -himself solemnly engaged to observe; he has infringed the sound -principles of faith and honour; and I, although a woman, yet with all -the freeborn spirit of this realm, do here appeal against you to the -tribunal of God. Heaven and earth bear witness how injuriously you have -dealt with us, and the avenger of perjury will assert the justice of our -cause.” Conscious that the charge, though boldly spoken, was the voice -of public opinion, and struck with admiration of her frank spirit, the -King, stifling resentment, merely rejoined, “Do you wish for my favour, -kinswoman?” “What have I to hope from your favour,” she replied, “when -you have refused me that which is my right? I appeal to Heaven against -these evil counsellors, who, for their own private ends, have seduced -their liege lord from the paths of justice and truth.” - -We now take a short retrospect of the public services, patriotic -achievements, and traits of personal character, which have distinguished -the thirty-two lords of Arundel from the period of the Conquest down to -our own times. Of several of these, however, our notice must be -exceedingly brief.--Of Roger Montgomery and his family we have little to -add beyond what has appeared in Mr. Tierney’s elaborate History of -Arundel, to which we have so often referred in the preceding pages. Of -William de Albini, the fourth earl, the following historical incident is -recorded:--When at length, after - -[Illustration] - -much fruitless warfare, Henry Plantagenet appeared in England at the -head of the nobles who espoused his rights, Albini had the happiness to -achieve what may be justly considered greater than any victory; he -prevented the effusion of blood. Henry’s army was then at Wallingford, -where Stephen, at the head of his forces, was arranging the line of -battle. The armies were drawn out in sight of each other; Stephen, -attended by Albini, was reconnoitring the position of his opponent; when -his charger becoming unmanageable, threw his rider[48]. He was again -mounted; but a second and a third time a similar accident occurred, -which did not fail to act as a dispiriting omen upon the minds of those -who were witnesses of the occurrence. Taking advantage of the -superstitious dread thus excited among the troops, Albini represented in -emphatic terms to Stephen the weakness of his cause when opposed by -right and justice, and how little he could calculate upon men whose -resolution in his service had been already shaken by the incident which -had just occurred. His counsel was taken in good part; Stephen and -Henry, adds the historian, met in front of the two armies: an -explanation ensued, reconciliation was effected; and in the course of -the year a solemn treaty was ratified, by which Stephen adopted the -young Plantagenet as his successor to the throne. The most important -affair in which Albini’s service was called for, was the splendid -embassy to Rome, the object of which was to counteract the effect of -à-Becket’s personal representations at the papal court. That mission -failed in effecting the reconciliation intended, owing to the -intemperate language of the prelates who were associated with Albini in -the cause. His own speech, as recorded by Grafton, is characteristic of -good sense and moderation:--“Although to me it is unknown, saith the -Erle of Arundell, which am but unlettered and ignorant, what it is that -these bishoppes here have sayde, (their speeches being in latin,) -neyther am I in that tongue able to expresse my minde as they have done; -yet, beyng sent and charged thereunto of my prince, neyther can, nor -ought I but to declare, as well as I may, what the cause is of our -sendyng hether; not to contende or strive with any person, nor to offer -any iniury or harm unto any man, especially in this place, and in the -presence here of such a one unto whose becke and authoritye all the -worlde doth stoope and yelde. But for this intent in our Legacy hether -directed, to present here before You and in the presence of the whole -Church of Rome, the devocion and loue of our king and master, which ever -he hath had and yet hath still toward You. And that the same may the -better appere to yr. Excellencie, hee hath assigned and appointed to the -furniture of this Legacy, not the least, but the greatest; not the -worst, but the best and chiefest of all his subiects; both -archbishoppes, bishoppes, erles, barons, with other potentates mo, of -such worthinesse and parentage, that if he could have found greater in -all his realme he would have sent them both for the reverence of Your -Person and of the Holy Church of Rome,” &c. - -But this oration, “although it was liked for the softnesse and -moderation thereof, yet it failed of its object; it could not perswade -the bishop of Rome to condescende to their sute and request, which was -to have two legates or arbiters to be sent from him into England, to -examine and to take up the controversie betwene the kinge and the -archbishoppe.” - -Subsequently to this, Albini was sent on a more agreeable mission, that -of conducting the Princess Matilda into Germany, on the eve of her -marriage with Henry, Duke of Saxony; and five years later was selected -by the king as one of his “own trustees to the treaty of marriage -between his son Prince John, and the daughter of Hubert, Count of -Savoy.” Shortly afterwards he commanded the royal forces at Fornham in -Suffolk, and gained a complete victory over the rebellious sons of King -Henry--in whose unnatural cause the disaffected at home had been joined -by a numerous body of foreigners--and took prisoners the Earl of -Leicester, with his Countess and all his retinue of knights. Albini was -a great benefactor of the church; he built “the abbey of Buckenham; -endowed various prebends in Winchester; founded the priory of Pynham, -near Arundel; the chapel of St. Thomas at Wymundham,” and died at -Waverley in Surrey. - -To Albini’s son and grandson we have already adverted, but conclude with -a brief incident in the life of William, the third earl of his family. - -When the banner of the cross was waving under the walls of Damietta, and -the chivalry of Christendom flew to the rescue, the gallant Albini was -too keenly alive to the cause to resist the summons. In that severe - -[Illustration] - -struggle, he hoped to acquire those laurels which would leave all other -trophies in the shade; and with the flower of our English chivalry -embarked for the Holy Land, and served at the siege of that fortress. -Two years he remained a staunch supporter of the cross--a soldier whom -no dangers could dismay, no difficulties intimidate; and long after his -companions had returned to the white cliffs of Albion, the lion-standard -of Albini shone in the van of the Christian army. On his way home, -however, he had only strength to reach an obscure town in the -neighbourhood of Civita Vecchia, near Rome, where he was taken ill and -expired. His eldest son, the fourth earl, died without issue; and the -short life of his successor, Hugh de Albini, appears to have passed -without any remarkable event or incident, save latterly in active -warfare in France, where, at the battle of Taillebourg, in Guienne, he -displayed, though ineffectually, the hereditary valour of his family. - -The first of the Fitzalans who held the title and estates of Arundel was -appointed one of the Lord Marchers, or Wardens of the Welsh Border; and -found to his cost that the Ancient Britons did not submit to the daily -encroachment made upon their rights and hereditary privileges, without -having frequent and formidable recourse to arms. He maintained a high -station at court, was admitted to the royal confidence, and had the -“command of the Castle of Rochester when the approach of the King’s -forces compelled the disaffected Barons to raise the siege.” At the -battle of Lewes he distinguished himself in the royal cause; but at the -close of that disastrous field--along with the two princes, Edward and -Henry--fell into the “hands of the victorious Barons.” - -Of the battle of Lewes, we select the following graphic picture from -Grafton:--“Upon Wednesday the 23rd of May, early in the morning, both -the hostes met; where, after the Londoners had given the first assault, -they were beaten back, so that they began to drawe from the sharpe shot -and strokes, to the discomfort of the Barons’ hoste. But the Barons -encouraged and comforted their men in such wise, that not all onely, the -freshe and lustye knights fought eagerly, but also such as before were -discomfited, gathered a newe courage unto them, and fought without -feare, in so much that the King’s vaward lost their places. Then was the -field covered with dead bodyes, and gasping and groning was heard on -every syde; for eyther of them was desyrous to bring others out of lyfe. -And the father spared not the sonne, neyther yet the sonne spared the -father! Alliaunce at that time was bound to defiaunce, and Christian -bloud that day was shed without pittie. Lastly the victory fell to the -Barons; so that there was taken the King, and the King of Romaynes, Sir -Edward the King’s sonne, with many other noblemen,” among whom was -Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel, “to the number of fifteen barons and -banerets; and of the common people, that were slain, about twenty -thousand, as saith Fabian.” - -This was Fitzalan’s last appearance in the field; and, as a security for -his good behaviour, he was required “to surrender the Castle of Arundel -or deliver his son as a hostage,” into the hands of the Earl of -Leicester. “For their safe keeping, the prisoners were sente unto -dyverse castellis and prysons, except the King, his brother the King of -Almayne, and Sir Edwarde his sonne; the which the barons helde with them -vntill they came to London.” - -RICHARD the third earl takes an eminent station in the family history. -He first travelled in France and Italy, in compliance with the rules of -his order[49]; then served in Wales, performed several exploits against -Madoc; became distinguished among the chivalry of his day; held a -command in the expedition organised for the subjugation of Scotland; -fought at Falkirk; and subsequently took part at the siege of -Caerlaverock Castle, where in the language of the minstrel, “who -witnessed the fray,” he is complimented as-- - - “Richard le Conte de Aroundel, - Beau chivalier, et bien aimé, - I vi je richement armé; - En rouge au lyon rampart de or--[50]” - -and in various capacities appears to have done the state much acceptable -service. - -[Sidenote: 1306. {] - -During the life of EDMUND, the fourth Earl, the affairs of Scotland -assumed a threatening aspect; and the King, exasperated by the murder of -Comyn, resolved to march an army across the frontier. Great preparations -were made to render the expedition, in all respects, worthy of the grand -object in view. The royal armies were ordered from their cantonments, -and hastened into the field under the command of Aymer de Valence, Earl -of Pembroke. - -In preparation for the expedition, “proclamation was made, that a grand -national fete would solemnise the movement; that the Prince of Wales - -[Illustration] - -would be knighted on the Feast of Pentecost; and all the young nobility -of the kingdom were summoned to appear at Westminster to receive that -honour along with him. On the eve of the appointed day (the 22nd of -May) 270 noble youths, with their pages and retinues, assembled in the -Gardens of the Temple, in which the trees were cut down that they might -pitch their tents; they watched their arms all night, according to the -usage of chivalry; the prince, and some of those of highest rank, in the -Abbey of Westminster; the others in the Temple Church. On the morrow, -Prince Edward was knighted by his father in the Hall of the Palace, and -then proceeding to the Abbey, conferred the like honour on his -companions. A magnificent feast followed, at which two swans covered -with nets of gold being set on the table by the minstrels, the King -rose, and made a solemn vow to God and to the swans, that he would -avenge the death of Comyn and punish the perfidy of the Scottish rebels. -Then, addressing his son and the rest of the company, he conjured them, -in the event of his death, to keep his body unburied until his successor -should have accomplished this vow. The next morning the prince, with his -companions, departed for the Borders; Edward himself followed by slow -journeys, being only able to travel in a litter.” - -Such was the bright morning of Edmund Fitzalan’s life; and the annexed -gives us the dark contrast in his tragical end. - -[Sidenote: 1326. {] - -The citizens, says Froissart, seeing they had no other means of saving -the town, their lives, and their fortunes, acceded to the Queen’s terms, -and opened their gates to her. She entered the town attended by Sir John -de Hainault, with all her barons, knights, and esquires, who took their -lodging therein. The others, for want of accommodation, remained -without. Sir Hugh Spencer and the Earl of Arundel were then delivered to -the Queen to do with them according to her good pleasure. The Queen then -ordered the elder Spencer and Arundel to be brought before her eldest -son and the barons assembled, and said that she and her son would see -that Justice should be done unto them according to their deeds. “Ah, -madam,” said Spencer, “God grant us an upright judge and a just -sentence; and that if we cannot find it in this world, we may find it in -another.” The charges against them being read, an old knight was called -upon to pass sentence; and her son, with the other barons and knights, -pronounced the prisoners guilty. Their sentence was, that they, the said -Earl of Arundel and Spencer, should be drawn in a hurdle to the place of -execution, there to be beheaded, and afterwards to be hung on a gibbet. -“The which was duly carried into effect on the feast of St, Denis,” at -Bristol--or, according to others, at Hereford. - -RICHARD, the son and successor of Edmund, became highly distinguished -among the great men of his time. His life and exploits make no -inconsiderable figure in the national annals. - -When a fleet of cruisers, sent out by the French for the annoyance of -British commerce in the Channel, had made prizes of many of our best -merchant ships, pillaged several towns on the coast, and caused much -consternation to all who were interested in the prosperity of commerce, -Arundel - -[Illustration] - -hoisted his flag on board the “Admiral,” and put to sea. Another fleet -was ordered to co-operate with him in the eastern coast; the first -cruise checked the audacity of the enemy, and re-established public -confidence and good order. - -[Sidenote: 1340. {] - -His next public service was off the harbour of Sluys, where, in an -engagement with the French fleet, he was second in command under King -Edward the Third, and gained a complete victory. - -“When the king’s fleet,” says the chronicler, “was almost got to Sluys, -they saw so many masts standing before it, that they looked like a wood. -The king asked the commander of his ship what they could be, who -answered that he imagined they must be that armament of Normans which -the King of France kept at sea, and which had so frequently done him -much damage, had burnt the good town of Southampton, and taken his large -ship the ‘Christopher.’ The king replied, I have for a long time wished -to meet with them, and now, please God and St. George, we will fight -with them; for in truth they have done me so much mischief, that I will -be revenged upon them if possible.” - -The large ships under Lord Arundel, the bishop of Norwich, and others, -now advanced, adds Froissart, and ran in among those of Flanders: but -they had not any advantage; for the crossbow-men defended themselves -gallantly under their commander Sir John de Bucque. He and his company -were well armed in a ship equal in bulk to any they might meet, and had -their cannons on board, which were of such a weight, that great mischief -was done by them. This battle was very fierce and obstinate, for it -continued three or four hours; and many of the vessels were sunk by the -“large and sharply-pointed bolts of iron which were cast down from the -maintops, and made large holes in their decks.” When night came on, they -separated, and cast anchor to repair their damage and take care of the -wounded. But at the next flow of the tide, they again set sail and -renewed the combat; yet the English continually gained on the Flemings, -and, having got between them and Blanquenberg and Sluys, drove them on -Cadsand, where the defeat was completed. - -So great was the disaster to the French monarch on this day, that none -of his ministers would venture to communicate to him the amount of life -and property which had been sacrificed. What the minister, however, -durst not reveal, the king’s jester found means to divulge. “What arrant -cowards are those English!” said the jester. “How so?” demanded Philip. -“Because,” answered zany, “they had not courage to jump overboard, as -the French and Normans did lately at Sluys[51].” This opened the king’s -eyes, and prepared him for the disastrous tidings that were now poured -in upon him. - -Six years later, Arundel was appointed admiral of the king’s fleet, and -conveyed the great military expedition from Southampton to Normandy. -When the troops were disembarked at La Hogue, he was created constable -of the forces; and with Northampton and other noblemen commanded the -second division at the battle of Cressy[52]. - -During the heat of the combat, when Prince Edward was surrounded by the -enemy and in personal jeopardy, Arundel and Northampton hastened to his -support; ordered their division forward, and closed with the enemy. The -English rushed upon their assailants with renewed ardour; the French -line was charged, broken, and dispersed; “earls, knights, squires, and -men-at-arms, continuing the struggle in confused masses, were mingled in -one promiscuous slaughter.” When night closed, King Philip, with a -retinue of only five barons and sixty knights, fled in dismay before the -cry of “St. George for England!” Eleven princes, twelve hundred -knights, and thirty thousand soldiers, had fallen on the side of the -French. - -On another occasion, but on a different element, Arundel was present -with the king, in his “chivalrous engagement with the French fleet, off -Winchelsea;” and four years later was deputed to the court of Pope -Innocent, then at Avignon, in the fruitless attempt to arrange the -articles of a permanent reconciliation between the Crowns of England and -France. - -Arundel survived these brilliant events many years; and during the -leisure secured to him by his great public services, appears to have -found occupation for his active mind and munificent taste in repairing -and embellishing his ancestral[53] Castle, where he died at an advanced -age, and bequeathed immense possessions to his family. - -The contrast presented in the life and destinies of his son forms a -melancholy page in the family history. He was a brave man, and had -performed several gallant exploits. But it was his misfortune to fall -upon evil times, of which intrigue, disaffection, private revenge, and -outward violence were leading characteristics. Associating with the -turbulent spirits who surrounded an imbecile and capricious monarch, his -character took the complexion of the age. - -[Illustration] - -[Sidenote: 1397. {] - -He is said to have been at the head of a conspiracy already mentioned in -this work, page 39, and which is thus recorded by Holinshed, Grafton, -and others of the old chroniclers[54]. The Earls of Arundel, Derby, -Marshal, and Warwick; the Archbishop of Canterbury, Arundel’s brother; -the Abbot of St. Alban’s, and the Prior of Westminster, met the Duke of -Gloucester[55] in Arundel Castle, where, receiving first the sacrament -by the hands of the Archbishop, they resolved to seize the person of -King Richard the Second, and his brothers the Dukes of Lancaster and -York, to commit them to prison, and cause the lords of the King’s -Council to be drawn and hanged. This plot, however, was divulged, it is -said, by the Earl Marshal, and the apprehension of Arundel led to the -family catastrophe, which with some little abridgment of the original -authors is related as follows:-- - -Apprehended under assurances of personal security, he was hurried to the -Tower, and finally tried and condemned by the Parliament at Westminster. - -On the feast of St. Matthew, Richard Fitz Alaine, Earl of Arundel, was -brought forth to swear before the King and whole Parliament to such -articles as he was charged with.[56] And as he stood at the bar, the -Lord Neville was commanded by the Duke of Lancaster, which sat that day -as High Steward of England, to take the hood from his neck, and the -girdle from his waist. Then the Duke of Lancaster declared unto him that -for his manifold rebellions and treasons against the king’s majesty, he -had been arrested, and hitherto kept in ward, and now at the petitions -of the lords and commons, he was called to answer such crimes as were -there to be objected against him, and so to purge himself, or else to -suffer for his offences, such punishment as the law appointed. - -First he charged him that he had ridden in armour against the King in -company of the Duke of Gloucester, and of the Earl of Warwick, to the -breach of peace and disquieting of the realm. - -His answer hereunto was, that he did not this upon any evil meaning -towards the King’s person, but rather for the benefit of the King and -realm, if it were interpreted aright and taken as it ought to be. - -It was further demanded of him, why he procured letters of pardon from -the King, if he knew himself guiltless. He answered he did not purchase -them for any fear he had of faults committed by him, but to stay the -malicious speech of them that neither loved the King nor him. - -He was again asked whether he would deny that he had made any such rade -with the persons before named, and that in company of them he entered -not armed unto the King’s presence against the King’s will and pleasure. -To this he answered he could not deny it, but that he so did. - -Then the speaker, Sir John Bushie, with open mouth besought that -judgment might be had against such a traitor; and “your faithful -commons,” said he to the King, “ask and require that so it may be done.” -The Earl, turning his head aside, quietly said to him, “Not the King’s -faithful commons” require this, “but thou, and what thou art I know.” -Then the eight appellants standing on the other side, cast their gloves -at him, and in prosecuting their appeal--which already had been -read--offered to fight with him, man to man, to justify the same. -“Then,” said the Earl, “if I were at libertie, and that it might so -stande with the pleasure of my sovereign, I would not refuse to prove -you all liars in this behalfe.” - -Then spake the Duke of Lancaster, saying to him, “What have you further -to say to the points laid before you?” He answered, that of the King’s -grace he had his letters of general pardon, which he required to have -allowed. Then the duke told him that the pardon was revoked by the -prelates and noblemen in Parliament; and therefore willed him to make -some other answer. - -The Earl told him again that he had another pardon under the King’s -great seal, granted him long after the King’s own motion, which also he -required to have allowed. The Duke told him that the same was likewise -revoked. After this, when the Earl had nothing more to say for himself, -the Duke pronounced judgment against him as in cases of treason is used. - -But after he had made an end, and paused a little, he said, “The King -our sovereign lord of his mercy and grace, because thou art of his -blood, and one of the Peers of the realm, hath remitted all other pains, -saving the last that is to say, the beheading, and so thou shalt only -lose thy head;”--and forthwith he was had away, and led through London, -unto the Tower-hill. There went with him to see the execution done, six -great lords, of whom there were three earls, Nottingham, that had -married his daughter; Kent, that was his daughter’s son; and Huntington, -being mounted on great horses, with a great company of armed men, and -the fierce bands of the Cheshiremen, furnished with axes, swords, bows -and arrows, marching before and behind him, who only in this parliament -had licence to bear weapon, as some have written. When he should depart -the palace, he desired that his hands might be loosed to dispose of such -money as he had in his purse, betwixt that place and Charing Cross. This -was permitted; and so he gave such money as he had in alms with his own -hands, but his arms were still bound behind him. - -When he came to the Tower-hill, the noblemen that were about him moved -him right earnestly to acknowledge his treason against the king. But he -in no wise would do so; but maintained that he was never traitor in word -nor deed; and herewith perceiving the Earls of Nottingham and Kent, that -stood by with other noblemen, busy to further the execution, and being, -as ye have heard, of kin, and allied to him, he spake to them, and said, -“Truly it would have beseemed you rather to have been absent, than here -at this business. But the time will come ere it be long, when as many -shall marvel at your misfortune as do now at mine.” After this, -forgiving the executioner, he besought him not to torment him long, but -to strike off his head at one blow, and feeling the edge of the sword, -whether it was sharp enough or not, he said, “It is very well, do that -thou hast to do quickly,”--and so kneeling down, the executioner with -one stroke, strake off his head. “Then returned they that were at the -execution and shewed the kinge merily of the death of the erle; but -although the kinge was then merry and glad that the dede was done, yet -after exceedingly vexed was he in his dremes.” The Earl’s body was -buried, together with his head, in the church of the Augustine Friars in -Bread-street, within the city of London. - -The death of this earl[57] was much lamented among the people, -considering his sudden fall and miserable end, whereas, not long before -among all the noblemen of this land, there was none more esteemed; so -noble and valiant he was that all men spake honour of him. - -After his death, as the fame went, the king was sore vexed in his sleep -with horrible dreams, imagining that he saw this earl appear unto him, -threatening him, and putting him in horrible fear, as if he had said -with the poet to King Richard-- - - “Nunc quoque factorum venio memor umbra tuorum, - In sequor et vultus ossea forma tuos.”-- - -With which visions being sore troubled in sleep, he cursed the day that -ever he knew the earl. And he was the more unquiet, because he heard it -reported that the common people took the earl for a martyr, insomuch -that some came to visit the place of his sepulture, for the opinion they -had conceived of his holiness. And, when it was bruited abroad, as for a -miracle, that his head should be grown to his body again, the tenth day -after his burial; the king sent about ten of the clock in the night -certain of the nobility to see his body taken up, that he might be -certified of the truth. Which done, and perceiving it was a fable, he -commanded the friars to take down his arms, that were set up about the -place of his burial, and to cover the grave, so as it should not be -perceived where he was buried. - -[Illustration] - -In less than two years, however, King Richard himself was a captive in -the hands of his subjects. Young Arundel and the son of the late Duke of -Gloucester were appointed his keepers. “Here,” said Lancaster, as he -delivered[58] Richard into their custody[59], “here is the king; he was -the murderer of your fathers; I expect you to be answerable for his -safety.” - -During the first five years of Henry the Fourth, young Arundel, among -other services, shared with his sovereign the reverses which attended -his invasion of the Welsh frontier, and his campaign against Owen -Glendower.--But at length the scenes of the camp gave place to domestic -festivities; and his approaching marriage with Donna Béatrice, daughter -of John the First, king of Portugal, was publicly announced. Great -preparations were made to receive the bride with all the honours due to -her beauty and station; the royal palace and the earl’s ancestral castle -were sumptuously fitted up for her reception. She left Portugal with a -splendid retinue, made a prosperous voyage, and arrived in London in the -middle of November. On the twenty-sixth of the same month the solemnity -took place in the Royal Chapel, where, in the presence of the King and -Queen, Donna Béatrice gave her hand to the young Earl of Arundel. - -Their subsequent arrival at Arundel, and the rejoicings which there met -the royal bride, may be better imagined than described. All that could -add to the splendour of the gala was ingeniously arranged and displayed; -and on her triumphant entry under the old Norman gateway of her -husband’s castle, Donna Béatrice might well confess that “the castled -heights of Algarva were not so beautiful as the verdant hills, and -embattled towers, of Arundel.” - -Among the personal exploits by which his brief career was subsequently -distinguished, is the following.--During the excitement which prevailed -in France in consequence of the murder of the Duke of Orleans, “the -author of that assassination, Charles Duke of Burgundy, now taking the -alarm, applied to the English monarch for assistance.” His request was -instantly complied with; for Henry had “private motives which prompted -him in this instance.” - -[Sidenote: 1411. {] - -Arundel, at the head of a strong body of archers and men-at-arms, was -despatched to join the Burgundian leader, whom he met at Arras; and -thence directing their march upon the capital, arrived on the -twenty-third of October. The first point of attack was St. Cloud, where -Arundel took charge of the assault, and marching his men to the bridge -which here crosses the Seine, carried it by storm; took possession of -the town with severe loss to the enemy, and returned with numerous -prisoners, immense booty, and the thanks of the Burgundian chief. - -The same Earl was also present at the siege of Harfleur, in the -subsequent reign; and under both sovereigns held many distinguished -posts of high trust and honour. But returning from the last campaign in -ill health, he died at his paternal seat of Arundel, where a magnificent -monument, quartered with the royal arms of Portugal, attests his virtues -and patriotic services. - -Of John Fitzalan, the eighth Earl, the public services and achievements, -“during the French wars,” are not sufficiently prominent to demand any -special notice in these pages; but John Fitzalan, the ninth Earl, is -justly celebrated for his abilities both as a soldier and a senator. - -In the grand tournament[60] which took place in the French capital in -honour of the coronation of Henry the Fifth, the English monarch, there -was a brilliant display of all that was most dazzling to the eye, and -daring to the imagination. But at the close of the scenes in which the -pride and prowess of chivalry were never more strikingly exemplified, -Arundel[61] and the Comte de St. Pol, grand master of the household, -were acknowledged to have carried away the prize from every -competitor[62]. - -Four years later, an event occurred which was destined to close his -military career and carry him off in “the blaze of his fame.” This -happened in an attack upon the old castle of Gerberoi, near Beauvais, -during the operations of the English army in Picardy. - -[Illustration] - -Leaving Gournay at midnight, the Earl arrived in eight hours with the -advanced guard in sight of the towers of Gerberoi. But in his impatience -to reduce the fortress, he had miscalculated the strength of its walls -and garrison, with the experience of its veteran commandant La Hire, and -his own diminutive force. “The enemy,” says Holinshed, “perceiving that -his horses were weary and his archers not yet come up, determined to set -upon him before the arrival of his footmen, which they knew to be a mile -behind.” As soon as he came in sight the gates were suddenly thrown -open, and three thousand troops rushing upon the handful of men under -his command, threw them into confusion. An unequal conflict -ensued--struck with panic, and pressed by an overwhelming majority, the -rout of the English became general. Arundel, with a few undaunted -followers, who had sworn to share his glory or his grave, took up his -position in “a little close” or corner of a field, where his rear was -under cover of a strong hedge, threw up a hasty fortification of pointed -stakes, and thus protected, kept the enemy at bay. But other and more -powerful means of annoyance were at hand. La Hire ordered three -culverins to be brought from the castle, and planted in front of the -“forlorn hope.” The first shot told sadly upon the members of this -intrepid band; but in the presence of their chief, nothing could damp -their fortitude, nothing could paralyse their exertions. The first -discharge was received with a shout of triumph and defiance. But the -third striking Arundel in the knee, shattered the bone and threw him to -the ground. This shot was the loss of the day. The French commander, -seizing the favourable moment, rushed upon the entrenchment--and while -Arundel, though faint with loss of blood and racked with pain, still -continued to cheer on his men--effected a breach and took captive the -gallant earl and his companions. - -Arundel survived the disaster for some time, but died at last of his -wound, and was buried in the church of the Grey Friars--the Frères -Mineurs--of Beauvais. - -In the collegiate church of Arundel, where he had previously selected -his own place of interment, a cenotaph of beautiful design and elaborate -workmanship still marks the spot; but, owing to some unknown cause, as -Mr. Tierney informs us, “his executor neglected this last injunction;” -and the soldier was not permitted to find rest in the sepulchre of his -fathers. - -[Sidenote: 1304. {] - -Humphrey, his son, became heir to his titles and estates; but, not -surviving his father more than three years, they again passed to his -uncle, William Fitzalan, then in his twenty-first year. The events of -his life, however, are not of a character to interest the reader by any -bright displays of moral excellence, which could be handed down as -examples to posterity. - - “Obsequious--veering round with every change, - Now to the liege professing homage fervent; - Then as the sceptre dropp’d, could it seem strange - That faction found him its most humble servant!” - -Yet with all his political faults, there was much in his private life -and conversation--much in his munificence to the church--and still more -in his encouragement of learning, to rescue his name from oblivion. He -died at Arundel, and was buried with his ancestors in the Chapel, where -a splendid altar-tomb attests his love and patronage of the fine arts. - -In the preface to Caxton’s Golden Legende, honourable mention is made of -the puissant, “noble and vertuous lorde, Willyam, Erle of Arundelle.” -Dallaway quoting Vincent says--“William Earle of Arundell, a very father -of nurture and courtesy, died at a great age at Arundell, and there -triumphantly lieth buried.” - -His successor, Thomas Fitzalan, was a man whose address and -accomplishments found ready acceptance at court, and secured the -good-will and approbation of more than one sovereign. - -[Sidenote: 1543. {] - -Henry Fitzalan, on succeeding his father this year, returned from Calais -to England, and at Arundel kept the Christmas festivities in such style -with his neighbours, that it is known, says the MS. Life quoted by Mr. -Dallaway, as “the great Xmas of Arundel.” - -[Sidenote: 1544. {] - -At the siege of Boulogne, in the following year, he was nominated by -King Henry as marshal of the field. The siege on this occasion proved -tedious; the town and garrison were resolute in their defence, and day -after day the besiegers were baffled in their efforts to force them to a -capitulation. At last, however, a mine, which had been successfully -worked beneath the castle, was sprung at midnight; the explosion shook -the whole citadel, and - -[Illustration] - -general confusion ensued. Seizing the favourable moment, Arundel ordered -the battering ordnance to play with redoubled fury upon the walls; and -heading at the same time a resolute detachment, took his station in the -entrenchments. There, while the shot and shell struck and exploded in -the ramparts over his head, he waited till a breach in the masonry was -effected; and then throwing himself into the gap, cheered on his men to -the assault. Inspired by their leader’s example, every soldier did his -duty; the besieged were driven from the works; their guns were turned -against themselves, the ramparts were cleared; capitulation was -effected, and before morning the flag of England floated in triumph from -the Castle of Boulogne.[63] - -But neither prowess in the field nor wisdom in the cabinet could exempt -Arundel from the trials, calumnies, and persecutions of those who only -saw, in the royal favour extended to him, a grand obstacle to their own -advancement. After the demise of Henry, charges were accordingly brought -against him, which--although never proved--formed the ground of his -exclusion from the council, were attended with a heavy fine, and -aggravated by imprisonment. The false evidence, however, on which these -penalties were inflicted, being speedily detected, his confinement was -very brief. A large portion of the fine was remitted, but the -remembrance of such unmerited treatment was never to be effaced. -Subsequently, on the exhibition of further charges against him, he was -again sent to the Tower, where he was detained a close prisoner during -thirteen months, and was then enlarged on payment of a heavy fine, and -admonished to “behave himself according to the duty of a nobleman, and -to prove in deeds what he professed in words.” - -But events were now fast hastening to a crisis. The demise of the royal -minor, the elevation of Lady Jane Grey, the ebullitions of party -violence--all spread universal excitement and alarm throughout the -country. - -Arundel, who had long fostered a spirit of secret enmity and revenge -against Northumberland, as the author of his misfortunes, now perceived -that the moment of retaliation was at hand. He invited and promised the -full weight of his support to the Princess Mary in private; but in -public he zealously espoused the cause of her rival, the Lady Jane; and -was among the first who offered her homage, and swelled the magnificence -of her entry into London. - -[Sidenote: 1544. {] - -Northumberland was blinded by so much apparent devotion to the cause; -and when he reluctantly quitted London to stem the torrent that was now -rapidly setting in from the east, Arundel, says Stow, took leave of him -in these specious and hollow terms: “Farewell, my lord; and I pray God -be with your grace. Sorry indeed am I, that it is not my chance to go -with you, and bear you company, in whose presence I could find in my -heart to shed my blood, even at your feet.” But as soon as -Northumberland was gone, Arundel changed his tone; denounced him as a -traitor; declared his sentiments; and boldly asserted the sovereign -right of the eldest daughter of Henry the Eighth. His fervid eloquence -and appeal to the nobles present made a deep and visible impression. -Pembroke[64], infected by the enthusiasm of the speaker, starting up, -and grasping the hilt of his sword, exclaimed, “Either this sword shall -make Mary queen, or I will die in her quarrel!” The result needs not be -told. In an instant the whole aspect of affairs was changed. That very -night Mary was proclaimed in every street of the city--banquets, -bonfires, riots, and illuminations, were called to attest the fact. - -The news of the revolution were scattered in all points of the compass, -and at Cambridge reached the Duke of Northumberland, who was astounded -at what had happened, and felt all the paralysing influence of his -critical position. - -When Arundel, whose revenge was now secure, arrived with the warrant for -his apprehension, the duke threw himself upon his mercy, and implored -him, says the Chronicler, “to be good to him for the love of God!” But -Arundel coldly replied that his grace should have sought for mercy -sooner, and then committing him to safe custody, ordered him off to the -Tower. - -During the reign of Mary, Arundel had many honours heaped upon him, and -filled several important offices of state; nor did court favour desert -him on the accession of Elizabeth, who even made him her familiar -companion, and became his frequent guest. She visited him at her -splendid palace of Nonsuch, of which he was keeper; joined in all the -revels in celebration of her visit; accepted at her departure a -“cupboard of plate” and repaid him with assurances of cordial regard and -unlimited confidence. - -Flattered by such manifestations of royal favour, Arundel went so far in -his loyal attachment as to become one of her Majesty’s impassioned -suitors. He was a Catholic indeed, but love and loyalty were divinities -to which religion had been often known to bend; and having given his -vote and influence to all her state measures--and not weighing the -“queen’s sincerity by his own”--he looked forward with bright -anticipations of the future. But Elizabeth was as much an adept in -manœuvring as the earl; her chief object had now been accomplished; she -no longer required his services--she remembered his support of her -sister Mary; and when Arundel ventured to address her as the royal Chloë -of his admiration, the queen threw off the mask, and instead of -receiving the homage thus tendered, in the sense it was meant, ordered -the noble earl to be placed under arrest. Well might he exclaim-- - - “Tantæne animis cœlestibus iræ?” - -The arrest however was soon removed; and with his enlargement a more -rational course presented itself for his choice. His health requiring -change of climate, he went abroad; and after spending fourteen months in -travel beyond seas, he returned to London in a style that resembled the -triumphant progress of a sovereign, and to present, as a peace-offering -to her Majesty, “a pair of the first silk stockings[65] ever seen in -England.” - -Once more restored to favour, he did not long maintain his position; but -again lapsing into unlawful practices, by tampering in the question -respecting Mary, Queen of Scotland, and the Duke of Norfolk, his -son-in-law; he finally lost the queen’s countenance, and was recommitted -as a prisoner to the palace of Nonsuch. The dreams of ambition were now -past. On his liberation, he retired from the political world to spend -the remainder of his days in study and domestic seclusion, where he -could moralise on the mad projects of ambition, the vexations and -vanities of court life. - -[Illustration] - -[Sidenote: 1589. {] - -He died at Arundel House in the Strand, and was buried “with solemn pomp -and costly funerall” in the collegiate Chapel of Arundel, where his -monument is still an object of no common interest to the stranger. - -We shall next, in accordance with our plan, proceed to notice such -passages in the history of the HOWARDS, Earls of Arundel, as may best -exhibit some of the public services, the extraordinary events, or -striking incidents in which they have severally been engaged. In these -sketches, however, we purpose to exemplify the character of each by -authentic traits of conduct in the field and the cabinet; in the noon of -fame, and in the night of misfortune. - -In a review of their history and achievements, however, our notice, -strictly speaking, ought to commence at that period when the titles of -Arundel and Norfolk became first united in the same Peer. But the task -will not be tedious, and cannot be uninteresting, to present our readers -with a genealogical epitome of the Howards of Norfolk. - -[Sidenote: - -1298. { -1307. { -] - -[Sidenote: 1483. {] - -The origin of this family is involved in obscurity, which the diligence -of research appears to have rendered more obscure, making darkness -visible. For antiquity’s sake, however, it is sufficient to state that -the name was of some distinction in the 13th century; and that the -ancestor of the present family, John Howard of Wigen Hall, in Norfolk, -was a Judge of Common Pleas, summoned to Parliament by Edward the First, -and distinguished for his talents and public services. Sir Robert -Howard, the fifth in regular descent, had the good fortune to contract a -marriage alliance with the second daughter of Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, -and his Duchess Elizabeth, sister and co-heir of Thomas Fitzalan, Earl -of Arundel. By her father’s side, the noble bride was a grand-daughter -of Margaret Plantagenet, whose father--Thomas de Brotherton--was the -fifth son of Edward the First. This alliance, by connecting Sir Robert -and his descendants with the blood royal of England, opened a path to -those splendid honours by which they were subsequently distinguished. -Sir John Howard, his immediate descendant, was promoted during the reign -of three successive sovereigns to many high posts of trust and dignity; -and at last summoned to Parliament by the title of Baron Howard. -Thirteen years later he was elevated to the highest title in the -peerage; his son was created Earl of Surrey, by Richard the Third; he -was invested with the hereditary office of Earl Marshal of England; -dignities which his ancestors Mowbray, Thomas de Brotherton, and Roger -Bigod, had severally enjoyed as Dukes of Norfolk. But the high honours -thus showered upon him, were doomed very shortly after to be blasted. -The battle of Bosworth was at hand; he had “touched the highest point of -all his greatness,” and whilst-- - - He bore his blushing honours thick upon him, - The third day came a frost, a killing frost. - -The following letter, written only a very few days previous to the -battle, and addressed to the Sheriff of Norfolk, is a document of no -inconsiderable interest:--“To my well-beloved Friend John Paston, be -this bill delivered in haste.--Well beloved Friend, I commend me to you, -letting you to understand that the King’s enemies be a-land, and that -the King would have set forth as upon Monday, but only for our Lady-day; -but for certain he goeth forth as upon Tuesday, for a servant of mine -hath brought to me the certainty. Whereupon I pray you that ye meet -with me at Bury, as upon Tuesday night, and that ye bring with you such -company of _tall men_, as ye may goodly make at my cost and charge; -beside that which ye have promised the King; and I pray you, ordain them -_jackets of my livery_, and I shall content you at your meeting with -me--Your lover, J. NORFOLK.”--Green. - -One of the most important days in the annals of Great Britain was now at -hand. The royal family was nearly extinct; the nobility was sadly -diminished and cut off; the nation itself was thinned of its best and -bravest inhabitants--the sad results of twelve sanguinary engagements; -and again two formidable armies had taken the field under two of the -ablest politicians that ever hoisted the standard of ambition or -revenge. - -On this memorable day King Richard’s front was commanded by the subjects -of this notice, John Duke of Norfolk, and his son, the Earl of Surrey; -the second by Richard in person; and the right wing by Henry, Earl of -Northumberland. Richmond’s front, being very inferior in numbers to that -of his rival, was thinly extended over a wide surface, so as to present -a more formidable appearance, and was commanded by John de Vere, Earl of -Oxford, whose father and brother had both perished on the scaffold in -support of the house of Lancaster. De Vere was also first-cousin to -Norfolk, whose blood he was destined to shed on this disastrous field. -The other divisions of Richmond’s army were led by Sir John Savage, and -Sir Gilbert Talbot; while Richmond himself took up a conspicuous station -in the field under his uncle the Earl of Pembroke. - -After a night of fearful preparation, Norfolk, in issuing forth early in -the morning, discovered the following rhyme rudely pencilled on the door -of his tent--sadly ominous of the event at hand-- - - “Jack of Norfolk, be not too bold, - For Dickon, thy master, is bought and sold[66].” - -The battle, now set in array, commenced with a discharge of arrows; -after which, the Earl of Oxford, in order to concentrate his forces, -issued a command, that every man should fight close to his standard. In -this movement, Norfolk and Oxford, leading their respective vans, -approached each other. With a rancour sharpened at this moment by their -very relationship, each singled out the other as an object worthy of his -lance. With cool determined intrepidity they dashed forward to the -rencontre; and shivering their spears at the first thrust, drew their -swords and resumed the trial of strength and skill. Rushing in upon his -antagonist’s guard, Norfolk’s powerful arm made a sweeping blow at the -head of De Vere; but the blade glancing down from his polished helmet -failed in its effect, and only wounded him in the left arm. - -[Illustration] - -Quickly recovering his balance, and exasperated by the dread of -discomfiture more than the pain of his wound, Oxford returned the blow -with tremendous effect; hewed the visor from Norfolk’s helmet, and -thereby exposed his face to the missiles that were falling in showers -around them. Oxford, like a generous knight, disdaining to take -advantage of his gallant adversary, instantly dropped the point of his -weapon. But his forbearance did not save his noble kinsman; for, at the -same instant, struck in the forehead by a shaft which penetrated the -brain, Norfolk made a convulsive spring in the saddle, and fell -prostrate on the field. Oxford, deeply affected by his death, sadly -exclaimed--“A better knight cannot die, though he might in a better -cause!” - -The result of this day needs not to be told; but the anecdote of the -young Surrey, embarked in the same cause, and in fulfilment of the same -oath of fidelity which bound his father to the standard of King Richard, -is worth repeating in this place. - -During the heat of the battle, conscious of his father’s fall, and -exhausted by extraordinary exertions of mind and body, he was surrounded -by a powerful body of his antagonists, each of whom was ambitious to -distinguish himself by disabling or making him prisoner. Observing at -this moment the brave Sir John Stanley in the last charge, Surrey -presented to him the hilt of his sword, and said, “The day is your own, -there is my sword; let me die by yours--but not by an ignoble hand!” -“God forbid,” replied the generous Stanley--“live for new honours. -Stanley will never shed the blood of so brave a youth. No fault attaches -to you! the error was your father’s!” “What!” rejoined Surrey, again -recovering his sword; “does the noble Talbot insult the vanquished? -Loyalty, Sir Knight, is the watchword of our house. My father revered -the sacred authority of the king, though he lamented the errors of the -man. Never shall I repent the choice I have made, seeing that it can -leave no stain upon my honour. Whoever wears the crown, him will I fight -for; nay, were it placed on nothing better than a stake in that hedge, I -would draw my sword in its defence.” - -The same frank and gallant bearing in the presence of Richmond after the -battle, secured for young Surrey the royal confidence. - -The scene is thus described by Sir John Beaumont, in his “Bosworth -Field.” - - Courageous TALBOT had with SURREY met; - And after many blows, began to fret, - That one so young in arms should thus unmoved - Resist his strength, so oft in war approved. - And now the Earl beholds his father’s fall, - Whose death like horrid darkness frighted all; - Some give themselves as captives, others fly; - But this young lion casts his generous eye - On MOWBRAY’S lion, painted on his shield, - And with that king of beasts repines to yield. - “The field,” saith he, “in which the lion stands, - Is blood, and blood I offer to the hands - Of daring foes; but never shall my flight - Dye black my lion, which, as yet, is white.” - His enemies, like cunning huntsmen, strive - In binding snares to take their prey alive, - While he desires to expose his naked breast, - And thinks the sword that deepest strikes is best. - Young HOWARD single with an army fights; - When, moved with pity, two renowned knights, - Strong Clarendon, and valiant Conyers, try - To rescue him--in which attempt they die. - Now SURREY, fainting, scarce his sword can hold; - Which made a common soldier grow so bold, - To lay rude hands upon that noble flower, - Which he disdaining--anger gives him power-- - Erects his weapon with a nimble round, - And sends the peasant’s arm to kiss the ground. - This done, to TALBOT he presents his blade, - And saith, “It is not hope of life hath made - This my submission; but my strength is spent, - And some perhaps of villain blood will vent - -[Illustration] - - My weary soul; this favour I demand, - That I may die by your victorious hand.” - “Nay, God forbid that any of my name,” - Quoth TALBOT, “should put out so bright a flame - As burns in thee, brave youth! where thou hast err’d - It was thy father’s fault, since he preferr’d - A tyrant’s crown before the juster side.” - The Earl, still mindful of his birth, replied, - “I wonder, TALBOT, that thy noble heart - Insults on ruins of the vanquish’d part: - We had the right; if now to _you_ it flow, - The fortune of your swords hath made it so. - I never will my luckless choice repent, - Nor can it stain mine honour or descent; - Set England’s royal wreath upon a stake, - There will I fight, and not the place forsake. - And if the will of God hath so disposed - That RICHMOND’S brow be with the crown inclosed, - I shall to him, or his, give doubtless signs, - That duty in my thoughts--not faction--shines.” - -And the sincerity of his professions is fully attested by his subsequent -conduct, both in the camp and the cabinet. He became Lord Treasurer of -the Household, attended the Princess Margaret to Scotland on her -marriage with James the Fourth--the most chivalrous prince of his -age,--and, with his wife and daughter, was present at all the -magnificent scenes, fêtes, banquets, and tournaments, which attended -that ill-starred alliance. - -On the accession of Henry the Eighth, he continued in the same high -office--was elected a privy councillor, appointed earl marshal of the -kingdom, and his majesty’s lieutenant for the north of England. His next -appearance in the field was at the battle of Flodden, where, with his -two sons, he had the chief command. The fortunes of that day are too -well known to every reader to require any lengthened description in this -place; but to connect the achievements with the subject of this brief -memoir, it becomes necessary to take a cursory view - - “Of the stern strife and carnage drear - Of Flodden’s fatal field; - Where shiver’d was fair Scotland’s spear, - And broken was her shield.” - -[Sidenote: - -Sept. 9, { -1513. { -] - -On the morning of the battle the English army advanced in four -divisions. On the right, which first engaged, were the two sons of Earl -Surrey: Thomas Howard, Admiral of England, and Sir Edmund, Knight -Marshal of the Army. Their divisions were separated from each other; but -at the request of Sir Edmund, his brother’s battalion was drawn up very -near to his own. The centre was commanded by Surrey in person; the left -wing by Sir Edward Stanley, with the men of Lancashire and Cheshire. -Lord Dacres, with a large body of horse, formed a reserve. When the -smoke which the wind had driven between the armies was somewhat -dispersed, they perceived that the Scots, after having set fire to their -tents, had moved down the hill in a similar order of battle, and in -profound silence. - - “Scarce could they see or hear their foes - Until at weapon-point they close-- - They close in clouds of smoke and dust, - With sword-sway and with lances’ thrust; - And such a yell was there - Of sudden and portentous birth, - As if men fought upon the earth, - And fiends in upper air. - Oh, life and death was in the shout; - Revel and rally, charge and rout, - And triumph and despair!” - -The Earls of Huntly and Home commanded the left wing of the Scots, and -charged Sir Edmund Howard with such impetuosity and success as entirely -discomfited his part of the right wing. Sir Edmund’s banner was beaten -down-- - - Then fell the spotless banner white, - The Howard’s ‘Lion’ fell-- - -and he himself escaped with difficulty to his brother’s division. The -admiral, however, stood firm; and quickly advancing to his support with -the reserve of cavalry, appears to have kept the victors in effectual -check. - -Then seizing the favourable moment and pushing forward, the admiral -charged and routed a large division of the Scottish army in his front, -commanded by the Earls of Crawford and Montrose, both of whom were slain -on the spot. - -The King and Surrey, who led the centres of their respective armies, -were now engaged in close and doubtful conflict. James, surrounded by -the flower of his kingdom, supported by the reserve under the Earl of -Borthwick, but impatient and exasperated by the galling discharge of -arrows from the English bowmen, made his attack with such impetuosity -that the standard of Surrey was in imminent danger. But at that critical -moment Stanley, who had routed the Scottish wing on the left, and was -now pursuing his career of victory, arrived on the right flank in the -rear of the king’s division, which, - -[Illustration] - -by throwing itself into a circle, disputed the battle till night closed -in upon them. - -Surrey then drew back his forces; for the Scottish centre remaining -unbroken, and their left wing being victorious, he yet doubted the event -of the field, for in the words of the poet-- - - “The stubborn spearmen still made good - Their dark impenetrable wood - Each stepping where his comrade stood - The instant that he fell; - No thought was there of dastard flight; - Link’d in the serried phalanx tight - Groom fought like noble, squire like knight, - As fearlessly and well.” - -The Scottish army, however, dispirited by the loss of their king and his -principal chiefs, abandoned the field before day-break, with a loss of -between eight and ten thousand men--among whom were the very prime of -their nobility, gentry, and even clergy.--Here the reader is referred to -Pinkerton. - -Surrey’s loss was also very great; perhaps within one-third of the -vanquished; but those who fell were only men of inferior note. According -to the old ballad, there perished-- - - “Never a nobleman of fame - But Bryan Tunstall bold, alas! - Whose corse home to his burial came, - With worship great, as worthy was.” - -The trophies of this victory were received by King Henry under the -walls - -[Sidenote: 1524. {] - -of Tournay, to which he had laid siege; and every honour which could -testify the royal satisfaction, or gratify a victorious commander, was -subsequently conferred on the hero of the day. He was restored to the -dukedom of Norfolk, acquired immense possessions, filled the highest -offices of state, lived in princely splendour at the royal castle of -Framlingham, and died at the age of eighty; leaving a numerous family to -support his dignities, and share his vast possessions. He was the last -of the Dukes of Norfolk buried in the Abbey of Thetford. - -Her eldest daughter, Elizabeth, was the mother of Anne Boleyn, who fell -a victim to the very hand which heaped so many honours upon her uncle -and his sons. The Duke himself presided as High Steward at her trial; -and even her father, “reluctantly it is to be hoped, sat among the -judges.” - -Thomas Howard, Admiral of England, his eldest son and successor, -inherited the talents of his father; but with the accumulated honours of -his house, and the satisfaction which accompanied him in the discharge -of his duties to the sovereign and the state, misfortune was intimately -blended. His achievements in the field, his wisdom in the cabinet, his -devotion to the throne, appeared merely to hasten a catastrophe, from -which he was only saved by the death of his persecutor; but which -struck, in the person of his Son, one of the noblest victims that ever -sank under the axe of despotism:-- - - “Who has not heard of Surrey’s fame? - His was the hero’s soul of fire; - And his the bard’s immortal name, - And his was love exalted high - By all the glow of chivalry.” - -The crime for which this young nobleman was arraigned has never been -properly investigated. His biographers and historians of the time, -satisfied with the manifest absurdity of the treason alleged against -him, have omitted to point out the grounds upon which the inference of -Surrey’s guilt was founded, namely, the crime of quartering, with his -own, the royal arms of England. A few words on this subject, on the -authority of a recent biographer, may serve to elucidate some portion of -its obscurity. - -The arms of Edward the Confessor are said to have been a blue field, -charged with a gold cross at the end, flory, between five gold martlets. -Royal arms appear to have been used in the time of Richard the First, -who bore a red shield, charged with three gold lions, which have ever -since been the royal standard of England[67]. In the reign of Edward the -First, and perhaps even in the previous century, the arms of three -saints--Saint George, Saint Edmund, and Saint Edward the -Confessor--were always borne on the national banner; but none of which -were supposed to have any connexion - -[Illustration] - -with the sovereignty of England. Richard the Second, however, choosing -the Confessor for his patron or saint, impaled his arms with those of -England and France; “and granted, at the same time, the Confessor’s arms -to be borne, per pale, by two or three of the most eminent men of his -court, who were descended from the blood royal.” One of the noblemen so -distinguished was Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk; the right to whose -arms and quarterings was indisputably inherited by the Earl of Surrey; -but whether the coat or shield of the Confessor was granted to Mowbray -for life only, or to him and “his heirs for ever,” is a question which -remains still unsolved. Surrey, however, conceiving himself entitled to -it, obtained the sanction of the heralds, and assumed the distinction -among his other armorial quarterings. But the injustice of construing -this act into a treasonable design is too glaring to require either -comment or exposure. “The King himself, in granting armorial bearings to -Anne Boleyn, took especial care to show her royal and illustrious -descent through the Howards, by introducing the arms of Thomas de -Brotherton, son of Edward the First; and of the Warrens, Earls of -Surrey, out of the Howard shield![68]” But in that despotic reign, -virtue, talent, and integrity were no protection against the highest -penalty--the severest sentence which an obsequious legislation could -pronounce or inflict. Surrey was too bright an ornament to be endured -near the throne. His very accomplishments--his prowess--his high -spirit--his sword and pen--his triumphs in the lists--and his success on -the lyre, all raised up enemies whose private resentments could only be -appeased with blood. - -[Sidenote: 1547. {] - -SURREY was brought to trial at the Guildhall on the 13th of January, -where he defended himself with singular courage and ability; repelled -the charges so insidiously preferred against him; impeached the flimsy -evidence set up in support of the trial; appealed to the authority of -the heralds for the obnoxious quarterings on his shield; and disclaimed, -with all the indignation of conscious innocence, the treasonable -imputations so rancorously heaped upon him. - -In the course of examination, when a witness stated that, in a former -conversation with the accused Earl, he repeated some strong expression -used by Surrey, with his own insolent reply--which left it to be -inferred that Surrey had tamely brooked his defiance--the young noble -fixed his penetrating glance for an instant on the speaker, then turning -round to the jury--“I leave it to you,” he said, “to judge whether it be -possible that the man before you should so address the Earl of Surrey, -and he not strike him on the spot.” - -But the die was cast; the sentence of forfeiture was pronounced; the -King was deaf to the supplications of his friends--to the last appeal -for mercy. The thirst of blood had increased with the last agonies of -dissolving nature; and, on the twenty-first morning of the same month, -Surrey was hurried to Tower-hill, and there, under the blow of the -executioner, bequeathed that name to posterity, around which, poet, -painter, historian, and every lover of his country and her literature, -have twined the wreaths of immortality. - - “Thou jealous ruthless tyrant, Heaven repay - On thee, and on thy children’s latest line, - The wild caprice of thy despotic sway; - The gory bridal bed; the plundered shrine; - The murdered Surrey’s blood; the tears of Geraldine!” - -Of the lives of Surrey and fair Geraldine, and the tournament in which -his knights carried away the prize in the Tuscan capital, we adopt the -following short sketch from the “Loves of the Poets:”-- - -“In the reign of Cosmo the First, the second Grand Duke of Tuscany of -Lorenzo’s family, Florence, it is said, beheld a novel and extraordinary -spectacle. A young traveller, from a court and a country which the -Italians of that day seemed to regard much as we now do the Esquimaux, -combining the learning of the scholar, and the amiable bearing of the -courtier, with all the rash bravery of youthful romance, astonished the -inhabitants of that queenly city, first by rivalling her polished nobles -in the splendour of his retinue--the gallantry of his manners; and next, -by boldly proclaiming that his ‘Ladye-love’ was superior to all that -Italy could vaunt of beauty. That she was ‘Oltre le belle, bella,’--fair -beyond the fairest; and maintaining his boast is a solemn tourney, held -in her honour, to the overthrow of all his opponents. This was our -English Surrey, one of the earliest and most elegant - -[Illustration] - -of our amatory poets, and the lover of the fair Geraldine. According to -the old tradition repeated by all Surrey’s biographers, he visited on -his travels the famous necromancer Cornelius Agrippa, who, in a magic -mirror, revealed to him the fair figure of his Geraldine, lying -dishevelled on a couch, and, by the light of a taper, reading one of his -tenderest Sonnets.” - - “Dark was the vaulted room of gramarye,[69] - To which the wizard led the gallant knight, - Save that before a mirror, huge and high, - A hallow’d taper shed a glimmering light - On mystic implements of magic might; - On cross, and character, and talisman, - And almagest, and altar, nothing bright: - For fitful was the lustre, pale and wan, - As watchlight by the bed of some departing man. - - “But soon, within that mirror huge and high, - Was seen a self-emitted light to gleam; - And forms upon its breast the Earl ’gan spy, - Cloudy and indistinct, as feverish dream; - Till, slow arranging, and defined, they seem - To form a lordly and a lofty room, - Part lighted by a lamp with silver beam. - Placed by a couch of Agra’s silken loom, - And part by moonshine pale, and part was hid in gloom. - - “Fair all the pageant--but how passing fair - The slender form, which lay on couch of Ind! - O’er her white bosom stray’d her hazel hair, - Pale her dear cheek, as if for love she pined; - All in her night-robe loose she lay reclined, - And, pensive, read from tablet eburine, - Some strain that seem’d her inmost soul to find:-- - That favour’d strain was SURREY’S raptured line, - That fair and lovely form, the LADY GERALDINE.” - -Within the narrow limits to which this work is necessarily restricted, -it is impossible to do justice to this melancholy subject, which of -itself has afforded, and would again afford, matter sufficient to form a -volume of the deepest interest. It has, however, long since engaged the -genius of Campbell and some of the best spirits of our literature, in -whose works the name and fame of Henry Howard are embalmed. - -Thomas, the eldest son of the “murdered Surrey,” was restored to the -dukedom of Norfolk by Queen Elizabeth. Loaded with many honours and -dignities which evinced the entire confidence she reposed in him, all -appeared to augur that so brilliant a career would have closed in a -tranquil night. But the evil genius, which presided over his worldly -destinies, was yet to be appeased. The orders of knighthood; the captain -generalship of the forces the embassies and commissions, with which he -was successively honoured by his sovereign, were only preludes to the -last sad history of his life:-- - - He did but dream on sovereignty, - Like one that stands upon a promontory, - And spies a far-off shore, where he would tread, - Wishing his foot were equal with his eye, - And chides the sea that sunders him from thence. - KING HENRY VI. - -Having received his early education under Fox, the martyrologist, then -tutor in the family of his aunt, the Duchess of Richmond, he took the -degree of master of arts at Cambridge, on the grand reception and -entertainment of Queen Elizabeth at that University. - -After discharging with fidelity and éclat the high posts of trust -already mentioned; he was at last entangled by the snares of flattery -and overweening ambition, and charged with treasonable designs entered -into by him to forward the schemes of Mary Queen of Scots, with the view -of allying himself with that ill-fated Princess by marriage,--views in -which his ambition or his sympathy had got the better of his deliberate -judgment, and in which he appears to have been encouraged by those -hollow friends, who sought not his honour but his disgrace. He was -accordingly arraigned, tried; and confessing his wilful participation in -the plot, expiated his offence on the scaffold with characteristic -firmness and composure. - -[Sidenote: 1572. {] - -By his alliance with Mary Fitzalan of Arundel, whom he lost within a -year of their marriage, he had one son--Philip, Earl of Arundel. - -To detail the circumstances of his life would far exceed our limits; but -one or two incidents, taken from his later history, will be neither -uninteresting nor uninstructive.--The charges brought against him -were--conspiring, with Cardinal Allen, to restore the Roman Catholic -faith in England; and concerting measures for quitting the realm without -the queen’s knowledge and permission. With regard to the conspiracy, the -evidence was too much based on party jealousy, vague hearsay, and -surmise, to establish anything like conviction in the minds of -unprejudiced judges. But of his attempted evasion from the kingdom, the -fact is abundantly clear, and is thus related. - -After his liberation from the Tower, his fears of new prosecutions and -imprisonment became so excited, that he hastened from London to his -castle of Arundel, and there prepared to join a vessel previously -engaged for his service, and then waiting for him at Little Hampton. - -Walsingham, however, who had his eyes and his spies everywhere, and is -proudly recorded to have “out-shot the Jesuits with their own bow, and -over-reached them in their equivocation,” was already in the secret. -Before the Earl could reach the coast, the captain had received private -notice from the Council, and was prepared to act in accordance with his -instructions. Day after day was consumed in waiting, as the skipper -pretended, for “a fair wind.” At length, the propitious moment having -arrived, Arundel, attended by two domestics, went on board, and the wind -being in their favour, the vessel made rapid way, and soon cleared that -beautiful coast where the castle and forest of Arundel were among the -last objects that faded from his eye, and led him, reflecting on the -past, to ejaculate-- - - Quæ regio in terris nostri non plena laboris! - -Continuing their course across the channel, his mind now recovered some -portion of that serenity, to which he had long been a stranger. The -danger of discovery was seemingly past; the treachery of friends and the -machinations of enemies were alike forgotten or forgiven; and full of -pleasing anticipations of the future, he resigned himself to repose, -with this hope-- - - Hæc olim meminisse juvabit. - -His soothing reverie, however, was soon to be dissipated. At midnight, a -rocket, or other private signal, previously agreed upon, was let off -from the mast-head, whilst the vessel continued her course. But at -length they were suddenly hailed by a ship of war--ordered to -lay-to--and instantly boarded. - -[Illustration] - -The result is briefly told; the noble fugitive was hurried back to the -shore, delivered into safe custody, carried to London, and lodged in the -Tower, where, after trial and conviction, he was suffered to drag out an -existence of several years under all the harshness of office, the pangs -of disappointment, the hourly sorrows of paternal solicitude, and an -exhausted constitution. Four years afterwards this nobleman was -arraigned of high-treason, brought to his trial in Westminster Hall -before twenty-five of his peers, the Earl of Derby being high steward on -the occasion. - -The “Earl appeared in a wrought velvet gown furred with martins, laid -about with gold lace, and buttoned with gold buttons, a black satin -doublet, a pair of velvet hose, and a high black hat on his head.” He -was a very tall man, somewhat swarthy, and coming to the bar made two -obeisances to the state, and to the nobles, and others present. Being -required to hold up his hand, he raised it very high, saying, “Here are -as true a man’s heart and hand as ever came into this hall.” It was -urged against him that “he was a traitor, being a Papist; that the Queen -of Scots had considered him one of her best friends; that Cardinal Allen -had spoken of him as the chief hope of the Roman Catholics in England;” -and that his letter to Queen Elizabeth, written on the eve of his -intended escape by sea, had plainly accused the national justice, with -regard to his father’s trial. He was then remanded to the Tower, and -there languished till his death, which was evidently accelerated by the -cruel suspense in which he was kept as to the final remission or -execution of his sentence. - -[Sidenote: 1592. {] - -Thomas Howard, the celebrated Earl, was brought up under the care of his -mother, a lady of great and eminent virtues; who “was not negligent,” -says Sir Edward Walker, “in his education; so that Robert Devereux, Earl -of Essex, was wont to call him the ‘Winter Pear,’ and to say, that, if -he lived, he would become a great and a wise man.” On the accession of -James the First, he was not only restored in blood by act of parliament, -but also reinstated in all such titles of honour and precedence as -Philip Earl of Arundel had forfeited; and in the honour, state, and -dignity of Earl of Surrey, and to such dignity of baronies as Thomas -Duke of Norfolk, his grandfather, had lost by his attainder. - -In Italy, where he delighted to reside, he greatly improved his natural -taste and disposition, and became an excellent judge and patron of the -fine arts In the parliament of this year, says Collins, Robert Lord -Spencer, during the debates on the prerogative, speaking with great -freedom against the government, and citing examples from history to -illustrate his arguments, the Earl of Arundel interrupted him, by -saying, “When those things happened, my lord, your ancestors were -keeping sheep;” to which Spencer replied, “And yours, my Lord Arundel, -were hatching treason.” They were both ordered to retire; and Arundel, -as the aggressor, was, notwithstanding the court interest, sent to the -Tower, from which he was soon released upon making his submission. - -He attended King Charles at his coronation in Scotland; where all -persons strove to outvie each other in the splendour of their apparel, -retinue, and entertainment; but, still keeping up his own simplicity of -dress and living, lost not on that account the honour and esteem due to -his person and quality.--He possessed the richest gallery in Europe. - -[Sidenote: 1646. {] - -His personal appearance and character are thus drawn: “He was tall of -stature, and of shape and proportion rather goodly than neat; his - -[Illustration] - -countenance was majestical and grave; his visage long; his eyes large, -black, and piercing; a hooked nose, and some warts or moles on his -cheeks; his complexion was brown, his hair thin both on his head and -beard: he was of stately presence and gait, so that any man who saw him, -though in never so ordinary a habit, could not but conclude him to be a -great person: his garb and fashion drawing more observation than did the -rich apparel of others; it being a common saying of James Hay, Earl of -Carlisle, ‘Here comes the Earl of Arundel in his plain stuff and trunk -hose, with his beard in his teeth, that looks more like a nobleman than -any of us.’” - -He was more learned in men and manners than in books, yet understood the -Latin very well, was master of the Italian; and a great favourer of -learned men, such as Sir Robert Cotton, Sir Henry Spelman, Mr. Camden, -Mr. Selden, and other antiquaries. He was a great master of order and -ceremony, and knew, and kept greater distance towards his sovereign than -any person of that time, and expected no less from his inferiors; often -complaining, that the too great affability of the king, and the French -garb of the court, would bring majesty into contempt. In council he was -grave and succinct, rather discharging his conscience and honour, than -complying with particular interests; and so was never at the head of -business, or principal in favour; contenting himself to be as it were -the supporter of ancient nobility and gentry, and to interpose in their -behalf.--He was a Protestant in religion, but no bigot or puritan; and -professed more to affect moral virtues, than nice questions and -controversies. He was most faithful and affectionate to his lady, -indulgent to his children. His recreations were,--the education of his -grandchildren; conversation with them; overlooking his rare collections; -and when not diverted by business, pleasing himself in retirement to the -country.” - -[Illustration] - -The anecdote of the earl’s presenting old Parr to King Charles may -possibly be new to some of our readers. Parr at that time had lived and -enjoyed twice ‘three score years and ten,’ without manifesting either -infirmity of mind or body. He was one day the subject of conversation at -Court; and Arundel was authorised to present this living chronicle of -the kings of England to his majesty. Introduced to the royal presence, -King Charles addressed him with much affability, and said--“Well, Parr, -you have lived much longer than other men; pray, what have you _done_ -more than other men?” “Done, your highness?” said Parr; “I think I may -say without vanity that I have done more than other men--I did penance -after I had passed my hundredth year.”--The following is told of his son -Lord Mowbray: - -“At a committee of the House of Lords,” says Clarendon, “in the -afternoon, in some debate, passion arose between the Earl of Pembroke, -then lord chamberlain of the household, and the Lord Mowbray, eldest son -of the Earl of Arundel; and from angry and disdainful words, an offer or -attempt of blows was made; for which misdemeanour they were the next day -both sent to the Tower by the House of Lords. The king, taking advantage -of this miscarriage, and having been incensed by the carriage of the -Earl of Pembroke, sent to him for his staff, and bestowed it upon the -Earl of Essex.” - -It is certain that Arundel faithfully adhered to the king, serving as a -volunteer in his army, till he was sent for by his father to join him at -Padua, where, after some stay in that city, and when on the point of -returning home, his father, who resolved to follow him, became suddenly -indisposed and died. Whereupon his lordship immediately gave orders for -embalming his remains; brought them over with him to England, where he -found the king’s affairs in a deplorable condition. - -Thomas, (son and heir to Henry, Earl of Arundel,) who was Earl of -Arundel, Surrey, and Norfolk, after travelling into Italy, died at -Padua, unmarried. The family honours and estate descended to Henry his -brother, sixth Duke of Norfolk, who, being desirous of improving his -natural abilities by travel, set out from London in February 1664, with -his brother Edward to visit Constantinople, in compliance with an -invitation from Count Lesley, whom the Emperor Ferdinand had nominated -his ambassador extraordinary to the Sublime Porte. His Lordship was -received, in every city and town in his way through Germany, with the -honours due to his birth and fortune. At Vienna, he was immediately -presented to his Imperial Majesty, and had the honour of being a -frequent guest with the Emperor and Empress; as contained in his -“relation of a journey from London to Vienna, and thence to -Constantinople.” - -After his Lordship’s return to England, in 1665, he was created Doctor -of the Civil Law at Oxford, having been a munificent benefactor to that -University, by his gift of the famous Marmora Arundeliana[70]. - -[Illustration] - -HENRY, seventh Duke of Norfolk, was of Magdalen-College, Oxford, where -he took the degree of master of arts. In his father’s life-time, he was -summoned to Parliament, by the title of Lord Mowbray, and next day, -being introduced into the House of Peers, took his place at the upper -end of the Barons’ bench. On the accession of James II., he signed the -order, dated at Whitehall, for proclaiming him King of England. And by -his Majesty’s being Sovereign of the Order of the Garter, his stall, as -Duke of York, became vacant; when, at a chapter held at Whitehall, -Norfolk was elected of that most noble Order, and installed at Windsor, -the same year. He was then appointed Colonel of the twelfth regiment of -foot: but, in the course of next year, resigned his command. Bishop -Burnet relates, That the King giving the Duke of Norfolk the sword of -state to carry before him to the Chapel Royal, where service was to be -performed, the Duke went with it as far as the door of the Chapel, and -there with a profound obeisance, made a dead halt. Observing this, the -King said to him, My lord, your father would have gone _further_: to -which the Duke very significantly answered, Your majesty’s father was -the better man, and He would not have gone _so far_. - -Additional and more recent anecdotes of the House of Howard will be -found in subsequent portions of this work. - -[Illustration: TOMB OF THE HOWARD FAMILY IN FRAMLINGHAM CHURCH.] - - AUTHORITIES quoted or referred to:--Orderic, Vitalis, Histor. - Ecclesiast. lib. xiii.--Simeon Dunelmensis,--Simeon of Durham, - Hist. Kings of England, A.D. 616-1113, ed. 1732. Camden, Annales, - ed. 1717.--Doomsday Book, ed. 1783.--Bishop Rede’s Register, on the - authority of Mr. Tierney, p. 16.--Royal Patents--Clarendon’s - History.--Broughton, (Hugh and Thomas,) Collins, Peerage, 1760, 7 - vols.--Caraccioli, History of Arundel.--Dallaway, Rape of - Arundel--Do. West Sussex.--History of the Castle and Town of - Arundel, by the Rev. M. A. Tierney.--Criticisms on the above. - Horsfield, History, Antiquities, and Topography of Sussex. Speed, - fol. ed. Harding’s Chronicles. Grafton’s Chronicle. Froissart. - Monstrelet, 4to. Montfaucon--France Monumentale. MS. Description of - Arundel and Environs. Notes on Mr. Tierney’s History, MS. English, - French, and Latin Poets. Pictorial History. Civil and Military - Transactions. Histories of Hume, Smollett, Lingard, Hallam, - Chalmers’ Caledonia. Pinkerton Histories of Framlingham--Loder, and - Green.--Lodge, &c. &c. - -[Illustration: Sᵀ. ALBAN’S ABBEY.] - - - - -THE ABBEY OF ST. ALBANS. - - “--------------------------------------- Claustrum - MARTYRIS ALBANI, sit tibi tuta quies! - Hic locus ætatis nostræ primordia novit, - Annos felices lætitiæque dies! - Hic locus ingenuis pueriles imbuit annos - Artibus, et nostræ laudis origo fuit. - Hic locus insignes magnosque creavit alumnos. - Felix eximio martyre, gente, situ, - Militat hic Christo, noctuque dieque labori - Indulget sancto religiosa cohors.” - - -The profound interest connected with the Abbey of St. Albans, has been -much increased of late years by the prospect still held out of seeing -its magnificent church converted into a cathedral. That this may be -speedily and permanently effected, is a hope which every admirer of -ecclesiastical architecture, every lover of that soil which has been -hallowed by the blood of martyrs, will rejoice to see realised. - -[Illustration] - -In the short historical introduction to this subject, we shall adopt the -testimony of the old chroniclers, whose names, with other authorities, -will be found, chronologically arranged at the end of the chapter, so -that the reader may know where to apply for such copious details as -cannot be comprised within the limits of the present work. This plan -will be carefully adhered to in the successive portions of the work, so -that the inconvenience arising from a multiplicity of notes, and the -frequent repetition of names and authorities, in the same chapter, may -be effectually obviated. - -That the first bishops in England were of Roman origin is obvious from -their very names: and that wherever St. Augustin appointed a bishop he -founded a monastery, is a fact established by the history of every -cathedral. But in cases where the metropolitan did not found a monastery -and appoint a bishop at the same time, it appears that a monastic -establishment was formed shortly after by the newly appointed bishop. By -the time of Offa, king of the Mercians, about twenty great monasteries -had been established in England, with nearly the same number of -episcopal sees. Of the latter, several were not conjoined with the -former; the general design of both being to civilise and instruct -mankind by inculcating the doctrines of divine truth and revelation; but -in ways that differed much in after ages, not only between the several -bodies, but also between the superiors to whom they respectively -adhered. Offa’s zeal prompted him to do, what many of his crowned -predecessors had done before him; and feeling perhaps the acute pangs of -a guilty conscience, in reference to the death of Ethelbert, he sought -peace of mind and reconciliation with Heaven, by erecting some splendid -monument of his penitence and remorse. It were needless to remind the -reader how many of the great ecclesiastical establishments of -Christendom have originated from similar causes: how many propitiatory -Altars have been raised, only to attest those “compunctious visitings” -by which their noble or royal founders were driven from the glittering -pageants of state, to seek hope and refuge in the sanctuaries of -religion--in the lowly cell - -[Illustration] - -of the anchorite. What made monastic endowments part of a dying man’s -charity, was the special provision it secured for his safety and welfare -in another world. Here was an institution in which the “rich profligate” -was deeply interested; in which, after he himself had long passed away, -he might still benefit by the prayers and devotion of those who -ministered within its walls, and blessed the munificence of the founder. -Such were the hopes, such was the resolution, of King Offa, when -intending to finish a life of great earthly glory, sullied with many -crimes, he bethought him of building “a house where God might dwell.” - -With regard to the precise site of the Abbey in contemplation, and the -name of the saint under whose tutelar guardianship it was to be placed, -Offa seems to have been undecided; till a miraculous intelligence, says -the legend, removed his perplexities and settled the question, to the -entire satisfaction of himself and his prelates. “Being then at Winslow, -the king prayed earnestly to God that, as he had often delivered him -from the dangers and assaults of his enemies, and from the snares and -subtilty of his wife, so he would vouchsafe him further light and -information to enable him to complete his vow of founding a Holy -Monastery, in token of his devotion. He entreated his friends, at the -same time, that they would unanimously and devoutly beseech God to -enable him to carry his intentions into effect. Hereupon all retired -into the adjoining chapel to pray; and having prayed longer than -ordinary, and offered up the same petition as the king had dictated, a -sudden light from heaven filled the place with more than meridian -splendour. This was viewed as the acceptable token of God’s favour, and -the king determined to grant the royal manor of Winslow for the new -foundation. But by another vision this pious intention was defeated. At -the dead of night, while the king lay at Bath, shortly after, he was -graciously accosted by an angel, as he thought, who admonished him to -raise out of the earth the first British martyr, Albanus, and place his -remains in a shrine with more becoming ornament. Hereupon, attended by -the prelates of his court and a multitude of followers, King Offa set -out in quest of those sacred relics, which had now been entombed upwards -of five hundred years. Journeying onward, divine assistance was once -more interposed in favour of the king: a light, resembling a mighty -torch, was seen blazing over the very city of the saint--yet the -difficulty was where to find his grave. But they were not kept in long -or painful suspense: a ray of fire stood over the place, like the star -that conducted the Magi to the Holy Child Jesus at Bethlehem. The ground -was opened; and, in the presence of Offa, the body of the English martyr -was found, together with some relics, in a wooden coffin, at the very -spot where he had suffered five hundred and seven years before. Great -was the joy of the king and his faithful subjects at this auspicious -event. A circlet of gold was placed round the martyr’s skull, with an -inscription to signify his name and title: a shrine was prepared for its -reception, richly adorned with gold and silver, till a more noble and -befitting repository could be designed and finished.” This is said to -have happened in the year seven hundred and ninety-one. - -Assembling the prelates and officers of state in full council, Offa laid -before them his plan for the foundation and endowment of a new temple -for the service of God. His zeal and devotion were highly applauded by -the court; and, with their consent and approbation, Offa prepared to set -out on a pilgrimage to Rome, there to obtain advice and sanction from -the great head of the church. This pilgrimage to the holy city forms no -unimportant event in English history, for, in return for the immunities -and privileges granted by the sacred conclave to the new abbey, Offa -engaged to levy an annual tax upon his subjects, amounting to one penny -in every thirty, as a tribute to the see of Rome--a tribute which was -long rigorously exacted and faithfully paid by Offa and his successors -under the name of Peter’s-pence. On his return from Rome, Offa took -measures for carrying the grand object of his life into execution. He -made ample provision for its maintenance; special revenues were set -apart for the exercise of hospitality; so that the devout pilgrim, the -wayfaring stranger, the poor and the sick, might be indiscriminately -entertained at its gate, and the new abbey become the foster-mother of -active charity and Christian benevolence. - -It is not our intention to enter into the question which has been -started by very learned antiquarians, as to the verity of the above; nor -would we remove one stone from the temple which tradition and history -have alike ascribed to Offa-- - - “Offa, who deem’d that abbey which he built - Might well atone the Mercian monarch’s guilt, - To saintly odour deadly sins convert, - And lay the accusing ghost of Ethelbert.” - -The building, now finished under his immediate inspection, was opened -for the reception of a hundred monks of the Benedictine order--men who -had been selected with great care from the celebrated monasteries of the -day. The royal founder, however, was not destined to find a tomb where -he had found so much pious and soothing occupation. He was buried in a -chapel near the river Ouse, of which not a vestige is left--the water, -it is said, having overflowed its banks, and completely destroyed the -chapel and its saintly deposit. The abbot, we are informed, was anxious -to have secured the dust of the founder as a precious treasure for the -monastery; but Offa’s son and successor having refused compliance, the -worthy abbot took it so much to heart that he did not long survive the -royal benefactor. - -Viewed externally, this Abbey is a grand and imposing feature in the -landscape, and never fails to inspire the stranger with feelings of awe -and admiration. Its lofty square tower meets the eye of the traveller in -every approach to the ancient Verulam, and conjures up a host of names -and events that have made a figure in history during the long lapse of -centuries-- - - “Since first along the Ver’s embattled banks - The Roman leader stretch’d his martial ranks, - Till Henry’s mandate struck the fated shrine - And sadly closed St. Alban’s mitred line.” - -But without occupying further space in the dry routine of description, -we enter at once into the sanctuary, and notice such of the noble and -majestic features as may best convey to the reader some adequate idea -of its internal magnificence. Although familiarly acquainted with the -finest specimens of monastic buildings on the Continent, yet so much -were we struck on our last visit to this noble pile in January, that it -seemed to take precedence of all that we could remember; and, as we -passed before its shrines, through its - -[Illustration] - -pillared avenues, paused in its choir, and stood in awe in front of its -great altar, compelled us to ejaculate--“We have seen nothing finer than -this.” - - “Bold is the <g>Abbey’s</g> front, and plain; - The walls no shrined saint sustain, - Nor tower nor airy pinnet crown; - But broadly sweeps the Norman arch - Where once in brighten’d shadow shone - King Offa, on his pilgrim-march, - And proudly points the moulder’d stone - Of the high vaulted porch beneath, - Where Norman beauty hangs a wreath - Of simple elegance and grace; - Where slender columns guard the space - On every side, in cluster’d row, - The triple arch through arch disclose, - And lightly o’er the vaulting throw - The thwart-rib and the fretted rose.” - -The fresh florid painting of the chestnut roof, upon which not a brush -has been employed for three centuries or more, is very remarkable, and -shows that the secret of mixing colours for the eye of posterity has not -descended to the present day. In the several compartments of this roof, -as faintly seen - -[Sidenote: <g>i h s</g> - -JESU HOMINUM SALVATOR.] - -in the foregoing view, the three initial letters are the only ornament; -and being in the Saxon form, the effect is rather pleasing than -otherwise.--But in order to give the reader a more correct notion of the -interior, we proceed to the particular features selected for -illustration. Among these is - -<g>The Nave</g>, to which we have slightly alluded, and on the spectator few -things can be imagined more likely to make a strong and lasting -impression. From whatever point it is contemplated, laterally or -longitudinally, grandeur of design and elaborate execution are the -leading characteristics. To enter into minute detail of its -architectural beauties were impossible in our narrow compass. The -general effect is all that we can presume to describe; and of this, -assisted by the very correct view prefixed, the reader will have little -difficulty in forming a just estimate of the magnificence that reigns in -this venerable temple of our ancestors. There is one feature -particularly deserving of notice, as a boundary line between two grand -epochs in ecclesiastical architecture: this is, the point where the -Saxon and Gothic meet in the same column. From the great western -entrance, right and left, the massive clustered pillars have been -evidently chiselled, at vast labour and expense, out of the original -Saxon--thus engrafting the new style upon the primitive stock. The point -where the Gothic ceases and the Saxon remains, and marking where the -progressive work of transformation had been arrested by some public -event, forms an admirable contrast, and shows the Gothic to infinite -advantage. But the Saxon arches, still untouched by the reformer’s -chisel, will be viewed by every lover of native art as precious relics -of antiquity. - - “In Saxon strength that abbey frown’d, - With massive arches, broad and round, - That rose alternate, row and row, - On ponderous columns, short and low.” - -Near the centre of the pavement is a remarkable echo, limited to one -particular position, and quite inaudible as we diverge from the spot. -The voice, or clapping of the hands, is reverberated with a noise like -the discharge of cannon, or the roll of distant thunder; at first, loud -and multiplied, and then dying gradually away in languid undulations. - -<g>St. Cuthbert’s Screen</g>,[71] which divides the nave from the choir, forms -an imposing boundary to the _coup-d’œil_; but over its top the -spectator’s eye penetrates the lofty transept, takes in the whole space -between the high altar and the western portal, and wanders over the -richly emblazoned ceiling with feelings of mingled awe and admiration. -To the right and left are objects that rivet his attention to the spot: -the names and monuments of the dead; the tablets that encrust the walls, -or mix with the pavement, are eloquent of the past, and address him in -terms of solemn admonition. The dust of many abbots, the remains of -unnumbered monks, rest within its walls; ‘these all died in the faith,’ -and, from the steps of the altar, descended into the regions of silence. -They, too, who had circled the monarch’s throne, swayed the senate, -fought his battles, fostered science, and enriched their country with -the spoils of nations, have all in their turn craved, like Wolsey at -last, the favour of a little hallowed earth to rest their weary heads -on. To enumerate the illustrious dead who have here taken up their last -abode, is not within our limits; but we must not omit, even in the most -cursory notice, to mention the famous traveller who saw, or feigned, -more wondrous things than ever fell to the lot of any other “pilgrim of -the nations.” We mean Sir John Mandeville, a native of the place, whose -tomb, covered with a massive slab of grey marble, and verified by an -inscription on the adjacent column, bears record to his eventful -history. But as he died at Liege in 1372, after thirty-four years spent -in travelling, doubts must necessarily arise as to the fact of his being -buried here. The evidence by which it is supported, however, is equal to -that of his travels. - -<g>The Choir</g>, comprising the whole space between the western arch of the -tower and the great altar, is indisputably grand. Flanked by two -magnificent tombs right and left; closed on the east by the celebrated -altar screen, canopied, niched, and carved--_magna componere -parvis_--with all the fanciful, yet classic elegance of an ivory fan, -the stranger is almost bewildered by the profusion of objects that here -claim his notice and admiration. To dwell upon these in anything like -minute description, would preoccupy the space which we must reserve for -other particulars; but a few words are indispensable for - -[Illustration] - -the sake of the engraved view. The light, which is finely modified by -the means usually adopted, falls from the centre of the tower upon the -various objects in the choir, with a subdued religious effect which -greatly adds to the general impression. In this position, surrounded by -the varied labours of many centuries, we can fancy in part the scenes -and events which have transpired within these arches, before that altar, -at which so many kings and peers have bent the suppliant knee in -penitence and confession. In those early times it was a blessing, that -when outrage, violence, and injustice were irrepressible by any other -means, the strong arm of the church was sufficient to restrain--and when -it could not effectually restrain, to punish with its stigma--the -licentious baron, the crowned despot, and make the culprits quail at the -very head of their armies and retainers. Where the law was weak, -religion was strong, and, like the voice of God, heard upon earth, -encouraged the prostrate, and brought the rebellious under subjection. -Without its power and influence--its holy exercises and humanizing -studies--without the spiritual arm to check aggression, to redress -grievances, the baser passions must have revelled without control, and -life have become a scene of continued warfare. These considerations are -nowhere felt with more obvious truth than on the spot where we now -stand, where so many deadly feuds have given way to religious -exhortation; where they who had met as foes quitted the altar as -friends--friends at least in act, if not in heart--and returned the -guilty sword to its scabbard. But we need not detain our readers with -what is manifest to every reflecting mind--that if justice and redress -were anywhere to be found in those times, it was rather in the abbeys, -than either in the Star Chamber or Westminster Hall. - -<g>The Screen</g> of the great altar, or “Wallingford’s screen,” was begun and -finished in the reign of Edward the Fourth, and is one of the best--if -not the very best--specimens of the style and architecture of that -epoch. It was the munificent taste of Abbot Wallingford, and his liberal -encouragement of the arts, which have bequeathed this precious morceau -to the admiration of posterity. It has suffered little from the lapse of -time and the momentous changes which have passed over the abbey; and for -beauty of design and elegance of workmanship is worth a pilgrimage. Its -front consists of three divisions--a centre and two wings, the latter -being perfectly symmetrical; the lower part of the centre displays a -double series of small niches with rich canopies. On great festivals of -the Church this splendid tabernacle was covered with cloth of gold or -crimson, and, drooping from its lofty pinnacles in ample folds, must -have produced an effect worthy of the gorgeous taste of Wolsey himself, -who carried the “state ecclesiastical” to a higher pitch than any of his -predecessors. - -<g>The Pulpit</g>, which is a fine specimen of oak carving, though not -apparently of a remote date, is well deserving of attention; and in -recalling the splendid ceremonial of former times, with the impressive -but simple and decorous service of the present day, the mind is prepared -to weigh and contrast the spiritual energies which, exercised under that -canopy, have expounded the doctrines and enforced the duties of a -religious life. The pulpit of St. Albans would be no bad subject in the -hands of another Boileau. - -On the right of the altar, and closely adjoining the screen, is the tomb -of Abbot Ramryge--an elaborately carved Gothic chapel or shrine, greatly -admired for the beauty and delicacy of its workmanship, which is in high -preservation. - -Opposite to this, and occupying the corresponding arch, is another but -less ornamental shrine to the memory of Abbot Whethamstead. Both are of -native stone--of a remarkably fine close texture, procured from the -quarry of Tottenhoe, light Portland colour, and capable of being wrought -into the most delicate tracery. Of this material all the finest -chisel-work of the abbey is composed. - -Erected against the south wall of the church, where a door formerly -existed, is a beautiful Piscina, represented in many engravings. It has -all the marks of antiquity, and is said to occupy the spot where, in the -earliest times of Christianity in this country, two devout Eremites had -chosen their cell, and there, by a life of austere penance and -mortification, left a holy example for their brethren in after times. As -a fragment of the colossal Abbey, this traditionary relic is of itself a -gem, and never fails to secure a full share of the stranger’s -attention.[72] On one of the windows of the south aisle, was “a -representation of the martyrdom of St. Alban” in painted glass, only a -few fragments of which remain. On the wall below was an inscription, now -almost obliterated, beginning thus:-- - - “This image of our frailty, painted glass, - Shews where the life and death of Alban was. - A knight beheads the martyr, but so soon - His eyes dropt out to see what he had done; - And leaving their own head, seemed with a tear - To wail the other head laid mangled there,” &c. - -Between the east façade of the great screen and the end of the church -wall, is the space occupied by the modern Vestry, containing several -objects well deserving of notice, and long hallowed in the eyes of -priest and pilgrim as the spot on which the <g>Shrine</g> of the protomartyr -had stood for centuries, and drawn much tribute from the devout of all -nations. Deeply cut in the pavement near this spot, is the following -inscription: - - ST. ALBANUS VERULAMENSIS ANGLORUM PROTOMARTYR. XVII. JUNII. CCXCVII. - -In the pavement six small artificial grooves mark the spot where rested -the pillars of the shrine, weighed down by the accumulated riches with -which it was loaded in the shape of votive offerings. - -On the north side is the Rood-loft--a carved Gothic shrine of oak, in -the upper part of which, behind a lattice-work, the monks kept constant -watch over the sacred treasures, while the pilgrims knelt at the shrine. -In the floor several hollows are observable around the spot--worn, it is -said, by the successive crowds whose “penitential knees” subjected the -stone during centuries to perpetual friction and pressure. Such an -effect is by no means improbable. Whoever has witnessed the fervour with -which that ancient bronze, the statue of St. Peter at Rome, is saluted -by a continual stream of pilgrims, will not be surprised to find that -the same spirit of devotion has left a deep impression on the hard -pavement of St. Albans. We do not “speak irreverently;” where so many -tears have undoubtedly been shed, so many sins confessed, it is pleasing -to indulge the belief that the sincerity, if not the form, was accepted; -that many a heavy heart, many an oppressed conscience, has here found -relief, and formed lasting resolutions of amendment. - - “Prostrate on this cold stone, what tears and sighs - Have pour’d from breaking hearts the sacrifice!” - -The clerk, who is well informed, and a professed collector of -curiosities, showed us several skulls and bones which had been found in -the adjoining fields[73]--some of which, from their gigantic -proportions, are worth inspection. - -[Illustration] - -One or more sepulchral brasses are also deserving of notice, one in -particular--that of an Abbot, richly carved, of large dimensions, and -affording a fine specimen of the state of the art in his day. How it -escaped the soldiers of Cromwell--the greatest “collectors” of their -age--is a mystery The guide has taken some very good impressions of this -and other objects by a very simple process, for the accommodation of -intending purchasers. But the grand object of attraction is the -<g>Shrine-Tomb</g> of the good Duke Humphrey of Gloucester, whose unhappy -destiny is familiar to every reader of English history. This tomb was -erected during the abbacy of Whethamstead, who, for his taste and -knowledge of architecture, has been justly styled the “Wykeham” of his -time. The description, which may be seen in the printed history, and -equally applicable at all times, is here omitted; for, where the -engraving of the subject is presented to the reader, the necessity of -description is much obviated, and the writer is thus permitted to dwell -at greater length on the interesting portion of history with which the -subject is connected.--A detailed account of this shrine is given in -Blore’s “Sepulchral Antiquities,” Part the third. - -The character of this unfortunate Prince has been represented under -different aspects by the writers of his day; but by far the majority -bear willing testimony to his virtues, to his personal accomplishments, -to his liberal encouragement of science and literature, in which he -himself had acquired some merited distinction. At that epoch, however, -the sword was too indispensable, peace and tranquillity were too little -felt and enjoyed, to allow much scope for the more humanizing studies -and pursuits. The dawn of science was still but an indistinct speck in -the horizon; and the few who had already tasted the sweets of literature -were continually roused from their intellectual feast by the clang of -arms, and the shouts of fresh combatants. - -It was under such unpropitious circumstances that Humphrey the Good gave -his heart to letters; but with armed hand sought those means for its -prosecution which were never to be realized. The history of his life and -death may be comprised in a few sentences, and in doing so we give a -ready preference to the authority of old Grafton, with only slight -alterations in the orthography:--“Divers articles,” says he, “both -heynous and odious, were laid to hys, the Duke’s, charge in open -counsayle, and in especial one, that he had caused men, adjudged to die, -to be put to other execution than the law of the land had ordered or -assigned: for surely the Duke, being very well learned in the law civil, -detesting malefactors, and punishing their offences, gat great malice -and hatred of such as feared to have condign reward for their ungracious -actes and mischievous doings. Although the Duke, not without great laud -and praise, sufficiently answered to all things to him objected; yet, -because his death was determined, his wisdom little helped nor his truth -smally availed; but of this unquietness of mind he delivered himself, -because he thought neither of death, nor of condemnation to die, such -affiance had he in his strong truth, and such confidence had he in -indifferent justice. But his capital enemies and mortal foes, fearing -that some tumult or commotion might arise, if a prince so well beloved -of the people should be openly executed and put to death, determined to -trap and undo him ere he thereof should have knowledge or warning. So, -for the furtherance of their purpose, a parliament was summoned to be -kept at Bury, whither resorted all the Peers of the realm, and amongst -them the Duke of Gloucester, which, on the second day of the session, -was by the Lord Beaumont, then High Constable of England, accompanied by -the Duke of Buckingham and others, arrested, apprehended, and put in -ward, and all his servants sequestered from him, and thirty-two of the -chief of his retinue sent to divers prisons, to the great admiration and -surprise of the common people. The night after his imprisonment the Duke -was found dead in his bed, being the twenty-fourth day of February, and -his body showed to the Lords and Commons, as though he had died of a -palsey or impostume. But all indifferent persons well knew,” continues -the Chronicle, “that he died of no natural death, but of some violent -force; some judged him to be strangled, others write that he was stifled -or smoldered between two feather-beds.” - -“The dead corpse of this Duke was caryed to Saint Albans, and there -honourably buryed. Thus this noble prince, son, brother, and uncle to -kings, which had valiantly and politiquely, by the space of twenty-five -years, governed this realm, and for his merits was called ‘The good Duke -of Gloucester,’ - -[Illustration] - -was, by a bone cast by his enemies, choked and brought to his fatal fine -and last ende.” This Duke Humphrey was “not only valyant and noble in -all his acts and doings, but sage, politique, and notably well learned -in the civil law.”[74] In proof of this, the reader may refer to an -amusing anecdote of him in Sir Thomas More’s “Dialogue concerning -Heresies,” &c., chap. xiv.; also, to Shakspeare’s Henry VI., Act II., -Scene I. The good Duke is also said to have “builded the Divinitie -Schole at Oxford, which is a rare pece of worke.” - -<g>The Vault</g> in which the “good Duke’s” remains had been deposited, was -only discovered by accident early in the last century. When “first -opened, the body was found in a leaden coffin, in perfect preservation, -and floating in a strong pickle, which, however, on being exposed, soon -evaporated and left the body to decay. At the foot of the coffin was -painted on the wall a picture of the crucifixion, with a chalice at each -hand, a second at the side, and a third at the feet, to receive the -blood trickling from the Saviour’s wounds, with a hand extending from -the dust with this scroll--“Blessed Lorde haue mercye on mee.” This -painting is still visible on the stone of the vault, which was -remarkably dry in January last, and of a temperature considerably higher -than that of the chancel above. The skull, which shows the intellectual -characteristics of the phrenologists, and a great portion of the -skeleton, are still left; but no care having been taken of it for many -years after its discovery, various portions were appropriated by -relic-hunters, and other conveyancers of anatomy. - -In the summer of 1765--as related in the Topographical Library, article -Hertfordshire--David Garrick and Quin, who was remarkably fond of good -living, made a trip to St. Albans; where, on visiting the Abbey church, -and being shown the bones of Duke Humphrey, Quin jocosely lamented that -so many aromatics and such a quantity of spirits should have been wasted -in preserving a dead body. After their return to dinner, and whilst the -wine was circulating, Garrick took out his pencil and composed the -following verses, which he termed - - -QUIN’S SOLILOQUY. - - A plague on Egypt’s arts, I say! - Embalm the dead! On senseless clay - Rich wines and spices waste! - Like sturgeon, or like brawn, shall I - Bound in a precious pickle lie, - Which I can never taste? - - Let me embalm this flesh of mine - With turtle fat, and Bourdeaux wine, - And spoil th’ Egyptian trade! - Than good Duke Humphrey, happier I, - Embalmed alive, old Quin shall die - A Mummy ready made! - -<g>The Chapel</g> of Our Lady, which is now converted into a public school, -presents in its architecture the same style and embellishments which -distinguish the most highly-finished ecclesiastical structures of its -time. The entrance from the south in the “olden time,” as here -represented in the engraving, is one of the most effective points of -view. To describe minutely, would be only to load our pages with -unnecessary repetition; for nothing in the form of words can adequately -convey the great elegance and beauty which predominate throughout the -whole edifice. To be rightly understood and appreciated, it must be -seen; and of this the admirers of antiquity seem fully aware, for the -numbers who continually resort to the Abbey church for the study and -improvement of architectural science, bear ample testimony to the -exquisite materials which it offers for that purpose. The erection of -new churches, and the restoration of others in a dilapidated state, are -greatly facilitated by the numerous models, in every department, which -are here thrown open for imitation. Artists are seen taking casts; -others measuring the proportions, comparing the drawings, selecting the -beauties, and copying the example of whatever is chaste in design or -exquisite in workmanship. In short, the Abbey of St. Albans may be -considered as a vast museum, or school of arts, where the student may -improve and perfect his designs upon the best models; and which, were -every other lost, might still supply the elements for constructing a -masterpiece of ecclesiastical Architecture. - -[Illustration] - -All the subjects in this superb Abbey, to which we have thus briefly -adverted, are more or less striking in their kind; yet the effect is -peculiarly enhanced or diminished according to the season and hour -selected for the visit. The glare of noon, and the sober light of -evening, produce effects which are scarcely credible to those who are -not familiarized to such contrasts; but in no instance have we ever seen -this venerable and majestic pile to such advantage as during our recent -visit, when we resolved to take a view after the twilight had passed -away, and the still deep shadows of night had thrown their mantle over -the scene. One of our party, who is an excellent judge and an -enthusiastic admirer of “Gothic grandeur,” strongly advised us to make a -survey by torch-light; but to this certain objections were started, -which it became necessary to respect. Reluctantly abandoning the torch, -we sallied forth into the sacred precincts under the dim light of a -westering moon, and, sauntering along in a silent contemplative mood, -enjoyed a treat of which the noon-day visitor can form no adequate -conception. It afforded what may be truly called a “night at St. -Alban’s,” and seemed to address us in the words of the poet-- - - “Ye, whose high spirit dares to dwell - Beyond the reach of earthly spell, - And tread upon the dizzy verge - Of unknown worlds, or downward urge, - Thro’ ages dim, your steadfast sight, - And trace their shapes of shadow’d light; - Oh! come with meek, submitted thought, - With lifted eye by rapture taught, - And o’er your head the gloom shall rise - Of monkish chambers, still and wide, - As once they stood: and to your eyes - Group after group shall slowly glide, - And here again their duties ply-- - As they were wont, long ages by.” - -The entrance to Lady-chapel from the north, of which a view has been -already given at page 80, is particularly characteristic and -picturesque. The massive square tower, showing at intervals its Roman -materials and ancient masonry, throws a solemn and stately grandeur over -the scene. It seems, while we look upon its scars, as if covered with -hieroglyphics which embody the sacred and political history of a -thousand years, during which it has been a cherished landmark to the -pilgrim, a home to the weary, and an object of sanguinary contention -between rival armies. - - “Here to its hospitable gate, - In want or woe, the pilgrim came; - For at its portal Pity sate, - To dry the tears of sin and shame. - And here have armies on their march, - And monarchs with their chiefs of fame, - Paused, as beneath that lofty arch - Their lips invoked St. Alban’s name.” - -The great western entrance has a very imposing aspect, and conveys to -the spectator’s mind those ideas of ecclesiastical magnificence which -can only be inspired by the noblest constructions of art--such as are -here presented to his contemplation. It consists of a projecting porch, -elaborately ornamented, niched and pillared, and subdivided into -numerous compartments, upon which the artist’s chisel has been most -skilfully employed. - - “Beside this porch, on either hand, - Giant buttresses darkly stand, - And still their silent vanguard hold - For bleeding knights, laid here of old; - And Mercian Offa and his queen, - The portal’s guard and grace, are seen. - This western front shows various style, - Less ancient than the central pile. - It seems some shade of parted years - Left watching o’er the mouldering dead, - Who here for pious Henry bled; - And here, beneath the wide-stretch’d ground - Of nave, of choir, of chapels round, - For ever--ever rest the head.” - -Over the entrance is the magnificent window, shown in the steel plate: -it occupies nearly the whole breadth of the nave, and through its -numerous mullioned and transomed squares, pours a flood of light upon -the long Gothic aisles as far as the high Altar. To see the interior of -the church to the greatest advantage, the spectator should take his -station at this entrance, and at that hour after mid-day when the light -and shade are brought into strongest contrast. - -[Illustration] - -In the south Aisle, nearly opposite the steps leading into the Chapel of -St. Alban, is the subject of the annexed cut. It is an oblong table of -stone, covered with a massive slab of dark marble, which is considered -to be of a rare and precious quality. It is marked with several small -crosses, rudely traced, and, as we were told by our cicerone, is the -original Altar-table of the Monastery, which, after the suppression of -the latter in 1539, was removed from the choir. - -This Aisle, including the exterior of Abbot Whethamstead’s monument on -the left--that of Duke Humphrey in the distance--the entrance to the -shrine of the patron saint between, and with the outer doorway arches, -windows, and altar on the right, is one of the most interesting scenes -in the church. Standing by this altar of a thousand years, the lines of -the French poet possess a force which in any other situation would be -scarcely felt: - - Les arcs de ce long clôitre, impénétrable au jour, - Les degrés de l’autel usés par la prière, - Ces noirs vitraux, ce sombre et profond sanctuaire, - Où peut-être des cœurs, en secret malheureux, - A l’inflexible autel se plaignoient de leurs nœuds, - Et, pour des souvenirs encore trop pleins de charmes, - A la religion dérobaient quelques larmes-- - Tout parle, tout émeut dans ce séjour sacré! - -<g>The Gate-House</g>, with its ponderous oaken doors still closing the lofty -pointed archway, is a massive and cumbrous pile of building, and has all -the rude - -[Illustration] - -strength of a fortress crowned with embattled walls. It stands parallel -with the west end of the church, at the distance of about one hundred -and fifty feet, and formed the original grand entrance to the -Abbey-court, which was bounded, at the distance of about three hundred -feet, by a lower gate leading to the Abbey Mills. Both these gateways -were originally crowned with turrets. The smaller gate has long since -disappeared; and the larger fabric, which still survives the shock of -centuries, has undergone many alterations in recent times, as is -sufficiently apparent in the view annexed. The massive oak doors, still -firm on their hinges, are good specimens of ancient carpentry. This gate -is said to have been built in the reign of Richard the Second, and is -every way characteristic of that age of treason and feudal splendour. -The lower apartments were appropriated to malefactors under the -jurisdiction of the Lord Abbot; and, with the exception of the order -having been reversed--by converting the upper rooms to a similar -purpose--it is still the prison for the borough and liberty of St. -Albans. - -The high and distinguishing privileges enjoyed by the spiritual lords of -this Abbey gave them precedence of every other in the kingdom. “The -king,” says Weever, “could make no secular officer over them but by -their own consent; they were alone quit from paying that apostolical -custome and rent which was called Rom-scot, or Peter-pence; whereas -neyther kinge, archbishop, bishop, abbot, prior, nor any one in the -kingdom, was freed from the payment thereof. The Abbot also, or monk -appointed archdeacon under him, had pontifical jurisdiction over all the -priests and laymen, of all the possessions belonging to this church, so -as he yielded subjection to no archbishop, bishop, or legate, save onely -to the Pope of Rome. This Abbot had the fourth place among the Abbots -which sate as Barons in the Parliament House.” “Howsoever, Pope Adrian -the Fourth, whose surname was Breakspeare, born hereby at -Abbots-Langley, granted this indulgence to the Abbots of this -monasterie, namely--that as Saint Alban was distinctly known to be the -first martyr of the English nation, so the Abbot of this monasterie -should at all times, among other Abbots of England, in degree of -dignity, be reported first and principal. The Abbot and convent of this -house were acquitted of all toll throughout England. They made Justices -‘ad audiendum et terminandum,’ within themselves, and no other Justice -could call them for any matter out of their libertie. They made -Bayliffes and Coroners; they had the execution and returne of all writs, -the goodes of all outlaws, with gaole and gaole deliverie within -themselves.”--These particulars have been carefully embodied in a poem -on the subject, from which we have already quoted. In the prosperous -days of the Abbey, several apartments were built exclusively for the use -of strangers.[75] These adjoined the cloisters; and beyond them, in a -separate range of buildings, were the king’s and the queen’s -apartments.[76] But notwithstanding this preparation for visitors, and -these indirect invitations, it would seem, on the authority of Matthew -Paris, that some of the earlier “monarchs came too often, or at least -with too cumbrous suites.” - -The princely state which the Abbots maintained in their style of living, -in their table and retinue, partook much more of regal splendour than of -religious restriction. The scene, as exhibited on a festal day in the -Abbey, is thus effectively sketched by Mrs. Ann Radcliffe:-- - -... The stately walls, with tapestry richly dight, - Of the <g>Abbot’s</g> banquet-hall, where, as on throne, - He sat at the high dais, like prince alone, - Save when a Royal guest came here, - Or papal Legate claimed a chair. - Here marble platforms, flight o’er flight, - Slow rising through the long-lined view, - Showed tables spread at different height, - Where each for different rank he knew. - And, with pleased glance adown the hall, - Saw Bishops in their far-sought palle, - The Abbey’s noble Seneschal; - Barons and Earls in gold array, - And warrior knights in harness gray. - There was the Prior’s delegated sway; - The grave Archdeacon sat below, - And the hundred Monks in row and row, - Not robed in dismal sable they - Upon a high and festal day, - But all in capes most costly and most gay. - There too the Abbey Marshal shone; - And there, beside the Abbot’s throne, - Chaplain of honour from the Pope alone.” - -The battles, of which the immediate vicinity of St. Albans has been the -theatre, are familiar to every reader of history.[77] In connection with -our immediate subject, however, we may briefly advert to them as -melancholy contrasts to that peace and religious tranquillity which were -supposed to be the cherished inmates of this magnificent sanctuary. - -[Sidenote: - -The first { -battle. { -1455. { -] - -It was now, says Newcome, when the first battle of St. Albans happened; -the causes of which it is unnecessary to relate. Suffice it to say, that -the king attended with his nobles, or such as were of his council, and a -number of armed troops came down from London; and probably with the view -that a treaty with the Duke of York might be carried on with less -interruption or danger from the military. The duke was coming from the -north; and brought with him 3000 men of that body which he had raised -there, and took part in the great field on the east side of the town, -called Key-field. The king’s men had barricadoed all the avenues on that -side. The cry among the Yorkists was, “Give up the Duke of Somerset;” -but no concession of this sort being made, the duke’s men broke into St. -Peter’s Street; and being there met by the royalists, a dreadful -conflict ensued; where, after many were slain, the king’s party lost -courage and fled, leaving their sovereign alone, and standing under his -standard. He, perceiving himself thus deserted, walked away into a small -house, that of a baker; and here the duke finding him, led him out, and -conducted him to the Abbey, where he first placed him close to the -shrine, whether for safety and sanctuary, or to induce him to return -thanks for his safety. He then conducted him to the royal apartments, -and the next day to London. The effeminacy of the king’s men, and to -which is ascribed the loss of the battle, is thus described by our -author, who saw both parties, and writes of them thus:-- - - Quicquid ad Eoos tractusque regni tepores - Vergitur, emollit animos Clementia Cœli: et - Omnis in arctois sanguis quicunque pruinis - Nascitur, indomitus bellis, et mortis amator. - -The duke’s men fell to plundering the town, but, by the commands of the -duke, they abstained from doing any injury to the Abbey; but the Abbot - -[Illustration] - -thought it necessary to send out to them great quantities of victuals -and wine, and this, together with the protecting hand of the martyr, as -my author asserts, preserved the Abbey and church from any injury by -spoil and depredation. The slain lay thick in the upper street, and at -the division of the ways about the market; and among them were seen the -dead bodies of Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset; of Henry Percy, Earl -of Northumberland; and of Thomas Clifford, Lord Clifford. But because -they were persons well known to be hateful to the Duke of York when -alive, none ventured to prepare for their funerals, or showed any decent -regard to their dead bodies. Whereupon Abbot John addressed the duke, -and begged him to spare the vanquished, and suffer some honours to be -paid to the deceased--“Not enemies will I call them,” says he, “but your -relations by blood,--your fellow patriots.” And saying more to recommend -moderation in his victory, the duke commanded him to take the bodies and -provide for their funerals. The Abbot then caused some of the brethren -to go forth and take up the deceased. This being done, and the dead -bodies received into the church and laid out in decent order, in a few -days the funeral obsequies were performed, and the bodies had interment -in the chapel of the Blessed Virgin. They were laid in the ground -“lineali ordine, juxta statum, gradum, et honorem, dignitatis. Unde de -his dominis et de eorum sepulturâ scribitur in ista formâ:”[78]-- - - Quos Mars, quos Martis sors sæva suæque sororis, - Bello prostrarunt, villæ medioque necarunt. - Mors sic occisos tumulaverat his simul ipsos, - Postque necem requiem causavit habere perhennem, - Est medium sine quo vult sic requiescere nemo: - Hic lis, hic pugna, mors est quæ terminat arma; - Mors, sors, et mavors, qui straverunt dominos hos. - -During a period of more than seven centuries, “this Abbey continued to -flourish with various improvements, under the government of no less than -forty-one Abbots, many of whom enriched it with additional buildings and -treasures; so that its extent was in proportion to its immense estates, -and more resembled a town than a religious establishment. To its -apartments we have already adverted. Here, in 1215, King John, during -his opposition to the Barons, ‘held a grand consultation’ in the -Chapter-house; here also Louis the Dauphin, who arrived shortly after, -exacted a heavy contribution for carrying on the war, in which he had -been invited to take part. Henry the Second and Henry the Third were -often entertained by the Abbots of St. Albans, and were liberal -benefactors to the monastery;” but the eighth Henry, as every reader is -aware, pursued the opposite course. Its funds were appropriated to state -purposes, its privileges abolished, its inmates dismissed; but the -fabric itself, comparatively, suffered little from the violence of the -transition. - -In a careful perusal of the history of this monastery, the reader will -find abundant materials for reflection. The lives of the Abbots, as -recorded by a member of their own body, present many instructive -anecdotes and examples of the civil and religious government, the state -of society, the progress of science, and that encouragement of the arts -over which they exercised so direct and beneficial an influence. -“Although originally subject to the Diocesan, the Lord Abbot gradually -advanced in external splendour till the Abbey-church became a rival to -the Cathedral; and this,” as Newcome has observed, “went on till, at -the Dissolution, the mitred Abbots, who had laboured for pre-eminence, -outnumbered the Bishops in the House of Lords, amounting in 1514 to -twenty-eight, whilst the Bishops were only eighteen or nineteen.” - -There were many other considerations that tended to give the Monks power -and consequence; and Abbeys were found to be such beneficial -institutions, that they would have stood their ground to the present -day, had not their great possessions and revenues tempted indigent -courtiers “to combine and plot against them.” “Their utility,” continues -the same author, “appeared in these respects, that they exercised great -hospitality towards the poor; and this was done at one-tenth of the -expense which the poor now (1790) create, by being maintained by a legal -provision. The monastery was the house of reception for all the sick, -who were here nursed, spiritually consoled, and cured. The monastery -generally employed masters to teach the poor children of the -neighbourhood; entertained all persons who were ingenious in any art or -science, and transcribed books when few understood the art, or could -undertake it. There is now extant a chronicle composed and printed at -St. Albans, in 1484, under the countenance then given to this particular -Abbey by Richard the Third.” - -“These old religious houses kept public registers of all great public -transactions; and to them we are indebted for all our English historians -down to the period of the Dissolution. They were possessed of all the -learning that was in any repute at the time prior to the coming of the -friars. The monasteries, in general, furnished the men who were fit for -embassies abroad, or for offices of trust and distinction at home: and -to their honour it is recorded, that all the inferior officers, both in -the courts of law and in the civil departments of the Government, who -are called clerks, owe this appellation to the religious houses, Abbeys -or Cathedrals, from which the first officers were taken. The landed -property belonging to these houses at the time of the Dissolution was so -great, that it was computed at one-third of the kingdom. Yet, whatever -were their temporal possessions, they were always found to be good -landlords, ever ready to forward improvements, and accomplishing many -great works in draining, enclosing, and planting, which could never have -been undertaken by individuals.” “In truth,” adds the historian quoted, -“they did more to civilize mankind, and to bring them within the -comforts of society, than any set of men of any denomination have ever -done. And yet the ungrateful world, that was enjoying the fruits of -their labours and their riches, now that it beheld the edifice -completed, cast down the builders and the scaffoldings as if no longer -useful! In spite of all the calumny thrown out against these monastic -institutions, nothing so well proclaims their utility as this--that they -maintained themselves in credit and repute, some of them a thousand -years; and many of them during the space of three hundred, four hundred, -and five hundred years; and that, when they were dissolved, Edward the -Sixth and his counsellors found it necessary to endow new hospitals, to -build new schools, and to provide new relief for the poor and helpless.” - -Such is the testimony of a liberal-minded clergyman of the Church of -England, who spent a great portion of his leisure in investigating the -history of monastic institutions, particularly that of St. Albans. -“These religious foundations,” he adds, “fell with such undeserved -calumny and slander, that it is but common justice to restore their -character, and give them their due praise, wherever that can be done; -and if all others were as free from corruption and ill government as the -Abbey of St. Albans, it would be seen how unjustly they were accused, -and that their overthrow was effected for other reasons than pretended -misrule and corruption. But as they had been ever the main pillar and -support of the Papal dominion, it was natural and consistent to abolish -the members after the Head was rejected. They were bodies so nearly -allied to the Papal power, that they must of necessity fall with it; and -although a gradual reformation might have been effected in them, yet, in -the new plan of church government, they were deemed unnecessary; for the -new Head of the - -[Illustration] - -Church and his counsellors wished to have as few subjects in the Church -to be governed as might be. Accordingly, by dissolving the regular -clergy, and limiting the Church, to the episcopal order of seculars, -they rejected above one hundred thousand of the former, and retained -about eight thousand of the latter. Whatever was the pretext, the real -truth appears to have been this--that their temporal power and wealth -tempted their downfall; and in spite of all the good and real merit that -was to be found in them, they fell a prey and spoil to an extravagant -monarch, and his ‘needy and profligate’ courtiers. In the legislature of -those times, there were many great and able men; but whatever cause -there may be to charge them with want of _piety_, there is no room to -accuse them of any want of worldly wisdom, or of their embracing that -self-denial and contempt of the world, which they were so ready to -condemn in the monks. They made laws and ordinances to support a new -religion, when they could enrich themselves by suppressing the _old_.” -“But,” continues this able writer, “the bright examples of the bishops -and clergy who submitted to the flames at that time, will appear more -illustrious when it is seen how just and rational was their opposition -to the worship then in use, as well as to the doctrine; the first having -in it as little of true piety and devotion, as the latter had of reason -and revealed truth. It was the blood of those men who could die for the -truth, that gave the new Establishment a firm and solid foundation, when -neither the will of the Prince nor the laws of his Parliaments could -have been able, without that cement, to effect a new construction and -edifice.”[79] - -The Abbey of St. Albans has the credit of having introduced a printing -press soon after the invention of types; and may thus truly be said to -have fostered within itself the elements of its own dissolution. One of -the first works issued was by the lady prioress of the adjacent nunnery -of Sopwell, Dame Juliana Berners, who composed several treatises on -hawking, hunting, and heraldry, which were so well received that two -editions were printed at St. Albans, between 1481 and 1486. - -<g>The local scenery</g> around St. Albans is pleasing, occasionally -picturesque, and, owing to its including the ancient Verulam, is never -without deep interest to all who have a knowledge of ancient history, -and a taste for antiquarian research. - -The finest point of view is that which was chosen by the artist for the -steel engraving, namely--from the south near the walls of the ancient -city; the streets of which are still discernible in the green field, by -the thin short grass that covers them, and under which the Roman brick -yet retains its original bed. A great portion of the ancient -substructure, matted with weeds and shaded with trees and brushwood, -still invites the curious stranger, and offers him every facility for -investigation. But, except the horizontal layers of brick, mortar, and -shingle--the brick generally carbonized in the centre--there is nothing -left to repay investigation. The soil has been ransacked too effectually -by the antiquaries of monastic times to encourage further research; but -the situation will please every one who delights in classic -associations, while the Abbey, which crowns the adjoining eminence, -gives a rich hallowing interest to the whole scene:-- - - “Whose Norman tower lifts its pinnacled spire: - Where the long Abbey-aisle extends, - And battled roof o’er roof ascends; - Cornered with buttresses shapely and tall, - That sheltered the Saint in canopied stall.” - -[Illustration] - -There is no single object, however, after the Abbey, half so attractive -as the old church of St. Michael’s, the sacred repository of the great -Lord Bacon. It is built within the precincts of the ancient city, and, -crowning a gentle undulation of the surface, forms a beautiful feature -in the landscape. The interior still preserves its simple antique -appearance, and is rich in sepulchral objects. It was founded about the -middle of the tenth century, by Abbot Ulsinus; and its massive piers and -plain semicircular arches still show unquestionable evidence of the -original Saxon architecture. It is kept remarkably neat, and has, what -we have rarely observed in other churches, small fire-places in several -of the family pews. - -But the tomb and statue of Bacon soon arrest the eye, and claim, for a -time, the stranger’s undivided attention. The statue we need not -describe; it speaks for itself in the beauty of the sculpture, and in -the classic elegance of the inscription. But how appropriate are these -lines:-- - - “Unfit to stand the civil storm of state, - And through the rude barbarity of courts, - With firm but pliant virtue, forward still - To urge his course; him for the studious shade - Kind nature form’d, deep, comprehensive, clear, - Exact and elegant; in one rich soul, - Plato, the Stagyrite, and Tully joined. - The great deliverer he! who, from the gloom - Of cloister’d monks, and jargon-teaching schools, - Led forth the true Philosophy, there long - Held in the magic chain of words and forms.”--THOMSON. - -Lord Bacon, “the illustrious subject of the following inscription, was -the son of Sir Nicholas Bacon, lord-keeper of the great seal under -Elizabeth, who was married to Anne, daughter of Sir Anthony Cooke, a -lady of the most profound erudition and brilliant talents. Francis, the -illustrious son of such distinguished parents, was born in the year -1560, and even in his infancy gave indications of the most uncommon -abilities, united with the greatest and most unwearied assiduity in the -pursuit of knowledge and investigation of truth; his cleverness gained -him, even in his earliest youth, the admiration of Elizabeth. At -Cambridge, where - -[Illustration: - - FRANCIS. BACON. BARO DE VERULAM. S. ALBANS VICᵐᵉˢ. SEU NOTIORIBUS - TITULIS. SCIENTIARUM LUMEN. FACUNDIÆ LEX. SIC SEDEBAT. QUI. - POSTQUAM OMNIA NATURALIS SAPIENTIÆ ET CIVILIS ARCANA EVOLVISSET - NATURÆ DECRETUM EXPLEVIT--‘COMPOSITA SOLVANTUR’ Aⁿᵒ. Dⁿⁱ. MDCXXVI. - ÆTAT. LXVI. TANTI VIRI MEM. THOMAS MEAUTYS SUPERSTITIS CULTOR - DEFUNCTI ADMIRATOR. H. P.[80] -] - -he completed his education, his talents obtained universal applause. -While prosecuting his studies at the university, he detected the -fallacies of the then customary mode of philosophizing, which at a more -mature age he published to the world, and laid down those laws which -opened the way to all the brilliant and surprising discoveries of modern -days. His university education being completed, he commenced his -travels, from which the unexpected death of his father suddenly recalled -him; upon which he applied himself to the study of the common law, at -Gray’s Inn, and soon elevated himself to the highest dignities of his -profession. But his character was not without a blemish--‘humanum est -errare;’ and even the illustrious Bacon fell from the giddying height he -had so proudly attained. After his disgrace, he applied himself wholly -to literary and philosophical pursuits, enriching the world with his -discoveries, and enlightening it by his reasonings. His love for -philosophy was the immediate cause of his death, of which the following -narrative is given by Aubrey, in his MSS., which are now deposited in -the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford:-- - -“The cause of his lordship’s death was trying an experiment as he was -taking the aire in the coach with Dr. Witherborne, a Scotchman, -physitian to the king, towards Highgate: snow lay upon the ground, and -it came into my lord’s thoughts, why flesh might not be preserved in -snow, as in salt. They were resolved they would try the experiment -presently. They alighted out of the coach, and went into a poor woman’s -house at the bottome of Highgate-hill, and bought a hen, and made the -woman exenterate it, and then stuffed the body with snow; and my lord -did help to do it himself. The snow so chilled him he immediately fell -so ill, that he could not return to his lodgings (I suppose then at -Gray’s Inn), but went to the Earl of Arundell’s house at Highgate, where -they put him into a good bed, warmed with a panne; but it was a damp -bed, that had not been lain in for about a yeare before, which gave him -such a cold, that in two or three days, as I remember he told me, he -died of suffocation.”--Topographical Library, page 113-5. - -<g>Sopwell Nunnery</g> is thus described in the History of the Abbey. It was -founded by “Abbot Geoffry about 1140, on his observing two poor women -dwelling there in a wretched hut of their own constructing, and living a -most austere life on bread and water, and in regular devotion to God. -Their piety induced him to build a house for their comfortable living; -and to bestow on them some possessions. He appointed also a chapel and a -church-yard; ordaining that none should be buried there except the nuns; -none to be admitted into that house but maidens; and the number not to -exceed thirteen. - -“Henry de Albini or Albeney, of the house of Todenei, gave to this house -two hides of land, with his wife’s consent, in their manor of Cotes, in -Beaulieu. His son Robert, and his mother Cicely, gave a rood more, in -the same manor. Richard de Tany, or Todenei, gave them the land called -Black hides in Ridge parish. - -“Abbot Michael, about 1338, ordained certain rules for the regulation of -this house, and enjoined a better order and observance than they had -before practised. They are as follows: 1. That the commemoration of St. -Alban should be kept as usual. 2. That no more than three nuns should -sit in the chapter. 3. That silence be observed, as by the rule of St. -Benedict, in the church or chapel, in the cloister, in the refectory, -and the dormitory. 4. That a little bell do ring in the morning, as -notice to rise and appear; and that none leave the dormitory before the -bell rings. 5. That the garden door be not opened (for walking) before -the hour of prime, or first hour of devotion; and in summer, that the -garden and the parlour doors be not opened until the hour of none (nine) -in the morning; and to be always shut when the corfue rings. 6. That no -sister hold conversation in the parlour without her cowl on, and her -face covered with her veil. 7. That tailors, or other artists, be -persons of good character, but to work in some place assigned them -without the monastery; and never to be admitted into chambers or other -private places. 8. That if any sister be under a sentence of penance, -this shall not exclude her from the duties of the church. 9. The sick to -be kept in the infirmary. 10. No nun to lodge out of the house; and no -guest within it. 11. All the sisters to be present at the mass of our -Lady.”--History of St. Albans, page 468. - -[Illustration] - -Returning from the ruins of Sopwell, we take a parting view of the great -west entrance to the Abbey Church, the principal features of which we -have already noticed, page 94. The ground in front of the porch is -entirely occupied as a public cemetery; but none of its sepulchral -antiquities are of a character to demand particular notice as works of -art. - -The ceremony represented in the woodcut is the “distribution of alms,” -which usually took place at the church door, on particular festivals, -when “give-ale” and the “dole” drew together the neighbouring poor. The -“give-ale,” so called, was distributed on anniversaries, often with -bread and other dole, to the poor, for which purpose land had been left -to the church by the person whose birth-day, saint’s-day, or burial-day, -was to be commemorated. Anniversaries were sometimes kept on the -birth-day of a donor, during his life-time, or on the saint’s-day of the -church where it was appointed. The doles of money and bread were -distributed at some altar in the church, or at the tomb of a deceased -benefactor. The “give-ale,” being chiefly allotted to great festivals, -was usually distributed in the church-porch, where the people assembled, -and where they sometimes remained wassailing in the church-yard till it -became a scene of merriment and tumult. Some of these anniversaries, as -it is well known, gave rise to Fairs, which were once most improperly -held in churchyards.--Gaston de Blondeville, vol. iv. p. 68. - -[Illustration] - -In the preceding notice of St. Albans, the narrow limits assigned to -this work has made it necessary to confine our sketches and observations -to the more striking features of the Abbey and its vicinity. Where the -materials are so abundant and inviting, and where only a few -characteristic portions can be admitted, their selection must be always -attended with more or less difficulty; but in the present instance, it -is hoped, the order of subjects has been so arranged as to present the -reader with a faithful picture of the Abbey as it now is, and such as, -with the vast improvements in contemplation, it may continue to be for -ages to come. For the lives and acts of its “forty abbots and one,” we -must refer our readers to the chronicles of the Abbey, and the other -sources of information hereunto annexed. - -“Now closes the scene; and here,” in the words of the historian, “may we -behold fallen and set for ever the glory and splendour of this and all -other of those religious corporations, which, with most pious intentions -in the founders, with general good conduct in the rulers, with most -grateful acceptance in the sober and virtuous of all ranks, had provided -for the wants and necessities of men; and the revenues, which had -cheered the hearts of the naked and hungry, now turned out of the -channel of hospitality and beneficence, to be dissipated and wasted in -the voluptuous pleasures and base gratifications of the court and its -followers.” - - “Here forty <g>abbots</g> have ruled and one, - Twenty with palle and mitre on, - And bowed them to the Pope alone. - Their hundred monks, in black arrayed, - The Benedictine rules obeyed; - O’er distant lands they held their sway; - Freed from Peter’s-pence were they; - The gift of palle from Pope they claimed, - And cardinal-abbots were they named; - And even old Canterbury’s lord - Was long refused the premier board; - For this was the first British martyr’s bier, - And the Pope said ‘His priest shall have no peer.’ - Now know ye <g>St. Alban’s</g> bones rest here! - Kings and heroes here were guests - In stately halls, at solemn feasts. - But now, nor dais nor halls remain; - Nor fretted window’s gorgeous pane - Twilight illuminated throws, - Where once the high-served banquet rose.”--ANNE RADCLIFFE. - -[Illustration] - -APPENDIX.[81]--1. The present roof of the Abbey was erected at the -expense of Abbot Whethamstead, after the original, which is said to have -been of stone, had been blown down in a tempest. The “Wallingford -Screen” was built, in 1480, by the Abbot of that name, at an expense of -eleven hundred marks. It reaches from the ground to the eastern window, -and for beauty and magnitude is said to surpass everything else of the -kind in Europe. It was adorned, in the palmy days of the Abbey, with “a -profusion of gold and silver ornaments;” but in its present condition, -stripped of all such glittering ornaments, and its elegant simplicity so -much more apparent, it is thus “unadorned, adorned the most.” - -2. The Abbey Church of St. Albans was “chiefly erected by Paul, the -first Norman Abbot, early in the reign of William Rufus, at which period -the edifice erected by Offa had become extremely ruinous. The Norman -architecture is consequently preserved in the greater part of the -building, particularly in the choir, nave, transepts, and great tower; -but a very considerable portion has been rebuilt in the various styles -of the times when repairs became necessary, the particulars of which may -be seen in the lives of the different Abbots. For the purposes of -repair, the materials were chiefly furnished by the ruins of Verulam; -among which was a profusion of Roman brick.”--Archt. of St. Albans. - -3. We are aware of the difference of opinion which once subsisted among -writers as to the true era and character of the round and pointed arches -which distinguish the Abbey Church. But the round arches which were -formerly considered Norman, have been lately, we understand, pronounced -Saxon by a distinguished architect, who has bestowed great pains in the -investigation; and has at last, it is to be hoped, settled the question - - “And proved, when Mercian Offa was anointed, - Arches were broad and round--not lancet-pointed.” - -4. P. 87.--The epitaph on the two hermits, Roger and Sigarius, states, -that thinking themselves unworthy to rest within the church, they chose -a resting-place in the wall below. Legendary inscriptions on the -clustered pillars are still dimly visible through the modern whitewash. - -[Illustration: ARMS OF ST. ALBANS.] - -5. This Abbey Church, venerable alike for its antiquity, and admirable -for its design and workmanship, “possesses all the magnitude and dignity -of the largest Cathedral. It is cruciform, measures from east to west, -including the Lady Chapel, six hundred and six feet in length; the -extreme breadth, at the intersection of the transepts, is two hundred -and seventeen feet. The height of the body is sixty-five feet, and that -of the tower is one hundred and forty-four feet.” - - AUTHORITIES:--M. - Paris.--Grafton.--Harding.--Holinshed.--Speed.--Camden.--Archæologia.--Newcome.--Clutterbuck.--Topography - of Great Britain.--Guide to St. Albans Abbey.--St. - Augustine.--Radcliffe’s St. Albans Abbey.--Holcroft’s Margaret of - Anjou.--Memoir of Lord Bacon.--Blome’s - Britannia.--Weever.--Willis.--Tyrrell.--Burnet.--Dugdale.--Visit to - St. Albans, January 1842, MS. Notes by an Artist, MS. - - The Society of Antiquaries has published very splendid illustrative - plans, elevations, and sections of the Abbey Church of St. Albans. - -[Illustration: HALL OF ELTHAM PALACE. - -A.D. 1365. - -LONDON. GEORGE VIRTUE.] - - - - -[Illustration: INTERIOR OF ELTHAM HALL. - -MDCCCXLII.] - - - - -ELTHAM PALACE, - -<g>Kent</g>. - - Qui, dans ces temps affreux de discorde et d’alarmes - Vit les grands coups de lance et les nobles faits d’armes - De nos preux chevaliers, des “Bayards,” des Henris; - Aujourd’hui la moisson flotte sur ses débris! - Ces débris, cette triste et mâle architecture - Qu’environné une fraiche et riante verdure. - - -The royal palace of Eltham is a subject which has often engaged the -historian’s pen and the pencil of the artist; and, as intimately -associated with many national events, it possesses an interest to which -neither the lapse of time nor its own decay can ever render us -indifferent. A visit to the “old Hall of Eltham,” forms one of those -incidents in life to which we look back with as much pleasure as the -pilgrim was wont to do after he had paid his devotions at the “shrine of -our Lady of Walsingham.” Every feature in this primitive abode of kings, -this favourite resort of our native princes, arrests attention, and -carries us back into the days of chivalry and romance. While sauntering -through its deserted, and, as we may truly say, its desecrated court, -imagination delights to expatiate among those recorded scenes of court -festivity, military fêtes, and national solemnities, of which it has so -often been the scene. The very echoes which, if at all disturbed, now -only reply to the thresher’s song or the lowing of cattle, were once -roused into loud and long-continued reverberations by the plaudits of -knights within, and popular acclamations from without. In the twilight, -the dim figures of its long line of possessors seem to flit before our -eyes; while the mind is busily occupied in filling up the picture, from -the days of Edward the Confessor down to those of James the First: - - “Again, again, along the wizard’s glass, - In waving plumes they reappear and pass.” - -It is gratifying to think that, whilst the plough may be said to have -passed over many of our classic and historical sites, the Hall of Eltham -is still spared. The ground on which it stands is sacred in the eyes of -every patriot: it is an interesting field of study for the artist and -antiquary; and in beauty of situation challenges the admiration of the -most ordinary observer. Its position on a gently elevated surface, -commanding a fine view in nearly every direction, surrounded by an -extensive chase, and in the immediate vicinity of the capital, made -Eltham highly eligible as an occasional residence for the sovereign. But -the surrounding country has undergone so many alterations, Eltham itself -is so shrunk, dilapidated, and “curtailed of its fair proportions,” that -it is impossible to form a just estimate of what it must have been -during the feudal period; adorned, as it undoubtedly was, with all the -embellishments of art, inhabited by kings, with “kings for their -guests,” and frequented by the élite of English beauty and chivalry. - -Enough remains, however, to fill a long summer day with agreeable -amusement and profitable entertainment; and to those who take pleasure -in contemplating such monuments of the regal sway in England, the old -palace of Eltham has attractions peculiarly its own. - -Nearly all the writers who have given their attention to the topography -of Eltham and its vicinity, complain of the great want of authentic -records, for the satisfactory elucidation of its early history. This is -a subject of much regret; obscurity is intimately connected with the -origin of the place; the documents which we possess consist chiefly of -those casual notices embodied in the old Chronicles, where the subject -is of only secondary consideration, and often merely alluded to by way -of illustration. During the last twenty years, particularly since the -discoveries of some subterranean passages within the walls, Eltham has -been a subject of frequent description in the periodicals[82] of the -day; and that frequency is a proof how much it has attracted, and still -continues to attract, the public attention. - -In the well-known county histories of Kent, as well as in all the -topographical works which we have seen, the description of Eltham is -given in nearly the same words, each successive writer contenting -himself with what he has read, rather than what he had personally -observed in the venerable ruin itself. We are far from presuming to do -much more than our predecessors in the same walk; but, as the objects of -our study and research are chiefly to ascertain and retail what has been -_done_, rather than what is to be seen at Eltham, we shall, as usual, -willingly avail ourselves of the old chronicles as our principal -authorities, and, avoiding mere technical description, endeavour to -bring the subject home to the mind and eye of the reader. But whilst to -a certain class of readers we can only address the following well-known -lines-- - - “Oisifs de nos cités, dont la mollesse extrême - Ne veut que ces plaisirs où l’on fuit soi-même, - Qui craignez de sentir, d’éveiller vos langueurs, - Ces tableaux éloquents sont muets pour vous”-- - -to another, a more congenial fraternity, we can speak with confidence, -and calculate on their sympathy and support: - - “Mais toi, qui des beaux-arts sens les flammes divines, - Ton âme entend la voix des cercueils, des ruines; - De la destruction recherchant les travaux, - Des états écroulés tu fouilles les tombeaux. - Tu lis, le cœur saisi d’un agréable effroi, - La marche de ce temps qui roule aussi sur toi; - Quel livre à ton génie offrent de tels décombres!” - -Eltham, anciently written Ealdham and Aletham, carries a proof of its -antiquity in the very name, which is a compound of two Saxon words -signifying the old home, town, or dwelling; “heim,” being still the -modern German word used to express the same meaning, and, with some -characteristic prefix, is frequent in Saxon topography. But this is so -well known as scarcely to require a passing remark. Bounded by -Greenwich, Woolwich, Plumsted, and Kidbrook on the north; by Bexley on -the east; Chiselhurst and Mottingham on the south, and the picturesque -village of Lee on the west, Eltham enjoys most of the advantages that -result from a position in the centre of a rich cultivated neighbourhood. - -[Illustration] - -The manor of Eltham is said to have existed as a royal demesne in the -time of Edward the Confessor; to have been given by William the -Conqueror to one of his family, Odo Earl of Kent, and Bishop of -Bayeux,[83] after whose disgrace and banishment, it reverted partly to -the crown and partly to the Norman family of Mandeville, from whom it -took the name of Eltham-Mandeville. That portion which fell to the crown -was, according to Dugdale, given by Edward the First to John de Vesci, -who was related to queen Eleanor by his marriage with Isabel de -Beaumont, and afterwards, by an exchange of other lands with Walter de -Mandeville, became sole proprietor of the manor. We shall not, however, -detain our readers by tracing the descent with genealogical minuteness. -From the Vesci family it passed into that of de Ayton--thence to Scroop -of Masham; who afterwards presented it to queen Isabel in 1318, or -probably a year later. About the middle of the following century, it was -granted to Robert Dauson for seven years; and in the beginning of his -reign, Henry the Eighth bestowed it successively upon Sir Henry -Guildford, Comptroller of the Household, and Sir Thomas Speke. By Edward -the Sixth it was granted to Sir John Gates, lieutenant of the Tower, -who was afterwards executed for high-treason; and down to the close of -Queen Elizabeth’s reign, it was successively held of the crown by -William Cromer and Lord Cobham. On the accession of King Charles the -First, it was held in lease by the Earl of Dorset; but in the time of -the Commonwealth, Eltham manor was seized by the Parliament, and, along -with the manor-house then called Eltham Place, and great part of the -demesne lands, was valued and sold to Nathaniel Rich of Fulham. At the -restoration a renewal of the lease was obtained on purchase, by Sir John -Shaw.--For these brief particulars we are indebted to an “Account of -Eltham,” printed about fifty years ago, and drawn up from standard -authorities on the subject. - -We shall next advert to the historical incidents which connect Eltham -Palace with the record of public transactions, while it was the -residence of successive monarchs, and the resort of all who were most -distinguished in the court history of their day; and then conclude with -a brief account of it as it now appears, with all its “venerable scars -and chronicled events” clustered together under the roof of its ancient -Hall. - -During the reign of the early monarchs, and more particularly during -that of Henry the Third, Edward the First, and Richard the Second, -Eltham appears to have been the _locale_ chosen for the celebration of -those court pageantries, and gorgeous festivals of the church, which -softened the sterner features of the age, smoothed asperities, and -brought the serf into friendly communion with his suzerain. In 1270, -Henry the Third and his queen, attended by all the chief men of the -state, kept open court at Eltham during the Christmas holidays, making -merry with their attendant lords and ladies, and dispensing much -generous hospitality to strangers. - -Anthony Beck, Bishop of Durham and Patriarch of Jerusalem, who died at -Eltham in 1311, is said to have expended great treasure on the fresh -“edification and adornment” of the palace. He “builded,” says Stow, “the -manor house, and gave it to the queen;” but this, as appears from “the -statement given in the descent of the manor,” it was not in his power to -have done. “Beck,” says the author of a paper on this subject, already -quoted,[84] was a trustee under the will of William de Vesci; and the -only way in which the fact can be reconciled is, by supposing him to -have betrayed his trust, and to have obtained fraudulent possession of -the estate.” “This prelate,” says Mr. Hutchinson, in his History of -Durham, “merits notice for the singularity of his character; he led the -van of Edward the First’s army gallantly against the Scots, at the -battle of Falkirk, and dared even to make a harsh retort to a reproof -from that stern monarch. At Rome, he opposed single-handed a body of -ruffians who had entered his house. So active was his mind, that he -always rose when his first sleep was over, saying ‘It was beneath a man -to turn in his bed.’ He was so modest, that although he smiled at the -frown of a king, he never could lift his eyes to the face of a woman; -and when the remains of Saint William were to be removed to York, he was -the only prelate whose ‘conscious chastity’ permitted him to touch the -sacred bones. And yet this mirror of purity could defraud the natural -son of his friend, the Lord Vesci, of a large estate which had been -trusted to the Bishop’s honour.[85] Beck loved military parade and had -always knights and soldiers about him, and through vanity was prompted -to spend immense sums. For forty fresh herrings he once gave a sum equal -to forty pounds sterling; and a piece of cloth, which had proverbially -been said to be ‘too dear for the Bishop of Durham,’ he bought and cut -out into horse-cloths. To conclude--this haughty prelate once seized a -palfrey of King Edward as a deodand; and at last broke his heart at -being excommunicated by the Archbishop of York.” - -[Illustration] - -Eltham was also the favourite residence of Edward the Second, whose son -being born here, received the name of John of Eltham: a circumstance in -which originated the common error of its having been the palace of King -John. At twelve years of age, this prince was created Earl of Cornwall; -was appointed “custos of the citie of London:” died in Scotland in the -flower of his age, and was buried in Westminster, where his monument is -one of the chief sepulchral ornaments. - -It was here, in his palace of Eltham, that Edward the Third held several -parliaments; in one of which his faithful commons petitioned him to make -his grandson, Richard of Bordeaux, Prince of Wales. In 1364, the same -monarch gave a splendid banquet at Eltham, in honour of King John of -France, whom the fate of war had made his prisoner, but whose captivity -was soothed by every demonstration of respect and hospitality on the -part of his royal brother and his consort. “The court of this -sovereign,” says Warner, “was the very theatre of sumptuous carousal and -romantic elegance. The martial amusements of tilts and tournaments, -which were always accompanied by splendid feasts, were so much -encouraged, that we have instances of their being solemnly celebrated by -royal command, in different cities, no less than seven times in the -course of one year.” “This gentle king of England,” says Froissart, “the -better to feste these strange lordes and all their company, held a great -court on Trinity Monday in the Friers, whereat he and the queene his -mother were lodged, keeping their house eche of them apart. At this -feaste, the king had well five hundred knights, and fifteen were new -made. And the queene had well in her courte sixty ladies and damozelles. -There might be seen great nobles, plenty of all manner of straunge -vitaile. There were ladies and damozelles freshely apparelled, ready to -have daunced if they might have leave.” The above, though applied by -Froissart to the reception of John of Hainault, was a general feature in -the court life of this period; and it is no wonder that King John of -France, whom Prince Edward had pronounced “the bravest of knights,” -found the weight of captivity much lightened in the congenial atmosphere -of Eltham palace. - -The evening of Edward’s reign, however, exhibited a very different -picture. Feast and tournament were gone, or rather the pleasures which -they had once furnished to that chivalrous monarch during a long -protracted reign, had now lost their zest. He spent the last months of -his life between Eltham palace and his manor at Shene. “Decay,” says the -historian, “had fallen heavy on body and spirit; he was incapable of -doing much, and he did nothing. The ministers and courtiers crowded -round the Duke of Lancaster, Prince Richard, and his mother. The old man -was left to his mistress; and even she, it is said, after drawing his -valuable ring from his finger, abandoned him in his dying moments,” - -The splendour of Eltham, however, was speedily revived in the person of -his grandson, Richard the Second, whose reign, dazzling at its -commencement, inglorious in its course, and disastrous at its close, the -poet Gray has thus strikingly depicted:-- - - “Fair laughs the morn, and soft the zephyr blows, - While proudly riding o’er the azure realm, - In gallant trim the gilded vessel goes, - Youth on the prow, and Pleasure at the helm; - Regardless of the sweeping whirlwind’s sway, - That, hushed in grim repose, expects his evening prey. - - “Fill high the sparkling bowl! - The rich repast prepare; - Reft of a crown, he yet may share the feast. - Close by the regal chair, - Fell Thirst and Famine scowl - A baneful smile upon their baffled guest.” - -Of the numerous historical scenes and incidents connected with King -Richard’s sumptuous court at Eltham, a very few may be here introduced -as characteristic of an age when “the example of the monarch sanctioned -the extravagance of the subject.” He celebrated in particular three -Christmases at Eltham, at which every imaginable entertainment was -provided for a court overflowing with all the beauty and chivalry that -could flatter a monarch, and scatter flowers over the dangerous -precipice to which he was hastening. “The king,” says Hollinshed, “kept -the greatest part, and maintained the most plentiful house that ever any -king in England did, either before his time or since; for there resorted -daily to his court above ten thousand persons, that had meat and drinke -there allowed them. In his kitchen there were three hundred servitors, -and every other officer was furnished after the like rate. Of ladies, -chamberers, and landerers, there were above three hundred at the least; -and in precious and costlie apparell they exceeded all measure. - -[Illustration] - -Yeomen and groomes were clothed in silks, with cloth of graine and -skarlet, over sumptuous, ye may be sure, for their estates. And this -vanitie was not onelie used in the court in those dayes, but also other -people abroad, in the townes and countries, had their garments cut far -otherwise than had been accustomed before his daies, with embroderies, -rich furs, and goldsmith’s worke, and everie daie there was devising of -new fashions, to the great hinderance and decaie of the -commonwealth.”--Page 508, sect. 10. - -From this description, the reader may easily picture what must have been -the splendid profusion which marked King Richard’s doings at Eltham, -when arriving with his gorgeous retinue from the capital, he “courted -repose” in a new and most extravagant series of festivities. The -extensive park, which spread its wooded avenues in all directions, -afforded ample scope for the indulgence in silvan sports; while -minstrels, jesters, and jongleurs drove ennui from the gate, and kept -the monarch and his guests in a continued enjoyment of mirthful -excitement. On one of these occasions, the arrival in England of a guest -of no ordinary station was announced, and on the following day was -received by the king and queen at Eltham. “This,” says Speed, “was Leo, -King of Armenia, a Christian prince, whom the Tartars had expelled out -of his kingdom. The pretence of his negotiation was to accord the realms -of England and France, that the princes thereof might, with joint -forces, remove the common enemy from Christendome. Therein he could -effect nothing; but his journey was not otherwise unfruitful to himself; -for King Richard, a prince, to speak truly, full of honour and bountie, -gave him, besides a thousand pounds in a ship of gold, letters patent, -also, for a thousand pounds yearly pension during life.” - -Eltham Palace was also the scene of the following incident in the court -life of King Richard. “The king having proclaimed that he would hold a -solemn feast at his palace here on Palm Sunday, invitations were sent to -the Dukes of Lancaster and York, and the Lords of the Council, to be in -attendance for the occasion. When the day of the feast was arrived, and -all the lords had retired after dinner with the king to his -council-chamber, Earl Marshal, having settled in his own mind how to act -and what to say, threw himself upon his knees before the king and thus -addressed him:--‘Very dear and renowned Lord, I am of your kindred, -yʳliege man and marshal of England; and I have besides sworn on my -loyalty, my hand within yours, that I never would conceal from you -anything I might hear or see to your prejudice, on pain of being -accounted a disloyal traitor. This I am resolved never to be, but to -acquit myself before you and all the world.’ The king fixing his eyes -upon him, said, ‘Earl Marshal, what is your meaning in speaking thus? We -will know it.’ ‘Very dear Lord,’ replied the Earl, ‘as I have declared, -I will not keep any secret from you: order the Earl of Derby to come to -yʳpresence, and I will speak out.’ The Earl of Derby was called for, -and the king made the Earl Marshal rise, for he addressed him on his -knees. On the Earl Derby’s arrival, who thought no harm, the Earl -Marshal spoke as follows:--‘Earl of Derby, I charge you with having -thought and spoken disrespectfully of your natural lord the king of -England, when you said he was unworthy to hold the crown; that without -law or justice, or consulting his council, he disturbed the realm; and -that without any shadow of reason, he banished those valiant men from -his kingdom who ought to be its defenders; for all of which I present my -glove, and will prove, my body against yours, that you are a false and -wicked traitor.’ - -“The Earl of Derby was confounded at this address, and retired a few -paces without demanding from the Duke his father, or any of his friends, -how he should act. Having mused awhile, he advanced with his hood in his -hand towards the king, and said, ‘Earl Marshal, I say that thou art a -false and wicked traitor, which I will boldly prove on thee, and here is -my glove!’ The Earl Marshal seeing his challenge was accepted, showed a -good desire for the combat by taking up the glove and saying, ‘I refer -your answer to the good pleasure of the king and the lords now present. -I will prove that your words are false, and that my words are true.’ -Each of those lords then withdrew in company of his friends, and the -time for serving wine and spices was passed by; for the king showed he -was sore displeased, and retiring to his chamber, shut himself in.... -When the day for the combat was at hand, and the two lords waited only -for the king’s commands, King Richard’s secret advisers asked, ‘Sire, -what is your pleasure respecting this combat? will you permit your two -cousins the Earl of Derby and Earl Marshal to proceed?’ ‘Why not?’ -replied the king; ‘I intend to be present myself and see their prowess.’ -The king’s advisers showed great firmness in resisting his -determination, and showed him some very cogent and unexpected reasons -for his adopting another course, at which,” as the chronicler relates, -“the king changed colour. Shortly after, a great council of the chief -nobles and prelates was summoned at Eltham. The Earl of Derby and the -Earl Marshal were sent for and put into separate chambers, for they were -not permitted to meet, when after certain preliminaries the king’s -pleasure was thus delivered in presence of the assembly: ‘I order that -the Earl Marshal, for having caused trouble in this kingdom, by uttering -words which he could not prove otherwise than by common report, be -banished the realm for life. I also order that the Earl of Derby our -cousin, for having angered us, and because he has been in some measure -the cause of the Earl Marshal’s crime and punishment, prepare to leave -the kingdom in fifteen days, and be banished hence for the term of ten -years.’” Our readers will find other particulars in Froissart; but our -chief inducement in selecting these passages is, their being scenes -which actually transpired at Eltham, and at the same time are highly -characteristic of the manners of that age. We ought not to omit -mentioning, however, that “on the day the Earl of Derby mounted his -horse to leave London, upwards of fifty thousand men were in the -streets, bitterly lamenting his departure.” - -In 1405, King Henry the Fourth “celebrated his Christmas” here, after -the manner of his predecessors; and on this occasion, says the -chronicle, the Duke of York was “accused of an intention of breaking -into the palace, by scaling the walls, and murdering the king.” The same -monarch kept open court at Eltham on two subsequent occasions, and was -residing in the palace when seized with the malady of which he died. But -these festivals were celebrated with even more than former splendour by -King Henry the Sixth. By Edward the Fourth the palace was repaired and -embellished at great expense; and here his daughter Bridget -Plantagenet--who became a nun of Dartford--was born, and next day -baptized in the palace chapel by the Bishop of Winchester. Three years -later, Eltham palace was again the scene of magnificent banquets and -shows, during which two thousand persons were daily entertained at the -king’s expense. King Henry the Seventh built the front of the palace -towards the moat, and frequently resided in it; but he was the last of a -long race of sovereigns who honoured it with any lengthened visit; for -although Henry the Eighth[86] celebrated two Christmases here, the royal -visits had now become “few and far between;” and one of the last -occasions on which the palace was made the scene of a great court -festival, was that appointed for his conferring the honours of the -peerage upon Sir Edward Stanley, of Hornby Castle, in Lancashire, whose -services at the battle of Flodden have already been noticed in these -pages. - -His claims to that honour were founded on his being “one of the most -discreet persons, and justices of the peace, for assessing and -collecting a subsidy of one hundred and sixty-three thousand pounds by a -poll-tax;” of his having commanded the rear of the English army at -Flodden-field, and forced the Scots, by the power of his archers, to -descend the hill, which, by causing them to open their ranks, gave the -first hopes of that day’s victory.[87] The ceremonial on this occasion -was stamped with all the gorgeous display so usual in that reign; but as -a contagious disorder was then raging in London, none were permitted to -dine at the “king’s hall at Eltham,” except the officers of arms, who, -“at the serving in of the king’s second course of meat, entered, -according to custom, and proclaimed the king’s style and title, and also -that of the new lord.” - -During the civil war, Robert Earl of Essex occupied the palace of -Eltham, and dying here, was buried in Westminster Abbey. On the -establishment of the Commonwealth, it was seized by the Parliament, and -sold; the parks were broken into, the deer dispersed or killed by the -soldiers and the mob; and the work of devastation once begun, continued -till the greater part of the palace was reduced to a state of ruin.[88] - -[Illustration] - -At last, however, the beauty of Greenwich and the great convenience of -the river as a channel of communication with the capital, gradually -deprived Eltham of court patronage. Its palace was only enlivened at -long intervals by the presence of royalty; while its rival, the new -Placentia, grew more and more in favour, till it became the habitual -residence of the sovereign, and the scene of those splendid exhibitions -which subsequently characterized the reigns of Henry the Eighth[89] and -his magnanimous daughter, Queen Elizabeth. The latter, during her -infancy, was often taken to the “Old House of Eltham” for change of air; -and on coming to the throne, paid it an occasional visit of recognition. -But it was no longer considered fit for a royal establishment; and, -although visited by King James and his successor, it never regained any -share of its former importance; but, being every year more and more -neglected, it became at last a splendid ruin, yet a monument on which -were inscribed the early chronicles of the English monarchy. But, -although the property reverted to the crown at the Restoration, no -pains were taken by government to protect the ruin from violence and -spoliation. On the contrary, the old palace was turned into a quarry, -and all the materials that could be converted to use were gradually -removed and sold. Fortunately for the Hall, it was considered by some -influential observer on the spot that it would make a good barn;[90] and -to this accidental circumstance we are chiefly indebted for its -preservation. - -The three parks attached to the palace, with the demesne lands, extended -over sixteen hundred and fifty-two acres, on which grew seven thousand -seven hundred trees; of which four thousand were declared in the Survey -to be “old and decayed,” and the remainder were marked out for the use -of the navy.[91] A book, called the Mysteries of the Good Old Cause, -published in 1660, says, “Sir Thomas Walsingham had the Honour of Eltham -given him, which was the Earl of Dorset’s, and the middle Park, which -was Mr. White’s. He has cut down five thousand pounds’ worth of timber, -and has scarcely left a tree to make a gibbet.” - -[Illustration] - -<g>The Approach.</g>--The royal Hall is visible at a considerable distance; -and, from various points of Blackheath and its vicinity, forms an -interesting landmark to the stranger. This, however, is chiefly during -the winter and spring months; for as soon as the trees resume their -foliage, it is lost among the wooded landscape, or only seen by glimpses -through the straggling trees of the park--remnants of that primeval -forest by which it was once surrounded. In the immediate approach, the -first objects that catch the eye are masses of ancient wall, thickly -mantled with ivy, at the base of which the water of the original moat -still keeps its bed. Over this, an ancient bridge of three arches leads -to the inclosure, once covered with the habitations of royalty, but now -reduced to this solitary hall, and flanked on the left by several -dwelling-houses, that harmonize much better with our modern ideas of -comfort than the moated walls of antiquity. Halting on the bridge for a -few minutes, the effect of the scene from that point is at once -pleasing and impressive. On the left, overhanging the moat, which here -forms a very small but picturesque sheet of water,[92] is a modern -farm-house in a pleasing rustic style, with a balcony supported on -slender pillars that rest on the edge of the fosse below. On the margin -of the water opposite, is a small fresh lawn, bordered with shrubbery, -and covered with that _beau gazon_ on which the eye delights to repose. -This spot, including the house, a projecting gallery, and several other -compartments, presents an excellent subject for a cabinet picture. The -bank of the moat was an extensive work, and of much greater magnitude on -the west and south sides than towards the north, composing a terrace to -the south of at least one hundred feet broad. - -The design of the palace[93] was quadrangular. The hall, surmounted by -its louvre, rose above the other edifices, standing in a direction -nearly due east and west; and the common rule was observed of limiting -the general elevation to two stories. Like other castellated mansions, -the outline was irregular, towers and projecting masses breaking the -line at intervals with picturesque effect. The area of the palace was an -imperfect square, surrounded by buildings on the north and west, and -partly inclosed on the other two sides, the centre being occupied by -four quadrangles, of which two towards the west were of large -dimensions, and formed wide and spacious courts. Standing on an eminence -of greater elevation than any in the immediate district except -Shooter’s-hill, the ground sloped gently away towards the west, over a -rich and interesting landscape, including Blackheath, Greenwich Park, -and the Surrey hills, between which stood London with the lofty spire of -the old cathedral of St. Paul in view, and the insulated pile of -Westminster Abbey, then without towers; the distant heights of Highgate -terminating the background. It was surrounded by a moat inclosing above -an acre of ground within its limits.[94] The moat was about sixty feet -broad, except the portion towards the north entrance, where it was -increased to one hundred and fifteen feet. On the west side of the -bridge, the water of the moat still washed the old ivyed walls of the -palace--now reduced to little more than the foundations. In front, -through a few straggling elm-trees, the venerable old Hall presents -itself. The avenue to the door is flanked by two cottages, evidently -built out of the old materials of the palace, and now posted like -sentinels for the protection of its remains. In one of these resides the -female custode of the hall, who reaps no inconsiderable harvest from -the visitors who resort hither for a view of “King John’s Palace,” as it -is called. - -[Illustration] - -<g>Visit.</g>--Conducted by our guide, we once more entered the royal Hall of -Eltham, with such feelings as naturally accompany those who are treading -on that time-hallowed ground where history, tradition, and fiction, have -impressed their respective seals. Entering the door, a screen, once -elaborately carved, and running across the building, opens a -thoroughfare to a corresponding entrance on the opposite side. In the -centre of the screen is an inner door to the hall. Of the latter, the -noble proportions strike the visitor at the first glance, and challenge -his admiration. In its present state, however, the general effect is -much injured by the very means employed for its security,--namely, the -heavy wooden frame-work raised to support the roof, but which conceals -the beauty of its proportions. With this, however, we must not find -fault; some of the noblest statues of antiquity have been obliged to -support their dignity by “accepting modern pedestals;” and without the -means here ingeniously employed, the Hall of Eltham must long ere this -have been laid open to the weather. In the sixth volume of the -Archæologia, Mr. King has given minute descriptions of the Hall, to -which we refer our readers. - -<g>The Screen</g>, already mentioned as running before the offices, was richly -carved, with a gallery over it for the musicians. Through this door -entered the guests who were not in immediate attendance upon the king. -Here the brave and the beautiful of other days were received by the -great officers of state, and conducted to the dais, where, on his -throne, the monarch received their homage and congratulations. The two -great bow-windows at either side of - -[Illustration] - -the upper end, in which were placed the royal sideboards, are adorned -with beautiful flowing tracery, and in style and proportions are -magnificent. All the windows were obviously placed in such a manner as -to afford an opportunity of hanging arras under them,[95] as in the -banquet scene represented in the steel engraving. The length of the Hall -is rather more than a hundred feet, the breadth thirty-six, and the -height forty-five feet. It has five double windows on each side, -exclusive of the great bays, at the end of which was the chief entrance -into the state apartments. - -The purposes of a common barn, to which this magnificent hall has been -so long applied, have materially altered and defaced some of its noblest -features. One of the gorgeous oriels, for example, that opened to the -east and west, has been partly broken and cut away in order to admit -loaded waggons into the interior; and various other mutilations, the -effects of violence, not time, are observable in other parts of the -building. But our regrets on this head give way to something like a -feeling of congratulation, when we reflect that, had not this change in -its destination occurred, the Hall of Eltham would have long since -disappeared, like the original palace to which it belonged. At the upper -or north end of the building was the high dais, slightly elevated, and -running across the hall. This is now the threshing-floor; and at both -ends of this platform, east and west, are the magnificent bay windows -above mentioned, each forming a deep recess, and exhibiting, in design -and workmanship, all the characteristic beauty of its class and epoch. -The most cursory view will enable the reader to judge of their shape and -proportions; but to form any adequate conception of what they must have -been when filled with richly-stained glass, and pouring a flood of -gorgeous colours upon the royal banquet, requires no little effort of -the imagination. - - “There the raised platform, near the bay, - Served well for stage: that oriel gay - Rose with light leaves and columns tall - Mid ‘roial glass’ and fretwork small; - While tripod lamps from the coved roof - Showed well each painted mask aloof: - Lanfranc and Saxon Edward there - Watching the scene they once could share.” - -[Illustration] - -<g>The Roof.</g>--The following observations on the construction of the roof -were given by Mr. Chessel Buckler while the last repairs were going on. -The preservation of this noble monument of ancient English architecture -is an honour to the country. When stripped of its external covering, the -roof distinctly exhibited the beauty of its carpentry, and the extent of -its injuries. It is wholly constructed of chestnut, the strength and -solidity of which, though unimpaired by time alone, were in many places -destroyed by the operations of the weather.[96] The main beams of the -roof are full seventeen inches square and twenty-eight feet long, -perfectly straight, and sound throughout, and are the produce of trees -of the most stately growth. A forest must have yielded its choicest -timber for the supply of this building; and it is evident that the -material has been wrought with incredible labour and admirable skill. -The repairs are limited to the roof, the parapet by which it is -protected, and the buttresses by which it is upheld. As it has been -stated that the joints and mouldings of the roof are secured by wooden -pins only, it may not be superfluous to remark that the structure is -held together by the assistance of nails.[97] - -<g>The Souterrains.</g>--Of the subterranean passages lately discovered at -Eltham Palace, the following facts are contained in a small pamphlet on -the subject, published at Greenwich. Tradition has always kept up the -belief of an underground passage from Eltham Palace to Blackheath, -Greenwich, or the River; and it was affirmed in the neighbourhood that -at Middle Park, connected with the passages, there was stable-room under -ground for sixty horses. Under the floor of one of the apartments of the -palace, a trap-door[98] opens into a room under-ground, ten feet by -five, and proceeding from it, a narrow passage about ten feet in length, -conducts the stranger to the series of passages with decoys, stairs, and -shafts, some of which are vertical, and others on an inclined plane, -which were once used for admitting air, and for hurling down missiles -upon enemies, according to the modes of defence then in use. And it is -worthy of notice that, at points where weapons from above could assail -the enemy with the greatest effect, there the shafts are made to verge -and concentrate. About five hundred feet of these passages have been -entered and passed through in a western direction towards Middle Park, -and under the moat to the extent of two hundred feet. The arch is broken -down in the field leading from Eltham to Mottingham, but still the -brickwork can be traced further, and proceeding in the same direction. -The remains of two iron gates, completely carbonized, were found in that -part of the passage under the moat; and large stalactites formed of -super-carbonate of lime hung down from the roof of the arch, which -sufficiently indicated the time that must have elapsed since these -passages were last entered. - -<g>Environs.</g>--Shooter’s-hill, the well-known landmark in this part of Kent, -is within a very short walk of Eltham Hall. The tower commands a -beautiful prospect of the metropolis, Greenwich, Woolwich, the Thames, -and the adjacent counties, and thus forms the centre of of a most -extensive panorama.[99] It was erected by Lady James, in honour of her -husband Sir William James, Baronet, who commanded the Company’s marine -forces in the East Indies, and in 1755, distinguished himself, by the -taking of Severndroog Castle, on the coast of Malabar. It is triangular -in shape, and about forty-five feet high. In the vestibule were formerly -arranged numerous specimens of the armour and trophies taken at -Severndroog, and in front is an inscription commemorative of that -victory. - -Blackheath, of which the above is the most conspicuous feature, is often -mentioned in the old chronicles as the scene of “notable events.”[100] -The view which it commands is celebrated in all languages, and still -continues to be a theme of universal admiration. Previously to this, -Shooter’s-hill was a beacon station; and in the Churchwardens’ Account -at Eltham, in 1556, there are frequent charges made for “watchinge the -becon on Shutters-hill.” - -The old military road from London to Dover is supposed to have followed -nearly the same track as the present. Various Roman antiquities have -been dug up on the Heath, an account of which may be seen in the -Archæologia. With the popular names of Jack Straw, Wat Tyler, Jack Cade, -the counterfeit Mortimer, and with the military operations of Henry the -Sixth, Henry the Seventh, the “bastard Falconbridge,” Lord Audley, the -Cornish rebels, Edward the Fourth, and other personages and events, -Blackheath is intimately associated. It has also been the scene of many -great public exhibitions of military pomp and court ceremony. It was on -this heath, in the immediate vicinity of his “faire house of Eltham,” -that Henry the Fourth, with great parade and magnificence, met the -Emperor of Constantinople, when he arrived in England to solicit -assistance against Bajazet. And here, on the 23rd of November, the mayor -and aldermen of London, with four hundred citizens “clothed in scarlet, -with red and white hoods,” met their victorious monarch on his return -from Agincourt. Here also the citizens met the Emperor Sigismund, when -he came to mediate a peace between France and England; and here Edward -the Fourth was also welcomed to England by a multitude of loyal -citizens, who conducted him in triumph to his palace. Here, in 1519, a -solemn embassy, consisting of the Admiral of France, the Bishop of -Paris, and other grandees of church and state, with twelve hundred -persons in their train, were met by the Lord Admiral of England and a -numerous retinue; and the same year, Cardinal Campeius, the Pope’s -legate, was received, with great splendour, on Blackheath, by the Duke -of Norfolk, and “conducted to a rich tent of cloth of gold, where he -arrayed himself in his cardinal’s robes, and then rode in princely state -to London.” - -But the most magnificent “Blackheath procession” on record, was that -which took place at the interview between Henry the Eighth and the Lady -Ann of Cleves, with an abridgement of which we shall conclude our -present notice of Eltham and its vicinity. - -“On the morrow, the thirde day of Januarie, being Saturdaie, in a fair -plaine of Blackheath, was pitched a pavilion of rich cloth of gold, and -divers other tents and pavilions, in which were made fires and perfumes -for her, the <g>Ladie Anne</g>, and such ladies as were appointed to receive -her; and from the tents to the parke-gate of Greenwich, all the bushes -and firs were cut downe, and a large open waie made for the shewe of all -persons. And first, next to the parke pale on the east, stood the -masters of the Stilliard, and on the west side the merchants of Genoa, -Florence, and Venice, and the Spaniards, in cotes of velvet; then, on -both sides of the waye, stood the merchants of the citie of London, the -aldermen and councillors, to the number of a hundred and three score, -which were mingled with the esquires; then the fifty gentlemen -pensioners; and all these were apparelled in velvet and chaines of gold, -truely accounted to the number of twelve hundred and above, beside them -that came with the king and her, which were six hundred, in velvet cotes -and chaines of gold. Behind the gentlemen stood the serving men in good -order, well horssed and apparelled; so that whosoever had well viewed -them might have said, that they, for tall and comelie personages, and -clean of lim and bodie, were able to give the greatest prince in -Christendome a mortall breakefast, if he had been the king’s enemie. - -“About twelve of the clocke, <g>Her Grace</g>, with all the companye which were -of her owne nation, to the number of an hundred horse, accompanied with - -[Illustration] - -the Dukes of Norffolke, Suffolke, the Archbishop of Canterbury, and -other bishops, lords, and knights, came doune Shooters-hill, towards the -tents, and a good space from the tents met her, the Earl of Rutland, and -all her councellors and officers, amongst whome Doctor Daie, appointed -her almoner, made to her an eloquent oration in Latine, which oration -was answered unto by the Duke her brother’s secretarie; which done, the -ladie Margaret Dowglas, daughter to the Queene of Scots, the ladie -Marquesse Dorsset, daughter to the French queen, being neeces to the -king, and the Dutches of Ritchmond, the Countesses of Rutland and -Hereford, with divers other ladies and gentlewomen, to the number of -three score and five, saluted and welcomed her grace, who alighted out -of her chariot, and with courteous demeanour and lovinge countenance, -gave to them hartie thanks and kissed them all, and after all her -councellors and officers kissed her hand; which done, she, with all the -ladies, entered the tents, and there warmed them a space; and (it being -the depth of winter) when the king knewe that she was arrived in her -tent, he with all diligence set out through the parke. And first issued -the King’s trumpets, the officers of his council, the officers of his -privie chamber, the barons, the lord mayor, the bishops, earles, the -Duke of Baviere, and countie palatine of the Rhine; then the -ambassadours of the French king and emperor, Cromwell, the lord privie -seale, the lord chancellour, the garter king-at-arms, and the other -officers and sergeants of arms, gave their attendance on each side the -lord. The lord Marquesse Dorsset bare the sword of state, and after him, -a good distance, followed the <g>King’s Highnesse</g>, mounted on a goodlie -courser. - -“To speake of the rich and gorgeous apparel that was there to be seen -that daie, I have thought it not greatlie necessarie, sith each man may -well think it was right sumptuous and very faire and costlie. After the -king followed the lord chamberlayne, then the master of his horsses -richly mounted and leading the king’s horsse of estate by a long reine -of gold. Then followed the pages of honour, riding on great coursers, -then the captaine of the gard, then the gard well horssed, and in their -rich cotes, etc. - -“When <g>Her Grace</g> understood that the king was come, she came forth of her -tent, and at the doore thereof, being set on a faire and beautiful -horsse, richly trapped, she rode forth towards the <g>King</g>, who perceiving -her to approach, came forward somewhat beyond the Crosse, then staid -till she came nearer, and then putting off his cap, he made forward to -her, and, with most loving countenance and princelie behaviour, saluted, -welcomed, and imbraced her, to the great rejoising of the beholders: And -she likewise, not forgetting her dutie, with most amiable aspect and -romantic behaviour, received him with many apt words and thanks, as was -most to purpose. - -“After the king had talked a small while, he put her on his right hand, -and so with their footmen they rode together; and returned in this -manner through the ranks of the knights and esquires, which stood still -all this while, and removed not.” (The procession through the park is -glowingly described, but her reception in the palace is all we can -introduce in this place.) “Now were the citizens of London rowing up and -doune on the Thames before them, every craft with his barge garnished -with banners, flags, streamers, pencels, and targets, painted and beaten -with the king’s armes, some with her armes, and some with the armes of -their craft and mysterie. There was a barge called the Bachellors Barke, -richlie decked, on the which waited a foist that shot great pieces of -artillerie; and in every barge was great store of instruments of divers -sorts, and men and children singing and plaieng altogether, as the <g>King</g> -and the <g>Ladie Anne</g> passed bye the wharfe. When the king and she were -within the utter court, they alighted from their horses, and the king -lovinglie imbraced her, kissed her, and bade her welcome to her owne, -leading her by the left arme through the hall, and so brought her up to -her privie chamber, where he left her for that time, while a great peal -of artillerie was shot off from the tower of Greenwich and thereabout.” - -Such are a few of the particulars given by Holinshed of this matrimonial -fete: but the account by Hall is still more circumstantial, and both -afford vivid pictures of the regal splendour which characterized all the -court pageants of that gorgeous reign. Little did Anne of Cleves -imagine, as the magnificent view opened upon her, with Eltham Hall on -her left, Greenwich on her right, Westminster and St. Paul’s in the -distance, a sovereign at her feet, and an assembled nation eager to do -her homage--little did she imagine how dark would be the sunset of this -bright day; and yet, compared with that which overtook her unhappy -sisters--partners of the same throne--her destiny was rather to be -envied than lamented. - -The town of Eltham, of which our limits prevent a more deliberate -notice, is still one of the most favourite retreats in the vicinity of -town, and formerly could number among its residents many celebrated -names. The church and churchyard are interesting, and contain several -classic tombs and inscriptions. The environs are rich and picturesque, -the society is select and intellectual, the air is salubrious; and -within seven miles of the capital it would be difficult to find any -point that offers so many inviting qualities for a quiet and cheerful -residence as Eltham. - - AUTHORITIES:--Camden.--Stow.--Blome.--Leland.--Grafton.--Hall.--Life - of the Black Prince.--do. Richard the - Second.--Archæologia.--Gentleman’s Mag.--Hasted.--Parliamentary - Surveys.--Lambard.--Lysons.--Kilburne.--Graphic - Illustrator.--Collins’s Peerage.--Buckler.--Notices of Eltham.--MS. - Visit to Eltham, March, 1842.--Royal Halls. - - For an admirable description of Greenwich Park and its vicinity, - the reader is referred to Mr. Miller’s “Lady Jane Grey,”--“Banks of - the Thames,” etc. etc. - -[Illustration: ROCHESTER CASTLE.] - - - - -[Illustration] - - - - -THE CASTLE OF ROCHESTER. - - Long have I loved to catch the simple chime - Of minstrel-harps, and spell the fabling rhyme; - To view the festive rites, the knightly play, - That deck’d heroic Albion’s elder day; - To mark the mouldering Halls of Barons bold, - And the rough Castles, cast in giant mould; - With Gothic manners Gothic arts explore, - And muse on the magnificence of yore.--WARTON. - - -“<g>As we</g> descended the hill towards Rochester, how solemn the appearance -of the <g>Castle</g>, with its square ghastly walls, and their hollow eyes -rising over the right bank of the Medway, grey and massive and -floorless--nothing remaining but the shell!” Such was the memorandum of -her visit to this scene, left by the author of the Mysteries of Udolpho, -as she descended Strood Hill, and gazed upon the magnificent ruin to -which this portion of our work is to be directed. Viewed from this -point--the hill above named--the Castle appears to great advantage. -Soaring in lofty pre-eminence over the surrounding buildings, and even -the Cathedral, it conveys to the spectator’s mind a deep impression of -what it must have been in the palmy days of chivalry, when mailed -warriors lined its ramparts, when joust and tourney animated its courts, -and banners floated from its towers. In its present condition it bears -that resemblance to its former self which a skeleton bears to the -living body. The framework is there, but the life is fled,--the light is -extinguished; and in the full glare of day, like the wreck of mortality, -it assumes only a more melancholy aspect. But still, the interest -connected with this landmark of antiquity is increased, rather than -diminished, by contemplation. Fancy repeoples its courts, rebuilds its -towers, restores its original order and dimensions, till we enjoy the -picture which imagination thus embodies, and seem for the time, as if we -were transported into romantic ages and took a part in those historic -scenes of which its walls were once the theatre. At every one of those -loop-holes and unlatticed casements, we seem to discern the warlike -forms that once animated the building, and hurled defiance on the -assailants. We hear the sound of revelry in the hall, the clang of arms -in the ‘bayle,’ and the rattle of the portcullis as it drops from the -lofty archway, and fastens its iron teeth in the pavement.--But we need -not proceed with a picture which so vividly presents itself to every -imaginative pilgrim who halts on the bridge of Rochester, and surveys -the vast and venerable pile which here crowns the adjoining bank, and -takes undivided possession of the scene. - -[Illustration] - -<g>Rochester Castle</g> is beyond doubt one of the most complete Norman -strongholds that the slow waste of centuries and the ravages of war have -left in our island; and, in its noble style and elegant proportions, -offers one of the best examples extant of that class of domestic -fortresses by which the early barons rendered themselves so formidable -to the crown. The castles or stone-built fortresses of England, -previously to the Conquest, were few and inconsiderable. Those of Roman -foundation had fallen into ruin; and although the great Alfred had -strengthened the frontier and more assailable points of the country with -fifty or more of these towers of defence, they had not been kept up with -the same vigilance by his successors; and to this deficiency of national -bulwarks may be attributed the speedy reduction of England to the Norman -yoke. - -At the period in question, the castles and places of strength in -general[101] appear to have been constructed principally of wood: in -proof of which, the only mechanical implement which the vassal was -required to bring with him in aid of the work, was a hatchet. Aware of -their great importance in securing the fruits of conquest, the Norman -ruler immediately adopted the policy of the Roman, and began to measure -the duration of his power by the number and strength of his castles. In -process of time the great martial tenants of the crown followed his -example, and, by erecting places of strength in the various provinces -assigned to them as the spoils of conquest, secured to themselves and -their families the newly-acquired domain. At the close of Stephen’s -reign, the number of these domestic strongholds appears to have amounted -to eleven hundred; a fact which led to the most deplorable consequences. -Contempt of allegiance, family feuds, mutual acts of violence and -outrage--a state of society which admitted no superior, respected no law -but that of force, and accepted no arbitrator but the sword--were daily -opposed to the right administration of affairs.[102] Such, however, was -the prelude to happier times, when the castles--after having been for a -season the strongholds of lawless domination--were transformed at last -into temples and sanctuaries for the regeneration of native freedom. It -was in the recesses of those embattled walls that the rights of the -people were at length asserted, that their wrongs were redressed, and -that the sword of despotism was transformed into a sceptre of peace. It -was by the masters of those castles that the bloodless victory of -Runnymede was achieved, and freedom established on a permanent basis. - -The continual struggle, however, in which these generous efforts -involved the early barons, had for a time its full portion of evil as -well as good. It distracted society, fostered suspicion and distrust in -the people, awakened personal animosities among the nobles, and -occasioned disunion among those who had but one great object in view, -that of securing and consolidating under one legitimate head the -interests of all. But the unwearied vigilance, prudence, and personal -intrepidity which were necessary to carry forward those labours to a -successful crisis, had the happy effect of bringing into full play the -noblest qualities of the human mind, and were the certain forerunners of -that political wisdom and military prowess which in every subsequent -reign have distinctly marked all our great national events. - -But to return to the subject before us--we may observe that at the -period of the Conquest the security of the new dynasty depended as much -upon the faithful attachment of its great vassals in time of peace, as -the late victory had depended on their exertions in the field. Making -it therefore their interest to be faithful to him, William extended to -his followers immediate rewards with the prospect of future -aggrandizement. The number of those who had held rank in his army at the -battle of Hastings[103] amounted to seven hundred. To these extensive -domains were assigned (as already mentioned in the case of Roger -Montgomery) in all parts of England where, with true Norman policy, they -erected those majestic structures which overawed the conquered, and -secured to their lords the quiet enjoyment of their newly-acquired -power. But it is a fact not to be questioned, that these strongholds -were too often subservient to the worst purposes.[104] Where the will, -authority, or caprice of the chiefs was the only law; where his interest -and family aggrandizement were the great ends to be kept in view, -justice and humanity were not likely to hold the scales with an -impartial hand. The virtues of that age were not of the stamp which at a -later period characterized Fitzwalter and his brother barons. To extend -their possessions by the sword--as in their inroads across the Welsh and -Scottish frontier--to defend them by the like means--to exact implicit -obedience from their vassals and retainers--to marshal them under their -own banners in time of war, and to lead a life of feudal splendour in -the short intervals of peace, filled up the life and labours of the -great military leaders of that day. It was like the cloud which -intervened between the darker and brighter pages of our history; but -through which were seen occasional glimpses of those events which the -maturer age of chivalry, the growth of moral principle, and the progress -of refinement, improved to the national glory. - -The Castle of Rochester, though stripped of nearly all its outworks, and -mutilated in its internal features, is as perfect an example as we -possess of a Baronial castle. It exhibits in detail nearly all the -characteristic features of the eleventh and twelfth centuries; and where -the hand of violence has not been applied, it displays all the beauty of -outline, richness of workmanship, and solidity of structure, which mark -the great buildings of its class and period. The situation is exactly -such as the Norman barons usually selected for their strongholds. These -were in many instances built on the remains of Roman forts, or on those -which had been constructed or repaired in the time of Alfred, evidence -of which, may be generally obtained by a careful examination of the -substructure. The space it occupies is believed to have been the site of -a Roman fortress; for the point was too eligible, and the district -itself was too accessible, to have been left without a military defence -during their possession of the country. Besides, it was a station on the -great military road between Dover and London; and being in a central -point between the capital and the coast, and having the double advantage -of road and river communication, was peculiarly suited to all the -purposes of a provincial fortress. - -But in order that we may have a correct notion of the castellated -structures of those days, we shall here, in as few words as possible, -give a general idea of a <g>Norman Castle</g> or fortress[105]. It consisted, -with very few exceptions, of an enclosure of from five to ten acres of -land; and, as in the present instance, was encircled by a river, or -artificial canal called a moat, on the scarp or edge of which was a -strong wall, succeeded by another; and between these was the first -ballium, or outer court of the castle. Within the second wall, or that -which immediately surrounded the keep, or great tower, were storehouses -for the garrison, and other offices suitable to the extent and -distinction of the fortress. In the centre of this interior space or -enclosure, was the citadel, or master-tower, as it is more properly -called, in which resided the suzerain, or feudal chief; but occasionally -it was occupied by the deputy or castellan, who for the time being was -the representative of the baron, and had the full exercise of his -delegated authority. This master tower was generally built upon an -artificial mound, as already described in our notice of Arundel. It -contained the state-apartments, which were in proportion to the style -and retinue of the founder, with all the other domestic offices -belonging to the strongholds of that period. In the centre of the tower, -and descending to the lowest part of the foundation, were the dungeons, -in which were confined the prisoners of war, the felons or malefactors -of his jurisdiction. In several instances, access to the various -compartments of the castle was provided by secret inlets through the -centre of the walls, and by subterraneous passages made under the fosse, -as mentioned in the notice of Eltham. - -In advance of the ditch or moat, was the barbican, or outer defence, -with a watch-tower that communicated with the interior by means of a -drawbridge across the moat, which opened inwards, so as to be under the -control - -[Illustration] - -of the sentinel or guard. The entrance to the ballium, or outer court, -was secured by gates, with a ponderous grating or portcullis, which was -raised or lowered by means of those iron chains and pulleys which are -still used in some of our military fortresses, and are always met with -in the fortified cities of the Netherlands. The walls were further -protected by towers and battlements, from which, as well as through the -numerous loopholes by which they were perforated, arrows and other -missiles could be discharged with deadly effect; while through the -apertures of the machicolation above, - - “Sudden, on the assailants’ head, - Blocks of stone and molten lead, - O’er the foe descending--gushing, - Scorching as they fell, or crushing - Helmèd warriors in their fall, - Guarded each embattled wall.” - -The outer walls were generally from six to ten feet thick; those of -Rochester Castle are seven[106]; while the walls of the keep, to which -all looked for retreat under desperate circumstances, were often fifteen -feet in thickness, and contained in their centre many secret closets, -passages, and recesses, to which none but the castellan and his family -had access. In the castle of Glamis[107] there is a secret chamber, the -key of which is transmitted from father to son, and never known to more -than the “seigneur actuel,” and some trustworthy official. Before the -invention of artillery, one of these strongholds, such as we have -described, might have been considered impregnable; and when taken, the -surrender was generally in consequence of famine, revolt or cowardice on -the part of the garrison, or of stratagem on that of the besiegers. - -Nearly all the fortresses of this class were erected during the period -that elapsed between the reign of the Conqueror and that of Edward the -Third. The Castle of Rochester appears to have been erected soon after -the decisive battle of Hastings; and in tracing its history and that of -its founder, we shall adhere to the general opinion, so far as that may -be found to harmonise with historical documents. Castles built on the -Norman model varied according to the natural shape of the ground -selected for their erection. The military baron, following the example -of the Roman general, selected that position to which nature had given -the best means of security, which provided against sudden approach or -surprise, and in cases of extremity, offered some facilities for escape, -of which various instances are recorded in history. The sites chosen -were generally on capes or promontories overlooking the sea; on high -banks protected by a river, or on isolated hills, where connecting -valleys, by forming a natural fosse, would interpose a chasm between the -besiegers and the besieged. These natural positions were readily taken -advantage of by the warlike baron; while the difficulty of access could -be increased by artificial means, such as damming up the stream which -flowed through the ravine, and thus transforming it into a temporary -lake. The situation of Rochester Castle is partly an example of this -kind: the high ground on which it stands, and its immediate access to -the river, were natural recommendations not to be lost sight of; and -which the founder took every opportunity of turning to the best account. -In castle-building the general maxim was-- - - “Where the land o’erlooks the flood, - Steep with rocks and fringed with wood; - Where, throughout the circling year, - Wells the fountain fresh and clear; - Scoop the dungeon, rear the wall, - Pile on high the feudal hall.” - -We shall now quote one or more authorities respecting the Castle of -Rochester. “Neere unto the church,” says Camden, “there standeth, over -the river, an olde Castle fortified both by art and situation, which, as -the report goeth, Odo, Bishop of Bayeux and Earle of Kent, built; but it -was no doubt King William the First that built it; for, in Domesday Book -we reade thus: ‘The Bishop of Roucester holdeth in Elesford for exchange -of the land on which the castle is seated.’ Yet certain it is that -Bishop Odo, when his hope descended of a doubtful change of the state, -held this against King William Rufus; all which time there passed a -proclamation through England, that whosoever would not be reputed a -‘niding,’ should repair to the recovery of Rochester Castle. Whereupon, -the youth, fearing that name as most reproachful and opprobrious in that -age, swarmed thither in such numbers, that Odo was enforced to yield the -place, lose his dignity, and abjure the realme.” - -But concerning the reconstruction of the “Kentishmen’s Castle,” Camden -quotes the text of Roffensis, an ancient manuscript of the Church of -Rochester, which narrates the following particulars:--“When King William -the Second would not confirm the gift of Lanfranck, unless Gundulph, -Bishop of Rochester, would give unto the king an hundred pounds of -deniers; at last, by the intercession of Sir Robert Fitzsimon, and -Henry, Earl of Warwick, the king granted it thus far forth in lieu for -the money which he demanded for grant of the manor, that Bishop -Gundulph, because he was skilful and well experienced in architecture -and masonrie, should build for the king, at his own - -[Illustration] - -proper charges, a castle of stone. In the end, when as the bishops were -hardlie brought to give their consent unto it before the king, Bishop -Gundulph built up the castle full and whole at his owne cost.--Hence the -name of <g>Gundulph’s Tower</g>.--And a little after, King Henrie the First -granted unto the church of Canterbury and to the archbishops the keeping -thereof, and the constableship, to hold ever after, as Florentius of -Worcester saith, yea and a licence withal to build in the same a towre -for themselves. Since which time it was besieged by one or two great -sieges, but then especially when the barons with their alarmes made all -England to shake; and Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, assaulted it -most fiercely, though in vaine, and cut down the wooden bridge, which -was afterwards repaired.” - -To the historical names and events thus connected with the castle we -shall briefly advert. <g>Odo</g>, whose name is so closely associated with the -castle and the county of Kent, was one of the military prelates who -followed the victorious standard of King William, pronounced a -benediction on his army at the battle of Hastings, and shared largely in -the plunder of the vanquished. He was half-brother, by the mother’s -side, to the Conqueror, and could handle the sword as well as the -crosier. William, to save the bishop and secure a steady adherent to the -crown, made him Earl of Kent, and along with the title conferred many -other substantial favours. “But,” says an old authority, “he was by -nature of a bad disposition and busie head, bent alwaies to sow sedition -and to trouble the state; whereupon, he was committed to prison[108] by -a subtile distinction as Earle of Kent, and not as Bishop of Bayeux, in -regard of his holie orders; and afterwards, by a most dangerous -rebellion which he raised, he was, by his nephew King William Rufus, -deprived of his places of dignity, lost all his goods in England, and -abjured the realme.” - -[Illustration] - -The rebellion in which he was concerned, and which proved fatal to this -ambitious and intriguing prelate, is matter of local history. He was a -formidable partisan, a man formed to be the leader of a conspiracy; he -had many friends among the most powerful of the barons; and when Duke -Robert promised to come over with an army to wrest the sceptre from his -brother Rufus, Odo engaged to do the rest. At the Easter festival, Rufus -kept his court at Winchester, and there he invited all the great lords -to attend him[109]. Odo and his friends were also there, and took that -opportunity of arranging his plans. From the festival he departed to -raise the standard of Robert in his old earldom of Kent; while Hugh de -Grantmesnil, Roger Bigod, Robert de Mowbray, Roger de Montgomery, -William Bishop of Durham, and Geoffrey of Coutance, repaired to do the -same in their respective fiefs and governments. Thus a sudden and -dangerous rising took place in many parts of England. But the insurgents -lost time; while the army from Normandy, which Odo was instructed to -provide for, was slow in making its appearance[110]. Rufus, in the mean -time, on hearing that warlike preparations were going forward in the -very heart of his kingdom, permitted his subjects to fit out cruisers, -which rendered him very important services; for the Normans calculated -that there was no royal navy to oppose them, and that they would be -received on landing by their confederates. The followers of Odo and his -party began to cross the Channel in small companies, and so many were -intercepted and destroyed by the English cruisers, that the attempted -invasion was abandoned. The bishop, however, had fortified the castles -of Rochester and Pevensey, and, fearful that no assistance might reach -him from Normandy, prepared to stand a siege. Rufus now issued the -proclamation already quoted--namely, “Let every man who is not a -nithing[111] (cipher) in the martial catalogue of his country, quit -home and hearth, and hasten to join the standard of his sovereign!” To -this appeal thirty thousand men responded,--men of the old Saxon blood, -whom the conciliatory measures recently adopted by Rufus had brought -over to his cause. With this powerful army he marched against the -bishop, who having delegated the command of Rochester Castle to Eustace, -Earl of Boulogne, lay in the strong fortress of Pevensey, in expectation -that Duke Robert and his Normans might still make good their landing on -that part of the coast. After a siege of seven weeks, Odo was obliged to -surrender; and on taking an oath that he would place Rochester Castle in -the king’s hands, Rufus pardoned this act of rebellion, and dismissed -him, with an escort of Norman horse, to Rochester, there to fulfil his -engagement[112]. By a preconcerted plan, however, between Eustace and -himself, means were taken to evade the performance of his oath; for -while reciting the set form of words by which he demanded the surrender -of the castle, Eustace, pretending great indignation at the proposal, -arrested the bishop and his guards on the spot, as traitors to Robert, -and carried them into the castle. The scene was well acted; and Odo, -trusting to be screened from the accusation of perjury by the compulsory -means employed against him, remained in the fortress as a witness, and, -no doubt, an active partisan in the cause[113]. - -Exasperated by such treachery, Rufus soon environed the castle with a -powerful army of infantry and horsemen. The castle, however, was strong -and well garrisoned: five hundred Norman knights, without counting the -meaner sort, fought on its battlements; and after a long siege the place -was not taken by assault, but forced to surrender either by pestilential -disease, by famine, or probably by both. The English, who had shown -great ardour during the siege, would have granted no terms of -capitulation; but the Norman portion of the king’s army, who had friends -and relations in the castle, entertained very different sentiments, and -at their earnest entreaty, though not without difficulty, Rufus allowed -the besieged to march out with their arms and horses, and freely depart -the land[114]. The unconscionable bishop, however, would have included -in the capitulation a proviso that the king’s army should not cause -their bands to play in sign of triumph as the garrison marched out; but -to this the king replied, in great anger, that he would not make such a -concession for a thousand marks of gold. The partisans of Robert then -came forward with colours lowered, and the king’s music playing the -while. When Odo appeared, there was a louder crash; the trumpets -screamed; and the English, scarcely able to keep their hands from his -person, shouted as he passed--“Oh for a halter to hang this perjured -murderous bishop[115]!” Such was Odo’s last appearance in the earldom of -Kent. - -[Illustration] - -The next important epoch in the history of this fortress is the <g>Siege</g>, -which carries us forward to the reign of King John--a reign of tumult -and civil distraction, but relieved in its darker features by events -which laid the foundation of British freedom. But the barons, as Hume -has justly observed, having once obtained the Great Charter, seem to -have been lulled into a fatal security. They took no rational measures, -in case of the introduction of a foreign force, for reassembling their -armies. The king was from the first master of the field, and immediately -laid siege to the Castle of Rochester, of which, at the head of a -hundred and forty knights with their retainers, William de Albini held -the command. A few of the particulars are thus recorded by -Holinshed:--“King John having recovered strength about him, and being -advertised that William de Albiney was entered into the castle of -Rochester with a great number of knights, men at arms, and other -souldiers, hasted thither with his whole armie and besieged them within, -enforcing himselfe by all waies possible to win the castell, as well by -battering the walles with engines as by giving thereunto many assaults. -But the garrison within, consisting of ninety-and-foure knights, beside -demilances and other souldiers, defended the place verie manfullie in -hope of rescue from the Barons, which laie then at London; but they -coming forward one daies journie unto Dartford, when they heard that the -king was comming forward in good arraie for battel to meet them, upon -consideration had of their own forces--for they were not able to match -him with footemen--they returned backe again to the citie, breaking that -assured promise which they had made and also confirmed by their solemn -oaths; which was, that if the castell of Rochester should chance to be -besieged, they would not faile but raise the siege[116].” - -“At length they within for want of vittels were constrained to yield it -up unto the king after it had been besieged the space of three-score -daies; during which time they had beaten back their enemies at sundrie -assaults with great slaughter and losse. But the king having now got the -possession of that hold, upon grief conceived for the losse of so manie -men, and also because he had lien so long about it yer he could winne it -to his inestimable cost of charges, was determined to have put them all -to death that had kept it. But Sauveric de Mauleon advised him -otherwise[117], lest, by such crueltie, the barons in any like case -should be occasioned to use the same extremitie towards such of his -people as by chance might fall into their hands. Thus the king spared -William de Albiney and the other nobles and gentlemen, and sent them to -Corfe Castle, and other places, to be kept as prisoners[118]. - -“Neverthelesse--as the booke that belonged to Bernewell Abbie -saith--there was not any of them hanged, saving one arcubalister onelie, -whome the king had brought up of a child. But, howsoever the king dealt -with them after they were yielded, true it is (as by the same booke it -appeareth) there had been no siege in those daies more earnestlie -inforced, nor more obstinatlie defended: for after that all the limmes -of the castelle had beene reuersed and throune downe, they kept the -maister tower, till halfe thereof was also overthrowne, and after kept -the other halfe, till through famine they were constreined to yeeld, -having nothing but horsse-flesh and water to susteine their liues -withall[119].” - -Of William de Albini, who had command of the castle garrison, and was -the best officer among the confederated barons, the following anecdote -is recorded[120]:--Early one morning, after the fortunes of the besieged -had become nearly desperate, and when Albini was making his usual round -of the battlements, to see that all was in good order and every man at -his post, he was thus accosted by one of his retainers, a favourite -cross-bowman: “Seigneur, behold the tyrant!” pointing at the same -instant to the well-known person of King John, who was cautiously -reconnoitring the weakened points of the castle. - -[Illustration] - -“Well,” said Albini, “it is the king; what wouldest thou?” - -“Shall I take him off, by your leave?” said the bowman, suiting the -action to the word and adjusting a steel bolt to the bow-string; “shall -I despatch this swift messenger to his highness? only say the word!” - -“Nay, God forbid!” said Albini, raising his hand to check the rash -attempt--“forbear! it is the king!” - -“Very well, seigneur,” said the arcubalister, with a mortified air; “be -it according to your pleasure. Only, methinks, that were the tyrant in -your place, and you on the outwork yonder, there would be no ‘God -forbid!’ ’Tis a fine target, seigneur!” - -“Nay, nay, no more of this; keep thy shafts for better use; we must not -do as the king would do, nor as the king has done. He is the anointed of -the realm; and if his deeds have ill corresponded with his duties, we -shall not mend things by an act of treachery.” - -“True, seigneur,” said the bowman, submissively, but still keeping his -eye on the mark, and raising the weapon instinctively to his eye; “and -yet, ’tis the last chance, and when the horse-flesh and fresh water fail -us, God have mercy upon the garrison!” - -“Let us abide the worst,” said Albini; “brave hearts and the favour of -Heaven are a match for the king and all his army. Besides, I expect -Fitzwalter and his barons to raise the siege.” - -“They are right tardy in their march, seigneur; almost two months have -they loitered thus.” - -“Nay, methinks I see them even now, descending yonder height. Seest thou -aught?” - -“I can see nothing but the king and this cross-bow,” said the archer; -“and now,” added he, despondingly, “’tis beyond reach--‘tis lost!” - -“No matter,” said Albini, “thou hast more honourable work before thee: -for see, they prepare for a new assault--the ladders are out--to thy -post, and I to mine. The event is with God, not with King John!” - -“Maybe so,” said the staunch bowman, “maybe so, but with King John I wot -is neither sickness nor starvation, His host, I warrant me, have all -breakfasted this morning, while some that I could name have been three -days under arms with little better cheer than the castle well.” - -“Too true,” said Albini, “too true. We must all fast as well as fight; -but to-night, please God, even to-night, the barons may arrive, the -siege may be raised, and thou and thy brave companions shall sup in the -king’s larder. What say’st thou to that, Hugo?” - -“My appetite is right keen, seigneur, and my thirst not a whit behind my -appetite.” - -“Well then, courage! and see what God will send us.” - -“Amen!” said the bowman, “and never fear me for courage when Albini -commands. And yet, seigneur, had this little bolt been sent home, much -blood, methinks, would have been spared. But no matter now, the die is -cast; and if once caught by the tyrant, yonder stands the gibbet! So -once more, here goes.” - -“Ay, by my troth, and a right good aim,” said Albini; “thou hast hit the -first man between the joints of his harness--he tumbles dead from the -ladder. This is the right game, so once more, God and freedom be the -word!” - -“God and freedom!” responded the bowman; and herewith the closing -horrors of the siege began. - -The aid sent to the barons by the French court in this struggle is -stated at nearly seven thousand men. “Heere is to be noted,” says -Holinshed, “that during the siege of Rochester, as some write, there -came out of France to the number neere hand of seaven thousand men, sent -from the French king vnto the aid of the barons, at the suit of Saer de -Quincie Earle of Winchester, and other ambassadours that were sent from -the barons, during the time of this siege; although it should seeme, by -Matthew Paris, that the said earle was not sent till after the Pope had -excommunicated the barons. The Frenchmen that came over at this first -time landed at Orwell, and other hauens there neere adioining[121].” - -Elated with the success which had crowned his operations against the -Castle of Rochester, King John, says the historian[122], marched through -the kingdom like an implacable despot, inflicting every act of barbarity -and spoliation on the relations and estates of those who had opposed his -tyrannical measures. In the mean time, the barons, hopeless of ever -retrieving their wretched state of affairs by their own unaided -strength, had recourse to the last painful expedient of calling in -foreign aid, and applied to Philip of France, who, as it favoured his -own interest, and flattered his ambition, was easily persuaded to enter -into their views. Intent upon this grand object, extensive preparations -were set on foot; an armament was fitted out, and the following year, -his son Louis the Dauphin was placed at its head, and with a fleet of -seven hundred vessels set sail for the English coast. Landing at the -port of Sandwich, the French auxiliaries were joined by those of the -confederate barons, and presented so menacing a front that King John, -becoming alarmed, left the capital and set out for Winchester. On his -march through Sussex he was met by Gualo, the Pope’s nuncio, who had -just arrived in England, and in whom the despotic monarch found a warm -partisan. For the sacrilegious Dauphin having thus dared to invade the -patrimony of St. Peter--as his Holiness was pleased to style the -kingdom--it became his duty to wield the spiritual weapons of the Church -against him. With this view he repaired to the French camp, and there -excommunicated with all due solemnity the rash intruder and his whole -army. Louis was at first intimidated by this awful denunciation, and -made some concessions in order to ward off the coming vengeance; but -when he found that the sun was not darkened--that the elements did not -fight against him--that his camp was not depopulated, nor his march -impeded, he resumed courage, set the legate at defiance, and proceeded -in his expedition. As the first operation of the war, he invested the -Castle of Rochester, which, having lost much of its defensive outworks -in the previous siege, could offer no effectual resistance, and speedily -fell into the hands of the Dauphin. He then proceeded to London, where -he was received with triumph[123]. But the King dying the same year, his -son Henry succeeded to the throne, and this event, for a time, restored -public tranquillity, and rendered the cause of freedom independent of -foreign influence. - -Rochester Castle, however, was destined to figure once more in the same -great question which had agitated the country during the preceding -reign. Henry the Third, by that open predilection for foreigners which -he exhibited on various public occasions, had excited both disgust and -indignation among the nobles of his own court, who in their turn lost no -favourable occasion of manifesting the sentiments by which they were -guided. This spirit was fully evinced at the grand tournaments which -from time to time drew together the chivalry of the land, and where they -always found, to their mortification, a preference given to foreign -adventurers by the English monarch. Meditating designs against the -freedom of his own people, he naturally foresaw the consequences, and -appears to have been anxious to conciliate the favour of those foreign -knights whom, after the manner of his father, he could make the willing -instruments of his despotism whenever the question should be ripe for -discussion in the field. This unnational prejudice was particularly -observed at the great solemn tournament which was held on the 8th of -December, 1251, in the fields to the south-east of Rochester Castle. It -was one of the most imposing military spectacles that had ever taken -place in the King’s presence, and numbered among the combatants the -noblest and the bravest of the land; while the lists were graced with -all that native beauty and virtue which so fascinated the chivalry of -other nations, and inspired the noblest deeds among their own. Attracted -to this spectacle, where they were sure of a cordial welcome, a crowd of -foreign knights arrived at Rochester on the eve of the fete, and were -received with marked distinction by the king. The morning of the -spectacle brought a still greater portion into the lists; but the events -of the day were not marked by anything in speech or bearing that could -reflect disgrace on the knightly courtesy which passed between the -combatants. The English knights, determined to maintain their national -character, entered the lists against all foreigners without exception. -Their challenge was freely accepted by the strangers, and in the course -of the day many a spear was shivered, many a knight unhorsed; but still -the palm was borne away by Englishmen. Mortified with defeat, the -foreigners were compelled to retire into the city without any of the -usual tokens of victory for which they had travelled so far; while some -of them, conscious that their conduct in the lists had violated certain -laws of chivalry, took refuge in the Castle, there to avoid popular -indignation and await some favourable moment for escape[124]. - -[Illustration] - -It was on this occasion that Henry was made fully aware of the spirit -which now actuated his young nobles; and the result was another civil -war, and another siege of the Castle of Rochester by Simon de Montfort. -The Castle at that time was held by Earl Warren for the King; and on -Montfort’s arrival on the west bank of the Medway, opposite the -fortress, he found an army strongly posted, and ready to dispute with -him the passage of the bridge. He determined, nevertheless, to try the -fortune of war. He condensed his strength, and, having sent Gilbert de -Clare to attack the town on the south, so as to draw off part of the -enemy’s force and divert his attention from the design in progress, he -then ordered vessels to be filled with combustibles, and setting fire to -them, sent them adrift on the stream, which, running strong at this -point, bore them immediately down against the wooden bridge which then -crossed the river. The bridge having caught fire, the smoke and flames -which issued from the timber arches drove the enemy from their position -in the centre of the bridge, where they had charge of a tower, with a -drawbridge which cut off all communication with the opposite side. -During the obscurity and confusion which this stratagem occasioned, -Montfort, seizing the favourable instant, passed the river in boats, and -commenced his attack upon the outposts with such resolution and success -that he entered the city in the evening of Good Friday--spoiled the -Church, and vigorously attacked the Castle. Warren and his gallant -supporters, however, defended the citadel with such courage and -determination that, after a siege of seven days and nights, Leicester -had only captured some of the outworks. Yet owing to the state of the -Castle at that time, it is very probable that had the siege been -continued only a short time longer, it must have fallen into his hands. -But the great cause in which he had embarked demanding his presence in -London, which was threatened with a hostile visitation from the king, he -drew off the main body of his army to defend the capital, and thus the -Castle of Rochester was spared the disgrace of another surrender. -Shortly after this, Montfort, as Earl of Leicester, fought the battle of -Lewes, where, as already described in a former part of this work, he -gained a victory which richly compensated for the sudden retreat from -the Castle of Rochester. - -Subsequently to this period, the Castle of Count Odo--as this fortress -is sometimes called--continued to be held by successive constables, men -of high military standing in the country. But from the above period -downwards it has not been the scene of any remarkable event, and -consequently its history is little more than an enumeration of its -castellans and the local incidents and irritations with which their -caprice or authority diversified the not always “even tenor” of their -sway[125]. - -The chief duty in which they appear to have latterly engaged[126] was -that of keeping a vigilant eye upon the monastery, which was gradually -rising in strength, and improving in territory as the Castle ramparts -fell into disuse; and, considering the talents possessed by the bishops -and superior clergy who successively presided in the Cathedral and -adjoining cloisters of Rochester, the office of castellan was no -sinecure. Stephen de Dene, however, attempted to set a bold example to -his successors in that office by taxing the monks for certain premises -about their convent; but the latter carried the day, and the question -being tried by law, the castellan was not merely nonsuited, but -dismissed from his office under the Crown. From that time, therefore, no -man appears to have been hardy enough to contest a civil question with -the spiritual authorities; and we may conclude that more than one or two -of these castellans would have enacted the tyrants of the place, had -they not been deterred by the sturdy bedesmen, and the terrors of -excommunication. Thus mutual vigilance between the castle and the -convent did the public tranquillity some service. But it was the -invention of gunpowder, the use of cannon, which gave the finishing blow -to all these magnificent ruins upon which we still gaze with feelings of -mixed wonder and veneration. Ceasing to be places of security--unless in -particular instances--they ceased to be appreciated for any other -quality of site or structure. Commanded, as that of Rochester is by all -the neighbouring heights, it could offer no resistance to those engines -which supplanted the balista, the battering-ram, and the cross-bows; and -continued thenceforward to be a mere monument of other days, reminding -us of those patriotic men and measures by which the national liberties -had been achieved, and who led the way to these happier times, when the -safeguard of society is the law of the country, and when the humblest -cottage is a domestic fortress. - - “Unconquer’d patriots! form’d by ancient lore, - The love of ancient freedom to restore; - Who nobly acted what they boldly thought, - And seal’d, by death, the lessons which they taught.” - -At the accession of James the First--whose personal recollections of -Falkland and Gowrie House had given him a noted abhorrence of all such -strongholds--Rochester Castle was one of the Crown manors, but was then -given, with all its services annexed, to Sir Anthony Weldon[127], of -Swanscombe. Much land in Kent and other counties is held of the Castle -of Rochester by the service of “perfect castle guard.” Every St. -Andrew’s Day, old style, a banner is hung out at the house of the -steward; and if there be any unlucky tenant who cannot bring in his rent -at the hour specified, he is liable to have the sum doubled at “every -return of the tide” in the Medway, till the whole amount is paid up. -Nothing, therefore, can be more unwelcome to the ear of the insolvent -tenant, than that peculiarly harsh sound with which the full tide rushes -through the centre arch of Rochester Bridge on the thirtieth of -November. In vain his friend ejaculates, addressing the steward-- - - “Gladly would thy servant pay, - Spare him but another day! - He’d not absent him from your audit-- - Poor man! he’d pay it an’ he had it!” - -but the immovable steward answers-- - - “Spare him? No!--Let the law decide-- - Think ye that I can ‘_stop the tide_?’” - -So true it is, that time and tide wait for no man. - -When at last, like so many of its contemporaries, this castle was -finally deserted as a habitable dwelling, it was stripped of all its -carpentry, the hewn stone composing the stairs was removed, and all the -materials that could be turned to money were announced for public sale. -The old timber, consisting of the oak joists, on which rested the roof -and floors of the principal apartments, was bought up and employed in -the construction of a brewhouse[128]. But in attempting to remove the -solid materials of the walls, the operations were suddenly arrested by -this conviction, that it was much easier to quarry from nature than from -such a reservoir of art; for the pickaxes made so little progress in the -demolition of these massive walls--the very mortar of which is harder -than the stones it cemented together--that the enterprise was soon given -up in despair, as the chasm now left in the outer wall fully -demonstrates[129]. The stone employed in by far the greater portion of -the Castle is the same as that used in the Tower of London[130], built -under the same ecclesiastical architect, Bishop Gundulph; and is what -passes under the name of Caen-stone, a vast quantity of which must have -been imported from the royal quarries in Normandy. In several of the -repairs, however, native stone appears to have been used; but it was -introduced, comparatively, at a late period. The facing of the walls is -all of Normandy free-stone, and the centre is filled up with grout-work; -that is, a mass of pebbles, flint shells, and sand, cemented by mortar -poured into the interstices in a liquid state, and forming the whole -into a solid, compact, and almost inseparable mass, more durable than -the stone itself, and capable of resisting the action of the weather -with scarcely any perceptible loss of substance. - -[Illustration] - -<g>Visit to the Ruins.</g>--Having thus far adverted only very briefly to the -several compartments of which this majestic fortress consists, we shall -now take them more in detail, and introduce such particulars as may -serve to conduct the stranger in his research, and point out those -objects in the Castle which chiefly arrest attention, and fix themselves -in the memory[131]. - -<g>The Entrance</g> into the Castle area was by a bridge formed on two arches, -over a deep dry fosse. On each side of the portal, part of which is -remaining, is an angular recess, with arches on the outside that -commanded the avenues; and over the gateway and the recesses was a large -tower. The Keep stands at the south-east angle of the area, and in the -opinion of some writers, with a tower in Dover Castle, and the White -Tower within the Tower of London, was erected by Julius Cæsar. But we -have already shown that the architect was undoubtedly Bishop Gundulph. -The area of the castle district is about three hundred feet square; but -all the inner buildings, storehouses, magazines, stables, armouries, -have long since mouldered away. - -<g>The Tower</g>, or Keep, and, as it is generally called, in honour of the -builder, Gundulph’s Tower, is quadrangular, its angles nearly -corresponding with the four cardinal points of the compass. It is about -seventy feet square at the base; the outside of the walls is built with -a slight inclination towards the centre, and, in general, are about -twelve feet thick. Adjoining to the east angle of this, is a small -tower, about two-thirds of the former in height, and twenty-eight feet -square. In this tower was - -<g>The Grand Entrance</g>, with a noble flight of steps, eight feet wide, -through a lofty arched gateway, richly ornamented - -[Illustration] - -with curious fretwork, the zig-zag or chevron characteristics of the -time. For the greater security of this entrance, there was a drawbridge, -under which was the common entrance to the lower apartments of the Great -Tower, which consisted of only two divisions, and, receiving no light -from without, must have been as dark and gloomy as a cave underground. -They are divided by a partition-wall, five feet thick, which is -continued to the top, so that the rooms were twenty-one by forty-six -feet on each floor. In the lower part of the walls are several narrow -openings, or slits, for the partial admission of air and light; and in -the partition-wall are also arches, by which the two rooms communicated -with each other. These were probably the store-rooms of the Castle. In -the partition-wall in the centre of the Great Tower, is that upon which -the tenure of the whole fortress depended, and without which neither -strength nor stratagem could avail the besieged--namely, that -indispensable necessary, - -<g>The Well.</g>--This was admirably contrived; its diameter is thirty-three -inches, and the workmanship is finely executed. This hollow tunnel, or -shaft, passes through the centre of the wall, from the turrets to the -foundation, and communicates with every floor; so that an ample supply -of water could be had with the greatest convenience. It was literally -such as the poet describes; not liable to have its clear lymph disturbed -by those accidental circumstances to which other fountains are subject. -Fons erat “Castelli”-- - - Quem neque pastores, neque pastæ monte capellæ - Contigerant, aliudve pecus; quem nulla volucris, - Nec fera turbârat, nec lapsus ab arbore ramus. - -<g>The Prison.</g>--On the north-east side, within the Great Tower, is a small -arched doorway, through which is a descent by steps leading into a -vaulted apartment under the Small Tower. This is supposed to have been -the state prison; and in shape, substance, and dimensions, it well -corresponds with such a destination. One may still fancy the words which -it once addressed to the shackled captives as they entered this dreary -receptacle--“Voi qui entrate quì, lasciate ogni speranza!”--and, no -doubt, it has witnessed many a scene of crime and desperation concerning -which history and tradition are alike silent. - -[Illustration] - -<g>The Battlements.</g>--From the ground-floor there is a winding staircase, -between five and six feet wide, in the east angle, which leads to the -top of the Tower, and, in its ascent, communicates with every floor. The -steps were nearly demolished during the frequent attempts made to remove -the hewn stone, during the time already mentioned, when this baronial -monument was condemned by sordid interest, and that spirit of native -Vandalism from which it was only rescued by the invincible nature of -its own masonry, which resisted all efforts employed for its -destruction. The staircase, however, is still accessible, in spite of -the efforts made to destroy it, and retains the impressions of the -winding centres on which the arches were turned. The floor of the - -<g>First Story</g> was about thirteen feet from the ground. The holes in the -walls opposite, where the timbers were laid, distinctly mark the -different stages or floors. But the massive oaken joists were long since -disposed of in the way we have mentioned, when the walls were finally -dismantled, the interior laid open to the weather, and the timber of the -Barons’ Hall sold to construct Gimmet’s brewhouse. These oaken joists -were nearly a foot square, and about thirteen inches apart, but less in -the upper floors, and extended from the outer wall to the centre -partition, where their sockets still appear in the stone. In the west -angle is another staircase, which ascends from the floor to the top of -the tower, and, like the former, communicates with every room. In this -story - -<g>The Rooms</g> are about twenty feet high, and were probably intended for the -accommodation of the Barons’ household servants. The apartment in the -north-east side, in the Small Tower over the prison, and into which the -outward door of the grand entrance opened, was on this floor, and was -about thirteen feet square, and richly ornamented with Norman -chisel-work, in which the chevron moulding on the arches of the doors -and windows is the characteristic feature. This room communicated with -the state apartments in the Great Tower, by means of an archway, six -feet by ten and secured by means of a portcullis; the groove for which -is well worked in the main wall through to the next story. The rooms -also communicate with each other, by means of arches in the partition; -and in the external walls are many holes, or œillets, for the admission -of light, and the discharge of weapons in time of a siege. In the north -angle of this floor, appears to have been a small room, with a fireplace -in it, which antiquaries have described as the guardroom of certain -officers of the garrison[132]. In the south-east is a small door -intended, it is supposed, for those who were not admitted at the grand -entrance; the inside of which is constructed in a manner peculiarly -adapted for its security. From this floor we ascend by the principal -staircase to - -<g>The State Apartments</g>, or Barons’ Hall, which, in point of size, -proportion, decoration, and harmonious combination of parts, presents a -noble specimen of Norman design and workmanship. The arches, doors, and -window are elaborately chiselled, and exhibit most of the beautiful -mouldings of which the architecture of that day was so prolific. This -apartment was about thirty-two feet high, separated by three massive -columns, each eighteen feet in height, forming four grand arches richly -ornamented, and included the - -[Illustration] - -whole space within the walls. The stair leading to this was much more -commodious than the others; and in cases of danger and necessity, the -great warlike engines then in use could be set up in the hall[133], for -the immediate protection of its inmates. - -The chimneys were semicircular, very capacious, and projected -considerably into the rooms, and rested upon small pillars. The smoke -was carried off from each fireplace by means of a perforation in the -wall behind. The sinks were so contrived in an oblique direction that -no weapon could be sent up them.[134] All the interior arches, doorways, -and windows, are ornamented with the same carved mouldings as those -already mentioned. - -With respect to the Chapel in Rochester Castle, no precise account has -been given; and even its place in the fortress is still a subject of -conjecture. But that an oratory once existed here, as in all other -strongholds of the same class, there can be no doubt; and in the upper -story, next the battlements, are the remains of semicircular arches[135] -in the wall, which, perhaps, mark the spot under which stood the altar -of the garrison Chapel[136]. Other appearances in the same floor seem to -strengthen the conjecture. At Arundel Castle, the Oratory, as described -in a first portion of this work, occupied the highest story of the Keep; -and it seems by no means improbable that in Rochester Castle[137] the -Chapel may have occupied a similar position. But if not here, there is -no other part of the Castle with which any oratory or chapel can be so -properly identified. - -About midway in the ascent to the next or highest floor, there is a -narrow arched passage or gallery in the main wall, quite round the -Tower. In the Upper Floor, the apartments appear to have been sixteen -feet high. The roof, as above mentioned, was long since removed, and -from top to bottom nothing is left but the naked walls. The stone -gutters which carried off the rain are still entire. From this upper -portion, the stair rises about ten feet higher to the top of the Great -Tower, which is about one hundred and four feet from the ground, and -surrounded with battlements and embrasures seven feet high. At each of -the four angles is a turret, about twelve feet square, with floor and -battlement above it. From this elevation the panoramic view of the -country is highly interesting. The neighbouring heights, bristling with -military forts and covered with standards; the Medway studded with -ships, and seen as far as its confluence with the Thames; -Brompton--Chatham Lines--the Dockyard--Upnor Castle--the wooded heights -opposite; the bridge, once the most elegant in England--Strood, -Rochester, Chatham, and numerous other scenes and objects with which the -historical deeds of the past are closely associated--all awaken so deep -and lasting an interest in the spectator’s mind, that it would be -difficult to select any point in the kingdom which embraces a landscape -so various and so striking in its character. - -A very accurate investigator of the antiquities of Rochester, and who -resided in the neighbourhood and made repeated researches on the -subject, was of opinion, that a wall must have extended originally from -the tower in the east wall to that in the west. The ground to the north -of this partition-wall would answer to what in other Norman castles is -often called the inner ballium, bayle, or court-yard. Several towers -were stationed in the angles and sides of the Castle-walls, to give more -scope to the besieged in the distribution of their forces; and, in -particular, there was a large tower at the north angle, for the security -of the - -[Illustration] - -bridge. Near this tower is a long opening in the wall from top to -bottom, which is supposed to have been used for the secret conveyance of -stores and necessaries, from boats in the river, into the Castle. In the -south angle of the walls, there was another tower; and from the number -of loop-holes, it must have been designed to annoy an enemy who had -succeeded in any attack on the south gate of the city. At a small -distance from this tower are steps descending to Bully or Boley -Hill[138]; and while the Castle was in force, there might be here a -postern gate to this part of the outworks. - -In a survey of this gigantic fortress and its now deserted walls the -imagination is powerfully awakened. It speaks audibly of generations -long since swept away; when the life of a chieftain, as Mr. Dallaway -observes, appears to have been passed in building castles, and in -defending them when not actively employed in destroying those of others. -Although constructed as if to last for ages, the long reign of Henry the -Third, spent in a ceaseless contest between the King and his revolting -Barons, affords numerous instances of fortresses which were scarcely -finished before the outworks, at least, were levelled with the ground. -They more frequently escaped utter ruin after a long and obstinate -siege. This demolition was effected by means of vast military engines, -such as the catapulta and battering-ram, the use of which had been -retained, and applied according to the Roman system of war[139]. These -observations belong likewise to the Barons’ wars in the reign of the -second Edward. We cannot, indeed, in the words of the same authority, -fairly account for the total subversion of so many castles as the -Chronicles have asserted, but by concluding that after a castle was -taken, the whole soldiery engaged as victors did not leave until the -entire demolition was effected, agreeably to the sentence--“funditus -demoliendum[140]!” The Castle of Rochester is one of the few that have -survived the effects of time and revolutions; and in the almost entire -state of its Keep and other subordinate compartments, distinctly points -out the living manners of the people, and their warlike operations -during the turbulent periods of the national history. - -In process of time, several improvements, both in respect to military -strength and commodious habitation, were adopted in these Norman -fortresses. The second ballium was protected by smaller towers; and -those of the barbican and gate of entrance admitted of spacious rooms. -In these the feudal Baron resided with his family, who only made use of -the Keep during a siege, or when driven to it as a place of -security[141] under any sudden danger or alarm. - -[Illustration] - -In Rochester Castle there was this peculiarity among others, the passage -or narrow gallery which was lighted from the interior and by a small -loophole. This passage did not run horizontally, but rose unequally, and -without were steep steps leading to a false portal. This served as a -military stratagem, by means of which in the most desperare -circumstances the conflict might be kept up by the besieged even after -the Keep itself had been forcibly entered. Each successive rise in the -gallery was a point which could be defended by the inmates, who, when -driven back, could take up a second position in the same passage, which, -by its elevation, would give them a similar command over their -assailants, while only a few of their own body were exposed at once. -These and similar contrivances and decoys evince great ingenuity on the -part of the architects. - -Another peculiarity in Rochester Castle is the absence of the lofty -artificial mound on which so many of the ancient castles are built, and -of which that of Arundel, already described, is an instance. But -Gundulph, the architect who enjoyed “the greatest celebrity in the -reigns immediately succeeding the Conquest, appears to have considered -the artificial mound, originally of Danish usage, as unnecessary.” His -castles are distinguished from all others of that period by their -stately dimensions, and the genius displayed in their design--by the -military contrivances already mentioned, and by the solidity and skilful -execution of the workmanship. His central towers are so lofty as to -contain four distinct floors: in the basement was the dungeon, without -light; while the portal, or grand entrance, was many feet above the -ground, so that the necessity for an artificial mound was greatly -obviated. But his greatest merit consisted in various architectural -contrivances, by means of which as much security was afforded to his -Keeps, as by their elevation and real strength.[142] Bishop Gundulph -died at the commencement of the twelfth century, but having completed -the Tower of London and the Castle of Rochester, he may be considered as -having invented and left models of that description of castle -architecture, which, in the opinion of all competent judges, bear ample -testimony to his abilities as an architect. He was consecrated bishop of -Rochester by his illustrious patron the archbishop Lanfranc, in March, -1077, and lived thirty years in possession of the see. He is said to -have been “the first who introduced the architectural ornaments of the -Norman style both within side and without.” Of this, the interior of the -state apartments affords abundant evidence; and whoever takes a view of -these from the <g>West Gallery</g> leading round the inside of the court, -cannot fail to be struck with the beauty of the chevron mouldings by -which the principal arches of the doors and windows are all elaborately -adorned. In many instances these mouldings appear quite sharp, as if -fresh from the sculptor’s chisel. - -[Illustration] - -In the Castle of Rochester there is another portion in the basement -story which is well deserving of attention. Over the present entrance is -a temporary scaffolding of wood, supported by props of the same material -inserted into the masonry beneath. On the left is a small arch with an -inner doorway; and immediately under the platform is one of larger -span, showing the thickness of the wall. Within the latter, which is of -strong compact workmanship faced with small blocks of stone, is a -staircase, consisting of a flight of Caen stone steps which lead to the -inner gallery, and thence to all the apartments. From this the light -penetrates the enclosure underneath, streaming down the steps, but in -such a manner as to increase rather than diminish the effect produced by -a survey of this melancholy receptacle. It was through this passage -that, in feudal times, the prisoners and military captives were -introduced to that destination which awaited them at the hands of the -feudal lord. Standing in this dreary vestibule, with the door of the -prison on the left, and the archway and main staircase that communicated -with the Baron’s Hall on the right, it requires but little force of -imagination to conjure up one of the many scenes of mingled triumph and -despair which must have often met and exchanged glances under that very -arch. The same victory which awoke the sounds of festive mirth in the -Hall, and summoned the Baron and his warlike knights to the feast, -consigned his prisoners to the dungeon, where the bitterness of their -fate was increased by their conscious vicinity to the Banquet Hall. Odo, -it may be presumed, made much use of this gloomy appendix to his Castle; -for the vast treasures which he collected during his occupation of the -fortress were not secured without the frequent imprisonment and -oppression of his vassals, and of those wealthier individuals in the - -[Illustration] - -county over whom his judicial authority extended. During the time he -exercised an almost unlimited power as Earl of Kent, and kept his court -in this Castle, most of the old writers agree in representing him as an -avaricious tyrant, whom the desire of riches impelled to the commission -of every crime, and from whose prison nothing could ransom the captive -but his gold. His grand object in accumulating so much wealth was to -facilitate his advancement to the Papal crown, to which he ardently -aspired. But his ambition was happily defeated by the measures already -mentioned. The haughty prelate was himself thrown into prison; while the -unhappy victims who filled the cells of Rochester Castle saw the prison -doors burst suddenly open, and under that very arch, perhaps, met the -welcome of those who had long regarded it as the living tomb of all -their earthly hopes. - -<g>Environs.</g>--The principal object in the immediate vicinity of the Castle -is the Cathedral; but as that will be made the subject of a future -article, the next prominent feature in the landscape is the Bridge. The -first historical mention of a bridge at Rochester occurs in the various -accounts of the siege, to which we have already adverted. “Now am I come -to the bridge over the Medway,” says Lambard, “not that alone which we -presentlie behold, but another, also more ancient in time though less -beautiful in work, which neither stoode in the self same place where -this is, neither yet verie farre off; for that crossed the water over -against Stroud Hospital, and this latter is pitched some distance from -thence towards the south.”[143] “That old worke being of timber -building, was fyred by Symon, the Earl of Leycester, in the time of -Henry the Third; and not full twentie yeares after, it was borne away -with the ice in the reign of King Edward, his sonne.” Kilburne, in -addition to the above, says, that “Fitzwalter put out the fyre and saved -it.” This, however, appears contrary to the fact; for in his attempt to -co-operate with Albini, Fitzwalter marched no “further than Dartford, -and then marched back again.” It was not till two years after that -Leicester set fire to it in the manner described, when the wooden tower -and arches were burnt down. - -Dr. Thorpe, in his Antiquities, was of opinion that the first bridge -over the Medway at this point, namely between Rochester and Stroud, was -built in the reign of Edgar the Peaceable.[144] It is certain, however, -that there was a bridge here before the Conquest, and that on divers -tracts of land an annual tax was imposed for keeping it in repair. This -is proved by several very ancient MSS., one of which, in the Saxon -language, marks with exactness such portions of the work as were to be -executed by the respective landlords. The bridge was then of wood, and -placed in the line of the principal streets of Rochester and Stroud; it -was four hundred and thirty feet in length, nearly the present breadth -of the river at this place, and consisted of nine piers with eight -spaces or arches. But the depth of water, its constant rapidity, the -occasional roughness of the tides, and the shocks of large bodies of ice -at the breaking up of winter, occasioned such frequent and severe -damage, that the repairs became a heavy burden to the owners of the -contributory lands.[145] - -In a petition presented to Parliament at the end of the fourteenth -century, the landholders who were taxed for the repairs of the bridge -were represented as having been nearly reduced to ruin in consequence, -and that the bridge at the same time was very unsafe for passengers. -Under these circumstances, Sir Robert Knowles and Sir John de Cobham -built at their joint expense the present bridge, thereby relieving -private individuals from an oppressive tax, and conferring a lasting -benefit on the public. In the reign of Richard II. a patent was obtained -from the crown, which was afterwards confirmed by the Parliament, for -constituting the proprietors a body corporate, under the title of -Wardens and Commonalty, and a license granted enabling them to receive, -and hold in mortmain, lands and tenements to the amount of two hundred -pounds per annum. Sir John Cobham was the first and greatest benefactor, -and his example was followed by such liberal donations from others that -the estates usually termed proper, became in process of time justly -adequate to the repairs of the bridge, without levying any assessment on -the contributory lands.[146] - -[Illustration] - -Until the erection of that at Westminster, Rochester Bridge was justly -considered the second in the kingdom; and even now, after the splendid -structures which have sprung up in recent times, it is still an object -of great elegance and beauty. Its original length was four hundred and -sixty feet by fifteen in breadth. It consisted of eleven arches, the -largest of which had a space of forty feet, and the others above thirty. -At one of these spaces between the piers was formerly a drawbridge, by -means of which the castellan who held command of the fortress could -break off all communication with the opposite banks of the river. The -greatest water-way is three hundred and forty feet. Joneval,[147] in his -Travels, makes a mistake in supposing that this bridge “is founded on a -rock;” the piers rest on wooden piles, and to have laid the foundation -of so massive a fabric in a river where the flux and reflux of the tide -are so strong, must have been an arduous undertaking. Unfortunately the -name of the architect has not descended to posterity, but the bridge is -a lasting monument to his genius.[148] - -At the east end of the bridge was formerly a chapel, founded by Sir John -Cobham, with an endowment of eighteen pounds a year, payable out of the -bridge lands, for the support of three priests. According to the rules -established by the founder, three masses were to be said daily; the -first between five and six in the morning, the second between eight and -nine, and the third between eleven and twelve o’clock, so that -travellers might have an opportunity of being present at the sacred -offices. But at each mass there was to be a special collect for all the -benefactors to the bridge, living or dead, and for the souls of Sir John -Cobham and others, whose names were to be recited. There was another -chapel at the west end of this bridge, but its exact site is not known. - -<g>Memorabilia.</g>--When the Emperor Charles the Fifth made his second visit -to England, in the summer of 1522, he arrived at Rochester on the second -of June, where he was received by Henry the Eighth, and set out on the -following day for London, or rather the royal palace of Greenwich. It -was at Rochester, also, that King Henry had his first interview with -Anne of Cleves, whose reception at Blackheath has been already -described. Her picture, it is said, had been drawn in so flattering a -manner by Holbein, that the amorous monarch, impatient to see the -original, set out incognito for Rochester on the morning of her expected -arrival in that city, and in the evening was among the first to bid her -welcome. The painter, however, was detected in having practised a great -deception: Anne was not the divinity represented on the canvas; Henry -was disappointed, and is recorded to have vented his chagrin in terms -far from complimentary to the Lady Anne, or the minister who had -negotiated the alliance. This, however, he disguised; and before taking -leave presented her with a “suit of sables, as a new year’s gift.” - -In April, 1556, Rochester was the theatre of one of those horrid scenes -which disgraced the reign of Queen Mary. John Harpole, of St. Nicholas -parish, and Joan Beach, of Tunbridge, were burnt alive as heretics, -according to the sentence of Maurice Gryffith, bishop of the see, for -denying the authority of the Church, and the transubstantiation of the -sacramental elements.--See History of Rochester, with biographical -notices of the bishops. - -Queen Elizabeth, who took great pride in superintending the naval -department, in which she foresaw the only sure bulwark of her empire, -made it her custom to visit, among many other places in Kent, Chatham -Dock-yard. On one occasion she spent four days at the Crown Inn of -Rochester; but on the fifth accepted the hospitality of one of her loyal -subjects, Mr. Watts, at his house at Boley Hill, near the Castle; to -which, according to tradition, she gave the title of _Satis_ as -expressive of her satisfaction with her entertainment. - -On the return of King Charles the Second to England, he was received at -Rochester with demonstrations of loyalty, and conferred the honour of -knighthood on two gentlemen of the place, named Clarke and Swan. The -Mayor and Corporation at the same time presented his Majesty with a -silver basin and ewer, which were “graciously accepted.” Here, also, -James the Second arrived after his abdication, and continued for a week -under the protection of a Dutch garrison; but, apprehensive of his -personal safety, he went privately on board a tender, set sail, and, -with the Duke of Berwick and others of his suite, landed at Ambleteuse -in Picardy. - -Another object of no little interest, on the opposite side of the river, -is Upnor Castle, famous in history for the attack made upon it by -Admiral Van Ruyter.[149] Having burnt the storehouses, and blown up the -fortifications at Sheerness, Van Ruyter despatched the second Admiral, -Van Ghent, up the Medway, which Monk, Duke of Albemarle, had secured as -well as the circumstances of the case would allow. But a strong east -wind and springtide bringing up the enemy with resistless force, a chain -was immediately broken; three Dutch ships, taken in the war and -stationed to guard the chain, were set fire to by Van Ghent to retrieve -his country’s honour; and, pressing forward between the sinking ships, -he brought six of his men-of-war and fire-ships in front of Upnor -Castle. Major Scott, who had command of the fort, gave them as warm a -reception as the condition of the place would permit, and was well -seconded by Sir Edward Spragge, who had escaped from Sheerness, and now -opened his guns upon the enemy from a battery at Cockham Wood.[150] The -Dutch, however, seized the hull of the Royal Charles, and on their -return burnt the Royal Oak, and much damaged two other ships of the -line. Captain Douglas, who commanded the Royal Oak, was burnt in his -ship, although he might easily have escaped. But “No!” said this -intrepid commander, when he perceived the danger and was urged to -strike, “No--it was never known that a Douglas left his post without -orders;” and thus resolved, he perished in the flames. - -Among the numerous tourists who have made Rochester and its Castle the -subjects of remark, is the celebrated Hogarth, who, in company of four -of his intimate friends, Tothall, Scott, Thornhill, and Forrest, made an -excursion of four days to this part of the county in May, 1732, which is -amusingly detailed in a short folio brochure, accompanied with ten -illustrations and caricatures of their adventures, and published in -1781. - -[Illustration] - -<g>Classical Scenes.</g>--To every reader of Shakspeare the names of Gadshill, -Falstaff, and Prince Hal, will conjure up many ludicrous associations; -and few travellers will enter Rochester from the west, without a short -halt on this poetical ground,--the spot where Prince Henry and his -dissolute associates robbed the Sandwich carriers, and the auditors who -were carrying money to the royal exchequer. Theobold mentions that he -had read an old play, in which the scene opens with Prince Henry’s -robberies, and Gadshill is there named as one of the gang.[151] A -comfortable inn, with a characteristic sign of Falstaff on one side, and -Prince Hal on the other, invites him to alight for half an hour, and -over a “cup of sack” peruse that mirth-moving scene in the first Part of -“Henry the Fourth,” which has conferred immortality on the spot:-- - - - ACT II. SCENE II.--_The Road by Gadshill._ - - _Enter_ PRINCE HENRY _and_ POINS; BARDOLPH _and_ PETO _at some - distance_. - - _Poins._ Come, shelter, shelter; I have removed Falstaff’s horse, - and he frets like a gummed velvet. - - _Pr. Henry._ Stand close. [_Enter_ FALSTAFF.] - - _Falst._ Poins! Poins, and be hanged! Poins! - - _Pr. Henry._ Peace, ye fat-kidneyed rascal: what a brawling dost - thou keep! - - _Falst._ Where’s Poins, Hal? - - _Pr. Henry._ He is walked up to the top of the hill; I’ll go seek - him. [_Pretends to seek_ POINS.] - - _Falst._ I am accursed to rob in that thief’s company; the rascal - hath removed my horse, and tied him I know not where. If I travel - but four foot by the squire further afoot, I shall break my wind. - Well, I doubt not but to die a fair death for all this, if I ’scape - hanging for killing that rogue. I have foresworn his company hourly - any time this two-and-twenty years; and yet I am bewitched with the - rogue’s company. If the rascal hath not given me medicines to make - me love him, I’ll be hang’d; it could not be else; I have drunk - medicines.--Poins! Hal! a plague upon you both. Bardolph! Peto! - I’ll starve ere I rob a foot further. An ’twere not as good a deed - as drink, to turn true man, and leave these rogues, I am the - veriest varlet that ever chewed with a tooth. Eight yards of uneven - ground is three score and ten miles afoot with me; and the - stony-hearted villains know it well enough. A plague upon’t, when - thieves cannot be true to one another! [_His companions whistle._] - Whew! a plague upon you all! Give me my horse, you rogues: give me - my horse, and be hanged! - - _Pr. Henry._ Peace, ye fat-guts! lie down; lay thine ear close to - the ground, and list if thou canst hear the tread of travellers. - - _Falst._ Have ye any levers to lift me up again, being down? - ’Sblood, I’ll not bear mine own flesh so far afoot again for all - the coin in thy father’s exchequer. What a plague mean ye to colt - me thus? - - _Pr. Henry._ Thou liest; thou art not colted--thou art uncolted. - - _Falst._ I prithee, good Prince Hal, help me to my horse, good - king’s son! - - _Pr. Henry._ Out, you rogue! shall I be your ostler? - - _Falst._ Go hang thyself in thine own heir-apparent garters. If I - be ta’en, I’ll peach for this. An I have not ballads made on you - all, and sung to filthy tunes, let a cup of sack be my poison. When - a jest is so forward, and afoot to,--I hate it. [_Enter_ GADSHILL.] - - _Gads._ Stand! - - _Falst._ So I do, against my will. - -But we must here close the quotation. The reader will readily imagine -himself a spectator of the scene, where the thieves rob the true men, -and where retaliation is made upon the thieves by “two of their own -gang, in forcibly taking from them their rich booty;” and he will again -enjoy the conceit of Falstaff with his cups of limed sack, telling -“incomprehensible falsehoods,” in order to cover his own cowardice; his -long rencounter with the two “rogues in buckram suits, growing up into -eleven,” all of whom he peppered and payed till three misbegotten knaves -in “Kendal green (“for it was so dark, Hal, thou couldst not see thy -hand!”) came at his back and let drive at him!” Thus, on the stage, in -the closet, on the road--as a local writer has well observed--Falstaff’s -adventure at Gadshill is likely to be “not only an argument for a week, -laughter for a month, but a good jest forever.” - - AUTHORITIES:--Radcliffe.--Caumont.--Culmien.--Hasted.--France - Monumentale.--Matth. Paris.--Hist. Angl.--Hist. of Eng. Civil and - Milit.--Pictorial Hist. of Engl.--Holinshed.--Fabyan.--Hist. and - Antiq. of Rochest.--Hist. of the Castle and Cathed.--Lambard, - 1576.--Kentish Tourist.--King.--Grose.--Denne.--Kilburne.--Local - Pamphlets.--Dallaway.--Milit. Archit.--Discourses, Antiquities of - Kent.--Hardynge.--Registrum Roffense, by Thorpe.--Eadmer.--Polyd. - Virg.--Selecta Monumenta.--Camden.--Somner.--Battely.--Antiq. - Itiner., etc. etc. - -[Illustration: TEWKESBURY ABBEY.] - - - - -[Illustration: May iiii. MCCCCLXXI.] - - - - -THE ABBEY OF TEWKESBURY, - -<g>Gloucestershire.</g> - - Ampla foro, et partis spoliis præclara, THEOCI - Curia, Sabrinæ quà se committit Avona, - Fulget; nobilium sacrisque recondit in antris - Multorum Cineres, quondam inclyta corpora bello.--LELAND. - - -<g>FOUNDATION.</g>--In his desire to do more especial honour to Tewkesbury, -William of Malmesbury has fancifully traced its etymon to the Greek word -_Theotocos_[152]--the Mother of God--because the monastery which was -built here was dedicated to the Virgin Mother. It is certain, however, -that the town occupied the ground long before the monastery was erected. -The popular tradition is, that a religious recluse, named Theocus, had -a Christian cell or chapel in this place about the end of the seventh -century--“ubi quidam heremita manebat nomine Theokus, unde -Theokusburia”--and that from him the “Curia Theoci” was in process of -time modified into Tewkesbury. In Weever’s Funeral Monuments, however, -there is an ancient Saxon inscription, discovered in the church of -Leominster at the close of the sixteenth century, which states that, in -the Saxon era, Tewkesbury was called [Illustration], that is, -Theotisbyrg, from which it would appear that Tewkesbury was the town, -castle, or borough of Theot. Others, by conjectures equally vague or -plausible, have laboured to prove that the name is derived from Dodo or -Thodo, one of the first lords of the manor, and founder of the -monastery, adducing as corroborative evidence that the Ð and _Th_ are -frequently substituted for each other in the Saxon language; wherefore, -say they, from Thodo comes the Latin derivative Theodocus, and from -that, Teodechesberie, as in Domesday Book. But further, it has been -conjectured that Theocus and Dodo, or Thodo, were one and the same -person; and those who are curious in the investigation of such questions -will find the subject elaborately discussed in all the principal -histories of the county[153] and abbey. - -The foundation of this Abbey takes precedence of most others in the -kingdom, and dates from the first fifteen years of the eighth century. -In the reigns of Ethelred, Kenred, and Ethelbald, kings of Mercia, two -brothers, with the euphonious names of Odo and Dodo, flourished in this -beautiful district, and adorned their high station by the practice of -many Christian virtues and pious examples. Of their zeal for the honour -of God they were resolved to leave some permanent evidence to posterity, -and with this view selected a suitable spot on their manor of -Tewkesbury, and there erected[154] the monastery which in after times -became famous throughout the land. They endowed the abbey with much -landed property--Stanwey cum membris, sic dicta, Tadington Prestecote et -Didcot[155]--which continued to form part of the abbey revenues till the -Dissolution. The institution gradually extended its authority temporal -and spiritual, and acquired a reputation for so much sanctity, that to -obtain a grave in its sacred enclosure became an object of devout -competition among the pious, and brought no little treasure to the -prior’s exchequer. - -The first personage of royal dignity who was buried in the Abbey was -Brictric, king of the West Saxons, and son-in-law to King Offa. The next -was Hugh, a Mercian noble, and patron of the abbey, who had procured -for it the distinction of a royal mausoleum in St. Faith’s Chapel; to -which his own remains were afterwards consigned, with all the monks -attending in solemn procession, and chanting his requiem. - -[Illustration] - -Towards the middle of the tenth century, Haylward Snew, descended from -King Edward the Elder, founded a monastery on his own manor at -Cranburne,[156] in Dorsetshire, and to this he subjected the priory of -Tewkesbury, of which he was patron. Historians give him the credit of -having possessed, in an eminent degree, the virtues of personal valour -and earnest piety; and of the latter, no better proofs could be adduced -than the fact of his having bestowed much of his substance upon the -church. Algar, his eldest son and successor, did not long enjoy his -inheritance; and to him succeeded his younger brother, Brictric, of whom -the annexed adventure is recorded.[157] - -[Illustration] - -When the Battle of Hastings had secured a vacant throne to William the -<g>Conqueror</g>,[158] Brictric was among those patriotic chiefs who survived -that decisive field, and afterwards retired to the banks of the Severn, -to concert measures for the recovery of the Saxon throne, or to bury his -vain regrets in the bosom of his faithful friends and retainers. By one -of those strange accidents, however, which frustrate all preconcerted -schemes, Brictric’s hopes of freedom were completely blasted. Great as -the grief of Maud had been at his abruptly quitting her father’s court -in Flanders, as stated in the preceding note, it was not of long -duration; for the Duke of Normandy having shortly after solicited her -hand, and as such a union offered her no distant prospect of avenging -herself, she at once assented. The marriage was solemnized. She was -carried in triumph to Normandy; and now, when the subjugation of England -had been effected, she did not lose the opportunity thereby afforded of -resenting the slight which the impolitic Brictric had offered to her -beauty. He was accordingly denounced as an enemy to the new dynasty; and -the strongest argument produced against him being that he was a brave -man, with a broad tract of country which he called his own, the evidence -in proof of his disaffection to the Conqueror was conclusive. Maud, the -queen, too, was actively employed in expediting the measures instituted -against him-- - - Could she forgive him!--no! it was her duty - To crush a wretch that could resist such beauty. - -One night, therefore, while returning from vespers, Brictric was seized -at the door of his own manor of Hanley, and sent under a Norman guard to -Winchester, where he pined for some time, oppressed with the double -weight of degradation and imprisonment, and at length died without -issue. His estates, in the meantime, had been given to Queen Maud, who -enjoyed their revenues till her death; after which they were -incorporated with the other royal demesnes of King William. - -At the death of the Conqueror, they passed to his son Rufus, who some -time afterwards bestowed Brictric’s Honor of Gloucester upon Robert -Fitz-Hamon, son of Hamon Dentatus, Lord of Corboile in Normandy, as a -reward for many important services performed in defence of his father’s -crown.[159] - -This Robert Fitz-Hamon may be considered the second founder of -Tewkesbury Abbey; for, at the instance of Sybil his wife, and -Giraldus[160] Abbot of Cranburne, he rebuilt the church with all its -appendages, and endowed it with many large possessions.[161] In -confirmation of the elegance and liberality with which this was -accomplished--“It cannot be easily reported,” says William of -Malmesbury, on two several occasions, “how highly Robert Fitz-Hamon -exalted this monastery, wherein the beauty of the buildings ravished the -eies, and the charity of the holy brotherhood allured the hearts of all -who repaired thither.”[162] This great and pious undertaking is stated -to have been accomplished as an act of atonement and public satisfaction -for the destruction of the church of Bayeux in Normandy, which King -Henry had burnt in order to liberate him from prison; but which, struck -with remorse at the sacrilege, he afterwards re-edified and restored. - -[Illustration] - -Having rebuilt the Abbey of Tewkesbury in the manner stated, and finding -that it became more and more an object of attraction among pilgrims and -devotees, Fitz-Hamon changed the Abbey of Cranburne into a priory, and -made it subject from that time forward to the “<g>Blackfriars</g>” of -Tewkesbury[163]--so called from the black habit worn by monks of the -Benedictine order. - -But, to preserve the name of the founder in that sanctity to which his -piety and good works had given him so just a title, a prior and two -monks were left to minister in holy offices at Cranburne, so that the -cause of true religion might suffer no detriment by the transfer thus -effected. The situation of the New Abbey, in the centre of a fair and -fertile country, variegated with beautiful landscapes, curtained almost -round by green-wooded hills, and watered by noble rivers, presented all -that could be desired for the advancement of those worldly objects in -which men so spiritually-minded might be supposed to take any interest. -With the completion of the New Abbey prosperity took up her abode under -its immediate wing: habitations multiplied, trade was introduced, the -produce of the adjoining vale increased with the demand, and the -population was rapidly improved. In process of time the abbey was almost -surrounded by a thriving town; while money, freely circulated by -commerce, as well as by the better class of pilgrims, improved the -general appearance of the habitations, and gave an air of cheerfulness -and prosperity to the town and abbey. - -Fitz-Hamon, who just lived long enough to witness the first prosperous -days of the abbey, being general of the king’s army in France, repaired -to the siege of Falaise,[164] in Normandy, where he received a wound on -the temple, and died shortly after,[165] His remains were carefully -brought home and deposited with great solemnity in the <g>Chapter-house</g> of -the Abbey, of which the arcade mouldings, vaulted ceiling, pillars, -buttresses, and pointed doorway, retain - -[Illustration] - -much of their original beauty. It is now the grammar-school of the -place. But in this part of the abbey, hereafter to be described, his -relics were not permitted to rest more than a hundred and thirty-four -years; they were then removed by Robert, the third abbot of that name, -and interred in a plain tomb between two pillars on the right side of -the Chancel, which, with the Chapter-house, will be noticed in a -subsequent page. - -[Sidenote: 1397. {] - -One hundred and fifty-six years later, Thomas Parker, the eighteenth -abbot, caused the original tomb to be enclosed within a richly-carved -chapel, “satis mirifice tabulatam,” and appointed a mass to be -celebrated every day for the souls of Robert Fitz-Hamon, and Sybil his -wife. By this lady he left issue four daughters, co-heiresses to vast -possessions which, during his active services in places of the highest -trust under government, had greatly accumulated during the last two -reigns. But King Henry, who was averse to seeing the Honor of Gloucester -thus subdivided, adopted such arbitrary measures as effectually -prevented the execution of the testator’s will, and disposed of his -daughters in the following manner:--Hawise he made Abbess of Chichester; -Cecilia he appointed Abbess of Shaftesbury; Amicia he gave in marriage -to his firm adherent, the Earl of Brittany; and to Robert, his natural -son, by the daughter of Rhys ap Tewdwr, Prince of Glamorgan, he united -Mabilia, the eldest. Thus the four daughters of Fitz-Hamon were fairly -settled by “royal authority,” and the estates concentrated upon his son, -Earl Robert, and his descendants. But Mabilia, it appears, expressed -some reluctance when this alliance was first proposed by the king, -alleging that, as his son Robert had then no baronial title nor high -military standing in the country, such a union was neither agreeable to -her taste nor suitable to the rank and possessions bequeathed to her by -so many illustrious ancestors. These objections, as stated by the -monk[166] of Gloucester, were too reasonable and well grounded to be -confuted by the mere art of logic; but the king found a much more speedy -and effectual way of removing them, by creating his son Earl and Consul -of Gloucester, and installing him in the various high offices therewith -connected. Of this earl, as the reader may remember, we have already -spoken in a previous division of this work, when adverting to the -Empress Maud, daughter of King Henry. “He was unquestionably,” says -Lyttleton, “the wisest man of those times; and his virtues were such -that even those times could not corrupt it.” It is to Count Robert of -Gloucester that William of Malmesbury dedicates his work, and speaks of -him in these terms: “Nullum enim magis decet bonarum artium esse -fautorem quam te; cui adhæsit magnanimitas avi, munificentia patrui, -prudentia patris, &c.... Consentaneous ergo sibi mores experiuntur in te -literati, quos citra intellectum ullius acrimoniæ benignus aspicis, -jucundus admittis, munificus dimittis. Nihil plane in te mutavit fortunæ -amplitudo nisi ut pene tantum benefacere posses, quantùm velles.” - -But the trait of character which connects Earl Robert more immediately -with our subject is, that every Sunday throughout the year he had the -Abbot of Tewkesbury and twelve of the monks to dine with him, thereby -keeping up a most friendly understanding with the Church, patronizing -learning and all who excelled in the arts, and building various castles -and priories. He founded the priory of St. James in Bristol, and made it -subject to the Abbey of Tewkesbury. But although he patronized the -latter in an eminent degree, he chose the priory for his last -resting-place, and was there buried in the choir, under a tomb of green -jasper.[167] - -It was during the life of this earl, that Walleran de Beaumont, a -younger son of the Earl of Leicester, and Count of Meulant, ransacked -the town of Tewkesbury, which, judging by the quantity and value of -plunder carried off, must have been, even at that early period, a town -of no little opulence.[168] In this raid, however, the goods of the -Abbey were respected; for to such men an interdict from the Church was -more terrific than “an army with banners.” - -William, son and heir to Earl Robert, and his wife Matilda, confirmed -all the charters which had been granted by his ancestors to the Abbey of -Tewkesbury, and certified his approbation by conferring upon it several -fresh endowments. He died in 1283, when the estates of the earldom were -again vested in three daughters. But the policy which had been adopted -by King Henry was again employed by King Richard, who had bestowed the -youngest of the three heiresses with the earldom and its domains upon -his brother John--a name sufficiently notorious in these pages--but by -whom she was divorced shortly after his accession to the throne. Mabel -or Mabilia, the eldest daughter of Earl William, married the Count -d’Evreux in Normandy, by whom she had a son, Almeric Montfort, who died -about the year 1221, leaving no children by his marriage. But the second -daughter, who had married Richard de Clare,[169] Earl of Hertford, had a -son, Gilbert de Clare, who, on the failure of the previous branches, was -admitted to the honours of Gloucester and Glamorgan, as his legal -inheritance, and was the first who held conjointly the earldoms of -Gloucester and Hertford. He resided at Holme Castle, a feudal residence -which crowned an eminence in the near vicinity of Tewkesbury, and -married Isabel, daughter of William Marshall, - -[Illustration: IN ECCLES. NOSTRA DE THEOKES. IN MEDIO PRESBYTERIO. A.D. -MCCXXX.] - -Earl of Pembroke. He was a great benefactor of the monastery, and dying -in 1230, was buried in the middle <g>Chancel</g> of the Abbey church--the view -of which is strikingly grand--with all the ceremony due to his rank and -liberality. - -His son Richard de Clare succeeding to the family titles and estates, -supported the baronial character of his ancestors, and is recorded to -have held a magnificent Christmas in his castle at Tewkesbury, where -sixty knights were in waiting. In July 1262, “beyng with King Henry in -Fraunce, this Richard Counte de Glocestre dyed of the febre quartane, -and was buryed at Tukesbyri Abbay, where aboute his toumbe be wryten his -noble actes.”[170] Of his body there was a tri-partition: the bowels -were bequeathed to the church of Canterbury; his heart to that at -Tunbridge, and in the Abbey of Tewkesbury, on the right side of his -father’s tomb, his body was deposited with great pomp, graced by the -presence of two bishops, twelve abbots, and a great company of barons, -knights, and other personages, who had repaired from all quarters to -offer their testimony of respect to his memory. His tomb was -subsequently adorned at vast expense by his Countess Matilda, daughter -of the Earl of Lincoln. It was embellished with gold and precious -stones, with an effigy in silver of the sword and golden spurs which he -had lately worn in battle. The inscription was: _Hic. pudor. Hippolyti: -Paridis. gena: Sensus. Ulyssis: Æneæ. pietas: Hectoris. ira. jacet._ -This monument has long been removed or demolished. - -To Earl Richard[171] succeeded Gilbert the Red--so named, like Rufus, -from the colour of his hair. He married Alice, daughter of Guy Count of -Angoulême, niece to King Henry the Third, but having obtained a divorce -against this lady, took for his second wife Joan d’Acres, daughter of -Edward the First. This earl, according to Leland, dealt hardly with the -Abbey of Tewkesbury, and took away the benefactions of his grandfather, -Earl Gilbert, but which were subsequently restored by his son. He died -at his castle of Monmouth, and was buried in the Abbey of Tewkesbury, -near the tomb of his predecessors, leaving issue one son, Gilbert, the -third earl of that name, who married the lady Matilda, a daughter of -John de Borow, Earl of Ulster, and by this union had one son, who died -in early life, and was buried with his ancestors. The earl himself was -one of those chivalrous nobles who surrounded the throne of Edward the -Second, and fought under his banner. He held a command in the disastrous -expedition into Scotland headed by that unhappy monarch in 1314, and -fell at the battle of Bannockburn, in the twenty-third year of his age, - - When the best names that England knew - Claim’d in that death-prayer dismal due.[172] - -From the field of battle, the body of the gallant earl was conveyed by -his friends and retainers to the Abbey of Tewkesbury, and there, in the -Chapel of the Blessed Virgin, consigned to kindred dust, in the midst of -prayers and lamentations. His death was more especially felt by the -Abbot and brotherhood, because he had liberally repaired the injury -inflicted upon the monastery by his father, and was the last of that -honoured name who held the title and territories of the De Clares in the -county of Gloucester. - -In the former part of this work, we have had more than once occasion to -remark how frequently these old family estates and honours passed away -with the female line: and here was another instance. Leaving no issue by -his marriage, the Gloucester and Glamorgan estates devolved upon his -three sisters, among whom they were divided. Elianora, the eldest, -married Hugh le Despenser--a name of tragical association in English -history; and with her the earldom of Gloucester, the third part of the -estates, and the patronage of the Abbey of Tewkesbury, passed into that -family. Five years later, this unhappy nobleman was apprehended, and put -to the cruel and ignominious death related in a former part of this -work. Some portions of his dismembered body, after their miserable -exposure in different parts of the kingdom, “were buried in Tewkesbury -Abbey, near the lavatory of the high altar.” He left by his wife three -sons, Hugh, Edward, and Gilbert, but with no inheritance save the pains -and penalties entailed upon them by his own forfeiture. The <g>Monument</g> of -the <g>Despenser</g> family, hereafter noticed, is one of the finest objects in -the Abbey church. - -[Illustration] - -The widow of this nobleman--who had lost both her brother and husband by -violent deaths--sought consolation in a second marriage with William, -Lord le Zouch, by whom she had a son, named Hugh. But she survived her -second husband only two years. He was buried in the Abbey chapel of Our -Lady; and at her own demise, the earldom of Gloucester was conferred on -her sister Margaret’s husband, Hugh de Audley. - -Hugh le Despenser, eldest son of the unfortunate Hugh by his wife -Elianora, succeeded him in the inheritance of Hanley Castle, Tewkesbury, -Yairford, and other baronies--which were occasionally disunited from the -honour of Gloucester--and married Elizabeth, the widow of Giles de -Badlesmere, and daughter of William de Montacute, Earl of Salisbury. -This earl, among other good gifts, appropriated the church of -Lantrissant to the abbot and convent in succession, from which they -received fifty marks annually. Dying without issue, he was buried on the -right side of the high altar at Tewkesbury. His widow was afterwards -united in marriage to Gwido de Bryen, knight--said by some writers to -have been of the Thomond family in Ireland, and by others, of the -O’Briens of Castle Walwaine in Pembrokeshire--who was buried along with -a numerous line of illustrious persons near the high altar in St. -Margaret’s--or, as it was subsequently called, O’Brien’s -Chapel[173]--one of the chief sepulchral ornaments of the church. This -posthumous distinction was secured by very substantial benefits -conferred on the church in his lifetime.[174] - -The tombs of the illustrious individuals above mentioned are all more or -less visible from the same point, and the coup-d’œil is very impressive. - -[Sidenote: 1390.] - -This distinguished <g>Patron</g> of the monastery died near the close of the -fourteenth century; when the nephew of his wife--Edward, the second son -of Hugh le Despenser the younger--took possession, in right of his aunt, -of the old family estates of De Clare, among which were Hanley Castle, -Tewkesbury Manor, and Malvern Chase. This nobleman espoused Anne, -daughter of Lord Ferrers, and by this marriage left issue four sons, -Edward, Thomas, Henry, and Gilbert. Edward, who was made Knight of the -Garter and summoned to Parliament in the thirty-first year of Edward the -Third, succeeded to the estates of Earl Hugh, his uncle, and married -Elizabeth, daughter of Lord Bartholomew de Burghurst, the king’s -chamberlain. He commanded the rear of the English army during their -fatiguing and perilous march from Calais to Bordeaux in 1373. He gave a -cup of gold to the monastery, and a precious jewel, says the Chronicle -of Tewkesbury, “wonderfully contrived to hold the sacrament on solemn -days.” His eldest son, Edward, died early at Cardiff Castle, and, with -two other children, a brother and sister, was buried in the family vault -at Tewkesbury. At his death, two years after the expedition above -mentioned, Edward left a son, named Thomas, and three daughters, -Elizabeth, Anne, and Margaret, and was buried in the Abbey church of -Tewkesbury, before the vestry door, near the chancel; where his widow, -Dame le Despenser, to perpetuate his memory, built the Chapel of the -Holy Trinity, hereafter mentioned. This lady survived her husband -thirty-three years, and retained, as “her dowry, the lordships of -Hanley, Fairford, and Tewkesbury,” and died at the commencement of the -fifteenth century, when they fell to her grandson Richard, whose father, -Thomas--the second son of the last-named Edward--had fallen a victim to -<g>the axe</g> at the accession of Henry the Fourth. She was buried near her -husband; and during her life, among various other benefactions, she -bequeathed to the Abbey a suit of scarlet vestments, embroidered with -lions of gold--namely, one coat with three royal robes and white -vestments, and fifteen mantles or copes.[175] - -[Illustration] - -[Sidenote: 1400.] - -[Sidenote: 1439.] - -Thomas, her nephew above mentioned, married Constance, daughter of -Edmund Langley, Duke of York, and was created Earl of Gloucester by -Richard the Second, in right of his descent from Elianora, wife of Hugh -Despenser the younger. But having taken an active part in the conspiracy -formed to dethrone Henry the Fourth, he was apprehended at Bristol and -executed, and a sentence of attainder passed upon his titles and -estates. He was afterwards buried in the middle of the <g>Choir</g> in -Tewkesbury church, where a lamp was kept constantly burning before the -host. He left two children, Richard, who died at the age of -eighteen,[176] and Isabel, who, succeeding to the family estates, was -married by the Abbot of Tewkesbury to Richard Parker, son and heir of -William Lord Beauchamp, and afterwards Earl of Worcester. At the siege -of Meuse-en-Bry (Meaux) in France, this nobleman was wounded by a stone -cast from a sling, ‘lapide balistæ,’ and dying in consequence, his body -was sent home and interred near the founder’s chapel, between the -pillars at the bottom of the Choir; where the lady Isabel, his widow, -erected a chapel to his memory and dedicated it to St. Mary Magdalen. It -was covered with pictures of our Saviour, the twelve apostles, and -emblazoned with coats of arms--long since defaced. This lady afterwards, -by a papal dispensation, married her late husband’s cousin, Richard -Beauchamp, fifth earl of Warwick, who was governor of France under King -Henry the Sixth, and died at the city of Rouen, leaving issue by the -said marriage a son and daughter, named Henry and Anne. The lady Isabel -was a munificent benefactress of the Abbey of Tewkesbury, having -settled upon it, for the support of six additional monks, lands worth -three hundred pounds per annum. At her death she also left to it all her -jewels and other personal ornaments, valued at three hundred marks -additional, and procured the church of Farrande in the diocese of -Salisbury, and the church of Penmarshe in that of Llandaff, to be -appropriated to this Abbey. Furthermore, she ordered four masses to be -said in the new chapel which she had founded, for the good of her soul -and the souls of her ancestors and successors; and bequeathed to each of -the priests who should officiate two shillings, to be paid weekly. She -also confirmed all the privileges granted to the monastery by her -ancestors, and was buried near the chapel which she had built, with -great funeral pomp, by the bishop of Hereford, her confessor, and the -lords abbots of Tewkesbury and Winchcomb, as specified in the Abbey -Chronicle. - -[Sidenote: 1446.] - -[Sidenote: 1471.] - -Henry Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, son of Richard by Isabel, heiress of -the Despenser family, was about fourteen years old at his father’s -death. He was crowned King of the Isle of Wight by Henry the Sixth, and -at the age of eighteen was created Duke of Warwick, and declared premier -Earl of England. He had the Castle of Bristol given him, with the -islands of Guernsey and Jersey, the patronage of the church and priory -of St. Mary Magdalen of Goldcliff, with leave to annex it to the church -of Tewkesbury. He confirmed the grants made by his predecessors to the -church of Tewkesbury; gave all the ornaments he wore to purchase -vestments for the monastery; died in the twenty-second year of his age; -and was buried in the middle of the <g>Choir</g>. He left issue by his marriage -with Cecilia, daughter of the Earl of Salisbury, one daughter, Anne, who -died in infancy; whereby Anne, his sister, became sole heiress to his -estates. This lady married Richard Nevil, Earl of Salisbury, who in -right of his wife succeeded to the vast united inheritance of the -Despensers and the Beauchamps--families in which the original -possessions had been accumulating for ages. Nevil, in order that his -rank in the peerage might keep pace with this great accession of -property, was now created Earl of Warwick--familiarly known in the -writings of his day as the stout Earl of Warwick, or the King-maker--for -both King Henry the Sixth and Edward the Fourth held or lost the sceptre -at his dictation. His deeds and prowess are familiar to every reader of -history, and will be more particularly noticed when we arrive at that -portion of the work with which the name is more intimately connected. -His death at the battle of Barnet, and the results of the still more -sanguinary battle of Tewkesbury,[177] placed the crown on the head of -Edward,[178] and introduced a new order of affairs in the state. - -After the fall of this renowned earl, Anne his countess, “reduced to -great distress, was forced to abscond. King Richard would have willingly -seized on her estates, had not her two daughters, Isabel and Anne, been -his own sisters-in-law; but he put these ladies in possession of them -all by an equal partition of the vast inheritance between them, which -was confirmed by act of parliament.” Isabel, the elder of these -daughters, married <g>George, Duke of Clarence</g>, brother to Edward the -Fourth; and in her division of the family domains, the ancient manor of -Tewkesbury was included. With this lady, therefore, the subject under -consideration is more particularly connected. But she was destined not -long to survive her renowned father, and died in child-bed in the -twenty-fifth year of her age, at Warwick Castle, from which her remains -were conveyed to the Abbey of Tewkesbury, and made the object of a grand -funeral solemnity, which was prolonged to an unusual duration. - -[Illustration] - -The annexed particulars may give some idea of the gorgeous ceremonial -practised on that occasion:--Lord John Strensham, Abbot of Tewkesbury, -with several other abbots, in the ecclesiastical habits of their order, -and all the brethren of the convent, received her body in the middle of -the choir. The funeral office was first performed by the Lord Abbot and -his brother abbots there present, with the whole of the convent, in nine -lessons; then by the suffragans of the bishops of Worcester and -Llandaff; and lastly, by the dean and chaplains of the Duke of Clarence. -The vigils were observed by the Duke’s own family till the following -day, which was the vigil of the Epiphany. The suffragan of the bishop of -Lincoln celebrated the first mass of St. Mary in the Chapel of the -Virgin; the second mass of the Trinity was celebrated by the Lord Abbot -at the high altar; the suffragan of the bishop of Worcester said the -third mass of “Eternal Rest,” at which Dr. Weld, of the Grey Friars of -Worcester, preached a sermon in the choir before the prelates and monks -there assembled. Mass being ended, the body was left under the <g>Herse</g>, a -fabric erected for that purpose in the middle of the choir, for the -space of thirty-five days, on every one of which the same solemn -obsequies were repeated. The body of this lady was then buried in a -vault behind the high altar, before the door of the Lady Chapel, -opposite that of St. Edward the Martyr’s.--To the fate of George Duke of -Clarence, who only survived his lady about a twelvemonth, we need not -particularly advert in this place. He was also buried at Tewkesbury, -and left issue two children, Edward and Margaret. This Edward -Plantagenet, entitled Earl of Warwick, and heir of Tewkesbury, was first -seized and imprisoned by his uncle, the tyrant Richard; next, for safer -custody, removed to the Tower, by his cousin, Henry the Seventh, and -beheaded on the charge of a pretended conspiracy. But the only crime -that could be alleged against him was his being heir male of the house -of York; and to this and the king’s invincible jealousy he fell a victim -in the flower of his age. But as we shall have occasion to revert to -this subject hereafter, we omit in the meantime this part of the family -history. - -Margaret, the only sister of this unfortunate young noble, met with a -fate equally tragical and unmerited on her own part, and disgraceful to -the tyrant by whom it was inflicted. She was married to Sir Richard Pole -in early life, by whom she had a family, and upon an act of attainder -passed against her for corresponding with her son Cardinal Pole, she was -beheaded in the thirty-third year of the reign of Henry the Eighth. - -Anne, youngest daughter of Richard Nevil, Earl of Salisbury and Warwick, -was first married to Edward Prince of Wales, son of King Henry the -Sixth, who, being taken at the battle of Tewkesbury, was there murdered -by Richard Duke of Gloucester, whom she afterwards married, and had -issue Edward Prince of Wales, who died not long before his mother, who -is said to have been poisoned by Richard to facilitate his intended -union with his niece, Elizabeth, daughter of Edward the Fourth, and -afterwards queen of King Henry the Seventh.[179] - -[Sidenote: 1609.{] - -From this period till the accession of Edward the Sixth, the lordship of -Tewkesbury was annexed to the crown. It was then granted to Sir Thomas -Seymour, who held it till his attainder; when it reverted back again, -and continued vested in the crown till the seventh of the reign of James -the First, when it was granted, by letters patent from that monarch, to -the corporation of Tewkesbury, for the sum of “two thousand four hundred -and fifty-three pounds seven shillings and fourpence halfpenny.”[180] - -<g>Such is the descent</g> of the manor of Tewkesbury in connexion with the -Abbey to which it gave origin, and with which it was intimately -associated during the long lapse of six or seven centuries. - -During the many ages of prosperity which intervened between the period -of its foundation down to that of its dissolution the Abbey of -Tewkesbury is a name of frequent recurrence in history. Its abbots were -generally men of learning, moderation, and piety; and possessed an -influence in public affairs which extended far beyond the jurisdiction -of their convent. They had possessions in ten different counties, and, -with few exceptions, exerted a mild and benignant sway over the monastic -brotherhood, of whose moral and intellectual improvement they were the -watchful guardians. The compliment paid to this Abbey and its numerous -inmates by William of Malmesbury,[181] already quoted, appears to have -been well merited. But in later times it was still more deserving of -admiration. The magnificent style of its architecture, the number and -richness of its shrines, tombs, and chapels, the elegance of design and -beauty of workmanship by which they were distinguished, did honour to -the classical taste of the abbots, and fostered that national love of -the fine arts which has never found more zealous or more munificent -patrons than among the old English Hierarchy. - - They loved the arts: what taste and truth approved, - What genius formed they patronized and loved. - -The Abbey cloisters and offices have almost disappeared; they were -demolished by the commissioners; but, like those of St. Albans, their -remembrance is perpetuated in the sacred edifice of the conventual -church to which they belonged, and which has happily escaped those -violent state commotions which have exploded more than once under its -very walls. Its dimensions bespeak the early importance to which it laid -claim as one of the great temples of the national religion;[182] whilst -the style and elaborate execution exhibited in detail, do full justice -to the noble design of the general mass as it first meets the eye. This -church contains a rich and varied series of monuments, from the “early -style to that of the late perpendicular. They amount to at least a -dozen--all of excellent workmanship, and several of very singular -composition. It contains also several good specimens of stone and iron -work.” It is also enriched with a series of genealogical portraits in -stained glass of the De Clares, the Despensers, and other benefactors of -the Abbey-- - - ---- who struggled to keep alive - The lamp of Hope o’er man’s bewildered lot. - -But the <g>Gateway</g> is the only remaining feature that conveys to the -spectator’s mind some idea of what the Abbey itself must have been in -the days of its prosperity. It is a structure of great solidity, finely -proportioned, crowned with embattled walls, and is much admired by -architects and others for the beauty of its Norman arch. In its minuter -features, it displays much of the fine and graceful workmanship usually -observed in <g>Gateways</g> of - -[Illustration] - -its class and period. Like that of St. Albans, it is said to have been -the prison of the Abbot’s jurisdiction; and certainly no building -connected with the monastery could have been more adapted for a place of -“durance.” It was the strongest portion of the conventual buildings, and -in cases of emergency served the double purpose of prison and barbican. -At the period of the Dissolution it was particularly specified as one of -the conventual buildings that were to be kept up. - - When yonder broken Arch was whole, - ’Twas there was dealt the weekly dole; - And where yon mouldering columns nod, - The Abbey sent the hymn to God. - So fleets the world’s uncertain span; - Nor zeal for God, nor love to man, - Gives mortal monuments a date, - Beyond the power of time and fate.--SCOTT. - -The Abbey church of Tewkesbury presents in design and construction the -characteristic features of its class and era. It is built in the usual -form of a cross; with the central tower, erected over the great arcade -which divides the transepts, and separates the nave from the choir. -“This tower is considered the finest Norman specimen of its kind in -England, and was only equalled by that of Malmesbury, now in ruins. It -was built early in the twelfth century, by Robert, Consul and Earl of -Gloucester, and patron of the Abbey. - -[Sidenote: 1130. {] - -In the first era of Norman architecture, towers of very large dimensions -and great height were placed within the centre or at the west end of the -cathedral and abbey churches. Many of these now lose the appearance of -their real height from their extreme solidity. This abbey tower, like -those of St. Albans, Lincoln, and others, was originally finished with a -lofty wooden spire, covered with lead;” a plan which is still observed -in Germany, where the church spires, constructed of wood and covered -with tin or iron, serve as distant landmarks to the traveller. In forest -countries this was not only ornamental but necessary. “One of the -earliest deviations from the original timber spire to that of stone was -in that of Salisbury Cathedral.” - -The height of the abbey tower is upwards of a hundred and thirty feet. -The height of spires and towers is usually found to be equal to the -height and length of the nave--or, more accurately perhaps, of the -transept. (Mitred Abbeys, Architect. Discourses: Notes.) Externally, -this tower is a very striking feature in the landscape, and is much -improved by the pinnacles at each corner, which, however, are -comparatively modern. The three tiers of arcade mouldings on the outer -walls are highly ornamental, and in the intermediate row intersect each -other, so as to give the whole square mass a light and graceful -appearance. - -<g>Cloisters.</g>--There are some traces of the cloisters remaining on the -_South_ side of the _nave_. They were in the perpendicular style, very -rich, and contain the remains of several stalls and screen-work carved -in oak. The windows are very elegant. In several instances the tracery -is quite fresh and highly ornamental. The upper windows are nearly of -the same character, but those underneath are of richer workmanship, with -mullions, transoms, and all the minute chisel-work of the florid style. -This part of the conventual remains is full of interest, and carries -back the spectator into times when the genius of architecture, fostered -by the spirit of religion, shed unrivalled lustre over the land. - - Now, if this <g>Cloister</g>, fallen and gone, - Ye fain would view as once it shone, - Pace ye with reverend step, I pray, - The moss-grown and forgotten way; - While murmurs low the fitful wind, - Winning to peace the meeken’d mind; - And evening, in her solemn stole, - With stillness o’er those woods afar, - Leads in blue shade her bright’ning star, - As spreads the slow gloom from the pole. - -Cloisters were first introduced as an appendage to the larger -monasteries, and in this variable climate their use is sufficiently -obvious. They are common to all the chief conventual houses in England; -but the most remarkable and capacious are those of Canterbury, -Salisbury, Norwich, Exeter, and Gloucester. They were particularly -adapted to conventual life; the “ambulatory” round the square, its open -windows that descended by a dividing mullion to the floor,[183] and the -small grass-covered cemetery that occupied the centre of the -enclosure--the silence of the place--the sanctity of every object -around--all favoured a spirit of monastic seclusion, while, at the same -time, the inmates found under these solemn arcades that healthful air, -exercise, and social intercourse which they were not permitted to enjoy -in public. - -[Illustration] - -The modern entrance to the church is from the north side through a -portal of considerable width and elevation, and is furnished with iron -gates. Over the entrance is a mutilated image of the Madonna, under -whose tutelary guardianship the abbey enjoyed many ages of prosperity. -In one of the round massive columns near the entrance into the north -aisle, is an ancient <g>Piscina</g>, or vessel for holy water; and attached to -the same pillar are two antique alms-boxes, which appear to have been -the expressive monitors of charity during many generations. - -The internal area of the church consists of the nave, the transepts, -with two extensive side aisles, and a semicircular aisle surrounding the -chancel. The lateral aisles, which are rather lower than the body of the -church, are divided from the nave by double rows of massive pillars, -which bear the stamp of the twelfth century. In the aisle, which forms a -semicircular sweep from the north to the south ends of the transept is -the modern vestry--an apartment in which the archives of the abbey were -formerly kept. The whole of the interior--the nave, choir, aisles, and -transepts, are rich in the monuments of past ages. Shrines, -tabernacle-work, sacella, tombs, inscriptions, religious imagery, -military and heraldic badges, impart an air of solemn magnificence to -the scene, and address the spectator from every part of the walls. The -principal arcades, by which the nave is divided from the aisles, are -circular, like those in the Cathedral of Gloucester.[184] The centre, or -nave, was highest in most of the great churches, and had a breadth -scarcely less than the space of the pier arches. - -<g>The Grand Entrance</g> from the west is the most striking point of view in -the whole structure. The Great West Window is “perpendicular,” converted -into a very lofty Norman arch of great depth, with shafts and mouldings. -“The clerestory windows of the nave are inserted in the Norman arcade; -those of the <g>Choir</g> are of the finest decorated tracery, with -considerable remains of ancient stained glass.” In design and -workmanship the arch possesses nearly every feature that can enter into -the combination of what is beautiful and even sublime in architecture. - -The perspective, though injured by modern arrangement--the introduction -of the organ, and the consequent interruption of the grand -coup-d’œil--is still solemn and impressive, and readily suggests to the -mind a clear idea of what it must have been when the eye could range at -once through the whole nave, with nothing between that and the choir to -intercept the view. - -[Illustration] - -The nave in style and construction is Norman; the piers are round, -massive, and lofty. At the intersection of the cross is the fine Norman -tower, so much admired by all connoisseurs and men practically skilled -in the science of architecture. It is ornamented with rows of arches in -successive stages, both within and without, which give lightness to the -mass, and take off the heaviness that would otherwise mark the -structure. - -The choir has a multangular east end, with additional chapels and a -Chapter-house, all of excellent decorated character. Of the windows in -the aisles, some of them are decorated, others perpendicular. The great -window of this arch was thrown down in a storm in 1661, and twenty years -elapsed before it was restored. - -King selects the <g>Western Portico</g> of Tewkesbury as the grandest in -England in point of extent and effect. The western front, or façade, has -always occupied a prominent part in every large church. “It exhibits in -various instances a gradual alteration of style, from the early Norman -to that at the close of the fifteenth century. In the principal feature, -the entrance doorway, there is a remarkable difference between those in -England and upon the Continent. The German and French _portail_ forms -nearly one half of the total space, and is surmounted by a circular or -rose window of vast diameter;” while in the instance before us, as also -at St. Albans, the doorway bears no relative proportion to the -magnificent window which rises above it. - -[Illustration] - -<g>Font.</g>--In the south transept is a beautiful baptismal Font, with a -cover, richly carved, and finished with a cross. “The variety exhibited -in the design of these is infinite, and upon no subject connected with -ecclesiastical rites did sculptors exert more fancy and taste than in -the design and workmanship bestowed on the font.” No genuine Saxon work -is so frequent as this; fonts have often survived the church in which -they originally stood, and been preserved as venerable relics of -primitive Christianity. In the present specimen, however, elegance, -design, and execution, not antiquity, are what chiefly claim attention, -and which never fail to receive it from all who are curious in subjects -of this kind. - -Towards the close of the fourteenth century, a very ornamental appendage -to fonts was introduced, and chiefly in the eastern counties. These -consisted of carved oaken covers, exquisitely wrought and embellished, -which were suspended from the ceiling, moveable at pleasure, and not -unfrequently consisting of a pinnacle or frame several feet high. They -have been classed by Mr. F. Simpson, in his Series of Baptismal Fonts, -into Saxon, early English, and decorated English of the lower era.--See -Dallaway, Bapt. Fonts, p. 205. - -<g>The Roof</g> of this church has a great advantage over that of St. Albans, -being of stone, and forming a magnificent groined vault, the ribs of -which are richly carved at their points of intersection with curious -devices, and ornamented with much beautiful tracery, which at that -height has a particularly delicate appearance. The carvings, where the -ribs cross each other or meet in clusters, are all emblematical of some -passage in Scripture history, commemorative of events in that of the -order of Benedictines, or obscurely referring to others against which -the sculptor’s ingenuity indulged in a satirical humour. But here the -latter is by no means so conspicuous as in others; for in those early -times the ornaments of the churches were made the frequent vehicles of -bitter satire against some rival brotherhood, whose vices, true or -imputed, were hieroglyphically represented in the capitals, corbel -heads, and archways of their respective buildings. - -“No instance of a genuine Anglo-Norman building,” says a well-known -authority, “possesses, or was intended to possess, a stone roof, which -is indicated by the position of the capitals. The Norman wooden roof was -open to the timbers, and hence the conflagration of the ancient churches -were disasters of frequent occurrence. That of Tewkesbury was completely -destroyed by fire--“igne consumpta.” - - Far o’er the Severn’s crimson’d flood - That blazing Abbey flung its fire, - Till roof, and stall, and shrinèd rood - Their mass of smoking embers strew’d - On chancel, nave, and choir. - -[Illustration] - -<g>Cloister Bell-case.</g>--Among other striking remains of elaborate -workmanship with which the church was so profusely adorned, is a richly -carved fragment, with pinnacles, supposed to have been the case in which -was suspended the Cloister Bell, which at stated hours summoned the -monastic brotherhood to prayers. It is at once elegant in design, and -delicate in execution; and were larger models wanting, it would be -sufficient of itself to illustrate the beautiful style of architecture -to which it belongs. - -Summoned by this bell, the whole brotherhood, with the Lord Abbot at -their head, were wont to assemble for vespers; when the well-known hymn, -in commemoration of the early life of their founder, Saint Benedict, was -chanted in full chorus:-- - - Ille florentes peragebat annos - Cum puer dulces patriæ penates - Liquit, et solus latuit silenti - Conditus antro. - Inter urticas, rigidosque sentes - Vicit altricem scelerum juventam; - Inde conscripsit documenta vitæ - Pulchra beatæ. - -<g>The Tombs</g> and sepulchral antiquities which here proclaim the virtues of -the dead, and the sorrows of the living, are still numerous, though far -from what they are known to have been at the dissolution of the -monastery. Some of these are elaborate productions, and ably illustrate -that period when the purchase of masses and the erection of costly -sepulchres for the dead were the highest testimonies that could be -offered to their memory. But to secure posthumous fame, liberality to -the church was the surest channel, and of those erected to the great -benefactors of Tewkesbury several remain in good preservation. The most -interesting are those of Isabel, Countess of Warwick; of Hugh, Lord le -Despenser; of Sir Edward le Despenser; of Sir Guy d’O’Brien; of Abbot -Cheltenham; of Abbot Wakeman, &c. But the first in right of precedence, -though not in beauty of design or workmanship, is the tomb of the -founder, Robert Fitz-Hamon, to whose life the reader’s attention has -been already directed. It stood originally in the Chapter-house, where -he was buried in 1107; but in 1241 it was removed to its present -situation in the church, where his bones were deposited with great -solemnity in a tomb of grey marble, and afterwards enclosed with an -altar-chapel by the Lord Abbot Parker. During the improvements which -were made in the church about the end of the last century, this tomb was -opened and examined, when the mortal relics, after an interval of more -than six centuries, were brought once more to the light. At the head of -the stone coffin, between two and three feet long, was a circular sheet -of lead, in the inner fold of which were deposited the thigh-bones and -one arm entire, and which were, beyond doubt, the last earthly remains -of the venerable founder. It was originally ornamented with the -founder’s effigy and other ornaments in brass; but these were all -abstracted during the course of open spoliation which, subsequent to the -dissolution of religious houses, mutilated or destroyed many of the -finest sepulchral antiquities in the kingdom. The inscription which -formerly, in short and simple phrase, directed the stranger to the -founder’s tomb, was cut round the frieze of the chapel:--“In hac capella -jacet Dns. Robertus Filius Hamonis, hujus loci fundator.”--Antiq. of -Tewkesb. - -<g>The Chancel</g> (p. 169), where this tomb, with several others, is still -shown, exhibits a combination of magnificent features. It is supported -by six pillars of noble proportions, and over these are seven windows of -stained glass, richly ornamented with effigies and armorial bearings of -the ancient Earls of Gloucester. - - There the lone MONK would muse and read, - And meditate on sacred lore; - Or view the WARRIOR on his tomb, - With raised hands seeming to implore - Of Heaven a mitigated doom! - So shaded would each figure lie, - Tall arches pointing overhead, - That, though a window placed on high, - Its gloom through distant colours shed, - So dim would lie in shades below, - That whether living shape or dead, - The monk who gazed might hardly know. - -<g>Le Despenser’s Chapel</g>, or that dedicated to St. Mary Magdalen, is a -beautiful specimen of the style called Gothic. The roof is elaborately -carved, supported on slender pillars of marble--now much destroyed. It -was originally adorned with representations of our Saviour and his -apostles, and emblazoned with armorial bearings of the families with -which the Despensers claimed relationship. Under a canopy of state, on -the same side, is another--consisting of three compartments, each -diminishing as it ascends, till the last terminates in a point--with the -effigies of Lord and Lady Despenser, in white marble. The whole of this -shrine is richly carved, and, with its arches and pinnacles gradually -tapering off in the form of an obelisk, is a very elegant and beautiful -object, and well illustrates the florid style so prevalent in the -fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. It was founded by the Lady Isabella -Despenser, the Countess of Warwick already mentioned, in honour of St. -Mary Magdalen. The countess died in the Minories, London, in 1439, and -was buried at the right hand of her father in the choir.--See, _ante_, -p. 179. - -The chapel of <g>the Holy Trinity</g>, on the south side of the chancel, was -erected by the Lady Elizabeth, to the memory of her husband, Edward le -Despenser, whose figure as an armed knight, with the bearings of the -family emblazoned on his surcoat, occupies the top in a posture of -supplication. What remains of these chapels is sufficient to show how -highly they must have been ornamented, particularly the roof, upon which -great taste and ingenuity have been displayed. - -Nearly opposite the Despenser monument, and in the aisle surrounding the -chancel, is the tomb of Guy d’O’Brien, already mentioned in the -genealogical descent of the manor, as the second husband of the Lady -Despenser. It is of open tabernacle-work, and under the arch is a -recumbent figure of a knight in armour, with the arms of the O’Briens -(Lords of Thomond) and the Montacutes. - -Not far from the preceding, is the chapel of <g>St. Edmund the Martyr</g>. The -monument is supported by an arch, under which, according to the fashion -of those days, is a monk in the last stage of emaciation, stretched upon -a shroud, and serving as a moral lesson to his brethren and all -spectators, that to such complexion they must come at last. It is richly -ornamented with Gothic ornaments, all minutely carved; and is understood -to have been designed and executed by Wakeman, who was Abbot of -Tewkesbury at the dissolution of the abbey; but he was not buried here. -In a small chapel adjoining that of the Holy Trinity before mentioned, -is the tomb traditionally known as that of the twelfth abbot, who -presided in this monastery twenty years, and died in the middle of the -thirteenth century. In Willis’s time, says Dyde, there appears to have -been an effigy of this abbot, as that author mentions, that “under this -arch are the effigies of a man lying in full proportion, which,” he -adds, “is said to have been for Robert Fortington, the last abbot.” - -Near this are the tombs of two other abbots; one a monument of dark -marble, with the inscription in Saxon letters, of “Johannes Abbas hujus -loci;” and another in the south wall, to the memory of “Alanus Dominus -Abbas.” The latter is a fine example of its kind, and has often been -engraved. - -[Illustration] - -On the south side, at <g>the Abbots’ Entrance</g> into the church, is a -monument with the arms of the De Clares, Earls of Gloucester, erected, -as it has been conjectured, to the memory of Beaufort, Duke of -Somerset,[185] who was beheaded after the battle of Tewkesbury. But it -is probable, from the arms and other circumstances, that it is rather a -memorial of the De Clares, several of whose name and family are interred -within these precincts. The tomb is close to a rich-pointed doorway in -the south transept, called the Abbot’s entrance, which communicated with -the adjoining cloisters. - -On the north side, and under an arch not unlike the preceding, is a -recumbent figure of the unfortunate Lord Wenlock, whom, in a moment of -fierce exasperation, Somerset struck down with his battle-axe in the -field adjoining: but his body, as Leland reports, “was removed to some -other place.” - -Under the Tower is a brass plate with an inscription to the memory of -Edward, Prince of Wales, only son of Henry the Sixth, the circumstances -of whose death will be more particularly noticed hereafter. The spot -where he was interred, however, is a mystery; it is merely stated that, -in the common fosse, dug for the reception of the other victims, in the -abbey, the body of the unfortunate prince was included.[186] - - No useless coffin enclosed his breast, - Nor in sheet, nor in shroud, they bound him. - -The epitaphs in the church are numerous--some curious, and all more or -less illustrative of feelings by which, in general, the mourners were -actuated, and of times when a mixture of classic taste and monkish -superstition was the chief characteristic. Out of the many, that which -follows is selected as a specimen. It is taken from a brass plate, on a -stone in the body of the church, and has often been copied. (Histor. and -Antiq. of Tewkes.) “In hoc Tumulo sepulta jacet Amia uxor Johannis -Wiatt, Tewkesburiensis generosi, quæ spiritum exhalavit xxv August., Ao. -Dni.” [Year effaced.] It is an acrostic--_Amie Wiatt._ - - In cujus obitum versiculos perlegito subsequentes. - -<g>A</g>: A me disce mori, mors est sors omnibus una; -<g>M</g>: Mortis et esca fui mortis et esca fores. -<g>I</g>: In terram ex terra terrestris massa meabis; -<g>E</g>: Et capiet cineres urna parata cinis. -<g>V</g>: Vivere vis cœlo, terrenam temnite vitam: -<g>V</g>: Vita pijs mors est; mors mihi vita pia. -<g>J</g>: Jejunes, vigiles, ores, credasq potenti, -<g>A</g>: Ardua fac: non est mollis ad astra via. -<g>T</g>: Te Scriptura vocat, te sermo, ecclesia Mater. -<g>T</g>: Teque vocat Sponsus, Spiritus atque Pater. - -<g>N.B. The Area</g> consists of a grand principal aisle or nave, a transept or -cross aisle, and two spacious side aisles, somewhat lower than the main -body of the church, and separated from the nave by two rows of massive -pillars. Also a handsome semicircular aisle surrounding the chancel, -from the north to the south ends of the transepts, in which are the -vestry (where the abbey records were formerly kept), several recesses -and chapels dedicated to the founder, the benefactors, and other persons -of distinction, with several Gothic tombs of splendid execution. We -_recapitulate_ these as the chief features of the Area. - -Taking his position in the centre of the chancel, the stranger commands -the most imposing features in the church; the rich groined roof, the -bold massive pillars, the richly-sculptured tombs, the painted windows, -blazoned shields, emblematic groups and Gothic inscriptions--all strike -the mind with feelings of deep solemnity, and carry us back into the -gorgeous imagery of the middle ages. Well may we exclaim with -Quintilian--“En morti sacratos lapides!”--See, _ante_, p. 169. - - <g>There</g>, in their sepulchres of costly art, - Where still the gold clings to the Parian stone, - Legend and shield and effigy impart - The accumulated fame of ages flown, - O’er sainted dust the classic wreath is strewn. - But now no mass is said--no requiem sung, - The priest is mute, the choristers are gone; - No votive “rose” upon the shrine is hung, - No flowers upon the FOUNDER’S tomb are flung. - -<g>The Chapter-house.</g>--This appendage to the Abbey--in which was the -original tomb of the founder--is considered from the best evidence to be -coeval with the building. Chapter-houses were introduced by the early -Norman prelates, and formed an indispensable adjunct to every cathedral -and monastery subsequently erected under their superintendence. They -were not, however, built as merely necessary to the conventual -establishments, and for assembling the members of the church at their -elections, but they were likewise the depositaries of deceased superiors -and noble benefactors. Here Fitz-Hamon, the great benefactor, or rather -founder of Tewkesbury Abbey, was buried, as already mentioned, but -afterwards removed to a more sacred dormitory within the church. The -approach to the Chapter-house was uniformly through the cloisters, and -in certain instances, as at Chester and Bristol, it had a large -vestibule. That of Tewkesbury is now used as a school. The windows are -lancet-pointed, and round the base and walls are pannellings and arcade -mouldings after the Norman style.--See Discourses on Architecture, with -the Analysis of Conventual Churches. - -On the outside of the south wall is “a very beautiful arch, now closed, -which opened a communication between the south aisle and the remaining -abbey and cloisters.” From the style of the remaining arches in the side -walls, the latter appear to have been extremely handsome. In the south -wall, near the vestry door, is the tomb of <g>Alanus</g>--already named--the -friend and biographer of Thomas-à-Becket, who died in 1202. The body is -“deposited in a coffin of Purbeck marble, laid under a very plain -semi-quatrefoil arch.” The coffin was opened in 1795; when the lid was -taken off, the body appeared surprisingly perfect, considering that it -had lain there nearly six hundred years. The folds of the drapery were -very distinct, but from being exposed to the air, the whole very soon -crumbled away, and left little more than a skeleton. The _boots_, -however, still retained their shape and a certain degree of elasticity, -and hung in large folds about the legs. On his right side lay a plain -crosier of wood, neatly turned, the top of which was gilded, having a -cross cut in it. It was five feet eleven inches in length and remarkably -light. On his left side lay the fragments of a chalice.--Sepulch. -Antiq. - -<g>Stalls</g> are of the same early introduction as the other Norman -appendages. “When composed of stone,” says the author already quoted, -“they were first used near the altar by the officiating priests in -choirs, and as subsellia in parish chancels.” Those of oak, now seen in -the <g>North Transept</g> of the abbey, formerly stood in the choir. They are -tolerably perfect; and in their canopies much intricate design and -delicate carving are apparent. “In choirs, where many were united in one -general plan, oak was soon introduced in place of stone,” as a material -much better adapted to the purpose of elaborate carving. - -[Illustration] - -The cenotaph of Abbot Wich is at the entrance of St. Edward’s Chapel; it -represents, as already stated, an emaciated figure, surrounded by the -ensigns of mortality, which seem to address every ear in these emphatic -words--Memento mori! - -The east end is hexagonal, separated from the aisles by six short -massive columns supporting pointed arches. Beneath these are some larger -monuments, and over them are windows fitted with painted glass. In two -of them are very curious figures of knights in armour, eight in number, -and represented standing under very rich Gothic canopies, each filling -nearly one of the principal compartments of the windows, some in mail, -others in plated armour. They are said to represent Robert first earl of -Gloucester, the three Gilberts de Clare, Richard de Clare, Hugh le -Despenser the younger, and one of the La Zouch family; all of whom have -been already noticed in the genealogical introduction to this -subject.--History of the County, art. Tewkesbury. - - <g>Benedictine.</g> To fashion my reply to your demand - Is not to boast, though I proclaim the honours - Of our profession. _Four emperors_, - Forty-six kings, and one-and-fifty queens, - Have changed their royal ermines for our sables. - These cowls have clothed the heads of fourteen hundred - And six kings’ sons; of dukes, great marquises, - And earls, two thousand and above four hundred - Have turn’d their princely coronets into - An humble coronet of hair, left by - The razor--thus.--SHIRLEY. - -<g>Tewkesbury Abbey</g> was the last of the monastic establishments in -Gloucestershire which surrendered to the mandate of Henry the Eighth. -The surrender was made, under the convent seal, by John Wich, with -fifteen of the brotherhood, on the 9th day of January, 1539, being the -thirty-first year of the king’s reign, and began in these terms:--“To -all Christian people to whom these presents shall come, We the Abbot, -etc., and Brothers of the said monastery, send greeting. Know ye, that -we upon full consideration, certain knowledge, and mere motion, and for -divers causes just and reasonable moving our souls and consciences -thereto, have freely and voluntarily given and granted to our Lord the -King,” etc. - -The clear annual “value of all the possessions belonging to the said -monastery, as well spiritual as temporal, besides £136 8_s._ 1_d._, -granted in fees and annuities to several persons by letters patent, -under the convent seal, for their lives, was £1595 17_s._ 6_d._ The -pensions assigned by the royal commissioners--Southwell, Petre, Kairn, -Price, Kingsmen, Paulett, and Bernars--to the abbot, the prior, and -other members of the establishment, amounted to £532 6_s._ 8_d._, -leaving a handsome balance of £1063 10_s._ 10_d._ in favour of his -Majesty’s exchequer. The keys of the treasury were delivered to Richard -Paulett, receiver; but the records and evidences belonging to the -monastery, which were deposited therein, and the houses and buildings -which were to remain undefaced, were committed to the keeping of Sir -John Whittington. Of the houses and buildings to be preserved were,--the -lodging called Newark, leading from the gate to the <g>Abbot’s Lodgings</g>, -with the buttery, pantry, cellar, larder, kitchen, and pastry thereto -adjoining: the late abbot’s lodging; the hostrey; the great gate -entering into the court, with the lodging over the same; the Abbot’s -stable, bakehouse, brewhouse, and slaughter-house; the almary, barn, and -dairy-house; the great barn next the river Avon; the malt-house, with -the garners in the same; the ox-house in the Penton gate, and the -lodging over the same.”--These afford some notion of the domestic -offices of a lord abbot of that day. - -The buildings “deemed to be superstitious or superfluous, and therefore -to be demolished, were the church--but which was happily preserved with -its appendages, and made parochial--the chapels, the cloister, the -chapter-house, the two dormitories; the infirmary, with the chapels and -lodgings within the same; the workhouse, with another house adjoining to -the same; the convent kitchen, the library, the misericorde, the old -hostrey, the chamber and lodgings, the new hall, the old parlour -adjoining the abbot’s lodgings, the cellarer’s or butler’s lodging, the -poultry-house, the garner, the almary, and all other houses and lodgings -not before reserved.” - -The list of materials to be converted to the king’s use, and delivered -to the commissioners, were as follows:--the leads remaining on the -choir, aisles, and chapels annexed; “the cloister, chapter-house, -fratery, St. Michael’s chapel, halls, infirmary, and gatehouse, were -estimated at 180 fodder. The bells remaining in the steeple were eight -poizes, by estimation 14,600 lbs. weight.” - -The jewels reserved for his Majesty’s use were,--two mitres, gilt, -garnished with rugged pearls and counterfeit stones. The silver plate -consisted of silver-gilt, 329 oz.--parcel of do. 605 oz.--plain silver, -497 oz.--making a total of 1431 ounces, which evinced no great luxury in -that department. The ornaments reserved for his Majesty’s use were,--one -cope of silver tissue, with one chesible and tunicle of the same; one -cope of gold tissue, with one chesible and two tunicles of the same. The -ornaments, goods, and chattels belonging to the said monastery were sold -by the said commissioners, as in a book of sales thereof made appears, -for the sum of £194 8_s._ To money given to thirty-eight religious -persons of the said monastery, £80 13_s._ 4_d._ To one hundred and -forty-four servants, for their wages and liveries, £75 10_s._ Paid the -debts of the said monastery, £18 12_s._ These together made a sum of -£174 15_s._ 4_d._, which deducted from the proceeds of the sale, left a -balance in the commissioners’ hands of £19 12_s._ 8_d._--History of the -Abbey, referring to the Record in the Augmentation-office, dated 38 Hen. -VIII.--Dyde. - -The ecclesiastical livings in the gift of the monastery were -numerous;[187] the abbots, who successively presided as the spiritual -lords of Tewkesbury, were twenty-six in number, and filling a long -interval of four hundred and thirty-four years. Their names -are,--Giraldus, 1104; Robert, 1110; Benedict, 1124; Roger, 1137; -Fromund, 1162--during whose abbacy the conventual church was burnt. (A -vacancy occurs here.) Robert II., 1182. (Another vacancy.) Alan, prior -of Canterbury, 1187; Walter, 1202; Hugh, 1213; Bernard, a monk of -Tewkesbury, 1215, but not approved; Peter, a monk of Worcester, 1216; -Robert Fortington, prior of the Abbey, 1232; Thomas Stoke, 1253; Richard -de Norton, 1276; Thomas Kemsey, 1282; John Cotes, 1328; Thomas de Legh, -1361; Thomas Chesterton, 1362; Thomas Parker, 1390; William Bristow, -1414; John Abingdon, 1443; John de Salys; (?) John Strensham--supposed -that in his time the abbey was made parliamentary; Richard Cheltenham, -1481; Henry Bewly, 1509; John Wich or Wakeman, the last abbot, and first -bishop of Gloucester, 1531. The abbey demesnes consisted of Stanway, -modified and enlarged by Abbot Cheltenham; Forthampton, on the right -bank of the Severn, about a mile below Tewkesbury; and Tewkesbury Park, -Manor Place, on the east or left bank of the Severn.--Hist. and Antiq. -of Tewkes. Chron. Series of the Abbots. - -<g>Domesday Survey.</g>--In Teodechesberie were fourscore and fifteen hides in -the time of King Edward. Of these forty-five were in demean, and free -from all royal service and tax, except the service due to the lord of -the manor. The manor was in _capite_. There were in demean twelve -plough-tillages, and fifty between the _servi_ and _ancillæ_, and -sixteen _bordars_ in waiting about the hall, and two mills of 20 _sol._, -and one fishery, and a salt-pit at Wich, belonging to the manor.... In -all Teodechesberie there are 120 acres of meadow, and a wood one mile -and a half long, and as much broad.... There are now thirteen burgesses -paying 20 _sol._ a-year; a market, established by the queen,[188] pays -11 _sol._ and 8 _den._ And there is one plough-tillage more, and -twenty-two between the _servi_ and _ancillæ_, a fishery, and a salt-pit, -&c.... This manor of Tewkesbury, when entire in the time of King Edward, -was worth 100 _lib._ Whereas Radulf received 12 _lib._ because it was -spoiled and disordered.... Brictric, the son of Algar, held this manor -in the time of King Edward; and at that time had the underwritten -estates of other thanes under his jurisdiction, &c. &c.--Dyde, 135. [The -Norman pound or _lib._ equal to 12 ounces solid silver = £3 2_s._ -sterling; the _sol._ = 3 shillings sterling; 48 Saxon shillings = £1 -sterling.[189]--Ibid.]--See References and Authorities. - -<g>Environs.</g>--The first locality in the immediate neighbourhood to which -the stranger’s attention is directed is the ancient battle-field, or, as -it is now emphatically called, the “Bloody Meadow.” It was on this -spot--the “field of Tewkesbury,”--that, on the 4th of May, 1471, the -grand question between the rival houses of York and Lancaster was -finally decided. The subject is familiar to every reader of history and -the drama. It is commemorated, with many interesting details, by the old -chroniclers; it is chosen by Shakspeare himself as the closing scene of -one of his most powerful dramas; while the fair author of “Margaret of -Anjou” has made it the theme of a spirited and graceful poem, in which -the morning of the battle is thus introduced:-- - - “’Tis May--a bright and cloudless morn - Smiles on the world--on every thorn - The newly-open’d blossom glows, - And rich the woodland music flows; - Each hails the promise for his own, - As if the beam on nature’s face - Shone forth his single crest to grace, - And spake to him alone. - Alas! the welkin’s dazzling eye - But mocks the fleeting pageantry.” - -[Illustration] - -“When <g>Queen Margaret</g>,” says Grafton, “knew that King Edward was come so -near her, she tarried not long at Bath, but, removing in great haste to -Bristow, sent out certain horsemen to espie whether she might safely -pass ouer the riuer Seuerne, by Gloucester, into Wales, whither she -determined first to go to augment her armie; and then without any delay, -with speere and shielde, to set on her enemyes wheresoeuer they would -abyde.” But having learned from the spies that the city of Gloucester -had been intimidated by Richard, the king’s brother; that the Governor, -Lord Beauchamp, had peremptorily refused to allow her to pass over their -bridge; and that the townspeople were neither to be won by promises nor -deterred by threats, “she shortly departed from Bristow with her armie -to a propre towne on Seuerne-syde, called <g>Tewkesbury</g>. The Lord Beauchamp -tooke from her rere-ward more ordinance than she might have well spared, -which did to her no small prejudice.” The march lasted from sun to -sun--impeded by the wretched cross-roads, and in continual skirmishes -with the enemy. - - “In weary march the night had pass’d, - And Lancaster with joy espied - Fair <g>Tewkesbury’s</g> hoary towers at last - Reflected in Sabrina’s tide. - Gloster had closed her gates, and sent - Loud insults from each battlement: - Nor did the rebel town make known - Her enmity in scoffs alone; - For many a mile, from copse and dell, - As onward passed the arméd train, - An arrowy shower around them fell, - And many a gallant form was slain-- - Unseen the hand that brought his bane. - Bold Beaufort, who the vaward held, - As morning’s dewy mists dispell’d, - And Tewkesbury’s turrets tipt with light - Rose on his view--a welcome sight-- - Through all his host the signal pass’d.” - -Here, after their harassing night march, the troops were permitted to -halt for some slight rest and refreshment; and, drawn up close to the -banks of the Severn, could scan during their hasty repast the verdant -field, now bright with the morning sun, over which the angel of -destruction was hovering with outstretched but invisible wings. But full -of hope, and encouraged by the words and presence of the Queen and her -son Prince Edward, who had both shared with them the terrors of the -night, and now anticipated a triumphant day, no thoughts of discomfiture -once crossed the soldier’s mind. - - “On Severn’s banks, in gladsome groups, - In thoughtless mirth, the scatter’d troops - Waste the free hour; some cast aside - Their heavy harness; some divide - With vigorous arm the opposing tide. - Nor did the crested CHIEFTAINS scorn - Their cumbrous helms aside to throw, - And woo the freshness of the morn - To fan each gallèd brow. - And many a richly blazon’d shield - Lay scatter’d on the dewy field. - But the loud laugh, the song, the jest-- - Blithe echoes of the careless breast-- - Rose from the _humbler_ swarm; the rest, - Though thrown aside their _outward_ gear, - Did still their bosom-burthens bear!” - -“When the Queen,” continues the chronicle, “was come to Tewkesbury, and -knew that Kinge Edward followed her with his horsemen at the very backe, -she was sore abashed, and wonderfully amazed, and determined in -herselfe to flie into Wales, to Jasper, Earle of Pembroke. But the Duke -of Somerset willyng in no wise to flie backward, for doubts that he -casted might chaunce by the way, determined there to tarrye to take -suche fortune as God woulde sende.” When Oxford advised that, for -another day at least, and until Pembroke’s reinforcements should have -arrived, the Queen should not hazard a battle, where in point of numbers -the chances were so much against her,--and added that if she did, her -advisers would “think of it ere night,”-- - - “Not fight to-day!” cried Somerset: - “Thy words would tempt me to forget - That I have seen thee play a part - Which vouches for thy manly heart. - ‘Think on’t ere night!’ Why, what care I? - ’Tis _now_ we’re call’d by Destiny! - Yes, Oxford, I do hope thy sword, - Ere this bright morn has pass’d away, - Shall proudly contradict thy word-- - Yes, Oxford, _we must fight to-day_!” - -This resolution having been confirmed by the sanction of the Queen; the -Prince, her son, exclaims, in bitter remembrance of the field of Barnet, -in which both the Nevils had perished-- - - “Is’t not time - To close the scene of woe and crime! - This hour _shall_ close it! Ne’er again - Will I turn back from battle-plain - A beaten fugitive! Ere Even - With parting smile shall gild the west, - This sword shall triumph win, or rest-- - Victory on earth, or--peace in heaven.” - -Hereupon “the Duke of Somerset, like a pollitike warriour, trenched hys -campe round about of such an altitude, and so strongly, that his enemyes -by no means easily could make any entry; and further, perceiuyng that -his part could neuer escape without battaile, determined there to see -the ende of hys goode or yll chaunce; wherefore he marshalled his hoste -after this maner: he and the lord Iohn of Somerset, his brother, led the -forewarde; the middle warde was gouerned by the Prince, under the -conduyte of the Lord of Saint Iohns and Lorde Wenlocke, whome King -Edward had highly before preferred, and promoted to the degree of a -baron.” [This fact the chronicler mentions in order, probably, to -account for his subsequent conduct, and to justify the suspicion that he -was not a hearty partisan in the queen’s cause.] “The rere-warde was put -in the rule of the Earle of Deuonshire. When all these battayles were -thus ordered and placed, the Queene and her sonne, Prince Edwarde, rode -about the fielde encouraging their souldiors, promisyng to them, if -theye did shew themselves valiaunt against their enemyes, great rewardes -and high promocions, innumerable gaine of the spoyle and bootye of their -adversaryes, and, above all other, fame and renoune through the whole -realme.” - - “Give me earth’s triumphs,” Margaret cries, - “This nether world concludes my schemes! - Ne’er could I teach my soul to prize - The moping beadsman’s dreams. - ‘_Victory on Earth!_’--Friends! to this hour - A whole life’s energies are due! - Whate’er of ardour, skill, or power, - Your noble breasts imbue, - Call to the conflict! loudly call, - This grasping hour demands them all - ’Tis a vast moment! ’tis the goal - Toward which, through years of strife, the soul - With untied vigour bent its force-- - And _now_ we touch the limits of the course!” - -“In the meantime,” says the chronicler, “King Edward, which the day -before had come within a mile of Tewkesbury, put his brother, the Duke -of Gloucester, in the forewarde, and himselfe in the middlewarde; the -Lorde Marques and the Lorde Hastyngs led the rere garde. The Duke of -Gloucester, which lacked no pollicy, valiauntly with his battayle -assaulted the trenche of the Queene’s campe, whome the Duke of Somerset -with no less courage defended. Then the Duke of Gloucester, for a very -pollitik purpose, with all his men reculed backe, the which Somerset -perceiuying, like a knight more couragious than circumspect, came out of -his trenche with his whole battayle and followed the chase, not doubting -but the Prince and the Lorde Wenlocke, with the middlewarde, had -followed just at his backe. But whether the Lorde Wenlocke dissimulated -the matter for King Edward’s sake, or whether his harte serued him not, -still he stoode lookyng on. The Duke of Gloucester, takyng the advantage -that he adventured for, turned again face to face to the Duke of -Somerset’s battayle; which, nothyng lesse thinkyng on than of the -returne, were within a small space shamefully discomfited. <g>Somerset</g>, -seeyng hys unfortunate chaunce, returned to the middlewarde, where, -seeyng the Lorde <g>Wenlocke</g> standyng still, and after having reuyled and -called hym traytor, with hys axe strake the braynes out of his heade. - -“The Duke of Gloucester entered the trench, and after him the King, -where, after no long conflict, the Queene’s part went almost all to -wrecke, for the most part were slaine. Some fled for succour in the -thicke of the Parke, some into the Monastarye, some into other places. -The Queene was founde in her chariot almost dead for sorow, the Prince -was apprehended and kept close by Sir Richard Croftes. The Duke of -Somerset and the Lorde Prior of St. Johns were by force taken prisoners, -and many other also. In the field and chase were slaine John, Lord -Somerset, the Earle of Deuonshire, - -[Illustration] - -Sir John Delues, Sir Edward Hampden, Sir Robert Wychingham, Sir John -Lewkenor, and three thousand other.” In this battle the last blood and -strength of the House of Lancaster being spent, Edward was established - - ----“On England’s royal throne, - Repurchased by the blood of enemies.-- - What valiant foemen, like to autumn’s corn, - Have we mow’d down, in tops of all their pride! - Three Dukes of Somerset, threefold renown’d - For hardy and undoubted champions: - Two Cliffords, as the father and the son, - And two Northumberlands; two braver men - Ne’er spurr’d their coursers to the trumpet’s sound. - With them the two brave bears, Warwick and Montague, - That in their chains fetter’d the Kingly Lion, - And made the forest tremble when they roar’d. - Thus have we swept suspicion from our seat.”---- - -The chronicle then proceeds with the sad detail as follows:--“After the -field ended, King Edward made a proclamation that whosoever could bring -Prince Edward to him alive or dead should have an annuitie of an hundred -pound duryng his lyfe, and the Prince’s lyfe to be saved. Sir Richard -Croftes, a wise and a valiaunt knight, nothing mistrustyng the king’s -former promise, brought forth his prisoner, Prince Edward, beyng a -goodly feminine and a well-featured young gentleman, whome when King -Edward had well advised, he demanded of him howe he durst so -presumptuouslye enter into his realme with banner displayed. The Prince -beyng bold of stomack, and of a good courage, answered, saying, ‘To -recover my father’s kingdome and enheritage, from his father and -grandfather to him, and from him, after him, to me lineally descended.’ -At these wordes King Edward sayde nothing, but with his hand thrust him -from him, or as some say stroke him with his gauntlet, whom incontinent -they yᵗstoode aboute, which were George, Duke of Clarence, Richard, Duke -of Gloucester, Thomas, Marques Dorset, and William, Lord Hastyngs, -sodainly stroke and cruelly murthered him. The bitternesse of which -murder some of the doers after in their latter dayes tasted and assayed -by the very rod of justice and punishment of God”--each of them, the -king excepted, having met with a tragical and untimely death. “His bodye -was homelye interred with the other simple corses in the churche of the -Monastarye of Blacke Monkes, in Tewkesbury.” - -[Illustration] - -This interview between the king and the prince is powerfully drawn by -Shakspeare,--in scene fifth of the third Part of “King Henry the -Sixth”--who takes the old chronicles of his day as his authority for the -death of <g>Prince Edward</g>, who received the daggers of the King, -Gloucester, and Clarence, in quick succession:-- - - _K. Edw._ Take that, the likeness of this railer here. (_Stabs him._) - - _Glo._ Sprawl’st thou? take that to end thy agony. - - _Clar._ And there’s for twitting me with perjury. (_Each stabs him in turn._) - -It is supposed that, when the queen was found and introduced into the -presence of the conqueror, she was not aware of the extent of her -misery. She believed that her son at least had escaped the carnage of -the field, and believing this, all her agony was assuaged. But when the -dreadful truth flashed upon her, and she beheld in the looks of those -around her a ferocious exultation which could not be mistaken,-- - - “She look’d upon their weapons red, - She guess’d what blood their points had shed-- - ‘Where is my child? Mine only one! - Oh God--oh God! Is this my son? - Monsters! a mother’s curse lie strong - And heavy on ye! May the tongue-- - The ceaseless tongue--which well I ween - Lives in the murderer’s murky breast-- - With goading whispers, fell and keen, - Make havoc of your rest! - For ever in your midnight dream, - May the wan smile, which yet delays - On yon cold lips, appal your gaze-- - And may a madden’d mother’s scream - Ring in your ears till ye awake, - And every limb with horror’s palsy shake!’-- - An impulse like the grasp of death - Now hardly held her gasping breath. - Dire was the conflict. Mute she stood, - Striving--and fain to utter more, - Her writhing features struggled sore - With black convulsion, till the blood - Burst from her lips, a ghastly flood. - Then nature gave the combat o’er, - And the heart-stricken queen fell senseless on the floor!” - -Queen Margaret, adds the chronicle, “lyke a prisoner, was brought to -London, where shee remayned till King Reyner, her father, raunsomed her -with money, which summe, as the French writers affirme, he borrowed of -King Lewis XI.; and because he was not of power nor abilitye to repaye -so great a dutye, he sold to the French Kinge and hys heyres the -kingdomes of Naples and both the Sicilies, with the countie of Prouynce, -which is the very tytle that King Charles the Seaventh made when he -conquered the realme of Naples. After that raunsome payde, shee was -conveyed into Fraunce with small honor, which with so great triumph and -honorable enterteynment was with pompe above all pride receyved into -this realme xxvii. yeres before. And where in the begynning of her tyme -she lyved lyke a queene; in the middle shee ruled like an empresse; -towards the ende she was vexed with trouble, never quyet nor in peace. -And in her very extreme age she passed her dayes in Fraunce, more like -death than lyfe, languishing and mourning in continuall sorow, not so -much for herselfe and her husbande, whose ages were almost consumed and -worne, but for the losse of Prince Edwarde, her sonne, whome shee and -her husbande thought to have bothe overlyver of their progeny, and also -of their kingdome, to whome in thys lyfe nothing could be more -displeasant or grievous.” - -Of the ancient lords of the manor of Tewkesbury we have given a brief -account in tracing the descent of that honor; but in a future portion of -the work, the “doings and sufferings” of the De Clares and the Le -Despensers, with various biographical anecdotes, will be introduced. In -the meantime, we take leave of this venerable Abbey--every feature of -which is eloquent of the past--with a legend which, as connected with -its founder, Robert Fitz-Hamon, has often been told and listened to in -these very <g>Cloisters</g>, and with that implicit belief which nothing but -the revival of miracles and monachism can restore! These apartments are -now laid open to the blast; and over the grave of the beadsman “the -stones of the sanctuary” are piled in mouldering heaps. Through the -fretted shrines and casements, the March winds are now whistling a cold -and shrill matin. The labourer has paused from his toil to discuss the -merits of the New Parliament, the Gloucester Railway, and the Corn Laws! -Shade of Fitz-Hamon, beholdest thou this! - -[Illustration] - -<g>Legend.</g>--“On the day preceding his death in the New Forest, King Rufus -had a dream, and behold he felt as if grievously wounded by a javelin, -and that forthwith there gushed a stream of blood which reached even to -the sky, cast its shadows over the sun, and diminished the very light of -day. Starting from his sleep, the king invoked the name of the Blessed -Virgin, and calling for lights, ordered his chamberlains to stay by him, -and so passed the remainder of the night wide awake, being sorely -troubled with the vision. - -“But in the morning very early, a monk from beyond seas, who was then in -attendance upon the king for certain affairs of the church, beckoning to -<g>Robert Fitz-Hamon</g>, a man of great weight and influence about the king, -said unto him that his rest had been troubled with a frightful dream, -which he thus related:--‘As I lay on my pallet in sound sleep, methought -I saw the king enter a certain church with a proud step and haughty -demeanour, as is his wont, and shewing his contempt for those who were -there gathered around him. Anon, seizing the crucifix with his teeth, -he gnawed off its arms (brachia illius corrosit), and left it hardly a -limb to stand upon. Now, when the crucifix had quietly borne with this -horrible treatment for some time, at length, provoked beyond sufferance, -and drawing back its right foot into a kicking attitude, it spurned the -king’s person with such terrific strength that he fell prostrate on the -pavement; and there, issuing from his mouth as he lay insensible, I -beheld a flame widely diffused around me, and a cloud of smoke, like -chaos, rising towards the sky.” - -When the monk had thus related the terrific vision, Fitz-Hamon rehearsed -it to the king, who, bursting into a loud incredulous fit of laughter, -exclaimed “A monk, a monk! who for his own lucre hath dreamt a monkish -dream. Give the friar a hundred shillings, that he may see that he has -dreamt to some purpose.” But these signs and wonders were not yet over. -The king himself had another dream within a few hours of his death. -There appeared unto him a Child of surpassing beauty standing at a -certain altar, whereupon the king, unable to overcome a strong -propensity which he felt to taste the infant’s flesh, went up to it, and -took a mouthful of the flesh, which was so remarkably sweet that he -would have greedily devoured the whole body. But the Child putting on a -stern and forbidding aspect, said to him in a threatening tone, -“Forbear! thou hast already had too much!” Hereupon the king suddenly -wakening, consulted a certain bishop as to the interpretation of this -strange vision. The bishop suspecting that some fearful retribution was -at hand, said to him, “Forbear, O king, to persecute the Church as -hitherto; for in this dream behold the warning voice and paternal -admonition of God, and go not forth to hunt this day as thou hast -purposed.” - -But the king, despising this ghostly counsel, went forth into the forest -to commence his sport; when lo, as a mighty stag passed before him, he -called out to the attendant, Walter Tyrrell, who stood near, “Draw, -devil, draw!” Tyrrell instantly drew and let fly his arrow, but instead -of hitting the stag, it glanced against a tree and struck the king in -the heart. Thus was there a fearful confirmation of all the omens which -had haunted the king’s pavilion the preceding night. - -But without the following particulars, gravely related by the same -author--Matthew of Saint Albans--the picture would be incomplete. - -All the king’s followers having fled in alarm at this terrible accident, -the dead body was removed from the spot where it lay by a char-burner, -but so unaccountably heavy was the load, that the car broke down under -it, and it was again left unattended in the depths of the forest. Here, -however, a certain count having lost his companions in the chase, beheld -to his utter amazement a huge, black, bristly stag carrying off the -king’s body; whereupon he halted and adjured the stag by the Holy -Trinity to declare what this fearful sight meant. “I am carrying your -king,” said the stag, “even the tyrant William Rufus, the enemy of the -Church, to the bar of judgment!” - -For the sake of those who are curious in such matters we add the -original Latin,[190] by which it appears the “stag was no other than the -‘foul Fiend!’” - - AUTHORITIES:--Malmesbury.--Dugdale, Monasticon.--Dyde, History and - Antiquities of Tewkesbury.--Atkyns.--Mitred Abbeys.--Willis’s - Cathedrals.--Saxon History.--Robert of Gloster.--History of the - Clares.--Notes on Magna Charta.--Leland.--Dugdale, - Baronage.--Tyrrel.--Wars of York and Lancaster.--MS. Hist. of the - Abbey.--Dallaway.--Analogies of Cathedral Churches.--History of - Gloucester.--Margaret of Anjou.--Drayton.--Domesday Survey.--Matth. - Par.--Ord. Vital.--Fabyan.--Speed.--Sepulch. Antiquit.--Hist. Civil - War.--Hist. Church,.--&c. &c. &c. - -[Illustration: KENILWORTH CASTLE.] - - - - -[Illustration] - - - - -KENILWORTH CASTLE. - - “Gaze on yon Arch, and mark the while, - Of all that feudal glory shared, - How war has reft what time had spared. - Oh, for a bard of olden time - To yield thee back thy life in rhyme-- - To sing afresh thy glorious prime, - When wassail rout convulsed thy tower, - When banquet shook thy festive halls. - But all is still! thy crumbling walls - No more shall echo back the tread - Of prancing steeds: no more shall War - Roll at thy feet his iron car; - Nor trumpets’ clang, nor clashing swords, - Nor prisoner’s sigh, nor love’s last words, - Whisper amid thy voiceless dead.”--LEATHAM. - - -<g>One of</g> the most graphic pictures of “Old Kenilworth” which we have met -with, occurs in the following passage:--“Where wilde brookes meeting -together make a broad poole among the parkes, and so soone as they are -kept in with bankes, runne in a chanell, is seated Kenelworth--in times -past commonly called Kenelworde, but corruptly Killingworth--and of it -taketh name a most ample, beautifull, and strong <g>Castle</g>, encompassed all -about with parkes, which neither Kenulph, nor Kenelm, ne yet Kineglise -built (as some doe dreame) but Geffrey Clinton, chamberlaine unto Kinge -Henrie the First and his sonne with him, as may be shewed by good -evidences; when he had founded there before a church for chanons -regular. But Henrie, his nephew in the second degree, having no issue, -sold it unto King Henrie the Third, who gave it in franke marriage to -Simon Montfort, Earl of Leicester, together with his sister Aleonor. And -soone after, when enmity was kindled between the Kinge and Earl Simon, -and hee slaine in the bloody wars which he had raised vpon faire -pretexts against his Soveraigne, it endured six months’ siege, and in -the end was surrendered vp to the Kinge aforesaid, who annexed this -castle as an inheritance to Edmund his sonne, Earl of Lancaster; at -which time there went out and was proclaimed from hence an edict, which -our lawyers use to call ‘Dictum de Kenilworth,’ whereby it was enacted -that ‘whosoever had tooke arms against the King, should pay every one of -them five yeeres rent of their lands.’ A severe yet a good and wholesome -course, without effusion of blood, against rebellious subiects, who, -compassing the destruction of the state, put all their hopes upon -nothing else but dissentions. But this <g>Castle</g>, through the bountifull -munificence of Queene Elizabeth, was given and granted to <g>Robert -Dudleie</g>, Earle of Leicester, who to repaire - -[Illustration] - -and adourn it spared for no cost; insomuch, as if a man consider either -the gallant building or the large parkes, it would seem as it were to be -ranged in a third place amongst the Castles in England.” - -Such is the concise description and historical epitome of this -celebrated Castle, as recorded by the author of the “Britannia.” But -many changes have occurred since then; its walls have been dismantled, -its apartments thrown open to the weather, siege and storm have -alternately expended their fury on its iron strength, and mutilated -what they could not overthrow; for it is too firmly seated, too massive -in its structure and materials, to feel the wasting hand of time, and -happily too well cemented to be turned into a profitable quarry. The -northern Ariosto, however, has done more to preserve it from further -dilapidation than its own lords--he has invested its courts and halls -with a charm which nothing can dissolve; and we have good reason to -believe that the scenes which Scott has now rendered classic, the taste -and patriotism of Clarendon will transmit unimpaired to posterity. - - “Dim peering through the vale of night, - Yon murky forms bring back a crowd - Of images that seek the light, - That leap from out the misty shroud - Of ages--picturing as they glide - Athwart the tablet of my thought, - What did of good or ill betide - These walls, and all the deeds here wrought.”--LEATHAM. - -Previous to the Conquest, observes the best authority on this subject, -Kenilworth was a member of the neighbouring parish of Stoneleigh, being -an ancient demesne of the Crown, and had within the precincts thereof a -Castle, situate upon the banks of Avon, in the woods opposite to -Stoneleigh Abbey, which castle stood upon a place called Holm Hill, but -was demolished in those turbulent “times of warre betweene King Edward -and Canutus the Dane.” At the time of the Norman Survey, Kenilworth was -divided into two parts, one of which was styled Optone, and was held of -the king by Albertus Clericus in “pure almes.” The other portion was -possessed by Richard the Forester. In the reign of Henry the First, the -manor was bestowed by the king upon Geoffrey de Clinton, who founded -here a potent castle and a monastery. But although a fortified residence -and a religious foundation were usually, in the early ages, the -harbingers of wealth and consequence to the neighbouring town, -Kenilworth does not appear to have greatly profited by its position, -either in commerce or population. Henry the Third bestowed upon it the -privileges of a weekly market on the Tuesday, and an annual fair to last -three days; but this, it would appear, had fallen into disuse, for -Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, obtained from Queen Elizabeth the -grant of a weekly market to be held on Wednesday, and a yearly fair on -Midsummerday. Prosperity, however, never seems to have taken a hearty -liking to the spot, and, notwithstanding the advantages of royal -patronage and local position, became at length estranged from it, and -fixed her seat in another though less favoured part of the county. The -Castle, however, has in a great measure compensated for the lack of -commerce; and by the great number of visitors who now resort to it at -all seasons, from all parts of the kingdom, the inhabitants are partly -indemnified for other privations. The romance of Kenilworth, it is -probable, has brought, within the last fifteen years, more pilgrims to -this town and neighbourhood--pilgrims of the highest rank--than ever -resorted to its ancient shrine of the Virgin; more knights and dames -than ever figured in its tilts and tournaments. - -Of this lordly palace, where princes feasted and heroes fought--now in -the bloody earnest of storm and siege, and now in the games of chivalry, -and where beauty dealt the prize which valour won--“all,” says Sir -Walter Scott, “all is desolate. The bed of the lake is but a rushy -swamp, and the massive ruins of the Castle only show what their -splendour _once_ was; and impress on the musing visitor the transitory -value of human possessions, and the happiness of those who enjoy a -humble lot in virtuous contentment.” But from the picture of Kenilworth -as it is, we return to those passages of ancient history which point out -to us what it _was_. - -The founder of the Castle, Geoffroi de Clinton, was treasurer and -chamberlain to King Henry the First, but “to whom related” or from whom -descended is a question on which genealogists have come to no -satisfactory conclusion. By one he is said to have been a grandson of -William de Tankerville, who held a distinguished office under the Duke -of Normandy; by another he is mentioned as a soldier of fortune, who had -no patrimony but his sword, with which he ultimately cut his way to the -highest official dignities. But whatever his descent may have been, he -was, beyond doubt, a person in whom the grand recommendations of valour -and wisdom were eminently united. In addition to the offices of trust -above-mentioned, he was appointed by the king to the chief-justiceship -of England; and thus invested with all that honourable distinction to -which a subject could aspire, he readily obtained those territorial -possessions which gave him a high standing among the barons of his day, -and have transmitted his name to the present time in a spot of ground -near the Castle, with the distinctive appellation of ‘Clinton’s Green.’ -The original keep, or donjon, appears to have been the work of this -enterprising Norman, and is still the most imposing feature in the -Castle. It is distinguished from the Norman donjon towers of that period -by having had no prisons underground--such at least is the conclusion; -for in several experiments which have been expressly made for -ascertaining the truth of this exception, the ground on which it stands -has been found solid, and with no appearance of either arches or -excavations, although the examination has been carried to a depth of -fifteen feet and upwards. It is probable, however, that the dungeons -were either in the angular towers above, or in a part near the -foundation, which remains to be discovered; for it is not at all -probable that an appendage so indispensable to a feudal residence would -have been neglected in this solitary instance. This massive and -gigantic fabric, which was constructed to resist the slow waste of -centuries, with scarcely any diminution of strength or bulk, has -suffered greatly by the hand of violence. The north side appears to have -been demolished for the sake of its materials, or to render it incapable -of being again employed as a fortress. The external features have -apparently undergone various alterations: the windows, which originally -consisted of the roundheaded Norman arch, have been transformed in this -particular to the fashion of a later day--a square head, to correspond -with the other buildings erected by Leicester, so that in style and -appearance the Castle might present one harmonious whole. The small -towers which crowned the four angles in the battlements were originally -much higher; but, in subserviency to the same plan, their height was -reduced to Leicester’s new standard, and thus the more ancient character -of the building was impaired rather than improved. The staircases in the -south-west and north-east angles, the ancient well, some remains of -colour in fresco, in imitation of niches, with trefoil heads, are among -the few objects which arrest the eye and invite inspection. - -[Illustration] - -But of De Clinton, with whose name this part of the Castle is so -particularly associated, little is known beyond the fact already -mentioned, of his having founded this Castle, and a <g>Monastery</g> of -canons-regular of the Saint Augustin order, which he amply endowed with -lands, tithes, and other revenues.--“And more,” says Dugdale, “I cannot -say of him than that, in the thirtieth of Henrie the First, the king, -keeping his Christmas at Wodstoke, a false accusation of treason was -there brought against him, and that he left issue Geffrey his son and -heir, who held that office of chamberlain to the king, as his father had -done. He married Agnes, daughter of Roger, Earl of Warwick, and with her -obtained various grants and concessions of importance. He gave, at the -burial of his father, the lordship of Neuton to the monks of Kenilworth, -with eleven other possessions of great value and consideration. Henry de -Clinton his son, and heir of Kenilworth, added considerably to these -bequests; and in consideration of his piety and munificence to the -church, the monks allowed him every day during his life two -manchets--such as two of those canons had--with four gallons of their -best beer, according to wine measure; all of which he was to have, -whether he were at Kenilworth or not, from the time he should assume the -habit of religion, except on such days as he should have entertainment -in that monastery.” These worthy brethren, like the fraternity of -Melrose, appear to have been no eschewers of “faire cookerye and good -drinke.” - - “The jolly monks they made good kail - On Fridays when they fasted, - Nor wanted they good beef and ale - As long as their neighbours’ lasted.” - -“But,” says Dugdale (Baron. art. Clinton), “this Henry, ‘who had sold -his heritage for a sop,’ quitted to King John all his right in -Kenilworth Castle, and in the woods and pools, with whatsoever else -appertained thereto; excepting what he did possess at the death of Henry -the Second. By his wife, Amicia de Bidun, he left issue Henry, his son -and heir, who having been in arms with the rebellious barons, returned -to obedience 2ᵈᵒ Henry the Third, assuring the king of his future -fidelity; whereupon he had livery of those lands in Kenilworth which -descended to him by the death of his father; but dying without issue, -his estates passed into the families of his three sisters, Amicabile, -Isabel, and Agnes, who severally married Lucas de Columbers, Ralph -Fitz-John, and Warine de Bragenham. - -From this epoch in the history of Kenilworth, to the time when it was -given by King Henry to Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, as a -marriage portion with his daughter, the Castle continued to be crown -property. This alliance took place in 1253, and by various documents -extant it appears that considerable sums were expended at intervals in -repairs and embellishments of the royal fortress. Simon de Montfort, -however, by joining the barons, as already mentioned in the history of -Rochester Castle, made shipwreck of his fortune. At the battle of -Evesham--a day on which, as the Monk of Gloucester observes, “the very -heaven appeared in its most appalling hues”--Montfort, with his son -Henry and many individuals of high rank, died on the field. “At the -houre of his death,” says another chronicle, “it thundered and -lightened, and so great a darkness spread the sky that men were sore -amazed.” “A cruell and bloodye battayle it was,” says the annalist; -“after which, in despite of the erle, some malicious persons cut off his -head, mutilating him otherwise with a barbaritie too disgusting to -mention. His feet also, and handes, were cut off from the body and sent -to sundrie places, and the truncke of hys bodye was buryed within the -church of Euisham.” But all this met afterwards with a singular -retribution of vengeance at Viterbo, in Italy, as recorded by Rymer, -Muratori, and others. - -The king had hitherto been a prisoner in the camp of the barons, -captured as already noticed at the battle of Lewis. But having now -recovered his liberty, and made various state arrangements, he assembled -his victorious troops in the month of June following; and with his son, -Prince Edward, at their head, sat down before the walls of Kenilworth -Castle, which still held out under the surviving son of De Montfort. Sir -Henry Hastings, to whom Montfort, during his absence in France--where he -was endeavouring to awaken a strong interest on behalf of the -barons--had intrusted the command, so ably conducted the defence, that -six months had elapsed before any impression could be made upon the -garrison by the king’s forces. - -[Illustration] - -Famine, however, accomplished what mere force could not effect. On the -20th of December, 1265, after the Dictum[191] had been issued, a special -stipulation was entered into, that “Sir Henry Hastynges and all those -that were with him should have life and limme, horse and harnesse, with -all things within the castelle to them belongyng, and a certeine of -leysure to cary away the same.” The Castle was then delivered up to the -king. The principal cause which had rendered this monarch so unpopular -among his natural subjects, the old and high-spirited nobility, has been -already noticed in the account of Rochester. His patronage of -foreigners, and predilection for exotic customs, had prejudiced the -native chivalry against him; and hence the series of battles and sieges, -which only ended with the death of <g>Simon de Montfort</g>,[192] and the -surrender of Kenilworth Castle. At this siege stone balls of great size -were employed by the besieged; some of them, which have been since dug -up, measure sixteen inches in diameter, and ‘weigh nearly two hundred -pounds.’ “But I doe not thinke,” says an old commentator, “that the -gunnes of those dayes were such gunnes as we nowe use, but rather some -pot gunne, or some such other invention.” The warlike engines then in -use, however--the ‘catapultæ’ or ‘mangonels’--were sufficiently powerful -to throw stones much heavier than those found at Kenilworth, as in a -subsequent portion of this work we shall have occasion to show. It was -whilst prosecuting this siege that the king gave his niece in marriage -to the Duke of Brunswick; when the queen and her ladies, who had -travelled from Windsor for that purpose, graced the ceremony with their -presence. - -Having thus recovered possession of the fortress, King Henry bestowed it -upon his younger son Edmund, “with free chase and free warren, and right -to hold in Kenilworth the weekly market and annual fair,” already -mentioned; and, two years afterwards, created him Earl of Lancaster. - -[Sidenote: 1279.{] - -In this year the Castle of Kenilworth became the scene of one of those -brilliant displays which commenced and vanished with the days of -chivalry, but which still sparkle in the pages of the old chronicles, -and enliven the tedium of more grave details. Edward I., on coming to -the throne, greatly encouraged those martial exercises and amusements in -which he himself so much delighted and excelled. It was under his -auspices that, in imitation of the British Arthur, this fête of baronial -splendour was got up; and at the head of it was Roger Mortimer, Earl of -March, who was imbued with the true spirit of his age, and delighted in -those military spectacles which brought beauty and chivalry -together.[193] On this occasion, the round-table was introduced at -Kenilworth, by means of which the guests were placed, for the time at -least, on a footing of equality.[194] The company consisted of five -score knights, and an equal number of ladies. Among the former were many -French and other foreign knights of distinction, who, in honour of their -ladye-loves, had come to break a lance with England’s chivalry. The -halls of the Castle were thrown open to the daily banquet; the -tilt-yard was thronged with rival knights, where the fairest dame, -presiding at the ring, rewarded the successful competitors for every -successive display of martial strength and agility. In the evening, -music and dancing filled up the interval till supper; after which the -ladies retired to their ‘bower,’ and the wassail bowl circling for a -time at the barons’ board, closed the brilliant exhibitions of the day. -Of the dress of these court dames it is mentioned, as a proof of extreme -luxury in that age, that they all appeared in “rich silken mantles.” Of -this great military festival, Hardyng has drawn the following picture, -which gives us a still more magnificent idea of Earl Roger’s splendour. -The assembly, according to his account, was nearly tenfold that -mentioned by other chroniclers:-- - - “And in the yere a thousand was full then, - Two hundred, also sixty and nineteen, - When _Sir Roger Mortimer_ so began - At Kilengworth, the <g>Round-table</g> as was sene, - Of a _thousand knyghts_ for discipline, - Of young menne, after he could devyse - Of <g>turnementes</g> and justes to exercise. - A _thousand ladyes_, excellyng in beautye, - He had also there in tentes high above - The <g>justes</g>, that thei might well and clerely see - Who justed beste there for their ladye-love, - For whose beautie it should the knightes move - In armes so eche other to revie [rival] - To get a fame in play of chivalrye.”--HARDYNG CHRON. - -In illustration of this subject, it may be proper to introduce a passage -from Strutt’s View of Manners and Customs, in which he justly remarks, -“That all these warlike games--such as those of the round-table, and -tilts, and tournaments--are by historians too often confounded together. -They were, nevertheless, _different_ games, as appears from the -authority of Matthew Paris, who writes thus--Non in hastiludio illo quod -vulgariter torneamentum dicitur, sed potius in illo ludo militari, qui -_mensa rotunda_ dicitur--‘Not in the tilts which we commonly call -tournaments, but rather in that military game called the _round-table_.’ -The first was the tilting, or running at each other with lances; the -second, probably, was the same with that ancient sport called -_barriers_, from the old French _barres_ or _jeu de barres_, a martial -game of men armed, and fighting together with short swords within -certain limits or _lists_, whereby they were severed from the -spectators; and this fighting without lances distinguished the barriers, -or _round-table knights_, from the other.” (Vide also Warner’s -Illustrations, critical and historical, vol. i. p. 255.) This splendid -exhibition at <g>Kenilworth</g> was succeeded by the revival of the round-table -at Windsor; and “so great was the concourse that flocked from all the -countries of Europe--and particularly from France--to reap the laurels -of chivalry in the court of Edward, that Philip de Valois, the French -monarch, either stimulated by envy, or fearful that his own palace would -be deserted by the flower of his nobility, instituted a _round-table_ in -his kingdom also. “The tournaments of this magnificent reign,” observes -Warton, “were constantly crowded with ladies of the first distinction, -who sometimes attended them on horseback, armed with daggers, and -dressed in a succinct soldier-like habit or uniform, made expressly for -the purpose.” “But this practice,” says Warren, on the testimony of -Knyghton, “was at length deemed scandalous,” or at least very -unfeminine. - -<g>The Hall</g>, in which were held so many splendid reunions and banquets, is -still magnificent in decay. Its proportions are ninety feet in length, -forty-five - -[Illustration] - -in breadth, and the same in height--proportions which were generally -observed by the ancient builders in all edifices where harmony of parts -and grandeur of effect were to be combined. In the windows, the richness -of the mouldings and tracery still remains as a proof of what they must -have been when, on the decoration of this Castle, all that art could -accomplish or wealth command was lavishly bestowed. The undercroft, or -hall, as described in the survey, is “carried upon pillars and -architecture of freestone, carved and wrought as the like are not within -this kingdom.” It is of the same dimensions as the Baron’s Hall above, -and was intended for the domestics and those numerous guests and -retainers who were not entitled to a place at the upper table.” On each -side of the upper hall is a fire-place; near to the inner court is “an -oriel, in plan comprehending five sides of an octagon, and a fire-place. -On the side opposite is a recess with a single window and a small -closet, described by the guide as ‘Queen Elizabeth’s dressing-room.’” - -From the period just mentioned till that of Edward the Second, -Kenilworth appears to have enjoyed uninterrupted tranquillity, if not -sunshine. It was the frequent resort of that “brave but unlettered -nobility,” among whom it was the monarch’s ambition to keep alive the -martial ardour which his example had awakened. On the death of the first -Edward, however, and the accession of his son, a crisis was approaching. -The reign of the latter, his weak and impolitic government, his -disregard of public opinion, his total abandonment of the kingly duties -in favour of pleasure; his patronage of foreign adventurers, and his -protection of servile flatterers, on whom he lavished wealth, and power, -and honours, alienated the nobility, and hastened his own downfall and -that of his favourites. But without minutely entering into this subject, -we shall merely touch upon such facts, or incidents, as connect the -Castle of Kenilworth with the history of that period. - -On the attainder of Thomas Earl of Lancaster, in the fifteenth year of -this reign, Kenilworth again reverted to the crown, and was held by the -king until the eve of his ‘abdication,’ when the orders issued to Odo de -Stoke, his castellan, for its defence, could not be carried into effect. -The king had left the capital, and become a fugitive from his -exasperated vassals. Having lost his favourites--the Gavestons, and now -losing both the Le Despensers by a horrid death--the unhappy monarch, -thinking to secure his safety by flight, went on board a ship at -Bristol, with the view of seeking refuge on the coast of Ireland. But -contrary winds prevailing, he was driven on the coast of Wales; and -being there made prisoner by Leicester, brother of him whom he had -lately caused to be attainted, was conducted to Kenilworth Castle. -“Alas,” says the chronicle, “with corrupt dispositions, even to everting -of all bonds of either religious or civil duty, what will not money, -diligence, and fair words accomplish! For by these means the desolate, -sad, and unfortunate king fell into his cousin of Lancaster’s hands, and -with him the yonger Lord Spenser, Earle of Glocester, Robert Baldock, -Lord Chancellour, and Simon de Reding, there being no regard had to the -detention of any other. The king was conveyed by the earle from the -place of his surprise to Monmouth and Ledbury, and so on to the Castle -of Kenelworth, belonging to the Earle of Leicester, who was appointed to -attend him; that is, to keepe him safe. The other three, Spenser, -Baldock, and Reding, were strongly guarded to Hereford, there to be -disposed of at the pleasure of their most capitall enemies;” as -hereafter will appear. “The mournefull king being at Kenelworth Castle, -there repaired thither the Bishops of Winchester, Hereford, and -Lincolne, two earles, two abbots, foure barons, two justices, three -knights for every county; and for London, and other principall places, -chiefly for the Cinque ports, a certaine chosen number, selected by the -Parliament, which then the queene and her sonne held at London. The -Bishops of Winchester and Lincolne, as it was agreed upon, came thither -before any of the rest, as well to give the king to vnderstand what -kinde of embassage was approaching, as to prepare him by the best -arguments they could, to satisfie the desire and expectation of their -new moulded common-weale, which could onely be by resignation of his -crown, that his sonne might reign in his stead.” When they were admitted -to his presence--the Earl of Leicester his keeper, being at hand--they -“together so wrought upon him, partly by shewing the necessity, partly -by other reasons, drawn out of common places, thoroughly studied for -that purpose, that--although not without many sobs and teares--he -finally did not dissent, if his answere, which some doubt, were truly -reported to Parliament.” - -[Illustration] - -The whole company sent by the Order of State--if “that might be called a -body which then had no head there--from London, being placed by the -Bishop of Hereford according to their degrees in <g>the Presence Chamber</g> of -Kenilworth Castle, the king gowned in blacke came forth at last out of -an inwarde roome--the Privy Chamber[195]--and presented himself to his -vassals, where--as being privy to their errand--sorrow stroke such a -chillnesse into him that he fell to the earth, lying stretched forth in -a deadly swoon.” The Earl of Leicester and the Bishop of Worcester -beholding this ran to him, and with much labour recovered the half-dead -king, setting him on his feet. But “rueful and heavy” as this sight -was, we read not yet of any acts or effects of compassion expressed -toward him--so settled was their hatred and aversion. - -.... Miser atque infelix est etiam Rex, - Nec quenquam, mihi crede, facit diadema beatum. - -The King being now come to himself--but to the sense of his misery--the -Bishop of Hereford declared to him the cause of their present embassy; -and running over the former points, concluded by saying, “That the king -must resigne his diadem to his eldest sonne; or, after the refusall, -suffer them to elect such a personne as themselves should judge to be -most fit and able to defend the kingdome.” The delirious king having -heard this speech, “brake forth into sighes and teares.” Yet, -nevertheless, said that “it was greatly to his good pleasure and liking -that--seeing it could none other be on his behalfe--his eldest son was -so gracious in their sight; and therefore he gave them thanks for -choosing him to be their kinge.” This being said, there was “forthwith a -proceeding to the short ceremony of his resignation, which principally -consisted in the surrender of his diadem and ensigns of majestic to the -use of his sonne, the new kinge.... Edward being thus de-kinged, the -embassie rode joyfully backe to London to the Parliament with the -afore-named ensigns and dispatch of their employment.”--(So far Speed, -Polyd. Virg., Thomas de la More, Walsingham.) - -“Now, after he was deposed of his kinglie honor and title,” says -Holinshed, “the said King Edward remained for a time at Killingworth -Castle, in custodie of the Earle of Leicester. But within a while the -Queen[196] was informed by the Bishop of Hereford--whose hatred towards -him had no end--that the Earle of Leicester favoured her husbande too -much, and more than stoode with the suretie of her sonne’s estate; -whereupon he, the King, was appointed to the keeping of two other lords, -Thomas Berkeley and John Maltravers, who receiving him of the Earle of -Leicester on the third of April, conveyed him from Kenilworth to -Berkeley Castle, there to remain a close prisoner.” With the episode of -this tragical history every reader is acquainted. In the words of the -prophetic bard of Gray, he seems to hear - - The shrieks of death through Berkeley’s roofs that ring, - Shrieks of an agonizing king! - -But taking leave of this melancholy incident in the history of -Kenilworth Castle, we pass on in company with the circumstantial -chroniclers of that day. On the accession of Edward the Third, Henry, -brother of the attainted lord, and who had captured the fugitive king in -Wales, was restored to all his titles, honours, and estates, when -Kenilworth became once more the seat of baronial splendour. To this -nobleman succeeded Henry his son, whom the sovereign, as a farther mark -of his approbation, created Earl of Derby and of Lincoln, and lastly -Duke of Lancaster. But here the line was again - -[Illustration] - -cut short. Dying without male issue in the thirty-fifth year of that -reign, his two daughters became heirs to his vast demesne. Maude, the -elder of these, married William Duke of Bavaria; and Blanche, the -younger, <g>John of Gaunt</g>, fourth son of Edward the Third, who shortly -after, reviving the late title, created him Duke of Lancaster, “by -girding him with a sword, and putting a cap of fur on his head, with a -circlet of gold and pearles.” To him, in right of his wife, was -assigned, in the partition of lands which followed, the Castle of -Kenilworth as part of her dower; but to which, after the death of the -said Maude, Duchess of Bavaria, the manor of Leicester and a great many -others, as enumerated by Dugd. vol. ii. p. 114, were added. - -<g>Lancaster Buildings</g>, so called from this celebrated personage, were -among the important additions which he made to the Castle during the -interval which elapsed between his accession to the demesne, and his -death in 1399. The repairs, additions, and embellishments which he -contributed to this ancient fortress, consisted of the range of -buildings here named--forming the south side of the interior quadrangle; -and the tower, with three stories of arches adjoining the hall on the -north side. He flanked the outer walls with turrets, and accomplished -many other works calculated to improve and strengthen the means of -defence. Visitors will do well to climb over these arches, which the -ruined state of the building and the rubbish that has fallen down render -no difficult task, and from the top “they will enjoy a magnificent view -of the country, with the house and church at Honiley in the background. -One cannot stand here a moment without being struck with the idea of -what a glorious prospect it must have been, with the valleys on either -hand filled with the transparent waters of the lake, surrounded with a -beautiful variety of pleasure-ground laid out in lawns and woods.” - - Du marbre, de l’airain, qu’un vain luxe prodigue, - Des ornaments de l’art, l’œil bientôt se fatigue; - Mais les _bois_, mais les _eaux_, mais les _ombrages frais_, - Tout ce luxe innocent ne fatigue jamais. - -In the following reign, when so much noble blood flowed on the scaffold, -Lancaster was often exposed to the cold-hearted suspicions of his -nephew, Richard the Second. In a former part of this work, where we have -detailed at some length the circumstances attending the trial and -execution of Richard Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel, the Duke of Lancaster -appeared at his trial; and it was he, <g>John of Gaunt</g>, who was -conspicuously active in bringing that unhappy nobleman to the block. He -survived him, however, only two years; and after many splendid services -to the state, and having borne the titles of “Duke of Aquitaine, Duke of -Brittany, King of Castille,” and been thrice married,[197] he died at -his Castle of Leicester, or, according to others, at Ely House, in -Holborn. Instances of his knightly prowess and prudent sayings are often -detailed by the old chroniclers. - -When leading the van in the battle against Henry, the bastard brother of -Don Pedro in Spain, near the city of Pampeluna, pointing to the enemy in -front--“There,” said he to Sir William Beauchamp, “there are your -enemies; this day you shall seeme a good knight or die in the quarrel.” -When John Wycliffe was called before the Archbishop of Canterbury, the -Bishop of London, and other prelates and peers, of whom this Duke of -Lancaster was one; he (in favour of Wycliffe) spoke some reproachful -words against the bishop, which gave such discontent to the citizens -that they rose in an uproar and resolved to have murdered him, and to -have set fire to his house, called the Savoy--then the fairest structure -in England--had ‘not the bishop qualified them.’ On the accession of his -nephew, King Richard, observing that he was under improper influence, -and fearing that public blame might attach to him as the principal -adviser, he obtained leave to retire to his Castle of Hereford, which he -intended to have made his chief residence, and had taken measures for -repairing and fortifying it. But in this he was defeated by the King’s -injustice, who took it from him, at which he was much troubled, and in -consequence took up his residence in his Castle of Kenilworth.--Baron. - -The Hall, already mentioned, was finished only two years before the -death of John of Gaunt, who, after being deprived of his other castle by -King Richard, as above stated, employed his active mind in a thorough -restoration of that at Kenilworth; “and for which,” says Dugdale, “he -obtained a warrant from Richard, directed to Robert de Skillington, -master mason, and supervisor of his buildings at Kenilworth, to impress -twenty masons, carpenters, and others.” - -[Illustration] - -<g>The Strong Tower</g>, or that which in the “Romance of Kenilworth” is called -Mervin’s Tower, is also ascribed to John of Gaunt. Henry de Bolingbroke, -his son, Duke of Hereford, who was destined to play so conspicuous a -rôle in the national history, succeeded to his illustrious father in -1399. On his return from abroad--where he had been some time in -exile--to take possession of his heritage according to the royal patent, -Richard, jealous of his power and growing popularity, applied to the -parliamentary commissioners, and by their authority revoked his letters -patent, and retained possession of the late Duke’s estates. So glaring -an act of injustice could not be overlooked, either by Hereford or his -friends. Connected with most of the principal nobility by blood, -alliance, or private friendship, they were easily brought, by a sense of -common interest, to take part in his resentment; the consequences of -which were, the deposition of King Richard, the elevation of Henry de -Bolingbroke to the throne, and the origin of those unnatural wars -between the houses of York and Lancaster which deluged the country with -blood. - -During these fierce and sanguinary contests, the castle and demesnes of -Kenilworth were alternately in the power and custody of the rival -houses; but the lighter amusements of the age, the chivalric -entertainments, jousts and tournaments, which had so frequently -enlivened its courts, had been laid aside for the stern realities of -domestic war. Days of battle and nights of mourning, or fearful -preparation, drove mirth and festivity from the gate; while the -continual tramp of steeds, the clang of arms, and the approach of fresh -conflicts, kept alive that melancholy interest and excitement, which for -a time isolated this magnificent fortress and its garrison within the -pale of its own fosse and ramparts. - - “O England, years are fled since first - Wide o’er thy plains the war-cloud burst! - Long years are fled; yet following years - Still hear thy groans, still mark thy tears! - Yet where are they whose fatal shout - To havoc roused the maddening rout? - Where they who toss’d the fatal brand - Of discord through their hapless land? - They’re gone--and following in their place, - Another and another race. - But peace, peace, comes not! They repose - Which kindled first their country’s woes; - But, ere they slept, they left behind - A fatal present to mankind.” - -<g>The Swan Tower</g> forms the north-west angle of the outer wall, at the -meeting of the lake and canal, or wet ditch. Near this, and of an oblong -shape, divided into parterres cross-fashioned, and with a circular space -in the centre, was the ancient garden of the Castle, which communicated -with the Maison de Plaisance already named, and this again with the -strong tower adjoining. In shape it is octagonal, and is supposed to -have derived its name from the swans which resorted hither to be fed by -the keeper. Another of these towers, which forms the opposite or -north-east angle of the outer wall, is considerably larger than the -preceding, polygonal in shape, and contained several apartments, two of -which have fire-places. It is known in the History of the Castle as -“Lunn’s Tower,” and is seen to advantage in the general view of the -Castle from the north-east. Of nearly the same size within, but not -nearly so high, and in its architectural style and proportions deserving -of particular attention, is the Water Tower. It appears to have been -intended for military defence, and used in connexion with the other -warlike outworks by which, on the land side, the castle wall was -protected. The next prominent object in the same line, where the lake -and ditch again meet on the south-east, is Mortimer’s Tower, already -described. Communicating with this, by means of a long gallery, was the -<g>Flood Gate</g>, which contained a “spacious and noble room,” from which the -ladies might conveniently witness the martial pastimes of joust and -tournament in the capacious tilt-yard adjoining, which extended from -tower to tower. The buildings here enumerated form the chief features in -the outer circuit, and succeed each other at various distances along the -embattled wall on the north and east of the castle. - -[Illustration] - -<g>The Kitchens</g>, three in number, occupied the whole space between the keep -and the strong tower on the north-west. The buildings are in total -dilapidation; but the important office to which they were applied--the -restaurant of the castle--is clearly indicated by what remains. In this -part of the castle--as if the walls had not yet lost the high -temperature to which they had been raised in the times of baronial -revelry--the ivy luxuriates in great redundancy; the lizard sports on -the hearth, and the owl and bat roost together in the larder. Così -trapassa, al’ trapassar’ d’ un giorno, la gloria della--cucina! - -[Sidenote: 1114. {] - -Henry the Fifth, according to Stow, kept his “Lent in the Castle of -Kenelworth, and caused an harbor there to be planted in the marish for -his pleasure, among the thorns and bushes, where a foxe had harbored, -which foxe he killed, being a thing thought to prognosticate that he -should expell the craftie deceit of the French king; besides which he -also there builded a most pleasaunt place, and caused it to bee named -‘le Plaisant Marais,’ or the Pleasaunt Marsh.” Here, also, during the -same Lent, “whilst the King lay at Kenelworth, messingers came to him -from the Dolphin of France, named Charles, with a present of Paris -balles with him to play withall; but the Kinge wrote to him that he -would shortlie send to him London balles, with the whiche he woulde -breake down the roofes of houses.” Of this incident Shakspeare has taken -advantage in the following scene in his play of Henry the Fifth:-- - - _Ambass._ The prince, our master, - Says that you savour too much of your youth, - And bids you be advised, there’s nought in France - That can be with a nimble gaillard won-- - You cannot revel into dukedoms there; - He therefore sends you, meeter for your spirit, - This tun of treasure; and in lieu of this, - Desires you let the dukedoms that you claim - Hear no more of you. This the Dauphin speaks. - _K. Hen._ What treasure, uncle? - - _Exe._ Tennis-balls, my liege. - - _K. Hen._ We are glad the Dauphin is so pleasant with us; - His present and your pains we thank you for. - When we have matched our rackets to these balls, - We will in France, by God’s grace, play a set - Shall strike his father’s crown into the hazard. - And tell the pleasant prince, this mock of his - Hath turn’d his balls to gun-stones; and his soul - Shall stand sore charged for the wasteful vengeance - That shall fly with them; for many a thousand widows - Shall this his mock, mock out of their dear husbands; - Mock mothers from their sons; mock castles down.--ACT i. sc. 2. - -On the accession of Henry the Seventh, the Castle was bestowed upon his -son, as Duke of Cornwall, who, to the numerous repairs and -embellishments made by his royal predecessors, contributed many others. -He removed what was called the ‘Plaisance en Marais’--supposed to have -been a small summer-house in the marshy flat beyond the walls--to the -interior of the castle-yard, where its remains are still visible near -the <g>Swan Tower</g>. Inheriting the munificence and taste of his father--“the -onlie phœnix of hys tyme for fyne and curious masonrie,”[198] and whose -“buildings were most goodlie and after the newest caste, all of -pleasure,”[199] the Duke evinced in his repairs of Kenilworth[200] that -love and patronage of the fine arts by which he was afterwards -distinguished as Henry the Eighth. The building formerly known as “Henry -the Eighth’s Lodgings,” was a capacious structure, situated between the -Keep, or Cæsar’s Tower, on the right, and Leicester’s Buildings on the -left; comprising an extensive suite of apartments, and forming the -eastern side of the inner court. Through this building, close to the -tower, was the archway leading into the castle-yard. From Henry the -Eighth it descended to his son, Edward the Sixth; then to Mary, and -lastly to Queen Elizabeth, who bestowed it upon her favourite, Robert -Dudley, fifth son of the Duke of Northumberland, with all the royalties -thereto belonging. This forms the most memorable incident in the history -of Kenilworth. - -This Sir Robert Dudley appears on almost every page of the history of -Elizabeth’s reign. He had been included in the attainder of his family, -but was restored in blood by Queen Mary, who appointed him, when a very -young man, Master of the Ordnance at the siege of St. Quintin. -Elizabeth overwhelmed him with dignities; giving him the Garter while a -commoner; creating him Baron of Denbigh and Earl of Leicester; and -investing him with the order of St. Michael, which the King of France, -by way of compliment, had requested her to confer on two of her -subjects. He was likewise Master of the Horse, Steward of the Household, -Chancellor of Oxford, Ranger of the Forests south of Trent, and -Captain-general of the English forces in the Netherlands; and, as though -the great ancient offices of his country were not sufficient for the -gratification of his ambitious temper, a patent was preparing at the -time of his death for one before unheard of--the Queen’s Lieutenant in -the government of England and Ireland. He was distinguished by the -elegance of his manners and the profuseness of his expenses, and -affected a great degree of piety, and a strict purity of conduct. To -these plausible appearances, though unpossessed of either wisdom or -virtue, he owed the maintenance of his power to the last, against a -strong party at court, and even against the Queen herself, who would -gladly have pulled him down when those motives, which doubtless produced -her first favours to him, had lost their force. The most material -circumstances of his political history never appeared to public view; -for he was the darkest character of his time, and delighted in deriving -the success of his schemes from the operation of remote causes, and the -agency of obscure instruments. It is highly probable that the Queen of -Scots, and the Duke of Norfolk, were sacrificed to this crooked sort of -policy; a conjecture which tends to wipe out somewhat, though, alas! but -little, of the bloody stain which those enormities have left on -Elizabeth’s memory.--Illust. of Brit. Hist.--Lodge. - -He married, first, Anne, daughter and heiress to Sir John Robsart (for a -particular account of whose murder, and the suspicions that fell on her -husband, see Ashmole’s History of Berks): secondly, Douglas, daughter of -William Lord Howard of Effingham, and widow of John Lord Sheffield, by -whom he had a son, Sir Robert, who is frequently mentioned in the papers -of the succeeding reign. But soon after, having conceived a violent -passion for Lettice, daughter of Sir Francis Knollys, and widow of -Walter Devereux, Earl of Essex, whose late death had been attended by -strong indications of foul play, he wedded her, and disowned his former -marriage and its unfortunate offspring. Douglas submitted patiently, and -lived for some time in the obscurity which suited her disgraced -character; till Leicester having attempted to take her off by poison, -she married Sir Edward Stafford of Grafton, in hopes of shielding -herself against the Earl’s future malignity, by affording him in her own -conduct a presumptive evidence in favour of his allegations. All the -curious circumstances relating to this double bigamy may be found in -Dugdale’s Warwickshire.--Ibid. Note, vol. i. p. 378. - -The repairs, alterations, and additions made to the Castle by this -nobleman were on the most splendid scale, and finished at an expenditure -of sixty thousand pounds: an immense sum at that time. - -[Illustration] - -The <g>Stables</g>, which formed so important an object in the establishment of -every military baron, were in proportion to the number of his retinue -and retainers. The lower story of the building, described as Leicester’s -Stables, is of solid stone mason-work. The lofts, or upper story, -consist of brick and timber pane-work, each compartment having a -diagonal piece of timber in it, carved in rude imitation of the “Ragged -Staff,” part of the armorial bearings of the family. - -His principal works are thus enumerated:--“The first was the great -<g>Gate-house</g> on the north side; for, after having filled up a part of the -moat on that side, he made the principal entrance from the north, -instead of the south, as it had been originally. He erected a large mass -of square rooms at the north-east angle of the upper court, called -<g>Leicester’s Buildings</g>, and built from the ground two handsome towers at -the head of the pool. The one called Flood-gate, or Gallery Tower, stood -at the end of the tilt-yard, and contained a spacious and noble room, -from which the ladies might conveniently see the exercises of tilting -and other sports. The other was called Mortimer’s Tower, either, as -Dugdale thinks, after one that previously stood there, and in which this -lord lodged at the round-table festival already mentioned, or because -Sir John Mortimer was confined there when a prisoner in the reign of -Henry the Sixth. By Leicester, also, the baronial chase, or park, was -greatly enlarged. But although his works are of so recent a date, they -present, nevertheless, the appearance of great antiquity, owing to the -quality of the stone, which, being of a friable nature, is readily acted -upon by the weather.” - -<g>Leicester’s Buildings</g>, which comprise the lofty range from north-east to -south-west, present, even in their present state of dilapidation, the -skeleton of a majestic structure, and enable the stranger to form a fair -estimate of the splendid accommodation provided for the queen and her -court. To correct a popular error, it may be observed that “the great -staircase flanked the centre apartment, and that the projecting erection -at the south-west angle, usually called the staircase, was a suite of -closets or dressing-rooms.” The date of 1571 is cut in stone below the -centre window of the east front. To give a general idea of the extent -and splendour of this Castle at the time - -[Illustration] - -of the queen’s arrival, when it was in the meridian of its strength and -beauty, we select the following particulars from the pen of the ‘Great -Magician:’--“The outer wall enclosed a space of seven acres, a part of -which was occupied by extensive stables, and by a pleasure garden with -its trim arbours and parterres, and the rest forming the large -base-court, or outer yard, of this noble castle. The lordly structure -itself, which rose near the centre of this spacious enclosure, was -composed of a huge pile of magnificent castellated buildings, apparently -of different ages, surrounding an inner court; and bearing in the names -attached to each portion of the magnificent mass, and in the armorial -bearings which were there blazoned, the emblems of mighty chiefs who had -long passed away, and whose history--could ambition have bent an ear to -it--might have read a lesson to the haughty favourite who had acquired, -and was now augmenting, this fair domain. A large and massive -keep--[that already described as Cæsar’s Tower]--which formed the -citadel of the castle, was of uncertain though great antiquity: it bore -the name of Cæsar, probably from its resemblance to that in the Tower of -London so called. The external wall of this royal castle was, on the -south and west sides, adorned and defended by a lake, partly artificial, -across which Leicester had constructed a stately bridge, that Elizabeth -might enter the castle by a path hitherto untrodden, instead of the -usual entrance to the northward, over which he had erected a <g>Gate-house</g> -or barbican, which still exists, and is equal in extent, and superior in -architecture, to the baronial castle of many a northern chief. Beyond -the lake lay an extensive chase, full of red deer, fallow deer, roes, -and every species of game, and abounding with lofty trees, from amongst -which the extended front and massive towers of the castle were seen to -rise in majesty and beauty.” Such was the royal Castle of Kenilworth, -when, attended by thirty-one barons, the ladies of her court, and four -hundred inferior servants, Queen Elizabeth accepted the hospitality of -Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester. - -[Illustration] - -<g>The progresses</g> of the maiden Queen were eminently calculated to inspire -lofty ideas of royalty. They were performed with a pomp and circumstance -which dazzled the popular eye, drew around her the great and gifted of -the land, excited the envy and admiration of foreigners, and, by the -splendid hospitality with which she was entertained, insured a free and -even profuse circulation of money wherever she halted. - -Harrison, after enumerating the Queen’s palaces, adds, “But what shall I -need to take upon me to repeat all, and tell what houses the Queen’s -Majesty hath? Sith all is hers; and when it pleaseth her in the summer -season to recreate herself abroad, and view the estate of the country, -and hear the complaints of her poor commons, injured by her unjust -officers or their substitutes; every nobleman’s house is her palace, -where she continueth during pleasure, and till she return again to some -of her own, in which she remaineth so long as she pleaseth.”[201] But in -no palace was her Majesty entertained in such gorgeous state as in that -of Kenilworth. - -It was the twilight of a summer night--the 9th of July, 1575--the sun -having for some time set, and all were in anxious expectation of the -Queen’s immediate approach. “The multitude had remained assembled for -many hours, and their numbers were still rather on the increase. A -profuse distribution of refreshments, together with roasted oxen, and -barrels of ale set abroach in different places of the road, had kept the -populace in perfect love and loyalty towards the Queen and her -favourite, which might have somewhat abated had fasting been added to -watching. They passed away the time, therefore, with the usual popular -amusements of whooping, hallooing, shrieking, and playing rude tricks -upon each other, forming the chorus of discordant sounds usual on such -occasions. These prevailed all through the crowded roads and fields, and -especially beyond the gate of the chase, where the greater number of the -common sort were stationed; when all of a sudden, a single rocket was -seen to shoot into the atmosphere, and, at the instant, far heard over -flood and field, the great bell of the castle tolled. - -“Immediately there was a pause of dead silence, succeeded by a deep hum -of expectation, the united voice of many thousands, none of whom spoke -above their breath; or, to use a singular expression, the whisper of an -immense multitude.” - -The annexed account is abridged from the “Somerz Progrest, 1575.” - -His honour, <g>Robert Dudley</g>, having made her Majesty great cheer at dinner -on her halt at Long Ichington, and pleasant pastime in hunting by the -way after, it was eight o’clock in the evening ere her Highness came to -Killingworth; where, in the park, about a slight shoot from the Brays -and first gate of the castle, one of the ten sibyls, comely clad in a -pall of white silk, pronounced a proper poezie in English rhyme and -metre,--of effect how great gladness her good presence brought into -every stead where it pleased her to come; and specially now into that -place that had so often longed after the same; and ended with prophecy -certain, of much and long prosperity, health, and felicity. This her -Majesty benignly accepting, passed forth unto the next gate of the -Brays, which for the length, largeness, and use--as well it may so -serve--they call now the Tilt-yard, where a porter, tall of person, big -of limb, and stern of countenance, wrapt also all in silk, with a club -and keys of quantity according, had a rough speech full of passions, in -metre, aptly made to the purpose: whereby, as her Highness was come -within his ward, he burst out in a great pang of impatience to see such -uncouth trudging to and fro, such riding in and out, with such din and -noise of talk within the charge of his office; whereof he never saw the -like, nor had any warning afore, nor yet could make to himself any cause -of the matter. At last, upon better view and advisement, as he pressed -to come nearer, confessing anon that he found himself pierced at the -presence of a personage, so evidently expressing an heroical sovereignty -over all the whole estates, and by degrees there beside, calmed his -astonishment, proclaimed open gates and free passage to all, yielded up -his club, his keys, his office, and all, and on his knees humbly prayed -pardon of his ignorance and impatience: which her Highness graciously -granting, he caused his trumpeters that stood upon the wall of the gate -there, to sound up a tune of welcome. Which, - -[Illustration] - -beside the noble noise, was so much the more pleasant to behold, because -these trumpeters, being six in number, were every one an eight foot -high, in due proportion of person beside, all in long garments of silk -suitable, each with his silvery trumpet of five foot long, formed taper -ways, and straight from the upper part unto the nether end, where the -diameter was sixteen inches over, and yet so tempered by art, that being -very easy to the blast, they cast forth no great noise, nor a more -unpleasant sound for time and tune, than any other common trumpet, be it -never so artificially formed. These harmonious blasters, from the -foreside of the gate at her Highness’s entrance where they began, -walking upon the walls unto the inner, had this music maintained from -them very delectably; while her Highness, all along this tilt-yard, rode -under the inner gate, next the base-court of the castle: where the Lady -of the Lake, famous in King Arthur’s Book, with two nymphs waiting upon -her arrayed all in silks, attended her Highness’s coming. From the midst -of the pool, where, upon a moveable island, bright blazing with torches, -she, floating to land, met her Majesty with a well-penned metre, and -matter after this sort: viz. First of the antiquity of the castle, who -had been owner of the same e’en till this day, most always in the hands -of the Earls of Leicester; how she had kept this lake since King -Arthur’s days; and now, understanding of her Highness’s coming hither, -thought it both office and duty, in humble ways to discover her and her -estate; offering up the same, her lake and power therein, with promise -of repair unto the court. It pleased her Highness to thank this lady, -and to add withall, “We had thought indeed the lake had been ours, and -do you call it yours now? Well, we will herein commune more with you -hereafter.” - -This pageant was closed up with a delectable harmony of hautboys, -shalms, cornets, and such other loud music, that held on while her -Majesty pleasantly so passed from thence toward the castle gate; -whereunto from the base-court, over a dry valley cast into a good form, -was there framed a fayre bridge of a twenty foot wide, and a seventy -foot long, gravelled for treading, railed on either part with seven -posts on a side, that stood twelve foot asunder, thickened between with -well-proportioned pillars turned. Upon the first pair of posts were set -two comely square wire cages, a three foot long, two foot wide; and high -in them live bitterns, civileirs, shoovelarz, hearsheawz, godwitz, and -such like dainty birds of the presents of Sylvanus, the God of Fowls. On -the second pair, two great silver’d bowls, featly apted to the purpose, -filled with apples, pears, cherries, filberds, walnuts, fresh upon their -branches; and with oranges, pomegranates, lemons, and pippins, all as -gifts of Pomona, the Goddess of Fruits. The third pair of posts, in two -such silver’d bowls, had (all in ears green and old) wheat, barley, -oats, beans, and pease, as the gifts of Ceres. The fourth post against -it had a pair of great white silver livery pots for wine; and before -them two glasses of good capacity filled full; the one with white wine, -the other with claret, so fresh of colour, and of look so lovely, -smiling to the eyes of many, that by my faith methought, by their -leering, they could have found in their hearts, as the evening was hot, -to have kissed them sweetly, and thought it no sin: and these for the -potential presents of Bacchus, the God of Wine. The fifth pair had each -a fair large tray, strewed with fresh grass; and in them, conger, burt, -mullet, fresh herring, oysters, salmon, crevis, and such like, being -gifts to her Highness, from Neptune, God of the Sea. On the sixth pair -of posts were set two ragged staves of silver, as my Lord gives them in -arms, beautifully glittering of armour, thereupon depending, bows, -arrows, spears, shield head-pieces, gorget, corslets, swords, targets, -and such like, for Mars’ gifts, the God of War. And the more aptly, -methought, was it that those ragged staves supported these martial -presents, as well because these staves by their tines seem naturally -meet for the bearing of armour, as also that they chiefly in this place -might take upon them principal protection of her Highness’s person, that -so benignly pleased her to take harbour. On the seventh posts, the last -and next to the castle, were there pight to faer bay branches of a four -foot high, adorned on all sides with lutes, violins, shalms, cornets, -flutes, recorders, and harps, as the presents of Phœbus, the God of -Music, for rejoicing the mind, and also of physic, for health to the -body. Over the castle gate was there fastened a table, beautifully -garnished above with her Highness’s arms, and featly with ivy wreathes -bordered about, of a ten foot square; the ground black, whereupon in -large white Roman capitals, fayr written, a poem mentioning these gods -and their gifts, thus presented unto her Highness: which, because it -remained unremoved, I took it out as followeth:--[Each word in reference -to the Queen was written in gold.]-- - - -<g>Ad Majestatem Regiam.</g> - - Jupiter huc certos cernens <g>te</g> tendere gressus - Cœlicolas Princeps actutum convocat omnes; - Obsequium præstare jubet <g>tibi</g> quemque benignum. - Unde suas Sylvanus aves, Pomonaque fructus, - Alma Ceres fruges, hilarantia vina Lyæus, - Neptunus pisces, tela et tutantia Mavors, - Suave melos Phœbus, solidamque longamque salutem. - Dii <g>tibi, Regina</g>, hæc (cum sis Dignissima) præbent; - Hoc <g>tibi</g> cum Domino, dedit se et werda Kenelmi. - -This was read to her by a poet, “in a long ceruleous garment, with a bay -garland on his head, and a skro in his hand. So passing into the inner -court, her Majesty (that never rides but alone), thear set down from her -palfrey, - -[Illustration] - -was conveied up to <g>Chamber</g>[202] [in which stood a splendid -<g>Chimney-piece</g>], when after did follo a great peal of gunz, and lightning -by fyrwork.”--Progrest. - -The festivities lasted seventeen days, and comprised nearly every -pastime which the resources of the age could produce. The hart was -hunted in the park; the dance was proclaimed in the gallery; and the -tables were loaded from morn to midnight with sumptuous cheer. The park -was peopled with mimic gods and goddesses, to surprise the regal -visitant with complimentary dialogues and poetical representations. In -the chase, a savage man, with satyrs, bear-baitings, fireworks, Italian -tumblers, a country bride-ale, with runnings at the quintain and -morrice-dancing; and that nothing might be wanting which those parts -could afford, the Coventry men came and acted the ancient play, long -since used in that city, called “Hock’s Tuesday,”[203] setting forth the -destruction of the Danes in King Ethelred’s time; which pleased the -Queen so much, that she gave them a brace of bucks, and five marks in -money, to bear the charges of a feast. Likewise on the pool there was a -Triton, riding on a mermaid, eighteen feet long; as also Arion, on a -dolphin; and rare music. The costs and expenses of these entertainments -may be guessed at by the quantity of beer then drank, which amounted to -three hundred and twenty hogsheads of the ordinary sort. More simple -amusements were also studiously introduced: the rural neighbours were -assembled to run at the quintain; and a marriage, in strict consistency -with country ceremonials, was celebrated under the observance of the -Queen. Every hour had its peculiar sport. A famous Italian tumbler -displayed feats of agility; morris-dancers went through their rude -evolutions, by way of interlude; and thirteen bears were baited for the -gratification of the courtiers! During the Queen’s stay, five gentlemen -were honoured with knighthood, and “nyne persons were cured of the -peynful and daungerous deseaz called the King’s Evil.”--Letter from a -freend officer attendant in the coourt unto his freend a citizen and -merchaunt of London, in this Somerz Progrest, 1575. - -After this splendid reception given to her Majesty at Kenilworth, and -which cost the noble host a thousand pounds per diem, Leicester -continued to make the Castle his favourite residence. <g>At his death</g> he -bequeathed it to his brother - -[Illustration] - -Ambrose Earl of Warwick for life, and after him to his own son Sir -Robert Dudley, who wandered abroad till his father’s death, when he -returned, and challenged his right to the family dignities; which being -denied, he determined to quit for ever a country in which he had -experienced so much injustice. To complete this long scene of iniquity, -James I. seized the estates by virtue of Mary’s statute of fugitives; -but, in order to avoid the odium which so tyrannical an act justly -merited, obliged Sir Robert to consent to a nominal sale of them to -Henry Prince of Wales, at one third of their value, and even that was -never paid. Thus this great property was unjustly drawn back to the same -source from which, with so little merit, it had been originally -derived.--See Lodge’s Illustrations of British History.--Letters. - -<g>Survey</g> by the King’s Commissioners. The following survey of Kenilworth -Castle and the demesne thereto adjoining, which was made at this time, -conveys a splendid idea of a baronial residence. (Our authority is -Dugdale.) The Castle is described as situated on a rock; the circuit -whereof within the walls containeth seven acres; and upon the walls are -walks so spacious and fair, that two or three persons together may walk -upon most places thereof. The Castle and the four gatehouses are all -built of freestone, hewn and cut: the walls in many places are ten and -fifteen feet in thickness, some more, some less, the least four feet. -The Castle and the four gatehouses aforesaid are all covered with lead, -whereby it is subject to no other decay but the glass, through the -extremity of the weather. The rooms of great state within the same are -able to receive his Majesty, the Queen and Prince at the same time, and -are built with as much uniformity and convenience as any houses of later -times, and with such stately cellars (the Undercroft or Nether-hall -already noticed) as are not within this kingdom, and also all other -houses for offices answerable. About the said Castle, in chases and -parks, there lieth twelve hundred pounds per annum; nine hundred whereof -are grounds for pleasure, the rest is meadow and pleasure lands -thereunto adjoining, tenants and freeholders. There joineth upon this -ground a park-like ground called the <g>King’s Wood</g>, with fifteen several -coppices lying together, containing seven hundred and eighty-nine acres -within the same, which in the Earl of Leicester’s time were stored with -red deer, since which the deer have strayed. But the ground is in no -sort blemished, having great store of timber and other trees of much -value upon the same. There runneth through the said grounds, by the -walls of the Castle, a fair pool, containing one hundred and eleven -acres, well stored with fish and wild fowl, which pool is at pleasure to -be let round the Castle. - -For timber and wood upon the ground to the value of twenty thousand -pounds has been offered, having a convenient time allowed for their -removal, but which, to his Majesty, are valued at eleven thousand seven -hundred and twenty-two pounds; which proportion, in a like measure, is -held in all the rest upon the other values to his Majesty. The circuit -of the castle, manors, parks, and chase, lying round together, contains -at least nineteen or twenty miles, in a pleasant country; the like both -for strength, state, and pleasure, not being within the realm of -England. - -These lands have been surveyed by Commissioners from the King and the -Lord Privy Seal, with directions from his Lordship to _find all things -under their true worth_,[204] and upon the oaths of jurors, as well -freeholders as customary tenants; which course being held by them, are, -notwithstanding, surveyed and returned at thirty-eight thousand five -hundred and fifty-four pounds fifteen shillings. Out of this sum there -is to be deducted ten thousand pounds for Sir Robert Dudley’s -‘Contempt,’ and for the Lady Dudley’s jointure, which is without -impeachment of waste, whereby she may sell all the woods, which by their -survey amount to eleven thousand seven hundred and twenty-two pounds. -His Majesty hath herein the mean profits of the castle and premises, -through Sir Robert Dudley’s ‘Contempt,’ during life, or his Majesty’s -pardon, the reversion in fee being in the Lord Privy Seal.--See -References. - -It may be readily imagined that a castle with so many powerful -recommendations was not lost sight of by the King and his advisers; and -as Prince Henry was in want of a country palace befitting his name and -station, that of Kenilworth was at once suggested to him as possessing -every requisite for a princely residence. But independently of that -splendour to which it had been raised by the late Earl of Leicester, the -Castle was strongly associated with the lives and actions of former -sovereigns, who had either made it their residence, or the scene of -alternate conflict or festivity, from the days of Henry the First to -those of Elizabeth. Enhanced by these recommendations, it was an object -of ambition with the prince to obtain possession of it, and with this -view, “affecting it as the noblest and most magnificent thing in the -midland - -[Illustration] - -parts of this realm, he made overture by special agents” to Sir Robert -Dudley, to purchase the castle and domain for a sum not exceeding -fourteen thousand five hundred pounds. This was probably not more than -one-fourth of its value; but as the offer came from a quarter where he -could expect little favour, and seeing no prospect of his being ever -restored to his paternal inheritance, the unfortunate heir was driven to -the painful alternative of either disposing of his right for the sum -offered, or of provoking by non-compliance the resentment of the Court. -“Whereupon, in consideration of £14,500 being paid within the compass of -a twelvemonth, certain deeds were sealed and fines levied, settling the -inheritance thereof.” - -Having completed the transfer, the last hope was abandoned, and Dudley -resolved never to return to a country in which he had received such -manifest injustice. The conditions were, that three thousand pounds -should be paid within a twelvemonth after the ratification of the -transfer; but the money, which was to have been remitted to him at -Florence in Italy, was lost by the failure of the merchant in whose -hands it had been incautiously placed. Of the remaining sum of eleven -thousand five hundred, nothing was ever paid; yet on the death of Henry -the Prince of Wales, his brother Charles took possession of the castle -and manor as heir to his brother, and obtained a grant out of the -Exchequer for four thousand pounds to be paid to the Lady Alice, wife of -Sir Robert Dudley, in lieu of her jointure, but which was not paid for -many years, to the damage of the said lady. It remained thus in the -possession of Prince Charles till his accession to the throne: after -which, in the first year of his reign, he made a grant of it to Robert -Carey, Earl of Monmouth, Lord Carey, his eldest son, and Thomas Carey, -Esq., in whose hands it continued till-- - - “Teint du sang de son Roi, l’hypocrite Cromwell - Etablit, par degrés, son pouvoir criminel: - Usurpateur habile autant que politique, - De l’état qu’il transforme en une république, - Il renverse à son gré les anciens fondemens.”--FASTES BRITANN. - -Having then fallen into the hands of Oliver, the castle and manor were -divided amongst several of his officers, who, paying no respect either -to the splendour of the edifice, the richness of the furniture, or the -beauty of the landscape in which the castle was embosomed, regarded it -only in a pecuniary point of view; and apprehensive, probably, that -their tenure was very insecure, made haste to convert everything -available into money. They stript the castle of its princely -decorations, cut down the timber, drained the lake, and demolished the -very walls for the sake of the materials. They threw open the park and -chase, killed and dispersed the deer, and subdivided the whole into -distinct farms, the rental of which they continued to receive and -appropriate to their own use till the Restoration. These officers were -Colonel Hawkesworth, Major Creed, Captain Phipps, Captain Ayres, Captain -Smith, Captain Matthews, and four others, of the names of Hope, Palmer, -Clark, and Coles. “These new lords of the manor,” says the old record of -that day, “tyrannize and govern the parish as they list. They pull down -and demolish the castle, cut down the King’s woods, destroy his parks -and chase, and divide the lands into farms amongst themselves, and build -houses for themselves to dwell in. Hawkesworth seats himself in the -gate-house of the castle, and drains the famous pool, consisting of -several hundred acres of ground. Hope and Palmer enclose a fourth part -of the commons, called the King’s woods, from the inhabitants, and take -it as their own free estate. In 1657 these petty lords, attended by some -of the inhabitants of the parish, took a survey, and gave in an estimate -of all the lands within the liberties of the said manor, and in the -following year, on the fourteenth of June, made their perambulation, and -went their procession round the bounds of the parish. But, on the -twenty-seventh of May, 1660, King Charles the Second came to enjoy his -own dominions, and among others the lands and manor of Kenilworth. -Hereupon these soldiers soon scampered away, when the daughters of Lord -Carey, Earl of Monmouth, intercede and prevail to hold that said manor, -as their father before them, by lease or leases from the Crown.” But -this having nearly expired, he granted the reversion of the whole manor -to Laurence, Lord Hyde, second son to Lord Chancellor Clarendon, whom he -created Baron Kenilworth and Earl of Rochester. On the death of this -nobleman in 1711, he was succeeded in his estates and titles by Henry -his only son, who, at the death of Edward, the third Earl of Clarendon, -in 1723, succeeded to that title also. But leaving no male issue at his -decease in 1753, his grand-daughter, the Lady Charlotte Capel--daughter -of William Capel, Earl of Essex, and the Lady Jane Hyde, his wife, then -dead--became the representative of the Hyde family, and, in pursuance of -the will of the late earl, took the name and arms of Hyde. This lady -married the Honorable Thomas Villiers, second son of the Earl of Jersey, -who in 1756 was created, by George the Second, Baron Hyde of Hindon, in -the county of Wilts. He - -[Illustration: - -See Appendix. -] - -had the further title of Earl of Clarendon conferred upon him by George -the Third, and, at his death in 1786, was succeeded by his eldest son -the late earl, whose family honours are inherited by his nephew, George -William-Frederick Villiers, Earl of Clarendon, Lord Hyde of Hindon, a -Count of Prussia, and sometime envoy and minister plenipotentiary at the -Court of Madrid. Such is a brief outline of the descent of Kenilworth -Castle, and of the many changes which it has undergone during the lapse -of seven centuries. - - “Illustrious Ruin! hoary Kenilworth! - Thou hast outlived the customs of thy day; - And, in the imbecility of age, - Art now the spectacle of modern times. - Yet though thy halls are silent, though thy bowers - Re-echo back the traveller’s lonely tread, - Again imagination bids thee rise - In all thy dread magnificence and strength; - Thy draw-bridge, foss, and frowning battlements, - Portcullis, barbican, and donjon-tower.” - -In addition to the particulars already stated regarding the life and -character of that extraordinary individual, Robert, Earl of Leicester, -we avail ourselves of the following facts, as related by various writers -who were his contemporaries, and founded their judgment on close -personal observation. During the life of his father, the Duke of -Northumberland, the first appointment which he received at Court, and to -which he was duly sworn, was that of one of the six gentlemen in -ordinary to Edward the Sixth. “But,” says Hayward in his life of that -monarch, “this Robert Dudley was his father’s true heir, both of his -hate against persons of nobility, and cunning to dissemble the same; and -afterwards for lust and cruelty a monster of the Court; and as he was -apt to hate, so was he a true executioner of his hatred; such was his, -rather by practice than by open dealing, as wanting rather courage than -wit; and,” adds the same authority darkly, “after his entertainment into -a place of so near service (that of the privy chamber), the king enjoyed -his health not long.” (Sir John Hayward’s Life of Edward the Sixth.) But -although included in the sentence of attainder pronounced against his -family, he soon emerged from obscurity, and by the very hand which had -signed his father’s execution, he was made master of the Queen’s horse -at the battle of St. Quentin’s, an office which was also confirmed to -him by Elizabeth, who--to the surprise of many, and the disgust of all -who knew his real merits--loaded him with honours. He was installed a -Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, made Constable of Windsor -Castle for life, and finally recommended as a husband to Mary, Queen of -Scots; promising, that on the Queen’s assenting thereto, she, Elizabeth, -would then, by authority of Parliament, declare her to be her sister or -daughter, and heir to the crown of England, in case she herself should -die without issue. Her real intentions, however, are matter of -suspicion; and those who were best acquainted with the policy of the -Maiden Queen, thought that all this show was merely to try if the -proposal would be accepted, and then to marry him herself with less -dishonour. (See Appendix.) - -[Illustration] - -To give further weight to this recommendation, she advanced him to the -dignity of the peerage with the title of Baron Denbigh, and the very day -following, being Michaelmas-day, she raised him to the Earldom of -Leicester. But the French nation esteeming it dishonourable that such an -alliance should be offered to Queen Mary, urged the Scotch authorities -to decline it,--promising the nation many advantages in return, and -suggesting that Elizabeth had no real intention of ever allowing the -match to be carried into effect (Dugdale), a suspicion which appears to -have been correctly founded. In compliment to Elizabeth, with whom -Dudley was now the chief favourite, Charles the Ninth conferred upon him -the Order of St. Michael. No Englishman had ever been admitted into this -Order before, except Henry the Eighth, Edward the Sixth, and Charles -Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, which made the Queen “look upon it as a -considerable honour.” The ambassador charged with this complimentary -office was M. Rambouillet; and the Queen having selected from the -noblemen of her Court the Duke of Norfolk and the Earl of Leicester--the -one distinguished by his high birth, the other by her Majesty’s -favour--as candidates for the honour, they were invested in the Royal -Chapel at Whitehall with great solemnity. But the more that honours were -showered upon Leicester, the more was he exposed to the contempt of the -old nobility, who felt as if their own degradation at Court was in exact -proportion to his advancement. This was not disguised by the Earl of -Sussex, who piqued himself much in the antiquity of his house, and could -ill brook to see the Queen’s favour lavished on a parvenu. “Who,” said -he, “is this Earl of Leicester? He can name but two ancestors, and both -were executed for treason!” This language--which was the more galling -from its truth--divided the whole Court into factions; and whenever the -two earls went abroad, they were attended with a large retinue of -followers, armed with “swords and bucklers, with iron pikes pointing out -at the bosses,” insomuch that the Queen was compelled to interpose her -authority, when the breach was seemingly made up. But Sussex never -overcame his aversion to Leicester; and even in his last illness -addressed his friends in these words: “I am now passing into another -world, and must leave you to your fortunes and to the Queen’s grace and -goodness; but beware of the ‘Gypsie’ (meaning Leicester), for he will be -too hard for you all: you know not the beast so well as I do.” - -Leicester, continuing to advance in favour, was one of the peers -appointed for the trial of the Duke of Norfolk; and four years -afterwards, when Walter, Earl of Essex, died in Ireland by “no common -death,” it was much suspected that he had a hand in it; which is the -more probable, as from that time he forsook his wife, the Lady Douglas -Sheffield, by whom he had a son, Robert, already mentioned, and promised -her much money and other advantages in case she would be content -therewith, and so married Lettice, daughter of Sir Francis Knolles, and -widow of the Earl of Essex, “to whom,” says Dugdale, “he had privately -borne much affection before.” - -The death of Essex, “in the midst of incredible torments,” was -attributed to poison. Two of his own servants, Crumpton his cupbearer, -and Lloyd his secretary, are reported to have been confederates in the -murder; and it is said that Mrs. Alice Dracot, a pious lady, whom the -earl much valued, was accidentally poisoned at the same time and with -the same cup, and died a few days before him. It is farther alleged that -his lordship’s page, who was accustomed to taste of his drink before he -gave it to him, very hardly escaped with his life, and not without ‘the -loss of his hair,’ though he drank but a small quantity; and that the -earl, in compassion to the boy, called for a cup of drink a little -before his death, and drank to him in a friendly manner; and says he, “I -drink to thee, my Robin; but ben’t afraid, ’tis a better cup of drink -than that thou tookest to taste when we both were poisoned.” (Secret -Memoirs of the Earl of Leicester.) This report was formally contradicted -by Sir Henry Sidney, the Lord Deputy of Ireland; but the suspicion of -Leicester’s being privy to the death of Essex was never removed; and the -facts of his previous intimacy and subsequent marriage with the countess -added no little strength to the charge. - -When the marriage between the Queen and the Duke of Anjou was first -suggested at Court, he opposed it with all his influence, public and -private, and had the satisfaction of attending that prince on his hasty -departure from the English Court. But on his return, the elevation at -his success was not a little damped by the discovery that his marriage -with the Lady Lettice had been communicated to the Queen by Simier, the -French minister, in revenge of the defeated plans of the Duke of Anjou. -Greatly incensed at this act of duplicity, and piqued with jealousy of -the lady, Elizabeth caused the Earl to be shut up in the Castle of -Greenwich, as a prelude to his being sent to the Tower. Charging all -these misfortunes to the conduct of Simier, he indulged the wildest -passion for revenge; but the rigour of his confinement was soon -moderated; the Queen relented; and the only results were greater -honours, more unlimited confidence, which proved that Dudley held no -secondary place in the heart of the Queen. - -[Illustration] - -It was in his Castle of Kenilworth that Leicester first married Lady -Essex privately; but her father, Sir Francis Knolles, being well -acquainted with his lordship’s inconstancy, refused to give any credit -to it unless the marriage were solemnised in his own presence. In -consequence of this resolution, the ceremony was again performed at -Wanstead, in presence of the said Sir Francis, the Earl of Warwick, the -Lord North, a public notary, and several other witnesses. On the -publication of marriage, his former wife, the Lady Douglas, in “order to -secure her life from any future practices,” contracted a marriage with -Sir Edward Stafford, a man of high character and reputation, and at that -time Her Majesty’s ambassador in France. This step was peremptorily -called for, as she laboured under constant apprehension of being made -away with by Leicester; for it is certain, according to Dugdale, that -she had already “some ill potions given to her,” so that, with the loss -of her hair and nails, she narrowly escaped death. - -Some time before the arrival of Simier with overtures from the Duke of -Anjou, Leicester had engaged Astley, one of the Queen’s bedchamber, to -search out her disposition towards him, and had met with an unfavourable -answer. For when he was covertly recommended to her Majesty for a -husband, she replied in a passion--“Do you think that in choosing a -husband I should be so regardless of my character, so unmindful of my -royal dignity, as to prefer my servant whom myself have raised, to the -greatest princes of Christendom?” These words being reported, were -thunderbolts to the Earl of Leicester; who now perceived that, should -he interpose in the affair of the French match, his opposition would be -construed to proceed from interested motives, and might be a means to -promote rather than prevent it. He therefore chose to withdraw himself -from public view, to counterfeit sickness and retire to his chamber; and -there, under pretence of taking physic, he became a voluntary prisoner. - -In 1585, he was made Justice-eyre of all the Forests south of Trent. He -received a commission for levying five hundred men to be sent into -Holland; and three weeks afterwards, he was constituted Lieutenant and -Captain-General of the whole army designed for the service of the United -Provinces against the Spaniards, and the same year took the command in -person. In little more than a year, however, many grave charges were -brought against him by the States for having abused his authority, and -neglected the due performance of the high trusts reposed in him. Greatly -mortified at these complaints, which, besides wounding his vanity, had a -tendency to weaken his influence at Court, he affected disgust at the -injustice inflicted upon him, and made his last will and testament at -Middleburg, as a preparation for his retiring altogether from the public -service. The contents of this will, dated the 1st of August, 1587, have -been already mentioned. - -On his return to England, he found that the complaints lodged against -him by the Dutch had so moved the Queen’s displeasure, that “he was -constrained to humble himself to his royal mistress, and with tears to -beg of her, that, having sent him thither with power, she would not -receive him back with disgrace; that whom she had raised from the dust, -she would not bury alive!” The Queen was moved by this strain of courtly -pleading, and the influence of the favourite became greater than ever. -The last public service in which Leicester was engaged was with the army -at Tilbury, when the Spanish Armada was expected to make a landing, and -when the Queen, in addressing the troops, did him honour in these terms: -“In the meantime, my Lieutenant-General shall be in my stead, than whom -never prince commanded a more noble or worthy subject; not doubting but -by your obedience to my General, by your concord in the camp, and by -your valour in the field, we shall shortly have a famous victory over -the enemies of my God, of my kingdoms, and of my people.” But, -notwithstanding her Majesty’s commendation, there was no opportunity for -his lordship to exert his abilities; for the Spanish army never landed -on the English shore--the elements performed all the service which was -to have devolved on Leicester. - -Having thus concluded his public career, he designed to spend the -remainder of his days in his Castle of Kenilworth, on which he had -continued to expend all the resources of art; but, taken suddenly ill of -a fever at Cornbury Park, in Oxfordshire, he there closed his earthly -account, on the 4th of September. From Cornbury Park his remains were -conveyed with much pomp to Warwick, and there interred, in our Lady’s -Chapel, adjoining the choir of the Collegiate Church, where a very noble -monument was erected to his memory, with the following inscription:-- - - DEO VIVENTIUM S. - - Spe Certa Resurgendi In Christo Hic Situs Est Illustrissimus - Robertus Dudleyus, Johannis Ducis Northumbriæ, Comitis Warwicki, - Vice-Comitis Insulæ, &c., Filius Quintus, Comes Leicestriæ, Baro - Denbighæ, Ordinis Tum S. Georgii Cum S. Michaelis Eques Auratus, - Reginæ Elizabethæ (Apud Quam Singulari Gratia Florebat) Hippocomus - Regiæ Aulæ, Subinde Seneschallus, Ab Intimis Conciliis; Forestarum, - Parcorum, Chacearum, &c. Citra Trentam Summus Justificarius; - Exercitus Anglici A Dicta Regina Elizabetha Missi In Belgio, Ab - Anno MDLXXXV. Ad Annum MDLXXXVII. Locum Tenens Et Capitaneus - Generalis; Provinciarum Confederatarum Ibidem Gubernator Generalis - Et Præfectus, Regnique Angliæ Locum Tenens Contra Philippum II. - Hispanum, Numerosa Classe Et Exercitu Angliam Anno MDLXXXVIII. - Invadentem. Animam Deo Servatori Reddidit, Anno Salutis - MDLXXXVIII., Die Quarto Septembris. Optimo Et Charissimo Marito, - Mœstissima Uxor Leticia, Francisci Knolles Ordinis S. Georgii - Equitis Aurati, Et Regiæ Thesaurarii, Filia, Amoris Et Conjugalis - Fidei Ergo Posuit. - -It is said that the Earl died much in the Queen’s debt, and that her -Majesty caused his goods to be sold at a public sale, that payment might -be made; for “however favourable,” says her biographer, “she might have -been in all other respects, the Queen is observed never to have remitted -the debts that were owing to her treasury.” - -[Illustration] - -The generally received account is, that his death was occasioned by his -having swallowed a draught of poison, which had been designed by him for -another person: a just stroke of retribution for the lives which--as -there were strong grounds to suspect--had been cut short by his -employment of the like means. In a curious manuscript copy of the -information given by Ben Jonson to Drummond of Hawthornden, as abridged -by Sir Robert Sibbald, Leicester’s death is ascribed to poison -administered as a cordial by his Countess, to whom he had given it, -representing it to be a restorative in any faintness, in the hope that -she herself might be cut off by using it. It may be here added, that the -following satirical epitaph on Leicester occurs in Drummond’s -Collections, but is “evidently,” says Scott, “not of his -composition:”-- - - <g>Epitaph on the Erle of Leister.</g> - - Here lies a valiant warrior, - Who never drew a sword; - Here lies a noble courtier, - Who never kept his word; - Here lies the Erle of Leister, - Who govern’d the estates, - Whom the earth could never living love, - And the just heaven now hates. - “KENILWORTH,” Vol. ii. 397. - -The character of Leicester is thus summed up by Camden in his Annals of -Elizabeth:--“He was esteemed a most accomplished courtier, free and -bountiful to soldiers and scholars; a cunning time-server and respecter -of his own advantages; of a disposition ready and apt to please; crafty -and subtle towards his adversaries; much given formerly to women, and in -his latter days doating extremely upon marriage. But, whilst he -preferred power and greatness, which are subject to be envied before -solid virtue, his detracting emulators found large matter to speak -reproachfully of him, and, even when he was in his most flourishing -condition, spared not disgracefully to defame him by libels, not without -a mixture of some untruths.” But, “to take him in the observation of his -letters,” says Sir Robert Naunton, “I never saw a style or phrase more -seeming religious and fuller of the strains of devotion, had they been -sincere!”--Dugd. Bar.; Camden’s Annals; Secret Mem. of Robert Dudley. - -The following particulars of Sir Robert Dudley, who was so unjustly -deprived of his rightful inheritance, may be new to some of our readers. -His life is a striking instance of the vicissitudes to which every -condition of society, and more particularly that of the patrician order, -was exposed, during the period in question. He was educated at Christ -Church, Oxford, and is said to have been a profound mathematician, and -master of other acquirements, which he had afterwards an opportunity of -turning to good purpose abroad. His earliest service was in 1595, when -he had the command of three small ships, with which he took and -destroyed nine Spanish traders freighted with wine. The following year -he served under the Earl of Essex in the expedition to Cadiz, where he -displayed so much characteristic gallantry and prudence, that he -received from her Majesty the honour of knighthood; and was justly -esteemed among his companions in arms, as a soldier who possessed in no -ordinary degree the virtues of wisdom and prowess. - -Soon after this, in a voyage to the West Indies, he called an island in -the mouth of the river Orinoco, after his own name, Dudleyana. In the -will of his father, the “favourite Dudley,” he is pronounced -illegitimate--“my base son;” but notwithstanding this paternal stigma, -there is every ground to believe that he was born in wedlock: for it -appeared by depositions afterwards taken on oath in the Star Chamber, -that the Earl of Leicester had been lawfully married to his mother, the -Lady Douglas Sheffield, by a clergyman, according to the form prescribed -by the Church of England. But by the interest of the Lady Letitia, widow -to the Earl of Essex, whom Leicester had married some time before his -death, these depositions were ordered to be sealed up by the Clerk of -the Court, and never more to be seen or published; whilst at the same -time a censure was passed upon the deponents as having entered into a -conspiracy to defame the Dowager Lady Leicester, and unjustly to entitle -Sir Robert Dudley to the honours which had been enjoyed by his -ancestors. The unfairness, the palpable injustice of such proceedings, -filled his mind with such disgust, that he determined, as already -mentioned, to abandon the country of his birth; and having obtained the -King’s permission to travel for three years, proceeded to Italy, where -he took up his residence in the Tuscan capital with “the style of Earl -of Warwick.” But having left several enemies at home, who watched every -opportunity to wrest from him his princely inheritance of <g>Kenilworth</g>, -his absence was construed into disaffection; - -[Illustration] - -and a special Privy Seal being obtained for that purpose, he was -commanded to return home forthwith. But fully aware of the motive which -actuated the King’s advisers, and of the annoyance and mortification -which awaited him, he evaded the summons, and resolved to continue in -exile beyond the Alps. Advantage was immediately taken of his contumacy, -and by the “statute of fugitives,” his lands were seized in the manner -already described in the survey, and the mesne profits of them applied -to the King’s use. - -There is a romantic story told of this Sir Robert--the last of the -Dudleys of Kenilworth--which mentions, that on quitting England he -carried off with him the beautiful daughter of Sir Robert Southwell, in -the habit of a <g>Page</g>.[205] The lady had long been the object of his -admiration; but as the legal proceedings instituted against him were -calculated, however unjustly, to strip him of his inheritance and -degrade him in his station, the family of the lady were naturally averse -to the alliance, and took all necessary precautions to break off the -intimacy which had hitherto existed between the parties. Driven to the -necessity of expedients, where the open and honourable profession of his -attachment had been rejected with coldness or even disdain, the knight -employed stratagem; and having arranged a stolen interview with the -lady, had no great difficulty in persuading her to quit an ungrateful -country, and with him to seek refuge in that southern land where he was -sure of a welcome, and where, at least, they would be far beyond the -reach of both kingly and paternal despotism. How these arguments were -received by the lady may be readily understood by the fact, that, within -a few days after this interview, Sir Robert Dudley, accompanied by a -beautiful page, had embarked for Italy. - -It is not our province to detail the adventures which befell this “Lara” -of his time, and his gentle page by the way; but on their reaching the -Tuscan Athens, the page had suddenly disappeared, no person of his small -retinue knew how. In the venerable church of the Santa Croce, however, -preparations were observed as if for some religious solemnity; and in -the evening of the feast of St. George, Dudley communicated to his -immediate friends and attendants, that he should that evening lead a -bride to the altar, and invited them to partake of the supper which had -been prepared at his quarters in the Piazza della Trinità. The mere -announcement of his marriage excited no particular surprise; for -inheriting the manly figure, the courtly manners, and elegant -accomplishments of his father, whom the maiden Queen of England had so -“delighted to honour,” it was readily surmised that some signora, with -the old Etruscan blood in her veins, had made a conquest of the English -knight: and yet the name of the lady was a profound secret, which -puzzled as much the learned cognoscenti as it did the simple contadini, -whom the rumour of “English espousals” had drawn to the square in front -of the church. But the mystery was speedily solved; for the procession -was already under the porch of the sacred temple, and on kneeling at the -altar it was no difficult matter to recognize in the lovely bride, the -peerless features of Blanche Southwell--the faithful page of the exiled -Robert Dudley. - -Having now fixed his residence on the banks of the Arno, and become -master of that rank and consideration which had been denied him at home, -Dudley’s active mind, forgetting the splendour of Kenilworth Castle, -soon began to exert its energies in an enterprise of great public -utility. This was in concerting plans for the drainage of the fens and -marshes in the neighbourhood of Leghorn, adjoining the Maremma; and with -so much success did he prosecute his undertaking, that he raised that -town from an inconsiderable fishing village, to the rank and importance -of one of the most frequented seaports in Italy. Thus, out of seeming -evil, disgrace, destitution, expatriation, much ultimate good was -educed, not only to the country which had extended to him the rights of -hospitality, but to himself and his successors. The Duke settled a -handsome pension upon him. The reputation of his accomplishments, -coupled with the history of his misfortunes, secured for him the highest -consideration in Italy; while the Emperor of Germany, Ferdinand the -Second, conferred upon him, by letters-patent, dated Vienna, March, -1620, the title of Duke; in consequence of which he resumed that of his -grandfather, the attainted Duke of Northumberland, whose tragical end we -have already mentioned in the earlier portion of this work. Thus -elevated to the highest rank in the state, Dudley erected a magnificent - -[Illustration] - -palace in the city of Florence, and there spent his days in works of -public utility and private beneficence. His daughters by the lady, whose -romantic story we have just recorded, were all married to princes of the -Empire; and at his own demise--when he was succeeded in the same title -by his eldest son Charles--a grant was obtained from King Charles the -First, under the great seal of England, that his widow, the Lady Alice, -should enjoy the title of Duchess for her natural life, and that her -daughters should take rank and precedence accordingly. - -This Sir Robert Dudley, according to Dugdale, was a man of heroic -stature, “comely in feature, strong, valiant, famous at the exercise of -tilting; singularly skilled in all mathematick learning, but chiefly in -navigation and architecture; a rare chymist, and of great knowledge in -physick, as his learned works do sufficiently manifest--especially that -‘De Arcanis Maris,’ printed at Florence in 1646, and afterwards at -Venice in folio, adorned with sculpture: also that of physic called -‘Catholicon,’ of no small esteem with the most skilful in that -profession. Nor is his memory a little famous as the inventor of that -powder called Cornachine-powder; touching the virtue whereof, the -learned Marcus Cornachinus, of Pisa, hath written, and endeavoured to -show that all corporeal diseases may be safely and suddenly cured -thereby. - -“Nor is it less remarkable that his merits were so highly esteemed by -the grand Duke of Tuscany (Cosmo the Second), as that he allowed him an -yearly stipend of little less than a thousand pounds sterling.... -Moreover, he died at a palace of the Dukes of Florence, two or three -Italian miles distant from that city, in or about the year 1650. And his -bodye resteth in the monastery of the nuns at Boldrone, except it be -removed to the church of St. Pancras in Florence, where he raised a -noble monument for his wife, with purpose to be there interred himself. -Likewise he left to his sons divers curious mathematical instruments, -chiefly of his own invention, of which they, making little use, have -disposed of to the great Duke of Tuscany.”--Dugd. Baron, Art. Leicest. -vol. ii. p. 225. - -<g>Classical Associations.</g>--The narrative of the popular romance of -Kenilworth hinges upon the sad fortunes of Amy Robsart, which form “a -painful tissue of unvaried disappointments, distresses, and privations, -closed by an unmerited and horrible death.” - -We have already observed that the first wife of Leicester was Amy, the -daughter of Sir John Robsart, of Sheen, in Surrey; a match effected, -like most of the marriages between the offspring of the great in that -age, “when the parties,” says Warner, “were very young, and resulting -from plans and adjustments of their parents, rather than from their own -predilection for each other.” The connexion was sanctioned by the young -king, Edward the Sixth, who honoured the ceremony with his presence, and -speedily advanced the bridegroom to considerable offices at court. For a -few years Leicester and his wife appear to have lived together on what -are called decent, if not on affectionate, terms; and though the rays of -royal favour, which daily shone upon him with increasing warmth, -gradually produced and embittered his regret at having matched himself -with so humble a partner for life as <g>Amy Robsart</g>, yet he does not seem -to have conceived any notion of ridding himself of this domestic burthen -by violent means, till the prospect of sharing either the Scotch or the -English throne dazzled his imagination. To both of these speculations, -Amy was an insurmountable obstacle; and he resolved to remove it by her -immediate destruction. How this was effected is a matter of some doubt. -All that we know of it is contained in the following narrations: “Robert -Dudley, Earl of Leicester, a very goodly personage, being a great -favourite to Queen Elizabeth, it was thought, and commonly reported, -that had he been a bachelor or widower, the Queen would have made him -her husband. To this end, to free himself from all obstacles, he, with -flattering entreaties, desires his wife to repose herself at Cumnor, in -Berkshire, at his servant Anthony Foster’s house, who then lived in the -manor-house of this place; and also prescribed to Sir Varney, a promoter -of this design, at his coming hither, that he should first attempt to -poison her, and if that did not take effect, then by any way whatsoever -to despatch her.” The poisoning scheme, Aubrey says, not succeeding, the -foul instruments of Leicester’s villany effected their purpose in the -following manner: “Sir Richard Varney, who, by the Earl’s order, -remained with her alone on the day of her death, and Foster, who had -that day forcibly sent away all her servants from her to Abingdon fair, -about three miles’ distance from this place; these two persons first -stifling her, or - -[Illustration] - -else strangling her, afterwards flung her down a pair of stairs, and -broke her neck, using much violence upon her; yet caused it to be -reported that she fell down of herself, believing the world would have -thought it a mischance, and not have suspected the villany. As soon as -she was murdered, they made haste to bury her, before the coroner had -given in his inquest, which the Earl himself condemned, as not done -advisedly; and her father, Sir John Robsart, hearing, came with all -speed hither, caused her corpse to be taken up, the coroner to sit upon -her, and further enquiry to be made concerning this business to the -full. But it was generally thought that the earl stopped his mouth; who, -to show the great love he bore to her while alive, and what a grief the -loss of so virtuous a lady was to his tender heart, caused her body to -be buried in St. Mary’s Church, Oxford, with great pomp and solemnity. -It is also remarkable that Dr. Babington, the earl’s chaplain, preaching -the funeral sermon, tripped once or twice in his speech, recommending to -their memories that virtuous lady so pitifully _murdered_, instead of -saying so pitifully slain.” - -It is evident that the above particulars are given by Aubrey from - -[Illustration] - -the celebrated book, written by Parsons the Jesuit, entitled -“Leicester’s Commonwealth;” but “he has omitted,” says Warner, “several -curious circumstances respecting the attempt to poison the unhappy lady, -which throw some light on the practices of the time, and the diabolical -character of the Earl.” The book consists of a dialogue between a -scholar, a gentleman, and a lawyer:--“_Lawyer._ Here the lawyer began to -laugh a-pace, both at the device and at the minister; and said, ‘Now, -truly, if my Lord’s contracts hold no better, but hath so many -infirmities with subtleties, and by places besides, I would be loth that -he were married to my daughter, mean as she is.’ ‘But yet,’ quoth the -gentleman, ‘I had rather of the two be his wife, for the time, than his -_guest_, especially if the Italian chirurgeon, or physician,[206] be at -hand.’ ‘True it is,’ saith the lawyer; ‘for he doth not poison his -wives, whereof I somewhat marvel at his first wife: I muse why he chose -rather to make her away by open violence than by some Italian -comfortive.’ ‘Hereof,’ said the gentleman, ‘may be divers reasons -alleged. First: that he was not at that time so skilful in those Italian -wares, nor had about him so fit physicians and chirurgeons for the -purpose; nor yet do I think that his mind was so settled then in -mischief, as it hath been since; for you know that men are not desperate -the first day, but do enter into mischief by degrees, and with some -doubt, or staggering of conscience, at the beginning; and so he, at that -time, might be desirous to have his wife made away with, for that she -letted him in his designments, but yet not so strong-hearted as to -appoint out the particular manner of her death, but rather to leave that -to the discretion of the murderer. Secondly: it is not, also, unlike -that he perscribed to Sir Richard Varney, at his going thither, that he -should first attempt to kill her by poison, and if that took not place, -then by any other way howsoever to despatch her. This I prove by the -report of old Dr. Bayly, who then lived in Oxford--another manner of man -than he who now liveth about my lord of the same name--and was professor -of the physic lecture in the same university. This learned grave man -reported for most certain, that there was a practice in Cumnor, among -the conspirators, to have poisoned the poor lady a little before she was -killed, which was attempted in this order: they, seeing the good lady -sad and heavy--as one that well knew, by her other handling, that her -death was not far off--began to persuade her that her disease was -abundance of melancholy and other humours, and therefore would needs -counsel her to take some potion; which she absolutely refusing to do, as -suspecting still the worst, they sent one day--unawares to her--for Dr. -Bayly, and desired him to persuade her to take some little potion at his -hands, and they would send to fetch the same at Oxford, upon his -prescription, meaning to have added, also, somewhat of their own for her -comfort, as the doctor, upon just cause, suspected. Seeing their great -importunity, and the small need which the good lady had of physic, -therefore he flatly denied their request; misdoubting, as he afterwards -reported, lest, if they had poisoned her under the name of _his_ potion, -he might have been hanged for a colour of _their_ sin. Marry, the said -doctor remained well assured that this way taking no place, she should -not long escape violence, as after ensued.”--Sec. Mem. - -[Illustration] - -<g>In taking</g> leave of <g>Kenilworth</g>, one cannot but regret with Fuller that so -splendid a structure should have passed so rapidly into a mass of ruins; -and that, not by the slow waste of time--not by the frequency of siege, -nor the severity of tempests,--but by the wanton hand of aggression. “I -am not stocked with charity,” says this quaint writer, “to pity the -miners thereof, if the materials of this castle answered not their -expectation who destroyed it. Some castles,” he adds, “have been -demolished for security, which I behold destroyed, ‘se defendendo,’ -without offence; others demolished in the heat of wars, which I look -upon as Castle Slaughter: but I cannot excuse the destruction of this -<g>Castle</g> from wilful murder, being done in cold blood since the end of the -wars.” - - “Hark! ’twas a stone that from yon turret top - Dropp’d heavily upon the sod below. - These falling fragments of departed strength, - These mouldering masses, make one feel ashamed - That earthly grandeur has so little power - To hand her greatness down to future times.” - -<g>Summary.</g>--Consulting the ground-plan of Kenilworth, we find that the -dungeons lay at the western extremity of the castle, the part which is -now most ruinous. They were situated under Mervyn’s Tower--a sallyport -of the castle, and which we apprehend formed, with Cæsar’s Tower, the -substance of the original fortress--probably Saxon. This portion of the -ruins we examined, but found it a mere shapeless heap, with some -indications of strong vaultings, sufficient to justify the belief of -their having been places of confinement in the ruder and more warlike -days of the Barony. Kenilworth, in the absence of additions absolutely -modern, affords specimens of the architecture of more various periods -than most English castles. <g>The Keep</g>, <g>or Cæsar’s Tower</g> (p. 214), -corresponds in some important points with the recognized specimens of -Saxon building extant at Bamborough, showing the same narrow buttresses -traversing the entire elevation; and a window remaining on the eastern -face of the Keep, narrow, with a circular arch, and diminishing inward -to a mere slit, is of a corresponding time. Supposing the body of the -Keep to date before the Norman Conquest, we take the wings to be of -Norman addition, from their being similar to the castle at -Newcastle-on-Tyne, built immediately after the Conquest. Some portions -on the western side indicate additions made about the time of Edward the -Third, by John of Gaunt, and called Lancaster’s Building (p. 224); some -of the windows of the great Hall (p. 220-222) are beautiful examples of -this period. Near this quarter, on the south-western angle of the group, -are some turrets constructed so as to be defended by three archers back -to back, the loopholes extending outwards, and giving them the means of -annoying an invading party under a sufficient cover. In Leicester -Buildings (p. 231) are some elegant remains, particularly a superb -oriel; and in this part are the details of a very delicate and elaborate -style. - -The Gate-House (p. 232) is comparatively recent; and some tall gabled -puritanic-looking dwellings patched upon it, in an ungainly fashion, may -from their aspect have been the work of those commissioners of the -Parliament who made such havoc upon the venerable pile committed to -their charge.--MS. Notes, A. May, 1842. - -<g>Environs.</g>--The <g>Priory</g> of Kenilworth--of which our notice must be very -brief (p. 215)--originally occupied a considerable space, which is -indicated - -[Illustration] - -by the remains of foundations, a perfect portion of which--the base of -the Chapter House--was exposed by the sexton while digging in the -churchyard. This has been cleared, and exhibits the base of an octagonal -building with buttresses, adjacent to which is the burialplace of the -Priors, which has probably been a cloister: the graves are marked by -stone slabs bearing a curious variety of sculptured crosses. The -remaining portions of the Priory are all of the early pointed style, -with the exception of the Chapel, which evinces, by the peculiar -construction of the window, a very early period. The roof of the Chapel -has been richly decorated with projecting heads sculptured in a good -style; one of these lies in the interior of the Priory Gate-House. The -parish <g>Church</g> immediately adjacent to the Priory, has a -richly-ornamented circular door, and in the tower a pleasing chime of -bells, one of which, originally belonging to the Priory, retains its -monastic habit of duly chiming the matins and ‘curfew.’ The writer was -much struck with the effect of the former, on waking early on the first -morning of his sojourn in Kenilworth, and making inquiry of the sexton -in the course of the day, was informed that it was one of his functions -to announce the dawn and sunset in this manner daily throughout the -year.--From MS. Notes by an eminent Artist, communicated to the Editor. - -The <g>Town</g> of Kenilworth, in addition to the few particulars which will be -found scattered through the preceding pages, has nothing of paramount -interest for the stranger. It extends along the post-road for nearly a -mile, and contains various schools (liberally supported), almshouses, -and other charities, which reflect the greatest credit on their founders -and patrons. The population is considerably upwards of three thousand, -but with very little trade. The parish church contains a splendid window -of modern stained glass, contributed by the late Bishop of Lichfield -when Master of Shrewsbury School, and finished under the direction of -Mr. David Evans of that city. The <g>Bridge</g>, consisting of two spacious -arches, and commanding a fine view of the striking objects around, is -highly ornamental to the place. - -[Illustration] - - -APPENDIX. - -_Description of the Plan of the Castle, page 243, as it appeared at the -Queen’s visit in 1575._ - - Described at Page -1. Cæsar’s Tower, Kenilworth 214 -2. Lancaster Buildings 224 -3. Leicester Buildings 231 -4. Base Court, or outer ballium 239-40 -5. Lake ib. -6. Chase ib. -7. Gallery Tower 227 -8. Tilt-Yard ib. -9. Mortimer’s Tower ib. -10. King Henry VIII.’s Lodgings 229 -11. Inner Court ib. -12. The Strong, or Mervyn’s Tower 226 -13. Kitchens 228 -14. Pleasance 229 -15. Great Hall 220 -16. Leicester’s Chamber fronting the Lake 231 -17. Gardens 227 -18. Orchard ib. -19. Swan Tower 229 -20. Great Gateway 231-2, 257 -21. Lunn’s Tower 235 -22. Water Tower ib. -23. St. Lowe Tower adjoins Mervyn’s Tower, -S. W., and is not seen in this point. - -Page 245, “append.” The reader is here referred to Melvin’s account of -Elizabeth. - -(1) The <g>Leicester Chimney-Piece</g>, introduced at page 237. This -justly-admired specimen of art is of alabaster, finely sculptured with -bears and rugged staves, and the monograms of Queen Elizabeth and the -Earl of Leicester. When freshly gilded, and placed in a becoming -situation, it justly deserved, says a writer of taste, to be eulogized -as a work of decided skill and merit. Having happily escaped the -Cromwellian devastation, this mantel-piece, together with the oaken -pillars which surmount it (Wyld), were removed from one of the principal -apartments or presence-chamber of Leicester Buildings, to the room which -they now occupy--an oak-pannelled chamber in the old Gate-House. (2) The -view introduced at page 253 represents--along with the Tower in the deep -shadows of evening--a view of all that remains of the ancient moat on -that side of the building. (3) The cut, page 256, is an allegorical -subject of Leicester and Amy Robsart--the <g>Dove and Snake</g>,--or Innocence -and Subtlety. - - AUTHORITIES:--Camd.--Dugd.--Early - Chronicles.--Strutt.--Spelman.--Harris.--Warner’s Illustr. Crit. - and Hist.--Lodge’s Mem.--Brewer’s Hist. of Warw.--Monast. and - Baron.--Monum. Vetusta.--Speed--Harding--Grafton--Holinshed--Secr. - Mem. of Dudley--Parsons--Melvin--Pict. Hist.--Clarendon--Illustr. - of Kenilw.--Guides and Topograph.--Sir W. Scott’s Notes.--Memoirs - of Dudley Fam.--Annal. Elizab.--MS. Notes.--Collins’ P.--Civil and - Milit. Trans. 1570-80--etc. etc. - -[Illustration: WALTHAM ABBEY.] - - - - -[Illustration] - - - - -WALTHAM ABBEY. - - “Ki ke volt çeo saver, - A Walteham, ultre le halt auter, - Meimes cel croiz purra trover, - E roi Haraud gisant en quer.”--CONTINUATION OF WACE’S ‘BRUT.’ - - -The Abbey of Waltham owes most of its celebrity to its connexion with -the last of the Anglo-Saxon monarchs. Our early forefathers were -distinguished by their attachment to the pleasures of the chase; and the -vast forest with which this district was covered must have been a -favourite resort of the East-Saxon kings, as it was, after the -subversion of their independence, of the thanes of Essex. One of these, -named Tovi or Thovi, who held the high office of _stallere_ (or steward) -in the household of Canute the Dane, built himself a hunting residence -in the rich meadows on the banks of the Lea, in the same neighbourhood -where King Alfred had drawn away the waters of that river in order to -cut off the retreat of the Danish fleet. This hunting-house was the -_weald-ham_, or residence in the wood, from which the town afterwards -received its name. - -The “weald-ham” was a favourite residence of Earl Tovi, and was soon -surrounded with the houses and huts of his retainers, thus becoming -gradually a village, occupied, as we are informed in the early -half-legendary history of the place, by threescore and six householders. -The erection of a church followed as a matter of course: although the -monks of the Abbey afterwards built there published a wild legend--how a -cross, miraculously discovered on the summit of a hill in Somersetshire, -then called Lutegaresberi, but since known by the name of Montacute, -which was also the property of Tovi, was no less miraculously conveyed -to this spot, and gave to it the subsequent appellation of <g>Waltham Holy -Cross</g>.[207] Tovi (who was lord of “Enefeld, Edelmetone, Cetrehunt, -Mimmes (?), and of the barony which afterwards, under the Normans, -passed into the family of the Mandevilles”) placed in his church two -canons, endowed it with lands in Waltham, “Chenleuedene, Hyche, Lamhee, -Luketune, and Alwaretune,” and gave to it the sword with which he had -been first girt when he was made a knight. His wife Glitha, a very pious -woman, added to these gifts a crown or wreath of pure gold. Their son -Athelstan did not, however, inherit the virtues and wisdom of his -parents; for, shortly after their death, he lost the manor of Waltham, -which, with others in the neighbourhood, appears to have been forfeited -to the Crown. Edward the Confessor gave it to his brother-in-law Harold. - -Harold appears to have received these lands with the avowed purpose of -founding a religious house, by which, while according to the -superstitious belief of that age, he was securing the salvation of his -own soul, he flattered the monastic prejudices of King Edward. In the -twelfth century, the monks of Waltham had also a legendary account of -this second foundation: they said that Earl Harold, on his return from -the conquest of the Welsh, was visited by a dangerous attack of -paralysis, which defied the skill of the physicians, until it was -miraculously cured by a visit to the Holy Cross.[208] From that moment, -it is pretended the Earl never relaxed in his attachment to Waltham: in -place of the small foundation of Tovi, he built a magnificent church; -and there are strong reasons for supposing that, in spite of his -patriotic feelings and his known hatred to foreigners, he employed -Norman artists and workmen. The Waltham writers of the twelfth century, -who saw Harold’s church in its original form, speak of it in the most -enthusiastic terms, and tell us how, under the hands of his builders, -the walls and columns rose up in lofty majesty, while the latter were -connected by numerous arches, and the walls supported a roof groined -within and protected by lead without.[209] The interior of the building -was covered with “plates of brass, gilt;” and the bases and capitals of -the columns, with the “bendings” of the arches, were ornamented with -sculpture.[210] It is now ascertained, that in early times the interior -of churches, and also of other buildings, was painted in bright colours, -and gilt: the gilding being probably executed on thin plates of metal -which were attached to the stone-work. This mode of ornamentation -afterwards gave place to elaborate sculpture and carving. The mouldering -remains of these buildings, although still imposing by their grandeur, -convey to us only a slight idea of the effect which they must have -produced when adorned with paintings and glittering with gold. The -<g>Interior</g> of Waltham Abbey Church, degraded and mutilated as its -ornaments and proportions are at the present day, conveys to our mind no -mean idea of the former splendour of Harold’s church, of which we can -hardly doubt that it forms a genuine portion. As we survey its rows of -massive columns, and compare them with the humble objects around, we -feel ourselves mentally carried back eight hundred years to the festive -scene which followed their erection. At the consecration of those walls, -were present, besides the founder Earl Harold, the last King and Queen -of the regal line of the Anglo-Saxons--Edward the Confessor, and the -fair and interesting Edith, with two archbishops--Stigand of Canterbury -and Aldred of York, eleven bishops (among whom the most - -[Illustration] - -eminent were Hereman of Salisbury, Leofric of Exeter, and Gyso of -Wells), eleven abbots of important monastic houses, and a great number -of princes and nobles. In their presence was read publicly the royal -charter, which is still preserved, and bears the signatures of the King -and Queen, Harold, the two archbishops, and the bishops, abbots, and -thanes, who were assisting at the ceremony. The feast on this occasion -lasted eight days; and the guests were not only served profusely, but -large vessels full of wine and mead were placed in the fields and public -roads, in order that even accidental passers-by might drink their full. - -Harold increased the number of canons from two to twelve. By the charter -just mentioned, they were put in possession of the manors of -“Passefelda, Walde, Upminster, Walhfare, Pippedene, Alwaretune, -Wodeforda, Lambehithe, Nesingnan, Brickendune, Melnho, Alichsea, -Wormeleia, Nettleswelle, Hicche, Lukintone, and Westwaltham.” Portions -of these lands were assigned to each canon to supply him with food and -clothing, those of which the rents were applied to the latter purpose -being distinguished by the name of _scrud-land_, or _clothing-land_. -Westwaltham was appropriated to the dean, in addition to his share with -the rest. Each canon had also assigned to him fifteen acres in Waltham -of what were termed the Northlands, in order that they might not be -distressed by any accidental stoppage of their supply from the -out-farms. According to the directions of the founder, the canons of -Waltham received extremely liberal rations of food. The daily allowance -of each was two loaves of very white bread, and one of a coarser -quality, the three being sufficient for six men; six bowls of ale, -sufficient for ten men at one drinking bout; and six dishes of different -kinds each day. In addition to this allowance, on feast days they were -served with “pittances,” or delicacies: if it were a feast of the first -dignity, each canon was to have three pittances; if of the second -dignity, he was allowed two pittances; and if of the third dignity, one. -A pittance, from Michaelmas-day to Ash-Wednesday, consisted of twelve -blackbirds, or two “agauseæ,” or two partridges, or one pheasant; during -the rest of the year, it consisted of goose or chickens. On -Christmas-day, Easter-day, and the day of Pentecost, and on the two -feasts of the Holy Cross, wine and mead were allowed.[211] The object in -giving the canons this profuse allowance of provisions, was to provide -for strangers, and for the poor and needy, the latter receiving each day -what was sent away from the Abbey table. The dean had a larger share -than the others, because more persons depended upon his charity and -hospitality than upon those of a simple canon.[212] In former times, -when from the want of means of conveyance the produce of the land was -necessarily consumed on the land itself, hospitality of this kind was -universally practised. Even in the houses of private gentlemen there was -a servant named an almoner, whose office it was to collect and -distribute to the poor at his master’s gate what remained of the meat -and drink served at the table; and the person who distributed the bread -to the guests, laid the first loaf in the alms-dish as an offering to -God. - -The consecration of the church of Waltham occurred a little before -Whitsuntide, in the year 1062: in less than four years after this event, -Harold was - -[Illustration] - -advanced to the throne of England. During his short but eventful reign, -he conferred innumerable benefits on the Abbey, which were remembered -with gratitude long after the destruction of the Anglo-Saxon dynasty. In -his return from the defeat of the Danish invaders in the north, to stop -the progress of his Norman rival, Harold visited Waltham for the last -time. The brotherhood received him with sorrowful countenances, for -their minds were filled with gloomy forebodings; and when, on the -morning of his departure, Harold humbled himself in prayer before the -Holy Cross, which was surrounded by the relics and precious gifts which -he had conferred, one of the canons, whose eyes were fixed on the image, -declared that the wooden face suddenly assumed an air of sadness, and -that he saw the head bend downwards. His brethren were struck with -consternation; and, unable to restrain the king from exposing his own -person in an unequal combat, they sent with him two of the elder canons, -named Osegode Cnoppe and Ailric Childemaister,[213] to watch the course -of events, and to bring home the body of their benefactor in case he -should be slain. The result of the battle of Hastings is too well known -to need repeating on the present occasion. - -Much obscurity still hangs over Harold’s fate. The old historians not -only differ in various circumstances in their account of the manner in -which he was killed, but some of them have declared their belief that he -escaped from the field of battle with his life. Even the canons, and -afterwards the monks, of Waltham were divided in their opinions on this -subject; and each party consigned their reasons to writing, in separate -treatises, which were long treasured up in the Abbey library, and which -are fortunately still preserved. According to the most probable of these -two versions of the story, when Osegode and Ailric saw that their -presentiments had been but too well founded, they repaired to the -Conqueror to obtain permission to seek for Harold’s body, and to carry -it to Waltham for interment. With some difficulty they succeeded in -their suit; but, after a long and fruitless search, Osegode was sent -back to Waltham with the intelligence that they could find no traces of -their king among the multitude of naked and stiffening corpses with -which the field was strewed. By the advice of the other canons, Osegode -took with him to Hastings Harold’s beautiful mistress, Editha -Swanneshals (or Edith with the Swan’s neck), who recognized the body of -her lover by secret marks which were known only to herself. Osegode then -placed it on a bier which he had prepared for the purpose, and it was -carried in solemn procession to Battle Bridge, whither the whole -brotherhood of Waltham had come to meet it. They carried the corpse to -Waltham, and buried it with honour in the choir of the Abbey -Church.[214] - -Those who held a contrary opinion concerning Harold’s fate, said that -Edith had mistaken another corpse for that of her paramour; and that the -body of Harold had been found among a heap of corpses by some Saxon -women, who visited the field to administer aid and comfort to their -wounded and expiring countrymen. Finding him still breathing, they -carried him away from the spot, ignorant that it was their king; but he -was recognized by two countrymen, who took him to Winchester, where he -remained in concealment two years. At the end of that period, having -entirely recovered from the effects of his wounds, he went to Germany, -in the hope of inducing the old Saxons and Norwegians to assist him in -the deliverance of his country from the oppressions of the Normans; but -failing in this project, and becoming weary of the vanities of the -world, he determined to pass the rest of his days in retirement, and he -first visited Rome. From thence he returned in disguise, under the -assumed name of Christian, to England, and lived ten years as a hermit, -with one faithful attendant, among the rocks in the neighbourhood of -Dover. He next repaired to the borders of Wales, where he lived long in -solitude, exposed to the insults of the Welsh, over whom he had so often -triumphed in the days of his worldly glory. He finally removed to -Chester, where he died at an advanced age in a little cell attached to -the church of St. John, having, according to the story, confessed on his -death-bed that he was King Harold.[215] Such is the improbable legend -which found credit with one or two of the most esteemed of our early -writers. - -Waltham Abbey appears to have experienced little favour from the first -Anglo-Norman kings. William the Conqueror, or (according to other -accounts) his son Rufus, carried away much of the valuable plate, gems, -and rich vestments which had been given by Harold, to enrich his two -churches at Caen in Normandy; but he seems to have left the landed -possessions of the Abbey untouched.[216] As a sort of reparation for -this injury, William Rufus is said to have given to the canons those -lands of Harold in Waltham which his father had conferred upon Walcher, -bishop of Durham, who made this place his residence when he came to -attend the court at London. The two queens of Henry I. were almost the -sole benefactors of this foundation during the first century after the -Norman Conquest:--the first, Matilda of Scotland, gave to the secular -canons the mill at Waltham; while Adeliza of Lorraine, Henry’s second -wife, bestowed upon them all the tithes of Waltham, as well those of her -demesne lands as those of her tenants. - -In the latter half of the twelfth century, the canons of Waltham -experienced the same fate which had already struck most of the similar -Anglo-Saxon institutions. As the power of the pope gained strength in -England, it had constantly brought with it the dissolution of the -ancient colleges of secular priests, to make way for the introduction of -the more rigid discipline of the regular monks, who were literally the -“soldiers” of papal Rome. It is probable that the secular canons of -Waltham had relaxed in discipline and religion since their foundation, -placed as they were amid the “fatness of the earth.” During the period -of which we are now speaking, we find among them few traces of learning -or literary taste, and the name of Waltham scarcely occurs in the -political history of the twelfth century. Yet the few remaining writings -of the monks of this place are full of vivid descriptions of the -richness and beauty of the Abbey lands. - - “O Waltham! pro te fecit manus Omnipotentis - Multum in mentis, semper et hinc amo te. - Nam dedit ipse tibi similem sibimetque figuram, - Excelsam, puram, quæ veneratur ibi. - - * * * * * - - Tu ditaris ita, nam prata foves meliora; - Stas inter nemora dite loco posita. - Te cingit fluvius necnon percurrit amœnus, - Piscibus et plenus: est situs egregius. - Et licet orneris pratis latis et agellis, - Structuris bellis, floribus et teneris.”[217] - -So sang in quaint and jingling rhymes one of the historians of Waltham -in the reign of Henry II. The flower-decked meads which surrounded the -Abbey are not unfrequently alluded to; and that which has preserved to -modern times the name of Harold’s Park, was celebrated in a proverbial -leonine,-- - - “Haroldi parca florum bene dicitur archa.” - -[Illustration] - -The numerous little streams into which the river is here divided added -to the richness and diversity of the scenery, and were crossed by a -number of picturesque bridges. In the time of Leland (the reign of Henry -VIII.) there were “a 7 or viii. bridges in the towne of Waltham: for -there be divers socours of streamelettes breking out of the thre -principalle partes of Luye ryver.” The ruins of <g>one of these little -Bridges</g> may still be seen over a “streamelette,” about two hundred yards -to the north-east of the Abbey, forming an extremely picturesque feature -in the landscape. It consists of an elliptical arch, supported or -strengthened by three strong ribs, and appears to be a work of -considerable antiquity. - -The beauty of the scenery and the richness of the soil seem to have been -the chief delight of these pampered canons. They were accused (how -justly it is now difficult to decide) of luxurious living and great -relaxation of discipline; and their last dean, Guido Rufus, was -suspended from his office by Richard, Archbishop of Canterbury, the -immediate successor of Thomas Becket. The king was at this time seeking -opportunities of appeasing the church of Rome for the murder of Becket, -and, influenced by the persuasions of the archbishop, he went to Waltham -on the eve of Pentecost, in the year 1177, and having expelled the -secular canons, he established in their place sixteen regular canons of -the order of St. Augustin, taken out of three of the older English -monasteries, namely, six from Cirencester, six from Oseney, and four -from Chiche. Walter de Gaunt, a canon of Oseney, was elected the first -Abbot of Waltham. The Abbey itself was declared, as formerly, free from -all episcopal jurisdiction; and a few years afterwards the abbot was -allowed the use of the pontificals, and Waltham was raised to the rank -of a mitred abbey. King Henry, judging, as he states in the charter, -that the church thus reformed, “as a new spouse of Christ, ought to have -a new dower,”[218] added to its former possessions the manors of -Siwardston and Epping. - -From this period the Abbey of Waltham was, during several reigns, a -favourite resort of the English monarchs; and, separated by its woods -from the “busy hum” of the world around, it seems to have escaped the -troubles and turmoils of baronial strife. Henry’s son and successor, the -lion-hearted Richard, gave the monks a new charter, confirming all their -possessions and privileges; and by a separate charter he bestowed on the -church the whole of his manor of Waltham, with the great wood, and the -park called Harold’s Park, three hundred acres of assart land, the -market of Waltham, and the village of Nasing (a member of Waltham), with -three hundred and sixty acres of assart land there, for all which they -were to pay yearly to the king’s exchequer sixty pounds. King Richard -also gave them the manor of Copt Hall, which afterwards became a -favourite residence of the abbots. Henry III., who frequently visited -Waltham, was also a munificent benefactor; and among other favours he -granted them the privilege of holding a fair during seven days annually. -In this reign considerable alterations appear to have been made in the -buildings of the Abbey, The church was re-dedicated in the year 1242, by -the Bishop of Norwich, in the King’s presence; - -[Illustration] - -and it has been conjectured, that at that time was built Our Lady’s -Chapel on the south side of the present church: this chapel still -exists, although it has been long converted into a school-room. It has -been supposed also that the <g>Inner Porch</g>, under the present steeple, was -built about the end of this reign, or early in that of Edward I. - -In spite of the royal favour and protection, the monks of Waltham were -engaged in several vexatious disputes during the reign of Henry III. The -kind of lordship which the abbot exercised over the town, the mode in -which the Abbey possessions and business became intermixed with those of -the townsmen, and the frequent and unavoidable clashing of their several -interests, led to much mutual ill-will. A great number of the townsmen -were tenants of the abbot. We still find in several parts of the town -some remains of the old houses on the Abbey domain, particularly those -standing in what is called <g>Baker’s Entry</g>, which have an appearance of -great antiquity. But the most serious disputes arose out of the -contending claims to rights connected with the common lands.[219] Simon -de Seham was elected Abbot of Waltham in 1248; and the same year the -townsmen went in a riotous manner into the marsh, where they claimed -rights in opposition to those enjoyed by the abbot, and killed four of -the abbot’s mares, worth at least forty shillings sterling, and drove -away the rest. Simon de Seham allowed this act of violence to pass -without punishment; but when the men of Waltham came to him the year -following, on the Tuesday before Easter, and summoned him to remove his -mares and colts out of the marsh, he refused to listen to them, and -deferred the matter till the Tuesday after Easter. On that day the men -and women of the town assembled tumultuously at the Abbey gate to -receive the abbot’s answer; but he again deferred the matter to a -further day, stating in excuse that he had been busily occupied in -preparing for a journey into Lincolnshire to meet the justices -itinerant. Then the townspeople reviled the abbot in presence of -Richard, Earl of Cornwall, the king’s brother, who had come to Waltham -Abbey the same day; and, hastening to the marsh, they drove away the -abbot’s mares and colts--drowning three, valued at twenty shillings; -spoiling ten more, worth ten marks; and beating the keepers who resisted -them, even to the shedding of blood. On the abbot’s return from -Lincolnshire, the people of Waltham, apprehensive of the consequences of -their violent proceedings, desired a love-day to settle the dispute; but -suddenly changing their minds, they went to the king at London, and made -a complaint against the abbot, that he was infringing their rights, -introducing new customs, and, as they expressed it, that he was “eating -them up to the bones.” The abbot, in retaliation, excommunicated them; -and they impleaded him at the common law. After many hearings, the -abbot, as the stronger party, gained the cause; and the people of -Waltham were obliged to acknowledge that they had done him wrong, and -they were fined twenty marks; but, on their submission, he remitted the -fine, and relieved them from the sentence of excommunication.[220] - -[Illustration] - -In the same reign, the abbot of Waltham became involved in a lawsuit -with the lord of the neighbouring manor of Cheshunt, who was, at that -time, Peter Duke of Savoy, the king’s uncle, and therefore a powerful -opponent. Both parties laid claim to certain meadow lands which lay -between two branches of the river Lea, one asserting that the eastern -stream, the other that the western stream, was the boundary line between -their respective estates. After an obstinate dispute, the lord of -Cheshunt agreed to yield up his claim to the abbot; but these meadows -were frequently afterwards a subject of litigation. A new lawsuit was -begun in the time of the last abbot of Waltham; and the question -remained undecided when the Abbey was surrendered to King Henry VIII. - -Until the reign of this monarch, Waltham continued to receive frequent -visits from the English kings, who are said to have possessed a small -house within the parish, at a spot known in more recent times by the -name of <g>Romeland</g>, where occasionally they sought pleasure and -retirement. Richard II. was residing here at the time of Wat Tyler’s -insurrection. It was also a favourite retreat of King Henry VIII.; and -Fuller has preserved a traditionary anecdote relating to one of Henry’s -visits, which (though a similar story has been told of other kings in -like circumstances) loses nothing by being repeated. The king was one -day hunting in the forest; and, wandering from his companions, he came -to the Abbey, about dinner-time, in the disguise of one of his own -guard. He was immediately invited to the abbot’s table, and a sirloin of -beef was placed before him. The king was hungry, and ate very heartily, -to the great admiration of the abbot, whose pampered stomach had been -spoilt by the good fare of his house. “Well fare thy heart!” he said to -his guest: “here is a cup of sack, and remember the health of his Grace -thy master. I would willingly give a hundred pounds on condition that I -could feed as heartily on beef as thou dost. Alas! my weak stomach will -hardly digest a wing of a small rabbit or chicken.” The king pledged his -host, and then, thanking him for his hospitality, departed as secretly -as he had arrived. Shortly afterwards, a pursuivant suddenly made his -appearance at Waltham; and, to the consternation of the whole -fraternity, the abbot was carried to London, and committed a close -prisoner to the Tower, where he was kept for some days strictly confined -to a diet of bread and water. The severity of his imprisonment was then -as suddenly relaxed, and a sirloin of beef was set before him, on which, -to use the quaint expression of the old narrator of this story, “he fed -as heartily as a farmer of his own grange.” The king immediately entered -from a small lobby, where he had been looking on unobserved, and -demanded of his prisoner a hundred pounds, the sum promised to him who -should restore his lost appetite, which the abbot paid immediately, and -lost no time in returning again to enjoy the good cheer of his own -refectory. - -We can trace, but with uncertainty, the progress of destruction with -which this noble building was visited after its <g>Dissolution</g>. Part of the -church, with the offices and other parts of the Abbey, were probably -demolished for the sake of the materials, the nave only being reserved -to the people of Waltham to serve as a parish church. The commissioners -were so unscrupulous in their plunder, that they even offered for sale -the five bells in the steeple, which, however, were purchased by the -parishioners. In the old books of the churchwardens, we find, under the -date 1544, the item, “Received of Adam Tanner the overplus of the money -which was gathered for the purchase of the bells, two pound four -shillings and eleven-pence.” The ancient steeple stood in the middle of -the church: it had been left in so dangerous a condition, that it was -found necessary to take down the bells as soon as purchased, and to -erect for them a wooden belfrey at the south-east end of the churchyard, -where there stood formerly two yew-trees. A few years afterwards, in the -beginning of the reign of Queen Mary, the steeple fell down: in 1556, -there is an entry in the parish books, “For coles to undermine a piece -of the steeple which stood after the first fall, two shillings.” The -parishioners immediately began to build the present <g>Steeple</g>, at the west -end of the church, at a very considerable expense, which was furnished -from the money they had collected by the sale of the old church -furniture, by subscriptions for the occasion, and by the sale of -materials from the ruins of the Abbey; and, to finish it, they were at -last obliged to sell the bells which they had before patriotically -rescued from the fate that had absorbed so much of the rich plate and -furniture of the Abbey. Several of the entries in the parish books at -this time show us how the work of demolition was gradually proceeding. -In 1558, at the beginning of the reign of Elizabeth, the sum of three -shillings and two-pence was paid for taking down the rood-loft. In 1562, -there was “paid for a bay nagge, given to Mr. Henry Denny for the Abbey -wall, three pound seventeen shillings.” “Item, to labourers which did -undermine the said wall, forty-nine shillings and nine-pence.” This -Abbey wall was a building which extended eastward beyond the old -steeple; and the churchwardens for some years afterwards carried on a -great trade in the sale of lead, stone, and timber taken from it.[221] -In 1563, “for the old timber in the little vestiary of St. George’s -Chapel, fifteen shillings.” All memory of the site of this chapel -appears to be long lost. In the same year, “for taking down the stairs -in the Abbey, seven shillings eight-pence;” and “for taking down the -lead from the charnel-house, and covering the steeple, eighteen -shillings.” - -In 1547, King Edward VI. made a grant of the conventual estate of -Waltham, for thirty-one years, to Sir Anthony Denny, one of the -executors of Henry VIII., who dying soon afterwards, the reversion in -fee was purchased by his widow. Their grandson, Sir Edward Denny, was -created Baron of Waltham by King James I., and Earl of Norwich by King -Charles I. From him the estate passed by marriage to James Hay, Earl of -Carlisle; and it subsequently came into the possession of the family of -Wake. - -The Abbey of Waltham, when entire, was very extensive, including within -its walls many acres of ground. The remains of the <g>Entrance Gateway</g>, -approached by an old bridge, stand at some distance to the north of the -church. This gateway is of stone, repaired with large bricks, and -consists of a larger and a smaller pointed arch, with delicate -mouldings; the exterior mouldings springing from figures of angels, -which support shields containing the royal arms of England as they were -drawn in the reign of Edward III. which appears to be the date of this -part of the building. This gateway - -[Illustration] - -and the church are all that now remain standing of this once noble -edifice.[222] The present parish church is formed of the nave of the -ancient church, which had the form of a cross. The choir, which was a -continuation of the present building towards the east, with the two -transepts, and the Lady Chapel, appear to have been demolished -immediately after the dissolution of the Abbey. The steeple stood at the -intersection of the choir and nave with the transepts; and it appears to -have fallen spontaneously a few years after the transepts and choir were -taken down. By that accident, the nave was left open at the east end, -and it was built up with modern masonry, which, mixed with the old -circular arches and windows of the original building, and with the two -great western supports of the steeple which are still visible, give to -this part of the church externally a singularly dilapidated appearance. - -The <g>Choir</g> appears to have been very extensive; for the site of <g>Harold’s -Tomb</g>, which we know was in that part of the church, perhaps near the -high altar where the <g>Holy Cross</g> stood, is still pointed out by tradition -at a spot about forty yards to the east of the present church. This -choir was probably built in the reign of Henry II., when that monarch -changed the character of Harold’s foundation. At that period the relics -of King Harold were translated thither from a former tomb; and the -author of the treatise ‘De Inventione Sanctæ Crucis Walthamensis,’ who -wrote in the latter part of the twelfth century, assures us that he was -present on that occasion, and that he saw the wounds on Harold’s -body.[223] Fuller, speaking from tradition, says that the sepulchre of -Harold was a plain tomb of grey marble, supported by “pillarets,” with a -“sort of cross fleury” sculptured upon it; and he asserts that he had -one of its pedestals in his own possession. Farmer, in his History of -Waltham Abbey, has given an engraving of a mask, which, he says, -(probably without any good reason,) was one of the ornaments of the same -tomb. It is equally improbable, that the coffin discovered in the latter -end of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, by a gardener in the service of Sir -Edward Denny, was that which contained the body of the martyr of -Hastings.[224] Fuller, writing in the time of the Commonwealth, says -that “a picture of King Harold in glass was lately to be seen in the -north window of the church, till ten years since some barbarous hand -beat it down under the notion of superstition.” About half a century ago -another coffin was found near the same spot, containing an entire -skeleton enclosed in lead. Many persons of distinction appear to have -been buried at Waltham; among them are mentioned the names of Hugh -Nevil, protho-forester of England, who, dying in 1222, was interred here -under a noble engraved marble sepulchre; of his son John Nevil; and of -Robert Passelew, archdeacon of Lewes, one of the favourites of Henry -III. - -[Illustration] - -A very elegant pointed arch, now forming the entrance from the tower to -the interior of the church, of which we have given a representation on a -preceding page, appears to be of the reign of Henry III.; the defects -observed in the upper part of its ornaments were caused by some -barbarous hand, which cut away part of the sculptured stone, in order to -introduce a new erection, with which the workman appears to have -proceeded no farther. The <g>Principal Entrance</g>, which is also an elegant -sharply-pointed arch, is supposed to date from the reign of Edward III. -At the south-east extremity of the present building is a chapel, which -bears evident marks of the age of the Tudors, although much defaced and -altered. Nearly the whole of the church itself, with the exception of -the modern alterations which it has undergone, is the erection of King -Harold, and formed perhaps the principal part of the church as he left -it. The interior, which in modern times has been miserably disfigured by -thick coats of plaster and whitewash, possesses still an appearance of -solemn grandeur, although its groined roof has been taken down, and its -place supplied by a lower flat ceiling. The close resemblance between -this interior and the interior of the nave of Durham Cathedral (built a -few years after the Conquest) has frequently been noticed. The body of -the nave is separated from the side aisles by two rows of large and -massive cylindrical pillars, ornamented with spiral and zig-zag grooves, -like the similar pillars in the nave at Durham. These pillars support -large circular arches, with zig-zag mouldings. Above these on each side -is a second row of large arches, supported by short columns; and above -these is a third series of treble arches, each consisting of one large -arch, with a smaller one on each side. These latter front the principal -windows by which the interior of the church is lighted. In the second or -middle tier of arches there were once central columns, with arched -mouldings, dividing each of the large arches into two. Between each -series of arches a three-quarter pilaster moulding rises to the ceiling, -and appears formerly to have sustained the groined roof. Two of the -circular arches of the lower row have been altered, probably at the time - -[Illustration] - -when the present steeple was erected, to pointed arches, and carried up -to the string course of the clerestory. The only remnant of the -furniture and utensils of this old church is its ancient <g>Font</g>. The east -end of the nave has been railed in to form a chancel. The whole length -of the nave is a hundred and six feet; and its breadth fifty-three feet, -including the aisles. The interior height is at present forty-six feet. -The most interesting monument in Waltham Abbey Church is that of Sir -Edward Denny and his lady, which is situated near the eastern extremity -of the south aisle. Near the altar rails is a defaced grey slab, which -once bore a mitred figure, probably one of the abbots. - -The steeple is a massive square tower, eighty-six feet high, embattled, -and supported by strong buttresses. It was erected, as has been already -stated, during the reign of Queen Mary, at the expense of the -parishioners. It appears from the parish books that for the first -fifty-three feet the expense of building, independent of the materials, -was 33_s._ 4_d._ a foot, and that the upper part cost 40_s._ a foot, the -difference arising probably from the increase in the value of labour in -the reign of Elizabeth, when the tower was completed. The principal -modern alterations in this church appear to have been made between the -years 1668 and 1680.[225] - -The out-buildings attached to the church are on the <g>South Side</g>. They -consist of a vestry and school-room, occupying what was formerly the -Lady Chapel. This has been so much modernized, that very little of the -original building can now be seen. It appears that a large portion of -the money expended on reparations in the latter part of the seventeenth -century was applied to the building and furnishing of the school-room. -Underneath this - -[Illustration] - -building is a crypt, curiously groined, which is now used as a -charnel-house. This Lady Chapel, from the style of what remains of the -original architecture, and the ornamental <g>Buttresses</g> which still exist, -has been supposed to be as old as the time of Henry III. - -Waltham Abbey can boast of fewer learned men than most of the old -monastic houses. Fuller mentions Roger de Waltham, canon of St. Paul’s, -a writer in the thirteenth century, and John de Waltham, keeper of the -privy seal to King Richard II. The same historian places Robert Fuller, -the last abbot of Waltham, among the literary men of that house, because -he had written a history of his abbey, which Thomas Fuller professes to -have consulted: it is probable, however, that this “history” was nothing -more than the register of charters and other deeds of the abbey, still -preserved in the Harleian Library, which would reduce Abbot Fuller’s -claim to literary honours within very modest limits. It was from a deed -of Abbot Fuller, that Farmer gave one <g>Coat of Arms</g> belonging to this -abbey, which is _gules_, two angels _or_, flying with their wings -extended, with their hands holding between them a cross _argent_. A -different coat (which is represented in a former cut) is given by Fuller -the historian, along with the arms of the other mitred abbeys. At the -time of its surrender in 1539, Waltham was one of the richest abbeys in -the kingdom, the gross amount of its revenues being, according to -Speed, nearly eleven hundred pounds a-year: according to the Monasticon, -the clear income was nine hundred pounds. - -[Illustration] - -The Abbey of Waltham, as we have before stated, makes no great figure in -history after the Norman Conquest. An early collection of narratives of -miracles supposed to have been performed by the virtues of the <g>Holy -Cross</g>, furnishes us with some curious details of the misfortunes which -befel the town and church in the days of King Stephen.[226] At that -turbulent period, when every man was at war with his next neighbour, and -which is naïvely characterized in the legends referred to as being -_seditionis tempore_, the town of Waltham, as part of the dower of -Adeliza, Queen of Henry I., belonged to her second husband, William de -Albini, Earl of Arundel, between whom and the outlawed baron, Geoffrey -de Mandeville, a deadly feud had arisen. We shall probably have another -occasion to speak at large of the exploits of Geoffrey de Mandeville. -One day he brought or sent to Waltham a body of his Flemish auxiliaries, -who set fire to the town, and the flames spreading quickly, communicated -with the houses of the canons. In the midst of the confusion, the -invaders penetrated to the church, where the town’s-people had deposited -the most valuable part of their effects. The canons, who appear to have -considered themselves entitled to the special protection of Geoffrey de -Mandeville (as Earl of Essex), after vain endeavours to prevail with his -men by fair words to desist from their enterprise, had recourse to what -was then looked upon as a last and desperate expedient--they dragged -from its place above the altar the Holy Cross, which was supposed to -spread its protection over the neighbourhood, and threw it upon the -floor: and it was handed down as a tradition of the place, that in the -very hour of the throwing down of the Cross, Geoffrey de Mandeville -received his death-wound at the siege of Burwell. The canons of Waltham -boasted that their church was rescued from the rage of the plunderers by -divine interposition; and that five Flemings, who had already filled -their sacks with precious articles, were thrown miraculously into such a -state of mental confusion that they could not find their way out of the -church, but remained wandering among the boxes and packages with which -the interior of the church was encumbered, until they were taken by the -townsmen on their return from the pursuit of their enemies, whom they -had driven away. The canons now rescued the offenders from the vengeance -of the people of Waltham, and, after having administered to them the -monastic discipline, namely, a severe flogging, they set them at -liberty. One of their leaders, named Humphrey de Barentone, who, -entering the church on horseback, had been active in inciting the -Flemings to plunder and violence, is said to have been struck with -madness (perhaps with paralysis) as he was leaving the town: he was -carried back to the church, and died within three days; but not till he -had repented and made some compensation to the church of Waltham, by -giving to it fourteen acres of land in ‘Luchentuna.’ - -<g>Environs.</g>--The neighbourhood of Waltham presents a few historical sites, -and some interesting localities. The river <g>Lea</g> was the scene of Isaac -Walton’s piscatory rambles. It is now chiefly remarkable as giving -motion to a number of powder-mills. The neighbouring hamlet of <g>Waltham -Cross</g> contains one of the few that remain of the crosses erected by -Edward I., in memory of his beloved queen Eleanor. To the south of -Waltham is Enfield Chase; and a short distance to the west is the site -of the Palace of <g>Theobald</g>. To the north may still be seen the mouldering -ruins of the Nunnery of <g>Cheshunt</g>, said to have been founded in the reign -of Henry III. - -There is still a vague legendary tradition of a subterranean -communication between the Abbey of Waltham and Cheshunt Nunnery. But the -monks of the former house, who are accused of having sought comfort -among the gentle occupants of the latter for the troubles and vexations -they received from the litigious lords of the manor, appear to have -sought no such hidden road by which to pay their visits to the nunnery. -The tales which continued to be current in the time of Fuller, show that -there must have been some ground for the scandal. The following story -has found a place in the “Church History:”-- - -“One Sir Henry Colt, of Nether Hall in Essex, much in favour with King -Henry VIII. for ‘his merry conceits,’ came to Waltham late at night, -being informed by spies that the monks were on a visit at Cheshunt -Nunnery. In order to intercept them on their return, he pitched a -buckstall (which was used to take deer in the forest) in the narrowest -place in the marsh, where he knew the monks must pass, and placed some -of his confederates to watch it. The monks, as was expected, ran all -into the net; where they were secured till next morning, when Sir Henry -Colt brought the king to show him his game. The merry monarch is said to -have burst into a loud fit of laughter, and to have declared that, -‘although he had often seen sweeter, he had never seen fatter venison.’” - - AUTHORITIES.--Michel, Chroniques Anglo-Normandes.--The Legend De - Invent. Sanct. Crucis Walthamensis, MS. Harl. 3776.--Miracles of - the Holy Cross, MS. Cotton Julius, D. VI.--Fuller.--Farmer’s - History of Waltham Abbey, Lond. 1735.--Wace’s Chronicle of the - Norman Conquest.--Leland, &c. - -[Illustration: CARISBROOKE CASTLE, - -_ISLE OF WIGHT._] - - - - -[Illustration] - - - - -CARISBROOKE CASTLE, - -<g>Isle of Wight</g>. - - When as the pliant Muse, with plain and easy flight - Betwixt her silver wings is wafted to the <g>Wight</g>, - That isle which jutteth out into the sea so farre, - Her offspring traineth up in exercise of warre. - Of all the southern isles she holds the highest place, - And th’ greatest coronal hath been in Britain’s grace.--POLYOLBION. - - -<g>Among</g> the Anglo-Norman fortresses which so long upheld the feudal power, -and maintained the independence of the British Islands, that of -Carisbrooke holds a distinguished place. Crowning an elevated position -near the centre of the island,--of which it has been for ages the -ornament and safeguard,--and from its keep and battlements commanding -every approach, it had all the advantages which the necessities and -warlike spirit of the times could demand. It appears to have been -selected as a post of defence from the remotest period of the Saxon -monarchy, of which it still retains many substantial vestiges; and -although nothing has been discovered that connects it by positive -evidence with the Roman epoch, there can be no reasonable doubt of its -having been one of the numerous military stations occupied by that -people for the vigorous maintenance of its power. - -At last, after the lapse of four centuries, the sway of the Cæsars began -to wax faint; and when the victorious legions were finally withdrawn -from the British shores, the natives, taking advantage of the strong -places which had previously kept them in awe, seized them to their own -use, and over the Roman substruction erected, after their own manner, -the bulwarks of native strength and independence. Of this the keep, or -donjon, hereafter to be noticed, presents clear and distinct evidence; -but whether comprised in the fifty castles reconstructed by -Alfred--under the circumstances already stated in this work--remains -uncertain. From the localities, however, and other particulars which -distinguished the castles so built or repaired on Roman foundations, it -appears highly probable that Carisbrooke owes its preservation to that -wise and patriotic monarch. Continually harassed by foreign marauders -who infested these narrow seas, he found no measure so effectual as that -of erecting castles and garrisoned forts on all those points of the -coast most exposed to their piratical fury. But after the death of this -monarch, and the conflicting policy which, during a century and a half, -prepared the way for Norman supremacy, the national bulwarks had -suffered from neglect; they were mostly ungarrisoned, and nearly all so -much dilapidated that they could offer no effectual resistance against -an invading enemy--a fact which readily accounts for the easy conquest -which awaited the Norman army on its first landing on the coast of -Sussex. - -After the battle of Hastings, the Conqueror, with that characteristic -policy which marked his actions, adopted every measure for the -consolidation of his authority, by portioning out to his martial -followers the domestic strongholds and landed possessions of the -vanquished and proscribed natives. Of the Norman barons who then shared -the profuse liberality of their leader, we have mentioned several -instances in the course of the present work. But among the chief men who -owed him fealty, and whose friendship and faithful services it was -important to conciliate by rewards for the past, and the prospect of -others in future, none came in for a more enviable share of his favour -than his near kinsman, - -<g>William Fitz-Osborne.</g>--This warlike Norman had accompanied his Chief in -the expedition to England; and, among the brilliant circle of martial -attendants who had espoused his cause, stood eminently distinguished for -his talents and experience. He had the entire confidence of his -sovereign; and at the battle of Hastings, where Roger Montgomery had -also a high - -[Illustration] - -command, performed the honourable and arduous duties of marshal of the -army. Recommended to the Conqueror by the ties of blood, as well as by -the high military talents which he had displayed in the field, he -receiving a grant of the Isle of Wight,--“Ita, Gulielmus Filius Osborni, -<g>Veetam Insulam</g> conquisivit, primusque Vectæ Dominus erat.” He was made -constable of the newly-erected Castles of Winchester and York, and -installed in the high office of Chief Justiciary for the King in the -north. In the exercise of his new authority as Lord of Wight, he appears -to have acted towards the old inhabitants with a rigour and -exclusiveness which strongly evinced his distrust of their professed -attachment to the foreign dynasty. Proceeding to the very extreme of the -feudal despotism with which he had been so recently invested, he -expelled the native inhabitants, divided their possessions among his -Norman followers and retainers, and, reconstructing the ancient fortress -of Carisbrooke, surrounded himself with a host of martial adherents, who -held their new possessions on condition of military service to the -chief, wheresoever and whensoever it should be required. - -Having had the first grant of the Isle of Wight from the Conqueror, “to -be held as freely as he himself held the kingdom of England,” -Fitz-Osborne instituted the Knights’ Court, which was one of the -privileges enjoyed by him as lord of the island, namely, that of holding -a judicial tribunal called “Curia Militum,” from the judges being such -as held a knight’s fee from the lord of the island, who “gave judgment -as courts of equity without a jury.” - -To this powerful Baron the whole of the Norman work now remaining in the -Castle of Carisbrooke may be attributed. In Domesday Book he is called -William Fitz-Osborne, Earl of Hereford--a name familiar in the pages of -our early history. But his enterprising career was cut short by the -casualties of war, when he had been scarcely four years in possession of -the island; for, being sent by the Queen to support Ernulf, Count of -Hainault, who was then enforcing his family claim to the earldom of -Flanders, both she and the count were slain in battle. Dugdale is of -opinion that he adopted this quarrel from the relationship which -subsisted between that nobleman and himself--he having married for his -second wife Rechildis, the mother of Count Ernulf, the Queen’s nephew. -His remains were interred with great ceremony in the Abbey of -Cormeilles, which he had founded, and in which one of his sons had -previously become a monk. Bequeathing his Norman possessions to his -second son, those of England, including the earldom of Hereford and -lordship of the Isle of Wight, descended to his eldest son, - -<g>Roger de Bretteville</g>--so named from the place of his birth.--Taking part -with the turbulent spirits of his day, and highly irritated by the -King’s refusal to sanction the marriage of his sister Emma with Ralph de -Waer, or Ralph de Guader, Earl of Norfolk, he took advantage of the -King’s absence in Normandy to have the union solemnized by a grand -public festival, at which were present many of the great military -tenants of the crown, who, readily entering into the rash views of -Hereford, concerted measures for dethroning the King. The conspiracy, -however, was divulged by Waltheof, Earl of Northumberland, who was -nevertheless beheaded for his participation therein at Winchester. They -were routed by the King’s forces at a place called Fagadune; and the -wreck of the insurgents escaping to Norwich, fortified themselves in the -castle for a time, but were soon forced to surrender. Earl Roger made -his escape to Hereford; but being apprehended and brought to trial, he -was found guilty of levying war against his sovereign, and condemned to -perpetual imprisonment and the loss of his estates. The rigours of -confinement and confiscation, however, do not appear to have subdued his -haughty spirit; for at the feast of Easter, when the King sent him a -gracious present of certain costly robes--consisting of a royal mantle, -an inner surcoat of silk, and an upper garment lined with precious furs, -in remembrance of the station he once held in the King’s favour--Earl -Roger caused a fire to be lighted in his prison, and, throwing the royal -present into it, stood by with a look of complaisance, and chafing his -hands at the blaze, till the whole present was consumed. This insane and -insolent act being immediately reported to the King, he swore his usual -oath--“per splendorem Dei”--by the glory of God--that in future Earl -Roger’s only robe should be the roof of his prison! He kept his word: -the Earl was remanded to strict confinement, and died about six years -afterwards, leaving two sons, Raynald and Roger, both excellent soldiers -under King Henry I. <g>Carisbrooke Castle</g> and the honor attached now -reverted to the crown, in which it continued till the next reign, when -it was granted to-- - -[Illustration] - -<g>Richard de Redvers</g>, first of that name, being nephew to the late earl, -and son of Baldwin de Brion. Remaining faithful to Henry in the contest -which followed, he was rewarded by many additional marks of royal -favour--the chief of which were those of Earl of Devon and Lord of the -Isle of Wight. When Henry I. granted not only his lands, but also the -dominion over the whole Isle of Wight to Richard de Redvers, to be held -in _escuage_ at fifteen knights’ fees and a half, the crown had from -that time no demand on the landholders of the island. The king received -escuage, or scutage, from the lord of the island only, whose tenants -were chargeable only in aid to him; they held their lands as “of the -Castle of Carisbrooke,” whence, in the Liber Fœdorum, it is styled the -Honor of Carisbrooke. They were chargeable towards making the lord’s -eldest son a knight, and to the marrying of his daughter. All heirs -under age were in the wardship of the lord of the island; the tenants -were bound to defend the castle for forty days at their own charges -whenever it should be attacked, and were also to attend the lord at his -coming into, and at his leaving, the island. The lord had the return of -the king’s writs, he nominated his own bailiffs, and his constable was -coroner within the island; he had a chase, now called the Forest of -Parkhurst; and a fence month not only there, but in certain moors, with -a free warren on the east side of the river Medina. He had also wrecks, -waifs, and strays, with fairs and markets at Newport and Yarmouth.--Sir -R. Worsley. - -His great liberality to the church secured him the peaceable enjoyment -of what he retained for his own use; and with the king’s favour, and the -monks’ benison, he quietly put off this life in the first year of the -reign of King Stephen, and was succeeded by his son, - -<g>Baldwin de Redvers</g>, or Rivers.--In the contest between the Empress Maud -and King Stephen--to which we have adverted at some length in our notice -of Arundel--Baldwin espoused the cause of the lady; and putting -Carisbrooke and the other assailable points of his insular lordship in a -state of defence, placed them at her service. The policy and tactics of -King Stephen, however, prevailed. The warlike engines which he had -invented for the defence of his Castle, at “the expense of much -treasure,” proved of little avail, so that he was obliged to capitulate, -and with his wife and family took refuge beyond sea. Matters, however, -were afterwards so far accommodated, that he was again permitted to -resume his hereditary station and dignities as “Lord of the Isle” and -Earl of Devon. Among many pious works and benefactions, he founded the -Cistercian Abbey of Quarr--the ruins of which still attract admiration -in the neighbourhood; for it amounted to an article of faith in those -times, that whoever should build a castle, was bound to erect and endow -some convent, cloister, or priory in its vicinity, so that the military -baron might thereby secure the prayers of the monks, and a family -sepulchre. - -Of this family and name were several other “Lords of the Isle,” who held -the Castle and Honor of Carisbrooke in succession, and who were -distinguished in the history between the period just mentioned and the -death of King John. Among these was-- - -<g>William de ‘Vernon’</g>--from his having been educated in that place. He was -one of the four nobles who supported the silken canopy over the head of -Richard Cœur-de-Lion, at his second coronation at Winchester, after he -had returned from the dungeon of Dürrenstein--an Austrian castle on the -Danube. He also, as Earl of the Isle of Wight, united with the other -barons in their successful resistance against the extortion and tyranny -of King John, and was instrumental in wresting from him the grand -bulwark of English liberty. (King John, it may be remembered, selected -the Isle of Wight as a place of safe retreat; and here he lived for -several months with a few members of his court, in expectation of -subsidies from France.) William de Vernon resided mostly at his <g>Castle -of Carisbrooke</g>, which, though far from being so extensive as many other -fortresses of that day, was still a place of great strength, and had -been successively repaired and embellished by the resident lords of the -island. It commanded then, as it does in the present day, enchanting -views of the intervening channel--the adjacent coast--and of that -inland scenery which is so justly admired, so eagerly studied and -imitated on the canvas of the painter. In that remote period, however, -the landscape had probably a much more forest-like appearance than at - -[Illustration] - -later periods; for the Norman fashion of appropriating large districts -to the pleasures of the chase, which was considered an indispensable -adjunct to martial training, had been long adopted in the Isle of Wight, -where an extensive park, filled with game, surrounded the Castle, and -threw open a vast field of amusement to the feudal lord and his -retainers, several of whom attended him in the chase, as they were bound -to do on the day of battle. We observe, in the later history of the -island, that Edward III. imposed on John Maltravers, for certain lands -held by him in the county of Dorset, the following service: That he -“should attend the king at his Castle of Carisbrooke for one day at his -own charge, both for himself and horse, and afterwards to remain during -the king’s pleasure; but both himself and horse in that case were to be -maintained by the crown. - -At the death of Earl Baldwin, the Castle of Carisbrooke was placed by -King John under the sheriff of the county; the wardship of his son was -given to Falk de Briant, (who had married the mother of the young -count,) whom the historian of St. Alban’s stigmatizes as an impious, -ignoble, and base-conditioned man. For in noticing the death of this -“Lady of the Isle,” he characterizes her as “nobilis ac generosa domina -quondam uxor Falcasii cruentissimi proditoris;” and adds--“Copulabatur -tamen eidem ignobili nobilis; pia impio; turpi speciosa, invita et -coacta; tradente eam Johanne tyranno. De qua copula quidam ait satis -eleganter; - - “Lex connectit eos, amor, et concordia lecti. - Sed lex qualis? amor qualis? concordia qualis? - Lex exlex; amor exosus; concordia discors.” - -Our space, however, will not allow us to quote the frightful dream -related by Father Matthew, which transformed this “wolf into a lamb,” -and sent him to prostrate himself before the Abbot of St. Alban’s and -his brethren, as the most abject of sinners. - -<g>Baldwin</g>, the fifth of that name, who, along with the title of Earl of -Devon, had enjoyed the lordship of Carisbrooke, married a princess of -Savoy, cousin of Queen Eleanor; and at the nuptials of the Duke of -Brittany with Beatrice, the daughter of King Henry III., received the -honour of knighthood. He gave the first charter of franchise to the town -of Yarmouth, and obtained the grant of a fair and market to be held at -Carisbrooke--a grant of great importance in those times. At an -entertainment given about two years afterwards by his kinsman Peter, -Count of Savoy, he, together with Richard, Earl of Gloucester, and -others, is said to have been poisoned. But in those times any disease -that powerfully affected the digestive organs was frequently construed -as the result of poison. That such was in numerous instances the fact, -is not to be denied; but that every death, preceded by symptoms like -those that usually supervened on the employment of deleterious drugs, -was an act of poisoning, is no more to be credited than that -consumption, or marasmus, was, in later times, the effect of witchcraft. -But when, in reality, the art of poisoning was both studied and -practised, it was natural in the bystanders to explain the mystery of -any peculiarly sudden and fatal disease by ascribing it to poison. The -frequent recurrence of these facts or suspicions in the old chronicles, -is a proof that the practice was universally admitted; and it is painful -to observe the ingenious precautions adopted by persons of rank, in -order to avert the danger to which they were daily exposed in the use of -their domestic viands. But, reserving this curious subject for a more -convenient season, we pass to the next lord of Carisbrooke; and the late -Earl of Baldwin leaving no surviving issue, the honors and estates -devolved on his sister, - -<g>Isabella de Fortibus</g>, so named from her having married William de -Fortibus, Earl of Albemarle.--This lady, after the death of her husband, -took up her residence in Carisbrooke Castle, where she lived in great -state, appeared much in public, and obtained great popularity as Lady of -the Isle--<g>Domina Insulæ</g>--both from her attention to the general -interests of the inhabitants, and her particular liberality to religious -houses. She was not so blind, however, as to permit herself to be -overreached by her monastic neighbour, the Abbot of Quarrera, by whom -many grave complaints were lodged against her for having only scattered -her pious liberalities with one hand, that she might levy contributions -with the other. If in one instance she conferred a benefaction to the -church, she withheld its lands on another; so that at last the murmurs -of abbots and priors became so loud that they reached the king’s ear, -and produced an order for the sheriff of Hampshire to take the Abbey -lands of Quarr under royal protection till matters between the countess -and the convent could be adjusted. Our limits do not permit us to -enlarge upon this lady’s administration of her authority; but it is -certain that her residence at <g>Carisbrooke Castle</g> was highly beneficial -to the island; and to her charter of franchise the beautiful town of -Newport owes its - -[Illustration] - -foundation and subsequent prosperity. She had five children--three sons -and two daughters, Hawise and Avelina; the youngest of whom surviving -her brothers and sister, and inheriting the vast possessions of her -family, married King Henry’s son, Edmund Crouchback, but died without -issue in her mother’s lifetime. - -On the demise of this countess, the will by which, within a few hours of -her death, she had conveyed the Isle of Wight to Edward I., was disputed -by the heir-at-law, Hugh Courtenay; but after much evidence produced on -both sides, it became finally vested in the king, who retained it in his -own hands during life. At the accession of the weak and unfortunate son -who succeeded the magnanimous Edward, the lordship of Carisbrooke and of -the Isle of Wight was bestowed on his unprincipled favourite-- - -<g>Piers Gavestone.</g>--But this grant having occasioned great disapprobation -among the nobility, who now gave open expression to their sentiments, -Gavestone held the lordship only twelve months, when it was bestowed by -the King on his son Edward, Earl of Chester--the renowned Edward III., -who also retained possession of it during his life, and conducted the -affairs of the island by wardens selected from the resident gentlemen, -and who, in right of office, had their residence in the Castle. The -popularity of this sovereign was acknowledged by many acts of valour on -the part of the inhabitants; who, on every instance of aggression from -French or other hostile cruisers, repulsed the invaders, and preserved -the enviable title of their “invincible island.” In the reign of his -grandson Richard II., the lordship of the Isle and Castle of Carisbrooke -was granted to - -<g>William Montacute</g>, son of the first earl of that name, who, for his -service in apprehending Mortimer in the Queen’s chamber--a scene -immortalized by Drayton--was elevated to the earldom of Salisbury. This -lord of the isle was a mirror of chivalry; had filled with honour the -highest posts of the state, and in the body-guard of Edward III. had -performed many gallant exploits, which still figure in the martial -chronicles of the fourteenth century. He had the misfortune, however, -amidst all his glory, to slay his only son in a grand tilting-match at -Windsor. But we shall have to introduce this illustrious family under -another and more appropriate head of the work in hand. He died without -issue; directing by will, that his body should be interred in the -Conventual church of Bustleham, founded by his father; that every day, -until his corpse should arrive at that place, seventy-five shillings -should be distributed in alms to three hundred poor; that twenty-four -poor persons, each dressed in a gown of black cloth with a red hood, -should bear torches of eight pounds weight on the day of his funeral: -also, that there should be nine wax lights and three ‘mortars’ of wax -about his body, and banners of his arms placed on every pillar of the -church; moreover, that thirty pounds should be given to the monks to -sing trentals and pray for his soul; and lastly, that his executors -should expend five hundred marks in finishing the sacred structure at -Bustleham, and in erecting a tomb there for his father and mother; and -another for himself and his son, who had married the daughter of -Richard, Earl of Arundel, and was killed in the tilting-match already -mentioned. The above ceremonial, as related by Dugdale, presents so -striking a sketch of the manners of the time, and of the “pomp and -circumstance” which this lord of the island had “willed” should -commemorate his final departure, that we have inserted it by way of -colouring to the general picture. The black gowns--scarlet -hoods--lugubrious chant--blazing torches--waving banners--waxen tapers -and mortars--all unite to form a spectacle that must have left a vivid -impression on the minds of the spectators. The ceremony which attended -the obsequies of his widow is no less curious as a picture of the times, -and will be found in the same authority. It is supposed that this -nobleman, during his lordship of the isle, contributed several important -alterations and repairs to the castle; a circumstance which is rendered -more probable by the arms of the family, consisting of three lozenges, -being placed on a buttress at the corner of part of the governor’s -lodging. The next personage who figured as lord of Carisbrooke was - -<g>Edward, Earl of Rutland</g>, son of Edmund de Langley, fifth son of Edward -III., and Duke of Albemarle, whose numerous posts of high honour and -public trust evince the entire confidence reposed in him by King -Richard, who found him but too pliant an instrument in the execution of -his atrocious designs, of which some notice has already been taken in -our account of the “Fitzalan Conspiracy.” The crimes, however, to which -he was then accessary, and which, by the confiscations which ensued, -added greatly to his possessions, brought at last the stroke of -retribution; for on Bolingbroke’s ascending the throne, he was degraded -in rank. He then entered into a conspiracy to take away the King’s life -at Windsor; but confessing the treason, was pardoned, restored to honour -and confidence, inherited his father’s title as Duke of York, and, after -having filled the high post of Lieutenant of the Duchy of Aquitaine, -fell at last in the battle of Agincourt. Leaving no family, he was -succeeded in his rights to the castle and manor of <g>Carisbrooke</g> and the -island, by his surviving duchess, Philippa, daughter of John, Lord de -Mohun, Baron of Dunster. To this lady succeeded, in the seventeenth of -Henry VI., - -[Illustration] - -<g>Humphrey “the Good,”</g> Duke of Gloucester, whose character and death have -been already detailed in our account of St. Albans. He appears to have -been Seignior of Carisbrooke and the Isle of Wight during a period of -eight years; and after his death the office of Constable of Carisbrooke -was held by Henry Tranchard, in virtue of a royal grant. But the -greatest event in the history of the castle and the island at this time, -was the coronation of a King of the Isle of Wight in the person of - -<g>Henry Beauchamp</g>, Duke of Warwick, son of Richard, Earl of Warwick, who -had previously filled the high office of Regent of France. “Henricus -Comes de Warwic a rege Henrico 6ᵗᵒ. cui charissimus erat coronatus est -in regem de Wight et postea nominatus primus comes totius Angliæ.” At -this august ceremony the king assisted in person, and with his own hands -placed the crown on the head of his subject-monarch--but to whom the -title of king conveyed no regal power, and invested him with no -authority in the island; the lordship of which was still possessed by -Duke Humphrey, who survived the new-made and short-lived king for some -time. To this youthful sovereign--“cropt in the flower of his youth, and -before his heroic virtues could be known,” we have already alluded in -the historical notice of Tewkesbury; and in that of Warwick will be -found several interesting particulars of his family and political -connexions. Subsequent to this period of its history, the lordship of -the castle and island appears to have been successively enjoyed by -Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York; Edmund, Duke of Somerset; Henry his -son; Anthony, Earl Rivers; and Sir Edward Wydeville his brother, who was -appointed to the Captaincy of the island immediately after the accession -of Henry VII. Of Sir Edward, the following incidents are recorded by -Holinshed, Dugdale, Worsley, and others:--Three years after his -appointment to the island, when the rupture between the Duke of Brittany -and the King of France was at its height, Wydeville, or Woodville, -presuming on the King’s partiality to the Duke’s cause, undertook to do -what he conceived would prove highly acceptable to his royal master, and -asked permission to take arms in the Duke’s interest. His offer of -service, however, being declined, he still indulged the belief that in -secret the king was favourable to his design, and only withheld his -approbation that he, who had undertaken the office of mediator between -the parties, might not be supposed to violate the rules of strict -neutrality. Stimulated by this persuasion, Wydeville set instantly to -work, and assembling the islanders at Carisbrooke, addressed them in a -powerful harangue, appealing to them as sons of the “invincible island,” -and urging them to take arms in a cause which the king had much at -heart, and who would certainly acknowledge their loyal service in a -manner which would secure blessings to themselves and their posterity. -His eloquence, his political influence, and the well-known intrepidity -of his character, had their due effect; and from all parts of the -island, veterans and raw recruits flew to his standard. From the -multitude assembled, he was enabled to select as fine a body of men as -ever drew sword or bow; and hastening his preparations, a powerful force -was speedily equipped and ready for action. They consisted, says -Worsley, of “forty gentlemen, and four hundred common soldiers”--all men -of stamp and martial courage--the flower of the island; and with these, -dressed in white coats and red crosses, he embarked at the small port of -St. Helen’s in four vessels, and set sail for Brittany. The hour of his -departure was anxiously watched by the assembled population, who crowded -the shore--all anxious to take a last look of their fathers, sons, -brothers, lovers, friends, and companions, who now, elated with hope and -buoyed up with assurances of many brilliant rewards, felt like men who -were only leaving penury and obscurity to reap an abundant harvest, and -bask in the light of a victorious sun. From every religious house in the -island, monks had arrived to consecrate the departing banners, and -pronounce a blessing on the martial sons of the isle. But the scene was -such as may be more easily imagined than described. There might be -sorrow indeed, when a mother parted with her son--a maid with her -lover--or when a Jew beheld his creditor on the point of escape! But the -general expression was that of exultation. All predicted speedy triumphs -and a safe return; but how different was the result! - -Landed on the French shore, the islanders were joined by fifteen hundred -of the Duke’s forces, all dressed in the same uniform; and thus welcomed -and encouraged, they longed ardently for battle. Their desire was soon -granted: meeting the King’s army at St. Aubin, a sanguinary conflict -ensued; but neither the unflinching gallantry of the islanders, nor the -firm, intrepid example of their captain, could avert the terrible -disaster which followed. The Duke’s army was completely routed. The -English, who had sworn either to keep the field as victors, or to cover -it with their dead bodies, stood like a wall of brass around their -leader, and again and again repulsed the iron columns that successively -charged and recoiled before them. But, overwhelmed by numbers, and -deserted by those whom they had come to serve, they fought with such -desperation, that of the whole force only one man is said to have -returned with the mournful tidings of the day. - -The fate of this expedition threw the whole island into mourning: not a -family but had lost some of its members or relatives; gloom and -distraction were everywhere apparent; the Abbey of Quarr, priory, and -chapel, resounded with solemn anthems and masses for the dead--masses -which, whatever rest they procured for the slain, were dearly purchased -by the - -[Illustration] - -survivors, many of whom spent their last penny in the purchase of a -requiem. All that Scotland lost by the Field of Flodden, this island -lost--only in a smaller degree--at the battle of St. Aubin--the flower -of its chivalry, youth, and talent. With the exception of the grey -veterans who still trod the battlements, or stood sentinel at the <g>Wicket</g> -of Carisbrooke Castle, there was scarcely a man left fit to bear arms. - -From the date of this ill-fated expedition, the lordship of Carisbrooke -became part of the royal demesne, and has continued ever since annexed -to the crown. Among the king’s lieutenants and wardens who had -successively command of the castle and military force of the island, -between the reign of Edward IV. and that of Elizabeth, several names -occur which held distinguished places in the history of their day; but -however pleasing it might be to enrich our pages with traits of -individual character, acts of public service, and instances of private -worth, we must relinquish this task for the present; but with the -history of the old baronial families, as we proceed, most of the traits -and anecdotes here omitted will be found incorporated. It may be -mentioned, however, in passing, that in the captainship of Richard -Worsley the island was visited by Henry VIII., who, attended by his -favourite, Lord Cromwell--then constable of the castle, and afterwards -beheaded--partook of the various entertainments prepared for him at the -Captain’s seat of Appuldurcumbe. The object of the King’s visit on this -occasion, observes the historian, appears to have been “to amuse -himself with hawking, or some other species of chase,” as he had some -time previously, in a letter dated “at our manʳof Otland,” given strict -orders for the preservation of the game in the royal demesne. - -We shall now pass on to a later epoch, in order to take a glance of the -Castle of Carisbrooke, as it stood when garrisoned by the troops of -Henry’s magnanimous daughter, Queen Elizabeth. Hitherto the personal -valour and independent spirit of the inhabitants had been sufficient to -protect the Isle of Wight from the violence of enemies, to which, by its -natural position, it was continually exposed. Now, however, it was -deemed expedient by government to strengthen it by the construction of -new forts, and the better appointment of those that had stood the waste -of centuries. With this view, the master-fort of the island, the Castle -of Carisbrooke, underwent a thorough change. What was old was repaired -and accommodated to the modern art of war; extensive additions, -barracks, arsenals, and outer works--as shown in the plan--were added; -so that whatever was considered by the engineers of Elizabeth’s reign as -necessary for a military fortress, was carefully bestowed on that of -Carisbrooke. The embrasures, in which rested the ponderous ordnance of -modern warfare, contrasted strongly with the diminutive loopholes -through which had glanced the feathered shafts of Fitz-Osborne; while -the tramp of musketeers and troopers, who now paced its battlements and -crowded its barracks, gave to the ancient precincts much of the stir and -animation of a great citadel. But the “Invincible Armada,” which had -presented so many terrors--and for the effectual resistance of which so -many preparations had been made--passed harmlessly by, to waste its -strength in - -[Illustration] - -conflict with the waves. The castle at this time was under the command -of Sir George Carey, “captain” or “governor” of the island,--whose -<g>Residence</g>, with the barracks adjoining, forms a prominent feature in the -castle. But in the absence of military events, the following anecdote, -in proof of the peace and harmony which prevailed among the inhabitants -at that time, occurs in the Memoirs of Sir John Oglander: “I have -heard,” says he, “and partly know it to be true, that not only -heretofore there was no lawyer or attorney in our island; but that, in -Sir George Carey’s time, an attorney coming to settle in the island, he -was, with a pound of candles dangling at his heels, lighted, with bells -about his legs, and hunted out of the island; insomuch as our ancestors -lived here so quietly and securely, being neither troubled to go to -London nor Winchester, so they seldom or never went out of the -island--insomuch that when they went to London, thinking it an East -India voyage, they always made their wills.”--We now return to a survey -of - -<g>The Castle</g>--which has undergone little or no alteration since the above -period--and gladly avail ourselves of Sir Richard Worsley’s authority as -the ground-work of the short sketch which follows. Considering that the -principal difference between a Saxon and Norman castle consisted in the -former having built one regular entire fortification round, or as nearly -so as the nature of the ground would admit; while the latter built -theirs in two distinct fortifications--the keep, and the base-court; it -has been concluded by Strutt and others, that the keep of Carisbrooke -Castle is entirely of ancient British or Saxon workmanship, and that the -base-court was added by the Normans. Of the original Saxon fortress, -rebuilt by Fitz-Osborne, the walls enclose about an acre and a half, and -in figure are nearly a rectangular parallelogram, having the angles -rounded. The greatest space is from east to west. The old or Norman -Castle is surrounded by a more modern fortification, faced with stone, -of an irregular pentagonal form, defended by five bastions. These -outworks, which are in circuit about three quarters of a mile and -surrounded by a deep ditch, circumscribe in the whole about twenty -acres. They were added in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and constructed -by the Italian engineer Genebella, on the same plan as those of Antwerp. -The work was undertaken at the representation of the governor, Sir -George Carey, when the country was menaced by the Spanish Armada. In aid -of the expenses, Queen Elizabeth gave four thousand pounds; the -gentlemen of the island gave four hundred more, and the commonalty -contributed their personal labour by digging the outward ditch gratis. -For the following particulars the reader is referred to the Ground Plan -at the close of the present subject. - -On a small projecting stone on the north-east corner is carved the date -M.D.XCVIII. The entrance is on the west side in the curtain, between two -bastions through a small stone gateway; on the arch of which is the same -date, with the initial letters <g>E. R.</g> (p. 296.) This gate leads to a -second of much greater antiquity, machicolated, and flanked by two large -round towers. It is supposed to have been built by Lord Woodville in the -time of Edward IV., his arms being engraved on a stone at the top, and -the Roses of York on each side. The old gate with its wicket (p. 293), -of strong lattice-work, fastened with large nails at every crossing, is -still remaining, and opens into the castle-yard. Entering the area on -the right hand stands the chapel of St. Nicholas, with its enclosed -<g>Cemetery</g>. The present building was erected on the ruins of an ancient -chapel endowed about the time that Domesday Book was compiled. Over the -original chapel was an Armory, containing breast, back, and head pieces -for two or three troops of horse; but when defensive armour went out of -use, they were sold by order of Lord Cadogan, then governor. Over the - -[Illustration] - -door is carved G. II. 1738; and by a stone tablet at the east end, we -are informed that it was rebuilt during the government of Lord -Lymington. Farther towards the left are the ruins of some buildings, -said to be those in which - -<g>King Charles</g> was confined; and a window is shown as that through which -he attempted to escape. Beyond these are the barracks and governor’s -house, (see page 294,) which contain several good rooms with coved -ceilings, and have been occasionally used for a military hospital; and -certainly, with regard to air and situation, a more salubrious station -could not have been selected. On a mount, raised considerably above the -other buildings, stands - -<g>The Keep</g>, or Donjon.--Its figure (as seen p. 281, 283, and in the plan) -is an irregular polygon; the ascent to it is by seventy-two steps up the -side of the mount, and there are more within--each step is about nine -inches. This multangular tower bears evident marks of great antiquity: -some of the angles are strengthened by walling of hewn stone, which was -probably added under Edward IV. when the great gate was rebuilt. There -is a well within this keep, said to be three hundred feet deep; but it -has, like that in Arundel Castle, been partly filled up as useless and -dangerous. The battlements command a most extensive and beautiful -prospect, which is not confined to the island only, but takes in the New -Forest and Portsdown, with the sea intervening at several points, and -much picturesque scenery adjoining. At the south-east angle of the keep -stands the remains of another tower, (cut p. 285,) called - -<g>Mountjoy’s Tower</g>, probably in honour of the nobleman of that name, -governor of Tourney in the time of Henry VIII. The walls of this tower -are in some places eighteen feet thick, and still command a beautiful -prospect, though less extensive than that from the keep. The ramparts -between these towers is about twenty feet high and eight feet thick, -including a parapet of two feet and a half, which was carried quite -round the castle. Under a small building in the castle-yard, adjoining -the governor’s house, is - -<g>The Garrison Well</g>, from which the water is drawn by means of a large -windlass-wheel, turned by an ass. On a former occasion this duty was -performed - -[Illustration] - -during a period of more than forty years by the same animal, which, on -account of his services, was long one of the great curiosities of the -place. Down the well it is usual to drop a nail, or even a pin, which, -after a lapse of three seconds, produces a sound much greater than can -be well conceived by those who have not actually heard it. Another -experiment is often made in showing this well to strangers--namely, that -of letting down, by means of a pulley, a lighted lamp in a wooden basin, -which in descending occasions a loud noise, from the resistance of the -air, like a hollow wind or distant thunder; and as the lamp floats upon -the surface of the water, the compact masonry of the well--which is -partly cut through the rock--is distinctly visible. The water furnished -by the castle-well is remarkably pure and sparkling; and in instances -where it has been carried to India and back, it has still retained its -native purity. - -<g>The Governor’s House</g> (see p. 294) contains several spacious apartments, -but now unfurnished, and only inhabited by the cicerone of the castle. -Like the additions above mentioned, it is of the Elizabethan epoch, and -externally has a rather picturesque appearance--its gables and tall -chimneys much resembling buildings of similar date in the Netherlands. -At the conclusion of the late war, the garrison consisted of a governor, -a lieutenant-governor, a captain, a master gunner, and three assistants. -The salary of the governor was twelve hundred pounds, and that of the -lieutenant-governor three hundred and sixty-five pounds per annum. - -The castle has been on various occasions attacked by hostile fleets and -marauders, and as often to the loss and discomfiture of the assailants. -Of these attacks several instances are related by the chief historian of -the island--Sir Richard Worsley. The island, however, had continued -comparatively unmolested till the reign of Richard II., at which time, -says Stowe, “The French took that invincible isle, more by craft than -force.” In the preceding reign a landing having been effected by the -French, the inhabitants fled for refuge to Carisbrooke Castle, then -defended by Sir Hugh Tyrrill, who slew a great number of the assailants. -During the siege a party of the intruders coming down a narrow lane -towards the castle, fell into an ambuscade, and were mostly cut off. The -lane is still called Deadman’s Lane. Unable to subdue the castle, the -French withdrew; but, before they re-embarked, obliged the natives to -redeem their houses from being burnt by a heavy contribution. Again, in -the reign of Henry V., a body of French adventurers arrived on the -island, and boasted that they would keep their Christmas there. But as -about a thousand of them were driving cattle towards their ships, they -were suddenly attacked by the islanders, and obliged to leave not only -their plunder, but many of their men behind them. On another occasion, -when a French fleet had arrived, and demanded a subsidy, the islanders -gave them a hardy denial; but told them that, if they had a mind to try -their prowess, they should have full permission to land, with six hours -to refresh themselves; after which the natives would meet them in the -field. But the invitation was not accepted.--For other particulars, the -reader is referred to Worsley’s military history of the island. - -[Illustration] - -Thus far our description has been confined to times and personages when -Carisbrooke Castle was a fortress and palace; we now proceed to view it -as the prison of King Charles I.--an event which excites more real -interest than all the other circumstances in its history. At the time -when the great question between the King and his Parliament agitated the -whole country, Carisbrooke Castle was under the command of the Earl of -Portland. This nobleman stood high in the estimation of the inhabitants; -for, in a petition numerously signed and presented to Parliament in his -behalf, they expressly mention him as “their noble, much honoured, and -beloved captayne and governor.” He was nevertheless superseded, and -Colonel Brett appointed to the command. In the interim, the Countess of -Portland and her five children, accompanied by her husband’s brother and -sister, took refuge in the castle. The desire of holding it for the king -was by no means abandoned; and by her presence in the fortress she -hoped to exert some salutary influence over the minds of the populace, -whose attachment to her husband and his family had been so publicly -manifested on a late occasion. The proverbial fickleness of popular -favour, however, was soon to be verified; for, instigated by the mayor -of Newport, who represented that the island could not be safe so long as -Colonel Brett and the Countess of Portland remained in Carisbrooke -Castle, Parliament directed the captains of all ships stationed in the -river to assist in any measures which the said mayor might deem -necessary - -[Illustration] - -for securing the island. The Newport militia accordingly, with four -hundred naval auxiliaries, were marched up to the walls of the castle, -near <g>Elizabeth’s Tower</g>, which at this time, says Worsley, “had not three -days’ provision for its slender garrison.” The moment was critical; the -assailants had every advantage, while the prospect of famine or -surrender was all that could be expected by the besieged. The countess, -too, had a young family around her; and it may be imagined with what -feelings she beheld the planting of hostile ordnance, and anticipated -the probable effusion of kindred blood. There was little time for -reflection or hesitation. With the magnanimity of a Roman matron, she -made her appearance on the platform with a lighted match in her hand, -and there, raising her voice, so as to be distinctly heard by the mayor -and his armed followers, told them, with an undaunted air and -unfaltering accents, that unless honourable terms were granted to -herself and the garrison--whom they had so unaccountably summoned to -surrender--she would instantly, with her own hand, discharge the first -cannon, and defend the walls to the last extremity. Struck with her -dignified demeanour, and the determination to which she had just given -utterance, the mayor paused in his operations, and, having consulted -with his townsmen, all that the countess demanded was agreed to: she was -allowed to retain possession of her apartments in the castle; Colonel -Brett, his staff, and servants, who composed the garrison, were allowed -the freedom of the island, but were restricted from going to -Portsmouth, then held for the king by Goring, and the castle was -surrendered to Parliament. The countess, however, being represented as -still firmly attached to the king’s interest--consequently a dangerous -inmate in the castle--an order was issued, that within two days after -notice given, she should vacate both the castle and island. She did so, -and was indebted to the humanity of a few generous fishermen for the -means of conveying herself and family to Southampton.--See the political -history of this period. - -Passing over the governorship of the Earl of Pembroke, who next held -command in this ancient fortress, we come to that of Colonel Hammond, -who had the unenviable distinction of being captain of the fortress -when, as already mentioned, it became the prison of the martyr-king. - -Among the accounts handed down by Clarendon and other writers, who have -severally treated of King <g>Charles’s</g> confinement in this castle, there is -considerable discrepancy; but the following particulars, condensed from -other sources less accessible to general readers, seem best suited to -the scope and limits of the present work. After effecting his escape -from the palace of Hampton Court, in the manner described by Lord -Clarendon, Charles threw himself into the Isle of Wight, of which -Colonel Hammond was then governor. At first, and for a considerable time -after his arrival in the island, he appears to have been well lodged, to -have suffered neither humiliation nor outward restraint, but to have -experienced, on the part of the civil and military authorities, every -mark of respect and sympathy to which a good man and a great monarch, -struggling with adversity, was so justly entitled. He was permitted to -take exercise on horseback where he pleased, though his motions and -actions were no doubt carefully observed; and as the Parliament had made -him a grant at the rate of five thousand pounds per annum, he lived a -few months in the state <g>Apartments</g> of the castle--still shown as <g>King -Charles’s Rooms</g>--with much of the external forms and appearance of -royalty. This liberty, however, was soon abridged; and he was made to -feel that he was no longer a potentate to be heard and obeyed, but a -prisoner at the mercy of his subjects. His chaplains and faithful -attendants were first removed; and shortly afterwards his intercourse -was peremptorily restricted to certain persons, strangers to him, whom -the Parliament had appointed to be about his person. He was no longer -permitted to pass the gate of the castle, but mostly confined to his -apartments--now reduced to masses of rubbish and fragments of -ivy-covered walls. So solitary was his confinement during a great -portion of his time, “that as he was standing one day near the gate of -the castle, with Sir Philip Warwick, he pointed to a decrepit old man, -and said--‘That man is sent every morning to light my fire, and is the -best companion I have had for many months.’” The king, however, -submitted to all this severity with Christian patience and equanimity, -and endeavoured as much as possible to keep his mind employed. He had -always had serious impressions of religion, - -[Illustration: KING CHARLES’S ROOMS.] - -and these were neither shaken nor diminished, but strengthened and -confirmed, by the harassing restraint under which lie was now placed. -Devotion, meditation, and reading the scriptures, were his greatest -consolations. The few books which he had brought into the castle with -him, were chiefly on religious subjects, or of a serious cast. Among -these was Hooker’s Ecclesiastical Polity--a book which it is probable he -had studied with great attention, as it related much to the national -question so much agitated at that time, and in which no man was better -versed. In his slender catalogue, we find also two books of amusement, -Tasso’s “Jerusalem,” and Spenser’s “Faëry Queen.” His freedom, however, -was more and more abridged. He was an excellent horseman, and fond of -that exercise; but as this indulgence was denied, he spent two or three -hours every morning in walking on the castle ramparts. There he enjoyed -at least fresh air and an extensive prospect; although every object he -beheld--the “flocks straying carelessly on one side, and the ships -sailing freely on the other”--brought painfully to remembrance that -liberty and enjoyment of life of which he was so cruelly deprived. Thus -circumstanced, he became regardless of his dress; he allowed his beard -to grow, lost much of his cheerfulness; and in the expression of his -countenance betrayed the inward feelings of a patient but unhappy -captive. - -During his imprisonment in this castle, three several attempts appear -to have been made, and chiefly by the gentlemen of the neighbourhood, -for his enlargement. These are severally mentioned by Clarendon, Gilpin, -and the writers of the Worsley Papers, from which it appears, that by a -correspondence privately settled with some gentlemen of the island, it -was agreed that the king should let himself down from - -<g>A window</g> of his apartment; a swift horse with a guide was to wait for - -[Illustration] - -him at the bottom of the ramparts, while a vessel in the offing was to -be ready to convey him wherever he pleased. The chief difficulty was, -how the King should get through the iron bars of his window: but Charles -assured them that he had already made experiment of the passage, and had -every reason to believe that it was sufficiently large to admit his -person. All being ready--the night dark, the fortress quiet, and not a -whisper of suspicion of what was going on--everything promised a -successful issue. The signal was then made. Charles appeared at the -window, and seeing his friends in attendance, signified his readiness to -make the attempt at once. But what was his disappointment and the -mortification of his friends, who stood watching him with unspeakable -anxiety, when he found that, in his eagerness to lay hold of any -rational means of escape, he had miscalculated the width of the -aperture! Having protruded his head and shoulders, he could get no -further; and what was worse, he could not draw himself back. His friends -at the bottom of the wall heard him groan in distress, but durst neither -relieve him by word nor act, without alarming the sentinels, and thus -sacrificing their own lives. It was a moment of agonizing suspense. At -length, after repeated exertions, the king succeeded in extricating -himself from his perilous situation, and, waving his hand before the -light as a signal, retired mournfully to his couch, there to brood over -this fresh blow to his hopes, and the defeated loyalty of his friends. - -In the next plan laid for his escape, from the same window, implements -having been secretly conveyed to him for that purpose, Charles -contrived, by night-work and with “wonderful trouble,” to saw the -massive iron bar asunder, which had proved the great obstacle in his -last attempt. But all these schemes were alike unsuccessful; and, until -the treaty of Newport--of which some interesting particulars are related -by Sir Richard Worsley--the king remained a close prisoner in the Castle -of Carisbrooke. He was then seized by the army, and carried a prisoner -to Hurst Castle. “Just at the break of day,” says Worsley--in an extract -from Colonel Cooke’s ‘Narrative’--“the king, hearing a loud knocking at -his outer door, sent the Duke of Richmond to learn the cause, who found -there a person who said his name was Mildmay--a brother of Sir Henry -Mildmay, and one of the servants placed by the Parliament about the -king’s person. On the duke’s inquiring his business, he answered that -there were several gentlemen from the army, who were very desirous to -speak with the king. The duke carried in this message; but the knocking -still increasing, the king gave orders for their admission. The doors -were no sooner opened, than those officers rushed into the bed-chamber -before the king could rise from his bed, and abruptly told him that they -had orders for his removal. ‘From whom?’ inquired the king. ‘From the -army,’ they replied. ‘And to what place?’ inquired the king. ‘To the -castle,’ said they. ‘To what castle?’ demanded the king. They again -answered, ‘To the castle.’--‘_The_ castle,’ said the king, ‘is no -castle;’ but added, that he was well enough prepared for any castle, and -therefore required them to name it; when, after a short whisper -together, they said ‘Hurst Castle.’--‘Indeed!’ replied the king, ‘you -could hardly have named a worse.’... The Duke of Richmond then ordered -the king’s breakfast to be hastened, presuming that there was little -provision made for him in that desolate fortress; but before his majesty -was well ready, the horses being come, they hurried him away, only -permitting the duke to attend him for about two miles, and then telling -him he must go no further. He therefore took a sad farewell of the king, -being scarcely permitted to kiss his hand. The king’s last words to the -duke were, ‘Remember me to my Lord Lindsay and Colonel Cooke; and -command Cooke from me, never to forget the passages of this night!’” He -then proceeded a prisoner to Hurst Castle, “which at that time,” says -Warwick, “contained only a few dog-lodgings for soldiers.”--In his way -to that dismal receptacle, he accidentally met Mr. Worsley, one of the -gentlemen who had so generously risked their lives for him in the -above-mentioned attempts to escape. Charles wrung his hand with -affection; and pulling the watch out of his pocket gave it to him, with -these words--“Keep this in remembrance of me: it is all my gratitude has -to give.” This watch is still preserved in the Worsley family; it is of -“silver, large and clumsy in its form; neatly ornamented in the case -with filagree work; but the movements are of very ordinary workmanship, -and are wound up with cat-gut.” On his arrival within its walls, the -“solitude and dreariness of the castle struck like a death-damp to the -heart of Charles!” Never till this moment had he thought himself in -danger: but now suspicions of secret assassination haunted his mind; and -as he looked around him, and compared Hurst Castle with that which he -had left--“Here,” said he to himself, “were the place for such a -deed!”--But the events which followed the king’s departure from the Isle -of Wight require no further notice in this place. - -With these brief notices of Carisbrooke Castle, and the chief personages -and events with which it is connected, we close this portion of our -subject; and for many interesting facts and persons which our limits -will not permit us to detail, we refer, with every due acknowledgment, -to the Authorities here annexed--particularly to that of the late Sir -Richard Worsley. - -[Illustration: <g>Ground Plan of Carisbrooke Castle.</g> - - EXPLANATION OF <g>Plan</g>.--A A. Governor’s apartments; B. The parts of - it demolished; C. Well of the Garrison; D. The Gunner’s House; E. - Formerly a Guard House; F. Buildings demolished; G. Parish Church; - H. Coach House; I. Powder Magazine; K. Store House; L. Stables, - formerly Barracks; M. S.-East Platform; N. S.-West Ditto; O. Now a - Garden; P. Gateway, with two Round Towers for Prisons; Q. Out - Guard; R. Tower of Keep, with a Well 36 fathoms; S. Stone Wall, - with its Parapet; T. Place of Arms. -] - - AUTHORITIES:--Order. Vital. De Gul. Primo.--Gul. Cimitensis, De - Ducib. Normannis, lib. vii. c. xv.--Dugd. Bar. and Monast.--Will. - Malmsb.--Matt. Paris.--Holinshed.--Polyd. - Virg.--Camden.--Froissart.--Sir Richard - Worsley.--Cooke.--Lane.--Clarendon, Hist. Rebel. vol. iii. Part - I.--Gilpin.--Monstrelet, vol. ii. 458.--Col. Cooke’s Narrative, - MSS. Harleian Collect.--Hist. of England, Civil and Milit. - Transact., p. 298; for the event here noticed, see Monstrelet, vol. - i. p. 32.--For Waltheof v. Ingulph. Selecta Monumento, p. 254. - Note.--See also Append. to Orig Extracts to this Volume. - -[Illustration: NETLEY ABBEY.] - - - - -[Illustration: NETLEY ABBEY.] - - “Now sunk, deserted, and with weeds o’ergrown, - Yon prostrate walls their harder fate bewail; - Low on the ground their topmost spires are thrown, - Once friendly marks to guide the wandering sail. - - The ivy now with rude luxuriance bends - Its tangled foliage through the cloister’d space, - O’er the green windows’ mould’ring height ascends, - And fondly clasps it with a last embrace.”--KEATE. - - -Few monastic ruins are equally interesting with that of Netley Abbey; -yet we know of no monastery of the same importance of which the history -is so imperfectly known. Its position in a secluded spot, where the -ground it occupies might be spared from other purposes, and accidental -circumstances of different kinds, have so far preserved its walls from -destruction, that we may here still trace with accuracy the arrangement -and internal economy of those great religious establishments which, in -former ages, were to be seen in every part of our island. - -The modern name of <g>Netley</g> appears itself to be only a corruption of the -more ancient one of <g>Letley</g>, <g>Lettely</g>, or <g>Latelie</g>, under which the place -is mentioned in Domesday Book, as being held by Richard Pungiant. We -learn from the same important document, that previously to the Norman -Conquest it had been held of King Edward by Alward, “who could go where -he would.”[227] It was probably from the circumstance of its having been -a manor belonging to Edward the Confessor, that it afterwards took the -name of “the Place of St. Edward,” or <g>Edwardestowe</g>. The derivation of -the name Letley is very uncertain; it was probably the remarkable taste -for punning on proper names, so characteristic of the writers and -scholars of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, which led them to call -it in Latin <g>De Laeto Loco</g>, or “the joyful place.” - -The Abbey of Netley, or Letley, can boast of no great antiquity. It -appears certain that it was founded by King Henry III. in the year 1239; -although it has been supposed, on very weak grounds, that a religious -house of some kind had previously occupied its site. Henry’s original -charter is not preserved; but in a subsequent brief charter of -confirmation--dated - -[Illustration] - -March 7, 1251--he speaks of it as the church which he had -founded--“ecclesia quam nos fundavimus”--and gives or confirms to it the -lands of Lettelege, Hune, Welewe, Totinton, Gumelculne, Nordleg, -Deverell-Kingston, Waddon, Ayheleg, and Lacton, with all their -appurtenances, with the rents of Charleton, Southampton, and Suthwerk, -and a hundred acres of land in the manor of Schire, as well as the -advowson of the church of that manor. The lands in Schire appear to have -been given, or sold, to the Abbey in 1243: we have the confirmation of -the grant, by John de Warren, Earl of Surrey, dated on the day of the -Epiphany, 1252, but his original charter is also lost. The <g>Seals</g> of -Netley Abbey, of which three are known, describe it as the Abbey of St. -Mary of Edwardestowe. An impression of the seal of the abbot, attached -to a deed of the beginning of the reign of Edward III., represents a -figure of an abbot, surrounded by the inscription, S. ABBIS LOCI S’CI -EDWARDI. A seal of the abbey, of the same date, but much mutilated, has -the following fragments of an inscription:...... COMMUNE ABB....... -EDWARDI. DE. LETTE.... At the latter end of the last century, the matrix -of a seal of this house was discovered in the possession of a dealer in -curiosities in London:[228] the seal was very small, not much larger -than a modern shilling; on it was represented a person kneeling before -the Virgin and Child, and surrounded by the inscription, -S.BEATE.MARIE.DE.STOWIE.S’CI.EDWARD’. Mr. Brand imagined that the -kneeling figure was intended to represent King Edward the Confessor. - -[Illustration] - -The king placed in his foundation a small party of Cistercian monks, -then the most powerful and encroaching of all the religious orders. This -monastic colony was brought from the Abbey of Beaulieu, in the New -Forest. Antiquaries have succeeded, after much labour, in discovering -the names of eight Abbots of Netley; but as these stretch over a space -of three centuries, there can be no doubt that the list is incomplete. -The list of benefactors is equally imperfect: in addition to those -already mentioned, we only know with certainty the names of Edmund, Earl -of Cornwall, the second son of the founder, Robert de Vere, and Walter -de Burgh. The latter is stated to have given property in the county of -Lincoln, which he held of the king in capite by the service of -presenting to him a hat, lined with sindon, a kind of fine linen, and a -pair of gilt spurs.[229] It has been supposed that Richard Foxe, Bishop -of Winchester from 1502 to 1528, was one of the latest benefactors. - -In point of revenue, Netley Abbey was one of the smaller monasteries. At -the time of its dissolution in 1538, the community consisted of an abbot -and twelve monks; and their possessions produced, according to Dugdale, -£100 1_s._ 8_d._, or, according to Speed, £160 2_s._ 9-1/4_d._ The site -was granted to Sir William Paulet, subsequently created Marquis of -Winchester, and one of the most remarkable statesmen of his time. It was -he who built the magnificent house at Basing, celebrated for the -obstinate siege which it sustained in the civil wars of the seventeenth -century. This nobleman died in 1572, at the great age of ninety-seven -years; and is said to have seen, before his death, a hundred and three -persons descended from him. He probably sold Netley to the Earl of -Hertford, in whose possession we find it in the beginning of the reign -of Elizabeth. There is a tradition, that this nobleman turned the ruined -abbey into a dwelling-house: and it is said that a part of the church -was converted into a kitchen. There are, however, at present, no traces -about the buildings to support this story. We might be led to suppose -that the house inhabited occasionally by the Earl of Hertford, and then -known by the name of Netley Castle, was rather the old fort below the -abbey, of which the rains still remain. In 1560, the Earl of Hertford -was here honoured by a visit from his sovereign, Queen Elizabeth. -According to the register of St. Michael’s parish, Southampton, “the -queen’s majesty’s grace came from the Castle of Netley to Southampton, -on the thirteenth day of August.” It is not improbable that, at this -time, many parts of the abbey were in a sufficient state of repair to be -fitted up for the reception of the queen’s attendants. - -If, at a later period, the abbey was really used as a dwelling-house for -the Hertford family, they probably occupied the buildings, of which the -ruins are still considerable, on the west and south sides of the great -court. It is pretended that the church was then used as the family -chapel: and George Keate, the poet, informs us that he had seen, in an -interleaved almanack of the year 1665, which had belonged to a lady of -the same family, an entry stating, that the lady of Francis, Lord -Seymour--a younger branch of the Hertford family--lay in there of -Charles, Lord Seymour, second Baron of Troubridge, who was baptized in -the chapel. This part of the history of Netley Abbey is, however, very -obscure. It is said to have passed in the latter part of the seventeenth -century to the Earl of Huntingdon, who also resided there (according to -the tradition). In 1700 it belonged to Sir Bartlet Lucy, who sold the -materials of the church to a Mr. Taylor of Southampton; and from that -period it appears that we are to date the commencement of the -destruction of this once noble edifice. - -The general style of this <g>Church</g> is that of the reign of Henry III., and -the present building is doubtlessly coeval with that monarch’s -foundation. It formed the northern side of the abbey, and was, as usual, -cruciform, having north and south transepts. The walls of the south -transept remain nearly perfect to the roof; the south wall of the church -also remains in nearly its whole elevation; but the north wall, which -contained the larger windows, is in a less perfect condition, and the -site of the north transept is only marked by a confused heap of rubbish, -overgrown with trees and brambles. The east and west ends of the church -are also standing. The north wall is supported externally by low -buttresses; and some traces of buildings, with the heaps of rubbish on -the ground, lead us to suppose that there was one or more smaller -external buildings, perhaps chapels, attached. The <g>West Window</g>, as well -as the great eastern window, appears to have been, when perfect and -filled with stained glass, extremely handsome and - -[Illustration] - -striking. The springings which supported the arches of the groined roof -are still visible; and until a comparatively recent period, part of the -roof itself remained standing, and among the ruins “various arms and -devices were to be traced.” Its ruins, mixed with those of the columns -which separated the aisles from the nave, still encumber the floor in a -picturesque manner, partly covered with shrubs and plants, and held -firmly together by the roots of lofty trees which have grown upon them. -The old lady who has taken her station at the entrance of the abbey, to -act as a guide to the interior, regards these shapeless heaps with -peculiar attachment: and she fails not to tell the visitor, in accents -of sorrowful indignation, of the recent depredations of a barbarian -workman who was sent to gather up the “loose stones,” and who did not -hesitate to lay his sacrilegious hands on portions of that which was not -loose. Vulgar tradition points out the largest of these masses as a -monument of divine retribution on the wretch whose avarice led him to -spoil the pious work of his forefathers; and it is believed that he lies -buried beneath the rubbish which his own hand had dragged down. - - “Here too (belief could old tradition claim), - Where swells the rocky mound in shapeless heaps, - (His name now lost, his guilt divulged by fame,) - Some rude dismantler of this abbey sleeps. - - Long, long in thought the patient earth he cursed, - That bore the fabric’s then unbroken spires; - Long wish’d the power to bid volcanoes burst, - Or call from heaven thought-executing fires. - - ‘Wide wave,’ he cried, ‘all bright with golden grain - The neighbouring vales, while this proud cumbrous mass - For many a barren furlong chills the plain, - And draws with idle zeal the crowds that pass. - - ‘No more the votaries of each time-shook pile, - As ruin’s heirs, shall call these shades their own; - For blazon’d arms explore the pageant aisle, - Or search dark registers of faithless stone.’ - - He spoke--resolved. The menaced arches frown’d, - The conscious walls in sudden conflict join’d, - Crush’d the pale wretch in one promiscuous wound, - And left this monument of wrath behind.” - -The appearance of this church shows that its ultimate destruction has -been the work of accident, rather than of design; although a story of a -less doubtful character informs us, that we owe the preservation of the -building in its present condition to a retributary accident, resembling -that of the legend just mentioned. We have already stated that, about -the commencement of the last century, the materials of the abbey were -sold to a person of the name of Taylor, who resided at Southampton. His -friends, who looked with superstitious feelings on this venerable pile, -urged him not to conclude the bargain, and advised him to abstain from -being instrumental in the work of sacrilege; but he was deaf to their -entreaties. He had scarcely taken possession of his purchase, when in -his sleep he was visited by a fearful dream, in which it appeared to him -that the key-stone of one of the arches,[230] which was to be demolished -first, fell upon his head, and fractured his skull. Although troubled in -mind, he at first paid no attention to this dream; but when it was -repeated more than once, he ventured to disclose it to a friend. That -friend was Mr. Watts, a schoolmaster in Southampton, the father of the -celebrated Dr. Isaac Watts. He advised Taylor to desist from the -undertaking; but the avarice of the latter overcame all scruples or -fears, and he returned to the work of demolition. He had hardly begun, -when, in exerting himself to tear down a board, he loosened the -identical stone which had been represented to him in his dream, and -which in its fall struck him a violent blow on the head. He was carried -home, and his skull was found to be slightly fractured, but no -apprehensions were entertained of serious consequences. The surgeon, -however, in probing the wound, accidentally thrust his instrument into -the brain, and caused instant death. The fate of Taylor is said to have -acted as an effectual check to future depredations of a similar kind. - -The arches of the <g>South Transept</g> of Netley Abbey Church are peculiarly -elegant and graceful; although, like those of the nave and choir, they -are devoid of the rich and diminutive ornamentation which characterizes -the architecture of a somewhat later period. Above the lower series of -arches, a passage or corridor runs round this part of the building, -which is approached by a small spiral staircase in the corner between -the transept and the choir. Below, delicately-wrought arches and -recesses in the wall mark the spots formerly occupied by sepulchral -monuments, raised probably over the bones of abbots or benefactors. The -ruins of this transept were cleared away from the floor a few years ago, -and it is said that coats-of-arms were observed on some of the stones. -The vaulted aisle on the east side of this transept is still in a -perfect state, by which, through a door in the south-east corner, the -monks entered from the sacristy. Another door, between the door just -mentioned and that which leads to the staircase, communicates with a -narrow yard behind the choir of the church. The entrance from the -principal court of the monastery is situated in the south-west corner of -the same transept. - -It is probable that a tower rose above the intersection of the transepts -with the church, although no distinct traces of it now remain. Tradition -says that its lofty pinnacles formerly served as land-marks to the -sailors in their way up the Southampton-water. The whole length of the -church is about two hundred feet: its breadth is sixty feet. The space -between the extreme walls of the two transepts appears to have been -about a hundred and twenty feet. - -The general arrangement of the abbey buildings bears a strong -resemblance to that of the older colleges in our Universities. The -entrance gateway, which faces the south, and is approached from the -beach, leads us into the principal court of the abbey, which, when -perfect, must have been - -[Illustration] - -a noble quadrangle. A fountain is said to have stood in the centre, from -which it has long been known by the name of the <g>Fountain Court</g>; but its -site is now occupied by a clump of picturesque trees: similar trees have -taken root in other parts of the court. The south and west sides were -formed by buildings, the dilapidated walls of which afford no clue to -the object to which they were formerly devoted, although they appear to -have been divided into apartments of different dimensions and forms, -some of which had fire-places. Portions of the walls, from the -circumstance of their being repaired with bricks, seem to indicate that -this part of the building was inhabited at no very distant period. But -modern brick-work is found in other parts of the abbey, and it was -perhaps added only for the purpose of securing the walls from falling. -The north side of the court is formed by the nave of the church; while -on the east side stands the southern transept, and adjoining to it the -principal buildings of the abbey. - -This court is of large dimensions, and its walls are still erect. It was -the most public part of the abbey, being open equally to those who came -to offer up their prayer in the church, or who were anxious to unburden -their mind in the confessional; to the traveller who sought a temporary -shelter among the monks, or to the mendicant who lived upon their alms. -The solitary ruins speak to our hearts of other days, of which the -reality is long passed away: the house of prayer has been rifled and -dishonoured, the spacious halls now afford but a dubious shelter to the -pilgrim, and the almoner has ceased to dole out the daily portion to the -poor. - - “No more shall Charity, with sparkling eyes - And smiles of welcome, wide unfold the door - Where Pity, listening still to Nature’s cries, - Befriends the wretched and relieves the poor.” - -On Mondays, the Fountain Court presents a singular scene of gaiety. It -has long been the custom for people from Southampton, and the -neighbourhood to meet at the abbey on that day, and to hold a kind of -festival. Tea and other provisions are furnished by the inhabitants of a -neighbouring cottage, and this is followed by music and dancing. - -On the eastern side of the quadrangle are four doorways. The door to the -south leads into a vaulted passage, which formed the communication -between the first court and the interior quadrangle of cloisters. To the -north of this passage are the apartments connected with the government -of the house and the service of the church: to the south, the hall, -kitchen, &c. Of the three exterior doors which lay to the north of the -entrance to the passage, the first is the entrance to the chapter-house; -the second, a small but very elegant arch, leads to the ancient -confessional; and the last communicates with the south transept of the -abbey church. - -The <g>Confessional</g> forms a portion of a long rectangular apartment -adjacent to the church, of which the remaining and larger portion is -said to have been the sacristy, and from which the confessional was -separated by a stone wall, the lower part of which still remains. -Besides the entrance from the court, it has a communication with the -adjoining chapter-house. It was here that the penitent, or -should-be-penitent, laid open to the priest his secret failings, and was -instructed in the kind of reparation or the quantity of self-punishment -which was necessary to atone for them. In greater trespasses, or - -[Illustration] - -where the penitent himself desired it, he was led into the adjoining -chapter-house, and received the monastic discipline at the hands of the -monks, which consisted in a severe flogging on the bare skin--a -punishment which is now only preserved in the army and navy. Great -offenders were at times subjected to this penance. We learn from Matthew -Paris, that when the ferocious Falcasius de Breant, one of King John’s -foreign auxiliaries, had plundered the town and abbey of St. Albans, he -was warned in a dream that he would be pursued by the vengeance of -Heaven, unless he made some reparation to the monks. Falcasius, we are -told, went with some of his most active soldiers to the abbey, where -they suffered themselves to be stripped in the chapter-house; and, -having submitted to the discipline with becoming humility, they received -absolution for their offence. The practice of confession, and the giving -of absolution, were sources of great power to the Romish Church: they -were often made an instrument of benefiting the community, but they were -as frequently productive of great evils, and the facility of obtaining -absolution acted as an encouragement to crime. Among the numerous -stories told by the monks in illustration of the efficacy of confession, -it is related that a knight, who suspected one of his attendants of a -grave crime against his own person, determined to carry him before a -certain wizard, who was famous for laying open people’s hidden faults. -On their way, the criminal, aware of the object of their journey, -requested permission to visit for a few hours a neighbouring town. He -hastened to a religious house, confessed the crime of which he was -accused among his other sins to the priest, received penitence, and -submitted to a very rude application of the monastic discipline. When -they stood before the wizard, and the knight inquired what were the -secret failings of his attendant, the answer he received was--“This -morning, when you left home with him, I knew him well and all his works; -but now he only knows his works who has given him a bleeding back: I -know nothing further.” Confession and absolution were a source of profit -to the priest. - -The <g>Sacristy</g> communicates by a door with the south transept of the -church. It is a dark and rather low vaulted room, where the consecrated -vessels and the articles of church furniture were deposited. The -sacristan, whose office is partly represented in the Protestant Church -by that of the humble sexton, was one of the most important personages -in the monastery after - -[Illustration] - -the abbot. He was the keeper of the books, vestments, and sacred -utensils belonging to the church; it was his duty to attend to the -altars in the church, and to collect and account for the offerings: he -was intrusted also with legacies and gifts for building, repairing, or -furnishing the church. The treasure was also frequently placed in his -keeping; and we read of unfaithful sacristans, who fled from their -abbeys, carrying with them the money which had been intrusted to their -charge. - -The sacristy is lighted by two windows, under one larger arch, on the -east side. In the walls are several niches and recesses, which appear to -have been intended to receive some of the articles intrusted to the -sacristan’s care. It was perhaps the traditionary remembrance of the -treasures which were deposited in the sacristy, which led a countryman -in the neighbourhood to dream that there was money concealed in the -wall, beneath the most ornamental of these niches; who, to seek for this -imaginary object, came with a pickaxe, and broke away the bottom of the -niche in the manner in which it now appears. Treasure legends are -generally connected with ancient ruins, and this is not the only story -of the kind which has been located in the Abbey of Netley. On the -internal face of the south wall of the great quadrangle, near its -eastern extremity, is seen an irregular excavation. It is said that, -many years ago, a countryman dreamt of treasure buried in this wall; the -same dream was presented to his imagination three different times, and -he then proceeded with proper implements to the spot. After having -cleared away the wall with assiduous labour, his exertions were -rewarded, as tradition informs us, by the discovery of a ponderous chest -filled with riches, which he bore away in triumph. But the indiscreet -boastings of the finder soon reached the ears of the lord of the manor, -who seized upon the treasure for his own use. - -The <g>Chapter-House</g> was the monastic council chamber, and as such, being -one of the most important rooms in the abbey, was also the most richly -decorated. Its delicately-groined roof is entirely destroyed, and trees -grow on its floor; but the elegantly-proportioned arches which adorned -its walls, and the clustered columns which support them, still bear -testimony to its former beauty. This apartment forms a regular square of -thirty-six feet. Each wall is divided into three arches, between which -sprung the ribs of the vaulted roof. Within the three arches on the east -side are the windows, which likewise are more ornamental than those of -the other apartments of the abbey. The extreme arch to the right on the -west wall forms the entrance from the great quadrangle. In the recesses -of the other arches are the remains of the stone seats on which the -monks placed themselves when assembled in chapter to deliberate on the -affairs of the monastery, or when they met to listen to the spiritual or -moral exhortations of their Superior. We have already stated that the -chapter-house was the place in which the discipline, or flogging, was -administered to the unruly brethren and other offenders. The Cistercian -monks are said to have been particularly addicted to the use of the -rod-- - - “Est ibi virga frequens, atque diæta gravis.” - -The southern wall of the chapter-house divides it from the passage we -have already mentioned as forming the communication between the first -and second courts. This passage forms the separation between those -apartments of the abbey which were devoted to the spiritual concerns of -the brotherhood, and those which were set apart for their bodily -comforts. The chapter-house itself appears to have had no communication -with this passage; but on the opposite side is a door which leads us -into the Abbey <g>Parlour</g>, a room which answers to what is now called in -our colleges the Combination-Room.[231] This parlour, which possesses a -fire-place, was the place of social meeting for the inmates of the -abbey. - -The next apartment in the south was the <g>Refectory</g>, hall, or dining-room, -and is the largest room in the abbey. Its windows, like those of all the -chambers in this line of buildings, look to the east. On the opposite -wall we can still trace a large arch, built up with masonry, under which -was perhaps a seat or side-table for the use of the attendants. - -Although the monastic rule enjoins strict moderation and silence at -table, yet we know that, from an early period, the monks’ refectory was -no less a scene of mirth and festivity than the baronial hall. The -Cistercian monks in England appear to have been especially noted for -their attachment to good living. The satirists of the twelfth and -thirteenth centuries recount the number and delicacy of their dishes, -and the goodness of their wines. One of these writers, whose work (which -commonly goes under the name of Walter Mapes, the great enemy of the -Cistercian order) enjoyed a vast popularity in the thirteenth century, -describes thus their greediness in eating:-- - - “Quibus prandentibus voto præcipiti - Fauces celerrimæ, dentes solliciti, - Sepulcrum patens est guttur, par gurgiti - Spumoso stomachus, et rastris digiti.” - -[Illustration] - -And he thus describes their evening potations-- - - “Sed ne potandi sit illa conditio, - Qui tenet, teneat, donec de medio - Fiat, hinc esset lis et contradictio,-- - Ad plenum bibitur sine litigio. - - Tunc legem statuunt pactumque mutuum, - Ne sit in calice quicquam residuum: - Sic, sine requie ventris et manuum, - Vas plenum vacuant, et replent vacuum.” - -Another well-known writer, who was no friend of the Cistercians, -Giraldus Cambrensis, has left a glowing description of their jovial mode -of living. The silence enjoined by their statutes had given place to -boisterous jests; and the solemn reading of the bible or saints’ -legends, commanded by the founder of the order, had been replaced by the -clang of minstrelsy and the feats and grimaces of the jongleurs. -Giraldus, among innumerable anecdotes of the private life of the -Cistercian monks, has preserved one which is curious not only on this -account, but because it is the groundwork of a numerous class of ballads -which were popular at a later period.[232] - -It happened one day that King Henry II. was indulging in hunting, the -favourite amusement of the Anglo-Norman princes, probably in the woods -of Hampshire. Eager in pursuit of the chase, the king was separated from -his companions, and, missing his way, came at night-fall to a house of -Cistercian monks on the border of the wood, and, pretending to be one of -King Henry’s knights, he demanded a lodging there. The abbot and -brethren received the wanderer with a hospitable welcome; and after -supper the former called for a plentiful supply of the choicest liquor -in the abbey. In the merry days of Old England, a particular form in -drinking, derived from our Saxon forefathers, was universally observed: -with each full cup one party pledged the other with the word (or rather -words) _Wæsheil_, equivalent to _Health to thee!_ and the origin of the -more modern _wassail_: the answer was _Drincheil_, or, _I drink thy -health_. But great topers and men of social habits, instead of using the -common expression, invented drinking words of their own, private signals -of affectionate regard, which appear to have had no particular meaning. -Such was the case with the abbot in our story: the supposed knight, in -return for his hospitable entertainment, had promised to use his -influence with the king in furtherance of a suit which the abbot -intended to prefer the next morning; and the latter, in the openness of -his heart, pledged his guest with his private drinking-word, which was -_pril_, and he instructed him in the proper mode of answering, which was -by the similar word _wril_. In this manner they spent a considerable -portion of the night with the monks in great joviality, the walls -resounding to the continual shouts of _pril_ and _wril_. After having -taken a short repose, the king departed at the break of day, and -hastened to a neighbouring town where he had established his court: he -there gave strict orders to the officers of his household, that they -should give the abbot immediate admission to his presence. Accordingly, -at an early hour in the forenoon, the abbot, attended by two of his -monks, repaired to the court, light-hearted with the expectation of the -good offices of his guest of the preceding night. On his arrival, he was -astonished to find that the servants of the king appeared as though -aware of his mission, and that they passed him with unusual quickness -and attention from one room to another, until he found himself suddenly -in the royal presence. The monarch, who in his altered dress was not -recognized by his host, caused the abbot to be seated by his side, and -scarcely giving him time to utter his petition, told him that he had -been made acquainted with his wishes, and that they were already -granted. The abbot, after returning his humble thanks, would have taken -his leave; but the king insisted on retaining him and his two monks to -dinner. At table the abbot was seated near the king, and was treated -with the greatest attention; and after the eating was over, large -drinking-cups were placed before all the guests, and filled with -excellent wine. The king then, suddenly taking up his own cup, and -addressing himself to the abbot, said, “Father abbot, I say to thee -_pril_.” The abbot, suddenly recognizing his guest, was struck with -confusion, and besought the king in humble manner for his grace and -forgiveness; but the king stopped him short, and making use of a popular -oath, declared, that it was his will they should be good fellows -together on the present occasion, just as they had been the previous -night in the abbot’s refectory; and that he thought it but right and -fair, that as he had answered _wril_ to the abbot’s _pril_ before, the -abbot should now pay him the same compliment. And thus the knights and -monks, as well as the king and abbot, passed the remainder of the day in -drinking _pril_ and _wril_ to each other, amid shouts of laughter and -merriment. - -Over the series of buildings which we have been describing was another -floor, on which we trace the remains of a number of smaller chambers. -These were probably the <g>Dormitories</g>, or bed-chambers of the monks. They -were placed near the church, because the monks were obliged to leave -their beds in the night to perform the _vigilæ nocturnæ_, or night -service, which lasted from two o’clock to nearly four, when they -returned to their repose. - -Adjoining to the hall, or refectory, are the <g>Buttery</g> and <g>Kitchen</g>, which -form the southern extremity of the abbey, separated from the fields only -by the outer wall. The former of these offices is a small room, with -little to indicate the purposes to which it was formerly applied. The -kitchen, on the contrary, - -[Illustration] - -is a large and strong vaulted apartment, forty-eight feet in length, and -eighteen wide. Its roof still remains unbroken. The most remarkable -characteristic of this kitchen is its spacious fireplace; its form is -that which was common in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, and -perhaps earlier, and of which we have many examples in the illuminations -of ancient manuscripts. The kitchen appears to have possessed, when in a -perfect state, a considerable share of architectural elegance. The -ornamental springings of the arches of the roof still remain. The -kitchen appears to have communicated with the inner court of the abbey -by a door to the right of the fire-place; opposite which there seems to -have been a door in the outer wall, communicating with the country, by -which provisions, &c. were conveyed into the house. Two openings in the -wall, one connecting the kitchen with the buttery, the other forming a -communication between the buttery and the refectory, were used for -passing the dishes to the attendants who were serving at table. On the -south side of the kitchen, beneath the floor, is a subterranean passage, -now uncovered, which communicates with a series of other passages or -vaults, under the field, and said to terminate beneath a coppice at a -short distance from the abbey. These vaults, which are generally -supposed to have been a common sewer, or a place intended for -concealment and retreat, have every appearance of having been the -<g>Cellars</g> of the abbey, which very properly were attached to the kitchen -and buttery. Most of these vaults have been explored: there is a large -breach through the vaulted roof of one of them in the field on the -outside of the walls of the abbey. - -The series of buildings which we have just described separates the -Fountain Court from the second court of the abbey, which also appears to -have been surrounded with buildings, at least on three sides. This -second court forms at present a fair lawn, on which pic-nic parties -visiting the ruins take their dinner or tea, and which is designated as -the Abbey Garden. On three sides are the remains of a raised terrace: -this, combined with some other circumstances, leads us to conclude that -the so-called garden was the <g>Cloisters</g> of the abbey. The present terrace -was the floor of the cloister, which we know was, in most instances, -raised above the level of the enclosed court. This cloister appears to -have formed an exact square, like the first court. The windows of the -sacristy, chapter-house, parlour, and refectory, looked into it on the -west side. The north-west corner adjoined the transept and choir of the -church. On the south it was probably separated from the kitchen by a -small court, or by less important offices. At the east side of this -court, there are traces of a smaller court, and considerable ruins of a -large building, with vaulted rooms on the ground-floor, and chambers -above. This may have been the <g>Abbot’s House</g>. It appears to have -communicated with the woods behind, perhaps by one of those “privie -posternes” mentioned in the old satirists, by which the abbots are said -to have introduced into their lodgings persons of a very equivocal -character. - -The ground on which the Abbey of Netley is built is a gentle declivity, -sloping towards the beach. Although much concealed by trees and -brushwood, the ruins are seen to effect from several different points. -Perhaps the most interesting general view is that from the north, where -the hill rises rather abruptly from the walls of the church, affording -almost a bird’s-eye view of the interior. The effect of the picture thus -presented to the view has been in some degree lessened by the -destruction of the ivy with which, some years ago, the walls were -clothed. “This destruction was begun by the French emigrant royalists -who were encamped on the neighbouring common, previously to the -ill-fated expedition to Quiberon during the revolutionary war; but it -was recently carried on, much more effectually, by order of the late -Lady Holland, then its proprietor, who is said to have been induced to -commit this desecration by the representation of a member of the -Dilettanti Club, who unfortunately had read in Pausanias of the injury -which a certain ancient temple in Bœotia had sustained from the ivy -which encircled it loosening the cement of the stones, and separating -them from each other, and who, in consequence, implored her ladyship to -prevent her temple from sharing a similar fate.”[233] The beauty of the -scene is here increased by the Southampton Water, which appears in the -background, the distant view of the New Forest, and the still more -remote shores of the Isle of Wight; and from time to time a steamer, -working its busy way to or from the sea, contrasts strangely with the -hoary walls below. - -Descending the hill towards the right, the view of the west side of the -abbey, with the great west window of the church rising above the green -trees, is remarkably picturesque. To the left the hill continues to some -distance, giving us a succession of pleasing views, including the east -end of the church, and the picturesque mass of ruins which we have -supposed to belong to the abbot’s house. We then descend to lower -ground, and obtain a view across the second, or cloister court, which -however is in some measure spoiled by the wall that separates it from -the fields. - -[Illustration] - -The <g>South Front</g> of the abbey is at present concealed from a distant view -by numerous trees. When near it, we may judge by its appearance in its -present ruined state, that when entire it must have been a very striking -object viewed from the water. On this side was the entrance to the -abbey, but it does not appear to have had a gateway tower. To the right, -a mass of building stands much in advance of the front of the court: -this building contains the buttery and the kitchen. The style of the -windows and doors in this part of the abbey shows that it had undergone -extensive repairs, either a short period before the Dissolution, or -afterwards, when it was first made a private habitation. - -At some distance behind the abbey, the monks had two fish-ponds, which -are still in perfect preservation. The first is nearly square, bordered -with underwood, and backed with flourishing oaks. The upper pond is -still more picturesque, being partly overhung with fine trees. The -neighbourhood of Netley Abbey was perhaps more thickly wooded in ancient -times than at present. In the steward’s book of the town of Southampton, -under the year 1469, is an entry of two pounds three shillings and -fourpence, “paid to the Abbot of Netteley for a grove of woode bought by -the maire for to make piles and hegges by the sea syde.” - -The English monks, in selecting the sites of their houses, always -endeavoured to secure a good supply of fish and game. The woods and -waters - -[Illustration] - -in the neighbourhood of Netley were peculiarly advantageous in this -point of view, and the <g>Buttery</g> and <g>Kitchen</g> must have been abundantly -furnished with every article of provision which could raise the -appetites of the brethren within. The manuscripts of the thirteenth and -fourteenth centuries, although written by the monks themselves, are full -of stories illustrating their attachment to good living. Giraldus -Cambrensis, the historian from whom we have already quoted one anecdote -of monastic life, gives us a remarkable description of the multitude and -variety of dishes with which the tables of the monks in his days were -loaded; the numerous kinds of fish and meats dressed in every possible -manner, and arranged by the ingenuity of skilful cooks so as to provoke -their pampered appetites; the numerous savoury sauces; the rich and rare -wines which were supplied by distant lands.[234] This writer has -preserved an amusing story concerning the monks of St. Switlmn’s at -Winchester:--One day, when King Henry II. was hunting in the -neighbourhood of Guilford, the prior of St. Swithun’s, accompanied by a -party of his monks, went to meet him, with countenances which indicated -extreme chagrin and sorrow, and, although the spot was little better -than a quagmire, they fell upon their knees in a position of the most -abject supplication. When the king desired them to state their griefs, -they told him that their bishop had diminished the number of courses -that had been from time immemorial served to their table. The king -inquired what number of courses were usually allowed them: they said, -thirteen, which the bishop had reduced to ten. The king, in -astonishment, turned round to his attendants:--“_Per oculos Dei!_” said -he, (for that was his usual oath,) “see here these unhappy monks! I -thought by their sorrowful looks that their whole monastery had been -burnt, or that some equal disaster had befallen them; and, behold, they -complain that their bishop has taken three courses from their table, and -left them but ten. May the bishop fare the worse, if he do not -immediately take away the ten, and leave them only three! I, although -King of England, am satisfied with that number.” We are told, in another -monkish story, of an abbot who was so cruel to his monks, that he -reduced them to the number here recommended by the king, and allowed -them but three courses: the monks prayed daily for the death of their -superior; and for this or some other cause he soon died. Another came, -who reduced them to two: whereupon they prayed more fervently than ever -for release from his rule. He also died; and there came a third, who -deprived them of another course. The unfortunate brethren, now driven to -desperation, met together to consider what was best to be done. One -among the rest stepped forward and said, “Happen what will, let us pray -no longer: every time we have prayed for a new abbot, we have obtained -one worse than his predecessor; and if this man should go, we shall have -one who will reduce us to actual starvation.” Against the monkish vice -of gluttony, we must however place in the scale the virtue of -hospitality. The weary traveller was always welcome to the table of the -monastery. We are tempted to quote another monkish story. It is said -that a certain religious house, in which the virtue just alluded to had -been neglected, was reduced to poverty, and a meeting was held in the -chapter-house to deliberate on the means of regaining their former -state. Then a monk stood up in the midst of the others, and said, “We -have driven away two servants: as long as they were with us, all good -things abounded in our house; since they went, our prosperity is -defeated; but if we invite one - -[Illustration] - -back, they will both return.” “Who are they?” said the abbot; “let us -call them back by all means.” The monk answered, “One is called <g>Date</g>, -and the other <g>Dabitur-vobis</g>: since we drove away Date, Dabitur-vobis has -left us; but let us immediately recall Date, and Dabitur-vobis and -everything will be well.” The monks themselves had an easy method of -atoning for the peccadilloes of the table; but a few paces from the -refectory stood the <g>Confessional</g>, and there they received a ready -<g>Absolution</g>. - -The ruins of Netley Abbey attract numerous visitors from the -neighbouring town of Southampton; and there is scarcely a stone within -the reach of ordinary mortals which is not disfigured by a crowd of -initials rudely “incised” by their barbarian and sacrilegious hands. In -more propitious times, pilgrims of a holier class have visited the -hallowed spot, - - “Where Netley’s ruins, bordering on the flood, - Forlorn in melancholy greatness stand.” - -Horace Walpole was enraptured with what he terms, “not the ruins of -Netley, but of Paradise. Oh, the purpled abbots; what a spot they had -chosen to slumber in! The scene is so beautifully tranquil, yet so -lively, that they seem only to have retired into the world.” When he -visited Netley, there were standing “fragments of beautiful fretted -roofs, pendent in the air, with all variety of Gothic patterns of -windows topped round and round with ivy.” The last remains of the -“fretted roof” have long fallen; and, as we have before observed, most -of the windows have, since Walpole’s time, been stripped of their ivy. -Among the poets who have here sought inspiration, we must not pass over -the names of Gray and Bowles. The former has left us a glowing -description of the thoughts which these ruins raised. “In the bosom of -the woods,” he tells us in one of his letters, “concealed from profane -eyes, lie hidden the ruins of Netley Abbey. There may be richer and -greater houses of religion, but the abbot is content with his situation. -See there, at the top of that hanging meadow, under the shade of those -old trees that bend into a half-circle about it, he is walking slowly -(good man!) and bidding his beads for the souls of his benefactors, -interred in that venerable pile that lies beneath him. Beyond it (the -meadow still descending) nods a thicket of oaks that mask the building, -and have excluded a view too garish and luxuriant for a holy eye; only -on either hand they leave an opening to the blue glittering sea. Did you -not observe how, as that white sail shot by and was lost, he turned and -crossed himself, to drive the tempter from him that had thrown that -distraction in his way?” We must ourselves now take a parting glance of -this venerable picture of the transitoriness of all earthly greatness. -Bowles has given us a beautiful sonnet - - -ON VISITING NETLEY ABBEY. - -[Illustration] - - “Fall’n pile! I ask not what has been thy fate,-- - But when the weak winds, wafted from the main, - Through each lone arch, like spirits that complain, - Come hollow to my ear, I meditate - On this world’s passing pageant, and the lot - Of those who once might proudly in their prime - Have stood, with giant port; till, bow’d by time - Or injury, their ancient boast forgot, - They might have sunk, like thee: though thus, forlorn, - They lift their head, with venerable hairs - Besprent, majestic yet, and as in scorn - Of mortal vanities and short-lived cares: - Even so dost thou, lifting thy forehead grey, - Smile at the tempest and Time’s sweeping sway.” - -<g>Historical Associations.</g>--The neighbourhood of Netley is interesting in -many points of view to the antiquary. At some distance to the north is -the modern village of Bittern, the site of the Roman town of Clausentum, -of the earth-works of which some traces still remain. On Netley Heath, -which lies between Netley and Bittern, are numerous tumuli, probably -indicating the places of burial of some of the more distinguished of the -Roman inhabitants of this spot. We trace the footsteps of that -extraordinary people almost within the precincts of Netley Abbey; for in -its immediate vicinity, in a field by the shore near West Wood, a few -years ago, a coarse earthen vessel, filled with Roman coins of the Lower -Empire, was dug up by a labourer. The larger portion of these coins was -of the description called small brass, and of the period of the younger -Gallienus. - -After Clausentum had been deserted and forgotten, its importance was -transferred to the neighbouring town of Hamton, known in more modern -times by the name of Southampton, to distinguish it from the other -Hamton, now called Northampton. During the period of the Saxons, -Southampton is chiefly known as having been repeatedly plundered by the -Danes, to whose attacks it was exposed by its position. In 980, seven -Danish ships came suddenly and destroyed the town, and slaughtered or -carried away into captivity nearly all its inhabitants. - -Although we know little of the history of Southampton during this early -period, we find that the district was afterwards connected with -historical traditions, now long forgotten, which found their way into -the <g>poetry</g> of our forefathers. It was here, in the neighbourhood of -Netley, according to the legendary history of the ancient Britons, that -the Emperor Claudius made his descent upon the shores of our island. The -romances tell us that he was met here by a British king named “Gwyder,” -who defeated the Romans with great slaughter. But Claudius had a -faithful councillor named Ham, or Haimo, who clad himself in the arms -and dress of a Briton, went to the enemy’s camp, and, after a short -period, obtained the favour of the invincible Gwyder. Another desperate -battle between the Britons and Romans followed; when Ham, who kept near -the British king, treacherously drew his sword and slew him, and then -fled to the Romans, supposing that he had secured the victory for his -countrymen. But Arviragus, the brother of Gwyder, took the command of -the Britons; and by his bravery the Romans were again vanquished, and -driven with great loss to their ships. Ham, with a small body of men, -was cut off from the main army, and took shelter in a wood near the -shore; he was there attacked by the Britons, and, retreating to a haven, -was slain on the spot where was afterwards built the town called -(according to the legend) from him, Hampton. - - “Ac the luther Haym with ys folk toward the wode hymn drowe: - Arvirag hym sywede, and to grounde ever slowgh. - Atte laste ys tricherie wel lutel he by-lowgh; - He overtok hym at an havene, and slogh hym ryght there: - Lutel harm thei tricherus so alle y-served were. - The havene ther he was y-slawe, after Haymys name y-wys, - Hamptone was y-clepud, as he yet y-clepud ys, - For South-hamptone he is y-clepud, and worth ever mo.”[235] - -So sang the quaint old chronicler, Robert of Gloucester. Legends -probably connected with the ravages of the Danes in this neighbourhood, -and the troubles of the latter ages of Anglo-Saxon history, formed the -foundation of another romance of great popularity. In the baronial halls -of Old England, the harp has often resounded to the chivalrous -adventures of <g>Bevis</g> of <g>Hampton</g>. The figure of the hero may still be seen -rudely sculptured on the antique tower at Southampton, called the -Bargate. History gives us no clue to identify the personage who, in -medieval romance, figures as - - “Bevis of renoun, - The right heir of Southamptoun.” - -But, according to the story, the father of Bevis was a powerful thane, -named Guy, Earl of Hampton, or Southampton. He married a young wife, -who, falling in love with a stranger knight named Doon de Mentz, caused -her husband to be murdered by her paramour, whom she afterwards married. -Young Bevis, by a series of marvellous adventures, escaped from the fate -which had fallen on his father; and, leaving his inheritance to be -enjoyed by the murderer, fled to the east, where he becomes engaged in -no less extraordinary adventures among the infidels. He there falls in -love with a beautiful Saracen maiden, named Josiana, daughter of the -King of Armenie, with whom, after many years’ absence, he returns home. -Bevis and his wife Josiana have a son named Guy. After having recovered -his paternal estates, and punished the murderers of his father, Bevis -becomes involved in a war with his sovereign, the King of England; and, -the king’s son having been killed, he is obliged to fly with Josiana and -his child. On their arrival on the Continent, they seek repose and -shelter in a forest; but, while Bevis is absent in search of food, a -party of pirates arrive and carry away his wife and child. They give -young Guy to a fisherman; and Josiana afterwards escapes unhurt from -their hands. The three are thus separated from each other, and each -passes through a series of adventures in search of the other, which form -a large portion of the romance. Bevis and his wife both arrive at the -court of Armenie, where in her right he succeeds to the crown. But in -the meantime the King of England dies without heirs; and the nobles of -the land decide that Bevis and his son are the next in succession: they -discover the latter at Paris, and offer him the throne. Guy determines -at once to set out in search of his father; and he also arrives at last -in Armenie, where his father is king. When Bevis is thus made acquainted -with the events which had followed his banishment from England, he -resigns the crown of Armenie to his son; and, with his wife Josiana, -returns to his own country, where he is crowned with great ceremony and -splendid festivities. Five years after his accession to the throne of -England, Josiana dies; overcome with chagrin for the loss of his queen, -and tired with the pomp of the world, Bevis leaves his own court, and -retires secretly to a hermitage, where he remains seven years before -the place of his retreat is known. At the end of that period, an angel -discovers it to the King of France, at the moment when Bevis is dying. -Such is the outline of the legend of Bevis of Hampton, than which the -writer of the romance assures us a better was never sung,-- - - “Plaist-vous oïr, bonne gent honnorée, - Bonne chanson de bien enluminée? - Meilleur de li ne puet estre chantée - Par jongleour, dite, ne devisée, - Comme ceste est qui çi vous est contée.” - -At a short distance from the town of Southampton is a large tumulus, or -sepulchral mound, which is known by the name of <g>Bevis’s Mount</g>. Some -antiquaries, probably with little reason, have supposed it to be the -remains of an ancient Danish fort. There is another <g>Bevis’s Mound</g> in the -park of Arundel Castle,[236] which is said to be the hero’s grave. His -sword, six feet long, is still preserved at Arundel. Bevis’s Mount, near -Southampton, is now enclosed in the gardens of a gentleman’s seat. - -In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, Southampton and its -neighbourhood was a common landing-place for pirates and French -marauders, who infested the southern coast of England. In 1337 a -considerable part of the town was burnt by the French. We have no -information as to the effect which these hostile incursions had upon the -monks of Netley. In recent times, Netley Heath has been more than once -the rendezvous of troops destined for the invasion of France. - -Independent of its historical recollections, the <g>neighbourhood</g> of Netley -Abbey is interesting to the visitor for the beauty of its scenery. The -walk from Southampton is extremely agreeable, lying chiefly along the -beach. - -[Illustration] - -Itchen Ferry, which we must first pass, is now crossed by means of a -moving bridge, worked by a steam-engine. A pleasant winding lane leads -to the shore of the Southampton Water. The path then lies along the edge -of the water, skirted on the left by wooded eminences. After proceeding -a short distance, we arrive at <g>Weston Beach</g>, whence, by a little lane to -the left, we reach the beautiful hamlet of Weston, thickly embedded in -trees. A modern poetess, Miss Mitford, has celebrated the charms of this -rural spot:-- - - “Hills which the purple heath-bell shield, - Forest and village, lawn and field, - Ocean and earth, with all they yield - Of glorious or of fair.” - -On the beach, a post directs us to the village inn, which is frequented -by fishermen, who form the greater part of the population of the hamlet. -Their boats are frequently seen in considerable numbers at anchor by the -shore. - -Pursuing our path along the beach, after a short walk, we arrive at a -lane which conducts us to the entrance of Netley Abbey. Below, on the -water’s edge, lies Netley Castle. The road which we have now entered, -passing in front of the abbey, leads by Netley grange towards Netley -hamlet, and the heaths of Netley and Bursledon. A little farther lie in -succession the picturesque villages of Hound, Bursledon, and Hamble, the -two latter situated on another creek of the sea, larger than the Itchen -water. Leland the antiquary, who visited these parts immediately after -the dissolution of the monasteries, appears to have passed along the -shore in a boat from Portsmouth to Southampton. He gives the following -account of the coast between Hamble and Itchen creek: “Scant a {2} miles -from the mouth of Hamelrise creeke lyithe Letelege, on the shore upward -in the mayne haven. Here a late was a great abbay in building of White -monkes. About a 2 miles upward brekith in a great creeke out of the -mayne haven, and goith into the land by northe. On the lift hand of this -creeke by west a litle from the shore stondith a chapelle of our Lady of -Grace, sumtime hauntid with pilgrimes. Right agayne it is Hichyn, a -smaulle village on the est side, and hereof the _trajectus_ is caullid -Hichin-fery.” The manner in which Leland speaks of Letley, or Netley, -gives strength to the supposition that considerable alterations were -making in the buildings of the abbey at the time of its dissolution, and -accounts probably for some of the traces of modern architecture which -are found in it. - -There were several monastic houses situated within a short distance -round Netley Abbey. To the south-east, at a distance of about six miles, -stood the Abbey of Titchfield. Immediately after the dissolution, the -site was granted to Sir Thomas Wriothesley, afterwards created Earl of -Southampton, who erected on the same spot a splendid mansion, which -Leland describes as “a right stately house, embatoled and having a -goodely gate, and a conducte (conduit) castelid in the middle of the -court of it; the very same place where the late monastrie of -Præmonstratenses stoode, caullyd Tichefelde.” The ruins of Titchfield -House are still visible. Besides the religious establishments in the -town of Southampton, at a short distance from the town, to the -north-east of Netley, stood the priory of St. Dionysius. A few miles -beyond Southampton stood the ancient Saxon nunnery of Romsey, the church -of which will repay with interest a visit from the antiquarian wanderer. -Nearly opposite Netley, on the other side of the water, stood the mother -Abbey of Beaulieu, deeply embedded in the wilds of the New Forest. - -[Illustration] - -<g>Netley Castle</g>, or <g>Fort</g>, is not a building of any considerable antiquity. -The circumstance of its not being mentioned by Leland, proves that it -did not exist before the latter end of the reign of Henry VIII. It is -commonly supposed to have been erected for the purpose of guarding this -part of the shore from invaders. It stands in the midst of a thicket of -trees, on a little hill close to the beach, and forms a striking object -as seen from the water. The tower is a modern addition, built by the -late proprietor, Mr. Chamberlayne, who is said to have taken the idea -from one of Horace Walpole’s letters, who recommended this adjunct to -render the building habitable. The castle itself consists of two small -platforms. Behind the castle stands a neat modern cottage, of an antique -Gothic design, where tea, &c. is prepared for the visitors to the ruins -of Netley Abbey. - -One reason of our want of information relating to the early history of -Netley Abbey, is the circumstance that no registers or chronicles of any -monastic houses in this neighbourhood are known to exist. Literature -appears not to have flourished in this part of England. Among the -manuscripts in our great public libraries, but a few can be traced to -any of these monasteries, and we believe none to Netley. Leland mentions -but one book in the library of Netley Abbey, which was a work of Cicero; -but this is far from showing, as it has been supposed, that the library -was ill furnished, because that antiquary only noticed books of a -certain class which he found in the course of his peregrination, and did -not pretend to make an inventory of the contents of the monastic -libraries. Of Romsey Nunnery, the most ancient of the religious houses -we have just enumerated, the history is equally obscure; and the -sisters appear to have been chiefly remarkable for their irregularities. -One of the most remarkable events recorded as connected with this house, -is the circumstance that, in the reign of Henry III., the abbess had to -enforce by law her claim to the privilege of judging and hanging capital -offenders, because, from long disuse, even _her_ gallows had fallen -down. In 1314 or 1315, the Abbess of Romsey was poisoned, and suspicions -appear to have been cast upon the sisterhood. It appears by a -visitation, made in 1506, that the nuns were then accused of immoderate -_drinking_, the lady abbess setting the example by inviting the nuns to -her chamber to participate in her intemperance. - -[Illustration: <g>Ground Plan of Netley Abbey.</g> - - EXPLANATION OF THE REFERENCES IN THE <g>Plan</g>.--1. The Entrance Gate, - loading into, 2, the Fountain Court; 3, 3. Buildings partly - surrounding this Court, and exhibiting marks of modern alterations; - 4. The Church; 5. The Sacristy; 6. The Confessional; 7. The - Chapter-House; 8. The Passage leading to the Inner Court; 9. The - Parlour; 10. The Refectory; 11. The Buttery; 12. The Kitchen; 14. - The Raised Terrace, or Floor of the Cloister, supposed to have - surrounded the Inner Court (13); 15. A Ruined Building, supposed to - have been the Abbot’s Lodgings. -] - - AUTHORITIES:--The Monasticon.--Domesday Book.--Bullar’s Netley - Abbey.--Keates’ Elegy on Netley Abbey.--Giraldus Cambrensis, and - the Collections of Monkish Stories.--Leland’s Itinerary and - Collectanea.--Matthew Paris.--Robert of Gloucester.--The Early - Romances, &c. - - - - -[Illustration] - - - - -APPENDIX. - - -<g>ARUNDEL CASTLE.</g>--<g>King Alfred’s Will.</g>--The portion from which the text is -a translation is thus given in ASSER. DE ÆLFREDI REB. GESTIS, fol. 23: -“Athelmo, _vero fratris mei filio_, do villā de Edingburn et de Cumptune -et de ERUNDELE, et de Bedingn et de Dinghā, et de Burnham, et de -Thumesfelde, et de Aschōgum.”--“Forty-nine Castles are enumerated in -Domesday Book; that of Arundel only as existing in the time of Edward -the Confessor. Many single towers were built during the Heptarchy and by -King Alfred. The Castle of Arundel dates perhaps its true origin from -that monarch.”--Dallaway. - -“Fama verò _tota est_ ex castro quod Saxonico imperio floruit; et statim -ab ingressu Normanorum. Rogerum de Montgomericum restaurasse legimus, -qui inde Arundeliæ Comes dictus.”--Camden. - -<g>Harold, Earl of Sussex</g>, A.D. 1053.--Ingulph, relating the death of Earl -Godwyn at the royal table, adds “Comitatusque Westsaxoniæ Haroldo filio -suo datus est”--fol. 510, 540. Hardyng, page 229, after his manner -relates the same in two stanzas:--“And as Kynge Edwarde,” &c. - -<g>Roger Montgomery</g>, pp. 8, 9.--“Prædictus autem Rogerus de Montegummerici -bello Anglico interfuit, et a Willelmo rege Anglorum Comitatus Arundelli -et Sálopesberiæ dono áccepit.”--Wilhelm. Gemitens. De Ducib. Normannis. -fol. 686. “Rex Gulielmus Rogerio de Monte Gomerici in primis <g>Castrum</g> -Arundellum et urbem Cicestram dedit; cui posteà comitatum Scrobesburiæ -quæ in monte super Sabrinam fluvium sita est, adjecit. Hic sapiens et -moderatus et amator æquitatis fuit, et comitatem sapientum et modestorum -dilexit. Tres sapientes clericos Godebaldum, Odolerium, ac Herbertum, -diutiùs secum habuit; quorum consilium utiliter paruit,”--p. 254. -“Warino autem calvo, carpore parvo, sed animo magno, Aimeriam neptem -suam et Præsidatum Scrobesburiæ dedit: per quem Guallos aliosq’ sibi -adversantes fortiter oppressit, et provinciam totam sibi commissam -pacificavit. Guillelmum cognomento Pantalfum, et Picoldum atque Corbatum -filiosque ejus, Rogerium et Rodbertum, aliosque fideles fortissimosq’ -viros comitatui suo præfecit; quorum sensu et viribus benigniter ajutus -inter maximos optimates maximè effloruit.”--Order. Vital. de Guliel. -primo. - -His pious retirement from the world and death in the cloisters is thus -related by Orderic--the authority referred to in the text:--“Having by -the hands of Reginald, then Prior of Shrewsbury, obtained from the house -of Cluni, in Burgundy, the coat of St. Hugh, some time abbot there, for -himself to put on, he caused himself to be shorne a monk in the said -Abbey of Shrewsbury, with the consent of his wife; where it is observed -of him, that three days before his death he wholly applied himself to -divine conference and devout prayers with the rest of that convent; and -died on the sixth of the Kalends of August, 1094.”--Baron. i. 28. -“Monachile scema devotus suscepit ... et tribus diebus in colloquiis -divinis et oratione inter servos Dei permaneit. Tandem Kal. Augusti -mortuus est.”--Ord. Vital. p. 708. - -<g>Hugh Montgomery</g>, page 9.--The death of this nobleman, as briefly -mentioned in the text, is taken from Giraldus Cambrensis, Itin. Camb. p. -194, and thus rendered by Dugdale, Bar. i. 28. “There is in this island -of Anglesey a church of St. Teuredaucus the Confessor, in which Earl -Hugh, after he had subjugated these parts of Wales, having kennelled his -dogs all night, found them every one mad next morning; and that he -himself died a miserable death within a month thereafter. For hearing -that certain pirates were come to the haven of this island in -long-boats, and making haste to oppose their landing, the principal -commander of them, called Magnus, standing at the fore end of the boat -with a bow in his hand, let flie an arrow at our earl, then armed -_cap-à-pié_, so that no entrance could be made except through his -helmet, at the sights for his eyes; but so fatally was the arrow -directed, that it passed through his head-piece upon his right eye, and -piercing his brain, caused him to fall (from his horse) headlong into -the sea.” Girald. Cambrensis erroneously attributes it to Hugh, Earl of -Chester, but by all other authorities it is related as having occurred -to Hugh Montgomery. Polyd. Virgil. fol. 173, says--“Hugo Comes Salopiæ -obvium factus ex ictu sagittæ periit.” After which, “within a few days, -his body being earned to Shrewsbury, was there buried in the cloister of -the abbey, with great lamentation.”--Dugd. i. 28. Roger Hovedon, fol. -268, mentions his death in nearly the same terms: “Sagitta -percussus--interijt.” Also, Speed, fol. 445. - -<g>Mabel</g>, Roger Montgomery’s first wife, was the only daughter, and -heiress, of William Talvace--grandson of Ivo de Belesmo--a person of -great power and note in the time of Richard, Duke of Normandy, with whom -he had a large inheritance. But this lady, says the monk of Utica, -“caused his abbey to be greatly burthened with quartering of soldiers; -for which, and other oppressions exercised towards the nobility, she was -murdered in her bed.” By this wife Earl Roger had issue, as briefly -mentioned in the text, five sons and four daughters:--Robert de Belesme; -Hugh de Montgomery; Roger of Poictou; Philip, a priest; Arnulf, a -soldier of fortune, Lord of Dyvet, now Pembrokeshire, who, like his -father, was liberal in his benefactions to the church. Of his four -daughters, Emma, the eldest, was Abbess of Almanisca; Maud was the wife -of Robert de Moreton, half brother to the Conqueror; Mabel married Hugh -de Novo Castello; and Sibyl became the wife of Robert Fitz-Hamon, whose -name and family have been noticed in our account of Tewkesbury. For his -second wife, Earl Roger espoused Adeliza, daughter of Ebrard de Pusaic, -and by her had issue one son, called after his grandfather Ebrard, who, -entering on a course of ecclesiastical discipline, became one of the -chaplains to King Henry I. Of the Countess <g>Adeliza</g>, a monastic writer -records the following anecdote:--Being on her first passage by sea, from -Normandy to England, there happened so great a storm that the mariners -were in imminent danger of shipwreck. A priest, who was the countess’s -private chaplain or confessor, and attended her in the voyage, being -much wearied with anxiety and watching, fell fast asleep. And lo! while -he slept, there stood before him a comely matron, who addressed him in -these words: ‘If thy lady would be preserved from the danger of this -dreadful tempest, let her vow to God forthwith, that she will build a -church to the honour of Sainte Marie Magdalene in the place where she -shall first meet the Earl Roger, her husband, in England; and especially -where an old hollow oak groweth near a hogstye.’ Now all this, when he -woke up, the priest told to his Mistress, who, gladly accepting -deliverance on such terms, made her vow accordingly; whereupon the winds -were hushed, the sea became tranquil, and she came safely to land with -all her attendants. At length, after several days’ journey to meet her -husband, she found him near Quadford, hunting in the out-forest, at a -certain place where a hollow oak tree, like that described in the -vision, was then growing. Relating to him without loss of time what had -happened, she so prevailed upon him that he agreed to fulfil her vows, -and accordingly built and amply endowed a church in honour of Sainte -Marie Magdalene, and gave it to his collegiate chapel in the Castle of -Bridgenorth, in Shropshire, one of his many lordships. Like the monk who -told his dream to Robert Fitz-Hamon (see Tewkesbury), Adeliza’s -confessor--“monachiliter somniavit”--dreamed to good purpose. It is -truly remarkable, that, so far as the interests of their order were -concerned, these worthy monks always slept with their eyes open-- - - “By day with praying, plotting, scheming; - By night o’er beads and reliques dreaming; - They still contrived to lay their hand - Upon the fatness of the land.” - -The <g>Fitzalan Family</g>, Text, p. 10.--The account of this Norman family is -taken from that of Dugdale and the monastic writers, on whose report the -genealogy is founded, namely, Ord. Vital., Matth. Paris, &c.; and the -reader who may be curious in such matters, will find the whole subject -fully detailed in the Baronage, i. p. 314, and Monasticon, vol. i., the -sources from which the materials of all the later accounts which we have -seen have been taken. - -As progenitors of the royal family of Stuart, the claim is supported by -Chalmers in his _Caledonia_, vol. i. p. 572, 573. Alan, the son of -Flaald, a Norman, acquired the manor of Oswestrie, in Shropshire, soon -after the Conquest--married the daughter of Warine, the famous sheriff -of Shropshire--had two sons, Walter and William. Influenced by the Earl -of Gloucester, the powerful partizan of his sister the Empress Maud, -William seized Shrewsbury in September 1139, and held it for her -interest--attended her at Winchester in 1141--adhered to her interests, -and was rewarded by her son Henry II. By the marriage of his son with -Isabel-de-Say, Clun in Shropshire was added to the Fitzalan estates. -Oswestrie, or Oswaldestre, was the original seat of Alan on the Welsh -border. Lord Hailes acknowledges that Walter (the son of Alan), who -flourished under David I. and his successor Malcolm IV., was indeed the -Stewart of Scotland. John Fitzalan, Lord of Clun and Oswestrie, by -marrying Isabella, second sister of William de Albini, became Earl of -<g>Arundel</g>. - -<g>De Albini</g>, p. 9.--William-with-the-Strong-hand.--Dugdale gives the -genealogical history of this family in the work above mentioned, vol. i. -p. 118. The following anecdote, highly characteristic of the age in -which he lived, is narrated with amusing gravity by our old Norroy -king-at-arms, as one of the credible adventures in the life of this -hero:--“I now come,” says he, “to William, who was called -WILLIAM-WITH-THE-STRONG-HAND, in regard that, among his valiant -exploits, he slew a fierce lion, the occasion of which was thus: It -happened that the Queen of <g>France</g>, being then a widow, and a very -beautiful woman, became much in love with a knight of that country, who -was a comely person, and in the flower of his youth: and because she -thought that no man excelled him in valour, she caused a <g>Tournament</g> to -be proclaimed throughout her dominions, promising to reward those who -should - -[Illustration] - -exercise themselves therein, according to their respective merits; and -concluding, that if the person whom she so affected should act his part -better than others in these military exercises, she might marry him -without any dishonour to herself. Hereupon divers gallant men from -foreign parts hasting into <g>Paris</g>, amongst others came this our William -de <g>Albini</g>, bravely accoutred; and in the tournament excelled all others, -overcoming many, and wounding one mortally with his lance, which being -observed by the <g>Queen</g>, she became exceedingly enamoured of him, and -forthwith invited him to a costly banquet; and afterwards bestowing upon -him certain jewels, offered him marriage. But, having plighted his troth -to the Queen of <g>England</g>, then (also) a widow, he refused her; whereat -she grew so much discontented, that she consulted with her maids how to -take away his life; and in pursuance of that design enticed him into a -garden, where there was a secret cave, and in it a fierce lion, into -which she descended by divers steps under colour of showing him the -beast. And when she told him of his fierceness, Albini merely answered, -‘that it was a womanish, and not a manly quality, to be afraid thereof.’ -But having him there, by the advantage of a folding door, she thrust him -into the lion’s den. Being therefore in this danger, he folded his -mantle about his arm, and putting his hand into the mouth of the beast, -pulled out his tongue by the root; which done, he followed the <g>Queen</g> to -her palace, and gave it to one of her maids to present to her.”--On his -return to England, the lion was given him for his arms, and he was -thenceforward distinguished as “William-with-the-Strong-hand.” -Commenting on this marvellous portion of Albini’s adventures, Vincent -expresses regret that the hero did not, when once in, thrust his hand -further, so as to catch the lion by the tail and “turn him inside -out”--an operation which would certainly have been an improvement on the -other, as well as an agreeable addition to the family arms. This valiant -act was afterwards, it appears, revived by a royal crusader, and with -still better success; for _he_ extracted the ‘lion’s heart at a grasp!’ - -Text, p. 9. “Illa (Adeliza), rege defuncto, Gulielmum de Albineto in -maritum assumpsit, qui cū Matildi Augustæ contrà Stephanum regem -studeret, et hoc castrum contrà illum propugnaret, in navatæ operæ -præmium Arundeliæ Comitis titulum, à Matilde Augusta Anglorum domina -(hoc enim usa est titulo) accepit: cùmq’ post _quartum_ ab eo comitem, -proles ejus mascula deficeret, Richardum Fitzalanum jure uxoris in eum -honorem evexit Rex Edwardus Secundus,” &c. With respect to the _fourth_ -Earl, Brooke, in his “discoveries,” has stated objections, p. 32, 33. - -With respect to the part taken by Albini subsequent to his marriage with -Adeliza, queen dowager, on the part of the Empress Maud, her son, and -King Stephen at Wallingford--as well as the embassy in which he took the -lead--as mentioned p. 42, Dugdale has condensed the particulars under -the head of “Will. de Albini Pincerna,” i. 118, as well as all others of -any importance respecting the descent of the Castle of Arundel through -the families of the Fitzalans and Howards. Albini is thus complimented -in the old Rhyming Chronicle; and the orthography shows the -pronunciation in that day:-- - - ¶ Wyllyam, the Earle of Arundell that hyght, - _Awbeny_ (Albini) by his surname full well then knowe, - At Wimondham, in Northfolke buryed ryght, - Father was of Philyp full yonge unknowe - [That full courteous was both to hye and lowe] - That after him was Earle of Arundell, - As Chronycles wryten can clerely tell. P. 273. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -<g>Robert de Belesmo</g>, Text p. 9.--“Supradictus Comes Robertus de Belesmo -qui comitatum etiam Pontinensis pagi rexit eo tempore, ac in Normannia -Castella possedit quam plurima; civitatem Scrobesbiriam et castellum in -ea situm, castella quoque <g>Arundel</g> et Tikehil, alimentis machinis, armis, -militibus, et peditibus contra regem Henricum fortiter munivit. Muros -quoque, ac tunes castellorum, videlicet Brige et Carracoue, die noctuque -operando perficere modis omnibus festinavit.... At Rex sine delatione -Castellum ejus <g>Arundel</g> primitùs obsedit, et castellis ante illud -firmatis, recessit; deinde Robertus Lindicolniæ civitatis episcopum cum -parte exercitûs Tykehil obsidere jussit. Illè autem Brige cum exercitu -penè totius Angliæ obsedit, machinas quoque ibi construere et castellum -firmare præcepit. Interim Walanos, &c. Infra igitur triginta dies -civitate et omnibus castellis redditis inimicum suum <g>Robertum</g> superavit -etignominiosè de Anglia expulit.”--Hov. Annal. Hen. pr. 269. - -Text p. 39.--“Junior Wilhelmus anno decimo regni sui cū Normanniam, quam -à Roberto fratre suo ad Jerusalem profecto, in vadimonium acceperat pro -libitu suo disposuisset, redijt ad Vigiliam Paschæ in Angliam, appulit -apud <g>Arundel</g>.”--Henric. Huntingd. lib. vi. p. 216. - -<g>King Stephen</g>, p. 38.--“Statim namque filia regis Henrici, quæ fuerat -Romanorum imperatrix, cui Anglia juramento fuerat addicata, venit in -Angliam; quam cum Rex Stephanus obsedisset apud <g>Arundel</g>, vel perfida -credens consilia, vel quia castrum videbat inexpugnabile, ire permisit -ad Bristowe.”--Hoved. Steph. Rex. fol. 278. - -<g>The Empress Maud</g>, p. 41.--Holinshed, on the authority of Polydor, -relates a “scandalous story” affecting the character of this lady, -which, if true, robs William de Albini of the credit so generally given -him, for having been the pacificator between King Stephen and young Duke -Henry. It is very quaintly told by the old chronicler, p. 63, and by -Polydor. Verg. lib. xij.:--“Sunt qui tradunt aliam fuisse causam qua -Stephanus flexus sit ad pacem, qui referūt Mathildē amicā potius q’ -inimicā Stephani fuisse, et eam, cum videret rem inter ipsum Stephanū et -Henricū filiū eò deductā, ut armis finienda esset, clàm ad Stephanū -adivisse atq’ sic eum allocutā: Ecquid, impie ac tui generis immemor, -facere tētas? Decet ne patrem perdere filiū? an fas est ut filius patrem -occidat? Amabo te, des locum iræ, projiciasq’ tela manu, nā Henricū, uti -probè scis, ex te enixa sum! Et his dictis, ordine cōmemorasse quem -admodum paullo antèq’ Gaufredo nuberet, ab eo compressa fuisset; ac ijs -verbis Stephanū motū pacē fecisse.” - -[Illustration] - -<g>Syr Bevis</g>, Text 37.--For the groundwork of the following legend, as -connecting Sir Bevis with Arundel Castle, we are indebted to a lady -resident near the spot. Sir Bevis, as noticed, p. 326, is familiar to -every reader of romance; and the traditional history of his prowess has -often been heard at the baron’s hearth, when the spirit of chivalry was -fanned by the approving smile of beauty, and the sound of the harp -sweetened the intervals of repose. - - “O, who has not heard of <g>Bevis</g> the Bold? - Whose sword was the theme of harpers old; - Compared with which, like a willow-wand - Was the sword that gleamed in Paynim hand. - And oft through the Pagan’s steely array, - For the Cross of St. George, it had cleft his way. - - Syr Bevis was stout of heart and limb: - And his meekest look was so stern and grim, - That even his squire grew deadly pale, - As he buckled for battle Syr Bevis’ mail! - And wherever for knightly feats he went, - Equipped for battle or tournament, - His very shadow refused to stay, - And shrunk like a craven thing away. - So fierce and fell was the hero’s stroke, - ’Twould have cleft at a blow the forest oak; - While around him heads of Saracen lay, - Paving with helms Syr Bevis’ way. - - But at length, in old Arundel’s Castellan, - When chilly and slow the life-blood ran, - And he bask’d his old frame in its evening sun, - And dreamed o’er the battles his youth had won; - As musing he sat on yon battled keep, - O’erlooking the forest and distant deep-- - Come, bring me,’ quoth he, ‘my trusty sword!’ - And swiftly his squire obeyed the word. - Then swift from his seat Syr Bevis sprung, - And thrice round his head the blade he swung-- - ‘Now mark me well,’ said the chief, ‘and obey - The command I leave, and the word I say: - Where ye find again this trusty glaive, - There hollow the ground for Bevis’s grave! - For my eyes wax dim and my blood runs cold, - And my heart of life hath lost its hold.’ - - He said: and fleet from his hand he threw - The deadly weapon so tried and true; - And away--as impelled by some nameless charm-- - Like a shaft that’s shot by a wizard’s arm; - Away the falchion glanced, and fell - In the depth of Pugh’s deserted dell.-- - That night there was mass for a parted soul; - At St. Martin’s gate there was Christian dole; - Where priest and vassal the dirge began, - For <g>Syr Bevis</g> the warlike Castellan! - - Then they searched the shadowy forest round, - And they hollowed a grave where the sword was found; - And there they have laid each stiffened limb - Of the brave Syr Bevis, the wise and grim. - Where at noon the trooping deer convene, - Where at night the timid hare is seen, - Where the monk of St. Lazarus counts his beads, - They have laid him down in his warrior’s weeds; - They have monks to chant, and bells to toll-- - And all for the rest of Syr Bevis’ soul. - - Now ye who visit that haunted dell, - To count your beads in St. James’s cell, - Or haply to slay Montgomery’s deer, - Tread light on the ashes that slumber here.” - -The anecdote related at p. 40 of the text, is thus told in the Latin of -Father Matthew of St. Albans, p. 853:--“A.D. 1252. Tempore quoque sub -eodem domino rege adhuc moram Londini continuante, venit ad eum in -cameram suam Isabella, comitissa Harundelliæ, relicta Comitis -Harundelliæ H. et ejusdem regis cognata; ut pro jure suo de quadam -custodia ipsam contingente verba faceret sibi profectura. Rex autem -vultum ei primò protendens serenum, posteà cum verbis asperioribus -objurgans, nihil quod postulavit comitissa favorabiliter exaudivit; -vindicavit enim sibi rex custodiam cujusdam custodiæ ratione particulæ, -ipsum regem contingentis. Unde ipsa comitissa, licèt mulier, non tamen -muliebriter respondit imperterrita. ‘O domine rex quare avertis faciem -tuam à justitia? Jam in curia tua quod justum est nequit impetrari, -medius inter Dominum et nos constitueris; sed nec teipsum nec nos sanè -regis, nec ecclesiam veritus es multipliciter perturbare; quod non -tantum in presentiarum, sed multoties est experta. Nobiles insuper regni -modis variis vexare non formidas vel erubescis.’ Quod cùm audîsset rex, -corrugans nares et subsannans, voce dixit elevata: ‘Quid est hoc, ô -domina Comitissa? Confeceruntne Magnates Angliæ Chartam, et pepigerunt -tecum, ut fieres eorum quia eloquens es, advocata, et prolocutrix?’ Ad -quod comitissa, licèt juvencula non tamen juveniliter respondit: -‘Nequaquam mihi, domine, regni tui primates chartam confecerunt; sed tu -chartam, quam confecit pater tuus, et tu eam concessisti, et jurasti -observare fideliter et irrefragabiliter, et multoties ut eam observares -à fidelibus tuis pecuniam de libertatibus observandis eorum extorsisti, -sed tu semper eis impudens transgressor extitisti. Unde fidei læsor -enormis, et sacramenti transgressor manifestus esse comprobaris. Ubi -libertates Angliæ toties in scripta redactæ, toties concessæ totiesque -redemptæ? Ego igitur, licèt mulier, omnesque indigenæ et naturales ac -fideles tui appellamus contrà te antè tribunal tremendi Judicis: et -erunt nobis testes cœlum et terra, quoniam iniquè nimis nos tractus -insontes, et nos Deus ultionum dominus ulciscatur.’ Ad hæc Rex siluit -confusus, quia dictante propria conscientia cognovit, quoniam a tramite -veritatis non exorbitavit Comitissa, et ait: ‘Nonne postulas gratiam eò -quòd mihi cognata sis?’ At illa: ‘Ex quo mihi quod jus expostulat -denegâsti, quo modo spem concipiam, ut mihi gratiam facias postulanti? -Sed et contra illos ante faciem Christi appello, qui te fascinantes et -infatuantes consiliarii tui sunt, et te à via veritatis avertunt, suis -tantummodo commodis inhiantes.’ His igitur auditis Rex siluit, satis -civiliter redargutus.” - -<g>Knighthood</g>, p. 45.--The grand festival mentioned in the text is thus -described by Matthew of Westminster; and in Anstis’ Order of the Bath, -p. 12:--“The king, to render his expedition into Scotland more splendid -and numerous, caused proclamation to be made throughout England, whereby -all persons entitled or compellable to take knighthood by right of -hereditary succession, that is, by lands descended to them, or who had -estates sufficient to support that degree, were required, on the Feast -of Pentecost, to attend at Westminster, where every one of them should -receive severally out of the king’s wardrobe, at the king’s expense, all -things belonging to the habit of knighthood, except what related to the -furniture of his horse (or armour for such knight). At the time and -place appointed, there was an appearance of three hundred young -gentlemen, sons of earls, barons, and knights, to whom was distributed -in ample measure, according to their different qualities, purple, fine -linen, furs, and mantles embroidered with gold; and because the Royal -Palace, though spacious, was not of extent sufficient to accommodate so -great a number, they repaired to the <g>New Temple</g>, where they erected -tents and pavilions, having first cut down the trees in the orchard, and -levelled the walls of it, that they might separately and more -commodiously dress themselves in their splendid habits. That night as -many of them performed their vigils in the Temple Church as the place -would well contain; but the Prince of Wales, by command of the king his -father, kept his vigils in the Church of Westminster, with some other -persons of the first dignity. There the noise of trumpets and pipes was -so great, and the acclamations of the people so loud and extended, that -the voices in one choir could not be distinctly heard in another. On the -day following, the king invested his son with the military belt, and -consigned to him the Duchy of Aquitain. The prince, being knighted, went -to the Church of Westminster, that he might confer the like military -honour on his companions; there the press, occasioned by a promiscuous -concourse of people, was so great before the high altar, that two -knights were stifled, and several fainted away; for every knight had at -least three other knights to conduct and support him. But the prince was -obliged, by reason of the tumultuous crowd, to invest his companions -upon the high altar, having, by his guards, made way for them to pass -through the people. Then were brought and presented two <g>Swans</g>, -introduced with much pomp, and covered with golden nets, adorned and -embossed with golden studs, a solemnity highly grateful to the -spectators. The king offered a vow to God, upon the presentation of the -<g>Swans</g>, that he would make a descent upon Scotland, with a design, -whether he should live or die in the attempt, to revenge the death of -John Comyn, and the violated faith of the Scots, &c. - -“In the celebration of this great festival there is a particular -article, which is thus explained:--A vow, made upon the exhibition -before-mentioned of two swans, in conformity to an usage continued for -some ages; according to which, when any hostile expedition was intended, -the commanding prince formally and solemnly bound himself to execute it, -upon the oblation of some bird, as a visible test or signal of such -engagement.” - -Page 62.--In the letter here quoted--supposed to have been the last ever -written by Norfolk, on the eve of Bosworth Field--the duke directs his -well-beloved friend, John Paston, to bring with him such company of tall -men, and “ordain them jackets of my livery.” The Duke of Norfolk’s -livery, on the authority of Fenn, was particoloured of blue and tawny--a -yellowish dusky brown orange colour--having the left side of the former -of these, and the right side of the latter, and both dark shades of -their respective colours. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] <g>ST. ALBAN’S ABBEY.--Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester.</g>--The -anecdote of this worthy, referred to in the text, is thus told by -Grafton in his Chronicles, ii. 630:--“This Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, -descending of the blood royal, was not only noble and valyant in all his -actes and doings, but sage, politique, and notably well learned in the -ciuile law. And among his other worthy prayses, this followyng is not to -be forgotten, which most liuely and plainley declareth him to be both -prudent and wyse, and to his great laude and prayse is written, and set -forth by Sir Thomas Moore, knight, in this wyse following:--‘In the -reign of King Henry the Sixt,’ saith he, ‘there came to the towne of -<g>Sainct Albons</g> a certaine beggar with his wyfe, and there was walkeng -about the towne begging fiue or six dayes, before the kinges comming -thether; sayeing that he was born blinde, and never sawe in all his -lyfe, and was warned in hys dreme that he should come out of Berwike, -where he saide that he had ever dwelled, to seke Sainct Albon, and that -he had been at hys Shrine, and was not holpen, and therefore he would go -seeke him at some other place: for he had heard some saye sinse he came, -that Sainct Albons body should be at Colyn (Cologne), and indede such a -contention hath there bene. But of a truth, as I am certainly informed,’ -sayth Sir Thomas Moore, ‘he lyeth here at Sainct Albons, saveing some -reliques of him which theye there shewe shryned. But to tell you foorth, -when the kinge was come, and the towne full of people, sodainely this -blinde man at Sainct Albones Shryne had his sight, and the same was -solemnly rong for a miracle, and _Te Deum_ songen; so that nothing was -talked of in all the towne but this _miracle_. So happened it then, that -Duke Humffrey of Gloucester, a man no lesse wise than also well learned, -having great joy to see suche a miracle, called the poore man unto him, -and first shewyng himself joyous of God’s glorie, so shewed in the -getting of hys sight, and exhorting him to meeknesse, and to no -ascrybing of any part of the worship to himselfe, not to be prowde of -the people’s prayse, which would call hym a good and a godlie man -thereby. At last he looked well upon his eyen, and asked whether he -could ever see any thing at al, in all hys lyfe before. And when as well -hys wyfe as himselfe affirmed fastlie ‘No!’ then he looked advisedly -upon hys eyen agayne, and sayde, ‘I beleue you very well, for methinketh -that ye cannot see well yet.’ ‘O yes, Sir,’ quoth he, ‘I thanke God and -his holy martir, I can see now as well as any man.’ ‘You can,’ quod the -duke; ‘what colour is my gowne?’ Then anon the beggar tolde hym. ‘What -colour,’ quod he, ‘is this man’s gowne?’ He told him also, without anye -stayeng or stombling, and told the names of all the colours that coulde -be shewed. And when the duke sawe that he bade him, walke faytoure, that -is to say, vagabond; and made him to be set - -[Illustration] - -openly in the stockes: for though he could have seen sodaynely, by -miracle, the difference betwene dyvers coloures, yet could he not by -sight so sodainely tell the names of all these coloures, except he had -knowne them before, no more than he coulde name all the men whom he -should sodainely see.’ Thus far Maystir Moore.” Reference has been -already made to the play in which Shakspeare has made use of the above, -as the ground of a very amusing dialogue, into which he has infused much -additional humour; and thus concludes:-- - - “_Glo._ Then, Saunder, sit thou there, the lying’st knave - In Christendom. If thou hadst been born blind, - Thou might’st as well have known our names, as thus - To name the several colours we do wear. - Sight may distinguish colours; but suddenly - To nominate them all’s impossible. - My lords, Saint Alban here hath done a miracle; - And would ye not think that cunning to be great - That could restore this cripple to his legs again,” &c. - -Gloucester accordingly advises the application of the whip, and finds -that the cripple is suddenly transformed into an athlete, with the full -and free use of his limbs. Such were the devotees usually met with in -places of pilgrimage--and such the miracles that obtained ready belief -in the vulgar mind. - -The Priory of Tinmouth in Northumberland was a cell of St. Alban’s -Abbey. “One Simon of Tinmouth claimed a right to two corodies, or the -maintenance of two persons in the priory; but which the prior and monks -denied. This cause was brought before the Abbot of St. Alban’s and his -Court-baron, who appointed it to be tried by combat on a certain day -before him and his barons. Ralf Gubion, prior of Tinmouth, appeared at -the time and place appointed, attended by his champion, one William -Pegun, a man of gigantic stature. The combat was fought. Pegun was -defeated, and the prior lost his cause; at which he was so much -chagrined, that he immediately resigned his office.” This judicial -combat is the more remarkable, that it was fought in the court of a -spiritual baron, and that one of the parties was a priest. - -[Illustration] <g>ELTHAM HALL</g>, p. 111.--It was whilst residing at his -Palace of Eltham that King Richard II. resolved upon the murder of the -Duke of Gloucester. “Unable,” says Froissart, “to conceal any longer the -great hatred he bore to his uncle, he determined to have him cut off -according to the advice given him, namely, that ‘it was more advisable -to destroy than to be destroyed.’ Accordingly, the king having rode to -the Castle of <g>Pleshy</g>, about thirty miles from London, with fair words -cajoled the duke out of his castle, and was attended by him to a lane -that led to the Thames, where they arrived between ten and eleven -o’clock at night. Here the Earl-Marshal, who there lay in ambush, -arrested him in the king’s name, and forced him towards the Thames in -spite of his cries to the king to deliver him. He was conscious, from -the moment of his being thus arrested, that his end was resolved on; and -it was confirmed to him by the king turning a deaf car to his -complaints, and riding on full gallop to London, where he lodged that -night in the Tower. The Duke of Gloucester had other lodgings; for -whether he would or not, he was forced into a boat that carried him to a -vessel at anchor in the Thames, into which he was compelled to enter. -The Earl-Marshal embarked also with his men, and having a favourable -wind and tide, they fell down the river, and arrived late on the morrow -evening at Calais, without any one knowing it but the king’s officers. -The Earl-Marshal, as governor, could enter Calais at all hours, without -any one thinking it strange: so he carried the duke to the castle, and -there placed him in confinement.... In the meantime King Richard, -leaving the Tower at an early hour, rode to his palace of <g>Eltham</g> and -there remained; while the same day toward evening, the Earls of Arundel -and Warwick were both brought to the Tower and there confined, to the -great surprise of the citizens. But to return to Calais: When the Duke -of Gloucester saw himself shut up in the castle, abandoned by his -brothers, and deprived of his attendants, he began to feel alarmed; and -addressing himself to the Earl-Marshal--‘For what reason,’ he inquired, -‘am I thus carried from England, and confined here? Do you mean to -retain me a close prisoner? Let me go and view the castle, the garrison, -and the people of the town.’ ‘My lord,’ replied the earl, ‘I dare not -comply with your demands; for you are consigned to my guard, under pain -of death. The king, our lord, is at this moment somewhat wroth with you; -and it is his orders that you abide here awhile in banishment with us, -which you must have patience to do until we have other news, and God -grant that it may be soon! for as the Lord liveth, I am truly concerned -for your disgrace, and would cheerfully aid you if I could; - -[Illustration] - -but knowing the oath I have taken to the king, you know I am bound in -honour to obey.’ This was the only answer the Duke of Gloucester could -obtain; he too well judged from appearances, that his life was in -jeopardy; and asked the priest who had said mass, if he would confess -him. This he did with great calmness and resignation; and with a devout -and contrite heart, cried before the altar of God, the Creator of all -things, for his mercy and forgiveness. He was repentant of all his sins, -and lamented them greatly. He was right thus to exonerate his -conscience, for his end was nearer than he imagined: for being on the -point of sitting down to dinner, while he was washing his hands, four -men rushed suddenly out from an adjoining chamber, and, throwing a towel -round his neck, strangled him by two drawing one end and two the other. -When he was quite dead they carried him to his chamber, undressed him, -and placed the body between two sheets with his head on a pillow, and -covered him with furred mantles. They then re-entered the hall, properly -instructed what to say and how to act, and declared that the Duke of -Gloucester had been seized with an apoplexy as he was washing his hands -before dinner, and that they had great difficulty to carry him to bed. -This was the report published in the garrison and the town, where some -believed it, and others not. Within two days after, it was published -abroad that the duke had died in his bed at the Castle of Calais; and in -consequence the Earl-Marshal, who was the duke’s near relation, put on -mourning, as did all the knights and squires in the town of Calais.” As -to the manner of his death, it appears by the confession of Hall, one of -the accomplices, that the duke was smothered with pillows, not -strangled, as Froissart was informed. - -[Illustration] <g>TEWKESBURY</g>, p. 167.--By papers in the Bodleian Lib. Hist. -of Tewkesb. 107, 1574, it appears, that on the twenty-fourth of July, -being fair day, such a quantity of bats came floating down the river -Avon, at Tewkesbury, that they covered the surface of the water for -above a land’s length, in heaps above a foot thick, which so dammed up -the mills for three days, that they could not go till the bats were dug -out with shovels! - -Page 189, A.D. 1578.--In the churchwardens’ book of accounts for this -year, are the items here annexed:--“Payd for the plaiers geers six -sheepskins for Christ’s garments,” ibid. 1585. “Order eight heads of -hair for the Apostles, and ten beards, and a face or visor for the -Devel,”--which show that mysteries, as plays were then called, were -probably acted in the churches. In Italy the practice is still kept up, -as every traveller in that and other parts of the Continent has -observed; particularly during the Christmas festival, when nearly every -church and convent have exhibitions of the Saviour’s birth, and the -miraculous circumstances attending it. - - * * * * * - -[Illustration] <g>KENILWORTH CASTLE</g>, p. 211.--Thomas de la Moore, in his -Life and Death of Edward II., relates the following, as part of the -cruel and insulting treatment to which the unhappy sovereign was -subjected by his keepers, on leaving Kenilworth for Berkeley Castle. It -is of a serio-comic nature; but no reader who ever held a razor, but -will sympathize with the wretched monarch in his stipulations for at -least the indulgence of _warm water_, under such an -operation:--“Attestamur et scribimus quæ luce clariora innotuerunt -mundo, si non timor æmulorum regis devotissimi adhuc superstitis clarere -prohiberet, quæ non poterint occultare. Tum abducitur Edwardus (ut -præscriptum est) versus Berkleyam à satrapis Sathanæ equitans stipatus, -duxerunt etiam exemplar patientiæ per grangias Castri Bristollii, ubi de -fœno factam coronam capiti jumdudum oleo sancto consecrato imposuit -nefarius ille de Gorney, ausus contingere Christum Dei, cui illudentes -ironia nimis acerba milites dixerunt, _Fareforth Syr Kynge_. Metuentes -maligni, ne pariter directè incedentibus obuiaret aliquis amicus Edwardi -et manus misericors ipsum liberatura, declinauerunt ad Smischam per -mariscum ad flumen Sabrinæ terminatum. Excogitârunt inimici Dei quomodo -Edwardum deformarent, ne foret facilè notus. Vnde cauariem et barbam -radendas cōstituerunt. Venientes proinde in itinere ad fossam, iusserunt -ipsum radendū descendere. Cui assidenti super cujusdam talpæ monticulum -pelvim aqua frigida de fossa recepta attulit barbitonsor. Cui et aliis -asserentibus quod aqua talis pro tune deberet sufficere, ait -Edwardus--_Velitis, nolitis, habebimus pro barba aquas calidas_; et ut -promissum consequeretur veritas, cepit profuse lachrymare. Ita mihi -retulit viuens post magnam pestilentiam Gulielmus Bischop, qui -ductoribus Edwardi sodalis, unde confessus et contritus pœnituit, sub -spe misericordiæ divinæ.”--P. 602, edit. Francofort. - - * * * * * - - “This Kyng Herolde at Waltam, which he found, - Of foure score chanons, full fayre was buryed - At the hye aulter, and as a kyng was crownde, - All yf he were intrusor notifyed, - And in batayl slayne and victoryed, - Of gentylnesse the Conquerour bad so - As yf he were afore his mortall fo.”--Hardyng, 3234. - -[Illustration] <g>WALTHAM.--Death of Harold</g>, Text, p. 266.--“Ipse carens -omni decore quibusdam signis nequaquam facie recognitus est, et in -castra Ducis delatus qui tumulandum eum Guillelmo agnomine Maletto -concessit, non matri pro corpore delectæ prolis auri par pondus -offerenti.” The quantity of gold which Harold’s mother is here related -to have offered to the victorious duke for the body of her son, may be -reasonably estimated, as Maseres has shown in a note on this passage of -the “Gesta Guillelmi,” at eleven thousand pounds. The supposed visit of -Harold’s mother to the field of battle in search of his body, and that -of Edith with the Swan’s neck--mentioned in the text, who finally -discovered it by some secret token--are thus described in a MS. ballad -on the subject:-- - - “The day is lost! The din of war is hushed on Hastings’ field: - In triumph rolls the Norman car o’er England’s trampled shield. - ‘Prepare the feast!’ Duke William cries. The midnight feast is spread; - And there, in gilded canopies, they banquet ’midst the dead! - The bowl is drained, the oath renewed of fealty to their Chief; - But how shall gilded tents exclude the wail of woman’s grief! - ‘Where is my son?’ a mother cries; ‘his corse but to behold, - And lay it where his kindred lies, I’ll give its weight in gold!’ - ‘Thy son is slain! his crown is sold! Duke William wears it now; - We’ll give thee iron for thy gold--Lady, what more would’st thou?’ - She heard and wept--then faltered on: her heart with anguish bled, - As wistfully she gazed upon the faces of the dead! - But ’midst the thousand forms of death that show’d the ghastly wound. - And weltering strew’d the gory heath, her HAROLD was not found! - She sat her down and wept aloud: and sighed--‘Undone--undone! - Now lay me in the hallowed shroud that should have wrapt my son!’ - - * * * * * - - At length the gentle Edith came, led by a holy man, - And, lighted by a taper’s flame, again the search began. - Darkly her raven tresses hung upon her neck of snow, - And still her lily hands she wrung in ecstacy of woe! - Around her, HAROLD’S warriors true lay heaped upon the plain, - Where high the Norman banner flew insulting o’er the slain; - A friar of Waltham’s Holy Rood stood in that mournful ring, - And wiping off the clotted blood--‘Oh, Christ! is this the king?’ - Down to the earth fair Edith bent, upraised the lifeless head, - And ’neath the light that taper lent, gazed wildly on the dead! - One pause of fearful agony--a breathless, deep suspense-- - Was visible in every eye, and felt in every sense! - -[Illustration] - - There, like a cedar in his pride struck down, a warrior lay; - And here extended at his side a chieftain’s proud array. - They scann’d his features o’er and o’er, but ’wildered was their view, - Until the secret mark appeared, which Edith only knew-- - And then a shrill and piercing shriek the fearful truth confess’d, - The hue of death was on her cheek--she sunk upon his breast! - But Harold’s lip and Harold’s eye, in cold forgetfulness - For ever sealed, made no reply to Edith’s frantic kiss. - Oh, must I see thee thus, and live? Yet Heaven be witness here, - How gladly would thy Edith give her bosom for thy bier!’” - - * * * * * - - - * * * * * - -[Illustration] <g>ROCHESTER CASTLE.</g>--Anno dominicæ incarnationis DCCCI. -nativitatis autem Ælfredi regis xxxiv. exercitus in duas turmas divisit. -Una etenim turma in orientalem Franciam perrexit; et altera ad -Britanniam veniens, Cantium adiit; civitatemq’, quæ Hrofceastre Saxonicè -dicitur, in orientali ripa fluminis Medwæg sitam obsedit. Ante hujus -portam pagani Castellum ibimet firmum subitò fabricauerunt. Nec tamen -illam civitatem expugnare potuerunt; quia cives illi se viriliter -defenderunt, quousque Ælfred rex cū magno exercitu adiutorium illis -conferens superuenit. Et tunc pagani relicta arce sua et omnibus equis, -quos de Francia secum adduxerant derelictis; maxima parte nec non -captiuorum suorum in arce dimissa adueniente subitò rege, ad naues suas -confestim confugiunt. Et Saxones statim derelictos à paganis captiuos et -equos diripiunt.--Asser. de Ælfred. Reb. Gest. fol. 11. - -[Illustration] <g>CARISBROOKE CASTLE</g>, p. 284.--Of the circumstances -mentioned in the text, the following is the relation given by the -learned monk already quoted:--“Rogerius verò de Britolio, Comes -Herefordensis ad curiam regis vocatus venit, et inquisitus manifestam -toti mundo proditionem negare non potuit. Igitùr secundùm _leges -Normanorum_ judicatus est, et amissa omni hæreditate terrena, in carcere -Regis perpetuò damnatus est. Ibi etiam Regi multoties detraxit, et -contumacibus actis, implacabiliter offendit. Nam quondam, dum plebs Dei -Paschale festum congruè celebraret, et Rex structum preciosarum vestium -Rogerio Comiti per idoneos satellites in ergastulo mitteret; ille pyram -ingentem antè se jussit præparari, et ibidem, Regalia ornamenta, -chlamydem sericamq’ interulam, et renonem de preciosis pellibus -peregrinorum _murium_ subitò comburi. Quod audiens Rex iratus dixit: -‘Multùm superbus est qui hoc mihi dedecus fecit; sed, _per splendorem -Dei_, de carcere mea in omni vita mea non exibit.’ Sententia regis tàm -fixa permansit, quòd nec etiam post mortem Regis ipse, nisi mortuus, de -vinculis exiit. Rainaldus et Rogerius filii ejus, optimi tirones, -Henrico Regi famulantur et clementiam ejus--quæ tardissima iis visa -est--in duris agonibus præstolantur.” In commenting upon the above -passage, a learned writer has made the following remarks:--“It appears -from the text that Roger, Earl of Hereford, was brought to his trial -before the king’s court, or council of the _proceres_, or great men of -the kingdom, and was condemned by them to suffer perpetual imprisonment, -with the loss of all his inheritance. So that, in this instance, as well -as in the case of Ralph de Guader, the said court or council appear to -have acted as a court of criminal jurisdiction. But it seems remarkable -that the judgment they passed upon this great and notorious rebel, who -could not, and did not, deny the crime he was charged with, should not -have extended to his life; more especially, as Waltheof, Earl of -Northampton, who had refused to have any share in the rebellion raised -by the other two earls, and had only been guilty of concealing his -knowledge of their intentions, was, in a short time after, condemned to -lose his life for that lesser offence, and was, as stated in the text, -actually beheaded at Winchester. One would almost suspect that they were -tried by two different laws; namely, Roger, Lord of the Isle of Wight, -who was a Norman, by the _law of Normandy_; and Waltheof, Earl of -Northampton, who was an Englishman, by the _law of England_; and that -the Norman law of that period did not punish high treason with death, -although the English law did. With respect to the garments sent by the -king to this haughty prisoner, they are understood by commentators on -the original passage to have consisted of--First, an outer - -[Illustration] - -garment or coat; secondly, an inner garment or waistcoat, made of silk; -and thirdly, a short cloak to be thrown over the shoulders, and that -reached only to the waist, made of the rich furs of some foreign -animals, which the author calls mice (murium), and were probably either -ermines or martins. It is also conjectured that the present thus sent to -the earl was a set of robes, suited to the rank and office of Earl of -Hereford, which he had lately held, and to which it might have been King -William’s intention to restore him, “if his inconceivable pride had not -prevented it.” - -In his interesting notice of the lives and fortunes of this great -family, the learned monk of Utica concludes with these striking moral -reflections on the transitory nature of all human grandeur:--“Verè -gloria mundi, ut flos fœni decidit et arescit; ac, velut fumus deficit -et transit. Ubi est <g>Gulielmus Osberni filius</g>, Herefordensis Comes, et -Regis Vicarius, Normanniæ dapifer, et magister militum bellicosus? Hic -nimirùm primus et maximus oppressor Anglorum fuit, et enormem causam per -temeritatem suam enutrivit, per quam millibus ruina miseræ mortis -incubuit. Verùm justus Judex omnia videt, et unicuique, prout meretur, -redhibet. Proh dolor! ecce <g>Gulielmus</g> corruit, audax athleta recipit quod -promeruit. Ut multos ense trucidavit, ipse quoque ferro repentè -interiit. Denique post ejus occasum antequam lustrum compleretur -annorum, spiritus discordiæ filium ejus et generum contra dominum suum -et cognatum hostiliter excivit, qui Sichimitas contrà Abimelech (quem -occicis LXX. filiis Jerobaal sibi præfecerant) commovit! En veracitur à -me descripta est offensa, pro qua <g>Guillelmi</g> progenies eradicata sic est -de Anglia, ut nec passum pedis, nisi fallor, jam nanciscatur in illa.” -Duchesne--Excerp. Order. Vital. De Gul. primo rege Anglorum 322. Selecta -Monumenta. - -That the Conqueror’s philosophy was not proof against any little -disappointment of the palate is evident from the following -anecdote:--“When his prime favourite, William Fitz-Osborne, steward of -his household, served him with the flesh of a crane scarcely half -roasted, he was so highly exasperated that he lifted up his fist, and -would have struck him had not Eudo, appointed ‘dapifer,’ immediately -after warded off the blow.”--Warner, i. 307. - -<g>It</g> was to the Isle of Wight that the Earl of Warwick--when brought to -trial along with the Earl of Arundel--was banished in these terms: “Earl -of Warwick! this sentence is very favourable, for you have deserved to -die as much as the Earl of Arundel; but the handsome services you have -done in time past to King Edward, of happy memory, and the Prince of -Wales, his son, as well on this as on the other side of the sea, have -secured your life; but it is ordered, that you banish yourself to the -Isle of <g>Wight</g>, taking with you a sufficiency of wealth to support your -state so long as you shall live, and that you never quit the -island.”--Froissart. - -<g>The</g> passage referred to Monstrelet in the text, is as follows:--“In this -year Waleran, Comte de St. Pol, assembled at Abbeville, in Ponthieu, -about sixteen hundred fighting men: among whom were numbers of the -nobility, who had made great provisions of salted meats, biscuits, -wines, brandy, flour, and other things necessary on board of ships. From -Abbeville the Count led them to Harfleur, where they found vessels of -all descriptions ready to receive them. When they had remained there -some days, to arrange their matters and to recommend themselves to St. -Nicholas (the sailors’ patron-saint), they embarked on board these -vessels, and sailed direct for the Isle of <g>Wight</g>. Landing on the island, -they made a bold countenance to face their enemies, of whom they had -seen but little on their landing; for all, or at least the greater part -of the islanders, had retreated to the woods and fortresses. In the -meantime several new knights were created by the Count; namely, Philippe -de Harcourt, Jean de Fosseux, Lord of Guiency, and others, who went to -burn some miserable villages, and set fire to some other places. In the -meanwhile a sensible <g>priest</g> of the island came to the Count to treat for -the ransom and security of the island; for which he gave the Count to -understand that a very large sum of money would be paid to him and his -captains. The Count lent a ready ear to this proposal; but it was a mere -ruse on the part of the priest to delay their operations, till the -military force of the island could be brought together. Waleran -discovered the plot, but it was too late to take revenge; and -re-embarking his men in all haste, set sail, and returned home without -doing anything more. The nobles were much displeased at this conduct; -for they had expended large sums in laying in stores for the expedition, -which, after all, was completely defeated by a single -priest.”--Monstrelet, vol. i. 32. - -[Illustration] <g>NETLEY ABBEY.</g> The following incident--interesting as -connected with the ruins--is related by Digby in his Mores -Catholici:--“I found a stranger,” says he, “once in <g>Netley</g>, on the eve -of <g>St. John</g>, standing contemplative, who, after some space, accosted me. -It was some holy solitary man, who told me he had been singing <g>vespers</g> -to himself within the ruins of the church, and a thought had been -suggested to him by a verse of the Magnificat, which he was eager to -communicate. ‘The poor persecuted monks,’ said he, ‘are now for ever -blessed in the centre of all felicity, while the proud, who made their -dwelling-place a heap of ruins, as we see, have been scattered in the -conceit of their heart, and dispersed through all the wastes of doubt, -distrust, and error.’ Thus did the ruins assist his meditation.” The -elder Pliny observes, that the houses which had been once inhabited by -heroes of a noble race, lamented when they passed to new and unworthy -masters; and that the very walls reproached the cowards who entered a -place consecrated by the monuments of virtue.” A modern author also -says, “It may be generally remarked, that the more nobly a mansion has -been tenanted in the day of its prosperity, the viler are its -inhabitants in the day of its decline. Thus, boors are the only -inhabitants of Croyland, gipsies of <g>Netley</g>, while other religious houses -are now possessed by the same class as that which caused their -overthrow.” - -[Illustration] - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[1] Having thus faintly premised the leading features of the work in -hand, it may be proper to add a few words respecting the origin of the -design, and the humble qualifications of the writer for the task he -has undertaken. Familiar in early life with the feudal and monastic -ruins which invest Border history with so many stirring tales and -traditions, a taste for the deeds and days of old, fostered both at -school and college, was much strengthened by subsequent travelling in -France and Italy; where, besides the classical monuments of antiquity, -an unlimited field was thrown open for the study and investigation of -those which more forcibly illustrate the middle ages. To the facilities -acquired on the shores of the Mediterranean, others were presented to -him in Germany, where much of the feudal character is still preserved -in the living habits of the people. Honoured with the commands of a -late illustrious Personage{*}, on three successive occasions, to attend -him professionally at some of the minor courts of that country, he -had various opportunities of visiting those religious and baronial -edifices which, in the old German principalities, are both numerous -and splendid. He next spent a considerable time in Switzerland, among -the High Alps and in the valleys of Piedmont, where many vestiges of -feudal customs and government were found to illustrate the history -of the middle ages in Great Britain.--But although the writer had -published works descriptive of the countries mentioned, the plan of the -work now in hand was partly the result of a conversation with a late -distinguished and highly accomplished lady{**}, whose family honours -had descended to her through a long succession of ancestors. Being -at that time engaged in an illustrated work on Scotland, her Grace -favoured the author with an original drawing of her ancestral castle; -and on a subsequent occasion suggested an illustrated history of our -castellated mansions, with their legends and traditions, as a popular -subject. He was honoured at the same time with a family memoir, and -some MSS. respecting the ancient Sutherland estates, such as might have -been useful in a work like the present. Circumstances, however, which -occurred shortly after, precluded all further attention to the subject; -and it was not till the beginning of last autumn that leisure was -found to make arrangements for publishing the work in a cheap, popular -form: a plan which it is hoped will bring an originally voluminous and -expensive field of illustration within the reach of every admirer of -English monuments. - -{*} His late Majesty William IV., while Duke of Clarence. - -{**} The late Duchess-Countess of Sutherland. - -[2] Asser de Ælfred. rebus. gestis, fol. 23.; Athelmo vero fratris mei -filio, &c.--Appendix to this vol. p. 331. - -[3] Ibid.--Camden, 308. 230. See the original in Append. to this -volume, p. 331. - -[4] Ingulph. folio 510.--Hardyng, p. 229.--Simeon Dunelmensis, -184.--Hovedon, fol. 254. - -[5] Caraccioli, p. 5.--Dallaway.--Archit. in England.--Forty-nine -Castles are enumerated in Domesday Book, _that of Arundel only_, as -existing in the reigns of Edward the Confessor, p. 269. The Castle -of Arundel dates perhaps its true origin from that monarch, King -Alfred.--p. 316. - -[6] Camden, 229-30. Fama vero tota est ex Castro, quod Saxonico imperio -flouit. See Append. p. 331. - -[7] Wilhelm. Gemitens, f. 686. Ingentes possessiones habuit in diversis -regionibus Normanniæ. - -[8] Dugd. Bar. 1. 26.--Camden, p. 86. “Normanni.” Primam Normannorum -aciem ducebant Rogerus Montegomericus et Guil. Fitzosberne. - -[9] Ord. Vitalis De Gul. primo. Excerp. p. 208-254. A Wilhelmo rege -Anglorum Comitatus Arundelliæ, et Salopesberiæ dono accepit. - -Ao. Dni. 1071. Rogerus de Montegomerici, Comes Arundel, fuit pacificè -seizit’, &c. Inprimis de Castro Arundell, forest’ Warren’ hundr’ et -aliis libert’ spectant’ ad Honorem Castri, &c. Tierney, 1. 14. - -[10] Dallaway’s Rape of Arundel.--Hist. of Sussex. - -[11] Estimated at 57·460 acres. Hist. of Arundel, p. 21. - -[12] Honour, in this sense, means a superior Seignory to which other -lordships and manors owe suit and service, and which itself holds only -of the Sovereign.--Feudal Syst. - -[13] Orderic, 522.--Excerpt. p. 254.--App. 332. - -[14] Order. Vitalis, 708. monachile seema devotus suscepit, etc.--v. -also Dugd. Bar. i, 28. - -[15] Girald. Cambrens. Itinerar. p. 194.--Dugd. Bar. - -[16] Polyd. Virgil, f. 173.--Hovedon, f. 268.--Speed, 445.--Grafton, i. -177.--Tierney, i. 158.--Append. to this Volume, p. 332. - -[17] History of Arundel, i. 15. Orderic Vitalis, p. 708. - -[18] Chalmers’ Caledonia, vol i. 572--4. Anno 1158. “Ego Milcolumbus, -rex, confirmavi, _Waltero, filio Alain_ (Fitzalan), Dapifero meo, et -heredibus suis, in feodo et hereditate, senescalliam meam ... ita -bene et plenarie, sicut Rex David senescalliam suam ei dedit.” In -consequence of this grant, Richard Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel, sold the -stewardship as an hereditary possession in 1336 to Edward the Third. -Sec Dugd. Bar. i. 314.--Append. to this Vol. p. 334. - -[19] Mem. Howard Family--Descent of the Earldom, in Tierney’s Hist. and -Antiq. of Arundel, vol. i. - -[20] See Appendix to this vol. p. 338, also Ellis’s Metrical Romances, -vol. ii. p. 245. - -[21] Castrum Harundel T. R. E. reddebᵈᵉ qoda molⁱⁿᵒ XL. -solⁱᵈ. et de iiibus conuviis (conviviis?) XX solⁱᵈ. et -de uno pasticio XX solⁱᵈ. etc. etc.--Domesday Survey, -quoted by Tierney. - -[22] A careful examination of the evidence in respect to its -foundation, inclines us to refer that event to the time of Alfred, -whose policy, it will be remembered, led him to augment the national -security by the erection of numerous fortresses, particularly in the -maritime districts; and it may be readily concluded that the ‘Castrum -de Harundel,’ a royal residence, was one of those which survived -the demolition of English fortresses which succeeded the Conquest. -[Tierney, i. 33; and Dallaway.] It is supposed that, at the death of -Alfred, fifty castles or upwards had been raised under his direction, -and it is not probable that the whole of that number could have -disappeared in the comparatively short period which elapsed between the -demise of that monarch and the establishment of the Norman dynasty. -Ante, p. 8, n. ¶.--Also App. p. 334. - -[23] For other particulars the reader may consult -Wright--Caraccioli--Dallaway--Horsfield, and Tierney. - -[24] For other particulars the reader may consult -Wright--Caraccioli--Dallaway--Horsfield, and Tierney. - -[25] Register, R. f. 106. quoted in Tierney, vol. i. 44. - -[26] A.D. 1275. - -[27] Tierney, i. 45. Pat. 3. Edw. I. m. 30--1. - -[28] As shown in the view taken from the battlements of the castle, p. -26. - -[29] Abridged from the History. - -[30] Tierney, vol. i. 48-9.--Dallaway’s Arundel.--Horsted, vol. i. -120-5, 6.--Wright 32-36. - -[31] Tierney, vol. i. 48-9.--Dallaway’s Arundel.--Horsted, vol. i. -120-5, 6.--Wright 32-36. - -[32] Tierney, vol. i. 48-9.--Dallaway’s Arundel.--Horsted, vol. i. -120-5, 6.--Wright 32-36. - -[33] In a cause tried at Hawarden, in Flintshire, long previous to his -reign, we have a list of the twelve jurors; confirmed, too, by the fact -that the descendants of one of them, named Corby of the Gate, still -preserve their name and residence, at a place in the parish called the -Gate.--PHILLIPS. - -[34] See list of authorities at the end of this subject, also Append. -to this volume. - -[35] Portrait of Captain Morris. - -[36] The late Duke of Norfolk. - -[37] Henry Howard of Greystoke. - -[38] H. C. Coombe, Esq. Alderman of London. - -[39] On the corner of a stone in this superb hall is the following -votive inscription:-- - - “LIBERTATI - PER BARONES REGNANTE JOHANNE - VINDICATÆ, - CAROLUS HOWARD NORFOLCIÆ DUX, - ARUNDELIÆ COMES - A.C. MDCCCVI. - ÆTATIS LX.” - D. D. - - -[40] Sepulchral Antiq. Hist. of Arundel Church and Priory--Dallaway and -Wright. - -[41] Causa nominis nec ab Arundelio, Bevisii fabuloso equo, nec ex -Charudo, Cimbricæ Chersonesi promontorio, quod Goropius per quietem -vidit; sed ex valle in qua sedet ad Arun flumen.--CAMDEN. - -[42] See ante. p. 12, also Appendix to this Vol. p. 338-9, where the -legend is given. - -[43] See Appendix to this vol. pp. 336, 7; also Dugdale Bar. i. pp. 42, -118. - -[44] Rediit ad vigiliam Paschæ in Angliam, appulit apud Arundel. Henr. -Huntingd. lib. vii. 216. - -[45] Tierney. i. 55. Patent 30th Edw. I. M. 9, is dated at Arundel. - -[46] See a full and interesting account of this conspiracy, with its -disastrous consequences, at pp. 49, 50, 51, of this vol. - -[47] Tempore quoque sub eodem domino rege adhuc moram Londini -continuante, venit ad eum in Cameram suam Isabella, Comitissa -Harundelliæ relicta Comitis Harundelliæ H. et ejusdem regis cognata; ut -pro jure suo de quadam custodia ipsam contingente verba faceret sibi -profectura, &c. Paris, p. 853, A. D. 1252. The original will be found -in the Append. p. 339. - -[48] The particulars are thus related by Speed:--Henry, “after he -had calmed the boisterous stormes of warre, in the partes beyond the -seas, came over into England well appointed, unto whom also resorted -many of the nobilitie who yeelded up themselves, and above thirtie -strong castles, to the young duke, now hasted to raise the siege of -Wallingford; Stephen following hastily to succour his men--though -with the lesse edge, for that he never sped well in any assault of -that castle--pitched downe his tents, even neere his enemy, and ready -on bothe sides to give battaile, the winter stormes were suddenly so -troublesome that nothing could be done, but those somewhat overblowne, -and the armies scarce three furlongs asunder, as Kinge Stephen was -busied in disposing of his hoaste, and giving directions for order of -the battaile, his horse under him, rising with his fore feet fell flat -back upon the earth, not without danger to his rider; and thus did -he thrice ere hee left; which things his nobles secretly muttering, -interpreted for an unlucky presage; when William, Earle of Arundell, -a bold and eloquent man, went to him and advised him to a peace, -affirming the title of Duke Henry to be just: that the nobilitie on -bothe parts there present were nearly linked in alliances and bloud, -and how these stood affected was very doubtfull. Yea that brethren were -there assembled, the one against the other, whereof must needs follow -an unnatural war betwixt them, and of dangerous consequences even to -him that conquested. With these and the like allegations, at last -Stephen began to bend, and a parley for peace was signified unto the -Duke.”--Speed, edit. 1629, fol. 481. - -[49] - - “ ...estre grand voyagier, - Tournoiz suir et jouster pour sa mie.”-- - -Deschamps, cité par Sainte Palaye. - - -[50] Siege of Caerlaverock.--Edited by Sir Harris Nicolas. - -[51] Hume, 4to, 175; Wals. 148. - -[52] Speed, fol. 689. - -[53] Froiss. C. 132. - -[54] The fortunes and fate of the noblemen and prelates will be -detailed in a future page of this work. - -[55] “They sware each to other to be assistant in all such matters as -they should determine; and therewith received the sacrament at the -hands of the Archbishop of Canterbury, who celebrated mass before -them the following morning, which done, they withdrew into a chamber -and fell into conversation together. When in the end they light upon -this point--to take King Richard, the Dukes of York and Lancaster, -and commit them to prison; and also the lords of the King’s Council -they determined should be drawn and hanged. Such was the purpose which -they meant to have accomplished in the August following. But the -Earl Marshal, Arundel his son-in-law, discovered all to the King.” -Holinshed, 1. 448. - -[56] “He was arrayned,” says the old picturesque chronicle, “in a -red gown and scarlet hood; and forthwith the Duke of Lancaster, -John-of-Gaunt, said to the Lord Neville, Take from him his girdle -and hood, and so it was done; and herewith the appeal being to the -said Earl declared, with a valyaunt and bolde minde he denies that -he was a traytor, and required benefit of y pardon, protesting that -he would not go from the benefit of the King and his grace. The Duke -of Lancaster then said, Why didst thou purchase the pardon? The Earl -answered, To the tongues of mine enemies, whereof _thou art one_. The -Duke of Lancaster said, Thou traytor, this pardon is revoked. The Earl -answered, Truely thou lyest, I _never was a traytor_.” - -[57] “The constancy of this Earl’s courage,” says Speed, “as well as -his arraignement, passage, and execution, in which he did not discolour -the honour of his blood with any degenerous word, look, or action, -encreased the envy of his death upon his his persecutors. That he was a -traitor either in word or deed, he utterly did deny, and died in that -denial.”--Speed, 739. - -[58] “In the form and manner as you have heard did Duke Henry take King -Richard, his lord. The duke led him straight to the Castle, which is -fair and strong, and caused him to be lodged in the dungeon. And then -he gave him in keeping to the son of the Duke of Gloucester, Humphrey -Plantagenet; and Thomas Fitzalan, the son of the Earl of Arundel; who -hated him more than any man in the world, because King Richard had put -their fathers to death.”--French Metrical History, deposition of King -Richard, Archæologia, vol. xx. 173. By the Rev. John Webb, M.A.; also -Dallaway, p. 139. - -[59] Froissart, vol. ii. 295. Dallaway, 139. - -[60] “The next day after the coronation, were kepte triumphant joustes -and tourneys, in which the Erle of Arondelle and the Bâtard de St. Pol, -by the judgement of the ladyes, wanne the prize.”--Holinshed. - -[61] Monstrelet, vii. 51. - -[62] The French historians bear ample testimony to his prowess:--“Le -Comte d’Arondelle, Anglais de grande réputation, se mit en campagne -pour prendre des places sur les Français.”--Dallaway, quoting -Montfaucon, t. iii. 309. - -[63] Grafton’s account of this affair is very picturesque:--“The which -town of Builleyne, he, King Henry VIII., so sore assaulted, and so -besieged with such abundance of great ordnance, that never was there a -more valyaunt assaut made, for beside the undermyning of the castell, -tower, and walles, the towne was so beaten with ordinaunce, that there -was not left one house whole therein. In the morning the Duke of -Suffolk rode into Bulleyne, to whom in the king’s name they delyvered -the keyes of the towne; and at afternoone departed out of Bulleyne -all the Frenchemen. The last person that came forthe was Monsire -de Verinne, graund captaine of the towne, which, when he approched -near where the kinge stoode, he alighted from his horse, and came to -the kinge. And after he had talked with him a space, the kinge toke -him by the hande, and he reverently kneeling upon his knees, kissed -his hand, and afterward mounted upon his horse and so departed. The -xviii. day the kingis highnesse, having the sworde borne naked before -him, like a noble and valyaunt conqueror rode into Bulleyne, and all -the trumpetters standing on the walles of the towne, sounded their -trumpettes, to the great comfort of all the kinges true subiectes, the -same beholding.”--Vol. ii. 492. - -[64] Arundel affirmed that the only method of making atonement for -their past offences, was by a speedy return to the duty which they owed -to their lawful sovereign; the motion was seconded by Pembroke, who -clapping his hand to his sword, swore that he was ready to fight any -man that expressed himself of a contrary sentiment.--Hume, 373. - -[65] This however did not “enable him to ascertain, according to the -old English proverb, the exact length of her Majesty’s foot!”--Anon. - -[66] Shakspeare, in his Richard the Third, has introduced this incident -into the opening scene of the battle. - -NORFOLK. This found I in my tent this morning. [_Giving a scroll._ - -RICHARD. [_reads_] “Jocky of Norfolk, be not too bold, -For Dickon, thy master, is bought and sold.” -A thing devised by the enemy. _Then dismissing them, continues_: -Go, gentlemen--every man unto his charge, -Let not our babbling dreams affright our souls; -Conscience is but a word that cowards use, -Devised at first to keep the strong in awe; -Our strong arms be our conscience, swords our law. - King Richard III. act v. sc. 3. - - - -[67] History of Framlingham and its Lords, p. 89, 90. R. Green. - -[68] Hist. of Framlingham, note, p. 90. - -[69] Sir Walter Scott’s Lay of the Last Minstrel. - -[70] Arundelian Marbles, called also the Parian Chronicle, are ancient -stones on which is inscribed, in capital letters, a chronicle of the -city of Athens, supposed to have been engraved in the island of Paros, -264 years before Christ. They take their name from the Earl of Arundel, -who procured them from the East, or from this Earl, his grandson, who, -as above stated, presented them to the University of Oxford. - -[71] The origin of this screen is thus gravely recorded: During the -Abbot Richard’s visit at Tinmouth, he received a wonderful cure of -a withered arm, with which he had been afflicted many years. It is -related, that being present at Durham, when the monks were removing the -corpse of St. Cuthbert, the founder of Durham Cathedral and the Apostle -of the North, he assisted to lift and support the shrine, and received -from that instant a cure of his malady, and found his arm restored to -health. And accordingly, on his return, he built a wall, or screen, -across the nave of the church, about 50 feet below the choir; and, -adjoining to the wall, a chapel, dedicated to St. Cuthbert. This chapel -stood on the west side of the said screen, and had service performed -in it, and an altar; but has been long since pulled down, though the -screen remains to this day.--_Lives of the Abbots._ - -[72] “It is to be understood, that in those days,” says the historian -of the abbey, “there was no screen at the top of the choir, that the -great altar stood where the rails and table now stand, and the shrine -was placed in what is now the consistory; so that it was all open, even -from Cuthbert’s screen, to the view of the whole choir and congregation. - -“Abbot Symond caused the shrine to be a little elevated, for a better -view, and to appear directly before the eye of the priest who was -celebrating mass; whose place it was to stand and kneel with his back -to the people, and on the west side of the altar. This position of the -shrine was not only the most splendid to the eye of the beholder, but -was intended to raise and elevate the devotion of the priest; and to -this purpose, also, was intended the Decollation of St. Alban, which -was painted on the wall opposite. - -“THE SHRINE was in form somewhat resembling an altar-tomb, but rising -with a lofty canopy over it supported on pillars, and was intended -to represent the saint lying in great state. The inside contained -a coffin, wherein had been deposited the bones of Alban by Abbot -Geoffrey. This was enclosed in another case, which, on the two sides, -was overlaid with figures cast in gold and silver, showing the chief -acts of Alban’s life, in work that was highly raised and embossed. At -the head, which was toward the east, was placed a large “Crucifixion,” -with a figure of the Virgin Mary on one side and of St. John on the -other, ornamented with a row of very splendid jewels. At the feet, -which were towards the east and in front of the choir, was placed an -image of the Virgin, holding her son in her bosom, seated on a throne; -the work seemingly of cast gold highly embossed, and enriched with -precious stones and very costly bracelets. - -“The four pillars which supported the canopy, and stood one at each -corner, were shaped in resemblance like towers, with apertures to -represent windows, and all of plate gold, supporting the roof or -canopy, whose inside was covered with crystal stones.”--_Newcome, ed. -1793, p. 76._ - -[73] In the “Philosophical Transact.” No. 333, p. 426, the reader will -find a paper on the extraordinary size of human bones dug up in this -neighbourhood, communicated by the celebrated Mr. Cheselden. - -[74] “As protector of the realm,” says Hollinshed, “he was highlie -esteemed of learned men, himselfe also not meanlie furnished with -knowledge, hauing rare skill in astrologie, whereof beside manie -other things he compiled a singular treatise, obteining the name of -Tabula directionum.” Whethamstead, the abbot above-named, concludes a -copy of Latin verses on the death of the Good Duke in the following -complimentary terms:-- - - Fidior in regno regi duce non fuit isto, - Plusque fide stabilis aut major amator honoris, - Et tamen ut prædo voto potiretur iniquo, - Fraudem consuluit, cum fraude dolum sociavit, - Sicque ducem falsi maculans cum proditione - Obtinuit votum praedator oratque bonorum - Illius, et tristis obiit Dux criminis expers. - - -[75] Abbot Geoffrey de Gorham built a large and noble hall, with a -double roof, to entertain strangers in; near which he built a fair -bedchamber. Abbot John of Hertford built a noble hall for the use of -strangers, adding many parlours, with an inner chamber and a chimney, -(no common luxury in those times,) with a noble picture. He built also -an entry, a small hall, and a most noble entry with a porch or gallery, -and many fair bedchambers, with their inner chambers and chimneys, to -receive strangers honourably.--_Willis’ Mitred Abbeys._ - -[76] The buildings called the “royal lodging,” were separated from the -rest of the monastery by a range of cloisters, running nearly the whole -length of the church, but divided from it by the great square, and by -all the principal buildings of the convent. The royal apartments were -pleasantly and quietly situated near the southern edge of the hill, -overlooking the valley of the Ver.--Notes to “St. Albans Abbey,” p. 89. - -[77] In the Archæologia, vol. xx. p. 519, is an interesting account of -the first battle of St. Albans, from a contemporary MS., communicated -by John Bayley, Esq., F.S.A., to which the reader is referred. - -[78] History of St. Albans, p. 358. - -[79] The Rev. Peter Newcome, Rector of Shenley, Herts, whose history of -St. Albans is compiled from that of Matthew Paris and Walsingham (both -monks of this Abbey, and men of undoubted veracity), and from numerous -MSS. in the Cotton Library, Harleian Collection, &c. &c. London, -printed for the author, 1793, 4to. pp. 547. - -[80] Sir Thomas Meautys, who erected the monument, was Lord Bacon’s -private secretary. He continued his faithful services to him through -all his troubles, and at his death inherited as next heir the family -possessions. - -[81] The woodcut here introduced, shows the north entrance, with part -of the interior, of the LADY-CHAPEL, through which there is a common -passage leading to the town, called the ante-chapel. - -[82] Among the lesser works expressly devoted to Eltham Palace, Mr. -Buckler’s “Historical and Descriptive Account,” published about -sixteen years ago, and just when the repairs had been commenced, under -the direction of Mr. Smirke the Architect, is the best. But in “the -Gentleman’s Magazine,”--the grand repertorium of subjects of this -class--some excellent papers, accompanied with illustrative engravings -of Eltham, have appeared from time to time, during the last fifty -years.--Some years ago, “The Graphic and Historical Illustrator,” -edited by E. W. Brayley, Esq., F.S.A. &c. opened a fine field of -investigation; but, much to the regret of every littérateur and -antiquary, it was discontinued. It contains a good paper on Eltham. - -[83] From the Doomsday record it appears “Hanno the sheriff of the -county holds of the bishop Aletham, which is taxed at one suling and -a half. The arable land is twelve carucates: on the demesne there are -two ploughs: there are forty-four villans and twelve bordars who employ -seven ploughs: there are nine slaves, and twenty-two acres of meadow: -there is pasture for fifty hogs. In the time of Edward the Confessor -it was valued at sixteen pounds, when it came into the present owner -at twelve pounds; now at twenty pounds. Alwold held this manor of the -Confessor.”--Hasted’s “Kent;” also “Eltham Palace.” Lond. 1804. - -[84] “Eltham Palace.” Anon. 1804, with authorities from history. - -[85] Camden, in his brief notice of Eltham, confirms this charge in -the following terms; “Antony Becke, Bishop of Durham and patriarch of -Jerusalem, built this ‘Eltham,’ in a manner new, and gave it unto Queen -Eleanor, wife of Edwarde the Firste, after he had craftily conveyed -unto himself the inheritance of the Vescyes, unto whom the place before -belonged. For that Bishope, whom the last baron de Vescye had made his -feofie for trust of all his inheritance to the use of William Vescye -his little base sonne, dealt not so faithfully as he should with this -orphan and warde of his, but despoiled him of Alnwick Castle, of this -Eltham, and other faire lands.”--Camden, 327, 8. - -[86] Chronicles. Stow. Holinshed. Grafton. - -[87] King Henry keeping his Whitsuntide at the palace of Eltham, the -next year ensuing, commanded that for those valiant acts against the -Scots, as also for that his ancestors bore the eagle in their crest, he -should be proclaimed Lord of Mounteagle, which was accordingly then and -there done; and he gave to the officers of arms five marks, besides the -accustomed fees, and likewise to Garter, principal king-at-arms, his -fee; whereupon, he had special summons to parliament, the same year, -by the title of Mounteagle, and was installed one of the Knights of -the Garter. Rot. Parl. Collins, vol. ii. p. 450. This title has been -recently revived, and conferred on Mr. Spring Rice, late Chancellor of -the Exchequer. - -[88] After the martyrdom of King Charles, three years later, the -manor-house was surveyed and the materials valued at £2754. It was -then described in the Parliamentary survey as built of brick, wood, -stone, and timber--consisting of one fair CHAPEL, one -great HALL, thirty-six rooms and offices below stairs, -with two large cellars. Above stairs were seventeen lodging-rooms on -the King’s side, nine on the Prince’s side, and seventy-eight rooms in -the offices round the court-yard, which contained an acre of ground. -None of the rooms enumerated were then furnished, except the chapel -and hall; and the house was reported as untenantable. Parliam. Survey. -Paper on the Hall of Eltham, N. R. S., also Lysons, vol. i. pt. ii. p. -50. - -[89] It appears, by a passage in the works of Erasmus, that Henry the -Eighth and all the children of Henry the Seventh, except Prince Arthur, -were educated at Eltham. The learned writer describes a visit which he -paid them, accompanied by his friend Mr. Thomas More, afterwards Lord -Chancellor, and at this time a student at Lincoln’s Inn. [Ed. 1811, -Lysons, vol. i. 788, refers to Knight’s Life of Erasmus, p. 69.] - -[90] Lysons--Buckler--Hist. of Kent. - -[91] Parliam. Survey--Lysons, vol. i. pt. ii. - -[92] Mr. Buckler remarks, that the external wall within the moat was -built with great care and strength, and that its basement is likely to -remain long after all other traces of the palace have disappeared. See -“Eltham Hall,” edit. 1828. - -[93] Lysons--Buckler--“Environs.” - -[94] Buckler’s Eltham.--Graph. Illustrator. - -[95] See Gent. Mag., sig. N. R. S. 1811-1822. - -[96] The upper or western part had suffered the most from neglect; -the cornices and beams, which were dangerously decayed, had been -repaired, and perhaps restored to their original stability. Formerly, -the deficiencies were supplied with chestnut, which is now substituted -by oak, strongly bolted and strapped with iron. Whatever might have -occasioned the injury, which was arrested several centuries ago, it -is certain that the mischief which has been in operation upwards -of fourscore years to the present time, was not accelerated by the -dry-rot, which has not been discovered in any part of the building, -except a small spot in the principal wall-plate, over the south -bay-window.--Buckler’s Eltham. - -[97] Buckler’s Eltham Hall. - -[98] This is in the open court, and, being exposed to the rain, cannot -be explored with convenience but in summer, when the subterraneous -passages on which it opens, are accessible. - -[99] Sed memorabilis amœnitas penè citius animum quam oculos diffudit -aspectu, non Britanniâ tantum, sed fortasse tota Europa pulcherrimo! -Ingens planities aliquot suspensa colliculis, rursus montes in orbem -effusi, neque cito castigabant oculos, neque illos per immensum -cœlum spargebant. Tamesis lætissima ubertate in viciniam exudat, -et ad radices mentis redeuntibus ni gyrum fluctibus insulam pene -molitur. Passim toto alveo naves, et omnis generis onerariæ: ut -proximas quidam totas aspicerem cæterum longius stantes, aut sub -altiori ripa, ex malis antennisque tantum nudam ut brumalem sylvam -cognoscerem.--Lysons--Barclaii Icon. Animorum, 518.--1614. - -[100] See Holinshed--Stow--Hasted--Kilburne--Lambard--with the -condensed account by Lysons. - -[101] M. de Caumont. - -[102] Jean de Culmien, in his “Détails sur l’Architecture des -Forteresses,” has left us a vivid picture of this wretched state of -society; for which see “France Monumentale,” vol. iii., following Note. - -[103] See the Roll, in France Monumentale, vol. iii. - -[104] C’est l’usage de nos jours, dit Culmien, pour les hommes les plus -riches et les plus nobles, ou pour ceux qui, par conséquent, consacrent -le plus exclusivement leur temps à satisfaire leurs haines privées par -le meurtre, de se procurer avant tout une retraite où ils puissent se -mettre à l’abri de l’attaque de leurs ennemis, combattre leurs égaux -avec avantage, et retenir dans les fers ceux qui se sont trouvés les -plus faibles. - -The following is a correct description of a baronial fortress:--Ils -élèvent aussi haut qu’il leur est possible un monticule de terre -transportée; ils l’entourent d’un fossé d’une largeur considérable -et d’une effrayante profondeur. Sur le bord intérieur du fossé, ils -plantent une palissade, de pièces de bois équarries et fortement liées -entres elles, qui équivaut à un mur. S’il leur est possible, ils -soutiennent cette palissade par des tours élevées de place en place. -Au milieu de ce monticule, ils bâtissent une maison, ou plutôt une -citadelle, d’où la vue se porte de tous côtés également. On ne peut -arriver à la porte de celle-ci que par un pont qui, jeté sur la fossé, -et porté sur des piliers accouplés, part du point le plus bas au-delà -du fossé, et s’élève graduellement jusqu’à ce qu’il atteigne le sommet -du monticule et la porte de la maison, d’où le maître le domine tout -entier.--France Historique, p. 416. - -[105] Our antiquarian friends will readily excuse us if, in our anxiety -to make the subject intelligible to every class of readers, we avoid as -much as possible all technical phraseology. - -[106] See this exemplified in one of the subsequent illustrations, page -153. - -[107] To this we have alluded in Scotland Illustrated. See also New -Statistical Account of Glamis, or Glammiss; Art. Forfarshire, part xii. -p. 344. - -[108] Odonem fratrem suum de proditione in se accusatum, cepit et -incarcerari præcepit, (fol. 11, ii. A.D. 1078.) Cum -olim Willielmus rex senior coram Lanfranco conqueretur se ab Odone -fratre suo episcopo descri, tum Lanfrancus: “cur,” inquit, “apprehensum -vinculis non coerces?” Rege autem respondente: quod “clericus et -episcopus esset;” respondit archiepiscopus--“non _episcopum Baiocensem_ -apprehendes, sed _Cantiæ comitem_.” Hujus itaque consilio Odo custodiæ -est. Matth. Par. Hist. Angl. fol. 14, 1088. See further traits of this -prelate in the same authority. - -[109] History of England. Civ. and Milit. - -[110] Ibid.--Pictor. Hist.--Paris. - -[111] In Anglo-Saxon, a niddering, or un-nithing--“one of the strongest -terms of contempt,” says Camden. The original expressions are, “Baed -that aelc man the waere un-nithing, sceolde cuman to him, Frencisce and -Englisce, of porte and of upplande.” Literally, “ordered that every man -who is not a mere nothing, be he French or English, in town or country, -should repair to him.” Hist. of Engl. Civil and Military Transact. vol. -i. 394. _Nithing_,--quod Latinè _nequam_ sonat: Paris, f. 15. - -[112] Episcopum vero in posteriori castello Pevensey interceptum, -vinculis mancipavit. Milites autem regii ad castrum Roffense illum -ducentes, ab illis qui castro præerant, ingressum postulant: hoc enim -dominum suum velle, hoc regem absentem jubere dicunt. Erant autem tunc -in castro illo omnis fere juventutis Angliæ et Normanniæ nobilitas, -tres scilicet filii comitis Rogeri, et Eustachius comes Bononie, -junior, cum multis aliis.... Illi vero qui in castro erant ex muro -prospicientes, _vultum_ episcopi cum militum _verbis_ non convenire -percipientes, ocyus apertis valvis exeuntes, omnes cum episcopo milites -vinctos reducunt.... Obsessi autem longiorem obsidionem ferre non -valentes, castellum regi reddiderunt. Par. Hist. Angl. fol. 15. - -[113] History of England--Civil and Military Transact. vol. i. - -[114] Ibid. p. 395. - -[115] History of Eng. Civ. and Milit. Transact. vol. i. 395, quoting -the authority of Thierry, Chron. Sax. Orderic. Vitalis, etc. Also, -Selecta Monum. 203-280. Paris, f. 15. 8. - -[116] Holinshed, fol. 188. - -[117] The following passage illustrates the preceding -facts:--“Duraverat autem obsidio tribus ferè mensibus: unde Rex tum -propter multitudinem interfectorum, tum propter infinitam pecuniæ -summam, quam in obsidione consumpserat, nimio furore succensus, -universos nobiles illos, sine misericordiæ consideratione, patibulo -suspendi praecepit. Sed vir nobilis Savaricus de Malloleone, in -faciem Regi resistens, ait: Domine Rex, guerra nostra nondum finita -est, unde vobis diligenter considerandum est, quàm varios eventus -bello sortiantur. Nempe si nobis istos nunc suspendio tradatis, -Barones adversarii nostri, vel me fortè vel alios de exercitu vestro -nobiles intercipere potuerunt; et consimili casu in brevi et exemplo -vestri suspendio tradere, quod absit à vobis, ne contingat: quia -tali conditione nullus in vestro obsequio militaret. Tunc Rex, licèt -invitus, consilio ejus et aliorum virorum prudentum adquiescens, -Willielmum de Albineto, W. de Lancastre, W. de Emeford, Thomam de -Muleton, Osbertum Giffard, Osbertum de Bonbi, Odinellum de Albineto, -et alios nobiliores misit ad Castrum de Corf, sub arcta custodia -deputandos. Robertum verò de Chaurna, et Richardum Giffart, cum Thoma -de Lincoln, apud Castrum de Nothingham; aliosque per loca diversa -carcerali custodiæ mancipandos direxit. - -“Servientes vero omnes, præter balistarios, qui multos in obsidione -milites et servientes interfecerant, patibulo suspendi præcepit. His -ita gestis, pars Baronum non erat mediocriter infirmata.”--Matt. Par. -Hist. Angl. fol. 268, et seqq. - -[118] The names here enumerated as the friends and abettors of Albini -were--William de Lancaster, William de Emeford, Thomas de Muleton, -Osbert Gifford, Osbert de Bobie, Odinell de Albiney, Robert Charnie, -Richard Gifford, and Thomas de Lincoln--names which are variously spelt -in the different chronicles.--See the preceding note. - -[119] The following occurrence, as mentioned by the same historian, -shows the force upon which King John had calculated in addition to the -powerful army with which he actually beleaguered the castle:--“Here is -to be remembred, that whilest the siege laie thus at Rochester, Hugh de -Boues, a valiant knight, but full of pride and arrogancie, a Frenchman -borne, but banished out of his countrie, came down to Calice with an -huge number of men of warre and souldiers to come to the aid of King -John. But as he was upon the sea with all his people, meaning to land -at Dover, by a sudden tempest which rose at that instant, the said -Hugh with all his companie was drowned by shipwracke. Soone after the -bodie of the same Hugh, with the carcases of other innumerable both of -men, women, and children, were found not farre from Yermouth, and all -along that coast. There were of them in alle fortie thousand, as saith -Matthew Paris; for of all those which he brought with him, there was -(as it is said) not one man left alive. - -“The king (as the same went, but how true I know not) had given by -charter vnto the said Hugh de Boues the whole countrie of Northfolke, -so that he ment to have expelled the old inhabitants, and to have -peopled it with strangers. But whether this was so or not, sure it -is that he was verie sorowfull for the losse of this succor and aid -which thus perished in the seas, though it happened verie well for -his subiects of England, that should have been sore oppressed by such -multitude of strangers, which for the most part must needs have lived -upon the countrie, to the utter undooing of the inhabitants wheresoever -they should have come.” - -[120] Una dierum dum obsidio castri Roffensis duraret, Rex et Savaricus -circumibant castrum, ut infirmiora ejus considerarent. Quos cùm -cognovisset quidam optimus arcubalistarius Willielmi de Albineto, -ait illi: Placeat tibi, domine mi, ut occidam Regem hostem nostrum -cruentissimum spiculo hoc, quod habeo promptum? Cui ille: Non, non, -absit gluto pessime, ut in sanctum Domini mortem procuremus. Et ille: -Non parceret tibi in consimili casu. Tum Willielmus: Fiat Domini -beneplacitum: Dominus disponet, non ille. In hoc similis erat David -parcentis Saul, cùm occidisse potuit. Hoc posteà non latuit Regem, nec -ob hoc voluit parcere capto, quin ipsum suspendisset, si permissum ei -fuisset.--Matth. Paris. Hist. Angl. 270. - -The above anecdote is also related in the “Admirable Curiosities of -Englande, 1682,” with some little difference in the expression. It is -honourable to Albini, of whose character notice has already appeared in -this work. - -[121] Holinshed, 188. Also Paris. - -[122] Hist. and Antiq. of Rochester. Hume, Hist. - -[123] Op. citat.--Chronicles.--Antiq. of Roch.--Paris. Hist. Angl. fol. -282. - -[124] Hist. of the Castle. Civil and Milit. Transact.--Chronicles. - -[125] Between the reign of Henry the Third and that of Edward the -Fourth, who contributed the last repairs to the Castle, Guy de -Rochfort, one of the King’s foreign minions--William de St. Clare, -Robert de Houghan, Robert de Septuans, Stephanus de Dene--“a great -enemy to the monks”--William Skarlett, and William Keriel, had each in -turn the custody of this fortress; but they have left behind them no -remarkable traits of character.--Hist. of Rochester. - -[126] One incident, however, may be mentioned, namely; in 1382, the -fifth year of Richard the Second, while the rebellion of Wat Tyler -was at its height, a party of the insurgents had the hardihood to lay -siege to Rochester Castle, and penetrating into the interior, carried -off a prisoner in triumph. (History of Rochester Castle, 34.) From -all the information recorded respecting this fortress, it has never -apparently sustained a siege with that degree of obstinacy which its -strength and position would have led one to suppose. Pestilence in -the first--starvation in the second instance, compelled the surrender -of its garrison; and on the third occasion it was only saved from a -similar fate by the unexpected recal of Leicester from under its walls -to more important duties in Sussex. But, ill provisioned, the siege -could be protracted neither by the thickness of the walls, nor the -bravery of the garrison. - -[127] King James I. having in 1610 granted this castle, with all the -services and emoluments appertaining thereto, to Sir Anthony Weldon, of -Swanscombe; Walker Weldon, a descendant, sold the timber-work belonging -to the castle to Gimmet, who, not many years ago, applied a part of it -in building a brewhouse on the common.--Antiquities of Rochester Castle. - -[128] But all the beer, it is said, ever brewed within the new -precincts partook so largely of the virtues of oak, that the drinkers -underwent the internal process of tanning, till the beverage became -known as the “Baron’s Oak-wort.” The case was then laid before a -learned chemist, who declared that “whereas the oak was without bark, -so ought the beer to have been without bitter.” But another, much more -acute in questions of taste, gave it as his opinion, that the old oak -having been thrice steeped in the bitter tyranny of King John, as he -proved from history, had imbibed so much of the spirit of these times, -that the flavour now complained of was nothing more than the natural -consequence of using old baronial oak for modern brewhouses; a measure, -he averred, that could not be too severely reprobated. The solution -thus given to an intricate question was lucid and satisfactory; but -the brewer “never once blessed the day that he bought the venerable -roof-tree and beams of Rochester Castle at the hammer.”--MS. Old -Castles. - -[129] Some masons of London bought the stone stairs, and other squared -and wrought stones of the windows and arches; and the rest of the -materials were offered to a pavior, but he declined purchasing them, -finding, upon trial, the cement so hard, that the expense of separating -and cleaning the stones would amount to more than their value. This -essay was made on the eastern side, near the postern leading to Bully -Hill, where a large chasm shows the effects of it.--History and -Antiquities of Rochester. - -[130] Antiquities of Kent--Rochester. - -[131] In this we shall be guided by the authorities of Grose, -Denne, Kilburne, the Kentish Tourist, and the various archæological -and historical writers who have successively made the “Castrum -Cantuariorum” the subject of personal study and research; but still -reserving to ourselves the privilege of making such comments or -corrections as a personal investigation of the Castle shall appear to -warrant. - -[132] History and Antiquities of Rochester Castle. - -[133] In the old palace of Stuttgardt, the grand staircase is so -spacious, and so gradual in the ascent, that a cavalier might ascend -and descend without any difficulty. It is the old feudal mansion of the -Dukes of Wirtemberg, and possesses many striking characteristics of the -castles of that age and country. - -[134] See the Work above quoted. - -[135] See the Engraving, p. 146, with these arches. - -[136] See also Mr. Dallaway on this subject; “Rape of Arundel;” -Discourses on Architecture, 277. - -[137] From a dateless rescript in the Regist. Roff. it appears that -there was a Chapel in the Castle; but whether in this Tower, or some -other part, we cannot determine. “It was named the King’s Chapel, and -the ministers that officiated in it were called King’s Chaplains. Their -stipend was fifty shillings a-year.” - -[138] From the many urns and lachrymatories found on Boley Hill, there -is no doubt but it was the burying-place of the Romans, when stationed -at Rochester. Denne’s Antiquit. Rochester. - -[139] Military Architecture in England.--Dallaway, 285. - -[140] Discourses.--Milit. Archit. - -[141] Dallaway’s Discourses, etc. - -[142] Military Architect. in England, p. 274. Antiq. of Rochester. - -[143] Lambard, Perambul. ed. 1576. - -[144] Antiquities, p. 148. - -[145] Antiq. of Rochester. - -[146] Ibid. - -[147] Kentish Traveller, p. 140. Joneval, p. 85. - -[148] Such were the general features of this bridge down to 1793, when -a series of improvements was commenced under the direction of Mr. -Alexander, a London architect. The breadth of the road-way then was -increased from fifteen to twenty-seven feet, by springing new arches -in every opening of the bridge from the points of the piers in the old -work, without any new foundations. The centre arch was then formed by -throwing the two middle arches into one, and is nearly as large as that -of Blackfriars, London; so that great convenience has been offered -to the navigation in the Medway above Rochester. The balustrade is -formed of white freestone, very substantial and elegant in appearance, -with commodious footpaths on either side; and the whole expense was -defrayed from the improved income of the bridge-estates, without -establishing any toll upon the thoroughfare. Since that period it has -undergone various minor repairs, and with the Castle in the background, -and the various trading craft passing and repassing with every tide, -few objects can be more pleasing and picturesque than the bridge of -Rochester. - -[149] In the Dutch life and achievements of Van Ruyter, a goodly 4to, -there is a large engraving of Rochester, Upnor Castle, and the bridge, -with a most exaggerated picture of the engagement. - -[150] Hist. of Rochester. Hist. of the War--Reign of Queen Elizabeth. - -[151] Warton also mentions his having seen a ballad by Faire, called -“Gadshill,” under the year 1588; and adds in a note--See Clavell’s -“Recantation,” a poem in 4to, London, 1634. Clavell was a robber, and -here recites his adventures on the highway. His first depredations were -on Gadshill. Further particulars in the Kentish Traveller’s Companion, -ed. 1799.--Simmons and Kirby. - -[152] Simul et videbatur voluntati religiosæ nomen applaudere, quod -Theokesburia dicatur quasi Theotokos-biria, id est, Dei genetricis -curia, vocabulo ex Græco et Anglicano composito. Will. Malmesbur. Edit. -fol. 1596, p. 162. - -[153] Sir R. Atkyns, Rudder, Camden, Dyde, and the various -“Directories;” Notes on the Great Charters, Dugdale’s Monasticon, -Chron. of Tewkesb., etc. - -[154] HĀNC · ĀVLĀM · RELIĀM · ÐODO · DVX · CONSECRĀRI · FECIT· IN -ECCLESIĀM · IN HONOREM · SĀNCTÆ · MĀRIÆ · VIRGINIS · Monast. f. 154. - -[155] Dugdale, Leland. - -[156] Speaking of the cell of Cranburne, belonging to -Tewkesbury:--Alredus Meauw, Comes Glocestriæ, primus -fundator.--Fabulabatur huic antiquitus monasterium Theokesbyri: sed -Robertus, filius Haimonis, comes Glocestriæ, dedit prædia hujus domus -monasterio de Theokesbirie.--See Dugd. p. 163.--Chronic. of Tewkesburye. - -[157] Being sent as ambassador to the Court of Baldwin, Count of -Flanders, Brictric made so tender an impression upon the heart of the -Count’s daughter, Matilda, that, unable to disguise her partiality -for the English noble, she resolved to unite her destiny with his. -No object could delight her eye, no sound could charm her ear, but -the figure and voice of Brictric! But here the course of true love -did not run smooth--it ran all on one side; for, occupied perhaps -with politics, or haply with some early predilections nearer the -Severn, Brictric was obviously insensible to the tender appeal, and so -ungallant, moreover, as to treat the affections lavished upon him by -the fair Maud with a callousness of look and expression which proved -almost a death-blow to so doting a heart. The ambassador, however, -little consulted his own interest when he slighted these tender -overtures on the part of the maid of Flanders. But he lived in times -when plenipotentiaries were not so wise as they are in the present day; -for on the very first protocol being submitted to his consideration, -he broke off the negotiations and returned to England. For a time the -daughter of Baldwin was inconsolable. Like Queen Dido of old, she -exclaimed in great bitterness--for Latin was no mystery to the ladies -of her time-- - - ----“Siquis mihi parvulus aula - Luderet Æneas, qui te tantem ore referret, - Non equidem capta ac deserta viderer, - Crudelis”---- - -But while the lady was thus giving vent to her love in pathetic -hexameters, Brictric had arrived at Tewkesbury, little thinking of that -storm which was soon to burst on the shores of Britain, and in which he -was to be stripped of his ancient patrimony. - -[158] In “France Monumentale” there is a full-length portrait of the -Conqueror, which bears a striking resemblance to that of Henry the -Eighth. - -[159] Dudg. 154, 50. - -[160] Fuerat Illiud monasterium primitus apud Craneburnam: sed abbatis -Giraldi prouisione, pro _vicini fluminis_ opportunitate, et dominicarum -terrarum contiguo. Theokesburiæ aptius locari visum. Will. Malmesbur. -(fol. 162.) - -[161] Ibi nempe (Theokesburiæ) Cœnobium Sanctæ Mariæ, Robertus filius -Haimonis, super Sabrinam fluvium _construxerat et multis opibus -tempore_ Gulielmi junioris Anglorum regis affatim _locupletavit_. Ord. -Vital. Hist. Eccl. 600. - -[162] His words are, (folio 162, edit. 1596,) “Est et monachorum -Theokesburiæ, quod noviter ROBERTUS FILIUS HAMONIS favore suo prouexit, -nec facile memoratu, quantum exaltavit vbi et ædificiorum decor, et -monachorum charitas aduentantium rapit oculos et allicit animos.” This -is a repetition of what the same writer has stated in the same words at -fol. 89, sect. 28-9. - -[163] Order. Vitalis Histor. Ecclesiæ, p. 598-600. Giraldus autem in -veteri monasterio Sancti Petri Monachile Schema devote suscepit ... -unde post aliquod tempus ad regimen ecclesiasticum canonice provectus -est et Theokesburiæ primus <g>Abbas</g> effectus est. - -[164] Willielm. Malmesbur. fol. 89, ed. 1596. Non tamen sine sanguine -tantam victoriam consummans multos ex charissimis amisit. Inter -quos Rogerium de Glocestre, probatum militem in obsessione Falesij -arcubalistæ jactu in capite percussum, præterea <g>Robertum filium -Haimonis</g> qui conto ictus tempora, hebetatusque ingenio non pauco -tempore, quasi captus mente, supervixit.... Robertus monasterium -Theokesburiæ suo favore, etc. This compliment is repeated at fol. 162. - -[165] His high titles were--Prince of Glamorgan, Earl of Corboile, -Baron of Thorigny and of Granville, Lord of Gloucester, Bristol, -Caerdiff, and Tewkesbury, and near kinsman of the king. But having in -1091 made a descent into South Wales, slain its last prince, Rhys ap -Tewdwr, and subdued Glamorgan, he assumed in his charters the proud -title of Conqueror of Wales.--Hist. of Tewkesb.--Baronage. - -[166] Robert of Gloucester, in commemorating these objections on the -part of the Lady Mabilia, and their removal and adjustment on that of -King Henry, gives the following shrewd and amusing dialogue. The king -having proposed to the heiress, as a state measure, that she should -give her hand to his son Robert, the lady, who was fully sensible that -the grand charm which made the King suitor for his son was her princely -“heritage,” answers him thus: - - _Mabel._ Sir, she saide, ich wote your herte upon me is - More for myne heritage, than for myselfe, I wis; - And suche heritage as ich have, itt were to mee grit shame - To take a lorde but he haddé any surname. - - _K. Henry._ Damoseill, quod the Kingé, thou seest well in thys case, - Sir Robert Fitz-Häyman thi faders namé was; - As fayre a name he shall have, as you may see, - SIR ROBERT LE FITZ-ROY shall his name be. - Yea, Damoseill, he sayd, thy lorde shall have a name - For him and for his heires, fayre without blame: - For ROBERT EARL OF GLOUCESTRE his name shall be, and ’tis - Hee shall be Earl of Gloucestre, and his heirés, I wis. - -This declaration on the part of the king having instantly removed every -possible objection, the heiress no longer hesitates, but in great and -amiable simplicity answers-- - - _Mabel._ Inne this forme, quod shee, ich wole that all my thyng be hys. - -Robert, a monk of Gloucester, is supposed to have finished his rhyming -Chronicle about 1280.--Campbell’s Essay on English Poetry, note, p. 37. -This extract from the Chronicle is slightly modernized; but in Hearne’s -edit. vol. ii. 431, the reader will find it in its original purity. - -[167] Hist. and Antiq. of Tewkesb. - -[168] Dyde. - -[169] It is extremely uncertain what Richard de Clare is alluded to in -the Baronial Covenant in the time of King John. The Richard who was -living nearest to the time died in 1200, 8vo. K. John; and in 1215 the -title was held by his eldest son Gilbert de Clare, who was also one -of the witnessing barons. See Milles, Catal. of Honor. Lond. 1610, p. -334, who states that this Richard died the 3 Kalend. Dec. in the year -1218. That this account is probable may be shown from the following -circumstance:--All genealogical writers agree that he married Amicia, -second daughter (and co-heiress) of the Earl of Gloucester, by whom he -had Gilbert his successor and a daughter.--Notes on the Great Charters, -271. - -[170] Dugd. 1. 156. Dyde, 38. Leland. Collect. vol. i. p. 456. - -[171] It is recorded among the memorabilia of this earl, that a Jew -having accidentally fallen into a common sewer on Saturday, refused all -assistance to extricate him from his loathsome prison, lest he should -profane the Sabbath of his nation. Richard de Clare, lord of the manor, -hearing of the circumstance and the man’s obstinacy, gave orders that -none should assist him on the Sunday, resolving to make him observe the -Christian Sabbath with the same solemnity with which he had observed -his own. But before Monday this strict observer of the ceremonies of -the law had fallen a victim to his conscientious scruples.--Dyde. - -[172] Lord of the Isles, 267. - -[173] Hist. and Antiq. of Tewkesb.--Dugdale, Chron. - -[174] To the office of sacrist in the Abbey of Tewkesbury he -appropriated certain rents in Bristol: and to the priest who should -say the first mass for the soul of the said Guy every day at the altar -of St. Margaret in the church of Tewkesbury, with certain prayers -specified for his surviving kindred, and his kindred deceased, the mass -of the Trinity on Sunday, the mass of the Holy Ghost on Monday, the -mass of St. Thomas on Tuesday, the mass of the Holy Rest on Wednesday, -the mass of Ascension on Thursday, the mass of the Holy Cross on -Friday, the mass of St. Mary on Saturday--twenty-one pence weekly. -Farther, to him who should celebrate mass on his anniversary, or on -that of his wife Elizabeth--if the abbot, five shillings; if the prior, -three shillings and four-pence: to him who should read the Gospel, to -the reader of the Epistle, to him who should hold the paten, and to -the precentor and his two assistants, eight-pence each; to the prior -twelve-pence, and to every monk four-pence.--Monast. Anglican. I. 157. - -[175] The custom of the day: trinkets, robes, needlework, apparel of -all kinds, were usually left to the church, which declined nothing by -way of gifts, from a coronet to a coral bead.--See the enumeration in -the Monast. Anglican. I. 157. - -[176] Then under the guardianship of Edmund, Duke of York, who had -married him to Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Ralph Nevil, Earl of -Westmoreland. He left no issue, and was buried with his ancestors in -the Abbey church. Hist. and Antiq. of Tewkesb. - -[177] See Dyde, Hist. and Antiq. Chron. of Tewkesb. - -[178] Edward the Fourth confirmed all the privileges granted by his -ancestors to the Abbey of Tewkesbury, as well as the charter of fishing -in the Severn and Avon, granted by Warwick. Hist. of the Abbey, p. 48. - -[179] Hist. and Antiq. of Tewkesbury, 1798, p. 51. - -[180] Ibid. - -[181] Edit. 1574, p. 164. - -[182] - -_Dimensions._--Original length of the Church, including the Lady Chapel, nearly 400 ft. - Length from east to west, in its present state 300 - “ of the great Cross Aisle 120 - Breadth of the Choir and side Aisles 70 - “ “ West front 100 - Height from the area to the roof of the Tower 120 - - -[183] Analysis of Cathedral Churches, &c. - -[184] History of Gloucest. - -[185] - - Here her deare Devonshiere, noble Covrtney, dyed; - Her faithful friend great SOMERSET here fell.--DRAYTON. - - -[186] Ejus corpus, cum reliquis interfectorum cadaveribus, in proximo -Cœnobio monachorum ordinis Divi Benedicti humatur. - -[187] - - LIVINGS. PARSONAGES. VICARAGES. -In Gloucestershire 4 10 - Worcestershire 2 2 - Warwickshire 2 -- - Wiltshire and Bristol 5 3 - Oxfordshire 1 2 - Somersetshire 3 -- - Devonshire -- 1 - Cornwall -- 2 - Glamorgan -- 5 - Dorsetshire -- 2 - - -[188] Who had been put in possession of the ancient manor of Brictric -in the way already mentioned. - -[189] In his observations on the value of silver at the time of the -Survey, 1086, Sir Robert Atkyns gives the following statement:--The -rate of necessaries which subsist human life is the true estimate of -money. Since, therefore, wheat-corn seems to be the _most_ necessary of -anything, we may best value _coin_ by the price of wheat in the several -ages. A bushel of wheat, soon after the Norman Conquest, was sold for -a penny, which was equal in weight to our threepence. At this day -(1729) a bushel of wheat, one year with another, may be valued at four -shillings, which is sixteen times the value of it six or seven hundred -years ago. The conclusion will be, that a man might live in that time -as well on twenty shillings a year of our money, as on sixteen pounds a -year at present. And, to carry it further, _two_ pounds money would buy -as much wheat as _ninety-six_ pounds of the present.--_Dyde_ on Atkyns’ -Hist. Gloucest. 142. Hist. of the Abbey. - -[190] “Anno Domini M.C. Nam idem <g>Rex</g> pridie ante necem suam, -vidit per somnum sese fleubotomiæ ictu sanguinem emittere, et -radium cruoris in cœlum usque extentum, lucem obnubilare, et Dei -interpellare claritatem. Rex autem Sancta Maria invocata et somno -excussus, lumen inferri præcepit, et cubicularios à se discedere -non permittens, residuum noctis insomne peregit. Mane verò cùm -aurora illuxisset, Monachus quidam transmarinus, qui pro ecclesiæ -suæ negotiis Regis curiam sequebatur, <g>Roberto filio Hamonis</g> -viro potenti et Regi familiari somnium retulit, quod nocte eadem -viderat mirificum et horrendum. Vidit enim per somnum Regem in -quandam venire ecclesiam, gestuque superbo et insolenti (ut solebat) -cœpit despicere circumstantes, ubi crucifixum dentibus apprehendens, -brachia illius corrosit, et crura pene detruncavit. Quod crucifixus -cum diu tolerasset, Regem demum dextro pede ita depulit, ut caderet -in pavimentum supinus: et ex ore jacentis tantam exire flammam -conspexit, et ita diffusam, ut fumorū nebula, quasi chaos magnum -usque ad sidera volitarat. Hanc visionem cùm <g>Robertus</g> Regi -retulisset, cachinnos ingeminans ait: Monachus est, et lucri causa -_monachiliter_ somniavit: da ei centum solidos, ne videatur inaniter -somniasse. Item videbatur Regi per somnium nocte proxima ante diem -mortis suæ, quòd vidit unum <g>Infantem</g> pulcherrimum super altare -quoddam, et cupiens et esuriens supra modum, adiit et corrosit de carne -infantis, et videbatur ei prædulce quod gustaverat: et volens plus -avidius sumere, infans torvo aspectu et voce minaci ait: Desisti, nimis -accepisti. Expergefactus à somno Rex, consoluit mane super hæc quendam -episcopum. Episcopus autem suspicans judicium vindictæ, ait: Desine Rex -bone à persecutione ecclesiæ præmonitio enim hæc Dei est, et beniga -castigatio; nec ut proposuisti, venatum eas. Rex contemnens salutaria -monita, in sylvas venatum ivit. Et ecce casu, cervus magnus cum ante -eum transiret, ait Rex cuidam militi, scilicet Waltero Tyrell: Trahe, -diabole. Exiit ergò telum volatile, de quo bene et vere potuit dici, et -vaticinio denotari, - - Et semel emissum volat irrevocabile telum. - -Et obstante arbore, in obliquum reflexum faciens, per medium cordis -Regem sauciavit, qui subito mortuus corruit. Sui autem, et præcipuè -miles ille, in partes fugerunt. Aliqui tum redeuntes corpus in sanguine -suo circumvolutum et tabefactum, supra bigam cujusdam carbonatoris -imposuerunt fragilem, et macilentissimo jumento vno tractam. Rusticulus -igitur coactus corpus ad civitatem transportare, dum transiret per -quandam profundam et lutosam viam, fracta biga sua debili, corpus, -immo cadaver rigidum et fœtens, in luto circumvolutum, volentibus -asportare dereliquit. Eadem hora Comes Cornubiæ, in sylva, ab illa in -qua hæc acciderant per duas dietas distante, dum venatum iret, et solus -casu à suis sodalibus relinqueretur, obviavit _magno piloso et nigro -hirco_, ferenti Regem nigrum et nudum per medium pectoris sauciatum. -Et adjuratus hircus per Deum-trinum-et-unum quid hoc esset, respondit: -Fero ad judicium suum Regem Vestrum, immo tyrannum <g>Willielmum -Rufum</g>. Malignus enim spiritus sum, et ultor maliciæ suæ, qua -desævit in ecclesiam Christi, et hanc suam necem procuravi, imperante -promartyre Angliæ beato Albano, qui questus est Domino, quòd in sula -Britanniæ, cujus ipse fuit primus sacrator, supra modum grassaretur. -Comes igitur hæc sociis statim narravit. Infra triduum autem hæc omnia -vera reperit, per mediatores oculata fide expertus.”--Matth. Par. p. -51-2, fol. ed. 1565. - -[191] “The Dictum de Kenilworth,” here referred to, was made by twelve -persons, bishops and peers of the king’s selection; the object of which -was to soften the severity of the parliament holden at Winchester, -which had entirely confiscated the estates of the rebels and their -adherents; instead of which, this decree--that they might not be -rendered desperate--sentenced them only to a pecuniary fine of not more -than five years’ income of their estates, nor less than two.--Hist. - -[192] “Of this Erle speaketh Ranulph, Monke of Chester, in his -Policronion, and calleth him Symon the ryghtwise, sayinge that God -wrought for him _miracles_ after his deth: The whyche, for fere of -the kynge and Sir Edwarde, his sonne, were kept close and secret, so -that no man durst speke of theym.” Fabyan. 358. Not only the Monk of -Chester, however, but also Matthew of St. Albans, gravely records the -same popular belief; for it was supposed that, having fallen in defence -of the national liberty and in the performance of his oath, his death -was that of a martyr: and afterwards, when free utterance could be -given to this opinion without fear of the court, the clergy was reviled -for not granting him the honours of canonization. “Sir Symon” was a -brave soldier; and, compared with other saints of his day, would have -been no disgrace to the calendar. - -[193] “He spent,” says Lombard, “greatlie upon it; in so much, as -Leland wryteth, that he consumed a round table and tresselles of massie -golde, which the same King Edward had not long before made to honoure -the knighthood of that order withall.” - -[194] In the old Baronage, vol. i., p. 143, the circumstances attending -this splendid fête are thus somewhat differently and more fully -related:--Having procured the honour of knighthood to be conferred upon -him by Edward the First, Mortimer, at his own cost, caused a tournament -to be held at Kenilworth, where he sumptuously entertained a hundred -knights and as many ladies for three days, the like whereof was never -before in England; and there began the Round-table--so called by reason -that the place wherein they practised those feats was environed with a -strong wall, made in a round form. Upon the fourth day, at the close of -the fête, the golden lion, in sign of triumph, being yielded to him, he -carried it, with all the company, to Warwick. The fame thereof being -spread into foreign countries, occasioned the Queen of Navarre to send -unto him certain wooden bottles, bound with golden bars and wax, under -the pretence of wine, which, in truth, were all _filled with gold_, and -for many ages after were kept in the Abbey of Wigmore--whereupon, for -the love of that queen, the said Sir Roger Mortimer added a carbuncle -to his arms. - -[195] Of both these apartments, as of the White Hall, nothing now -remains but fragments of walls and staircases, and a part of two -large bow windows; the inner of which, like those of the hall, is -picturesquely festooned with ivy.--Notes. - -[196] Isabel, daughter of Philip the Fair, King of France, married in -her twelfth year to Edward, Jan. 22, 1308, in the church of Our Lady at -Boulogne, was “his wife twenty years, his widow thirty, and died at the -age of sixty-three.”--See ELTHAM HALL, in this work. - -[197] By his first wife, the countess of Kenilworth, he had, besides -his son and heir (Henry de Bolingbroke), two daughters, Philippa, Queen -of Portugal, and Elizabeth, Countess of Pembroke. By his second wife, -Constance, daughter of the King of Portugal, he had another daughter, -Catherine, who became consort of the Spanish king. And by Catherine -Swinford, his third wife, he had five sons, namely, John Beaufort, -Earl of Somerset; Henry, Bishop of Winchester; Thomas, Earl of Dorset, -afterwards Duke of Exeter; and a daughter, Joan, who married, first, -Sir Robert Ferrers, and secondly, the Earl of Westmoreland.--Dugd. Bar. -art. Lancast. - -[198] Harrison. - -[199] Holinshed. - -[200] Among other repairs and alterations, he is said to have caused -the “banqueting-house,” erected by Henry the Fifth, to be taken down, -and part of it to be rebuilt within the base-court, near the Swan -Tower. But the “banqueting-house” here mentioned, appears to have been -the same as that already noticed as “le Plaisant Marais.” - -[201] Book ii. Chap. 15. Surely one may say of such a guest, what -Cicero says to Atticus on occasion of a visit paid him by Cæsar: -“Hospes tamen non es cui diceres, Amabo te, eodem ad me cùm revertere.” -Lib. xiii. Ep. 52. If she relieved the people from oppressions (to -whom it seems the law could give no relief), her visits were a great -oppression on the nobility.--See Hume. - -[202] Among other embellishments of the “great chamber of state,” was a -most sumptuous <g>Chimney-piece</g>, composed of alabaster or marble, -richly carved and gilt. It was usually of very large dimensions, -widely spread, and reaching from the floor to the ceiling. There were -sometimes statues placed within columns and niches, which represented -some of the cardinal virtues, or grotesque termini, in the Roman -manner, then lately introduced into this country. The whole was painted -with gaudy colours; and the armorial bearings of the family, in one -large escóchéon, or the quarterings dispersed into many others, were -an indispensable decoration. In certain instances, the chimney-piece -was of carved freestone, left plain. The almost perfect resemblance of -these to the superb monuments which in that age were dedicated to the -memory of the dead, leave no doubt that the original idea had the same -analogy. Of this opinion one most splendid instance will suffice--that -of the mausoleum of Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, in the Beauchamp -Chapel, Warwick, and the CHIMNEY-PIECE (see preceding -Woodcut) of Kenilworth Castle.--Dallaway’s Discourses, page 363, 364. - -[203] Hock-Tuesday, Hoke-day, or Hoke-tide. The origin of this once -popular game, or play, which the author of Kenilworth describes as -being represented to the Queen by the men of Coventry, is involved -in considerable obscurity. By some writers it is supposed to be -commemorative of the massacre of the Danes, in the reign of Ethelred, -on the 13th of November, 1002; whilst by others, the deliverance of -the English from the tyranny of the Danes by the death of Hardicanute, -on Tuesday, the 8th of June, 1042, is pointed out as its origin. The -weight of argument preponderates in favour of the national deliverance -by Hardicanute’s death: and it must not be forgotten, that the festival -was celebrated on a Tuesday, and that Hoke-Tuesday was the Tuesday -in the second week after Easter. Spelman derives the term from the -German Hocken, in reference to the act of binding, which was formerly -practised by the women upon the men on Hoke-Tuesday; an opinion which -Mr. Denne has well supported. [Archæolog. vol vii. p. 244.] A payment, -called Hock-Tuesday money, was anciently made by the tenant to the -landlord, for the permission given by the latter to the former to -celebrate the festivities of this memorable day. [Jac. Law Dic. in -verb.] Whatever the etymology of its name, or the origin of the game -itself might be, its subject was the massacre of the Danes, expressed -in actions and rhymes, and acted annually in the town of Coventry, -till its suppression, shortly after the Reformation. It consisted of -fierce sham contests between the English and Danish forces; first by -the “launce knights,” on horseback, armed with spears and shields, who, -being many of them dismounted, then fought with swords and targets. -Afterwards succeeded two “hosts of footmen,” one after the other; first -marching in ranks, then facing about in military array, then changing -their form from ranks into squadrons, then into triangles, then into -rings, and then, “winding out again, they joined in battle. Twice the -Danes had the better; but at the last conflict they were beaten down, -overcome, and many of them led captive for triumph by our English -women.”--Illustration of the Waverley Novels, vol. iii. p. 45. - -[204] In Lands, £16,431 9_s._ In Woods, £11,722 2_s._ The Castle, -£10,401 4_s._--Total, £38,554 15_s._ Thus the whole demesne, including -the Castle, is valued little more than the half of what, only a few -years previously, Dudley had expended in improvements. - -[205] The romance of this story is certainly not improved by the fact, -that the gallant knight had left behind him one who justly claimed -him as her husband, namely, the Lady Alice Leigh. “But,” says the -author of the Baronage, “to countenance his marriage with Mistress -Southwell, he did allege his marriage with the said Lady Alice Leigh -to be by the canon law illegal, inasmuch as, &c.,” and obtaining a -papal _dispensation_ for that purpose, espoused [Biog.] “the said -Blanche Southwell at Florence, who, as well as other members of her -family, was not aware,” according to the MS., “of the Knight’s previous -engagement.”--ED. - -[206] This was Doctor Julio, or Giuglio. Camden says that the disgrace -of Archbishop Grindal was owing “to his having condemned the unlawful -marriage of this Julio, an Italian physician, with another man’s wife, -while Leicester in vain opposed his proceedings therein.” - -[207] This legend is preserved in two manuscripts now in the British -Museum (MS. Harl. No. 3776, and MS. Cotton., Julius, D VI.), both -of which formerly belonged to Waltham Abbey, and were written in -the twelfth century, the date of both the manuscripts. It was to -the following effect:--In the time of King Canute, there lived at -Lutegaresberi a smith, a man remarkable for the simplicity of his -life, and respected amongst his neighbours for his virtues. One night -he had a vision--an angel appeared to him, and directed him to repair -early in the morning to the priest, and exhort him to proceed in solemn -procession to the top of the hill, and there dig. The smith passed it -over as a mere dream; but the warning was repeated the following night. -He then consulted his wife, and by her advice again disregarded the -injunction of the angel; but the latter repeated his visit on the third -night, and threatened him with severe punishment for his continued -disobedience. On the morrow the smith arose, and told his dream to the -priest, who proceeded immediately with the town’s people to the summit -of the hill, where, after digging according to their directions, they -found a large cross, with a smaller one, a little bell, and a book. -(Ecce repentè apparuit oculis intuentium inestimabilis imago decoris -crucifixi Salvatoris ex atro silice sic manuum extensione et omnium -corporis liniamentorum compositione miro fabrili et inaudito opere -composita, ut ipsius summi artificis manibus perpendens operatam, -et sub dextro ipsius brachiis alteram crucifixi effigiem modicam in -sinistra parte, nolam antiqui operis quales bestiarum collo applicare -solet antiquitas, ne iudesuetione insolescant, librum etiam cognomento -<g>Nigrum Tertum</g> sicut vix perpendere possumus Evangeliorum quem -usque hodiè celebrem habet Walthamensis ecclesia propter multa quæ ipsi -oculis nostris perspeximus miracula.) Having made known their discovery -to Earl Tovi, they placed the cross on a cart, to which they yoked -three red oxen and three white cows. Uncertain whither to convey their -precious burden, the priest uttered in succession the names of the most -famous monasteries of that day, such as Dover, Winchester, Glastonbury, -London, &c., but the oxen and cows remained fixed to the spot. At -length some one mentioned by accident the name of Waltham, when the -animals immediately put themselves in motion, and conducted the cart -to that place, amid the acclamations of the people, and of the crowds -of cripples and invalids who were cured on the way by the miraculous -influence of the cross. This story was long implicitly believed by our -superstitious forefathers. - -[208] See the Vita Haroldi, in the Chroniques Anglo-Normandes, Rouen, -1836, tom. ii. p. 156. The portions of the other Waltham Legend (De -Inventione Sanctæ Crucis Walthamensis), which relate more particularly -to the history of Harold, are printed in the same work. - -[209] Jaciuntur festinato ecclesiæ amplioris fundamenta, surgunt -parietes, columpuæ sublimes distantes ab invicem, parietes arcuum -aut testudinum emicidiis mutuo fœderantur, culmen impositum -æris ab introgressis plumbei objectivæ laminis variam secludit -intemperiem.--Vita Haroldi, p. 161. - -[210] Venusto enim admodum opere ecclesiam à fundamentis constructam -laminis æreis, auro undique superducto, capita columnarum et bases -flexurasque arcuum ornare fecit mirâ distinctione.--De Invent. Sanct. -Cr. Waltham. - -[211] De Invent. Sanctæ Crucis Waltham. p. 231. - -[212] Decano cessit præ cæteris Westwaltham, ut aliis in eo -præcelleret, qui primatum et regimen cæterorum habebat, in victualibus -etiam aliquantisper magis auctus, _quid pluribus habebat benefacere -quam simplex canonicus_. - -[213] Ailric was probably the schoolmaster of the Abbey, for we know -that a school was part of Harold’s foundation. - -[214] This is the story given in the treatise, De Inventione Sanctæ -Crucis Walthamensis. - -[215] This legend forms the body of the Vita Haroldi, printed, with -the treatise De Invent. Sanct. Cr. Waltham., in the Chroniques -Anglo-Normandes. - -[216] Vita Haroldi, pp. 162, 163. De Invent. S. Crucis, pp. 252, 253. - -[217] MS. Harl. No. 3776, fol. 3, iº and vº. - -[218] Hanc insuper ecclesiam, quasi novam Christi sponsam nova dote, -sicut decebat, dignum duximus esse ditandam.--The alliteration in this -passage is remarkable. - -[219] Matthew Paris, sub ann. See Fuller’s History of Waltham Abbey, p. -21. - -[220] The account of these disputes is chiefly taken from Fuller, and -from Farmer’s History of Waltham Abbey. - -[221] Farmer’s History of Waltham Abbey, p. 100. - -[222] A dark vaulted structure of two divisions connected with the -Convent Garden, is all that remains of the old Abbey House, the -residence of the Dennys; even the large mansion erected on its site, -of which a view is given in Farmer’s History of Waltham Abbey, has -been long demolished. In the Convent Garden, which is now tenanted by -a market-gardener, there is a tulip-tree, remarkable equally for its -magnitude and antiquity. The Abbey mills are still used as a cornmill. - -[223] Cujus corporis translationi, quum sic se habebat status ecclesiæ -fabricandi, vel devotio fratrum reverentiam corpori exhibentium, nunc -extremæ memini me tertio affuisse, et, sicut vulgo celebre est et -attestationes antiquorum audivimus, plagas ipsis ossibus impressas -oculis corporeis et vidisse et manibus contrectam.--Chron. Anglo-Norm, -tom. ii. p. 250. - -[224] The following attested account of this discovery is preserved by -Fuller, in his Worthies:-- - -“The ensuing relation, written by the pen of Master Thomas Smith, of -Sewarstone, in the parish of Waltham Abbey, a discreet person, not long -since deceased. - -“It so fell out that I served Sir Edward Denny (towards the latter -end of the reign of Queen Elizabeth of blessed memory), who lived in -the Abbey of Waltham Cross, in the county of Essex, which at that -time lay in ruinous heaps; and then Sir Edward began slowly now and -then to make even and re-edify some of that chaos. In doing whereof, -Tomkins, his gardener, came to discover (among other things) a fair -marble stone, the cover of a tomb hewed out in hard stone: this cover, -with some help, he removed from off the tomb; which having done, there -appeared to the view of the gardener, and Master Baker, minister of the -town (who died long since), and to myself and Master Henry Knagg (Sir -Edward’s bailiff), the anatomy of a man lying in the tomb abovesaid, -only the bones remaining, bone to his bone, not one bone dislocated. -In observation whereof, we wondered to see the bones still remaining -in such due order, and no dust or other filth besides them to be seen -in the tomb: we could not conceive that it had been an anatomy of -bones only, laid at first in the tomb; yet if it had been the whole -carcass of a man, what became of his flesh and entrails? For (as I -have said above) the tomb was clean from all filth and dust, besides -bones. This when we had all observed, I told them, that if they did but -touch any part thereof, that all would fall asunder, for I had only -heard somewhat formerly of the like accident. Trial was made, and so -it came to pass. For my own part, I am persuaded, that as the flesh of -this anatomy to us became invisible, so likewise would the bones have -been in some longer continuance of time. O! what is man then, which -vanisheth thus away, like unto smoke or vapour, and is no more seen! -Whosoever thou art that shalt read this passage, thou mayst find cause -of humility sufficient.” - -In Mr. Edgar Taylor’s translation of “Master Wace, his Chronicle of -the Norman Conquest,” (London, 1837,) p. 259, is given a beautiful -drawing from a manuscript of the thirteenth century, representing the -deposition of the body of King Harold in his tomb at Waltham. - -[225] According to the parish books, quoted by Farmer, (History of -Waltham Abbey,) p. 149, the sum of £100 was expended between 1669 and -1672; £46 4_s._ 10_d._ in 1674; £64 13_s._ 5-1/2_d._ in 1679; and £78 -5_s._ 2_d._ in 1680. - -[226] MS. Cotton. Julius D. VI. fol. 117, vº, nearly contemporary. - -[227] Ricardus Pungiant tenet Latelie. Aluuardus tenuit de Rege -Eadwardo, et potuit ire quo voluit. - -[228] This matrix was exhibited before the Society of Antiquaries -of London, by the Rev. John Brand, Jan. 26, 1797. An account of it, -and the other seals, will be found in the thirteenth volume of the -Archæologia. - -[229] This grant is mentioned in the Placit. de Quo Warranto, of the -9th Edw. I.; but in the original document the name is _Nottele_ (not, -as quoted in the common books, _Notele_), and it is probable that the -grant has no reference to Netley in Hampshire. - -[230] The legend says it was the key-stone of the east window; but that -is still standing. - -[231] The college Combination-Rooms were formerly called Parlours -(_parluræ_). - -[232] The work from which this anecdote is taken is inedited, and -exists only in one contemporary manuscript. The story has been printed -from it in the first volume of the Reliquiæ Antiquæ, by Wright and -Halliwell. - -[233] J. Bullar’s Companion in a Visit to Netley Abbey, p. 10. - -[234] Tot enim videas piscium genera, assa quidem et elixa, farta et -frixa; tot ovis et pipere cibaria cocorum arte confecta; tot sapores -et salsamenta ad gulam irritandam et appetitum excitandum eorundem -arte composita. Ad hæc etiam in tanta abunduntia vinum hic videas et -ciceram, pigmentum, claretum, mustum, et medonem, atque moretum, et -omne quod inebriare potest, adeo ut cervisia qualis in Anglia fieri -solet optima, et præcipue in Cantia, locum inter cætera nou haberet; -sed hoc ibi cervisia inter pocula, quod olus inter fercula.--Giraldus -Cambr. Specul. Eccles. in MS. Cotton. He is here speaking of the -Cistercian monks of Canterbury. - -[235] “And the wicked Ham with his people drew him towards the -wood:--Arviragus followed him, and continually struck [his men] to -the ground. At last he gained very little by his treason; he overtook -him at a haven, and slew him right there:--it were little harm if -all traitors were served so. The haven where he was slain, after -Ham’s name truly, was called Hampton, as it is called yet,--for it is -called Southhampton, and will be evermore.”--_Robert of Gloucester’s -Chronicle_, ed. Hearne, p. 64. - -[236] Of which a description and view will be found in the present -volume, p. 37. See also Appendix, p. 338. - - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The castles and abbeys of England; -Vol. 1 of 2, by William Beattie - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CASTLES AND ABBEYS *** - -***** This file should be named 63088-0.txt or 63088-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/3/0/8/63088/ - -Produced by Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images available at The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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margin-left: 10em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} - -.sml {font-size:75%;} - -.ditto {margin:auto 2em;} - -.pdd {padding-left:2em;text-indent:-1em;} - -.pdd1 {padding-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;} - -.sidenote {padding:.1em; -font-size:70%;color:black;background:#eeeeee;border:dashed 1px;} -</style> - </head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The castles and abbeys of England; Vol. 1 -of 2, by William Beattie - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: The castles and abbeys of England; Vol. 1 of 2 - from the national records, early chronicles, and other standard authors - -Author: William Beattie - -Illustrator: Thomas Allom - John Wykeham Archer - W.H. (William Henry) Bartlett - -Release Date: August 31, 2020 [EBook #63088] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CASTLES AND ABBEYS *** - - - - -Produced by Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images available at The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<p class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/cover.jpg"> -<img src="images/cover.jpg" height="550" alt="[Image of -the book's cover unavailable.]" /></a> -</p> - -<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="" -style="border: 2px black solid;margin:auto auto;max-width:50%; -padding:1%;"> -<tr><td> -<p class="c"> -<a href="#THE_CASTLE_OF_ARUNDEL"><big>The Castle Of Arundel.</big></a><br /> -<a href="#ARUNDEL">List of Illustrations: The Castle Of Arundel.</a><br /> -<br /> -<a href="#THE_ABBEY_OF_ST_ALBANS"><big>The Abbey Of St. Albans.</big></a><br /> -<a href="#ALBANS">List of Illustrations: The Abbey Of St. Albans.</a><br /> -<br /> -<a href="#ELTHAM_PALACE"><big>Eltham Palace.</big></a><br /> -<a href="#ELTHAM">List of Illustrations: Eltham Palace.</a><br /> -<br /> -<a href="#THE_CASTLE_OF_ROCHESTER"><big>The Castle Of Rochester.</big></a><br /> -<a href="#ROCHESTER">List of Illustrations: The Castle Of Rochester.</a><br /> -<br /> -<a href="#THE_ABBEY_OF_TEWKESBURY"><big>The Abbey Of Tewkesbury.</big></a><br /> -<a href="#TEWKESBURY">List of Illustrations: The Abbey Of Tewkesbury.</a><br /> -<br /> -<a href="#KENILWORTH_CASTLE"><big>Kenilworth Castle.</big></a><br /> -<a href="#KENILWORTH">List of Illustrations: Kenilworth Castle.</a><br /> -<br /> -<a href="#WALTHAM_ABBEY"><big>Waltham Abbey.</big></a><br /> -<a href="#WALTHAM">List of Illustrations: Waltham Abbey.</a><br /> -<br /> -<a href="#CARISBROOKE_CASTLE"><big>Carisbrooke Castle.</big></a><br /> -<a href="#CARISBROOKE">List of Illustrations: Carisbrooke Castle.</a><br /> -<br /> -<a href="#NETLEY_ABBEY"><big>Netley Abbey.</big></a><br /> -<a href="#NETLEY">List of Illustrations: Netley Abbey.</a><br /> -<br /> -<a href="#APPENDIX"><big>Appendix</big>.</a><br /> -<a href="#APPENDIXI">List of Illustrations: Appendix.</a><br /> -</p> -<p class="c"><span class="nonvis">(In certain versions of this etext [in certain browsers] -clicking on the image will bring up a larger version.)</span></p> -<p class="c">(etext transcriber's note)</p></td></tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_i" id="page_i">{i}</a></span> </p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_ii" id="page_ii">{ii}</a></span> </p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/frontispiece.jpg"> -<img src="images/frontispiece.jpg" -height="550" alt="[Image unavailable]" /></a> -<br /> -<img src="images/signature.png" -width="350" alt="" /> -<br /> -<div class="caption"><p><small>Henry Room. -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">John Rogers.</span></small></p> -<p><big>William Beattie MD.</big></p> -<small>London, Published for the Proprietors, by Geo. Virtue. 26, Ivy Lane.</small> -</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_iii" id="page_iii">{iii}</a></span></p> - -<h1> -<small><small>THE</small></small><br /> -<br /> -<span class="redd">CASTLES AND ABBEYS</span><br /> -<br /> -<small><small>OF</small></small><br /> -<br /> -<span class="redd">ENGLAND</span>,</h1> - -<p class="c">FROM THE NATIONAL RECORDS, EARLY CHRONICLES, AND OTHER<br /> -STANDARD AUTHORS.<br /> -<br /><big> -BY WILLIAM BEATTIE, M.D.,</big><br /> -<br /><small> -GRAD. OF EDIN.; MEMB. OF THE ROYAL COLL. OF PHYS., LONDON; OF THE HIST. INSTIT. OF FRANCE; AUTHOR OF<br /> -“SWITZERLAND,” “SCOTLAND,” “THE WALDENSES,” “RESIDENCE IN GERMANY,” ETC. ETC.</small><br /> -<br />————————————<br /> -<span class="redd">ILLUSTRATED BY UPWARDS OF TWO HUNDRED ENGRAVINGS.</span><br /> -———————————<br /> -<br /> -<a href="images/front.jpg"> -<img src="images/front.jpg" -width="220" -alt="[Image unavailable]" -/></a> -<br /> -GEORGE VIRTUE:<br /> -LONDON AND NEW YORK.<br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_iv" id="page_iv">{iv}</a></span><br /> -<br /><small><small> -GLASGOW:<br /> -WILLIAM MACKENZIE, PRINTER, LONDON STREET.<br /></small></small> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_v" id="page_v">{v}</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_vi.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_vi.jpg" -width="260" -alt="[Image unavailable]" -/></a> -</div> - -<h2>LIST OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS.</h2> - -<h2><span class="eng"><a name="ARUNDEL" id="ARUNDEL"></a>Arundel Castle.</span></h2> - -<table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" summary="" -style="margin:2em auto;max-width:90%; -font-size:85%;"> - -<tr class="sml"><td> </td> -<td>ARTISTS.</td> -<td>ENGRAVERS.</td> -<td>PAGE.</td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">General View of the Castle of Arundel</span>, including part of the Town, with the Church, the College of the Holy Trinity, the River Arun, &c. from the South </td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Allom.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Archer.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_1">1</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">The Interior Quadrangle of the Castle from the Keep</span>, showing its present condition, as restored by the late Duke of Norfolk</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Archer.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_7">7</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Arms of Roger Montgomery</span>, Earl of Arundel and Shrewsbury</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Archer.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Jackson.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_8">8</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Seal of William de Albini</span>, Earl of Arundel. From the Impression</td> -<td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">J. W. Archer.</span></td><td> </td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_9">9</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Arms of John Fitzalan</span>, Ninth Earl of Arundel, Oswaldestre, and Clun</td><td> </td><td> </td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_11">11</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Shield of Montgomery.</span> Gules, a Lion rampant, or, within a bordure. From Horsfield’s History</td><td> </td><td> </td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_12">12</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">The Castle of Arundel</span> from the Swan Lake on the South-east, showing the natural advantages of its position</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Archer.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Jackson.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_13">13</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Norman Door</span>, richly ornamented, in the Keep. From a Drawing by Mr. <span class="smcap">Beattie</span>, sculptor</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Nicholles.</span></td><td> </td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_14">14</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">John Mot</span>, having escaped from the Dungeon, taking Sanctuary at the College Gate of the Holy Trinity</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Archer.</span></td><td> </td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_15">15</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">South-east Front of Arundel Castle</span> in its present state, taken from the Meadows</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Archer.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_17">17</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">The Outer Gateway of Norman Architecture</span>, rebuilt by Richard Fitzalan</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Archer.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Jackson.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_18">18</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Moonlight View</span> from the Window of St. Martin’s Chapel in the Keep, over the Vale of the Arun to the Sea</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Archer.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Jackson.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_19">19</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Horned Owls in the Keep of Arundel Castle.</span> Portraits taken on the spot</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Archer.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_20">20</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">The Inner Gateway and Keep of the Castle</span>, showing on the left the Entrance to the Tower</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Archer.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Jackson.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_21">21</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"> <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_vi" id="page_vi">{vi}</a></span><span class="smcap">Gothic Doorway of the Ancient Hall of the Barons</span>, on the site of the New Hall, by Mr. <span class="smcap">Beattie</span></td><td> </td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_23">23</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Inner Gateway</span> during the Parliamentary Siege, with Cavaliers on guard, by torchlight</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Allom & Archer.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Jackson.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_24">24</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">View from the Battlements</span>, showing the Outer Gate with the Sallyport in its present state</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Archer.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Gray.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_26">26</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Bas-Relief of King Alfred instituting the Trial by Jury</span>, on the Southeast of the interior Quadrangle. From a Drawing by Mr. <span class="smcap">Beattie</span></td><td> </td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_28">28</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Ancient Family Arms, Achievements</span>, &c. as sculptured in front of the Barons’ Hall</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Archer.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Nicholles.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_29">29</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="ditto">Do.</span> -<span class="ditto">do.</span> -<span class="ditto">do.</span> -<span class="ditto">do.</span> -</td> -<td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Archer.</span></td><td valign="top"> <span class="smcap">Nicholles.</span> -</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_31">31</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="ditto">Do.</span> -<span class="ditto">do.</span> -<span class="ditto">do.</span> -<span class="ditto">do.</span> -</td> -<td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Archer.</span></td> <td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Nicholles.</span> -</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_33">33</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">View of the College of the Holy Trinity</span>, looking into the Inner Court</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Archer.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_34">34</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Glass in the Gothic Window of the Chapel</span>, representing the Swallow (Hirondelle), as the Arms of Arundel</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Archer.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_35">35</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Hawk on Hand</span>—characteristic of the Ancient “Sporting Counts”</td> -<td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Archer.</span></td><td> </td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_36">36</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Hiorne’s Tower</span>, in the Park of Arundel—a modern Gothic erection</td> -<td> </td><td> </td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_36">36</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Bevis’s Grave</span>, in Pugh-Dean, in the Deer Park, showing the Traditionary Tumuli of Bevis and his horse “Hirondelle”</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Archer.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Jackson.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_37">37</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">The Empress Matilda’s Room</span> in the Inner Gateway Tower of the Castle, with the ancient Bedstead, <i>supposed</i> to be that on which she slept</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Archer.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_38">38</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">King Stephen dismounted at Wallingford</span>, in front of the Army</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_41">41</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Crusading</span>—Beacon-guard on the Walls of Damietta</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Archer.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Jackson.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_43">43</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">The Grand Ceremony of Knighthood</span> in Westminster Hall</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_45">45</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">The Admiral’s Ship and Fleet</span>, under the command of Arundel</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Prior.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Whimper.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_47">47</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Scene of the Conspiracy in Arundel Castle</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Archer.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Jackson.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_49">49</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Night Visit to Earl Richard of Arundel’s Tomb</span>, Cheapside</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Whimper.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_53">53</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">John, Earl of Arundel</span>, mortally wounded at Gerberoi</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Allom.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Whimper.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_55">55</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Henry Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel</span>, mounting the Breach at the Siege of Boulogne</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Allom.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Jackson.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_57">57</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Funeral of the last Earl of the Fitzalans</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Archer.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Jackson.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_60">60</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Rencontre at Bosworth Field</span>, and Death of John, Duke of Norfolk. From a - Drawing by Mr. <span class="smcap">Beattie</span></td><td> </td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_63">63</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Bosworth Field</span>—the Young Earl of Surrey and Sir John Talbot</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Allom.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Whimper.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_65">65</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Flodden Field</span>—Bivouac after the Battle</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Archer.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Gray.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_67">67</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey</span>—Portrait. -From a Drawing by Mr. <span class="smcap">Beattie</span></td><td> </td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">M. Jackson.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_69">69</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Henry Howard</span>, Victor at the Grand Tournament in Florence, with a View of the Old Ducal Palace from the Piazza</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Archer.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Jackson.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_71">71</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Prison Scene in the Tower of London</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Archer.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Gray.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_74">74</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Official Seal of the Earl-Marshal of England</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Wakefield.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_75">75</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">The Coat of Arms of the Ancient Earls of Surrey</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Archer.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Gray.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_76">76</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Arms of the Duke of Norfolk</span>—Earl-Marshal of England</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Archer.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Gray.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_77">77</a></td></tr> - -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_vii" id="page_vii">{vii}</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="margin-right:50%;"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_vii.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_vii.jpg" -height="300" -alt="[Image unavailable]" -/></a> -</div> - -<h2><span class="eng">St. <a name="ALBANS" id="ALBANS"></a>Alban’s Abbey.</span><br /> -S. ALBANUS -<br /><small> -PROTO-MARTYR ANGLICANUS.</small></h2> - -<table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" summary="" -style="margin:2em auto;max-width:90%; -font-size:85%;"> - -<tr class="sml"><td> </td> -<td>ARTISTS.</td> -<td>ENGRAVERS.</td> -<td>PAGE.</td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Steel Plate.—General View of St. Alban’s Abbey</span>, from the South</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">T. Allom.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Adlard.</span></td></tr> -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Piscina</span>—with a Monk of the Order</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Prior.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Smith.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_79">79</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Entrance to Our Lady’s Chapel</span>, From the North.</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Prior.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Smith.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_80">80</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Nave of the Abbey Church</span>, Showing the Saxon (or Norman) and Gothic Arches, the Great West Window, &c.</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_83">83</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Choir</span>—with the Pulpit, Organ, Window of the North Transept, the Norman Arches, &c.</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_86">86</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Shrine-Tomb of Humphrey the Good, Duke of Gloucester.</span> Drawn By Mr. <span class="smcap">Beattie</span></td><td> </td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Gray.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_89">89</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Duke’s Vault</span>, with His Coffin and Skeleton, in their present state, under The Shrine</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Prior.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Whimper.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_91">91</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Entrance to the Lady Chapel</span>, from the South</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Prior.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Jackson.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_93">93</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Ancient Altar of the Abbey</span>, now in the South Aisle, with Pilgrims</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Archer.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Gray.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_95">95</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Gate-House</span>, or Grand Entrance to the Abbey Court, from the Interior</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Nicholles.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_96">96</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">St. Peter’s Street</span>, including the Abbey Tower, the Market-place, and the Town-hall</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Prior.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Smith.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_99">99</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">The entrance to the Lady Chapel</span>, from the North Lane</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Prior.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Jackson.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_102">102</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">St. Michael’s Church</span>, from the Churchyard</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Prior.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Smith.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_104">104</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Monument and Statue of Lord Chancellor Bacon</span>, in St. Michael’s Church</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Prior.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Whimper.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_105">105</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Sopwell Nunnery</span> in Ruins, with the Abbey Church in the background</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Whimper.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_107">107</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Grand Entrance to the Abbey Church</span> from the West, with the Distribution of Alms in the Cemetery</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Prior.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Whimper.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_108">108</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Interior of the Lady Chapel</span>—showing the public thoroughfare through the Outer Chapel</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Prior.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Smith.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_109">109</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Arms of the Monastery of St. Albans</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Cook.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_110">110</a></td></tr> - -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_viii" id="page_viii">{viii}</a></span></p> - -<h2><a href="images/ill_pg_viii.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_viii.jpg" -width="440" -alt="[Image unavailable]" -/></a><br /> -<small>THE</small><br /> -<br /> -<span class="eng">Palace of <a name="ELTHAM" id="ELTHAM"></a>Eltham</span>.</h2> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“That, passing by some monument that stoops<br /></span> -<span class="i1">With age, whose ruins plead for a repair,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Pity the fall of such a goodly pile!”—<span class="smcap">Shirley.</span><br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" summary="" -style="margin:2em auto;max-width:90%; -font-size:85%;"> - -<tr class="sml"><td> </td> -<td>ARTISTS.</td> -<td>ENGRAVERS.</td> -<td>PAGE.</td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Steel Plate.—Interior of the Royal Hall of Eltham</span>, with the Banquet given to King John of France, by Edward the Third</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Godfrey.</span> </td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Interior of Eltham Hall</span> in its present state</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Prior.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">M. Jackson.</span> </td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_111">111</a></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">North Entrance to the Hall</span>, ditto</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Nicholles.</span> </td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_114">114</a></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">John of Eltham</span>—his Tomb in Westminster Abbey</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Wakefield.</span> </td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_116">116</a></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Exterior of Eltham</span>, from the South-west, in its present state</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Wall.</span> </td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_118">118</a></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Ancient Gateway</span> in Ruins. Emblematic</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Wall.</span> </td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_122">122</a></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Ancient Bridge across the Moat</span>, the Approach to Eltham Hall</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Wall.</span> </td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_123">123</a></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Eltham Hall</span>, from the North-east—showing the Entrance, Double Windows, &c.</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Wall.</span> </td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_125">125</a></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Screen in Eltham Hall</span>—with the Entrance-door in the Centre, and Orchestra above</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">O. Smith.</span> </td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_126">126</a></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Great Bay-window in the Hall</span>, at the North-east end of the Dais -</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Wakefield.</span> </td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_127">127</a></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Meeting of Anne of Cleves and Henry VIII. on Blackheath.</span> Eltham Hall on -the right, and Shooter’s Hill in the background -<span class="smcap">Herman.</span></td><td valign="bottom"> -<span class="smcap">Walmesley.</span></td><td valign="bottom"></td> -<td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_130">130</a></td></tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_ix" id="page_ix">{ix}</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="ROCHESTER" id="ROCHESTER"></a> -<a href="images/ill_pg_ix.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_ix.jpg" -width="405" -alt="[Image unavailable]" -/></a> -<br /> -<span class="eng">Rochester Castle.</span></h2> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Hic matres, miseraque nurus, hic cara sororum<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Pectora mærentum. puerique parentibus orbi<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Dirum execrantur bellum.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" summary="" -style="margin:2em auto;max-width:90%; -font-size:85%;"> - -<tr class="sml"><td> </td> -<td>ARTISTS.</td> -<td>ENGRAVERS.</td> -<td>PAGE.</td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Steel Plate.—Rochester Castle</span>, from the River Medway</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Adlard.</span></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Arms of Rochester Castle</span>—Seal of the Town</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Wall.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_133">133</a></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Rochester Castle</span>, with the Outer Walls, taken from the South-east end of the Bridge</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Jackson.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_134">134</a></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Gateway.</span> Portcullis and Sentinel on Guard</td><td> </td> -<td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Whimper.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_138">138</a></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">The Donjon</span>; or <span class="smcap">Gundulph’s Tower</span>—showing the Entrance from the South</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_140">140</a></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Odo, Bishop of Bayeux</span> and <span class="smcap">Earl of Kent</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Cooke.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_141">141</a></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Rochester Castle.</span> The Siege by King John, <small>A.D.</small> 1215</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Whimper.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_143">143</a></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">The Battlements of the Main Tower</span>—showing Arcades on the right, where the Castle Chapel is supposed to have been</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_146">146</a></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Archway</span>, with View into the Tilting Yard</td><td> </td> -<td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Whimper.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_149">149</a></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Small Tower of the Castle</span>—showing the thickness of the Outer Walls</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Prior.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Wall.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_153">153</a></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Principal Entrance to the Main Tower</span>—showing the position of the ancient Portcullis. View taken from the Entrance, looking Westward</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Prior.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Rimbault.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_154">154</a></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">The State Prison</span> in Rochester Castle; as it is, and as it was</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Prior.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Whimper.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_155">155</a></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">State Apartments in the Castle</span>—showing the Norman Architecture.</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">O. Smith.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_157">157</a></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Rochester Castle by Moonlight</span>—with the supposed Secret Entrance from the River</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Wakefield.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_159">159</a></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Inner Arched Gallery</span>, surrounding the Apartments</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Prior.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Wall.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_160">160</a></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">West Gallery of Rochester Castle</span>—showing the Interior, with the Norman workmanship</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Prior.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Rimbault.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_161">161</a></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">The Castle Prison.</span> Entrance to the Dungeon, with Staircase and Archway</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Prior.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Whimper.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_162">162</a></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Rochester Bridge and Castle</span>, from the Medway, looking South</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Nicholles.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_164">164</a></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Gadshill Tavern</span>—the scene of Falstaff’s adventure, as it now appears</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Prior.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Wall.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_167">167</a></td></tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_x" id="page_x">{x}</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="TEWKESBURY" id="TEWKESBURY"></a> -<a href="images/ill_pg_x.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_x.jpg" -width="405" -alt="[Image unavailable]" -/></a> -<br /> -<span class="eng">Tewkesbury Abbey.</span></h2> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Extingue flammas litium;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Aufer calorem noxium;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Confer salutem corporum<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Veramque pacem cordium.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" summary="" -style="margin:2em auto;max-width:90%; -font-size:85%;"> - -<tr class="sml"><td> </td> -<td>ARTISTS.</td> -<td>ENGRAVERS.</td> -<td>PAGE.</td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Steel Plate.—The Abbey of Tewkesbury</span>, from the Toll-gate, looking across the Battle-field, or “Bloody-Meadow”</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Hinchcliffe.</span></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">The South Chancel</span>, with the Tombs, Shrines—scene after the Battle</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt"><a href="#page_169">169</a></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Funeral Procession to St. Faith’s Chapel.</span> Burial of Hugh, a Mercian Noble</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Prior.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Jackson.</span></td><td class="rt"><a href="#page_171">171</a></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">William the Conqueror</span>, from an Ancient Statue. Fr. Monum.</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Dalziel.</span></td><td class="rt"><a href="#page_172">172</a></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">A Black Friar</span>, or <span class="smcap">Benedictine Monk</span> of Tewkesbury</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Walmesley.</span></td><td class="rt"><a href="#page_173">173</a></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">The Chapter-House of Tewkesbury</span>—now the Grammar School</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Prior.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Wall.</span></td><td class="rt"><a href="#page_174">174</a></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">East End of the Chancel.</span> Behind the Altar Screen. In Ecclesia nostra de Theokesberye, &c. <small>A.D. M.CC.XXX</small></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Rimbault.</span></td><td class="rt"><a href="#page_177">177</a></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Gothic Shrine-Tomb</span> of the Le Despenser Family</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Gray.</span></td><td class="rt"><a href="#page_179">179</a></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">The Axe and Block</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Archer.</span></td><td> </td><td class="rt"><a href="#page_181">181</a></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Portrait of George, Duke of Clarence.</span> From the Brit. Mus.</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Dalziel.</span></td><td class="rt"><a href="#page_183">183</a></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">The Seal of Tewkesbury</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Dalziel.</span></td><td class="rt"><a href="#page_184">184</a></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">The Ancient Gate of the Abbey</span>, with Reliques of the Conventual Outbuildings</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Prior.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Whimper.</span></td><td class="rt"><a href="#page_186">186</a></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">North Aisle, Piscina in the Column.</span> Pilgrims, Antique Alms-boxes, &c.</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Gray.</span></td><td class="rt"><a href="#page_188">188</a></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Great West Entrance to the Church.</span> Norman Window, Towers, &c. from the Churchyard</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Jackson.</span></td><td class="rt"><a href="#page_189">189</a></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Ancient Font and Cover</span> in the Abbey Church</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Jackson.</span></td><td class="rt"><a href="#page_190">190</a></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Cloister Bell-case</span>, in which was suspended the Vesper-bell, C</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Prior.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">O. Smith.</span></td><td class="rt"><a href="#page_191">191</a></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Abbot’s Entrance to the Church</span> from the South, with the <span class="smcap">Tomb of Somerset</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Prior.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">O. Smith.</span></td><td class="rt"><a href="#page_194">194</a></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">North Transept of the Church</span>, with carved Stalls, &c. originally in the Choir</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Prior.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Wall.</span></td><td class="rt"><a href="#page_197">197</a></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Portrait of Margaret of Anjou</span>, Queen of Henry VI</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Dalziel.</span></td><td class="rt"><a href="#page_201">201</a></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Battle of Tewkesbury</span>, and Death of Lord Wenlock</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Dalziel.</span></td><td class="rt"><a href="#page_205">205</a></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Portrait of Prince Edward</span>, murdered after the Battle</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Dalziel.</span></td><td class="rt"><a href="#page_206">206</a></td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Cloisters of Tewkesbury Abbey</span>, with the Rich Windows, Arcades, and Shrine-work</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Prior.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Walmesley.</span></td><td class="rt"><a href="#page_208">208</a></td></tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_xi" id="page_xi">{xi}</a></span></p> - -<h2> -<a href="images/ill_pg_xi.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_xi.jpg" -width="405" -alt="[Image unavailable]" -/></a> -<br /> -<span class="eng"><a name="KENILWORTH" id="KENILWORTH"></a>Kenilworth Castle.</span></h2> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Follow where all is fled! Rome’s azure sky,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Flowers, ruins, statues, music, speech, are weak,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">The brightness they transfused with fitting words to speak.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" summary="" -style="margin:2em auto;max-width:90%; -font-size:85%;"> - -<tr class="sml"><td> </td> -<td>ARTISTS.</td> -<td>ENGRAVERS.</td> -<td>PAGE.</td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Steel Plate.—The Castle of Kenilworth.</span> General View from the Lake <span class="smcap">Allom.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Adlard.</span></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Armorial Shield of the Earl of Leicester</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Archer.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Wakefield.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_211">211</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">View of the Castle</span> from the East, with Lunn’s Tower, Gatehouse, &c.</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Archer.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Jackson.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_212">212</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Gate of Tue Ancient Priory</span>, with Sepulchral Remains</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Archer.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Nicholles.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_215">215</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Simon de Montfort</span>, from a Sepulchral Effigy</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Nicholles.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_217">217</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Remains of the Great Hall in the Castle</span>, with the Undercroft</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Wall.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_220">220</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Rich Window in the Presence Chamber</span>, or Hall</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Prior.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_222">222</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">John of Gaunt</span>, Duke of Lancaster—Lord of Kenilworth</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Nicholles.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_224">224</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">The Strong Tower</span>, with adjoining Ruins</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_226">226</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">The Three Baronial Kitchens</span>, west side of the Castle</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Smith.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_228">228</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Leicester’s Stables</span>, with the Timber-work, &c.</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_231">231</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Part of Leicester’s Buildings</span>, erected by Robert Dudley</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Prior.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Wall.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_232">232</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">The Gateway</span>, part of the Dudley Buildings</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Archer.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Jackson.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_233">233</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">The Floodgate</span>, or <span class="smcap">Water Tower</span> (see the Plan)</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Prior.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Nicholles.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_235">235</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Leicester’s Chimney Piece</span>, formerly in the Presence Chamber</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Archer.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Gray.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_237">237</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Effigy of Robert Dudley</span>, Earl of Leicester, from his Tomb</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Archer.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Gray.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_239">239</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Entrance To the Great Hall</span>, with Entrance to the Nether Hall, or Undercroft. On the left a Window of “Queen Elizabeth’s Dressing-room”</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">O. Smith.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_241">241</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Plan of the Castle</span>, as it appeared in 1575, -from the “Illust. Kenilworth;” with references and explanations at p. 280</td> <td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Wakefield.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_243">243</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Signature of Queen Elizabeth</span>, from the Original in the British Museum </td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Wakefield.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_245">245</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Kenilworth Castle</span>, from the East, showing on the left Mervyn’s Tower—Leicester-Buildings—The Keep—The Gate-House—The Stables, &c.</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Prior.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Wall.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_247">247</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Portrait of Robert Dudley</span>, Earl of Leicester</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Law.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_249">249</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">View From the Tilt-yard</span>, now a sheep-walk, showing part of the outworks. Cæsar’s Tower on the left—part of Leicester-Buildings—and the Gate-House</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Archer.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Dalziel.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_251">251</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Lunn’s Tower at Sunset</span>, showing the remains of the Moat, grass-grown</td><td valign="bottom"> <span class="smcap">Archer.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_253">253</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Portrait of Amy Robsart</span>—Dudley’s first wife, murdered in Cumnor Hall</td><td valign="bottom"> <span class="smcap">Archer.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Whimper.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_255">255</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">The Snake and Dove</span>, allegorical of Dudley and Amy Robsart</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Archer.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Dalziel.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_256">256</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Seal of Kenilworth Priory</span>, impression with the parchment attached, from the British Museum</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Jackson.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_259">259</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">The Bridge at Kenilworth</span>, with the Church and Gate-House on the left</td><td valign="bottom"> <span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_260">260</a></td></tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_xii" id="page_xii">{xii}</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="WALTHAM" id="WALTHAM"></a> -<a href="images/ill_pg_xii.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_xii.jpg" -width="405" -alt="[Image unavailable]" -/></a> -<br /> -<span class="eng">Waltham Abbey.</span></h2> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Within fifteen, holding my passage<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Mydde of a cloyster; depict upon a wall,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">I saw a <span class="smcap">Crucifixe</span>, whose woundes were not small,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">With this Worde wide written there besyde—<br /></span> -<span class="i1">‘<span class="smcap">Beholde my meekness, childe, and leave thy pride!</span>’<span class="lftspc">”</span>—<span class="smcap">Lydgate.</span><br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" summary="" -style="margin:2em auto;max-width:90%; -font-size:85%;"> - -<tr class="sml"><td> </td> -<td>ARTISTS.</td> -<td>ENGRAVERS.</td> -<td>PAGE.</td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Steel Plate.—Waltham Abbey Church</span>, from thy Meadows</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Godfrey.</span></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">View of the Main Street</span>, with the Tower of the Abbey Church</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Delamotte.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Wall.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_261">261</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Abbey Church</span>, East End (with a funeral), showing the Ancient Arch Window</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Tiffin.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Jackson.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_264">264</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Heraldic Shield of the Abbey</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Wakefield.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_265">265</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Saxon Bridge</span>, still used in “Harold’s Park,” Waltham</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Wall.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_268">268</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Inner Porch of the Abbey Church</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Delamotte.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Wall.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_270">270</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Baker’s Entry</span>, remains of the Houses occupied by the Abbots’ retainers</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Walmesley.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_271">271</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Gateway, Bridge</span>, and <span class="smcap">Abbey Tower</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Wall.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_274">274</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Principal Entrance to the Church</span>, with a Monk</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Wakefield.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_276">276</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Ancient Font in the Church of Waltham</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Wakefield.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_277">277</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">View of the Abbey Church</span>, across the Burial-ground</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Walmesley.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_278">278</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Ornamental Buttresses of the Abbey Church</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_278">278</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Seal of the Abbots of Waltham</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Jackson.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_279">279</a></td></tr> - -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_xiii" id="page_xiii">{xiii}</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="CARISBROOKE" id="CARISBROOKE"></a> -<a href="images/ill_pg_xiii.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_xiii.jpg" -width="415" -alt="[Image unavailable]" -/></a> -<br /> -<span class="eng">Carisbrooke Castle.</span></h2> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“O, uncertain path of life: in our hopes how little security: in our joy what short duration! where can<br /></span> -<span class="i5">weak man find shelter? Where in this short life peace?”—<span class="smcap">Camoems.</span><br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" summary="" -style="margin:2em auto;max-width:90%; -font-size:85%;"> - -<tr class="sml"><td> </td> -<td>ARTISTS.</td> -<td>ENGRAVERS.</td> -<td>PAGE.</td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Steel Plate.—View of the Castle from the North</span>, showing the Keep, and Gate, and Outworks</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Radcliffe.</span></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Entrance to the Keep</span> by an ascent of seventy-two stone steps</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_281">281</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Carisbrooke Castle</span>—The ancient Donjon—partly Saxon—from the “Roman Mounds”</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_283">283</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Barracks and Governor’s House</span>, with the Keep, from Mountjoy Tower</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_285">285</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Ancient Gate in the Castle</span>, viewed from the Interior, leading to the steps</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_287">287</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Part of the Keep</span>, known as the Flag-staff Tower, with the Battlement</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_289">289</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Portrait of Henry Beauchamp</span>, crowned King of the Isle of Wight, -in his Coronation Robes, from the original by Rous, British Museum</td><td> </td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_291">291</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Norman Gate</span>, from the Interior, with the Original Oaken Door, said to be 500 years old</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_293">293</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Governor’s House</span>, with part of the Barracks, erected by Queen Elizabeth</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_294">294</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Great Gate</span>, with Round Prison Towers, Machicolations, and Queen Elizabeth’s Gate in the foreground. View taken from the road</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_296">296</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Garrison Well</span>, showing the Great Windlass-Wheel, &c.; with the Interior of the Building as it now appears</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_297">297</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Sign-Manual of King Charles I.</span>, from the Original MS. British Museum</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Walmesley.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_298">298</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top">“<span class="smcap">Queen Elizabeth’s Tower</span>,” with the Outer Gate and Landscape, from the Keep</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_299">299</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">View of the Apartments occupied by King Charles during his Imprisonment in the Castle</span>, with the Window from which he attempted to escape—Objects emblematical of his Reign</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_301">301</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Exact Form and Appearance of the same Window</span>, from which, with his own hand, the King had sawed through one of the Iron Bars</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_302">302</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Ground-Plan of Carisbrooke Castle</span>, showing all the Buildings and Outworks</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Walmesley.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_304">304</a></td></tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_xiv" id="page_xiv">{xiv}</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="NETLEY" id="NETLEY"></a> -<a href="images/ill_pg_xiv.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_xiv.jpg" -width="400" -alt="[Image unavailable]" -/></a> -<br /> -<span class="eng">Netley Abbey.</span></h2> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Mundus abit, fortis sim, non ero: sim speciosus,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Non ero; sim dives non ero, mundus abit.<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Mundus abit, non <span class="smcap">Christus</span> abit: cote non abeuntem.”—<span class="smcap">Mor Cath Martene.</span><br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" summary="" -style="margin:2em auto;max-width:90%; -font-size:85%;"> - -<tr class="sml"><td> </td> -<td>ARTISTS.</td> -<td>ENGRAVERS.</td> -<td>PAGE.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">View of the South Transept of Netley Abbey</span>, showing the beauty and richness of its Architecture</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Hinchliffe.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_305">305</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Impression of the Abbey Seal</span>, with the Wax and Ribbon attached, from the Original</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Walmesley.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_306">306</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">The Abbot’s Seal</span>, with its Impression and Inscription</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Walmesley.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_307">307</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">The Great West Window of the Abbey</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_309">309</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">The Fountain-Court of Netley Abbey</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_311">311</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">The Confessional</span>, for the Cistercian Brotherhood of the Abbey</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_313">313</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">The Sacristy of the Abbey</span>, Vaulted, and Lighted by two Windows</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_314">314</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">The Chapter-House of the Abbey</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_316">316</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">The Abbot’s Kitchen</span>, with the ancient Fireplace</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_318">318</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">The South Front of Netley Abbey</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_320">320</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">The Buttery-door of Netley Abbey.</span> Peasants with their Offerings receiving the Priest’s Benediction</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_321">321</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">The Confessional of Netley Abbey</span>, with Confessor and Penitent</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_323">323</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Palmer</span>, Pilgrim</td><td> </td><td> </td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_324">324</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Netley Beach</span>—a Scene on the road to the Sun Inn</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_327">327</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Netley Castle</span>, lately used as a public House of Entertainment</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_329">329</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top" class="pdd"><span class="smcap">Plan of Netley Abbey</span>—arrangement of the Buildings</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman.</span></td><td> </td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_330">330</a></td></tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_xv" id="page_xv">{xv}</a></span></p> - -<h2><a id="APPENDIXI"></a> - -<a href="images/ill_pg_xv.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_xv.jpg" -width="250" -alt="[Image unavailable]" -/></a> -<br /> -<span class="eng">Appendix.</span></h2> - -<table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" summary="" -style="margin:2em auto;max-width:90%; -font-size:85%;"> - -<tr class="sml"><td> </td> -<td>ARTISTS.</td> -<td>ENGRAVERS.</td> -<td>PAGE.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Allegorical Subject</span>—with Figures and Tomes </td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span> </td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_331">331</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">View of the Castle of Arundel</span>, from a new Point </td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Archer.</span> </td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Gilks.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_335">335</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Knight in Armour</span></td><td> </td><td> </td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_336">336</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Scroll-Head</span>, illustrative of Arundel Castle—West Gateway—“Owl and Swallow” </td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman.</span> </td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Delamotte.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_337">337</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Baron’s Hall</span>—Minstrelsy in the Olden Time—<span class="smcap">Syr Bevis</span> </td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Archer.</span> </td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Dalziel.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_338">338</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Vignette—Tilting Helmet, Sword, and Shield</span></td><td> </td><td> </td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_341">341</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Piscina in Abbey Church</span>, St. Albans, referred to in the Text </td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Prior.</span> </td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Jackson.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_343">343</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Ancient Armour of Eltham Hall—“The Duke’s Study”</span> </td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Archer.</span> </td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Dalziel.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_345">345</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Discovery of Harold’s Body</span>, after the Battle of Hastings, by his Mistress, “Edith with the Swan’s neck” </td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Archer.</span> </td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Dalziel.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_348">348</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Head of King Charles I.</span> as Prisoner in Carisbrooke Castle </td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Law.</span> </td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Jackson.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_350">350</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Abbot of Netley’s Mitre and Crosier</span> </td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span> </td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_352">352</a></td></tr> -</table> - -<h2><span class="eng">List of Illustrations.</span></h2> - -<table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" summary="" -style="margin:2em auto;max-width:90%; -font-size:85%;"> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Allegorical Vignette</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span> </td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_v">v</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Arms and Abbatial Trophies of St. Albans</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Delamotte.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_vii">vii</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Architectural Scroll-head and Trophies of Eltham Hall</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Delamotte.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_viii">viii</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Military Scroll and Arms of Rochester Castle</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Delamotte.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_ix">ix</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Scroll-Head, with Arms and Trophies of Tewkesbury Abbey</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman. </span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap"> Delamotte.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_x">x</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Military Trophies of Kenilworth</span>, with the Arms of Robert Earl of Leicester</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman. </span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap"> Delamotte.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_xi">xi</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Scroll, with the Shrine of the Holy Cross, Waltham Abbey</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Delamotte.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_xii">xii</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_xvi" id="page_xvi">{xvi}</a></span> -<span class="smcap">Scroll-head and Gateway</span>, with the Royal Crown and Arms</td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Delamotte.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_xiii">xiii</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="smcap">Allegorical Heading of Netley Abbey</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Herman.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Delamotte.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_xiv">xiv</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="pdd" valign="top"><span class="eng">Fínís.</span> <span class="smcap">Vignette—Chronicles of England</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Sargent.</span></td><td valign="bottom"><span class="smcap">Evans.</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_xv">xv</a></td></tr> -</table> - -<h2><span class="eng">Architectural Letters.</span></h2> - -<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> -<tr><td align="left">A,</td><td class="c">characteristic of </td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Arundel</span>.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">S,</td><td class="c">”</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">St. Albans</span>.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">E,</td><td class="c">”</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Eltham</span>.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">R,</td><td class="c">”</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Rochester</span>.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">T,</td><td class="c">”</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Tewkesbury</span>.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">K,</td><td class="c">”</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Kenilworth</span>.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">W,</td><td class="c">”</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Waltham</span>.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">C,</td><td class="c">”</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Carisbrooke</span>.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">N,</td><td class="c">”</td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Netley</span>.</td></tr> -</table> - -<hr style="width: 15%;" /> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">De tout usage antique amateur idolâtre;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">De toute nouveauté frondeur opiniâtre;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Homme d’un autre siècle, et ne suivant en tout<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Pour tou qu’un vieux honneur, pour loi que le vieux goût:<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Cerveau des plus bornés qui, tenant pour maxime<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Qu’un seigneur de paroisse est un être sublime!—<br /></span> -<span class="i0">On n’imagine pas combien il se respecte,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Ivre de son château dont il est l’architecte.—<span class="smcap">Gresset</span>, <i>Le Châtelain</i>.<br /></span> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_xvii" id="page_xvii">{xvii}</a></span></div></div> -</div> - -<hr style="width: 15%;" /> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">—— Enraptured have I loved to roam,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">A lingering votary, the vaulted dome,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Where the tall shafts, that mount in massy pride,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Their mingling branches shoot from side to side;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Where elfin Sculptors, with fantastic clew,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">O’er the long roof their wild embroidery drew;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Where Superstition, with capricious hand,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">In many a maze the wreathed window plann’d,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">With hues romantic tinged the gorgeous pane,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">To fill with holy light the wondrous fane!<br /></span> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_xx" id="page_xx">{xx}</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_xix" id="page_xix">{xix}</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_xviii" id="page_xviii">{xviii}</a></span></div></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/plt_001.jpg"> -<img src="images/plt_001.jpg" width="462" height="683.5" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"> -<p> -Designed by Lonsdale. <span style="margin-left:5em;">Painted by Backler.</span> <span style="margin-left:5em;">Engraved by Allen.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p><i>Signing of the Magna Charta by King John.</i></p> - -<p>FROM THE GREAT WINDOW OF THE BARONS HALL ARUNDEL CASTLE.</p> - -<p> -<i><a href="#page_27">page 27</a>.</i><br /> -</p> - -<p>LONDON, GEORGE VIRTUE.</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_1" id="page_1">{1}</a></span></p> - -<h1> -<a href="images/ill_pg_001.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_001.jpg" height="289" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<span class="caption">CASTLES & ABBEYS OF ENGLAND</span> -</h1> - -<p class="nind"><span class="eng">The Castles and Abbeys of England</span> may be justly regarded as the great -fixed landmarks in her history. They stand like monumental pillars in -the stream of time, inscribed with the names of her native chivalry and -early hierarchy, whose patriotic deeds and works of piety they were -raised to witness and perpetuate.</p> - -<p>Viewed in this connexion, they are subjects of enduring interest and -curiosity; especially to those whose minds have been strongly imbued -with a love of the arts, a veneration for the great minds and the wise -measures of which they are the splendid memorials. We linger in the -feudal court, and muse in the deserted sanctuary, with emotions which we -can hardly define: in the one our patriotism gathers strength and -decision; in the other, that piety of which it is the outward evidence, -sheds a warmer influence on the heart. We traverse the apartments that -once contained the noble founders of our national Freedom; the venerable -and intrepid champions of our Faith; the revered fathers of our -Literature; with a feeling which amounts to almost devotion. We turn -aside to the mouldering gates of our ancestors as a pilgrim turns to -some favourite shrine; to those ruins which were the cradles of liberty, -the residence of men illustrious for their deeds, the stronghold and -sanctuary of their domestic virtues and affections. The mutilated<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_2" id="page_2">{2}</a></span> -altars of our religion, the crumbling sepulchres of our forefathers, are -pregnant with an interest which no other source can afford. In these -venerable remains, the visible stamp of sanctity still clings to the -threshold; we tread the ground with a soft silent step, overawed by the -solemnity of the scene; we feel that—although the sacred fire is -extinguished on the altar, the hallelujahs hushed in the quire, and -priest and penitent gone for ever—we feel that the presence of a -divinity still hallows the spot; that the wings of the presiding -cherubim are still extended over its altar.</p> - -<p>But turning from the cloistered abbey, to the castellated fortress of -antiquity, a new train of associations springs up. The vaulted gateway, -the rudely sculptured shield, the heavy portcullis, and massive -towers—all contrast forcibly with the scene we have just left, but -present to the mind’s eye a no less faithful picture of feudal times. It -was from these towers that the flower of English chivalry went forth -under the banner of the Cross—carried the terror of their arms to the -gates of Jerusalem, and earned those glorious ‘badges’ which are now the -proud distinction of their respective houses.</p> - -<p>In a survey of these primitive strongholds, these rude citadels of our -national faith and honour, every feature is invested with traditionary -interest. They are intimately associated with our native Literature, -civil and sacred; with History, Poetry, Painting, and the Drama; with -local tradition, legendary and antiquarian lore.</p> - -<p>To the early founders of our castles and abbeys, we are mainly indebted -for the blessings we still enjoy as a free and independent nation. It -was the unflinching fortitude and uncompromising faith of our baronial -ancestors which extorted from the hands of Despotism the grand charters -of English freedom; and, if the men who achieved such things ought to -live in the grateful remembrance of their country, surely the local -habitations with which their names are identified, must ever be viewed -as classic scenes with which the grandeur and glory of England are -inseparably connected.</p> - -<p>It is there that the very Genius of chivalry still presents himself with -that stern and majestic countenance which views with disdain the -‘luxurious and degenerate posterity’ which has robbed him of his -honours. It is there that the scenes of other days recur to the -imagination in all their native pomp and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_3" id="page_3">{3}</a></span> solemnity. These were the -ancient schools where the manly exercises of knighthood, the generous -virtues of patriotism, fortitude, honour, courtesy and wisdom, were -habitually taught and practised.</p> - -<p>The love and reverence of antiquity are imbibed with our earliest -classic discipline; but when we turn to the history of our own country, -and contemplate in her castles, abbeys, and cathedrals, the monuments of -her former greatness, we become animated with a different emotion; we -feel the strong bond of relationship which unites us with their -founders. We dwell with romantic interest on their valour, munificence, -hospitality; a hospitality which was open to all; to knight, pilgrim, -and minstrel; to him whose honoured office “wedded to immortal verse” -the fortunes, achievements, and festivities of the noble owner; and by -exciting the first efforts of wit and fancy, secured an introduction to -every species of polite learning—to all the softer influences by which -the stern manners of the age were gradually softened and refined.</p> - -<p>With respect to our ecclesiastical foundations, our abbeys, priories, -and cathedrals; how great is the proportion that was built and endowed -by our ancient nobility! Next to the glory of bearing arms in the Holy -Land, was the desire of founding churches at home; for to honour God -with their substance, to brave every danger in defence of their -religion, were maxims that regulated the chief actions of their lives, -and extended their view beyond the boundaries of time. To them and their -long line of descendants, we are indebted for feats of arms, for -examples of Christian fortitude, which have preserved our throne and -constitution inviolate, and raised the British character to its zenith -of national glory. By the practical lessons which they afford, they -inspire us with admiration of their lofty virtues. Their patriotism at -home, their perilous adventures abroad, their indomitable courage and -inflexible faith, their triumphs at the scaffold and the stake,—all -evinced a constancy in virtue, a confidence in God, which nothing could -shake or overthrow.</p> - -<p>In the history of feudal times, when turbulence and faction were -constantly troubling the serene atmosphere of public and private life, -we observe the spiritual and temporal power mutually aiding and -restraining each other: both uniting to regulate the balance of the -state, to enforce obedience to the laws, to resist those -unconstitutional and oppressive measures which<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_4" id="page_4">{4}</a></span> produced such frequent -and painful divisions between the sovereign and his vassals.</p> - -<p>But, while thus adverting to the character and polity of feudal times, -we are far from maintaining that there was no flaw in the system, no -flagrant act of injustice in its administration. On the contrary, we -freely admit its imperfection; but we as freely applaud its excellences. -We grant that every castle had its dungeon; every dungeon, perhaps, its -prisoners and captives; but still, viewed as a scheme of civil freedom, -the feudal polity ‘bears a noble countenance. Deprived of its sustaining -power, the very names of right and privilege must have fallen prostrate -at the feet of unlimited despotism.’ If, says Hallam, ‘when the people -were poor and disunited, the nobility had not been brave and free, the -tyranny which on every favourable occasion was breaking through all -barriers would have rioted without control.’</p> - -<p>In these prefatory remarks, however, we refrain from supporting our -views by the evidence of facts; but to the indulgent reader, who feels -an interest in the subject, and will accompany us in our tour<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> through -the feudal monuments<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_5" id="page_5">{5}</a></span> in question, we hope to prove by many interesting -records, anecdotes, and illustrations, the beneficial influence of a -system, prolific beyond all others in the grandeur of its institutions, -and forming what may be justly styled the monumental ages of England.</p> - -<p>But along with their graver history, these primitive strongholds of the -national faith and freedom unite a thousand pleasing and faithful -pictures of social life. It was in these palaces, castles, abbeys, -halls, and manor-houses, that, in the ‘merry days of England,’ the -festivals of our Church and the fêtes of Chivalry, were celebrated in -all their splendour. It was there the noble host collected around him -his friends and retainers, that the walls were hung with banners, that -steel-clad warders paced the battlements, that the sound of the horn -summoned the guests from the ‘joust’ or the chase,—that the ‘boar’s -head’ smoked on the ample board,—that mantling cups were drained to the -health of ‘beauty,’ and fresh honours decreed to the ‘brave.’</p> - -<p>It was in these halls that the ‘Christmas log,’ flashing through the -painted casement, announced the reign of hospitality,—when the ‘roast -beef of Old England,’ her nut-brown October, and the national songs and -dance, conspired to produce one long scene of mirth and festivity; when -the ‘harper’ sang those romantic and heroic ballads at which the young -caught fire, and the old threw aside the weight of years. Who can -reflect on these scenes, now the subject of history, without a lively -interest in the Castles and Abbeys of England?</p> - -<p>Hitherto, the grand objection to works of this description, has been -their expense, which has confined the circulation of picturesque -antiquarian works to the opulent classes of society. The great -recommendation of the present work is its unprecedented cheapness, being -illustrated by original views taken on the spot, and not amounting in -general to more than a twentieth of the price at which its predecessors -in the same field have been published.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">6, Park Square, London.</span></p></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_005.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_005.jpg" width="147" height="81.5" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_6" id="page_6">{6}</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_006.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_006.jpg" width="229" height="132" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i8">Derived down to us, and received<br /></span> -<span class="i0">In a succession, far the noblest way,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Of breeding up our youths in letters, arms,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Fair mien, discourses, civil exercise,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And all the blazon of a gentleman.—<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Where can he learn to vault, to ride, to fence,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">To move his body gracefully; to speak<br /></span> -<span class="i0">His language purer; or to tune his mind<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Or manners more to the harmony of Nature<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Than in these Nurseries of Nobility?<br /></span> -<span class="i8"><span class="smcap">Ben Jonson’s</span> <i>New Inn</i>. Act I. Scene 3.<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<div class="blockquot"><p class="hang"><small>N.B. A LIST OF THE NATIONAL RECORDS, ANCIENT CHRONICLES, AND OTHER -STANDARD AUTHORITIES QUOTED, OR REFERRED TO, IN THE FOLLOWING WORK, -WILL BE FOUND ANNEXED TO EACH SUBJECT RESPECTIVELY.</small></p></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/plt_002.jpg"> -<img src="images/plt_002.jpg" width="448" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p> -<i>Drawn by T. Allom.</i> <i>Engraved by I. W. Archer.</i><br /> -</p> - -<p>ARUNDEL CASTLE.</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_7" id="page_7">{7}</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="THE_CASTLE_OF_ARUNDEL" id="THE_CASTLE_OF_ARUNDEL"></a>THE CASTLE OF ARUNDEL,</h2> - -<p class="c"><span class="eng">Sussex</span>,<br /><br /> -PRINCIPAL SEAT OF HIS GRACE THE DUKE OF NORFOLK, K.G.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_007.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_007.jpg" width="490" height="310" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Since William rose and Harold fell,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">There have been Counts of Arundel;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And Earls old Arundel shall have,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">While rivers flow and forests wave.<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p class="nind"><span class="eng">The Castle of Arundel</span> enjoys a twofold celebrity, in its great antiquity -and in its peculiar privilege of conferring the title of Earl on its -possessor. The former reverts to a period much anterior to the conquest; -the latter was hereditary in the eleventh century, and confirmed by Act -of Parliament in the sixth year of the reign of Henry the Sixth. But its -chief and enduring interest is derived from the long list of warriors -and statesmen whose names are identified with the place; and whose -deeds, during the lapse of eight centuries, have shed lustre on the -national history.</p> - -<p>The earliest recorded notice of Arundel occurs in the will of the Great<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_8" id="page_8">{8}</a></span> -<span class="eng">Alfred</span><a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>, in which he bequeaths it, along with other lordships, to his -brother’s son Athelm. It is described in that document<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> as a manor, -but without any specific distinction in its privileges from those of -Aldingbourn, Compton, and Beeding, with which it is associated; and to -Godwin and his son <span class="eng">Harold</span>, who were successively earls of Sussex<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a>, it -passed, in all probability, in the same form. It was not till the -overthrow of the Saxon dynasty<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a>, however, that Arundel assumes a -prominent station in history as a native fortress of strength and -importance<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a>. Among the train of warlike barons who attended the Norman -in his successful expedition to our coast, was - -<span class="sidenote">1066-1070</span> -Roger de Monte -Gomerico, or <span class="eng">Montgomery</span>, nearly related to the Conqueror by blood, and -possessing extensive territories in Normandy<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a>. At the battle of -Hastings, which placed the British crown on the head of William, -Montgomery led the</p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_008.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_008.jpg" width="121.5" height="125" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">centre division of the army<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a>, and contributed to the victory. In -return for this important service, and to bind him more firmly to his -interests, the Conqueror four years afterwards bestowed upon him the two -comtés, or earldoms, of Shrewsbury and Arundel<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a>. Of the six rapes<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> -into which Sussex is divided, two, comprising Chichester and <span class="eng">Arundel</span>, -and calculated to contain eighty-four knights’ fees<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> and a half, were -set apart to form the honour<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> of Arundel. Of this and his other -princely territories, Montgomery retained possession during a period of -twenty years; and the ample revenues which they produced enabled him to -support that dignity, splendour, and host of retainers which bespoke the -rank of one of the great vassals of the crown. He was a man, according -to Orderic<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a>, of exemplary prudence and moderation; a great lover of -equity, and of discreet and modest persons. When he<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_9" id="page_9">{9}</a></span> perceived his end -approaching, the attachment which he had always felt for a religious -life induced him to solicit admission to the Abbey of Shrewsbury, which -he had founded; and there, three days after he had assumed the monastic -habit<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a>, he expired in the month of July, 1094. Of his family, -consisting of five sons and four daughters, an account will be found in -the Appendix.</p> - -<p>On the death of Roger Montgomery, his English possessions descended by -will to <span class="eng">Hugh</span>, his younger son, whose life, like that of his brother -<span class="eng">Robert</span>, was spent in wars of retaliation and aggression; seconding the -enterprises of the turbulent nobles of his period; alternately opposing, -and punished by, the king. <span class="sidenote">1098-1102</span> When an attempt was made upon the island of -Anglesea by the king of Norway<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a>, Hugh made all haste to give him a -warm reception; but although the enemy was put to flight, one of his -arrows taking effect upon the Earl of Arundel<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a>, entered at the eye, -and passing through the brain, struck him dead from his horse. He was -buried in Shrewsbury. From Hugh the earldom passed to his elder brother -Robert, Comte of Belesme, in La Perche, on payment of a fine to the king -of three thousand pounds—an immense sum at that period. But on the -revolt of the latter, when his possessions were forfeited to King Henry -the First, the honour and castle of Arundel were resumed as property of -the Crown.</p> - -<p>By <span class="eng">Henry</span> they were settled in dower upon his second queen, Adeliza, -daughter of Godfrey, Duke of Lorraine, who on the death of the king -conveyed them by a second marriage to William de</p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_009.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_009.jpg" width="133" height="136" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="eng">Albini</span>, lord of Buckenham in Norfolk, of whose descendants we shall make -more deliberate mention hereafter. When the Empress <span class="eng">Matilda</span>, daughter of -Henry the First, and mother of Henry the Second, landed in England in -1139, to assert her claims against the usurper Stephen, she was -received, as will hereafter be noticed, at Arundel, and lodged with her -retinue in the castle—an event which served greatly to advance and -establish the fortunes of Albini. For the news of her landing having -alarmed the Usurper, he drew his forces immediately under the walls, and -laid close siege to the castle. Albini, however, not only preserved his -royal guest from violence, but, by good generalship or caution, secured -for her a safe-conduct to Bristol, from which she took shipping and -returned to the Continent<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_10" id="page_10">{10}</a></span>.</p> - -<p>On the accession of her son, Henry the Second, this and other faithful -services were not forgotten by the sovereign, who, to testify the sense -in which he viewed Albini’s devotion to his cause, confirmed to him and -to his heirs for ever the honour and castle of Arundel<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a>. He died in -1176, and William, his son and successor, in 1196.</p> - -<p><span class="eng">William de Albini</span>, the third in regular descent who enjoyed the earldom -of Arundel, is well known in history as one of the barons who signed the -Magna Charta, and otherwise evinced himself one of the most talented and -enterprising men of his day. Having died on his way home through Italy -in 1221, he was succeeded by his son William, the fourth earl, who dying -early, without issue, was succeeded by his brother, <span class="eng">Hugh</span> de Albini, the -last of the race. Hugh died in 1243, leaving four sisters, or their -representatives, as his co-heirs, amongst whom, under a special -commission from the Crown, his manorial estates were divided. Of these -four sisters, the second, Isabel, had married Fitzalan of Oswaldestre; -and to her son John Fitzalan, as nephew to the late Earl Hugh, the -castle of Arundel and all its appurtenances descended by inheritance. -This was the beginning of a new line of Earls—the Fitzalans of Arundel, -six of whom in succession held that distinguished rank in the state.</p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_010.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_010.jpg" width="85.5" height="111" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="eng">The Fitzalan Family</span>, like those of Montgomery and Albini, was of Norman -origin, and descended from Alan, the son of Fleald, who attended the -Conqueror at the battle of Hastings, and received, amongst other spoils -of the vanquished, the castle of Madoc-ap-Meredith in Wales, with the -lordship of Oswaldestre in Salop. His wife was a daughter of -Warren-the-Bald, sheriff of Shropshire, and consequently grand-niece of -Roger Montgomery. By her he had two sons; William, who, adopting his -patronymic, was called Fitz-Alan; and Walter, who, pursuing his fortunes -in Scotland and being appointed by King David grand-steward of the -kingdom, became the progenitor of the royal family of <span class="eng">Stuart</span><a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a>. -William Fitzalan, the elder brother, married Ellen, daughter of William -Peverel, and niece of Robert, Earl of Gloucester, and with her obtained -a large accession of property in Bretagne. He defended Shrewsbury -against Stephen, fought with the Empress Matilda at Winchester, and at -the accession of Henry the Second was appointed sheriff of Shropshire. -At his death he left an only son, William, whose marriage with Isabel,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_11" id="page_11">{11}</a></span> -daughter and heiress of Ingelram-de-Say, added the extensive lordship of -Clun to the patrimonial possessions of the family; when the titles of -Clun and Oswaldestre were first united, and continue in the Howard -family to the present day. After the death of William, the first lord of -these honours, his son and successor survived him only five years, and -leaving no issue, the property devolved on his brother, John Fitzalan, -who, in concert with the Barons, opposed the tyrannical measures of the -king, and was appointed by Henry the Third one of the Lords Marchers in -Wales. At his death he was succeeded by his only son, the subject of -this notice, and first of his family who was Earl of Arundel.</p> - -<p>On two occasions, however, the family honours and property were -alienated by attainder, and given in the first instance to Edmund, Earl -of Kent; and in the latter to Holland, Duke of Exeter. This took place -in the persons of Edmund the third, and Richard the fifth earl; but in -both cases their sons were restored to that station and inheritance -which their own political offences had forfeited.</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote">1415</span> <span class="eng">Thomas</span>, the sixth earl of the Fitzalan line, dying without issue, left -three sisters as his co-heirs. But his grandfather, Richard, in order to -prevent the further division of the honour, had entailed it first upon -his Countess for the term of her natural life; and then on the heirs -male of his own body, by the said Countess Alianor, with remainders -over. In pursuance of this arrangement, therefore, the castle and -estates of Arundel passed, on the demise of Earl Thomas, to his -second-cousin, John Fitzalan, Lord Maltravers, from whom it again -descended through a succession of seven earls of the united families of -Fitzalan and Maltravers—many of them highly distinguished, and -terminated in Henry, the twenty-second Earl of Arundel.</p> - -<p><span class="eng">Henry’s</span> only son, a youth of splendid accomplishments, had died at -Brussels; and of his two daughters, Joan, the elder, was married to Lord -Lumley; and Mary to Thomas Howard, fourth Duke of Norfolk. But the -latter, having died after giving birth to a son, Philip Howard; and the -other, Lady Lumley, having been married twenty years without issue; a -fine was levied in 1570, by which the earl, ten years previous to his -death, entailed the castle and honour of Arundel, with a numerous list -of parks, forests, lands, estates, &c., upon Lord Lumley and Joan, his -wife, for the term of their separate lives, remainder to the lawful -heirs of the said Joan, remainder to Philip, son of Mary, Duchess of -Norfolk, and his heirs.<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></p> - -<p><span class="sidenote">1581</span> <span class="eng">Philip</span>, first of the Ducal House of Howard invested with the title of -Earl of Arundel, continued in the enjoyment of his honours only during -the short period of eight years, when, as will hereafter appear, he was -attainted in 1589, and his estates forfeited to the crown. Fifteen years -later, however,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_12" id="page_12">{12}</a></span> they were restored to his son Thomas, on the accession -of King <span class="eng">James</span>, who was anxious to redress the wrongs of the father, by -extending the hand of royal favour to the son. This event in the -fortunes of the Howard family took place in 1604; and from that period -down to the present time, the title has passed without interruption -through a line of descendants—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Cui genus a proavis ingens, clarumque paternæ<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Nomen erat Virtutis.<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="eng">With</span> this brief and hasty sketch of the origin of the Castle of Arundel -and its powerful lords, whose deeds and destinies shed around its -history feelings of mingled sympathy and admiration; we turn aside to -view the fortress, whose apartments have been the hereditary asylum and -berçeau of patriotism, chivalry, piety, and British independence, during -a period of eight centuries.</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Combien de souvenirs ici sont retracés!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">J’aime à voir ces glacis, ces angles, ces fossés,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Ces vestiges épars des siéges, des batailles,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Ces boulets qu’arrêta l’épaisseur des murailles.<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_012.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_012.jpg" height="100" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>To the great antiquity of Arundel Castle we have already adverted. -<span class="smcap">Bevis</span><a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a>—a hero of romance—is currently believed to have been its -founder; but however easily this may be disputed, the fact of its having -been a royal fortress, long before the Conquest, seems fully -established. The earliest recorded evidence to this effect appears in -the Domesday Survey, where it is stated that, in the time of Edward the -Confessor, the castle of Arundel<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> rendered for a certain mill forty -shillings, for one pasture twenty shillings; and that between the town, -the port, and the customs of the shipping, it rendered twelve pounds, -and was worth thirteen.</p> - -<p>But as the name and epoch of its founder remain in total obscurity<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a>, -conjecture, however plausible or ingenious, would here be fruitless; and -leaving the fanciful antiquary and etymologist to indulge their several -tastes<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_13" id="page_13">{13}</a></span> in exploring the labyrinth of fable, we turn at once to the -broad noon of history, to draw from authentic sources such facts as may -appear in some respects more extraordinary than fiction.</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_013.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_013.jpg" width="250" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="eng">The Castle of Arundel</span>, in point of situation, presents every advantage -which could be desired for the erection of a military fortress. At the -southern extremity of the elevated platform on which it stands, a strong -wall inclosed the inner court, containing upwards of five acres; on the -north-east and south-east a precipitous dip of the hill, to at least -ninety feet, rendered the castle inaccessible. On the remaining sides, a -deep fosse, protected on the north by a double vallation, and cutting -off all external communication in that direction, secured the garrison -against any sudden incursion or surprise. Or, if assailed,—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">From gate and battlemented tower<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Fell the warder’s iron shower—<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And swift and sharp, from twanging yew,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The feathered shafts incessant flew.<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>In the centre of this spacious area, rose the <span class="eng">donjon</span> or Keep, circular -in form, of enormous strength, crowning a lofty artificial mound, and -commanding a wide and uninterrupted view of all the neighbouring -approaches. The height of the mount, from the bottom of the fosse on the -external side, was seventy feet; on the internal, sixty-nine; and with -that of the walls and battlements, by which it was crowned, presented a -commanding elevation on the east of ninety-six feet; and on the west, of -one hundred and three. The walls, measuring from eight to ten feet in -thickness, inclosed a nearly circular space, varying between fifty-nine -and sixty-seven feet in diameter, which afforded accommodation for the -garrison. The apartments, judging from the corbel stones still -remaining, appear to have been arranged round the walls, converging -towards the centre, from which they received their light, as from an -open cupola. Externally there were neither loop-holes nor openings in -the masonry, from which, as in other keeps, an army could be annoyed; so -that it was only from the ramparts and battlements that the garrison -could repel an assault.—See Dallaway’s Rape of Arundel and Horsted’s -History.</p> - -<p>Such in all probability was the ‘Castrum de Harundel’ when the Conqueror -placed it in the hands of Roger Montgomery, and such as it had been -when<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_14" id="page_14">{14}</a></span> erected by the wise policy of King Alfred. At this time the Keep -appears to have comprised the whole strength of the place, the barbican -or outer rampart excepted; so that to give it the strength and space of -a Norman castle, by contributing those improvements which the -circumstances of the time demanded, and of which its natural position -was highly susceptible, engaged the first care of its Norman possessor. -The external walls, accordingly, were faced with a new casing of Caen -stone; the whole structure was supported at intervals by broad flat -buttresses; and on the south-east side of the Keep an improved</p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_014.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_014.jpg" width="155" height="142.5" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">entrance was effected, where the Norman art is still visible. It is a -wide semicircular <span class="eng">archway</span> cut through the solid wall, ornamented on the -inner side with a plain torus moulding, and terminated on the outer by a -smaller arch, richly carved with the chevron and other ornaments in -common use during the latter part of the eleventh century.<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></p> - -<p>But of all the architectural improvements effected by Roger Montgomery -in the wide area beneath the Keep, the most conspicuous in the present -day is the great Gateway. It consists of a square tower standing over an -arched way, which forms the entrance to the court, and communicates with -the Keep by a raised passage carried across the moat, and terminated by -a flight of steps. The upper part of this tower is supposed to be the -work of the thirteenth century; but the lower portion, comprising the -whole of the covered-way, retains its original stamp, and presents a -striking specimen of Norman taste. The arch is circular, without a -keystone, and quite destitute of ornament. The arch, as well as all that -remains of the ancient front of the tower, is composed of square blocks -of Pulborough stone, the angles of which still preserve their original -sharpness. A portcullis was formerly placed at the outer extremity of -the passage, which was probably still further strengthened by a -drawbridge over the fosse immediately beneath it.<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a>—See the -engravings.</p> - -<p>The Barbican, or <span class="eng">Bebis’ Tower</span>, as it is generally called, is another of -those warlike adjuncts by which the Norman baron strengthened and -improved his new residence. It occupies the north-west side of the ditch -by which the Keep is surrounded, and, notwithstanding the ravages of -siege and storm, presents many of the characteristic features of Norman -architecture. It is an oblong tower, supported by a huge buttress at -each of its angles, and originally was of considerable elevation; but -during the Parliamentary siege, about to be noticed, the upper part was -destroyed, and the temporary roof which now<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_15" id="page_15">{15}</a></span> covers it was supplied at a -later period. The whole is now invested with a luxuriant mantle of ivy, -and presents, like the adjoining Keep, a green pyramidal mass of -foliage, through which at intervals the grey stone and white mortar are -discernible. It is haunted ground—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">For there, ’tis said, ’mid scenes forlorn,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">When midnight spreads her dreary pall,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The blast of Bebis’ bugle-horn<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Rings loudly from its ramparts tall.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">While, starting to the unearthly sound,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Warrior spectres gather round;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And dismal through the dusky air,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Banners gleam and torches glare—<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Till all, at cock-crow, to their shrouds<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Shrink away like fleeting clouds.<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>Under the east end of the Castle is an immense <span class="eng">vault</span>, described by a -late historian of the Castle as sixty-six feet in length by nearly -twenty-one feet in width, and upwards of fourteen feet high. The arches -are circular, and formed of square blocks of chalk strengthened by four -transverse ribs of massive stone. The walls, varying in thickness, -present at different parts externally a compact mass of seven feet and -upwards. This is the dismal receptacle in which the unhappy captive whom -the fortune of war had placed at the mercy of his feudal lord, or the -culprit who had violated the laws, were shut up in miserable durance. -Few have ever traversed that dreary vault without an involuntary -shudder, as imagination conjured up the scenes of human agony that must -have transpired unheard, unpitied, under the veil of its sepulchral -darkness—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Where oft, at the dark and midnight watch,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">As the sentry walks his round,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The wail of pain, and the clanking chain,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Send forth a dismal sound.<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="sidenote">1404</span> A curious instance of escape from this dungeon, in connexion with the -law of sanctuary, is recorded by Mr. Tierney, on the authority of Bishop -Rede’s Register:—A person named John Mot, having been committed on a -charge of robbery, contrived to elude the vigilance of his keepers, -passed the</p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_015.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_015.jpg" width="154.5" height="138" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">enclosure of the castle, and had nearly succeeded in effecting his -retreat, when his flight becoming known, the constable, assisted by a -part of the inhabitants, followed in close pursuit. Finding that he was -likely to be overtaken, the fugitive turned to the College of the Holy -Trinity, and seizing the ring attached to the gate, claimed the rights -of sanctuary. The constable, however, appears to have doubted<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_16" id="page_16">{16}</a></span> the -validity of this appeal to ecclesiastical protection, and the captive -was forcibly disengaged, and hurried back to prison. But the -circumstance got wind; rumours of the occurrence soon spread through the -neighbourhood; the immunities of the church and the laws of sanctuary -were said to have been violated; two of the parties who had aided the -constable in securing the offender were summoned before the bishop, to -answer the charge in person. Being questioned, and found guilty, they -were ordered to make a pilgrimage on foot to the shrine of St. Richard, -at Chichester, to present an offering there according to their ability; -to be cudgelled (fustigati) five times through the church of Arundel, -and five times to recite the Pater-noster, the Ave, and the Creed, upon -their knees before the crucifix at the high-altar. Before, however, this -sentence could be carried into execution, it was ascertained that, on -discovery of the error which had been committed, the captive had been -“restored to the church.” The cudgelling was therefore ordered to be -remitted; and an offering of a burning taper by each of the offending -parties at the high-mass on the following Sunday, was substituted in its -place.<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a></p> - -<p>Of the <span class="eng">Baronial Chapel</span>, believed to have been erected at the same time, -and now converted into the modern dining-room of the castle, little is -known, beyond the fact of its having existed in the latter part of the -thirteenth century<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a>. During the minority of Richard Fitzalan, a royal -patent was issued, by which we learn that the king, in right of the -wardship which he possessed, presented to “the chapel of St. George, -within the castle of Arundel.”<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> From that early period, down to the -close of the last century, when the late Duke entered upon his plans for -restoring the castle to its original splendour, this hallowed apartment -had served as the family oratory of the <span class="eng">Montgomeries</span>, the <span class="eng">Albinis</span>, the -<span class="eng">Fitzalans</span>, the <span class="eng">Howards</span>. But the rich and beautiful Gothic temple which -the Duke has substituted has, in some degree, compensated for the -metamorphosis to which the primitive altar of the family has been -subjected. The spot, however, where an altar had stood for centuries—at -which so many generations had knelt in their joy or their sorrow; had -paid the tribute of gratitude in prosperity, and implored succour in -adversity; at which the marriage benediction, the baptismal rite, and -the solemn service for the dead, had been so long and often -celebrated—such a spot, however transformed by the hand of man, to -whatever secular purposes converted, possesses that inherent sanctity -which no disguise can obliterate—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Unseen a hallowed incense fills the air,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And mystic voices peal the notes of prayer.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Still round that shrine where once the VIRGIN smiled,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And kings and shepherds hailed the SAVIOUR-CHILD,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">A seraph watches with extended wing,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And angel-quires their songs of triumph sing.<br /></span> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_17" id="page_17">{17}</a></span></div></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_017.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_017.jpg" width="345" height="375" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="eng">The South-east</span> front of Arundel Castle, which crowns an abrupt descent -overlooking the river Arun, appears, in common with the dungeon already -described, to have been the work of Montgomery, and contemporary with -the adjoining tower. This opinion is confirmed by the close resemblance -of its external masonry to that of the keep; as well as by the remains -of some double round-headed windows, still visible in the walls, and -which strictly correspond with double arches in Winchester Cathedral, -built about the same epoch by Walkelin, cousin of William the Conqueror.</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote">1094</span> Whatever appears to have been necessary for the strength and security of -a Norman baron and his retainers, seems to have been fully and -expeditiously effected by <span class="eng">Earl Roger</span>, whose experienced eye and warlike -spirit soon detected the weak points of Arundel Castle, and supplied a -remedy in those massive walls and outworks, which, with a -well-disciplined garrison, must have rendered it impregnable in all the -ordinary extremities of foreign or domestic warfare. The earl who next -employed his taste and munificence in the work, was Richard Fitzalan, -the third of his family, to whom we shall<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_18" id="page_18">{18}</a></span> return in a subsequent -notice. Having obtained a patent, authorising him to strengthen the -defences of the town, by enclosing it on the exposed sides with walls, -he appears to have availed himself of the same opportunity to rebuild -the upper part of the old gatehouse, which had now stood upwards of a -century, and to enlarge it on the west by the erection of an external -gateway, a correct engraving of which is here introduced.</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_018.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_018.jpg" width="321" height="254.5" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>It consists of a long covered passage, “approached originally by a -drawbridge over the fosse;” the entrance is under an “obtusely-pointed -arch without machicolations, defended by a portcullis, and flanked by -two square embattled towers, which are divided into four stories of -apartments.” The lowest of these comprises the dungeons, entirely dark, -and sunk to a depth of nearly fifteen feet below the bottom of the -fosse. The upper rooms are lighted externally by narrow label-headed -windows; and at the west corner a chamber, which extends along the whole -of the covered-way, communicates with one of these apartments. This -central chamber is still perfect, and accessible, by a spiral stone -staircase, from the passage below. In the north wall of the archway is -the ancient sally-port<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a>, which opens into the ditch. The foundation -of the well-tower, and the construction of the present entrance to the -Keep, are of similar origin with the gateway. Originally it was of -considerable elevation; but having suffered by the united efforts of -time and violence, the upper part was taken down by order of the late -Duke, and the rubbish thrown into the well, which, according to our -cicerone, was three hundred feet in depth<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a>. In most of the ancient -fortresses, situated on lofty and commanding situations, the -garrison-well was always an object of paramount interest. The labour and -ingenuity with which it was constructed, and the almost incredible depth -to<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_19" id="page_19">{19}</a></span> which it was often found necessary to perforate, before an adequate -supply of that indispensable requisite, pure water, could be secured, -are sufficient to excite our curiosity and admiration.</p> - -<p>In the square tower immediately adjoining, on the east side, is “the -present entrance to the Keep. Its narrow pointed arch is concealed -beneath the dark projection of the tower; whilst the portcullis which -once closed its approach, and the steep winding ascent which conducts to -it, must have rendered the position of this garrison impregnable”—so -far as that could be accomplished by art; for it is only in the hands of -the truly brave that any place can be pronounced impregnable<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a>.</p> - -<p><span class="eng">The tower</span>, which is a continuation of that built over the well, is -curiously contrived: its eastern wall is built against the old Norman -door-way, in such a manner as to include within it about one-third of -the open space of the arch. Parallel with this wall, on the inner side, -is another erected about three feet distant, forming a long narrow slit -within the tower, which, by means of the enclosed portion of the ancient -arch, opens a direct communication with the interior of the Keep. Over -this covered space is a sort of stone funnel, resembling a chimney, with -an opening into a chamber above; and immediately below, at the base of -the outer wall, is a very small pointed arch, which is supposed to have -been intended either as a sally-port, or as a private entrance to the -fortress when other avenues were necessarily closed. Scarcely rising -above the surface, it escaped observation, and enabled a spy to -disappear almost as if he had sunk into the earth; whilst, in case of -discovery or of an enemy attempting to force a passage by this aperture, -the funnel above presented a prompt sluice, through which melted lead, -boiling water, and other destructive missiles could be discharged upon -the heads of the intruders, so as completely to cut of all access to the -interior<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a>.</p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_019.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_019.jpg" width="129.5" height="203" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>The ancient Chapel or <span class="eng">Oratory</span> of the garrison is another of those -architectural features which owe their foundation to Richard Fitzalan. -It was dedicated to St. Martin, and together with that of St. -George—the Baronial Chapel already noticed—is mentioned in Domesday -Survey, as enjoying an annual rent of twelve-pence, payable by one of -the burgesses of Arundel<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a>. The view from this consecrated spot, as -observed through the opening of its mutilated arches, offers one of the -finest coups-d’œil in this romantic<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_20" id="page_20">{20}</a></span> and commanding position. The chapel -is a relic of great interest—but only a relic, for</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i8">Now loud, now fainter<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The gale sweeps thro’ its fretwork, and oft sings<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The owl his anthem, where the silenced quire<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Lie with their hallelujahs quenched like fire.<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="eng">The Keep</span> of Arundel Castle,—for so many ages the residence of a warlike -garrison,—is now abandoned to the ‘owls and bats.’ Of the former, the -breed is peculiar to the place, and the largest in the kingdom. To the -student of natural history, a visit to their domicile is a treat of no -common interest. Strangers often resort from a great distance to make -acquaintance with them; and many who attach little importance to -Minerva, are struck with the gravity of her representatives in -Arundel-Keep.</p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_020.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_020.jpg" width="155" height="199" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>The “portraits,” here introduced, were taken from life, with a peep into -their domestic economy, which is conducted in the old niche-like -fire-place of the garrison, where the steel-clad warrior of other days -has often prepared his hasty mess, or chafed his limbs after a cold -night-watch on the battlements. There is here, perhaps, no fox to look -out from the loophole and bay the moon; but these <span class="eng">Owls</span> are no unpoetical -substitutes to proclaim the changes that have come over this once -thickly peopled fortress.</p> - -<p>When we visited them in October last, they consisted of three couples, -and in size and appearance fully justified the character we had heard of -them. They are not permitted, however, to remain at large; a strong -circular netting is thrown over the Keep, and under this awning they may -enjoy everything—except liberty. They have the advantage also of -separate niches for the enjoyment of connubial happiness: but it is easy -to observe that, not having freedom, they fancy they have nothing worth -having. The custodé, in order to show them off to advantage, dislodged a -couple; and certainly the expanse of wing which they showed in their -flight to the opposite side, was much more like that of an eagle than an -owl. At that moment the fact of their being prisoner seemed to have been -forgotten; for when removed from their perch by an unceremonious ‘poke’ -of the keeper’s rod of office, they made an ambitious attempt to soar at -once into the sky; but the netting was too strong, and, compelled to -keep a horizontal flight, they dropped sulkily into a niche in the -opposite wall, with a peculiar barking sound, very expressive of -indignation and disappointment.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_21" id="page_21">{21}</a></span></p> - -<p>Several of these horned owls, as curious specimens of natural history, -have been stuffed, and advanced to posthumous honours in the Castle -gallery. With one of them, the patriarch of the family, an anecdote is -connected, which in justice to his memory we think it our duty to -record:—Some years ago an elderly gentleman on his way through Arundel, -took advantage of a short halt at the Norfolk Arms to visit the Castle. -He was much pleased, as all sensible visitors must be, with everything -he saw, but most with the grave moping owls of the Keep. But of all the -family, one in particular had a sagacity of expression which appeared to -engross the whole attention of his visitor. His horns long, and -horizontally projecting from either temple; his scarlet-coloured eyes, -that seemed as if they had become inflamed by long-continued study; his -wings that hung loosely about him like a professor’s gown; his face, his -feet—every feature in short, seemed to say—This is no common owl.</p> - -<p>‘He’s a sagacious fellow, this!’ observed the stranger. ‘Very, sir,’ -said the keeper, ‘very!—We always calls him the Chancellor.’ ‘The what? -the chancellor?’ ‘Yes, sir; sometimes the chancellor and sometimes Lord -Eldon—he’s so very wise!’—the stranger was highly amused at finding a -namesake under the ivy in Arundel Keep; and we need scarcely add that -the visitor was, in fact, the chancellor himself—the late venerable and -learned Lord Eldon.</p> - -<p class="nind"><span class="lettre"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_021.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_021.jpg" -width="94" -alt="A" -/></a> -</span>s an ‘ivy-mantled tower,’ this <span class="eng">Keep</span> is without a rival -in all we can recollect of foreign and domestic castles. The artificial -mound on which it stands, is a dense mass of ornamental trees and -shrubs—half girdled by a solitary walk along the bottom of the ancient -fosse, over which the redundant verdure throws a delicious freshness. On -the side facing the open court, the masonry of the Keep is concealed -under a thick mantle of ivy, which climbs to the very summit, and in its -ascent, flings its luxuriant festoons over every projecting fragment. -The interior is clothed with the same perennial drapery; and once -deserted by man, nature has taken the ruin under her own immediate -protection—repairing the shattered walls, filling up every blank, and -mantling the whole in her own livery.</p> - -<p>To those who are fond of romantic scenes and impressions, it would be -difficult to select a more congenial spot than the Keep in question; -particularly by moonlight, when all the rich and waving outline of the -ruin is brought forward in bright silver tracery. In certain conditions -of that luminary, the effect of light and shade is peculiarly striking; -and it requires but little assistance from imagination to embody, among -its isolated projections, the airy forms of sentinels planted at various -intervals; their arms coming every now and then into sudden relief, as -the moon touches the glittering leaves with her<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_22" id="page_22">{22}</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_022.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_022.jpg" width="394" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">fitful light, and the night breeze communicates to the detached branches -a sort of temporary, life-like movement. It is then that airy visions -are said to haunt the place, and not unfrequently cross the path of the -intruder:—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">For oft on the mouldering Keep by night<br /></span> -<span class="i1"><span class="eng">Earl Roger</span> takes his stand,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">With the sword that shone at Hastings’ fight,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Firm grasped in his red right hand!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Then he calls his spectre-knights by name—<br /></span> -<span class="i2">To their spectre-Chief they fly<br /></span> -<span class="i0">When each gauntlet rears its bristling spears,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">To their Norman battle-cry!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">But beware—beware to wander there,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">At the mass of the blessed Yule<br /></span> -<span class="i0">When, with spectral forms in glittering arms,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">That haunted Keep is full!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">’Tis then they shout, as they shouted once<br /></span> -<span class="i2">When our Saxon standard fell;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And the Norman blade its carnage stayed<br /></span> -<span class="i2">At the sound of <span class="eng">Harold’s</span> knell! etc.—MS<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>Of the four original towers, planted at regular intervals around the -enclosed space beyond the Keep, all, with the exception of the barbican -already mentioned, appear to have been the work of the period in -question. They are of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_23" id="page_23">{23}</a></span> the same form as that of the outer gateway, and -have the facilities of free intercourse by means of a connecting walk -along the ramparts. They were all dismantled during the last siege; but -in the ruins which still remain, the characteristic style of Earl -Richard is apparent. Two sally-ports of the same date, and at opposite -sides of the enclosure, may still be seen in a state of -preservation.—See ‘History of the Castle.’—50.</p> - -<p>The next embellishment bestowed upon the Castle of Arundel was the <span class="eng">great -Hall</span>. It was erected by Richard, grandson of the Richard Fitzalan whose -taste and munificence had contributed the addition already mentioned.</p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_023.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_023.jpg" width="130.5" height="137" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>It was in the style of Edward the Third; with an entrance from the -court, through a deep pointed doorway, under a plain projecting porch. -The hall itself was entirely demolished during the Parliamentary siege -referred to in these pages; but the remaining doorway continued to -indicate the splendour of the original design, till its place was -occupied by a still more striking and elaborate structure—<span class="eng">the Barons’ -Hall</span> of the present century.</p> - -<p>The last addition to this baronial seat of so many illustrious families, -was the wing on the north-east side; but when the restoration of the -Castle was commenced under the auspices of the late Duke, this was -removed to make room for the great library. The character of its -architecture was that of the time of Henry the Eighth. It consisted of -the family apartments, with a splendid gallery, a hundred and twenty -feet in length, lighted by eight windows looking into the court, and -erected by Earl Henry, the last of the Fitzalans.</p> - -<p>In the preceding outline we have endeavoured to convey a general idea of -the Castle of Arundel, as it appeared at the commencement of the -seventeenth century—enriched by the labour of centuries, and the -accumulated fame of the Montgomeries, the Albinis, the Fitzalans, and -the Howards; all of whom had manifested a strong attachment to the -place, strengthened by associations which connected them with the most -brilliant events of English history, and identified their names and -fortunes with those of Arundel. But at the disastrous period of the -great civil war, the noble proprietor was an exile. The succession of -calamities, which had given the family history of his immediate -predecessors such mournful interest, was still felt in its consequences, -and contributed, with other causes, to invest the fortress of his -ancestors with many bitter as well as bright remembrances. Under these -circumstances, the possession of Arundel Castle became an object of -sanguinary contention between the Royal and Parliamentary leaders, and, -being alternately taken and retaken, was as often delivered up to the -reckless fury of its captors.</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote">1642.</span> <span class="eng">Sir Ralph Hopton</span> having received orders to dislodge the Parliamen<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_24" id="page_24">{24}</a></span>tary -troops, marched from his head-quarters at Winchester, and laid siege to -Arundel. The garrison was not in a condition to offer any effectual -resistance, and on the third day the Royal standard was floating from -the Keep. Placing the fortress in as defensive a position as time and -circumstances would permit, and delegating the command to Sir Edward -Ford, Hopton returned to Winchester. This was too favourable an occasion -to be lost sight of by the Parliament, and <span class="eng">Sir William Waller</span> was -instructed to take instant measures for the recovery of the Castle. His -march was greatly facilitated by a severe frost, so that the -cross-roads, which would otherwise have been impassable, were -sufficiently hard to admit of his transporting the cavalry and heavy -ordnance to the scene of action; and on Tuesday, the nineteenth of -December, his guns were directed against the Castle.</p> - -<p>On the Friday following, a despatch from Waller was read in the House of -Lords, in which he details the progress of the siege in terms so -characteristic of the times, that we cannot omit its insertion in this -place:—“My Lords, According to your commands, I advanced the last -Lord’s day from Farnham to this place. I could not reach that night past -Haslemere; the nexte day I marched to Cowdray, where we understanding -there were four troopes of horse and one hundred foote, I resolved to -give them the good night; and to</p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_024.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_024.jpg" height="243" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">that end I despatched away two regiments of horse to lay the passage -round; but they were too nimble for me, and escaped hither, where I -overtook them on Tuesday night. The next morning, after we had taken a -view, and found out a place where we might flank their line with our -ordnance, we fell in upon the north side of the workes; and we did so -scower a weedy hill in the park, on the west side of the pond, with our -pieces, that we made it too hot for them, which gave such courage to our -men, that with the same breath they assaulted an entrenchment newly cast -up, and which was very strong. It was drawn from the town gate down to -the aforesaid pond near the mill. At the same time we fell on a narrow -passage near the mill, where they had likewise a double work and very -strong; but in a short time, by the good hand of God, we forced both, -and entered the town with our horse and foote, notwithstanding a brave -sally made by their horse. We beat them into the castle, and entered the -first gate with them; the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_25" id="page_25">{25}</a></span> second they made good and barricaded; and -they are there welcome to stay. I am resolved to block them up, for I -know they are in a necessitous condition. God hath been pleased to -blesse me hitherto with a gracious successe, his great and holy name be -praysed! But truely, my Lord, I am very weake in foote, and my horse so -hackneyed out that they are ready to lie down under us. I expect Colonel -Behre and Colonel Morley here this day.”</p> - -<p>The progress of the siege is too lengthy for detail in this place; but -we proceed with a few extracts characteristic of the spirit with which -it was conducted:—“To-day,” says the relation, “Major Bodley did a -notable exploit; he, perceiving divers in the castle looking forth in a -balcone, took unto himself and twelve others their muskets into a -private place of advantage, from whence they already discharged into the -said balcone, and slew and wounded divers of the enemy.” A very ‘notable -exploit’ indeed! the said Major appears to have been one of those heroes -who like ‘to shoot round a corner.’ “The same day,” continues the -narrative, “two sacres were planted in the steeple with divers -musquetiers, who, on Friday morning betimes, played hotly on the enemy, -which appeared on the top of the Castle. (The church steeple is within -easy musket-shot of the battlements.) The same day divers were taken in -their intended escape from the Castle: also, the contents of a pond -being drained, it emptied the wells of water within the Castle, so that -now the enemy began to be distressed with thirst; divers fled from the -Castle and were taken prisoners.” “On Sunday,” agreeably to the record, -“divers more fled; many horses were turned forth, of which our soldiers -made a good purchase; only one of them was shot by the enemy, whose -bloody crueltie and inhuman malice did mightily appear against us, in -that they took and hewed him all to pieces, which, doubtlesse, they -would have done to us, had we been likewise in their power. On Tuesday -the enemy made shew of a salley, but hereupon the drums did beat and the -trumpets sounded; all our men were presently gathered together in a fit -posture to charge the enemy, when they presently took to their heels, -and so manfully retreated. On Tuesday we planted ordnance in a new place -against the Castle, which made the enemy that they durst not peep over -the walls to shoot at us. On Wednesday divers came forth again into the -balcone, having forgot the former danger, whereupon we placed divers -musquetiers in the ruins of an old chappel, from whence we did good -execution upon them”—adopting, it is presumed, the aforesaid practice -of Major Bodley, of shooting round the corner. “On Thursday more of the -enemies were taken escaping out of the Castle, and that afternoon the -enemy hung out a white flag pretending a parley, and calling to some of -our men, delivered them letters directed to our Generall, in which they -desired sack, tobacco, cards and dice to be sent unto them, to make -merry this idle<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_26" id="page_26">{26}</a></span> time, promising to return for them beef and mutton; but -the truth is,” says the narrator, “they wanted even bread and water, and -that night did put divers live oxen over the walls of the Castle, for -want of fodder.” In another place he mentions that “some of the enemies -fled out of the castle, and escaped by the river Arun, in a boat made of -a raw oxe hide.” There was also skirmishing between Hopton’s and -Waller’s horse, to the advantage of the latter. “On Friday the fifth of -January, on the eve of capitulation, the enemy,” says he, “began to feel -the fruits of their deserts, being extremely pinched with famine.”</p> - -<p>The next letter, dated January 6, 1643, is addressed by Waller to -Lieut.-General the Earl of Essex:—“My Lord, on Thursday the enemy sent -a drummer to me, signifying their willingness to surrender the Castle, -if they might have honourable conditions. I returned answer, that, when -I first possessed myself of the town, I summoned them into the Castle to -yield upon fair quarter; I now took them at their word, and bid them -yield to mercy. That</p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_026.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_026.jpg" width="231" height="297" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">night I heard no more of them; but the next morning the drummer came to -me again, with another letter, wherein they disavowed that answer to my -trumpet, laying the blame upon one who, they say, had no more soldiery -than civility, that without their assent or knowledge had given that -language. I sent them answer, that I was very well satisfied, that, in -this disavowing that rashness, they had made room for courtesy; and that -I was contented to give them fair quarter, and that, according to their -desire formerly expressed, if they would send out to me two officers of -quality, I would employ two of equal condition to treat with them about -the particulars of the surrender. Within a short time after, there came -out unto me Colonel Bamfield and Major Bodvil, who pressed very much -that they might have liberty to march away like soldiers, otherwise they -would choose death rather than life; and so broke off. About two hours -after they sent out unto me Lieut.-Colonel Rawlins and Major Moulin, -who, after some debate, came to an agreement<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_27" id="page_27">{27}</a></span> with me that this morning -they would deliver the castle into my hands by ten of the clock, with -colours and arms undefaced and unspoiled; and that the gentlemen and -officers should have fair quarter and civil usage, and the ordinary -soldiers quarter. For the performance of these covenants, Sir Edward -Ford and Sir Edward Bishop were immediately to be yielded to me, which -was accordingly done.</p> - -<p>“This morning we entered, and are now, blessed be God, in possession of -that place. We have taken seventeen colours of foot, and two of horse, -and one thousand prisoners, one with another, besides one hundred and -sixty, which we took at the first entering of the town, and such as came -from the enemy to us during the siege. I humbly desire that the London -regiments may be sent hither to secure this important place, while I -advance with what strength I have towards the enemy, who lye at -Havant.—I humbly rest,” &c.</p> - -<p>The result of this siege was ruinous to the Castle. Its successive -occupation by two hostile garrisons; the destructive means employed from -within for its defence, and from without for its reduction, left its -halls roofless, its noble apartments unlatticed; its Keep, gates, and -battlements rent and neglected; and from that day</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Its huge old halls of knightly state,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Dismantled lay and desolate.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>At length, after an interval of seventy years, <span class="eng">Thomas</span> Duke of Norfolk, -having determined to rescue the baronial seat of his ancestors from -utter destruction, repaired the old and added new apartments, till it -was once more in a habitable condition. But the restoration to which we -have more especially to refer in this place, was commenced in 1786 by -the late Duke, who continued it till his demise in 1815—an interval of -nearly thirty years, during which, although he is said to have expended -six hundred thousand pounds in the execution of his plan, it is still -incomplete. The noble proprietor, himself an amateur in the science of -architecture, superintended all the designs; and wherever any precious -relique of antiquity was to be found, it was carefully drawn or modelled -by skilful artists, and introduced into the plan of the Castle. Hence -the richness and variety observable in the doors, windows, niches, and -architectural ornaments so profusely employed on three sides of the -quadrangle.</p> - -<p><span class="eng">The grand entrance</span> to the court-yard of the Castle is formed by a lofty -arched gateway of immense bulk, and generally admired for the -architectural dignity and grandeur of the design. The effect is striking -at first sight, and conveys to the mind of the visitor a feature highly -characteristic of a feudal residence. The arch is pointed, surmounted by -a heavy machicolation, and flanked by two hexagonal towers, which, -according to the original design, were to have been ‘encircled with an -external gallery, terminating at each angle in a turret,’ but the design -remains unfinished. Compared, however, with the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_28" id="page_28">{28}</a></span> old gateway, which -speaks so audibly of other times, the modern structure possesses no -interest; and to enjoy the impression, the stranger must endeavour to -divest his mind of the fact that it is a building of yesterday, -otherwise he will be apt to exclaim with Delille, in his indignation of -modern imitations:—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Mais loin . . . . .<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Ces restes d’un château qui n’exista jamais:<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Ces vieux ponts nés d’hier, et cette tour gothique,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Ayant l’air délabré sans avoir l’air antique,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Artifice à la fois impuissant et grossier.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>On entering the court through this <span class="eng">gateway</span>, the first object that -strikes the eye is a large bas-relief on the opposite side, representing -Alfred the Great instituting the trial by jury on Salisbury Plain. The -spot chosen was by the side of a dead wall. In his left hand is a roll -of parchment, half unfurled, with the Saxon sentence:—“That man fiœbbe -gemot on œlcum wœpentace.” “That man in every hundred shall find twelve -jury.” It occupies a large portion of the front of that part of the -Castle next to the great library, and bearing the appropriate title of -the ‘<span class="eng">Alfred Saloon</span>.’ But from the</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_028.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_028.jpg" width="439.5" height="261" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">faithful and spirited etching here introduced, the reader will obtain a -much clearer idea of the subject than from any description. It is -strictly historical, and was designed by Rossi. It is probable, however, -that this admirable institution did not originate with Alfred, but that -it was only improved and perfected by him<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_29" id="page_29">{29}</a></span></p> - -<p>On the right of the gateway stands the Baronial Chapel, a modern -erection of florid Gothic, with pinnacles, niches, buttresses, all in -the best taste and of elaborate workmanship. The interior is not -finished, but the duke intended to have done so after the models of -ancient Saxon and Norman churches, copies of which had been already -procured at the time of his demise.</p> - -<p>Adjoining the chapel is the <span class="eng">Barons’ Hall</span> or banquet-chamber, a building -much admired. Over four beautiful Saxon arches is a raised parapet, -along the base of which are seen, sculptured in stone, a variety of -hieroglyphic figures, taken from antique designs, illustrative of the -family history, and procured from the Herald’s College, of which his -Grace is hereditary Earl Marshal.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_029.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_029.jpg" width="405" height="64" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>The south side of the quadrangle is part of the ancient structure, -restored from the ruinous condition in which it had been allowed to -continue from the last siege, down to the accession of the late Duke to -his family honours. It consists of an entirely new front of massive -stone, which differs from the others in exhibiting the insignia of the -Howards in union with those of their predecessors. The grand entrance is -in the Norman style. It is twenty-eight feet wide from the abutments, -fronted with Portland stone, curiously carved, and worked with infinite -intersections of wreathed vine-leaves, roses, laurel, oak, acorns, and -other vegetable emblems. The top is finished with a line of artificial -stone in the shape of fence-work, a little elevated. On the right of the -doorway is a colossal statue of Hospitality; and on the left is another -of Liberty, as seen in the view of the Court already introduced.</p> - -<p>The north-east wing, which contains <span class="eng">the Library</span>, was commenced in 1801. -Its basement is formed upon the Norman model; its upper part is in the -style of Henry the Sixth, with a projecting square tower in the centre, -and lighted from an oriel window. The sculpture and carving upon the -windows and doorways exhibit much delicacy and beauty of workmanship. -Those under the bas-relief, in front of the Alfred Saloon, are of -elegant design and finish. The Library here mentioned is an apartment of -great magnificence; it measures one hundred and seventeen feet in length -by thirty-five in width, and is, beyond doubt, one of the finest -specimens of modern Gothic in England. It displays the grandeur of -ancient designs under the delicate finish of modern art, and brings into -one view specimens of almost every ornament of which, during the -fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the graceful Gothic presented so -many exquisite combinations. The book-cases and reading-galleries are -sup<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_30" id="page_30">{30}</a></span>ported by fifteen columns wrought out of the richest Spanish -mahogany; while the ‘spidered roof’ displays a beauty of workmanship and -delicacy of carving, enriched with fruit-foliage, which have seldom been -surpassed. It is divided into several compartments for reading recesses, -and communicates with the Alfred Saloon by two magnificent -folding-doors. At present, however, the shelves are sparingly furnished, -and the mahogany—rich and elaborate as it is—offers a striking -contradiction to those ideas of antiquity which the Gothic carving might -otherwise convey. The chimney-pieces are of fine Carrara marble, and in -their sculpture exhibit pure classical taste.</p> - -<p><span class="eng">The great Drawing-room</span> is a spacious noble apartment, and commands an -extensive view of the winding vale of the Arun. It is chiefly -remarkable, however, for the family portraits which adorn its walls and, -to the eye of the historian, throw open a vast and interesting field of -retrospection:</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“For, by dim lights, the portraits of the dead<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Have something ghastly, desolate, and dread.<br /></span> -<span class="i1">. . . . . Their buried locks still wave<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Along the canvas; their eyes glance like dreams<br /></span> -<span class="i1">On ours, as stars within some dusky cave;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">But death is imaged in their shadowy beams.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>Of these portraits we noticed about sixteen, one of which is a beautiful -historical piece, by Mather Brown, representing Thomas Howard, Earl of -Surrey, vindicating himself before Henry the Seventh for the part he -took at the Battle of Bosworth. Henry upbraided him with having served -in the cause of the late usurper and tyrant, Richard the Third. “Sir,” -replied Surrey, “he was my crowned king. If the authority of Parliament -had placed the crown on that stake, I would have fought for it. Let it -place it on your head, and you will find me as ready in your defence.” -In the back-ground of the painting, the Princess Elizabeth, sister of -the young princes who were smothered in the Tower, is seen displaying -the red rose as an emblem of the two houses.</p> - -<p>Another interesting portrait is that of “Jocky of Norfolk,” father of -the preceding, who fell with Richard at the battle of Bosworth. A third -is the portrait of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, “the delight and -ornament of his age and nation,” whose bright life and tragical end are -familiarly known to every reader.—But to this we purpose to return in a -subsequent part of the work. A fourth is that of Thomas, Duke of -Norfolk, painted by Holbein, whose evil fortunes are so closely -associated with those of Mary Queen of Scots. Also the portraits of his -wife, Mary Fitzalan, the last of her family, who died in her eighteenth -year; and of her only brother, Henry Fitzalan, Lord Maltravers, painted -at Brussels.</p> - -<p>There are also portraits of the celebrated Cardinal Howard, of “belted -Will<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_31" id="page_31">{31}</a></span> Howard,” and of various other members of the same house, by the -eminent painters of the day.</p> - -<p>In the furnishing of these state apartments there is little to excite -attention; it combines elegance with simplicity, but contains nothing -gorgeous in colour or texture. The woodwork is nearly mahogany -throughout. Nothing, however, could be more out of place—a wood that -has been known in this country little more than a century, is ill -associated with the Gothic ornaments of a baronial hall. Old English oak -is, beyond doubt, that which best harmonizes with our ideas in such -places. A piece of old oak carving is an object of never-failing -interest to the mind of an antiquary; but in Arundel Castle we observed -no specimens of native ‘gnarled oak,’ except in the “Windsor rooms.”</p> - -<p><span class="eng">The Dining-room</span>—formed, as we have already mentioned, out of the -ancient family chapel—is a lofty, spacious, well-proportioned room, and -chiefly remarkable for its great window of stained glass, which still -throws “a religious light” over the banquet. It is quite modern, and the -historical subject selected for its embellishment is the Meeting of -Solomon and the Queen of Sheba—portraits of the late Duke and -Duchess-dowager of Norfolk. “On each side is a beautiful transparency on -plate-glass—one representing the Mercy-seat in the Jewish tabernacle, -the pillars protected by cherubim, with Aaron’s pitcher and rod lying at -the foot of the altar; the other is a fine representation of the -Interior of the Tabernacle, as transmitted to us in the Biblical -account; and both serving to soften and modify the light as it falls on -the great painting in the centre<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a>.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_031.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_031.jpg" width="419.5" height="46" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>The interior of the <span class="eng">Barons’ Hall</span>, however, is by far the most -interesting apartment in the Castle, and claims a high station among the -banquet-rooms of modern times. It was designed, in connexion with the -chapel already noticed, to commemorate the triumph of the Barons over -King John, by the signing of the Great Charter at Runnymede. Its -architecture, like that of the appendant chapel, is in the style of the -fourteenth century. It is seventy-one feet in length by thirty-five in -breadth, lofty in proportion, and, as a whole, produces a striking -effect on the spectator. The roof consists of Spanish chestnut, -elaborately carved in imitation of the richest Gothic originals, with -numerous combinations, emblematical groups, and curious workmanship. -The<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_32" id="page_32">{32}</a></span> windows are of the acutely-pointed form; the canopies over the -arches, which are ornamented with the lozenge, rest on corbel-heads of -kings; and the transoms form the lower compartment of each light into a -plain unadorned parallelogram. The windows, however, are the grand -attraction, for in these the story of English freedom is brilliantly -told. They are thirteen in number, nine of which are finished, and -filled with stained glass.</p> - -<p><span class="eng">The great window</span> illustrates the ratification of Magna Charta by King -John, who, with ‘an indignant but powerless frown, seems to pause in the -act of affixing his signature to the instrument, as if to upbraid the -uncompromising patriotism of the Barons.’ On his right stand Cardinal -Pandolfo, the Pope’s Legate, and the Archbishop of Dublin, who turns his -head in conversation with other prelates behind him. On his left are -seen Cardinal Langton, a mediator between the King and the Barons, but -who administered an oath to the latter, never to pause in the struggle -till they had obtained full concession of their liberty. Behind the -Archbishop stands Almeric, Master of the Knights Templars<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a>. In the -foreground appears Baron Fitzwalter<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a>, with his page<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a>; and behind -him are the Lord Mayor<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> of London, and the attendant guards. In the -background is a distant view of the Camp at Runnymede. For chasteness of -drawing, depth of colouring, and sparkling brilliancy, this window is -considered a masterpiece of modern art.</p> - -<p>The other eight windows, executed by Edgington, the talented artist -already mentioned, contain full-length figures of eight Barons, -progenitors of the Norfolk family, who were instrumental in procuring -the Great Charter<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a>. They are habited in chain-armour, the military -costume of the thirteenth century, each with his armorial bearings -emblazoned on his surcoat and shield. The heads are actual portraits of -various distinguished members of the house of Howard, some of whom are -still living. The effect is superb, and, at first sight, there is some -difficulty in drawing the distinction between the real and the ideal. -The scenes are so finely isolated, and the single portraits so<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_33" id="page_33">{33}</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_033.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_033.jpg" width="409.5" height="64" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">prominent, that each appears as if he had the free and unimpeded use of -his limbs, and could step down into the banquet-hall at his pleasure,</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“To curb a despot and to save the state.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>The door of this magnificent <span class="eng">Hall</span> was first thrown open on the 15th of -June, 1815, being the six hundredth anniversary of the great foundation -of English liberty. For the joyful celebration of this glorious epoch in -the old baronial style, a brilliant assembly of rank and title had -arrived from various parts of the country, among whom were twenty-two -representatives of the ancient Howards. Complete suits of armour, in -which the ancient chivalry of England had gathered the spoils of -victory—some at Agincourt, others at Cressy—were arranged in military -order around the walls. Swords, that, by the evidence on their blades, -had “done the state some service;” helmets that had been worn by the -Howards at Flodden, or by “Belted Will” in some of his Border forays; -chain and scale armour; spears and lances that had often gleamed in -strife and tournament—all the implements of ancient warfare, from the -thick iron casque of the archer, to the elaborate and richly-gilded -harness of the baron, were all reburnished and brought into unexpected -light for this occasion. Nothing, in fact, was omitted that could -increase the interest, by giving an air of striking reality to the -scene. If the spirits of the ancient Barons could have looked down upon -the hall in this hour of gorgeous festivity, they would have rejoiced to -see what a bright inheritance their patriotic struggles had bequeathed, -and have felt that they had become, indeed, immortal in the hearts of -their descendants,</p> - -<p>At this <span class="eng">banquet</span> nearly three hundred guests assisted. At the upper end -of the table was a noble “baron of beef,” surmounted by the ducal -coronet and the banners of the House of Norfolk. The evening was ushered -in by a splendid ball, at which ‘castled Arundel’</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i6">“Had gather’d then<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Her beauty and her chivalry, and bright<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The lamps shone o’er fair women and brave men.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="eng">The ball</span> was opened by the Duke of Norfolk and the Marchioness of -Stafford—late Duchess-Countess of Sutherland—followed by about fifty -couples, who kept up the dance, enlivened by admirable music, till one -o’clock in the morning, when supper was announced, and the Sussex Band -struck up the patriotic air of “The Roast Beef of Old England,” as an -expressive welcome to the hospitable board. The festal scene was -continued<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_34" id="page_34">{34}</a></span> till the mailed warriors, niched in the walls and casements, -caught the morning light on their armour; when King John and Baron -Fitzwalter appeared to signify, that as the <span class="eng">Grand Charter</span> was now fully -ratified, lord and dame were at “liberty” to retire—wishing</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“To each and all a fair good night,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">With rosy dreams and slumbers light.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>Among the original Ecclesiastical foundations in Arundel, was the Alien -Priory, or Cell of <span class="eng">St. Nicholas</span>, already mentioned. Roger Montgomery, -who had restored the Benedictine Abbey of Seez, in Normandy, granted to -the -<span class="sidenote">1102-1380.</span> -monks of that establishment, liberty to erect a priory within the town -of Arundel, and the building having been completed, five monks from the -parent abbey arrived and took possession accordingly. In the early part -of the same century, the priory was vacated; and the rectorial residence -adjoining the church, of which William de Albini was patron, was -converted into a residence for the prior and four monks. Thus occupied, -it continued during two centuries to be known as the Convent or Priory -of St. Nicholas. But <span class="eng">Richard</span>, Earl of Arundel, having resolved to -connect it with the chapel of his college then about to be established, -obtained from King Richard the Second a grant for that purpose, and on -the site of the ancient priory arose the College of the <span class="eng">Holy Trinity</span>, a -quadrangular structure, inclosing a square yard, or court, partly -occupied by cloisters, and partly devoted to other purposes of</p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_034.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_034.jpg" width="235" height="151" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">a monastic establishment. On the north side was the Collegiate Chapel, -forming an apparent chancel to the parochial church; on the east were -the refectory and various domestic offices connected with it; and the -remaining sides on the south and west, were occupied by the members of -the fraternity. Within the court was the Master’s house, attached to the -south-east angle of the chapel, with which it communicated by a small -stone balcony on the first story, and a flight of steps, which still -remain, behind the high altar. As the collegiate church was intended to -be the family <span class="eng">sepulchre</span> of the founder, every preparation was made to -insure its monumental splendour; and the tomb of his son, Earl <span class="eng">Thomas</span>, -was the first of a magnificent series. No stranger can enter this chapel -without being strongly impressed with the classic beauty and elaborate -sculpture of its family monuments. But during the siege already noticed, -these sacred walls were given up as barracks for Walle<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_35" id="page_35">{35}</a></span>r’s soldiers; and -many of the sepulchral antiquities, with which the place was so richly -adorned, were wantonly mutilated.<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> Six monuments, however, still -remain to fix the attention, and excite the admiration, of all who are -lovers of the arts, or given to the study of Gothic remains. In the -centre is that of Earl Thomas, son of the founder, and his Countess -<span class="eng">Beatrix</span>, daughter of John, King of Portugal. It is a large sculptured -altar-tomb of alabaster, formerly painted and gilt, and adorned with -effigies of the earl and countess, in their robes of state. A rich -canopy rises behind the head; and at the feet of the earl is a horse, -the Fitzalan cognizance. At the feet of the countess, two lap-dogs hold -in their mouths the extremity of her mantle. Arranged in niches around -the tomb, are twenty-eight priests, each with an open book in his hand; -and guarding the rim is a series of forty family shields, originally -emblazoned. On the south side of the <span class="eng">high Altar</span> is a lofty sacellum, -consisting of an arcade and canopy, composed of elaborate -tabernacle-work, and, in its original state, richly painted and -gilt.—But it would far exceed the limits of this work to convey even a -general idea of these splendid memorials of departed greatness. We were -glad to observe, on our late visit, that the restoration of this chapel -is daily advancing, under the direction of the Duke of Norfolk; and in a -few years, it is to be hoped, may recover something of its original -splendour.</p> - -<p><span class="eng">The Church</span>, which forms a principal feature in the general view of the -castle, is a spacious and handsome structure, consisting of a nave, two -aisles, and a transept, surmounted by a low square tower, terminating in -a spire, and forming a conspicuous landmark for mariners. A row of -circular windows inclosing quatrefoils, in the clerestory; an ancient -octagon stone font; a pulpit richly tabernacled in the same material; -several monumental inscriptions, and a roof of Irish oak, proverbial for -its durability, are among the</p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_035.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_035.jpg" width="85" height="107" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">objects that deserve attention. In one of the chapel windows is the -figure of a swallow on the wing, which may claim attention from the -etymologist, as pointing to the oft-contested origin of the name -Arundel; for history and geography, says Mr. Tierney, “the realms of -fancy and romance have all been explored in order to discover its -etymon. One author has amused himself with a rebus founded on the -resemblance between the words Arundel and Hirondelle; and it is not -improbable that the migratory bird here introduced may have been -selected as an appropriate emblem for the chapel window. The conjecture -is, at least, as plausible as another that has been advanced; namely, -that Arundel is derived from Hirondelle<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a>, the name of Bevis’s -horse.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_36" id="page_36">{36}</a></span>”</p> - -<p><span class="eng">The Park</span> of Arundel, which contains much picturesque scenery and many -thriving plantations, was originally the hunting-forest of the ancient</p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_036-a.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_036-a.jpg" width="98.5" height="135" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Counts, and covered a great extent of country, which is now either under -cultivation, or converted into pasture. Beyond the pleasure-grounds, -immediately under the Keep, is the Inner Park, entirely surrounded by an -artificial earth-work, still perfect, and adorned with magnificent elm -and beech trees. The new, or Outer Park, comprises an extent of nearly -twelve hundred acres, enclosed by a high wall with lodges, and stocked -with a thousand head of deer. The scenery is variegated by numerous -undulations of surface—alternate ridge and ravine, grove and glade, and -watered by rivulets that derive their source from the neighbouring -Downs.</p> - -<p>At a short distance from the entrance to the Park, on the south side, is -<span class="eng">Hiorne’s Tower</span>, the subject of the accompanying view. It is a triangular -building, about fifty feet in height, with a turret at each angle, and -in design and execution presents an admirable specimen of Gothic -architecture. The merit of the design is due to the late distinguished -architect, Mr. Hiorne, who superintended its erection, and left it as a -monument to his name. The view from this tower, under a favourable -atmosphere, presents a magnificent</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_036-b.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_036-b.jpg" width="347.5" height="182" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">prospect of the adjoining Park. The soft pastoral hills that trace their -bold outline on the sky; the umbrageous woods that cover the nearer -acclivities; the villages, hamlets, and isolated dwellings that infuse -life and activity into the picture; the herds of deer that are seen at -intervals through the trees; the distant channel with its shipping, and -the shining meanders of the river Arun—all present, in combination, one -of the most richly diversified landscapes on which the eye of poet or of -painter could love to expatiate.</p> - -<p>To the readers of romance this scene is rendered doubly interesting by -its immediate vicinity to Pugh-dean, where the graves of <span class="eng">Bevis</span>, the -giant castellan<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_37" id="page_37">{37}</a></span> of Arundel, and his horse Hirondelle, carry us back to -the days of King Arthur and his knights. To this personage we have -already adverted<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a>; “but of his connexion with the Castle of Arundel,” -says Tierney, “it were difficult to trace the origin, although there can -be little doubt that it existed at a very early period. At the bottom of -the valley called Pugh-dean, the locality now under notice, is a low -oblong mound, resembling a raised grave in its form, and known in the -traditions of the neighbourhood as ‘Bevis’s burialplace.’ It is about -six feet wide, and not less than thirty feet long. It is accompanied by -several</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_037.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_037.jpg" width="305" height="194.5" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">smaller but similar mounds; and although peculiar in its shape, as -compared with Roman and other tumuli which have been examined at -different times, has, nevertheless much of a sepulchral character in its -appearance. It was lately opened to a depth of several feet, but nothing -was discovered in it. In the middle, however, at the bottom to which the -ground was originally made to shelve from each end, a level space of -about six feet in length had been left, as if for the reception of a -deposit; and as the lightness of the soil above seemed to indicate that -it had been merely removed, it is not improbable that this deposit may -have rewarded some antiquary more fortunate than those who were engaged -in the late excavation.”</p> - -<p>Not far from this retired valley a different interest is excited by its -having been the site of the chapel and hermitage of St. James—an -hospital for lepers, and built soon after the middle of the thirteenth -century, for the reception of the unhappy outcasts who were afflicted -with that loathsome malady. The clump of trees observed in the view -marks the locale of this ancient sanctuary, which must have enclosed a -very considerable area.</p> - -<p>A pleasing incident in the history of Arundel, is the visit of the -<span class="eng">Empress Matilda</span> to her step-mother, Queen Adeliza, as already alluded to -in our notice of Albini. Accompanied by her natural-brother, Robert of -Gloucester, and a retinue of one hundred and forty knights, she was -received<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_38" id="page_38">{38}</a></span> within the walls of the Castle, and treated with all the -distinction which her own dignity and the affection of her relative -could bestow. The news of her arrival, however, threw the army of <span class="eng">King -Stephen</span> into immediate motion, and brought the engines of war under the -walls of the Castle. Fearful of the consequences, Queen Adeliza -determined to try the effects of policy in lieu of force, and appealed -to the chivalrous feelings of the incensed Monarch, in behalf of her -illustrious but ill-timed visitor. She assured him that the only object -of her royal guest in making this visit, was to gratify those feelings -of love and relationship, which might be reasonably supposed to exist -between mother and daughter; that the gates of the Castle had been -thrown open to her, not as a rival to the throne, but as a peacefully -disposed visitor, who had a longing desire to see her native land, and -who was ready to depart whenever it should please the King to grant her -his safe-conduct to the nearest port. It was, moreover, delicately -insinuated, that to lay siege to a Castle, where the only commander of -the garrison was a lady, and where the only offence complained of was a -mere act of hospitality to a female relation, was surely an enterprise -neither worthy of a hero such as his Majesty, nor becoming in him who -was the crowned head of the English chivalry.</p> - -<p>The result of this appeal, or of some more convincing argument<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a>, has -been already stated in the safe retirement of Matilda from the scene of -danger, and her return to Normandy. But a small <span class="eng">chamber</span> over the inner -gateway enjoys</p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_038.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_038.jpg" width="303" height="215" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">the traditionary fame of having been her sleeping room, during her -sojourn in the Castle. It is a low square apartment, such as the -castellan might have occupied during a siege. But, as an imperial -chamber, it never could have had more than one recommendation, namely -its security, in times when security was the chief object to be kept in -view; and six centuries ago it was no doubt a very eligible state -chamber. The <span class="eng">bedstead</span> on which the Empress is said to have reposed—for -we would not disturb any point of popular and poetical faith—is<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_39" id="page_39">{39}</a></span> -certainly a relic of considerable antiquity. Its massive walnut posts -are elaborately carved, but so worm-eaten, that, unless tenderly -scrutinised, the wood would be apt to fall into powder in the hands of -the visitor. Looking upon this, as a relic of the twelfth century, it -may be imagined with what feelings the daughter of a King, the consort -of an Emperor, and mother of a King, laid her head upon that humble -couch, reflected on her checkered fate, and felt the shock of warlike -engines under the battlements.</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“<span class="lftspc">’</span>Mid crash of states, exposed to fortune’s frown,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>The other events and incidents which give Arundel particular distinction -among the ancient baronial seats of England, are partly owing to the -regal dignity of its visitors. It was here that Alfred and Harold are -believed to have resided; and it was in the castle of Arundel that -William Rufus, on his return from Normandy, celebrated the feast of -Easter.<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> In 1302, King Edward the First spent some time within its -walls: and from the fact of its containing an apartment familiarly known -as the ‘<span class="eng">King’s Chamber</span>,’ it is probable that, in later times, it was -often graced by the royal presence.<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> The luxury and splendour of its -apartments are amply attested by the minute inventories of the costly -materials employed in their decoration; while the princely revenues of -many of its lords permitted them to indulge in a style of hospitality to -which few subjects could aspire. It was frequented by the élite of our -English chivalry; beauty and valour were its hereditary inmates; its -court resounded to the strains of music; while military fêtes and -religious solemnities gave alternate life and interest to its halls. -Many a plan, afterwards developed in the field or the senate, was first -conceived and matured in the baronial fastness of Arundel. One of the -dark yet dramatic scenes of which it has been the theatre, is the -conspiracy, in which the Earls of Arundel, Derby, Marshall, and Warwick; -the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Abbot of St. Alban’s and the Prior of -Westminster, met the Duke of Gloucester, for the final ratification of -the plot. After receiving the sacrament, says the Chronicle, they -solemnly engaged, each for himself, and for one another, to seize the -person of King Richard the Second; his brothers, the Dukes of Lancaster -and York; and, finally, to cause all the lords of the King’s Council to -be ignominiously put to death. This plot, however, was happily divulged -in time to defeat its execution; and Arundel was brought to the block on -the evidence of his son-in-law, Earl Marshall, then deputy-governor of -Calais.<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_40" id="page_40">{40}</a></span></p> - -<p>So great, says Caraccioli, “was the hereditary fame of Arundel Castle, -and so high its prerogative, that Queen Adeliza’s brother, Joceline of -Lorraine, though a lineal descendant of Charlemagne, felt himself -honoured in being nominated to the title of its Castellan.” From William -de Albini, Joceline received in gift Petworth, with its large demesne; -and on his marriage with Agness, heiress of the Percies, took the name -of Percy—and, hence, probably, the origin of “<span class="eng">Percy’s Hall</span>,” an -apartment which has existed from time immemorial in Arundel Castle.</p> - -<p>Of <span class="eng">Isabel</span> de Albini, the widow of Earl Hugh, the following anecdote is -preserved:<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a>—Having applied to the King for the wardship of a certain -person, which she claimed as her right, and failing in her suit, she -addressed him in these spirited words:—“Constituted and appointed by -God for the just government of your people, you neither govern yourself -nor your subjects as you ought to do. You have wronged the Church, -oppressed the nobles, and to myself, personally, have refused an act of -justice, by withholding the right to which I am entitled.” “And have the -Barons,” said the King, “formed a charter, and appointed you their -advocate, fair dame?” “No,” replied the Countess; “but the <span class="eng">King</span> has -violated the charter of liberties given them by his father, and which he -himself solemnly engaged to observe; he has infringed the sound -principles of faith and honour; and I, although a woman, yet with all -the freeborn spirit of this realm, do here appeal against you to the -tribunal of God. Heaven and earth bear witness how injuriously you have -dealt with us, and the avenger of perjury will assert the justice of our -cause.” Conscious that the charge, though boldly spoken, was the voice -of public opinion, and struck with admiration of her frank spirit, the -King, stifling resentment, merely rejoined, “Do you wish for my favour, -kinswoman?” “What have I to hope from your favour,” she replied, “when -you have refused me that which is my right? I appeal to Heaven against -these evil counsellors, who, for their own private ends, have seduced -their liege lord from the paths of justice and truth.”</p> - -<p>We now take a short retrospect of the public services, patriotic -achievements, and traits of personal character, which have distinguished -the thirty-two lords of Arundel from the period of the Conquest down to -our own times. Of several of these, however, our notice must be -exceedingly brief.—Of Roger Montgomery and his family we have little to -add beyond what has<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_41" id="page_41">{41}</a></span> appeared in Mr. Tierney’s elaborate History of -Arundel, to which we have so often referred in the preceding pages. Of -William de Albini, the fourth earl, the following historical incident is -recorded:—When at length, after</p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_041.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_041.jpg" width="226" height="295" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">much fruitless warfare, Henry Plantagenet appeared in England at the -head of the nobles who espoused his rights, Albini had the happiness to -achieve what may be justly considered greater than any victory; he -prevented the effusion of blood. Henry’s army was then at Wallingford, -where Stephen, at the head of his forces, was arranging the line of -battle. The armies were drawn out in sight of each other; Stephen, -attended by Albini, was reconnoitring the position of his opponent; when -his charger becoming unmanageable, threw his rider<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a>. He was again -mounted; but a second and a third time a similar accident occurred, -which did not fail to act as a dispiriting omen upon the minds of those -who were witnesses of the occurrence. Taking advantage of the -superstitious dread thus excited among the troops, Albini represented in -emphatic terms to Stephen the weakness of his cause when opposed by -right and justice, and how little he could calculate upon men whose -resolution in his service had been already shaken by the incident which -had just occurred. His counsel was taken in good part; Stephen and -Henry, adds the historian, met in front of the two armies: an -explanation ensued, reconciliation was effected; and in the course of -the year a solemn treaty was ratified, by which Stephen adopted the -young Plantagenet as his successor to the throne. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_42" id="page_42">{42}</a></span> most important -affair in which Albini’s service was called for, was the splendid -embassy to Rome, the object of which was to counteract the effect of -à-Becket’s personal representations at the papal court. That mission -failed in effecting the reconciliation intended, owing to the -intemperate language of the prelates who were associated with Albini in -the cause. His own speech, as recorded by Grafton, is characteristic of -good sense and moderation:—“Although to me it is unknown, saith the -Erle of Arundell, which am but unlettered and ignorant, what it is that -these bishoppes here have sayde, (their speeches being in latin,) -neyther am I in that tongue able to expresse my minde as they have done; -yet, beyng sent and charged thereunto of my prince, neyther can, nor -ought I but to declare, as well as I may, what the cause is of our -sendyng hether; not to contende or strive with any person, nor to offer -any iniury or harm unto any man, especially in this place, and in the -presence here of such a one unto whose becke and authoritye all the -worlde doth stoope and yelde. But for this intent in our Legacy hether -directed, to present here before You and in the presence of the whole -Church of Rome, the devocion and loue of our king and master, which ever -he hath had and yet hath still toward You. And that the same may the -better appere to yr. Excellencie, hee hath assigned and appointed to the -furniture of this Legacy, not the least, but the greatest; not the -worst, but the best and chiefest of all his subiects; both -archbishoppes, bishoppes, erles, barons, with other potentates mo, of -such worthinesse and parentage, that if he could have found greater in -all his realme he would have sent them both for the reverence of Your -Person and of the Holy Church of Rome,” &c.</p> - -<p>But this oration, “although it was liked for the softnesse and -moderation thereof, yet it failed of its object; it could not perswade -the bishop of Rome to condescende to their sute and request, which was -to have two legates or arbiters to be sent from him into England, to -examine and to take up the controversie betwene the kinge and the -archbishoppe.”</p> - -<p>Subsequently to this, Albini was sent on a more agreeable mission, that -of conducting the Princess Matilda into Germany, on the eve of her -marriage with Henry, Duke of Saxony; and five years later was selected -by the king as one of his “own trustees to the treaty of marriage -between his son Prince John, and the daughter of Hubert, Count of -Savoy.” Shortly afterwards he<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_43" id="page_43">{43}</a></span> commanded the royal forces at Fornham in -Suffolk, and gained a complete victory over the rebellious sons of King -Henry—in whose unnatural cause the disaffected at home had been joined -by a numerous body of foreigners—and took prisoners the Earl of -Leicester, with his Countess and all his retinue of knights. Albini was -a great benefactor of the church; he built “the abbey of Buckenham; -endowed various prebends in Winchester; founded the priory of Pynham, -near Arundel; the chapel of St. Thomas at Wymundham,” and died at -Waverley in Surrey.</p> - -<p>To Albini’s son and grandson we have already adverted, but conclude with -a brief incident in the life of William, the third earl of his family.</p> - -<p>When the banner of the cross was waving under the walls of Damietta, and -the chivalry of Christendom flew to the rescue, the gallant Albini was -too keenly alive to the cause to resist the summons. In that severe</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_043.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_043.jpg" width="225" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">struggle, he hoped to acquire those laurels which would leave all other -trophies in the shade; and with the flower of our English chivalry -embarked for the Holy Land, and served at the siege of that fortress. -Two years he remained a staunch supporter of the cross—a soldier whom -no dangers could dismay, no difficulties intimidate; and long after his -companions had returned to the white cliffs of Albion, the lion-standard -of Albini shone in the van of the Christian army. On his way home, -however, he had only strength to reach an obscure town in the -neighbourhood of Civita Vecchia, near Rome, where he was taken ill and -expired. His eldest son, the fourth earl, died without issue; and the -short life of his successor, Hugh de Albini, appears to have passed -without any remarkable event or incident, save latterly in active -warfare in France, where, at the battle of Taillebourg, in Guienne, he -displayed, though ineffectually, the hereditary valour of his family.</p> - -<p>The first of the Fitzalans who held the title and estates of Arundel was -appointed one of the Lord Marchers, or Wardens of the Welsh Border; and -found to his cost that the Ancient Britons did not submit to the daily -encroachment made upon their rights and hereditary privileges, without -having frequent and formidable recourse to arms. He maintained a high -station at court, was admitted to the royal confidence, and had the -“command of the Castle of Rochester when the approach of the King’s -forces compelled the disaffected Barons to raise the siege.” At the -battle of Lewes he distinguished himself<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_44" id="page_44">{44}</a></span> in the royal cause; but at the -close of that disastrous field—along with the two princes, Edward and -Henry—fell into the “hands of the victorious Barons.”</p> - -<p>Of the battle of Lewes, we select the following graphic picture from -Grafton:—“Upon Wednesday the 23rd of May, early in the morning, both -the hostes met; where, after the Londoners had given the first assault, -they were beaten back, so that they began to drawe from the sharpe shot -and strokes, to the discomfort of the Barons’ hoste. But the Barons -encouraged and comforted their men in such wise, that not all onely, the -freshe and lustye knights fought eagerly, but also such as before were -discomfited, gathered a newe courage unto them, and fought without -feare, in so much that the King’s vaward lost their places. Then was the -field covered with dead bodyes, and gasping and groning was heard on -every syde; for eyther of them was desyrous to bring others out of lyfe. -And the father spared not the sonne, neyther yet the sonne spared the -father! Alliaunce at that time was bound to defiaunce, and Christian -bloud that day was shed without pittie. Lastly the victory fell to the -Barons; so that there was taken the King, and the King of Romaynes, Sir -Edward the King’s sonne, with many other noblemen,” among whom was -Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel, “to the number of fifteen barons and -banerets; and of the common people, that were slain, about twenty -thousand, as saith Fabian.”</p> - -<p>This was Fitzalan’s last appearance in the field; and, as a security for -his good behaviour, he was required “to surrender the Castle of Arundel -or deliver his son as a hostage,” into the hands of the Earl of -Leicester. “For their safe keeping, the prisoners were sente unto -dyverse castellis and prysons, except the King, his brother the King of -Almayne, and Sir Edwarde his sonne; the which the barons helde with them -vntill they came to London.”</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Richard</span> the third earl takes an eminent station in the family history. -He first travelled in France and Italy, in compliance with the rules of -his order<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a>; then served in Wales, performed several exploits against -Madoc; became distinguished among the chivalry of his day; held a -command in the expedition organised for the subjugation of Scotland; -fought at Falkirk; and subsequently took part at the siege of -Caerlaverock Castle, where in the language of the minstrel, “who -witnessed the fray,” he is complimented as—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Richard le Conte de Aroundel,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Beau chivalier, et bien aimé,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">I vi je richement armé;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">En rouge au lyon rampart de or—<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a>”<br /></span> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_45" id="page_45">{45}</a></span></div></div> -</div> - -<p class="nind">and in various capacities appears to have done the state much acceptable -service.</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote">1306.</span> During the life of <span class="smcap">Edmund</span>, the fourth Earl, the affairs of Scotland -assumed a threatening aspect; and the King, exasperated by the murder of -Comyn, resolved to march an army across the frontier. Great preparations -were made to render the expedition, in all respects, worthy of the grand -object in view. The royal armies were ordered from their cantonments, -and hastened into the field under the command of Aymer de Valence, Earl -of Pembroke.</p> - -<p>In preparation for the expedition, “proclamation was made, that a grand -national fete would solemnise the movement; that the Prince of Wales</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_045.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_045.jpg" width="349" height="417" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">would be knighted on the Feast of Pentecost; and all the young nobility -of the kingdom were summoned to appear at Westminster to receive that -honour along with him. On the eve of the appointed day (the 22nd of -May)<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_46" id="page_46">{46}</a></span> 270 noble youths, with their pages and retinues, assembled in the -Gardens of the Temple, in which the trees were cut down that they might -pitch their tents; they watched their arms all night, according to the -usage of chivalry; the prince, and some of those of highest rank, in the -Abbey of Westminster; the others in the Temple Church. On the morrow, -Prince Edward was knighted by his father in the Hall of the Palace, and -then proceeding to the Abbey, conferred the like honour on his -companions. A magnificent feast followed, at which two swans covered -with nets of gold being set on the table by the minstrels, the King -rose, and made a solemn vow to God and to the swans, that he would -avenge the death of Comyn and punish the perfidy of the Scottish rebels. -Then, addressing his son and the rest of the company, he conjured them, -in the event of his death, to keep his body unburied until his successor -should have accomplished this vow. The next morning the prince, with his -companions, departed for the Borders; Edward himself followed by slow -journeys, being only able to travel in a litter.”</p> - -<p>Such was the bright morning of Edmund Fitzalan’s life; and the annexed -gives us the dark contrast in his tragical end.</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote">1326.</span> The citizens, says Froissart, seeing they had no other means of saving -the town, their lives, and their fortunes, acceded to the Queen’s terms, -and opened their gates to her. She entered the town attended by Sir John -de Hainault, with all her barons, knights, and esquires, who took their -lodging therein. The others, for want of accommodation, remained -without. Sir Hugh Spencer and the Earl of Arundel were then delivered to -the Queen to do with them according to her good pleasure. The Queen then -ordered the elder Spencer and Arundel to be brought before her eldest -son and the barons assembled, and said that she and her son would see -that Justice should be done unto them according to their deeds. “Ah, -madam,” said Spencer, “God grant us an upright judge and a just -sentence; and that if we cannot find it in this world, we may find it in -another.” The charges against them being read, an old knight was called -upon to pass sentence; and her son, with the other barons and knights, -pronounced the prisoners guilty. Their sentence was, that they, the said -Earl of Arundel and Spencer, should be drawn in a hurdle to the place of -execution, there to be beheaded, and afterwards to be hung on a gibbet. -“The which was duly carried into effect on the feast of St, Denis,” at -Bristol—or, according to others, at Hereford.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Richard</span>, the son and successor of Edmund, became highly distinguished -among the great men of his time. His life and exploits make no -inconsiderable figure in the national annals.</p> - -<p>When a fleet of cruisers, sent out by the French for the annoyance of -British commerce in the Channel, had made prizes of many of our best<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_47" id="page_47">{47}</a></span> -merchant ships, pillaged several towns on the coast, and caused much -consternation to all who were interested in the prosperity of commerce, -Arundel</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_047.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_047.jpg" width="376" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">hoisted his flag on board the “Admiral,” and put to sea. Another fleet -was ordered to co-operate with him in the eastern coast; the first -cruise checked the audacity of the enemy, and re-established public -confidence and good order.</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote">1340.</span> His next public service was off the harbour of Sluys, where, in an -engagement with the French fleet, he was second in command under King -Edward the Third, and gained a complete victory.</p> - -<p>“When the king’s fleet,” says the chronicler, “was almost got to Sluys, -they saw so many masts standing before it, that they looked like a wood. -The king asked the commander of his ship what they could be, who -answered that he imagined they must be that armament of Normans which -the King of France kept at sea, and which had so frequently done him -much damage, had burnt the good town of Southampton, and taken his large -ship the ‘Christopher.’ The king replied, I have for a long time wished -to meet with them, and now, please God and St. George, we will fight -with them; for in truth<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_48" id="page_48">{48}</a></span> they have done me so much mischief, that I will -be revenged upon them if possible.”</p> - -<p>The large ships under Lord Arundel, the bishop of Norwich, and others, -now advanced, adds Froissart, and ran in among those of Flanders: but -they had not any advantage; for the crossbow-men defended themselves -gallantly under their commander Sir John de Bucque. He and his company -were well armed in a ship equal in bulk to any they might meet, and had -their cannons on board, which were of such a weight, that great mischief -was done by them. This battle was very fierce and obstinate, for it -continued three or four hours; and many of the vessels were sunk by the -“large and sharply-pointed bolts of iron which were cast down from the -maintops, and made large holes in their decks.” When night came on, they -separated, and cast anchor to repair their damage and take care of the -wounded. But at the next flow of the tide, they again set sail and -renewed the combat; yet the English continually gained on the Flemings, -and, having got between them and Blanquenberg and Sluys, drove them on -Cadsand, where the defeat was completed.</p> - -<p>So great was the disaster to the French monarch on this day, that none -of his ministers would venture to communicate to him the amount of life -and property which had been sacrificed. What the minister, however, -durst not reveal, the king’s jester found means to divulge. “What arrant -cowards are those English!” said the jester. “How so?” demanded Philip. -“Because,” answered zany, “they had not courage to jump overboard, as -the French and Normans did lately at Sluys<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a>.” This opened the king’s -eyes, and prepared him for the disastrous tidings that were now poured -in upon him.</p> - -<p>Six years later, Arundel was appointed admiral of the king’s fleet, and -conveyed the great military expedition from Southampton to Normandy. -When the troops were disembarked at La Hogue, he was created constable -of the forces; and with Northampton and other noblemen commanded the -second division at the battle of Cressy<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a>.</p> - -<p>During the heat of the combat, when Prince Edward was surrounded by the -enemy and in personal jeopardy, Arundel and Northampton hastened to his -support; ordered their division forward, and closed with the enemy. The -English rushed upon their assailants with renewed ardour; the French -line was charged, broken, and dispersed; “earls, knights, squires, and -men-at-arms, continuing the struggle in confused masses, were mingled in -one promiscuous slaughter.” When night closed, King Philip, with a -retinue of only five barons and sixty knights, fled in dismay before the -cry of “St. George<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_49" id="page_49">{49}</a></span> for England!” Eleven princes, twelve hundred -knights, and thirty thousand soldiers, had fallen on the side of the -French.</p> - -<p>On another occasion, but on a different element, Arundel was present -with the king, in his “chivalrous engagement with the French fleet, off -Winchelsea;” and four years later was deputed to the court of Pope -Innocent, then at Avignon, in the fruitless attempt to arrange the -articles of a permanent reconciliation between the Crowns of England and -France.</p> - -<p>Arundel survived these brilliant events many years; and during the -leisure secured to him by his great public services, appears to have -found occupation for his active mind and munificent taste in repairing -and embellishing his ancestral<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> Castle, where he died at an advanced -age, and bequeathed immense possessions to his family.</p> - -<p>The contrast presented in the life and destinies of his son forms a -melancholy page in the family history. He was a brave man, and had -performed several gallant exploits. But it was his misfortune to fall -upon evil times, of which intrigue, disaffection, private revenge, and -outward violence were leading characteristics. Associating with the -turbulent spirits who surrounded an imbecile and capricious monarch, his -character took the complexion of the age.</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_049.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_049.jpg" width="278" height="228" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="sidenote">1397.</span> He is said to have been at the head of a conspiracy already mentioned in -this work, page 39, and which is thus recorded by Holinshed, Grafton, -and others of the old chroniclers<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a>. The Earls of Arundel, Derby, -Marshal, and Warwick; the Archbishop of Canterbury, Arundel’s brother; -the Abbot of St. Alban’s, and the Prior of Westminster, met the Duke of -Gloucester<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> in Arundel Castle, where, receiving first the sacra<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_50" id="page_50">{50}</a></span>ment -by the hands of the Archbishop, they resolved to seize the person of -King Richard the Second, and his brothers the Dukes of Lancaster and -York, to commit them to prison, and cause the lords of the King’s -Council to be drawn and hanged. This plot, however, was divulged, it is -said, by the Earl Marshal, and the apprehension of Arundel led to the -family catastrophe, which with some little abridgment of the original -authors is related as follows:—</p> - -<p>Apprehended under assurances of personal security, he was hurried to the -Tower, and finally tried and condemned by the Parliament at Westminster.</p> - -<p>On the feast of St. Matthew, Richard Fitz Alaine, Earl of Arundel, was -brought forth to swear before the King and whole Parliament to such -articles as he was charged with.<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> And as he stood at the bar, the -Lord Neville was commanded by the Duke of Lancaster, which sat that day -as High Steward of England, to take the hood from his neck, and the -girdle from his waist. Then the Duke of Lancaster declared unto him that -for his manifold rebellions and treasons against the king’s majesty, he -had been arrested, and hitherto kept in ward, and now at the petitions -of the lords and commons, he was called to answer such crimes as were -there to be objected against him, and so to purge himself, or else to -suffer for his offences, such punishment as the law appointed.</p> - -<p>First he charged him that he had ridden in armour against the King in -company of the Duke of Gloucester, and of the Earl of Warwick, to the -breach of peace and disquieting of the realm.</p> - -<p>His answer hereunto was, that he did not this upon any evil meaning -towards the King’s person, but rather for the benefit of the King and -realm, if it were interpreted aright and taken as it ought to be.</p> - -<p>It was further demanded of him, why he procured letters of pardon from -the King, if he knew himself guiltless. He answered he did not purchase -them for any fear he had of faults committed by him, but to stay the -malicious speech of them that neither loved the King nor him.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_51" id="page_51">{51}</a></span></p> - -<p>He was again asked whether he would deny that he had made any such rade -with the persons before named, and that in company of them he entered -not armed unto the King’s presence against the King’s will and pleasure. -To this he answered he could not deny it, but that he so did.</p> - -<p>Then the speaker, Sir John Bushie, with open mouth besought that -judgment might be had against such a traitor; and “your faithful -commons,” said he to the King, “ask and require that so it may be done.” -The Earl, turning his head aside, quietly said to him, “Not the King’s -faithful commons” require this, “but thou, and what thou art I know.” -Then the eight appellants standing on the other side, cast their gloves -at him, and in prosecuting their appeal—which already had been -read—offered to fight with him, man to man, to justify the same. -“Then,” said the Earl, “if I were at libertie, and that it might so -stande with the pleasure of my sovereign, I would not refuse to prove -you all liars in this behalfe.”</p> - -<p>Then spake the Duke of Lancaster, saying to him, “What have you further -to say to the points laid before you?” He answered, that of the King’s -grace he had his letters of general pardon, which he required to have -allowed. Then the duke told him that the pardon was revoked by the -prelates and noblemen in Parliament; and therefore willed him to make -some other answer.</p> - -<p>The Earl told him again that he had another pardon under the King’s -great seal, granted him long after the King’s own motion, which also he -required to have allowed. The Duke told him that the same was likewise -revoked. After this, when the Earl had nothing more to say for himself, -the Duke pronounced judgment against him as in cases of treason is used.</p> - -<p>But after he had made an end, and paused a little, he said, “The King -our sovereign lord of his mercy and grace, because thou art of his -blood, and one of the Peers of the realm, hath remitted all other pains, -saving the last that is to say, the beheading, and so thou shalt only -lose thy head;”—and forthwith he was had away, and led through London, -unto the Tower-hill. There went with him to see the execution done, six -great lords, of whom there were three earls, Nottingham, that had -married his daughter; Kent, that was his daughter’s son; and Huntington, -being mounted on great horses, with a great company of armed men, and -the fierce bands of the Cheshiremen, furnished with axes, swords, bows -and arrows, marching before and behind him, who only in this parliament -had licence to bear weapon, as some have written. When he should depart -the palace, he desired that his hands might be loosed to dispose of such -money as he had in his purse, betwixt that place and Charing Cross. This -was permitted; and so he gave such money as he had in alms with his own -hands, but his arms were still bound behind him.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_52" id="page_52">{52}</a></span></p> - -<p>When he came to the Tower-hill, the noblemen that were about him moved -him right earnestly to acknowledge his treason against the king. But he -in no wise would do so; but maintained that he was never traitor in word -nor deed; and herewith perceiving the Earls of Nottingham and Kent, that -stood by with other noblemen, busy to further the execution, and being, -as ye have heard, of kin, and allied to him, he spake to them, and said, -“Truly it would have beseemed you rather to have been absent, than here -at this business. But the time will come ere it be long, when as many -shall marvel at your misfortune as do now at mine.” After this, -forgiving the executioner, he besought him not to torment him long, but -to strike off his head at one blow, and feeling the edge of the sword, -whether it was sharp enough or not, he said, “It is very well, do that -thou hast to do quickly,”—and so kneeling down, the executioner with -one stroke, strake off his head. “Then returned they that were at the -execution and shewed the kinge merily of the death of the erle; but -although the kinge was then merry and glad that the dede was done, yet -after exceedingly vexed was he in his dremes.” The Earl’s body was -buried, together with his head, in the church of the Augustine Friars in -Bread-street, within the city of London.</p> - -<p>The death of this earl<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> was much lamented among the people, -considering his sudden fall and miserable end, whereas, not long before -among all the noblemen of this land, there was none more esteemed; so -noble and valiant he was that all men spake honour of him.</p> - -<p>After his death, as the fame went, the king was sore vexed in his sleep -with horrible dreams, imagining that he saw this earl appear unto him, -threatening him, and putting him in horrible fear, as if he had said -with the poet to King Richard—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Nunc quoque factorum venio memor umbra tuorum,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">In sequor et vultus ossea forma tuos.”—<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p class="nind">With which visions being sore troubled in sleep, he cursed the day that -ever he knew the earl. And he was the more unquiet, because he heard it -reported that the common people took the earl for a martyr, insomuch -that some came to visit the place of his sepulture, for the opinion they -had conceived of his holiness. And, when it was bruited abroad, as for a -miracle, that his head should be grown to his body again, the tenth day -after his burial; the king sent about ten of the clock in the night -certain of the nobi<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_53" id="page_53">{53}</a></span>lity to see his body taken up, that he might be -certified of the truth. Which done, and perceiving it was a fable, he -commanded the friars to take down his arms, that were set up about the -place of his burial, and to cover the grave, so as it should not be -perceived where he was buried.</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_053.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_053.jpg" width="221.5" height="327" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>In less than two years, however, King Richard himself was a captive in -the hands of his subjects. Young Arundel and the son of the late Duke of -Gloucester were appointed his keepers. “Here,” said Lancaster, as he -delivered<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> Richard into their custody<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a>, “here is the king; he was -the murderer of your fathers; I expect you to be answerable for his -safety.”</p> - -<p>During the first five years of Henry the Fourth, young Arundel, among -other services, shared with his sovereign the reverses which attended -his invasion of the Welsh frontier, and his campaign against Owen -Glendower.—But at length the scenes of the camp gave place to domestic -festivities; and his approaching marriage with Donna Béatrice, daughter -of John the First, king of Portugal, was publicly announced. Great -preparations were made to receive the bride with all the honours due to -her beauty and station; the royal palace and the earl’s ancestral castle -were sumptuously fitted up for her reception. She left Portugal with a -splendid retinue, made a prosperous voyage, and arrived in London in the -middle of November. On the twenty-sixth of the same month the solemnity -took place in the Royal Chapel, where, in the presence of the King and -Queen, Donna Béatrice gave her hand to the young Earl of Arundel.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_54" id="page_54">{54}</a></span></p> - -<p>Their subsequent arrival at Arundel, and the rejoicings which there met -the royal bride, may be better imagined than described. All that could -add to the splendour of the gala was ingeniously arranged and displayed; -and on her triumphant entry under the old Norman gateway of her -husband’s castle, Donna Béatrice might well confess that “the castled -heights of Algarva were not so beautiful as the verdant hills, and -embattled towers, of Arundel.”</p> - -<p>Among the personal exploits by which his brief career was subsequently -distinguished, is the following.—During the excitement which prevailed -in France in consequence of the murder of the Duke of Orleans, “the -author of that assassination, Charles Duke of Burgundy, now taking the -alarm, applied to the English monarch for assistance.” His request was -instantly complied with; for Henry had “private motives which prompted -him in this instance.”</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote">1411.</span> Arundel, at the head of a strong body of archers and men-at-arms, was -despatched to join the Burgundian leader, whom he met at Arras; and -thence directing their march upon the capital, arrived on the -twenty-third of October. The first point of attack was St. Cloud, where -Arundel took charge of the assault, and marching his men to the bridge -which here crosses the Seine, carried it by storm; took possession of -the town with severe loss to the enemy, and returned with numerous -prisoners, immense booty, and the thanks of the Burgundian chief.</p> - -<p>The same Earl was also present at the siege of Harfleur, in the -subsequent reign; and under both sovereigns held many distinguished -posts of high trust and honour. But returning from the last campaign in -ill health, he died at his paternal seat of Arundel, where a magnificent -monument, quartered with the royal arms of Portugal, attests his virtues -and patriotic services.</p> - -<p>Of John Fitzalan, the eighth Earl, the public services and achievements, -“during the French wars,” are not sufficiently prominent to demand any -special notice in these pages; but John Fitzalan, the ninth Earl, is -justly celebrated for his abilities both as a soldier and a senator.</p> - -<p>In the grand tournament<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> which took place in the French capital in -honour of the coronation of Henry the Fifth, the English monarch, there -was a brilliant display of all that was most dazzling to the eye, and -daring to the imagination. But at the close of the scenes in which the -pride and prowess of chivalry were never more strikingly exemplified, -Arundel<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> and the Comte de St. Pol, grand master of the household, -were acknowledged to have carried away the prize from every -competitor<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_55" id="page_55">{55}</a></span></p> - -<p>Four years later, an event occurred which was destined to close his -military career and carry him off in “the blaze of his fame.” This -happened in an attack upon the old castle of Gerberoi, near Beauvais, -during the operations of the English army in Picardy.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_055.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_055.jpg" width="406" height="283" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Leaving Gournay at midnight, the Earl arrived in eight hours with the -advanced guard in sight of the towers of Gerberoi. But in his impatience -to reduce the fortress, he had miscalculated the strength of its walls -and garrison, with the experience of its veteran commandant La Hire, and -his own diminutive force. “The enemy,” says Holinshed, “perceiving that -his horses were weary and his archers not yet come up, determined to set -upon him before the arrival of his footmen, which they knew to be a mile -behind.” As soon as he came in sight the gates were suddenly thrown -open, and three thousand troops rushing upon the handful of men under -his command, threw them into confusion. An unequal conflict -ensued—struck with panic, and pressed by an overwhelming majority, the -rout of the English became general. Arundel, with a few undaunted -followers, who had sworn to share his glory or his grave, took up his -position in “a little close” or corner of a field, where his rear was -under cover of a strong hedge, threw up a hasty fortification of pointed -stakes, and thus protected, kept the enemy at bay. But other and more -powerful means of annoyance were at hand. La Hire ordered three -culverins to be brought from the castle, and planted in front of the -“forlorn hope.” The first shot told sadly upon the members of this -intrepid band;<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_56" id="page_56">{56}</a></span> but in the presence of their chief, nothing could damp -their fortitude, nothing could paralyse their exertions. The first -discharge was received with a shout of triumph and defiance. But the -third striking Arundel in the knee, shattered the bone and threw him to -the ground. This shot was the loss of the day. The French commander, -seizing the favourable moment, rushed upon the entrenchment—and while -Arundel, though faint with loss of blood and racked with pain, still -continued to cheer on his men—effected a breach and took captive the -gallant earl and his companions.</p> - -<p>Arundel survived the disaster for some time, but died at last of his -wound, and was buried in the church of the Grey Friars—the Frères -Mineurs—of Beauvais.</p> - -<p>In the collegiate church of Arundel, where he had previously selected -his own place of interment, a cenotaph of beautiful design and elaborate -workmanship still marks the spot; but, owing to some unknown cause, as -Mr. Tierney informs us, “his executor neglected this last injunction;” -and the soldier was not permitted to find rest in the sepulchre of his -fathers.</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote">1304.</span> Humphrey, his son, became heir to his titles and estates; but, not -surviving his father more than three years, they again passed to his -uncle, William Fitzalan, then in his twenty-first year. The events of -his life, however, are not of a character to interest the reader by any -bright displays of moral excellence, which could be handed down as -examples to posterity.</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Obsequious—veering round with every change,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Now to the liege professing homage fervent;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Then as the sceptre dropp’d, could it seem strange<br /></span> -<span class="i2">That faction found him its most humble servant!”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p class="nind">Yet with all his political faults, there was much in his private life -and conversation—much in his munificence to the church—and still more -in his encouragement of learning, to rescue his name from oblivion. He -died at Arundel, and was buried with his ancestors in the Chapel, where -a splendid altar-tomb attests his love and patronage of the fine arts.</p> - -<p>In the preface to Caxton’s Golden Legende, honourable mention is made of -the puissant, “noble and vertuous lorde, Willyam, Erle of Arundelle.” -Dallaway quoting Vincent says—“William Earle of Arundell, a very father -of nurture and courtesy, died at a great age at Arundell, and there -triumphantly lieth buried.”</p> - -<p>His successor, Thomas Fitzalan, was a man whose address and -accomplishments found ready acceptance at court, and secured the -good-will and approbation of more than one sovereign.</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote">1543.</span> Henry Fitzalan, on succeeding his father this year, returned from Calais -to England, and at Arundel kept the Christmas festivities in such style<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_57" id="page_57">{57}</a></span> -with his neighbours, that it is known, says the MS. Life quoted by Mr. -Dallaway, as “the great Xmas of Arundel.”</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote">1544.</span> At the siege of Boulogne, in the following year, he was nominated by -King Henry as marshal of the field. The siege on this occasion proved -tedious; the town and garrison were resolute in their defence, and day -after day the besiegers were baffled in their efforts to force them to a -capitulation. At last, however, a mine, which had been successfully -worked beneath the castle, was sprung at midnight; the explosion shook -the whole citadel, and</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_057.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_057.jpg" width="410.5" height="300" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">general confusion ensued. Seizing the favourable moment, Arundel ordered -the battering ordnance to play with redoubled fury upon the walls; and -heading at the same time a resolute detachment, took his station in the -entrenchments. There, while the shot and shell struck and exploded in -the ramparts over his head, he waited till a breach in the masonry was -effected; and then throwing himself into the gap, cheered on his men to -the assault. Inspired by their leader’s example, every soldier did his -duty; the besieged were driven from the works; their guns were turned -against themselves, the ramparts were cleared; capitulation was -effected, and before morning the flag of England floated in triumph from -the Castle of Boulogne.<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_58" id="page_58">{58}</a></span></p> - -<p>But neither prowess in the field nor wisdom in the cabinet could exempt -Arundel from the trials, calumnies, and persecutions of those who only -saw, in the royal favour extended to him, a grand obstacle to their own -advancement. After the demise of Henry, charges were accordingly brought -against him, which—although never proved—formed the ground of his -exclusion from the council, were attended with a heavy fine, and -aggravated by imprisonment. The false evidence, however, on which these -penalties were inflicted, being speedily detected, his confinement was -very brief. A large portion of the fine was remitted, but the -remembrance of such unmerited treatment was never to be effaced. -Subsequently, on the exhibition of further charges against him, he was -again sent to the Tower, where he was detained a close prisoner during -thirteen months, and was then enlarged on payment of a heavy fine, and -admonished to “behave himself according to the duty of a nobleman, and -to prove in deeds what he professed in words.”</p> - -<p>But events were now fast hastening to a crisis. The demise of the royal -minor, the elevation of Lady Jane Grey, the ebullitions of party -violence—all spread universal excitement and alarm throughout the -country.</p> - -<p>Arundel, who had long fostered a spirit of secret enmity and revenge -against Northumberland, as the author of his misfortunes, now perceived -that the moment of retaliation was at hand. He invited and promised the -full weight of his support to the Princess Mary in private; but in -public he zealously espoused the cause of her rival, the Lady Jane; and -was among the first who offered her homage, and swelled the magnificence -of her entry into London.</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote">1544.</span> Northumberland was blinded by so much apparent devotion to the cause; -and when he reluctantly quitted London to stem the torrent that was now -rapidly setting in from the east, Arundel, says Stow, took leave of him -in these specious and hollow terms: “Farewell, my lord; and I pray God -be with your grace. Sorry indeed am I, that it is not my chance to go -with you, and bear you company, in whose presence I could find in my -heart<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_59" id="page_59">{59}</a></span> to shed my blood, even at your feet.” But as soon as -Northumberland was gone, Arundel changed his tone; denounced him as a -traitor; declared his sentiments; and boldly asserted the sovereign -right of the eldest daughter of Henry the Eighth. His fervid eloquence -and appeal to the nobles present made a deep and visible impression. -Pembroke<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a>, infected by the enthusiasm of the speaker, starting up, -and grasping the hilt of his sword, exclaimed, “Either this sword shall -make Mary queen, or I will die in her quarrel!” The result needs not be -told. In an instant the whole aspect of affairs was changed. That very -night Mary was proclaimed in every street of the city—banquets, -bonfires, riots, and illuminations, were called to attest the fact.</p> - -<p>The news of the revolution were scattered in all points of the compass, -and at Cambridge reached the Duke of Northumberland, who was astounded -at what had happened, and felt all the paralysing influence of his -critical position.</p> - -<p>When Arundel, whose revenge was now secure, arrived with the warrant for -his apprehension, the duke threw himself upon his mercy, and implored -him, says the Chronicler, “to be good to him for the love of God!” But -Arundel coldly replied that his grace should have sought for mercy -sooner, and then committing him to safe custody, ordered him off to the -Tower.</p> - -<p>During the reign of Mary, Arundel had many honours heaped upon him, and -filled several important offices of state; nor did court favour desert -him on the accession of Elizabeth, who even made him her familiar -companion, and became his frequent guest. She visited him at her -splendid palace of Nonsuch, of which he was keeper; joined in all the -revels in celebration of her visit; accepted at her departure a -“cupboard of plate” and repaid him with assurances of cordial regard and -unlimited confidence.</p> - -<p>Flattered by such manifestations of royal favour, Arundel went so far in -his loyal attachment as to become one of her Majesty’s impassioned -suitors. He was a Catholic indeed, but love and loyalty were divinities -to which religion had been often known to bend; and having given his -vote and influence to all her state measures—and not weighing the -“queen’s sincerity by his own”—he looked forward with bright -anticipations of the future. But Elizabeth was as much an adept in -manœuvring as the earl; her chief object had now been accomplished; she -no longer required his services—she remembered his support of her -sister Mary; and when Arundel ventured to address her as the royal Chloë -of his admiration, the queen threw off the mask, and instead<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_60" id="page_60">{60}</a></span> of -receiving the homage thus tendered, in the sense it was meant, ordered -the noble earl to be placed under arrest. Well might he exclaim—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Tantæne animis cœlestibus iræ?”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>The arrest however was soon removed; and with his enlargement a more -rational course presented itself for his choice. His health requiring -change of climate, he went abroad; and after spending fourteen months in -travel beyond seas, he returned to London in a style that resembled the -triumphant progress of a sovereign, and to present, as a peace-offering -to her Majesty, “a pair of the first silk stockings<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> ever seen in -England.”</p> - -<p>Once more restored to favour, he did not long maintain his position; but -again lapsing into unlawful practices, by tampering in the question -respecting Mary, Queen of Scotland, and the Duke of Norfolk, his -son-in-law; he finally lost the queen’s countenance, and was recommitted -as a prisoner to the palace of Nonsuch. The dreams of ambition were now -past. On his liberation, he retired from the political world to spend -the remainder of his days in study and domestic seclusion, where he -could moralise on the mad projects of ambition, the vexations and -vanities of court life.</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_060.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_060.jpg" width="242.5" height="251" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="sidenote">1589.</span> He died at Arundel House in the Strand, and was buried “with solemn pomp -and costly funerall” in the collegiate Chapel of Arundel, where his -monument is still an object of no common interest to the stranger.</p> - -<p>We shall next, in accordance with our plan, proceed to notice such -passages in the history of the <span class="smcap">Howards</span>, Earls of Arundel, as may best -exhibit some of the public services, the extraordinary events, or -striking incidents in which they have severally been engaged. In these -sketches, however, we purpose to exemplify the character of each by -authentic traits of conduct in the field and the cabinet; in the noon of -fame, and in the night of misfortune.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_61" id="page_61">{61}</a></span></p> - -<p>In a review of their history and achievements, however, our notice, -strictly speaking, ought to commence at that period when the titles of -Arundel and Norfolk became first united in the same Peer. But the task -will not be tedious, and cannot be uninteresting, to present our readers -with a genealogical epitome of the Howards of Norfolk.</p> - -<p>The origin of this family is involved in obscurity, which the diligence -of research appears to have rendered more obscure, making darkness -visible. For antiquity’s sake, however, it is sufficient to state that -the name was of some distinction in the 13th century; and that the -ancestor of the present family, John Howard of Wigen Hall, in Norfolk, -was a Judge of Common Pleas, summoned to Parliament by Edward the First, -and distinguished for -his talents and public services. <span class="sidenote">1298-1307.</span> Sir Robert -Howard, the fifth in regular descent, had the good fortune to contract a -marriage alliance with the second daughter of Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, -and his Duchess Elizabeth, sister and co-heir of Thomas Fitzalan, Earl -of Arundel. By her father’s side, the noble bride was a grand-daughter -of Margaret Plantagenet, whose father—Thomas de Brotherton—was the -fifth son of Edward the First. This alliance, by connecting Sir Robert -and his descendants with the blood royal of England, opened a path to -those splendid honours by which they were subsequently distinguished. -Sir John Howard, his immediate descendant, was promoted during the reign -of three successive sovereigns to many high -<span class="sidenote">1483.</span> -posts of trust and dignity; -and at last summoned to Parliament by the title of Baron Howard. -Thirteen years later he was elevated to the highest title in the -peerage; his son was created Earl of Surrey, by Richard the Third; he -was invested with the hereditary office of Earl Marshal of England; -dignities which his ancestors Mowbray, Thomas de Brotherton, and Roger -Bigod, had severally enjoyed as Dukes of Norfolk. But the high honours -thus showered upon him, were doomed very shortly after to be blasted. -The battle of Bosworth was at hand; he had “touched the highest point of -all his greatness,” and whilst—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">He bore his blushing honours thick upon him,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The third day came a frost, a killing frost.<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p class="nind">The following letter, written only a very few days previous to the -battle, and addressed to the Sheriff of Norfolk, is a document of no -inconsiderable interest:—“To my well-beloved Friend John Paston, be -this bill delivered in haste.—Well beloved Friend, I commend me to you, -letting you to understand that the King’s enemies be a-land, and that -the King would have set forth as upon Monday, but only for our Lady-day; -but for certain he goeth forth as upon Tuesday, for a servant of mine -hath brought to me the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_62" id="page_62">{62}</a></span> certainty. Whereupon I pray you that ye meet -with me at Bury, as upon Tuesday night, and that ye bring with you such -company of <i>tall men</i>, as ye may goodly make at my cost and charge; -beside that which ye have promised the King; and I pray you, ordain them -<i>jackets of my livery</i>, and I shall content you at your meeting with -me—Your lover, <span class="smcap">J. Norfolk</span>.”—Green.</p> - -<p>One of the most important days in the annals of Great Britain was now at -hand. The royal family was nearly extinct; the nobility was sadly -diminished and cut off; the nation itself was thinned of its best and -bravest inhabitants—the sad results of twelve sanguinary engagements; -and again two formidable armies had taken the field under two of the -ablest politicians that ever hoisted the standard of ambition or -revenge.</p> - -<p>On this memorable day King Richard’s front was commanded by the subjects -of this notice, John Duke of Norfolk, and his son, the Earl of Surrey; -the second by Richard in person; and the right wing by Henry, Earl of -Northumberland. Richmond’s front, being very inferior in numbers to that -of his rival, was thinly extended over a wide surface, so as to present -a more formidable appearance, and was commanded by John de Vere, Earl of -Oxford, whose father and brother had both perished on the scaffold in -support of the house of Lancaster. De Vere was also first-cousin to -Norfolk, whose blood he was destined to shed on this disastrous field. -The other divisions of Richmond’s army were led by Sir John Savage, and -Sir Gilbert Talbot; while Richmond himself took up a conspicuous station -in the field under his uncle the Earl of Pembroke.</p> - -<p>After a night of fearful preparation, Norfolk, in issuing forth early in -the morning, discovered the following rhyme rudely pencilled on the door -of his tent—sadly ominous of the event at hand—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Jack of Norfolk, be not too bold,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">For Dickon, thy master, is bought and sold<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a>.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>The battle, now set in array, commenced with a discharge of arrows; -after which, the Earl of Oxford, in order to concentrate his forces, -issued a command, that every man should fight close to his standard. In -this movement, Norfolk and Oxford, leading their respective vans, -approached each other.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_63" id="page_63">{63}</a></span> With a rancour sharpened at this moment by their -very relationship, each singled out the other as an object worthy of his -lance. With cool determined intrepidity they dashed forward to the -rencontre; and shivering their spears at the first thrust, drew their -swords and resumed the trial of strength and skill. Rushing in upon his -antagonist’s guard, Norfolk’s powerful arm made a sweeping blow at the -head of De Vere; but the blade glancing down from his polished helmet -failed in its effect, and only wounded him in the left arm.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_063.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_063.jpg" width="432" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Quickly recovering his balance, and exasperated by the dread of -discomfiture more than the pain of his wound, Oxford returned the blow -with tremendous effect; hewed the visor from Norfolk’s helmet, and -thereby exposed his face to the missiles that were falling in showers -around them. Oxford, like a generous knight, disdaining to take -advantage of his gallant adversary, instantly dropped the point of his -weapon. But his forbearance did not save his noble kinsman; for, at the -same instant, struck in the forehead by a shaft which penetrated the -brain, Norfolk made a convulsive spring in the saddle, and fell -prostrate on the field. Oxford, deeply affected by his death, sadly -exclaimed—“A better knight cannot die, though he might in a better -cause!”</p> - -<p>The result of this day needs not to be told; but the anecdote of the -young Surrey, embarked in the same cause, and in fulfilment of the same -oath of fidelity which bound his father to the standard of King Richard, -is worth repeating in this place.</p> - -<p>During the heat of the battle, conscious of his father’s fall, and -exhausted by extraordinary exertions of mind and body, he was surrounded -by a powerful body of his antagonists, each of whom was ambitious to -distinguish him<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_64" id="page_64">{64}</a></span>self by disabling or making him prisoner. Observing at -this moment the brave Sir John Stanley in the last charge, Surrey -presented to him the hilt of his sword, and said, “The day is your own, -there is my sword; let me die by yours—but not by an ignoble hand!” -“God forbid,” replied the generous Stanley—“live for new honours. -Stanley will never shed the blood of so brave a youth. No fault attaches -to you! the error was your father’s!” “What!” rejoined Surrey, again -recovering his sword; “does the noble Talbot insult the vanquished? -Loyalty, Sir Knight, is the watchword of our house. My father revered -the sacred authority of the king, though he lamented the errors of the -man. Never shall I repent the choice I have made, seeing that it can -leave no stain upon my honour. Whoever wears the crown, him will I fight -for; nay, were it placed on nothing better than a stake in that hedge, I -would draw my sword in its defence.”</p> - -<p>The same frank and gallant bearing in the presence of Richmond after the -battle, secured for young Surrey the royal confidence.</p> - -<p>The scene is thus described by Sir John Beaumont, in his “Bosworth -Field.”</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Courageous <span class="smcap">Talbot</span> had with <span class="smcap">Surrey</span> met;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And after many blows, began to fret,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">That one so young in arms should thus unmoved<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Resist his strength, so oft in war approved.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And now the Earl beholds his father’s fall,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Whose death like horrid darkness frighted all;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Some give themselves as captives, others fly;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">But this young lion casts his generous eye<br /></span> -<span class="i0">On <span class="smcap">Mowbray’s</span> lion, painted on his shield,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And with that king of beasts repines to yield.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">“The field,” saith he, “in which the lion stands,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Is blood, and blood I offer to the hands<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Of daring foes; but never shall my flight<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Dye black my lion, which, as yet, is white.”<br /></span> -<span class="i0">His enemies, like cunning huntsmen, strive<br /></span> -<span class="i0">In binding snares to take their prey alive,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">While he desires to expose his naked breast,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And thinks the sword that deepest strikes is best.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Young <span class="smcap">Howard</span> single with an army fights;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">When, moved with pity, two renowned knights,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Strong Clarendon, and valiant Conyers, try<br /></span> -<span class="i0">To rescue him—in which attempt they die.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Now <span class="smcap">Surrey</span>, fainting, scarce his sword can hold;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Which made a common soldier grow so bold,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">To lay rude hands upon that noble flower,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Which he disdaining—anger gives him power—<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Erects his weapon with a nimble round,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And sends the peasant’s arm to kiss the ground.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">This done, to <span class="smcap">Talbot</span> he presents his blade,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And saith, “It is not hope of life hath made<br /></span> -<span class="i0">This my submission; but my strength is spent,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And some perhaps of villain blood will vent<br /></span> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_65" id="page_65">{65}</a></span></div></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_065.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_065.jpg" width="394" height="270" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">My weary soul; this favour I demand,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">That I may die by your victorious hand.”<br /></span> -<span class="i0">“Nay, God forbid that any of my name,”<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Quoth <span class="smcap">Talbot</span>, “should put out so bright a flame<br /></span> -<span class="i0">As burns in thee, brave youth! where thou hast err’d<br /></span> -<span class="i0">It was thy father’s fault, since he preferr’d<br /></span> -<span class="i0">A tyrant’s crown before the juster side.”<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The Earl, still mindful of his birth, replied,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">“I wonder, <span class="smcap">Talbot</span>, that thy noble heart<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Insults on ruins of the vanquish’d part:<br /></span> -<span class="i0">We had the right; if now to <i>you</i> it flow,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The fortune of your swords hath made it so.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">I never will my luckless choice repent,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Nor can it stain mine honour or descent;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Set England’s royal wreath upon a stake,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">There will I fight, and not the place forsake.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And if the will of God hath so disposed<br /></span> -<span class="i0">That <span class="smcap">Richmond’s</span> brow be with the crown inclosed,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">I shall to him, or his, give doubtless signs,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">That duty in my thoughts—not faction—shines.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>And the sincerity of his professions is fully attested by his subsequent -conduct, both in the camp and the cabinet. He became Lord Treasurer of -the Household, attended the Princess Margaret to Scotland on her -marriage with James the Fourth—the most chivalrous prince of his -age,—and, with his wife and daughter, was present at all the -magnificent scenes, fêtes, banquets, and tournaments, which attended -that ill-starred alliance.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_66" id="page_66">{66}</a></span></p> - -<p>On the accession of Henry the Eighth, he continued in the same high -office—was elected a privy councillor, appointed earl marshal of the -kingdom, and his majesty’s lieutenant for the north of England. His next -appearance in the field was at the battle of Flodden, where, with his -two sons, he had the chief command. The fortunes of that day are too -well known to every reader to require any lengthened description in this -place; but to connect the achievements with the subject of this brief -memoir, it becomes necessary to take a cursory view</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Of the stern strife and carnage drear<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Of Flodden’s fatal field;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Where shiver’d was fair Scotland’s spear,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And broken was her shield.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="sidenote">Sept. 9, 1513.</span> On the morning of the battle the English army advanced in four -divisions. On the right, which first engaged, were the two sons of Earl -Surrey: Thomas Howard, Admiral of England, and Sir Edmund, Knight -Marshal of the Army. Their divisions were separated from each other; but -at the request of Sir Edmund, his brother’s battalion was drawn up very -near to his own. The centre was commanded by Surrey in person; the left -wing by Sir Edward Stanley, with the men of Lancashire and Cheshire. -Lord Dacres, with a large body of horse, formed a reserve. When the -smoke which the wind had driven between the armies was somewhat -dispersed, they perceived that the Scots, after having set fire to their -tents, had moved down the hill in a similar order of battle, and in -profound silence.</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Scarce could they see or hear their foes<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Until at weapon-point they close—<br /></span> -<span class="i1">They close in clouds of smoke and dust,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">With sword-sway and with lances’ thrust;<br /></span> -<span class="i6">And such a yell was there<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Of sudden and portentous birth,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">As if men fought upon the earth,<br /></span> -<span class="i6">And fiends in upper air.<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Oh, life and death was in the shout;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Revel and rally, charge and rout,<br /></span> -<span class="i6">And triumph and despair!”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>The Earls of Huntly and Home commanded the left wing of the Scots, and -charged Sir Edmund Howard with such impetuosity and success as entirely -discomfited his part of the right wing. Sir Edmund’s banner was beaten -down—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Then fell the spotless banner white,<br /></span> -<span class="i6">The Howard’s ‘Lion’ fell—<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p class="nind">and he himself escaped with difficulty to his brother’s division. The -admiral, however, stood firm; and quickly advancing to his support with -the reserve of cavalry, appears to have kept the victors in effectual -check.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_67" id="page_67">{67}</a></span></p> - -<p>Then seizing the favourable moment and pushing forward, the admiral -charged and routed a large division of the Scottish army in his front, -commanded by the Earls of Crawford and Montrose, both of whom were slain -on the spot.</p> - -<p>The King and Surrey, who led the centres of their respective armies, -were now engaged in close and doubtful conflict. James, surrounded by -the flower of his kingdom, supported by the reserve under the Earl of -Borthwick, but impatient and exasperated by the galling discharge of -arrows from the English bowmen, made his attack with such impetuosity -that the standard of Surrey was in imminent danger. But at that critical -moment Stanley, who had routed the Scottish wing on the left, and was -now pursuing his career of victory, arrived on the right flank in the -rear of the king’s division, which,</p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_067.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_067.jpg" width="237" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">by throwing itself into a circle, disputed the battle till night closed -in upon them.</p> - -<p>Surrey then drew back his forces; for the Scottish centre remaining -unbroken, and their left wing being victorious, he yet doubted the event -of the field, for in the words of the poet—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“The stubborn spearmen still made good<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Their dark impenetrable wood<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Each stepping where his comrade stood<br /></span> -<span class="i6">The instant that he fell;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">No thought was there of dastard flight;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Link’d in the serried phalanx tight<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Groom fought like noble, squire like knight,<br /></span> -<span class="i6">As fearlessly and well.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>The Scottish army, however, dispirited by the loss of their king and his -principal chiefs, abandoned the field before day-break, with a loss of -between eight and ten thousand men—among whom were the very prime of -their nobility, gentry, and even clergy.—Here the reader is referred to -Pinkerton.</p> - -<p>Surrey’s loss was also very great; perhaps within one-third of the -vanquished; but those who fell were only men of inferior note. According -to the old ballad, there perished—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Never a nobleman of fame<br /></span> -<span class="i1">But Bryan Tunstall bold, alas!<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Whose corse home to his burial came,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">With worship great, as worthy was.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>The trophies of this victory were received by King Henry under the -walls<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_68" id="page_68">{68}</a></span> -of Tournay, to which he had laid siege; and every honour which could -testify the royal satisfaction, or gratify a victorious commander, was -subsequently conferred on the hero of the day. <span class="sidenote">1524.</span> He was restored to the -dukedom of Norfolk, acquired immense possessions, filled the highest -offices of state, lived in princely splendour at the royal castle of -Framlingham, and died at the age of eighty; leaving a numerous family to -support his dignities, and share his vast possessions. He was the last -of the Dukes of Norfolk buried in the Abbey of Thetford.</p> - -<p>Her eldest daughter, Elizabeth, was the mother of Anne Boleyn, who fell -a victim to the very hand which heaped so many honours upon her uncle -and his sons. The Duke himself presided as High Steward at her trial; -and even her father, “reluctantly it is to be hoped, sat among the -judges.”</p> - -<p>Thomas Howard, Admiral of England, his eldest son and successor, -inherited the talents of his father; but with the accumulated honours of -his house, and the satisfaction which accompanied him in the discharge -of his duties to the sovereign and the state, misfortune was intimately -blended. His achievements in the field, his wisdom in the cabinet, his -devotion to the throne, appeared merely to hasten a catastrophe, from -which he was only saved by the death of his persecutor; but which -struck, in the person of his Son, one of the noblest victims that ever -sank under the axe of despotism:—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Who has not heard of Surrey’s fame?<br /></span> -<span class="i1">His was the hero’s soul of fire;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And his the bard’s immortal name,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And his was love exalted high<br /></span> -<span class="i1">By all the glow of chivalry.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p class="nind">The crime for which this young nobleman was arraigned has never been -properly investigated. His biographers and historians of the time, -satisfied with the manifest absurdity of the treason alleged against -him, have omitted to point out the grounds upon which the inference of -Surrey’s guilt was founded, namely, the crime of quartering, with his -own, the royal arms of England. A few words on this subject, on the -authority of a recent biographer, may serve to elucidate some portion of -its obscurity.</p> - -<p>The arms of Edward the Confessor are said to have been a blue field, -charged with a gold cross at the end, flory, between five gold martlets. -Royal arms appear to have been used in the time of Richard the First, -who bore a red shield, charged with three gold lions, which have ever -since been the royal standard of England<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a>. In the reign of Edward the -First, and perhaps even in the previous century, the arms of three -saints—Saint George,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_69" id="page_69">{69}</a></span> Saint Edmund, and Saint Edward the -Confessor—were always borne on the national banner; but none of which -were supposed to have any connexion</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_069.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_069.jpg" width="235.5" height="330" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">with the sovereignty of England. Richard the Second, however, choosing -the Confessor for his patron or saint, impaled his arms with those of -England and France; “and granted, at the same time, the Confessor’s arms -to be borne, per pale, by two or three of the most eminent men of his -court, who were descended from the blood royal.” One of the noblemen so -distinguished was Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk; the right to whose -arms and quarterings was indisputably inherited by the Earl of Surrey; -but whether the coat or shield of the Confessor was granted to Mowbray -for life only, or to him and “his heirs for ever,” is a question which -remains still unsolved. Surrey, however, conceiving himself entitled to -it, obtained the sanction of the heralds, and assumed the distinction -among his other armorial quarterings. But the injustice of construing -this act into a treasonable design is too glaring to require either -comment or exposure. “The King himself, in granting armorial bearings to -Anne Boleyn, took especial care to show her royal and illustrious -descent through the Howards, by introducing the arms of Thomas de -Brotherton, son of Edward the First; and of the Warrens, Earls of -Surrey, out of the Howard shield!<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a>” But in that despotic reign, -virtue, talent, and integrity were no protection against the highest -penalty—the severest sentence which an obsequious legislation could -pronounce or inflict. Surrey was too bright an ornament to be endured -near the throne. His very accomplishments—his prowess—his high -spirit—his sword and pen—his triumphs in the lists—and his success on -the lyre, all raised up enemies whose private resentments could only be -appeased with blood.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_70" id="page_70">{70}</a></span></p> - -<p><span class="sidenote">1547.</span> <span class="smcap">Surrey</span> was brought to trial at the Guildhall on the 13th of January, -where he defended himself with singular courage and ability; repelled -the charges so insidiously preferred against him; impeached the flimsy -evidence set up in support of the trial; appealed to the authority of -the heralds for the obnoxious quarterings on his shield; and disclaimed, -with all the indignation of conscious innocence, the treasonable -imputations so rancorously heaped upon him.</p> - -<p>In the course of examination, when a witness stated that, in a former -conversation with the accused Earl, he repeated some strong expression -used by Surrey, with his own insolent reply—which left it to be -inferred that Surrey had tamely brooked his defiance—the young noble -fixed his penetrating glance for an instant on the speaker, then turning -round to the jury—“I leave it to you,” he said, “to judge whether it be -possible that the man before you should so address the Earl of Surrey, -and he not strike him on the spot.”</p> - -<p>But the die was cast; the sentence of forfeiture was pronounced; the -King was deaf to the supplications of his friends—to the last appeal -for mercy. The thirst of blood had increased with the last agonies of -dissolving nature; and, on the twenty-first morning of the same month, -Surrey was hurried to Tower-hill, and there, under the blow of the -executioner, bequeathed that name to posterity, around which, poet, -painter, historian, and every lover of his country and her literature, -have twined the wreaths of immortality.</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Thou jealous ruthless tyrant, Heaven repay<br /></span> -<span class="i1">On thee, and on thy children’s latest line,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">The wild caprice of thy despotic sway;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">The gory bridal bed; the plundered shrine;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">The murdered Surrey’s blood; the tears of Geraldine!”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>Of the lives of Surrey and fair Geraldine, and the tournament in which -his knights carried away the prize in the Tuscan capital, we adopt the -following short sketch from the “Loves of the Poets:”—</p> - -<p>“In the reign of Cosmo the First, the second Grand Duke of Tuscany of -Lorenzo’s family, Florence, it is said, beheld a novel and extraordinary -spectacle. A young traveller, from a court and a country which the -Italians of that day seemed to regard much as we now do the Esquimaux, -combining the learning of the scholar, and the amiable bearing of the -courtier, with all the rash bravery of youthful romance, astonished the -inhabitants of that queenly city, first by rivalling her polished nobles -in the splendour of his retinue—the gallantry of his manners; and next, -by boldly proclaiming that his ‘Ladye-love’ was superior to all that -Italy could vaunt of beauty. That she was ‘Oltre le belle, bella,’—fair -beyond the fairest; and maintaining his<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_71" id="page_71">{71}</a></span> boast is a solemn tourney, held -in her honour, to the overthrow of all his opponents. This was our -English Surrey, one of the earliest and most elegant</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_071.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_071.jpg" width="473" height="241.5" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">of our amatory poets, and the lover of the fair Geraldine. According to -the old tradition repeated by all Surrey’s biographers, he visited on -his travels the famous necromancer Cornelius Agrippa, who, in a magic -mirror, revealed to him the fair figure of his Geraldine, lying -dishevelled on a couch, and, by the light of a taper, reading one of his -tenderest Sonnets.”</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Dark was the vaulted room of gramarye,<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a><br /></span> -<span class="i4">To which the wizard led the gallant knight,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Save that before a mirror, huge and high,<br /></span> -<span class="i4">A hallow’d taper shed a glimmering light<br /></span> -<span class="i2">On mystic implements of magic might;<br /></span> -<span class="i4">On cross, and character, and talisman,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">And almagest, and altar, nothing bright:<br /></span> -<span class="i4">For fitful was the lustre, pale and wan,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">As watchlight by the bed of some departing man.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“But soon, within that mirror huge and high,<br /></span> -<span class="i4">Was seen a self-emitted light to gleam;<br /></span> -<span class="i2">And forms upon its breast the Earl ’gan spy,<br /></span> -<span class="i4">Cloudy and indistinct, as feverish dream;<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Till, slow arranging, and defined, they seem<br /></span> -<span class="i4">To form a lordly and a lofty room,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Part lighted by a lamp with silver beam.<br /></span> -<span class="i4">Placed by a couch of Agra’s silken loom,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And part by moonshine pale, and part was hid in gloom.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Fair all the pageant—but how passing fair<br /></span> -<span class="i3">The slender form, which lay on couch of Ind!<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_72" id="page_72">{72}</a></span><br /></span> -<span class="i1">O’er her white bosom stray’d her hazel hair,<br /></span> -<span class="i3">Pale her dear cheek, as if for love she pined;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">All in her night-robe loose she lay reclined,<br /></span> -<span class="i3">And, pensive, read from tablet eburine,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Some strain that seem’d her inmost soul to find:—<br /></span> -<span class="i3">That favour’d strain was <span class="smcap">Surrey’s</span> raptured line,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">That fair and lovely form, the <span class="smcap">Lady Geraldine</span>.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>Within the narrow limits to which this work is necessarily restricted, -it is impossible to do justice to this melancholy subject, which of -itself has afforded, and would again afford, matter sufficient to form a -volume of the deepest interest. It has, however, long since engaged the -genius of Campbell and some of the best spirits of our literature, in -whose works the name and fame of Henry Howard are embalmed.</p> - -<p>Thomas, the eldest son of the “murdered Surrey,” was restored to the -dukedom of Norfolk by Queen Elizabeth. Loaded with many honours and -dignities which evinced the entire confidence she reposed in him, all -appeared to augur that so brilliant a career would have closed in a -tranquil night. But the evil genius, which presided over his worldly -destinies, was yet to be appeased. The orders of knighthood; the captain -generalship of the forces the embassies and commissions, with which he -was successively honoured by his sovereign, were only preludes to the -last sad history of his life:—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">He did but dream on sovereignty,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Like one that stands upon a promontory,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And spies a far-off shore, where he would tread,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Wishing his foot were equal with his eye,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And chides the sea that sunders him from thence.<br /></span> -<span class="i8"><span class="smcap">King Henry VI.</span><br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>Having received his early education under Fox, the martyrologist, then -tutor in the family of his aunt, the Duchess of Richmond, he took the -degree of master of arts at Cambridge, on the grand reception and -entertainment of Queen Elizabeth at that University.</p> - -<p>After discharging with fidelity and éclat the high posts of trust -already mentioned; he was at last entangled by the snares of flattery -and overweening ambition, and charged with treasonable designs entered -into by him to forward the schemes of Mary Queen of Scots, with the view -of allying himself with that ill-fated Princess by marriage,—views in -which his ambition or his sympathy had got the better of his deliberate -judgment, and in which he appears to have been encouraged by those -hollow friends, who sought not his honour but his disgrace. He was -accordingly arraigned, tried; and confessing his wilful participation in -the plot, expiated his offence on the scaffold with characteristic -firmness and composure.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_73" id="page_73">{73}</a></span></p> - -<p><span class="sidenote">1572.</span> By his alliance with Mary Fitzalan of Arundel, whom he lost within a -year of their marriage, he had one son—Philip, Earl of Arundel.</p> - -<p>To detail the circumstances of his life would far exceed our limits; but -one or two incidents, taken from his later history, will be neither -uninteresting nor uninstructive.—The charges brought against him -were—conspiring, with Cardinal Allen, to restore the Roman Catholic -faith in England; and concerting measures for quitting the realm without -the queen’s knowledge and permission. With regard to the conspiracy, the -evidence was too much based on party jealousy, vague hearsay, and -surmise, to establish anything like conviction in the minds of -unprejudiced judges. But of his attempted evasion from the kingdom, the -fact is abundantly clear, and is thus related.</p> - -<p>After his liberation from the Tower, his fears of new prosecutions and -imprisonment became so excited, that he hastened from London to his -castle of Arundel, and there prepared to join a vessel previously -engaged for his service, and then waiting for him at Little Hampton.</p> - -<p>Walsingham, however, who had his eyes and his spies everywhere, and is -proudly recorded to have “out-shot the Jesuits with their own bow, and -over-reached them in their equivocation,” was already in the secret. -Before the Earl could reach the coast, the captain had received private -notice from the Council, and was prepared to act in accordance with his -instructions. Day after day was consumed in waiting, as the skipper -pretended, for “a fair wind.” At length, the propitious moment having -arrived, Arundel, attended by two domestics, went on board, and the wind -being in their favour, the vessel made rapid way, and soon cleared that -beautiful coast where the castle and forest of Arundel were among the -last objects that faded from his eye, and led him, reflecting on the -past, to ejaculate—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Quæ regio in terris nostri non plena laboris!<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>Continuing their course across the channel, his mind now recovered some -portion of that serenity, to which he had long been a stranger. The -danger of discovery was seemingly past; the treachery of friends and the -machinations of enemies were alike forgotten or forgiven; and full of -pleasing anticipations of the future, he resigned himself to repose, -with this hope—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Hæc olim meminisse juvabit.<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>His soothing reverie, however, was soon to be dissipated. At midnight, a -rocket, or other private signal, previously agreed upon, was let off -from the mast-head, whilst the vessel continued her course. But at -length they were suddenly hailed by a ship of war—ordered to -lay-to—and instantly boarded.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_74" id="page_74">{74}</a></span></p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_074.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_074.jpg" width="164" height="176" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>The result is briefly told; the noble fugitive was hurried back to the -shore, delivered into safe custody, carried to London, and lodged in the -Tower, where, after trial and conviction, he was suffered to drag out an -existence of several years under all the harshness of office, the pangs -of disappointment, the hourly sorrows of paternal solicitude, and an -exhausted constitution. Four years afterwards this nobleman was -arraigned of high-treason, brought to his trial in Westminster Hall -before twenty-five of his peers, the Earl of Derby being high steward on -the occasion.</p> - -<p>The “Earl appeared in a wrought velvet gown furred with martins, laid -about with gold lace, and buttoned with gold buttons, a black satin -doublet, a pair of velvet hose, and a high black hat on his head.” He -was a very tall man, somewhat swarthy, and coming to the bar made two -obeisances to the state, and to the nobles, and others present. Being -required to hold up his hand, he raised it very high, saying, “Here are -as true a man’s heart and hand as ever came into this hall.” It was -urged against him that “he was a traitor, being a Papist; that the Queen -of Scots had considered him one of her best friends; that Cardinal Allen -had spoken of him as the chief hope of the Roman Catholics in England;” -and that his letter to Queen Elizabeth, written on the eve of his -intended escape by sea, had plainly accused the national justice, with -regard to his father’s trial. He was then remanded to the Tower, and -there languished till his death, which was evidently accelerated by the -cruel suspense in which he was kept as to the final remission or -execution of his sentence.</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote">1592.</span> Thomas Howard, the celebrated Earl, was brought up under the care of his -mother, a lady of great and eminent virtues; who “was not negligent,” -says Sir Edward Walker, “in his education; so that Robert Devereux, Earl -of Essex, was wont to call him the ‘Winter Pear,’ and to say, that, if -he lived, he would become a great and a wise man.” On the accession of -James the First, he was not only restored in blood by act of parliament, -but also reinstated in all such titles of honour and precedence as -Philip Earl of Arundel had forfeited; and in the honour, state, and -dignity of Earl of Surrey, and to such dignity of baronies as Thomas -Duke of Norfolk, his grandfather, had lost by his attainder.</p> - -<p>In Italy, where he delighted to reside, he greatly improved his natural -taste and disposition, and became an excellent judge and patron of the -fine arts<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_75" id="page_75">{75}</a></span> In the parliament of this year, says Collins, Robert Lord -Spencer, during the debates on the prerogative, speaking with great -freedom against the government, and citing examples from history to -illustrate his arguments, the Earl of Arundel interrupted him, by -saying, “When those things happened, my lord, your ancestors were -keeping sheep;” to which Spencer replied, “And yours, my Lord Arundel, -were hatching treason.” They were both ordered to retire; and Arundel, -as the aggressor, was, notwithstanding the court interest, sent to the -Tower, from which he was soon released upon making his submission.</p> - -<p>He attended King Charles at his coronation in Scotland; where all -persons strove to outvie each other in the splendour of their apparel, -retinue, and entertainment; but, still keeping up his own simplicity of -dress and living, lost not on that account the honour and esteem due to -his person and quality.—He possessed the richest gallery in Europe.</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote">1646.</span> His personal appearance and character are thus drawn: “He was tall of -stature, and of shape and proportion rather goodly than neat; his</p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_075.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_075.jpg" width="163" height="163.5" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">countenance was majestical and grave; his visage long; his eyes large, -black, and piercing; a hooked nose, and some warts or moles on his -cheeks; his complexion was brown, his hair thin both on his head and -beard: he was of stately presence and gait, so that any man who saw him, -though in never so ordinary a habit, could not but conclude him to be a -great person: his garb and fashion drawing more observation than did the -rich apparel of others; it being a common saying of James Hay, Earl of -Carlisle, ‘Here comes the Earl of Arundel in his plain stuff and trunk -hose, with his beard in his teeth, that looks more like a nobleman than -any of us.’<span class="lftspc">”</span></p> - -<p>He was more learned in men and manners than in books, yet understood the -Latin very well, was master of the Italian; and a great favourer of -learned men, such as Sir Robert Cotton, Sir Henry Spelman, Mr. Camden, -Mr. Selden, and other antiquaries. He was a great master of order and -ceremony, and knew, and kept greater distance towards his sovereign than -any person of that time, and expected no less from his inferiors; often -complaining, that the too great affability of the king, and the French -garb of the court, would bring majesty into contempt. In council he was -grave and succinct, rather discharging his conscience and honour, than -complying with particular interests; and so was never at the head of -business, or principal in<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_76" id="page_76">{76}</a></span> favour; contenting himself to be as it were -the supporter of ancient nobility and gentry, and to interpose in their -behalf.—He was a Protestant in religion, but no bigot or puritan; and -professed more to affect moral virtues, than nice questions and -controversies. He was most faithful and affectionate to his lady, -indulgent to his children. His recreations were,—the education of his -grandchildren; conversation with them; overlooking his rare collections; -and when not diverted by business, pleasing himself in retirement to the -country.”</p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_076.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_076.jpg" width="221" height="150.5" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>The anecdote of the earl’s presenting old Parr to King Charles may -possibly be new to some of our readers. Parr at that time had lived and -enjoyed twice ‘three score years and ten,’ without manifesting either -infirmity of mind or body. He was one day the subject of conversation at -Court; and Arundel was authorised to present this living chronicle of -the kings of England to his majesty. Introduced to the royal presence, -King Charles addressed him with much affability, and said—“Well, Parr, -you have lived much longer than other men; pray, what have you <i>done</i> -more than other men?” “Done, your highness?” said Parr; “I think I may -say without vanity that I have done more than other men—I did penance -after I had passed my hundredth year.”—The following is told of his son -Lord Mowbray:</p> - -<p>“At a committee of the House of Lords,” says Clarendon, “in the -afternoon, in some debate, passion arose between the Earl of Pembroke, -then lord chamberlain of the household, and the Lord Mowbray, eldest son -of the Earl of Arundel; and from angry and disdainful words, an offer or -attempt of blows was made; for which misdemeanour they were the next day -both sent to the Tower by the House of Lords. The king, taking advantage -of this miscarriage, and having been incensed by the carriage of the -Earl of Pembroke, sent to him for his staff, and bestowed it upon the -Earl of Essex.”</p> - -<p>It is certain that Arundel faithfully adhered to the king, serving as a -volunteer in his army, till he was sent for by his father to join him at -Padua, where, after some stay in that city, and when on the point of -returning home, his father, who resolved to follow him, became suddenly -indisposed and died. Whereupon his lordship immediately gave orders for -embalming his remains; brought them over with him to England, where he -found the king’s affairs in a deplorable condition.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_77" id="page_77">{77}</a></span></p> - -<p>Thomas, (son and heir to Henry, Earl of Arundel,) who was Earl of -Arundel, Surrey, and Norfolk, after travelling into Italy, died at -Padua, unmarried. The family honours and estate descended to Henry his -brother, sixth Duke of Norfolk, who, being desirous of improving his -natural abilities by travel, set out from London in February 1664, with -his brother Edward to visit Constantinople, in compliance with an -invitation from Count Lesley, whom the Emperor Ferdinand had nominated -his ambassador extraordinary to the Sublime Porte. His Lordship was -received, in every city and town in his way through Germany, with the -honours due to his birth and fortune. At Vienna, he was immediately -presented to his Imperial Majesty, and had the honour of being a -frequent guest with the Emperor and Empress; as contained in his -“relation of a journey from London to Vienna, and thence to -Constantinople.”</p> - -<p>After his Lordship’s return to England, in 1665, he was created Doctor -of the Civil Law at Oxford, having been a munificent benefactor to that -University, by his gift of the famous Marmora Arundeliana<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a>.</p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_077.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_077.jpg" width="171" height="145" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Henry</span>, seventh Duke of Norfolk, was of Magdalen-College, Oxford, where -he took the degree of master of arts. In his father’s life-time, he was -summoned to Parliament, by the title of Lord Mowbray, and next day, -being introduced into the House of Peers, took his place at the upper -end of the Barons’ bench. On the accession of James II., he signed the -order, dated at Whitehall, for proclaiming him King of England. And by -his Majesty’s being Sovereign of the Order of the Garter, his stall, as -Duke of York, became vacant; when, at a chapter held at Whitehall, -Norfolk was elected of that most noble Order, and installed at Windsor, -the same year. He was then appointed Colonel of the twelfth regiment of -foot: but, in the course of next year, resigned his command. Bishop -Burnet relates, That the King giving the Duke of Norfolk the sword of -state to carry before him to the Chapel Royal, where service was to be -performed, the Duke went with it as far as the door of the Chapel, and -there with a profound obeisance, made a dead halt. Observing this, the -King said to him, My lord, your father would<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_78" id="page_78">{78}</a></span> have gone <i>further</i>: to -which the Duke very significantly answered, Your majesty’s father was -the better man, and He would not have gone <i>so far</i>.</p> - -<p>Additional and more recent anecdotes of the House of Howard will be -found in subsequent portions of this work.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_078.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_078.jpg" width="473" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p>TOMB OF THE HOWARD FAMILY IN FRAMLINGHAM CHURCH.</p></div> -</div> - -<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Authorities</span> quoted or referred to:—Orderic, Vitalis, Histor. -Ecclesiast. lib. xiii.—Simeon Dunelmensis,—Simeon of Durham, -Hist. Kings of England, <small>A.D.</small> 616-1113, ed. 1732. Camden, Annales, -ed. 1717.—Doomsday Book, ed. 1783.—Bishop Rede’s Register, on the -authority of Mr. Tierney, p. 16.—Royal Patents—Clarendon’s -History.—Broughton, (Hugh and Thomas,) Collins, Peerage, 1760, 7 -vols.—Caraccioli, History of Arundel.—Dallaway, Rape of -Arundel—Do. West Sussex.—History of the Castle and Town of -Arundel, by the Rev. M. A. Tierney.—Criticisms on the above. -Horsfield, History, Antiquities, and Topography of Sussex. Speed, -fol. ed. Harding’s Chronicles. Grafton’s Chronicle. Froissart. -Monstrelet, 4to. Montfaucon—France Monumentale. MS. Description of -Arundel and Environs. Notes on Mr. Tierney’s History, MS. English, -French, and Latin Poets. Pictorial History. Civil and Military -Transactions. Histories of Hume, Smollett, Lingard, Hallam, -Chalmers’ Caledonia. Pinkerton Histories of Framlingham—Loder, and -Green.—Lodge, &c. &c.</p></div> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/plt_003.jpg"> -<img src="images/plt_003.jpg" width="511" height="357" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p>Sᵀ. ALBAN’S ABBEY.</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_79" id="page_79">{79}</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="THE_ABBEY_OF_ST_ALBANS" id="THE_ABBEY_OF_ST_ALBANS"></a>THE ABBEY OF ST. ALBANS.</h2> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“————————————- Claustrum<br /></span> -<span class="i2"><span class="smcap">Martyris Albani</span>, sit tibi tuta quies!<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Hic locus ætatis nostræ primordia novit,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Annos felices lætitiæque dies!<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Hic locus ingenuis pueriles imbuit annos<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Artibus, et nostræ laudis origo fuit.<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Hic locus insignes magnosque creavit alumnos.<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Felix eximio martyre, gente, situ,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Militat hic Christo, noctuque dieque labori<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Indulget sancto religiosa cohors.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p class="nind"><span class="letra">T</span>HE profound interest connected with the Abbey of St. Albans, has been -much increased of late years by the prospect still held out of seeing -its magnificent church converted into a cathedral. That this may be -speedily and permanently effected, is a hope which every admirer of -ecclesiastical architecture, every lover of that soil which has been -hallowed by the blood of martyrs, will rejoice to see realised.</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_079.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_079.jpg" width="167" height="210" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>In the short historical introduction to this subject, we shall adopt the -testimony of the old chroniclers, whose names, with other authorities, -will be found, chronologically arranged at the end of the chapter, so -that the reader may know where to apply for such copious details as -cannot be comprised within the limits of the present work. This plan -will be carefully adhered to in the successive portions of the work, so -that the inconvenience arising from a multiplicity of notes, and the -frequent repetition of names and authorities, in the same chapter, may -be effectually obviated.</p> - -<p>That the first bishops in England were of Roman origin is obvious from -their very names: and that wherever St. Augustin appointed a bishop he<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_80" id="page_80">{80}</a></span> -founded a monastery, is a fact established by the history of every -cathedral. But in cases where the metropolitan did not found a monastery -and appoint a bishop at the same time, it appears that a monastic -establishment was formed shortly after by the newly appointed bishop. By -the time of Offa, king of the Mercians, about twenty great monasteries -had been established in England, with nearly the same number of -episcopal sees. Of the latter, several were not conjoined with the -former; the general design of both being to civilise and instruct -mankind by inculcating the doctrines of divine truth and revelation; but -in ways that differed much in after ages, not only between the several -bodies, but also between the superiors to whom they respectively -adhered. Offa’s zeal prompted him to do, what many of his crowned -predecessors had done before him; and feeling perhaps the acute pangs of -a guilty conscience, in reference to the death of Ethelbert, he sought -peace of mind and reconciliation with Heaven, by erecting some splendid -monument of his penitence and remorse. It were needless to remind the -reader how many of the great ecclesiastical establishments of -Christendom have originated from similar causes: how many propitiatory -Altars have been raised, only to attest those “compunctious visitings” -by which their noble or royal founders were driven from the glittering -pageants of state, to seek hope and refuge in the sanctuaries of -religion—in the lowly cell</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_080.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_080.jpg" width="201" height="285" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">of the anchorite. What made monastic endowments part of a dying man’s -charity, was the special provision it secured for his safety and welfare -in another world. Here was an institution in which the “rich profligate” -was deeply interested; in which, after he himself had long passed away, -he might still benefit by the prayers and devotion of those who -ministered within its walls, and blessed the munificence of the founder. -Such were the hopes, such was the resolution, of King Offa, when -intending to finish a life of great earthly glory, sullied with many -crimes, he bethought him of building “a house where God might dwell.”</p> - -<p>With regard to the precise site of the Abbey in contemplation, and the -name of the saint under whose tutelar guardianship it was to be placed, -Offa seems to have been undecided; till a miraculous intelligence, says -the legend,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_81" id="page_81">{81}</a></span> removed his perplexities and settled the question, to the -entire satisfaction of himself and his prelates. “Being then at Winslow, -the king prayed earnestly to God that, as he had often delivered him -from the dangers and assaults of his enemies, and from the snares and -subtilty of his wife, so he would vouchsafe him further light and -information to enable him to complete his vow of founding a Holy -Monastery, in token of his devotion. He entreated his friends, at the -same time, that they would unanimously and devoutly beseech God to -enable him to carry his intentions into effect. Hereupon all retired -into the adjoining chapel to pray; and having prayed longer than -ordinary, and offered up the same petition as the king had dictated, a -sudden light from heaven filled the place with more than meridian -splendour. This was viewed as the acceptable token of God’s favour, and -the king determined to grant the royal manor of Winslow for the new -foundation. But by another vision this pious intention was defeated. At -the dead of night, while the king lay at Bath, shortly after, he was -graciously accosted by an angel, as he thought, who admonished him to -raise out of the earth the first British martyr, Albanus, and place his -remains in a shrine with more becoming ornament. Hereupon, attended by -the prelates of his court and a multitude of followers, King Offa set -out in quest of those sacred relics, which had now been entombed upwards -of five hundred years. Journeying onward, divine assistance was once -more interposed in favour of the king: a light, resembling a mighty -torch, was seen blazing over the very city of the saint—yet the -difficulty was where to find his grave. But they were not kept in long -or painful suspense: a ray of fire stood over the place, like the star -that conducted the Magi to the Holy Child Jesus at Bethlehem. The ground -was opened; and, in the presence of Offa, the body of the English martyr -was found, together with some relics, in a wooden coffin, at the very -spot where he had suffered five hundred and seven years before. Great -was the joy of the king and his faithful subjects at this auspicious -event. A circlet of gold was placed round the martyr’s skull, with an -inscription to signify his name and title: a shrine was prepared for its -reception, richly adorned with gold and silver, till a more noble and -befitting repository could be designed and finished.” This is said to -have happened in the year seven hundred and ninety-one.</p> - -<p>Assembling the prelates and officers of state in full council, Offa laid -before them his plan for the foundation and endowment of a new temple -for the service of God. His zeal and devotion were highly applauded by -the court; and, with their consent and approbation, Offa prepared to set -out on a pilgrimage to Rome, there to obtain advice and sanction from -the great head of the church. This pilgrimage to the holy city forms no -unimportant event<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_82" id="page_82">{82}</a></span> in English history, for, in return for the immunities -and privileges granted by the sacred conclave to the new abbey, Offa -engaged to levy an annual tax upon his subjects, amounting to one penny -in every thirty, as a tribute to the see of Rome—a tribute which was -long rigorously exacted and faithfully paid by Offa and his successors -under the name of Peter’s-pence. On his return from Rome, Offa took -measures for carrying the grand object of his life into execution. He -made ample provision for its maintenance; special revenues were set -apart for the exercise of hospitality; so that the devout pilgrim, the -wayfaring stranger, the poor and the sick, might be indiscriminately -entertained at its gate, and the new abbey become the foster-mother of -active charity and Christian benevolence.</p> - -<p>It is not our intention to enter into the question which has been -started by very learned antiquarians, as to the verity of the above; nor -would we remove one stone from the temple which tradition and history -have alike ascribed to Offa—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Offa, who deem’d that abbey which he built<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Might well atone the Mercian monarch’s guilt,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">To saintly odour deadly sins convert,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And lay the accusing ghost of Ethelbert.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>The building, now finished under his immediate inspection, was opened -for the reception of a hundred monks of the Benedictine order—men who -had been selected with great care from the celebrated monasteries of the -day. The royal founder, however, was not destined to find a tomb where -he had found so much pious and soothing occupation. He was buried in a -chapel near the river Ouse, of which not a vestige is left—the water, -it is said, having overflowed its banks, and completely destroyed the -chapel and its saintly deposit. The abbot, we are informed, was anxious -to have secured the dust of the founder as a precious treasure for the -monastery; but Offa’s son and successor having refused compliance, the -worthy abbot took it so much to heart that he did not long survive the -royal benefactor.</p> - -<p>Viewed externally, this Abbey is a grand and imposing feature in the -landscape, and never fails to inspire the stranger with feelings of awe -and admiration. Its lofty square tower meets the eye of the traveller in -every approach to the ancient Verulam, and conjures up a host of names -and events that have made a figure in history during the long lapse of -centuries—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Since first along the Ver’s embattled banks<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The Roman leader stretch’d his martial ranks,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Till Henry’s mandate struck the fated shrine<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And sadly closed St. Alban’s mitred line.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>But without occupying further space in the dry routine of description, -we enter at once into the sanctuary, and notice such of the noble and -majestic<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_83" id="page_83">{83}</a></span> features as may best convey to the reader some adequate idea -of its internal magnificence. Although familiarly acquainted with the -finest specimens of monastic buildings on the Continent, yet so much -were we struck on our last visit to this noble pile in January, that it -seemed to take precedence of all that we could remember; and, as we -passed before its shrines, through its</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_083.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_083.jpg" width="424" height="451" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">pillared avenues, paused in its choir, and stood in awe in front of its -great altar, compelled us to ejaculate—“We have seen nothing finer than -this.”</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Bold is the <span class="eng">Abbey’s</span> front, and plain;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">The walls no shrined saint sustain,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Nor tower nor airy pinnet crown;<br /></span> -<span class="i3">But broadly sweeps the Norman arch<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Where once in brighten’d shadow shone<br /></span> -<span class="i3">King Offa, on his pilgrim-march,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And proudly points the moulder’d stone<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_84" id="page_84">{84}</a></span><br /></span> -<span class="i1">Of the high vaulted porch beneath,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Where Norman beauty hangs a wreath<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Of simple elegance and grace;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Where slender columns guard the space<br /></span> -<span class="i1">On every side, in cluster’d row,<br /></span> -<span class="i3">The triple arch through arch disclose,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And lightly o’er the vaulting throw<br /></span> -<span class="i3">The thwart-rib and the fretted rose.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>The fresh florid painting of the chestnut roof, upon which not a brush -has been employed for three centuries or more, is very remarkable, and -shows that the secret of mixing colours for the eye of posterity has not -descended to the present day. In the several compartments of this roof, -as faintly seen<br /> - -<span class="sidenote"><span class="eng">i h s</span> -<br /><span class="smcap">Jesu Hominum Salvator.</span></span> -<br /> -in the foregoing view, the three initial letters are the only ornament; -and being in the Saxon form, the effect is rather pleasing than -otherwise.—But in order to give the reader a more correct notion of the -interior, we proceed to the particular features selected for -illustration. Among these is</p> - -<p><span class="eng">The Nave</span>, to which we have slightly alluded, and on the spectator few -things can be imagined more likely to make a strong and lasting -impression. From whatever point it is contemplated, laterally or -longitudinally, grandeur of design and elaborate execution are the -leading characteristics. To enter into minute detail of its -architectural beauties were impossible in our narrow compass. The -general effect is all that we can presume to describe; and of this, -assisted by the very correct view prefixed, the reader will have little -difficulty in forming a just estimate of the magnificence that reigns in -this venerable temple of our ancestors. There is one feature -particularly deserving of notice, as a boundary line between two grand -epochs in ecclesiastical architecture: this is, the point where the -Saxon and Gothic meet in the same column. From the great western -entrance, right and left, the massive clustered pillars have been -evidently chiselled, at vast labour and expense, out of the original -Saxon—thus engrafting the new style upon the primitive stock. The point -where the Gothic ceases and the Saxon remains, and marking where the -progressive work of transformation had been arrested by some public -event, forms an admirable contrast, and shows the Gothic to infinite -advantage. But the Saxon arches, still untouched by the reformer’s -chisel, will be viewed by every lover of native art as precious relics -of antiquity.</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“In Saxon strength that abbey frown’d,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">With massive arches, broad and round,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">That rose alternate, row and row,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">On ponderous columns, short and low.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>Near the centre of the pavement is a remarkable echo, limited to one -particular position, and quite inaudible as we diverge from the spot. -The voice,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_85" id="page_85">{85}</a></span> or clapping of the hands, is reverberated with a noise like -the discharge of cannon, or the roll of distant thunder; at first, loud -and multiplied, and then dying gradually away in languid undulations.</p> - -<p><span class="eng">St. Cuthbert’s Screen</span>,<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a> which divides the nave from the choir, forms -an imposing boundary to the <i>coup-d’œil</i>; but over its top the -spectator’s eye penetrates the lofty transept, takes in the whole space -between the high altar and the western portal, and wanders over the -richly emblazoned ceiling with feelings of mingled awe and admiration. -To the right and left are objects that rivet his attention to the spot: -the names and monuments of the dead; the tablets that encrust the walls, -or mix with the pavement, are eloquent of the past, and address him in -terms of solemn admonition. The dust of many abbots, the remains of -unnumbered monks, rest within its walls; ‘these all died in the faith,’ -and, from the steps of the altar, descended into the regions of silence. -They, too, who had circled the monarch’s throne, swayed the senate, -fought his battles, fostered science, and enriched their country with -the spoils of nations, have all in their turn craved, like Wolsey at -last, the favour of a little hallowed earth to rest their weary heads -on. To enumerate the illustrious dead who have here taken up their last -abode, is not within our limits; but we must not omit, even in the most -cursory notice, to mention the famous traveller who saw, or feigned, -more wondrous things than ever fell to the lot of any other “pilgrim of -the nations.” We mean Sir John Mandeville, a native of the place, whose -tomb, covered with a massive slab of grey marble, and verified by an -inscription on the adjacent column, bears record to his eventful -history. But as he died at Liege in 1372, after thirty-four years spent -in travelling, doubts must necessarily arise as to the fact of his being -buried here. The evidence by which it is supported, however, is equal to -that of his travels.</p> - -<p><span class="eng">The Choir</span>, comprising the whole space between the western arch of the -tower and the great altar, is indisputably grand. Flanked by two -magnificent tombs right and left; closed on the east by the celebrated -altar screen, canopied, niched, and carved—<i>magna componere -parvis</i>—with all the fanciful, yet classic elegance of an ivory fan, -the stranger is almost bewildered by the profusion of objects that here -claim his notice and admiration. To dwell upon<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_86" id="page_86">{86}</a></span> these in anything like -minute description, would preoccupy the space which we must reserve for -other particulars; but a few words are indispensable for</p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_086.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_086.jpg" width="286.5" height="394" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">the sake of the engraved view. The light, which is finely modified by -the means usually adopted, falls from the centre of the tower upon the -various objects in the choir, with a subdued religious effect which -greatly adds to the general impression. In this position, surrounded by -the varied labours of many centuries, we can fancy in part the scenes -and events which have transpired within these arches, before that altar, -at which so many kings and peers have bent the suppliant knee in -penitence and confession. In those early times it was a blessing, that -when outrage, violence, and injustice were irrepressible by any other -means, the strong arm of the church was sufficient to restrain—and when -it could not effectually restrain, to punish with its stigma—the -licentious baron, the crowned despot, and make the culprits quail at the -very head of their armies and retainers. Where the law was weak, -religion was strong, and, like the voice of God, heard upon earth, -encouraged the prostrate, and brought the rebellious under subjection. -Without its power and influence—its holy exercises and humanizing -studies—without the spiritual arm to check aggression, to redress -grievances, the baser passions must have revelled without control, and -life have become a scene of continued warfare. These considerations are -nowhere felt with more obvious truth than on the spot where we now -stand, where so many deadly feuds have given way to religious -exhortation; where they who had met as foes quitted the altar as -friends—friends at least in act, if not in heart—and returned the -guilty sword to its<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_87" id="page_87">{87}</a></span> scabbard. But we need not detain our readers with -what is manifest to every reflecting mind—that if justice and redress -were anywhere to be found in those times, it was rather in the abbeys, -than either in the Star Chamber or Westminster Hall.</p> - -<p><span class="eng">The Screen</span> of the great altar, or “Wallingford’s screen,” was begun and -finished in the reign of Edward the Fourth, and is one of the best—if -not the very best—specimens of the style and architecture of that -epoch. It was the munificent taste of Abbot Wallingford, and his liberal -encouragement of the arts, which have bequeathed this precious morceau -to the admiration of posterity. It has suffered little from the lapse of -time and the momentous changes which have passed over the abbey; and for -beauty of design and elegance of workmanship is worth a pilgrimage. Its -front consists of three divisions—a centre and two wings, the latter -being perfectly symmetrical; the lower part of the centre displays a -double series of small niches with rich canopies. On great festivals of -the Church this splendid tabernacle was covered with cloth of gold or -crimson, and, drooping from its lofty pinnacles in ample folds, must -have produced an effect worthy of the gorgeous taste of Wolsey himself, -who carried the “state ecclesiastical” to a higher pitch than any of his -predecessors.</p> - -<p><span class="eng">The Pulpit</span>, which is a fine specimen of oak carving, though not -apparently of a remote date, is well deserving of attention; and in -recalling the splendid ceremonial of former times, with the impressive -but simple and decorous service of the present day, the mind is prepared -to weigh and contrast the spiritual energies which, exercised under that -canopy, have expounded the doctrines and enforced the duties of a -religious life. The pulpit of St. Albans would be no bad subject in the -hands of another Boileau.</p> - -<p>On the right of the altar, and closely adjoining the screen, is the tomb -of Abbot Ramryge—an elaborately carved Gothic chapel or shrine, greatly -admired for the beauty and delicacy of its workmanship, which is in high -preservation.</p> - -<p>Opposite to this, and occupying the corresponding arch, is another but -less ornamental shrine to the memory of Abbot Whethamstead. Both are of -native stone—of a remarkably fine close texture, procured from the -quarry of Tottenhoe, light Portland colour, and capable of being wrought -into the most delicate tracery. Of this material all the finest -chisel-work of the abbey is composed.</p> - -<p>Erected against the south wall of the church, where a door formerly -existed, is a beautiful Piscina, represented in many engravings. It has -all the marks of antiquity, and is said to occupy the spot where, in the -earliest times of Christianity in this country, two devout Eremites had -chosen their cell, and there, by a life of austere penance and -mortification, left a holy example for their brethren in after times. As -a fragment of the colossal Abbey, this traditionary relic is of itself a -gem, and never fails to secure a full share of the strange<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_88" id="page_88">{88}</a></span>r’s -attention.<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a> On one of the windows of the south aisle, was “a -representation of the martyrdom of St. Alban” in painted glass, only a -few fragments of which remain. On the wall below was an inscription, now -almost obliterated, beginning thus:—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“This image of our frailty, painted glass,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Shews where the life and death of Alban was.<br /></span> -<span class="i1">A knight beheads the martyr, but so soon<br /></span> -<span class="i1">His eyes dropt out to see what he had done;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And leaving their own head, seemed with a tear<br /></span> -<span class="i1">To wail the other head laid mangled there,” &c.<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>Between the east façade of the great screen and the end of the church -wall, is the space occupied by the modern Vestry, containing several -objects well deserving of notice, and long hallowed in the eyes of -priest and pilgrim as the spot on which the <span class="eng">Shrine</span> of the protomartyr -had stood for centuries, and drawn much tribute from the devout of all -nations. Deeply cut in the pavement near this spot, is the following -inscription:</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0"><span class="smcap">St. Albanus Verulamensis Anglorum Protomartyr. xvii. Junii. ccxcvii.</span><br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>In the pavement six small artificial grooves mark the spot where rested -the pillars of the shrine, weighed down by the accumulated riches with -which it was loaded in the shape of votive offerings.</p> - -<p>On the north side is the Rood-loft—a carved Gothic shrine of oak, in -the upper part of which, behind a lattice-work, the monks kept constant -watch over the sacred treasures, while the pilgrims knelt at the shrine. -In the floor several hollows are observable around the spot—worn, it is -said, by the successive crowds whose “penitential knees” subjected the -stone<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_89" id="page_89">{89}</a></span> during centuries to perpetual friction and pressure. Such an -effect is by no means improbable. Whoever has witnessed the fervour with -which that ancient bronze, the statue of St. Peter at Rome, is saluted -by a continual stream of pilgrims, will not be surprised to find that -the same spirit of devotion has left a deep impression on the hard -pavement of St. Albans. We do not “speak irreverently;” where so many -tears have undoubtedly been shed, so many sins confessed, it is pleasing -to indulge the belief that the sincerity, if not the form, was accepted; -that many a heavy heart, many an oppressed conscience, has here found -relief, and formed lasting resolutions of amendment.</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Prostrate on this cold stone, what tears and sighs<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Have pour’d from breaking hearts the sacrifice!”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>The clerk, who is well informed, and a professed collector of -curiosities, showed us several skulls and bones which had been found in -the adjoining fields<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a>—some of which, from their gigantic -proportions, are worth inspection.</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_089.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_089.jpg" width="214" height="362.5" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>One or more sepulchral brasses are also deserving of notice, one in -particular—that of an Abbot, richly carved, of large dimensions, and -affording a fine specimen of the state of the art in his day. How it -escaped the soldiers of Cromwell—the greatest “collectors” of their -age—is a mystery The guide has taken some very good impressions of this -and other objects by a very simple process, for the accommodation of -intending purchasers. But the grand object of attraction is the -<span class="eng">Shrine-Tomb</span> of the good Duke Humphrey of Gloucester, whose unhappy -destiny is familiar to every reader of English history. This tomb was -erected during the abbacy of Whethamstead, who, for his taste and -knowledge of architecture, has been justly styled the “Wykeham” of his -time. The description, which may be seen in the printed history, and -equally applicable at all times, is here omitted; for, where the -engraving of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_90" id="page_90">{90}</a></span> the subject is presented to the reader, the necessity of -description is much obviated, and the writer is thus permitted to dwell -at greater length on the interesting portion of history with which the -subject is connected.—A detailed account of this shrine is given in -Blore’s “Sepulchral Antiquities,” Part the third.</p> - -<p>The character of this unfortunate Prince has been represented under -different aspects by the writers of his day; but by far the majority -bear willing testimony to his virtues, to his personal accomplishments, -to his liberal encouragement of science and literature, in which he -himself had acquired some merited distinction. At that epoch, however, -the sword was too indispensable, peace and tranquillity were too little -felt and enjoyed, to allow much scope for the more humanizing studies -and pursuits. The dawn of science was still but an indistinct speck in -the horizon; and the few who had already tasted the sweets of literature -were continually roused from their intellectual feast by the clang of -arms, and the shouts of fresh combatants.</p> - -<p>It was under such unpropitious circumstances that Humphrey the Good gave -his heart to letters; but with armed hand sought those means for its -prosecution which were never to be realized. The history of his life and -death may be comprised in a few sentences, and in doing so we give a -ready preference to the authority of old Grafton, with only slight -alterations in the orthography:—“Divers articles,” says he, “both -heynous and odious, were laid to hys, the Duke’s, charge in open -counsayle, and in especial one, that he had caused men, adjudged to die, -to be put to other execution than the law of the land had ordered or -assigned: for surely the Duke, being very well learned in the law civil, -detesting malefactors, and punishing their offences, gat great malice -and hatred of such as feared to have condign reward for their ungracious -actes and mischievous doings. Although the Duke, not without great laud -and praise, sufficiently answered to all things to him objected; yet, -because his death was determined, his wisdom little helped nor his truth -smally availed; but of this unquietness of mind he delivered himself, -because he thought neither of death, nor of condemnation to die, such -affiance had he in his strong truth, and such confidence had he in -indifferent justice. But his capital enemies and mortal foes, fearing -that some tumult or commotion might arise, if a prince so well beloved -of the people should be openly executed and put to death, determined to -trap and undo him ere he thereof should have knowledge or warning. So, -for the furtherance of their purpose, a parliament was summoned to be -kept at Bury, whither resorted all the Peers of the realm, and amongst -them the Duke of Gloucester, which, on the second day of the session, -was by the Lord Beaumont, then High Constable of England, accompanied by -the Duke of Buckingham and others, arrested, apprehended, and put in -ward, and all his servants seques<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_91" id="page_91">{91}</a></span>tered from him, and thirty-two of the -chief of his retinue sent to divers prisons, to the great admiration and -surprise of the common people. The night after his imprisonment the Duke -was found dead in his bed, being the twenty-fourth day of February, and -his body showed to the Lords and Commons, as though he had died of a -palsey or impostume. But all indifferent persons well knew,” continues -the Chronicle, “that he died of no natural death, but of some violent -force; some judged him to be strangled, others write that he was stifled -or smoldered between two feather-beds.”</p> - -<p>“The dead corpse of this Duke was caryed to Saint Albans, and there -honourably buryed. Thus this noble prince, son, brother, and uncle to -kings, which had valiantly and politiquely, by the space of twenty-five -years, governed this realm, and for his merits was called ‘The good Duke -of Gloucester,’</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_091.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_091.jpg" width="247" height="325.5" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">was, by a bone cast by his enemies, choked and brought to his fatal fine -and last ende.” This Duke Humphrey was “not only valyant and noble in -all his acts and doings, but sage, politique, and notably well learned -in the civil law.”<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a> In proof of this, the reader may refer to an -amusing anecdote of him in Sir Thomas More’s “Dialogue concerning -Heresies,” &c., chap. xiv.; also, to Shakspeare’s Henry VI., Act II., -Scene I. The good Duke is also said to have “builded the Divinitie -Schole at Oxford, which is a rare pece of worke.”</p> - -<p><span class="eng">The Vault</span> in which the “good Duke’s” remains had been deposited, was -only discovered by accident early in the last century. When “first -opened, the body was found in<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_92" id="page_92">{92}</a></span> a leaden coffin, in perfect preservation, -and floating in a strong pickle, which, however, on being exposed, soon -evaporated and left the body to decay. At the foot of the coffin was -painted on the wall a picture of the crucifixion, with a chalice at each -hand, a second at the side, and a third at the feet, to receive the -blood trickling from the Saviour’s wounds, with a hand extending from -the dust with this scroll—“Blessed Lorde haue mercye on mee.” This -painting is still visible on the stone of the vault, which was -remarkably dry in January last, and of a temperature considerably higher -than that of the chancel above. The skull, which shows the intellectual -characteristics of the phrenologists, and a great portion of the -skeleton, are still left; but no care having been taken of it for many -years after its discovery, various portions were appropriated by -relic-hunters, and other conveyancers of anatomy.</p> - -<p>In the summer of 1765—as related in the Topographical Library, article -Hertfordshire—David Garrick and Quin, who was remarkably fond of good -living, made a trip to St. Albans; where, on visiting the Abbey church, -and being shown the bones of Duke Humphrey, Quin jocosely lamented that -so many aromatics and such a quantity of spirits should have been wasted -in preserving a dead body. After their return to dinner, and whilst the -wine was circulating, Garrick took out his pencil and composed the -following verses, which he termed</p> - -<p>QUIN’S SOLILOQUY.</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">A plague on Egypt’s arts, I say!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Embalm the dead! On senseless clay<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Rich wines and spices waste!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Like sturgeon, or like brawn, shall I<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Bound in a precious pickle lie,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Which I can never taste?<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Let me embalm this flesh of mine<br /></span> -<span class="i0">With turtle fat, and Bourdeaux wine,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">And spoil th’ Egyptian trade!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Than good Duke Humphrey, happier I,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Embalmed alive, old Quin shall die<br /></span> -<span class="i2">A Mummy ready made!<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="eng">The Chapel</span> of Our Lady, which is now converted into a public school, -presents in its architecture the same style and embellishments which -distinguish the most highly-finished ecclesiastical structures of its -time. The entrance from the south in the “olden time,” as here -represented in the engraving, is one of the most effective points of -view. To describe minutely, would be only to load our pages with -unnecessary repetition; for nothing in the form of words can adequately -convey the great elegance and beauty which predominate throughout the -whole edifice. To be rightly understood and appreciated, it must be -seen; and of this the admirers of antiquity seem fully<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_93" id="page_93">{93}</a></span> aware, for the -numbers who continually resort to the Abbey church for the study and -improvement of architectural science, bear ample testimony to the -exquisite materials which it offers for that purpose. The erection of -new churches, and the restoration of others in a dilapidated state, are -greatly facilitated by the numerous models, in every department, which -are here thrown open for imitation. Artists are seen taking casts; -others measuring the proportions, comparing the drawings, selecting the -beauties, and copying the example of whatever is chaste in design or -exquisite in workmanship. In short, the Abbey of St. Albans may be -considered as a vast museum, or school of arts, where the student may -improve and perfect his designs upon the best models; and which, were -every other lost, might still supply the elements for constructing a -masterpiece of ecclesiastical Architecture.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_093.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_093.jpg" width="403" height="238.5" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>All the subjects in this superb Abbey, to which we have thus briefly -adverted, are more or less striking in their kind; yet the effect is -peculiarly enhanced or diminished according to the season and hour -selected for the visit. The glare of noon, and the sober light of -evening, produce effects which are scarcely credible to those who are -not familiarized to such contrasts; but in no instance have we ever seen -this venerable and majestic pile to such advantage as during our recent -visit, when we resolved to take a view after the twilight had passed -away, and the still deep shadows of night had thrown their mantle over -the scene. One of our party, who is an excellent judge and an -enthusiastic admirer of “Gothic grandeur,” strongly advised us to make a -survey by torch-light; but to this certain objections were started, -which it became necessary to respect. Reluctantly abandoning the torch, -we sallied forth into the sacred precincts under the dim light of a<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_94" id="page_94">{94}</a></span> -westering moon, and, sauntering along in a silent contemplative mood, -enjoyed a treat of which the noon-day visitor can form no adequate -conception. It afforded what may be truly called a “night at St. -Alban’s,” and seemed to address us in the words of the poet—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Ye, whose high spirit dares to dwell<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Beyond the reach of earthly spell,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And tread upon the dizzy verge<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Of unknown worlds, or downward urge,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Thro’ ages dim, your steadfast sight,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And trace their shapes of shadow’d light;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Oh! come with meek, submitted thought,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">With lifted eye by rapture taught,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And o’er your head the gloom shall rise<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Of monkish chambers, still and wide,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">As once they stood: and to your eyes<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Group after group shall slowly glide,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And here again their duties ply—<br /></span> -<span class="i1">As they were wont, long ages by.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>The entrance to Lady-chapel from the north, of which a view has been -already given at page 80, is particularly characteristic and -picturesque. The massive square tower, showing at intervals its Roman -materials and ancient masonry, throws a solemn and stately grandeur over -the scene. It seems, while we look upon its scars, as if covered with -hieroglyphics which embody the sacred and political history of a -thousand years, during which it has been a cherished landmark to the -pilgrim, a home to the weary, and an object of sanguinary contention -between rival armies.</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Here to its hospitable gate,<br /></span> -<span class="i3">In want or woe, the pilgrim came;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">For at its portal Pity sate,<br /></span> -<span class="i3">To dry the tears of sin and shame.<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And here have armies on their march,<br /></span> -<span class="i3">And monarchs with their chiefs of fame,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Paused, as beneath that lofty arch<br /></span> -<span class="i3">Their lips invoked St. Alban’s name.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>The great western entrance has a very imposing aspect, and conveys to -the spectator’s mind those ideas of ecclesiastical magnificence which -can only be inspired by the noblest constructions of art—such as are -here presented to his contemplation. It consists of a projecting porch, -elaborately ornamented, niched and pillared, and subdivided into -numerous compartments, upon which the artist’s chisel has been most -skilfully employed.</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Beside this porch, on either hand,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Giant buttresses darkly stand,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And still their silent vanguard hold<br /></span> -<span class="i1">For bleeding knights, laid here of old;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And Mercian Offa and his queen,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">The portal’s guard and grace, are seen.<br /></span> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_95" id="page_95">{95}</a></span><span class="i1">This western front shows various style,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Less ancient than the central pile.<br /></span> -<span class="i1">It seems some shade of parted years<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Left watching o’er the mouldering dead,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Who here for pious Henry bled;<br /></span> -<span class="i3">And here, beneath the wide-stretch’d ground<br /></span> -<span class="i3">Of nave, of choir, of chapels round,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">For ever—ever rest the head.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>Over the entrance is the magnificent window, shown in the steel plate: -it occupies nearly the whole breadth of the nave, and through its -numerous mullioned and transomed squares, pours a flood of light upon -the long Gothic aisles as far as the high Altar. To see the interior of -the church to the greatest advantage, the spectator should take his -station at this entrance, and at that hour after mid-day when the light -and shade are brought into strongest contrast.</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_095.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_095.jpg" height="299" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>In the south Aisle, nearly opposite the steps leading into the Chapel of -St. Alban, is the subject of the annexed cut. It is an oblong table of -stone, covered with a massive slab of dark marble, which is considered -to be of a rare and precious quality. It is marked with several small -crosses, rudely traced, and, as we were told by our cicerone, is the -original Altar-table of the Monastery, which, after the suppression of -the latter in 1539, was removed from the choir.</p> - -<p>This Aisle, including the exterior of Abbot Whethamstead’s monument on -the left—that of Duke Humphrey in the distance—the entrance to the -shrine of the patron saint between, and with the outer doorway arches, -windows, and altar on the right, is one of the most interesting scenes -in the church. Standing by this altar of a thousand years, the lines of -the French poet possess a force which in any other situation would be -scarcely felt:</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Les arcs de ce long clôitre, impénétrable au jour,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Les degrés de l’autel usés par la prière,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Ces noirs vitraux, ce sombre et profond sanctuaire,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Où peut-être des cœurs, en secret malheureux,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_96" id="page_96">{96}</a></span><br /></span> -<span class="i0">A l’inflexible autel se plaignoient de leurs nœuds,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Et, pour des souvenirs encore trop pleins de charmes,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">A la religion dérobaient quelques larmes—<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Tout parle, tout émeut dans ce séjour sacré!<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="eng">The Gate-House</span>, with its ponderous oaken doors still closing the lofty -pointed archway, is a massive and cumbrous pile of building, and has all -the rude</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_096.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_096.jpg" width="410" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">strength of a fortress crowned with embattled walls. It stands parallel -with the west end of the church, at the distance of about one hundred -and fifty feet, and formed the original grand entrance to the -Abbey-court, which was bounded, at the distance of about three hundred -feet, by a lower gate leading to the Abbey Mills. Both these gateways -were originally crowned with turrets. The smaller gate has long since -disappeared; and the larger fabric, which still survives the shock of -centuries, has undergone many alterations in recent times, as is -sufficiently apparent in the view annexed. The massive oak doors, still -firm on their hinges, are good specimens of ancient carpentry. This gate -is said to have been built in the reign of Richard the Second, and is -every way characteristic of that age of treason and feudal splendour. -The lower apartments were appropriated to malefactors under the -jurisdiction of the Lord Abbot; and, with the exception of the order -having been reversed—by converting the upper rooms to a similar -purpose—it is still the prison for the borough and liberty of St. -Albans.</p> - -<p>The high and distinguishing privileges enjoyed by the spiritual lords of -this Abbey gave them precedence of every other in the kingdom. “The -king,” says Weever, “could make no secular officer over them but by -their own consent; they were alone quit from paying that apostolical -custome and rent which was called Rom-scot, or Peter-pence; whereas -neyther kinge, archbishop, bishop, abbot, prior, nor any one in the -kingdom, was freed from<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_97" id="page_97">{97}</a></span> the payment thereof. The Abbot also, or monk -appointed archdeacon under him, had pontifical jurisdiction over all the -priests and laymen, of all the possessions belonging to this church, so -as he yielded subjection to no archbishop, bishop, or legate, save onely -to the Pope of Rome. This Abbot had the fourth place among the Abbots -which sate as Barons in the Parliament House.” “Howsoever, Pope Adrian -the Fourth, whose surname was Breakspeare, born hereby at -Abbots-Langley, granted this indulgence to the Abbots of this -monasterie, namely—that as Saint Alban was distinctly known to be the -first martyr of the English nation, so the Abbot of this monasterie -should at all times, among other Abbots of England, in degree of -dignity, be reported first and principal. The Abbot and convent of this -house were acquitted of all toll throughout England. They made Justices -‘ad audiendum et terminandum,’ within themselves, and no other Justice -could call them for any matter out of their libertie. They made -Bayliffes and Coroners; they had the execution and returne of all writs, -the goodes of all outlaws, with gaole and gaole deliverie within -themselves.”—These particulars have been carefully embodied in a poem -on the subject, from which we have already quoted. In the prosperous -days of the Abbey, several apartments were built exclusively for the use -of strangers.<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a> These adjoined the cloisters; and beyond them, in a -separate range of buildings, were the king’s and the queen’s -apartments.<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> But notwithstanding this preparation for visitors, and -these indirect invitations, it would seem, on the authority of Matthew -Paris, that some of the earlier “monarchs came too often, or at least -with too cumbrous suites.”</p> - -<p>The princely state which the Abbots maintained in their style of living, -in their table and retinue, partook much more of regal splendour than of -religious restriction. The scene, as exhibited on a festal day in the -Abbey, is thus effectively sketched by Mrs. Ann Radcliffe:—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">. . . The stately walls, with tapestry richly dight,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Of the <span class="eng">Abbot’s</span> banquet-hall, where, as on throne,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">He sat at the high dais, like prince alone,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Save when a Royal guest came here,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Or papal Legate claimed a chair.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_98" id="page_98">{98}</a></span><br /></span> -<span class="i0">Here marble platforms, flight o’er flight,<br /></span> -<span class="i4">Slow rising through the long-lined view,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Showed tables spread at different height,<br /></span> -<span class="i4">Where each for different rank he knew.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And, with pleased glance adown the hall,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Saw Bishops in their far-sought palle,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The Abbey’s noble Seneschal;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Barons and Earls in gold array,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And warrior knights in harness gray.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">There was the Prior’s delegated sway;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The grave Archdeacon sat below,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And the hundred Monks in row and row,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Not robed in dismal sable they<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Upon a high and festal day,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">But all in capes most costly and most gay.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">There too the Abbey Marshal shone;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And there, beside the Abbot’s throne,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Chaplain of honour from the Pope alone.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>The battles, of which the immediate vicinity of St. Albans has been the -theatre, are familiar to every reader of history.<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a> In connection with -our immediate subject, however, we may briefly advert to them as -melancholy contrasts to that peace and religious tranquillity which were -supposed to be the cherished inmates of this magnificent sanctuary.</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote">The first battle. 1455.</span> It was now, says Newcome, when the first battle of St. Albans happened; -the causes of which it is unnecessary to relate. Suffice it to say, that -the king attended with his nobles, or such as were of his council, and a -number of armed troops came down from London; and probably with the view -that a treaty with the Duke of York might be carried on with less -interruption or danger from the military. The duke was coming from the -north; and brought with him 3000 men of that body which he had raised -there, and took part in the great field on the east side of the town, -called Key-field. The king’s men had barricadoed all the avenues on that -side. The cry among the Yorkists was, “Give up the Duke of Somerset;” -but no concession of this sort being made, the duke’s men broke into St. -Peter’s Street; and being there met by the royalists, a dreadful -conflict ensued; where, after many were slain, the king’s party lost -courage and fled, leaving their sovereign alone, and standing under his -standard. He, perceiving himself thus deserted, walked away into a small -house, that of a baker; and here the duke finding him, led him out, and -conducted him to the Abbey, where he first placed him close to the -shrine, whether for safety and sanctuary, or to induce him to return -thanks for his safety. He then conducted him to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_99" id="page_99">{99}</a></span> royal apartments, -and the next day to London. The effeminacy of the king’s men, and to -which is ascribed the loss of the battle, is thus described by our -author, who saw both parties, and writes of them thus:—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Quicquid ad Eoos tractusque regni tepores<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Vergitur, emollit animos Clementia Cœli: et<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Omnis in arctois sanguis quicunque pruinis<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Nascitur, indomitus bellis, et mortis amator.<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>The duke’s men fell to plundering the town, but, by the commands of the -duke, they abstained from doing any injury to the Abbey; but the Abbot</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_099.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_099.jpg" width="393" height="310" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">thought it necessary to send out to them great quantities of victuals -and wine, and this, together with the protecting hand of the martyr, as -my author asserts, preserved the Abbey and church from any injury by -spoil and depredation. The slain lay thick in the upper street, and at -the division of the ways about the market; and among them were seen the -dead bodies of Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset; of Henry Percy, Earl -of Northumberland; and of Thomas Clifford, Lord Clifford. But because -they were persons well known to be hateful to the Duke of York when -alive, none ventured to prepare for their funerals, or showed any decent -regard to their dead bodies. Whereupon Abbot John addressed the duke, -and begged him to spare the vanquished, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_100" id="page_100">{100}</a></span> suffer some honours to be -paid to the deceased—“Not enemies will I call them,” says he, “but your -relations by blood,—your fellow patriots.” And saying more to recommend -moderation in his victory, the duke commanded him to take the bodies and -provide for their funerals. The Abbot then caused some of the brethren -to go forth and take up the deceased. This being done, and the dead -bodies received into the church and laid out in decent order, in a few -days the funeral obsequies were performed, and the bodies had interment -in the chapel of the Blessed Virgin. They were laid in the ground -“lineali ordine, juxta statum, gradum, et honorem, dignitatis. Unde de -his dominis et de eorum sepulturâ scribitur in ista formâ:”<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a>—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Quos Mars, quos Martis sors sæva suæque sororis,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Bello prostrarunt, villæ medioque necarunt.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Mors sic occisos tumulaverat his simul ipsos,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Postque necem requiem causavit habere perhennem,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Est medium sine quo vult sic requiescere nemo:<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Hic lis, hic pugna, mors est quæ terminat arma;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Mors, sors, et mavors, qui straverunt dominos hos.<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>During a period of more than seven centuries, “this Abbey continued to -flourish with various improvements, under the government of no less than -forty-one Abbots, many of whom enriched it with additional buildings and -treasures; so that its extent was in proportion to its immense estates, -and more resembled a town than a religious establishment. To its -apartments we have already adverted. Here, in 1215, King John, during -his opposition to the Barons, ‘held a grand consultation’ in the -Chapter-house; here also Louis the Dauphin, who arrived shortly after, -exacted a heavy contribution for carrying on the war, in which he had -been invited to take part. Henry the Second and Henry the Third were -often entertained by the Abbots of St. Albans, and were liberal -benefactors to the monastery;” but the eighth Henry, as every reader is -aware, pursued the opposite course. Its funds were appropriated to state -purposes, its privileges abolished, its inmates dismissed; but the -fabric itself, comparatively, suffered little from the violence of the -transition.</p> - -<p>In a careful perusal of the history of this monastery, the reader will -find abundant materials for reflection. The lives of the Abbots, as -recorded by a member of their own body, present many instructive -anecdotes and examples of the civil and religious government, the state -of society, the progress of science, and that encouragement of the arts -over which they exercised so direct and beneficial an influence. -“Although originally subject to the Diocesan, the Lord Abbot gradually -advanced in external splendour till the Abbey-church became a rival to -the Cathedral; and this,” as Newcome has<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_101" id="page_101">{101}</a></span> observed, “went on till, at -the Dissolution, the mitred Abbots, who had laboured for pre-eminence, -outnumbered the Bishops in the House of Lords, amounting in 1514 to -twenty-eight, whilst the Bishops were only eighteen or nineteen.”</p> - -<p>There were many other considerations that tended to give the Monks power -and consequence; and Abbeys were found to be such beneficial -institutions, that they would have stood their ground to the present -day, had not their great possessions and revenues tempted indigent -courtiers “to combine and plot against them.” “Their utility,” continues -the same author, “appeared in these respects, that they exercised great -hospitality towards the poor; and this was done at one-tenth of the -expense which the poor now (1790) create, by being maintained by a legal -provision. The monastery was the house of reception for all the sick, -who were here nursed, spiritually consoled, and cured. The monastery -generally employed masters to teach the poor children of the -neighbourhood; entertained all persons who were ingenious in any art or -science, and transcribed books when few understood the art, or could -undertake it. There is now extant a chronicle composed and printed at -St. Albans, in 1484, under the countenance then given to this particular -Abbey by Richard the Third.”</p> - -<p>“These old religious houses kept public registers of all great public -transactions; and to them we are indebted for all our English historians -down to the period of the Dissolution. They were possessed of all the -learning that was in any repute at the time prior to the coming of the -friars. The monasteries, in general, furnished the men who were fit for -embassies abroad, or for offices of trust and distinction at home: and -to their honour it is recorded, that all the inferior officers, both in -the courts of law and in the civil departments of the Government, who -are called clerks, owe this appellation to the religious houses, Abbeys -or Cathedrals, from which the first officers were taken. The landed -property belonging to these houses at the time of the Dissolution was so -great, that it was computed at one-third of the kingdom. Yet, whatever -were their temporal possessions, they were always found to be good -landlords, ever ready to forward improvements, and accomplishing many -great works in draining, enclosing, and planting, which could never have -been undertaken by individuals.” “In truth,” adds the historian quoted, -“they did more to civilize mankind, and to bring them within the -comforts of society, than any set of men of any denomination have ever -done. And yet the ungrateful world, that was enjoying the fruits of -their labours and their riches, now that it beheld the edifice -completed, cast down the builders and the scaffoldings as if no longer -useful! In spite of all the calumny thrown out against these monastic -institutions, nothing so well proclaims their utility as this—that they -maintained themselves in credit and repute, some of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_102" id="page_102">{102}</a></span> them a thousand -years; and many of them during the space of three hundred, four hundred, -and five hundred years; and that, when they were dissolved, Edward the -Sixth and his counsellors found it necessary to endow new hospitals, to -build new schools, and to provide new relief for the poor and helpless.”</p> - -<p>Such is the testimony of a liberal-minded clergyman of the Church of -England, who spent a great portion of his leisure in investigating the -history of monastic institutions, particularly that of St. Albans. -“These religious foundations,” he adds, “fell with such undeserved -calumny and slander, that it is but common justice to restore their -character, and give them their due praise, wherever that can be done; -and if all others were as free from corruption and ill government as the -Abbey of St. Albans, it would be seen how unjustly they were accused, -and that their overthrow was effected for other reasons than pretended -misrule and corruption. But as they had been ever the main pillar and -support of the Papal dominion, it was natural and consistent to abolish -the members after the Head was rejected. They were bodies so nearly -allied to the Papal power, that they must of necessity fall with it; and -although a gradual reformation might have been effected in them, yet, in -the new plan of church government, they were deemed unnecessary; for the -new Head of the</p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_102.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_102.jpg" width="210" height="295.5" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Church and his counsellors wished to have as few subjects in the Church -to be governed as might be. Accordingly, by dissolving the regular -clergy, and limiting the Church, to the episcopal order of seculars, -they rejected above one hundred thousand of the former, and retained -about eight thousand of the latter. Whatever was the pretext, the real -truth appears to have been this—that their temporal power and wealth -tempted their downfall; and in spite of all the good and real merit that -was to be found in them, they fell a prey and spoil to an extravagant -monarch, and his ‘needy and profligate’ courtiers. In the legislature of -those times, there were many great and able men; but whatever cause -there may be to charge them with want of <i>piety</i>, there is no room to -accuse them of any want of worldly wisdom, or of their embracing that -self-<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_103" id="page_103">{103}</a></span>denial and contempt of the world, which they were so ready to -condemn in the monks. They made laws and ordinances to support a new -religion, when they could enrich themselves by suppressing the <i>old</i>.” -“But,” continues this able writer, “the bright examples of the bishops -and clergy who submitted to the flames at that time, will appear more -illustrious when it is seen how just and rational was their opposition -to the worship then in use, as well as to the doctrine; the first having -in it as little of true piety and devotion, as the latter had of reason -and revealed truth. It was the blood of those men who could die for the -truth, that gave the new Establishment a firm and solid foundation, when -neither the will of the Prince nor the laws of his Parliaments could -have been able, without that cement, to effect a new construction and -edifice.”<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a></p> - -<p>The Abbey of St. Albans has the credit of having introduced a printing -press soon after the invention of types; and may thus truly be said to -have fostered within itself the elements of its own dissolution. One of -the first works issued was by the lady prioress of the adjacent nunnery -of Sopwell, Dame Juliana Berners, who composed several treatises on -hawking, hunting, and heraldry, which were so well received that two -editions were printed at St. Albans, between 1481 and 1486.</p> - -<p><span class="eng">The local scenery</span> around St. Albans is pleasing, occasionally -picturesque, and, owing to its including the ancient Verulam, is never -without deep interest to all who have a knowledge of ancient history, -and a taste for antiquarian research.</p> - -<p>The finest point of view is that which was chosen by the artist for the -steel engraving, namely—from the south near the walls of the ancient -city; the streets of which are still discernible in the green field, by -the thin short grass that covers them, and under which the Roman brick -yet retains its original bed. A great portion of the ancient -substructure, matted with weeds and shaded with trees and brushwood, -still invites the curious stranger, and offers him every facility for -investigation. But, except the horizontal layers of brick, mortar, and -shingle—the brick generally carbonized in the centre—there is nothing -left to repay investigation. The soil has been ransacked too effectually -by the antiquaries of monastic times to encourage further research; but -the situation will please every one who delights in classic -associations, while the Abbey, which crowns the adjoining eminence, -gives a rich hallowing interest to the whole scene:<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_104" id="page_104">{104}</a></span>—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Whose Norman tower lifts its pinnacled spire:<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Where the long Abbey-aisle extends,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And battled roof o’er roof ascends;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Cornered with buttresses shapely and tall,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">That sheltered the Saint in canopied stall.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_104.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_104.jpg" width="291" height="213" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>There is no single object, however, after the Abbey, half so attractive -as the old church of St. Michael’s, the sacred repository of the great -Lord Bacon. It is built within the precincts of the ancient city, and, -crowning a gentle undulation of the surface, forms a beautiful feature -in the landscape. The interior still preserves its simple antique -appearance, and is rich in sepulchral objects. It was founded about the -middle of the tenth century, by Abbot Ulsinus; and its massive piers and -plain semicircular arches still show unquestionable evidence of the -original Saxon architecture. It is kept remarkably neat, and has, what -we have rarely observed in other churches, small fire-places in several -of the family pews.</p> - -<p>But the tomb and statue of Bacon soon arrest the eye, and claim, for a -time, the stranger’s undivided attention. The statue we need not -describe; it speaks for itself in the beauty of the sculpture, and in -the classic elegance of the inscription. But how appropriate are these -lines:—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Unfit to stand the civil storm of state,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And through the rude barbarity of courts,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">With firm but pliant virtue, forward still<br /></span> -<span class="i1">To urge his course; him for the studious shade<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Kind nature form’d, deep, comprehensive, clear,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Exact and elegant; in one rich soul,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Plato, the Stagyrite, and Tully joined.<br /></span> -<span class="i1">The great deliverer he! who, from the gloom<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Of cloister’d monks, and jargon-teaching schools,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Led forth the true Philosophy, there long<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Held in the magic chain of words and forms.”—<span class="smcap">Thomson.</span><br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>Lord Bacon, “the illustrious subject of the following inscription, was -the son of Sir Nicholas Bacon, lord-keeper of the great seal under -Elizabeth, who<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_105" id="page_105">{105}</a></span> was married to Anne, daughter of Sir Anthony Cooke, a -lady of the most profound erudition and brilliant talents. Francis, the -illustrious son of such distinguished parents, was born in the year -1560, and even in his infancy gave indications of the most uncommon -abilities, united with the greatest and most unwearied assiduity in the -pursuit of knowledge and investigation of truth; his cleverness gained -him, even in his earliest youth, the admiration of Elizabeth. At -Cambridge, where</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_105.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_105.jpg" height="335" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="captionh"> - -<p><span class="smcap">Francis. Bacon. Baro de Verulam. S. Albans Vicᵐᵉˢ. seu notioribus -titulis. scientiarum lumen. facundiæ lex. sic sedebat. qui. -postquam omnia naturalis sapientiæ et civilis arcana evolvisset -naturæ decretum explevit—‘Composita Solvantur’ Aⁿᵒ. Dⁿⁱ. mdcxxvi. -Ætat. lxvi. Tanti Viri Mem. Thomas Meautys Superstitis cultor -defuncti admirator.</span> H. P.<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80">0</a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a></p></div> -</div> - -<p class="nind">he completed his education, his talents obtained universal applause. -While prosecuting his studies at the university, he detected the -fallacies of the then customary mode of philosophizing, which at a more -mature age he published to the world, and laid down those laws which -opened the way to all the brilliant and surprising discoveries of modern -days. His university education being completed, he commenced his -travels, from which the unexpected death of his father suddenly recalled -him; upon which he applied himself to the study of the common law, at -Gray’s Inn, and soon elevated himself to the highest dignities of his -profession. But his character was not without a blemish—‘humanum est -errare;’ and even the illustrious Bacon fell from the giddying height he -had so proudly attained. After his disgrace, he applied himself wholly -to literary and philosophical pursuits, enriching the world with his -discoveries, and enlightening it by his reasonings. His love for -philosophy was the immediate cause of his death, of which the following -narrative is given by Aubrey, in his MSS., which are now deposited in -the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford:—</p> - -<p>“The cause of his lordship’s death was trying an experiment as he was -taking the aire in the coach with Dr. Witherborne, a Scotchman, -physitian to<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_106" id="page_106">{106}</a></span> the king, towards Highgate: snow lay upon the ground, and -it came into my lord’s thoughts, why flesh might not be preserved in -snow, as in salt. They were resolved they would try the experiment -presently. They alighted out of the coach, and went into a poor woman’s -house at the bottome of Highgate-hill, and bought a hen, and made the -woman exenterate it, and then stuffed the body with snow; and my lord -did help to do it himself. The snow so chilled him he immediately fell -so ill, that he could not return to his lodgings (I suppose then at -Gray’s Inn), but went to the Earl of Arundell’s house at Highgate, where -they put him into a good bed, warmed with a panne; but it was a damp -bed, that had not been lain in for about a yeare before, which gave him -such a cold, that in two or three days, as I remember he told me, he -died of suffocation.”—Topographical Library, page 113-5.</p> - -<p><span class="eng">Sopwell Nunnery</span> is thus described in the History of the Abbey. It was -founded by “Abbot Geoffry about 1140, on his observing two poor women -dwelling there in a wretched hut of their own constructing, and living a -most austere life on bread and water, and in regular devotion to God. -Their piety induced him to build a house for their comfortable living; -and to bestow on them some possessions. He appointed also a chapel and a -church-yard; ordaining that none should be buried there except the nuns; -none to be admitted into that house but maidens; and the number not to -exceed thirteen.</p> - -<p>“Henry de Albini or Albeney, of the house of Todenei, gave to this house -two hides of land, with his wife’s consent, in their manor of Cotes, in -Beaulieu. His son Robert, and his mother Cicely, gave a rood more, in -the same manor. Richard de Tany, or Todenei, gave them the land called -Black hides in Ridge parish.</p> - -<p>“Abbot Michael, about 1338, ordained certain rules for the regulation of -this house, and enjoined a better order and observance than they had -before practised. They are as follows: 1. That the commemoration of St. -Alban should be kept as usual. 2. That no more than three nuns should -sit in the chapter. 3. That silence be observed, as by the rule of St. -Benedict, in the church or chapel, in the cloister, in the refectory, -and the dormitory. 4. That a little bell do ring in the morning, as -notice to rise and appear; and that none leave the dormitory before the -bell rings. 5. That the garden door be not opened (for walking) before -the hour of prime, or first hour of devotion; and in summer, that the -garden and the parlour doors be not opened until the hour of none (nine) -in the morning; and to be always shut when the corfue rings. 6. That no -sister hold conversation in the parlour without her cowl on, and her -face covered with her veil. 7. That tailors, or other artists, be -persons of good character, but to work in some place assigned them -without the monastery; and never to be admitted into chambers or other -private places.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_107" id="page_107">{107}</a></span> 8. That if any sister be under a sentence of penance, -this shall not exclude her from the duties of the church. 9. The sick to -be kept in the infirmary. 10. No nun to lodge out of the house; and no -guest within it. 11. All the sisters to be present at the mass of our -Lady.”—History of St. Albans, page 468.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_107.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_107.jpg" width="423.5" height="273" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Returning from the ruins of Sopwell, we take a parting view of the great -west entrance to the Abbey Church, the principal features of which we -have already noticed, page 94. The ground in front of the porch is -entirely occupied as a public cemetery; but none of its sepulchral -antiquities are of a character to demand particular notice as works of -art.</p> - -<p>The ceremony represented in the woodcut is the “distribution of alms,” -which usually took place at the church door, on particular festivals, -when “give-ale” and the “dole” drew together the neighbouring poor. The -“give-ale,” so called, was distributed on anniversaries, often with -bread and other dole, to the poor, for which purpose land had been left -to the church by the person whose birth-day, saint’s-day, or burial-day, -was to be commemorated. Anniversaries were sometimes kept on the -birth-day of a donor, during his life-time, or on the saint’s-day of the -church where it was appointed. The doles of money and bread were -distributed at some altar in the church, or at the tomb of a deceased -benefactor. The “give-ale,” being chiefly allotted to great festivals, -was usually distributed in the church-porch, where the people assembled, -and where they sometimes remained wassailing in the church-yard till it -became a scene of merriment and tumult. Some of these anniversaries, as -it is well<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_108" id="page_108">{108}</a></span> known, gave rise to Fairs, which were once most improperly -held in churchyards.—Gaston de Blondeville, vol. iv. p. 68.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_108.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_108.jpg" width="363" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>In the preceding notice of St. Albans, the narrow limits assigned to -this work has made it necessary to confine our sketches and observations -to the more striking features of the Abbey and its vicinity. Where the -materials are so abundant and inviting, and where only a few -characteristic portions can be admitted, their selection must be always -attended with more or less difficulty; but in the present instance, it -is hoped, the order of subjects has been so arranged as to present the -reader with a faithful picture of the Abbey as it now is, and such as, -with the vast improvements in contemplation, it may continue to be for -ages to come. For the lives and acts of its “forty abbots and one,” we -must refer our readers to the chronicles of the Abbey, and the other -sources of information hereunto annexed.</p> - -<p>“Now closes the scene; and here,” in the words of the historian, “may we -behold fallen and set for ever the glory and splendour of this and all -other of those religious corporations, which, with most pious intentions -in the founders, with general good conduct in the rulers, with most -grateful acceptance in the sober and virtuous of all ranks, had provided -for the wants and necessities of men; and the revenues, which had -cheered the hearts of the naked and hungry, now turned out of the -channel of hospitality and benefi<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_109" id="page_109">{109}</a></span>cence, to be dissipated and wasted in -the voluptuous pleasures and base gratifications of the court and its -followers.”</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Here forty <span class="eng">abbots</span> have ruled and one,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Twenty with palle and mitre on,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And bowed them to the Pope alone.<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Their hundred monks, in black arrayed,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">The Benedictine rules obeyed;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">O’er distant lands they held their sway;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Freed from Peter’s-pence were they;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">The gift of palle from Pope they claimed,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And cardinal-abbots were they named;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And even old Canterbury’s lord<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Was long refused the premier board;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">For this was the first British martyr’s bier,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And the Pope said ‘His priest shall have no peer.’<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Now know ye <span class="eng">St. Alban’s</span> bones rest here!<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Kings and heroes here were guests<br /></span> -<span class="i1">In stately halls, at solemn feasts.<br /></span> -<span class="i1">But now, nor dais nor halls remain;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Nor fretted window’s gorgeous pane<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Twilight illuminated throws,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Where once the high-served banquet rose.”—<span class="smcap">Anne Radcliffe.</span><br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_109.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_109.jpg" width="214.5" height="277" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Appendix.</span><a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a>—1. The present roof of the Abbey was erected at the -expense of Abbot Whethamstead, after the original, which is said to have -been of stone, had been blown down in a tempest. The “Wallingford -Screen” was built, in 1480, by the Abbot of that name, at an expense of -eleven hundred marks. It reaches from the ground to the eastern window, -and for beauty and magnitude is said to surpass everything else of the -kind in Europe. It was adorned, in the palmy days of the Abbey, with “a -profusion of gold and silver ornaments;” but in its present condition, -stripped of all such glittering ornaments, and its elegant simplicity so -much more apparent, it is thus “unadorned, adorned the most.”</p> - -<p>2. The Abbey Church of St. Albans was “chiefly erected by Paul, the -first Norman Abbot, early in the reign of William Rufus, at which period -the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_110" id="page_110">{110}</a></span> edifice erected by Offa had become extremely ruinous. The Norman -architecture is consequently preserved in the greater part of the -building, particularly in the choir, nave, transepts, and great tower; -but a very considerable portion has been rebuilt in the various styles -of the times when repairs became necessary, the particulars of which may -be seen in the lives of the different Abbots. For the purposes of -repair, the materials were chiefly furnished by the ruins of Verulam; -among which was a profusion of Roman brick.”—Archt. of St. Albans.</p> - -<p>3. We are aware of the difference of opinion which once subsisted among -writers as to the true era and character of the round and pointed arches -which distinguish the Abbey Church. But the round arches which were -formerly considered Norman, have been lately, we understand, pronounced -Saxon by a distinguished architect, who has bestowed great pains in the -investigation; and has at last, it is to be hoped, settled the question</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“And proved, when Mercian Offa was anointed,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Arches were broad and round—not lancet-pointed.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>4. P. 87.—The epitaph on the two hermits, Roger and Sigarius, states, -that thinking themselves unworthy to rest within the church, they chose -a resting-place in the wall below. Legendary inscriptions on the -clustered pillars are still dimly visible through the modern whitewash.</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_110.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_110.jpg" width="144" height="149.5" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p>ARMS OF ST. ALBANS.</p></div> -</div> - -<p>5. This Abbey Church, venerable alike for its antiquity, and admirable -for its design and workmanship, “possesses all the magnitude and dignity -of the largest Cathedral. It is cruciform, measures from east to west, -including the Lady Chapel, six hundred and six feet in length; the -extreme breadth, at the intersection of the transepts, is two hundred -and seventeen feet. The height of the body is sixty-five feet, and that -of the tower is one hundred and forty-four feet.”</p> - -<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Authorities</span>:—M. -Paris.—Grafton.—Harding.—Holinshed.—Speed.—Camden.—Archæologia.—Newcome.—Clutterbuck.—Topography -of Great Britain.—Guide to St. Albans Abbey.—St. -Augustine.—Radcliffe’s St. Albans Abbey.—Holcroft’s Margaret of -Anjou.—Memoir of Lord Bacon.—Blome’s -Britannia.—Weever.—Willis.—Tyrrell.—Burnet.—Dugdale.—Visit to -St. Albans, January 1842, MS. Notes by an Artist, MS.</p> - -<p>The Society of Antiquaries has published very splendid illustrative -plans, elevations, and sections of the Abbey Church of St. Albans.</p></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/plt_004.jpg"> -<img src="images/plt_004.jpg" width="355" height="518.5" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p>HALL OF ELTHAM PALACE.</p> - -<p>A.D. 1365.</p> - -<p>LONDON. GEORGE VIRTUE.</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_111" id="page_111">{111}</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_111.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_111.jpg" width="408.5" height="495" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p>INTERIOR OF ELTHAM HALL.</p> - -<p>MDCCCXLII.</p></div> -</div> - -<h2><a name="ELTHAM_PALACE" id="ELTHAM_PALACE"></a>ELTHAM PALACE,<br /><br /> -<span class="eng">Kent</span>.</h2> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Qui, dans ces temps affreux de discorde et d’alarmes<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Vit les grands coups de lance et les nobles faits d’armes<br /></span> -<span class="i0">De nos preux chevaliers, des “Bayards,” des Henris;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Aujourd’hui la moisson flotte sur ses débris!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Ces débris, cette triste et mâle architecture<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Qu’environné une fraiche et riante verdure.<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p class="nind"><span class="letra">T</span>HE royal palace of Eltham is a subject which has often engaged the -historian’s pen and the pencil of the artist; and, as intimately -associated with many national events, it possesses an interest to which -neither the lapse of time nor its own decay can ever render us -indifferent. A visit to the “old<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_112" id="page_112">{112}</a></span> Hall of Eltham,” forms one of those -incidents in life to which we look back with as much pleasure as the -pilgrim was wont to do after he had paid his devotions at the “shrine of -our Lady of Walsingham.” Every feature in this primitive abode of kings, -this favourite resort of our native princes, arrests attention, and -carries us back into the days of chivalry and romance. While sauntering -through its deserted, and, as we may truly say, its desecrated court, -imagination delights to expatiate among those recorded scenes of court -festivity, military fêtes, and national solemnities, of which it has so -often been the scene. The very echoes which, if at all disturbed, now -only reply to the thresher’s song or the lowing of cattle, were once -roused into loud and long-continued reverberations by the plaudits of -knights within, and popular acclamations from without. In the twilight, -the dim figures of its long line of possessors seem to flit before our -eyes; while the mind is busily occupied in filling up the picture, from -the days of Edward the Confessor down to those of James the First:</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Again, again, along the wizard’s glass,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">In waving plumes they reappear and pass.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>It is gratifying to think that, whilst the plough may be said to have -passed over many of our classic and historical sites, the Hall of Eltham -is still spared. The ground on which it stands is sacred in the eyes of -every patriot: it is an interesting field of study for the artist and -antiquary; and in beauty of situation challenges the admiration of the -most ordinary observer. Its position on a gently elevated surface, -commanding a fine view in nearly every direction, surrounded by an -extensive chase, and in the immediate vicinity of the capital, made -Eltham highly eligible as an occasional residence for the sovereign. But -the surrounding country has undergone so many alterations, Eltham itself -is so shrunk, dilapidated, and “curtailed of its fair proportions,” that -it is impossible to form a just estimate of what it must have been -during the feudal period; adorned, as it undoubtedly was, with all the -embellishments of art, inhabited by kings, with “kings for their -guests,” and frequented by the élite of English beauty and chivalry.</p> - -<p>Enough remains, however, to fill a long summer day with agreeable -amusement and profitable entertainment; and to those who take pleasure -in contemplating such monuments of the regal sway in England, the old -palace of Eltham has attractions peculiarly its own.</p> - -<p>Nearly all the writers who have given their attention to the topography -of Eltham and its vicinity, complain of the great want of authentic -records, for the satisfactory elucidation of its early history. This is -a subject of much regret; obscurity is intimately connected with the -origin of the place; the documents which we possess consist chiefly of -those casual notices embodied<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_113" id="page_113">{113}</a></span> in the old Chronicles, where the subject -is of only secondary consideration, and often merely alluded to by way -of illustration. During the last twenty years, particularly since the -discoveries of some subterranean passages within the walls, Eltham has -been a subject of frequent description in the periodicals<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a> of the -day; and that frequency is a proof how much it has attracted, and still -continues to attract, the public attention.</p> - -<p>In the well-known county histories of Kent, as well as in all the -topographical works which we have seen, the description of Eltham is -given in nearly the same words, each successive writer contenting -himself with what he has read, rather than what he had personally -observed in the venerable ruin itself. We are far from presuming to do -much more than our predecessors in the same walk; but, as the objects of -our study and research are chiefly to ascertain and retail what has been -<i>done</i>, rather than what is to be seen at Eltham, we shall, as usual, -willingly avail ourselves of the old chronicles as our principal -authorities, and, avoiding mere technical description, endeavour to -bring the subject home to the mind and eye of the reader. But whilst to -a certain class of readers we can only address the following well-known -lines—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Oisifs de nos cités, dont la mollesse extrême<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Ne veut que ces plaisirs où l’on fuit soi-même,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Qui craignez de sentir, d’éveiller vos langueurs,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Ces tableaux éloquents sont muets pour vous”—<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p class="nind">to another, a more congenial fraternity, we can speak with confidence, -and calculate on their sympathy and support:</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Mais toi, qui des beaux-arts sens les flammes divines,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Ton âme entend la voix des cercueils, des ruines;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">De la destruction recherchant les travaux,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Des états écroulés tu fouilles les tombeaux.<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Tu lis, le cœur saisi d’un agréable effroi,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">La marche de ce temps qui roule aussi sur toi;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Quel livre à ton génie offrent de tels décombres!”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>Eltham, anciently written Ealdham and Aletham, carries a proof of its -antiquity in the very name, which is a compound of two Saxon words -signifying the old home, town, or dwelling; “heim,” being still the -modern German word used to express the same meaning, and, with some -characteristic prefix,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_114" id="page_114">{114}</a></span> is frequent in Saxon topography. But this is so -well known as scarcely to require a passing remark. Bounded by -Greenwich, Woolwich, Plumsted, and Kidbrook on the north; by Bexley on -the east; Chiselhurst and Mottingham on the south, and the picturesque -village of Lee on the west, Eltham enjoys most of the advantages that -result from a position in the centre of a rich cultivated neighbourhood.</p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_114.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_114.jpg" width="216.5" height="325" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>The manor of Eltham is said to have existed as a royal demesne in the -time of Edward the Confessor; to have been given by William the -Conqueror to one of his family, Odo Earl of Kent, and Bishop of -Bayeux,<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a> after whose disgrace and banishment, it reverted partly to -the crown and partly to the Norman family of Mandeville, from whom it -took the name of Eltham-Mandeville. That portion which fell to the crown -was, according to Dugdale, given by Edward the First to John de Vesci, -who was related to queen Eleanor by his marriage with Isabel de -Beaumont, and afterwards, by an exchange of other lands with Walter de -Mandeville, became sole proprietor of the manor. We shall not, however, -detain our readers by tracing the descent with genealogical minuteness. -From the Vesci family it passed into that of de Ayton—thence to Scroop -of Masham; who afterwards presented it to queen Isabel in 1318, or -probably a year later. About the middle of the following century, it was -granted to Robert Dauson for seven years; and in the beginning of his -reign, Henry the Eighth bestowed it successively upon Sir Henry -Guildford, Comptroller of the Household, and Sir Thomas Speke. By Edward -the Sixth it was granted<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_115" id="page_115">{115}</a></span> to Sir John Gates, lieutenant of the Tower, -who was afterwards executed for high-treason; and down to the close of -Queen Elizabeth’s reign, it was successively held of the crown by -William Cromer and Lord Cobham. On the accession of King Charles the -First, it was held in lease by the Earl of Dorset; but in the time of -the Commonwealth, Eltham manor was seized by the Parliament, and, along -with the manor-house then called Eltham Place, and great part of the -demesne lands, was valued and sold to Nathaniel Rich of Fulham. At the -restoration a renewal of the lease was obtained on purchase, by Sir John -Shaw.—For these brief particulars we are indebted to an “Account of -Eltham,” printed about fifty years ago, and drawn up from standard -authorities on the subject.</p> - -<p>We shall next advert to the historical incidents which connect Eltham -Palace with the record of public transactions, while it was the -residence of successive monarchs, and the resort of all who were most -distinguished in the court history of their day; and then conclude with -a brief account of it as it now appears, with all its “venerable scars -and chronicled events” clustered together under the roof of its ancient -Hall.</p> - -<p>During the reign of the early monarchs, and more particularly during -that of Henry the Third, Edward the First, and Richard the Second, -Eltham appears to have been the <i>locale</i> chosen for the celebration of -those court pageantries, and gorgeous festivals of the church, which -softened the sterner features of the age, smoothed asperities, and -brought the serf into friendly communion with his suzerain. In 1270, -Henry the Third and his queen, attended by all the chief men of the -state, kept open court at Eltham during the Christmas holidays, making -merry with their attendant lords and ladies, and dispensing much -generous hospitality to strangers.</p> - -<p>Anthony Beck, Bishop of Durham and Patriarch of Jerusalem, who died at -Eltham in 1311, is said to have expended great treasure on the fresh -“edification and adornment” of the palace. He “builded,” says Stow, “the -manor house, and gave it to the queen;” but this, as appears from “the -statement given in the descent of the manor,” it was not in his power to -have done. “Beck,” says the author of a paper on this subject, already -quoted,<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a> was a trustee under the will of William de Vesci; and the -only way in which the fact can be reconciled is, by supposing him to -have betrayed his trust, and to have obtained fraudulent possession of -the estate.” “This prelate,” says Mr. Hutchinson, in his History of -Durham, “merits notice for the singularity of his character; he led the -van of Edward the First’s army gallantly against the Scots, at the -battle of Falkirk, and dared even to make a harsh retort to a<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_116" id="page_116">{116}</a></span> reproof -from that stern monarch. At Rome, he opposed single-handed a body of -ruffians who had entered his house. So active was his mind, that he -always rose when his first sleep was over, saying ‘It was beneath a man -to turn in his bed.’ He was so modest, that although he smiled at the -frown of a king, he never could lift his eyes to the face of a woman; -and when the remains of Saint William were to be removed to York, he was -the only prelate whose ‘conscious chastity’ permitted him to touch the -sacred bones. And yet this mirror of purity could defraud the natural -son of his friend, the Lord Vesci, of a large estate which had been -trusted to the Bishop’s honour.<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a> Beck loved military parade and had -always knights and soldiers about him, and through vanity was prompted -to spend immense sums. For forty fresh herrings he once gave a sum equal -to forty pounds sterling; and a piece of cloth, which had proverbially -been said to be ‘too dear for the Bishop of Durham,’ he bought and cut -out into horse-cloths. To conclude—this haughty prelate once seized a -palfrey of King Edward as a deodand; and at last broke his heart at -being excommunicated by the Archbishop of York.”</p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_116.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_116.jpg" width="296.5" height="141" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Eltham was also the favourite residence of Edward the Second, whose son -being born here, received the name of John of Eltham: a circumstance in -which originated the common error of its having been the palace of King -John. At twelve years of age, this prince was created Earl of Cornwall; -was appointed “custos of the citie of London:” died in Scotland in the -flower of his age, and was buried in Westminster, where his monument is -one of the chief sepulchral ornaments.</p> - -<p>It was here, in his palace of Eltham, that Edward the Third held several -parliaments; in one of which his faithful commons petitioned him to make -his grandson, Richard of Bordeaux, Prince of Wales. In 1364, the same -monarch gave a splendid banquet at Eltham, in honour of King John of -France, whom<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_117" id="page_117">{117}</a></span> the fate of war had made his prisoner, but whose captivity -was soothed by every demonstration of respect and hospitality on the -part of his royal brother and his consort. “The court of this -sovereign,” says Warner, “was the very theatre of sumptuous carousal and -romantic elegance. The martial amusements of tilts and tournaments, -which were always accompanied by splendid feasts, were so much -encouraged, that we have instances of their being solemnly celebrated by -royal command, in different cities, no less than seven times in the -course of one year.” “This gentle king of England,” says Froissart, “the -better to feste these strange lordes and all their company, held a great -court on Trinity Monday in the Friers, whereat he and the queene his -mother were lodged, keeping their house eche of them apart. At this -feaste, the king had well five hundred knights, and fifteen were new -made. And the queene had well in her courte sixty ladies and damozelles. -There might be seen great nobles, plenty of all manner of straunge -vitaile. There were ladies and damozelles freshely apparelled, ready to -have daunced if they might have leave.” The above, though applied by -Froissart to the reception of John of Hainault, was a general feature in -the court life of this period; and it is no wonder that King John of -France, whom Prince Edward had pronounced “the bravest of knights,” -found the weight of captivity much lightened in the congenial atmosphere -of Eltham palace.</p> - -<p>The evening of Edward’s reign, however, exhibited a very different -picture. Feast and tournament were gone, or rather the pleasures which -they had once furnished to that chivalrous monarch during a long -protracted reign, had now lost their zest. He spent the last months of -his life between Eltham palace and his manor at Shene. “Decay,” says the -historian, “had fallen heavy on body and spirit; he was incapable of -doing much, and he did nothing. The ministers and courtiers crowded -round the Duke of Lancaster, Prince Richard, and his mother. The old man -was left to his mistress; and even she, it is said, after drawing his -valuable ring from his finger, abandoned him in his dying moments,”</p> - -<p>The splendour of Eltham, however, was speedily revived in the person of -his grandson, Richard the Second, whose reign, dazzling at its -commencement, inglorious in its course, and disastrous at its close, the -poet Gray has thus strikingly depicted:—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Fair laughs the morn, and soft the zephyr blows,<br /></span> -<span class="i4">While proudly riding o’er the azure realm,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">In gallant trim the gilded vessel goes,<br /></span> -<span class="i4">Youth on the prow, and Pleasure at the helm;<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Regardless of the sweeping whirlwind’s sway,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">That, hushed in grim repose, expects his evening prey.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_118" id="page_118">{118}</a></span><br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Fill high the sparkling bowl!<br /></span> -<span class="i4">The rich repast prepare;<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Reft of a crown, he yet may share the feast.<br /></span> -<span class="i4">Close by the regal chair,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Fell Thirst and Famine scowl<br /></span> -<span class="i1">A baneful smile upon their baffled guest.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>Of the numerous historical scenes and incidents connected with King -Richard’s sumptuous court at Eltham, a very few may be here introduced -as characteristic of an age when “the example of the monarch sanctioned -the extravagance of the subject.” He celebrated in particular three -Christmases at Eltham, at which every imaginable entertainment was -provided for a court overflowing with all the beauty and chivalry that -could flatter a monarch, and scatter flowers over the dangerous -precipice to which he was hastening. “The king,” says Hollinshed, “kept -the greatest part, and maintained the most plentiful house that ever any -king in England did, either before his time or since; for there resorted -daily to his court above ten thousand persons, that had meat and drinke -there allowed them. In his kitchen there were three hundred servitors, -and every other officer was furnished after the like rate. Of ladies, -chamberers, and landerers, there were above three hundred at the least; -and in precious and costlie apparell they exceeded all measure.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_118.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_118.jpg" width="403" height="265" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Yeomen and groomes were clothed in silks, with cloth of graine and -skarlet, over sumptuous, ye may be sure, for their estates. And this -vanitie was not<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_119" id="page_119">{119}</a></span> onelie used in the court in those dayes, but also other -people abroad, in the townes and countries, had their garments cut far -otherwise than had been accustomed before his daies, with embroderies, -rich furs, and goldsmith’s worke, and everie daie there was devising of -new fashions, to the great hinderance and decaie of the -commonwealth.”—Page 508, sect. 10.</p> - -<p>From this description, the reader may easily picture what must have been -the splendid profusion which marked King Richard’s doings at Eltham, -when arriving with his gorgeous retinue from the capital, he “courted -repose” in a new and most extravagant series of festivities. The -extensive park, which spread its wooded avenues in all directions, -afforded ample scope for the indulgence in silvan sports; while -minstrels, jesters, and jongleurs drove ennui from the gate, and kept -the monarch and his guests in a continued enjoyment of mirthful -excitement. On one of these occasions, the arrival in England of a guest -of no ordinary station was announced, and on the following day was -received by the king and queen at Eltham. “This,” says Speed, “was Leo, -King of Armenia, a Christian prince, whom the Tartars had expelled out -of his kingdom. The pretence of his negotiation was to accord the realms -of England and France, that the princes thereof might, with joint -forces, remove the common enemy from Christendome. Therein he could -effect nothing; but his journey was not otherwise unfruitful to himself; -for King Richard, a prince, to speak truly, full of honour and bountie, -gave him, besides a thousand pounds in a ship of gold, letters patent, -also, for a thousand pounds yearly pension during life.”</p> - -<p>Eltham Palace was also the scene of the following incident in the court -life of King Richard. “The king having proclaimed that he would hold a -solemn feast at his palace here on Palm Sunday, invitations were sent to -the Dukes of Lancaster and York, and the Lords of the Council, to be in -attendance for the occasion. When the day of the feast was arrived, and -all the lords had retired after dinner with the king to his -council-chamber, Earl Marshal, having settled in his own mind how to act -and what to say, threw himself upon his knees before the king and thus -addressed him:—‘Very dear and renowned Lord, I am of your kindred, -yʳliege man and marshal of England; and I have besides sworn on my -loyalty, my hand within yours, that I never would conceal from you -anything I might hear or see to your prejudice, on pain of being -accounted a disloyal traitor. This I am resolved never to be, but to -acquit myself before you and all the world.’ The king fixing his eyes -upon him, said, ‘Earl Marshal, what is your meaning in speaking thus? We -will know it.’ ‘Very dear Lord,’ replied the Earl, ‘as I have declared, -I will not keep any secret from you: order the Earl of Derby to come to -yʳpresence, and I will speak out.’ The Earl of Derby<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_120" id="page_120">{120}</a></span> was called for, -and the king made the Earl Marshal rise, for he addressed him on his -knees. On the Earl Derby’s arrival, who thought no harm, the Earl -Marshal spoke as follows:—‘Earl of Derby, I charge you with having -thought and spoken disrespectfully of your natural lord the king of -England, when you said he was unworthy to hold the crown; that without -law or justice, or consulting his council, he disturbed the realm; and -that without any shadow of reason, he banished those valiant men from -his kingdom who ought to be its defenders; for all of which I present my -glove, and will prove, my body against yours, that you are a false and -wicked traitor.’</p> - -<p>“The Earl of Derby was confounded at this address, and retired a few -paces without demanding from the Duke his father, or any of his friends, -how he should act. Having mused awhile, he advanced with his hood in his -hand towards the king, and said, ‘Earl Marshal, I say that thou art a -false and wicked traitor, which I will boldly prove on thee, and here is -my glove!’ The Earl Marshal seeing his challenge was accepted, showed a -good desire for the combat by taking up the glove and saying, ‘I refer -your answer to the good pleasure of the king and the lords now present. -I will prove that your words are false, and that my words are true.’ -Each of those lords then withdrew in company of his friends, and the -time for serving wine and spices was passed by; for the king showed he -was sore displeased, and retiring to his chamber, shut himself in.... -When the day for the combat was at hand, and the two lords waited only -for the king’s commands, King Richard’s secret advisers asked, ‘Sire, -what is your pleasure respecting this combat? will you permit your two -cousins the Earl of Derby and Earl Marshal to proceed?’ ‘Why not?’ -replied the king; ‘I intend to be present myself and see their prowess.’ -The king’s advisers showed great firmness in resisting his -determination, and showed him some very cogent and unexpected reasons -for his adopting another course, at which,” as the chronicler relates, -“the king changed colour. Shortly after, a great council of the chief -nobles and prelates was summoned at Eltham. The Earl of Derby and the -Earl Marshal were sent for and put into separate chambers, for they were -not permitted to meet, when after certain preliminaries the king’s -pleasure was thus delivered in presence of the assembly: ‘I order that -the Earl Marshal, for having caused trouble in this kingdom, by uttering -words which he could not prove otherwise than by common report, be -banished the realm for life. I also order that the Earl of Derby our -cousin, for having angered us, and because he has been in some measure -the cause of the Earl Marshal’s crime and punishment, prepare to leave -the kingdom in fifteen days, and be banished hence for the term of ten -years.’<span class="lftspc">”</span> Our readers will find other particulars in Froissart; but our -chief inducement in selecting these passages is, their being scenes<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_121" id="page_121">{121}</a></span> -which actually transpired at Eltham, and at the same time are highly -characteristic of the manners of that age. We ought not to omit -mentioning, however, that “on the day the Earl of Derby mounted his -horse to leave London, upwards of fifty thousand men were in the -streets, bitterly lamenting his departure.”</p> - -<p>In 1405, King Henry the Fourth “celebrated his Christmas” here, after -the manner of his predecessors; and on this occasion, says the -chronicle, the Duke of York was “accused of an intention of breaking -into the palace, by scaling the walls, and murdering the king.” The same -monarch kept open court at Eltham on two subsequent occasions, and was -residing in the palace when seized with the malady of which he died. But -these festivals were celebrated with even more than former splendour by -King Henry the Sixth. By Edward the Fourth the palace was repaired and -embellished at great expense; and here his daughter Bridget -Plantagenet—who became a nun of Dartford—was born, and next day -baptized in the palace chapel by the Bishop of Winchester. Three years -later, Eltham palace was again the scene of magnificent banquets and -shows, during which two thousand persons were daily entertained at the -king’s expense. King Henry the Seventh built the front of the palace -towards the moat, and frequently resided in it; but he was the last of a -long race of sovereigns who honoured it with any lengthened visit; for -although Henry the Eighth<a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a> celebrated two Christmases here, the royal -visits had now become “few and far between;” and one of the last -occasions on which the palace was made the scene of a great court -festival, was that appointed for his conferring the honours of the -peerage upon Sir Edward Stanley, of Hornby Castle, in Lancashire, whose -services at the battle of Flodden have already been noticed in these -pages.</p> - -<p>His claims to that honour were founded on his being “one of the most -discreet persons, and justices of the peace, for assessing and -collecting a subsidy of one hundred and sixty-three thousand pounds by a -poll-tax;” of his having commanded the rear of the English army at -Flodden-field, and forced the Scots, by the power of his archers, to -descend the hill, which, by causing them to open their ranks, gave the -first hopes of that day’s victory.<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a> The ceremonial<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_122" id="page_122">{122}</a></span> on this occasion -was stamped with all the gorgeous display so usual in that reign; but as -a contagious disorder was then raging in London, none were permitted to -dine at the “king’s hall at Eltham,” except the officers of arms, who, -“at the serving in of the king’s second course of meat, entered, -according to custom, and proclaimed the king’s style and title, and also -that of the new lord.”</p> - -<p>During the civil war, Robert Earl of Essex occupied the palace of -Eltham, and dying here, was buried in Westminster Abbey. On the -establishment of the Commonwealth, it was seized by the Parliament, and -sold; the parks were broken into, the deer dispersed or killed by the -soldiers and the mob; and the work of devastation once begun, continued -till the greater part of the palace was reduced to a state of ruin.<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a></p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_122.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_122.jpg" width="163" height="159.5" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>At last, however, the beauty of Greenwich and the great convenience of -the river as a channel of communication with the capital, gradually -deprived Eltham of court patronage. Its palace was only enlivened at -long intervals by the presence of royalty; while its rival, the new -Placentia, grew more and more in favour, till it became the habitual -residence of the sovereign, and the scene of those splendid exhibitions -which subsequently characterized the reigns of Henry the Eighth<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a> and -his magnanimous daughter, Queen Elizabeth. The latter, during her -infancy, was often taken to the “Old House of Eltham” for change of air; -and on coming to the throne, paid it an occasional visit of recognition. -But it was no longer considered fit for a royal establishment; and, -although visited by King James and his successor, it never regained any -share of its former importance; but, being every year more and more -neglected, it became at last a splendid ruin, yet a monument on which -were inscribed the early chronicles of the English monarchy. But, -although the property reverted to the crown<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_123" id="page_123">{123}</a></span> at the Restoration, no -pains were taken by government to protect the ruin from violence and -spoliation. On the contrary, the old palace was turned into a quarry, -and all the materials that could be converted to use were gradually -removed and sold. Fortunately for the Hall, it was considered by some -influential observer on the spot that it would make a good barn;<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a> and -to this accidental circumstance we are chiefly indebted for its -preservation.</p> - -<p>The three parks attached to the palace, with the demesne lands, extended -over sixteen hundred and fifty-two acres, on which grew seven thousand -seven hundred trees; of which four thousand were declared in the Survey -to be “old and decayed,” and the remainder were marked out for the use -of the navy.<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a> A book, called the Mysteries of the Good Old Cause, -published in 1660, says, “Sir Thomas Walsingham had the Honour of Eltham -given him, which was the Earl of Dorset’s, and the middle Park, which -was Mr. White’s. He has cut down five thousand pounds’ worth of timber, -and has scarcely left a tree to make a gibbet.”</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_123.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_123.jpg" width="264" height="195.5" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="eng">The Approach.</span>—The royal Hall is visible at a considerable distance; -and, from various points of Blackheath and its vicinity, forms an -interesting landmark to the stranger. This, however, is chiefly during -the winter and spring months; for as soon as the trees resume their -foliage, it is lost among the wooded landscape, or only seen by glimpses -through the straggling trees of the park—remnants of that primeval -forest by which it was once surrounded. In the immediate approach, the -first objects that catch the eye are masses of ancient wall, thickly -mantled with ivy, at the base of which the water of the original moat -still keeps its bed. Over this, an ancient bridge of three arches leads -to the inclosure, once covered with the habitations of royalty, but now -reduced to this solitary hall, and flanked on the left by several -dwelling-houses, that harmonize much better with our modern ideas of -comfort than the moated walls of antiquity. Halting on the bridge for a -few minutes, the effect of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_124" id="page_124">{124}</a></span> scene from that point is at once -pleasing and impressive. On the left, overhanging the moat, which here -forms a very small but picturesque sheet of water,<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a> is a modern -farm-house in a pleasing rustic style, with a balcony supported on -slender pillars that rest on the edge of the fosse below. On the margin -of the water opposite, is a small fresh lawn, bordered with shrubbery, -and covered with that <i>beau gazon</i> on which the eye delights to repose. -This spot, including the house, a projecting gallery, and several other -compartments, presents an excellent subject for a cabinet picture. The -bank of the moat was an extensive work, and of much greater magnitude on -the west and south sides than towards the north, composing a terrace to -the south of at least one hundred feet broad.</p> - -<p>The design of the palace<a name="FNanchor_93_93" id="FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a> was quadrangular. The hall, surmounted by -its louvre, rose above the other edifices, standing in a direction -nearly due east and west; and the common rule was observed of limiting -the general elevation to two stories. Like other castellated mansions, -the outline was irregular, towers and projecting masses breaking the -line at intervals with picturesque effect. The area of the palace was an -imperfect square, surrounded by buildings on the north and west, and -partly inclosed on the other two sides, the centre being occupied by -four quadrangles, of which two towards the west were of large -dimensions, and formed wide and spacious courts. Standing on an eminence -of greater elevation than any in the immediate district except -Shooter’s-hill, the ground sloped gently away towards the west, over a -rich and interesting landscape, including Blackheath, Greenwich Park, -and the Surrey hills, between which stood London with the lofty spire of -the old cathedral of St. Paul in view, and the insulated pile of -Westminster Abbey, then without towers; the distant heights of Highgate -terminating the background. It was surrounded by a moat inclosing above -an acre of ground within its limits.<a name="FNanchor_94_94" id="FNanchor_94_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a> The moat was about sixty feet -broad, except the portion towards the north entrance, where it was -increased to one hundred and fifteen feet. On the west side of the -bridge, the water of the moat still washed the old ivyed walls of the -palace—now reduced to little more than the foundations. In front, -through a few straggling elm-trees, the venerable old Hall presents -itself. The avenue to the door is flanked by two cottages, evidently -built out of the old materials of the palace, and now posted like -sentinels for the protection of its remains. In one of these resides the -female custode of the hall, who reaps no inconsiderable<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_125" id="page_125">{125}</a></span> harvest from -the visitors who resort hither for a view of “King John’s Palace,” as it -is called.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_125.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_125.jpg" width="423.5" height="273" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="eng">Visit.</span>—Conducted by our guide, we once more entered the royal Hall of -Eltham, with such feelings as naturally accompany those who are treading -on that time-hallowed ground where history, tradition, and fiction, have -impressed their respective seals. Entering the door, a screen, once -elaborately carved, and running across the building, opens a -thoroughfare to a corresponding entrance on the opposite side. In the -centre of the screen is an inner door to the hall. Of the latter, the -noble proportions strike the visitor at the first glance, and challenge -his admiration. In its present state, however, the general effect is -much injured by the very means employed for its security,—namely, the -heavy wooden frame-work raised to support the roof, but which conceals -the beauty of its proportions. With this, however, we must not find -fault; some of the noblest statues of antiquity have been obliged to -support their dignity by “accepting modern pedestals;” and without the -means here ingeniously employed, the Hall of Eltham must long ere this -have been laid open to the weather. In the sixth volume of the -Archæologia, Mr. King has given minute descriptions of the Hall, to -which we refer our readers.</p> - -<p><span class="eng">The Screen</span>, already mentioned as running before the offices, was richly -carved, with a gallery over it for the musicians. Through this door -entered the guests who were not in immediate attendance upon the king. -Here the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_126" id="page_126">{126}</a></span> brave and the beautiful of other days were received by the -great officers of state, and conducted to the dais, where, on his -throne, the monarch received their homage and congratulations. The two -great bow-windows at either side of</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_126.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_126.jpg" width="327" height="217" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">the upper end, in which were placed the royal sideboards, are adorned -with beautiful flowing tracery, and in style and proportions are -magnificent. All the windows were obviously placed in such a manner as -to afford an opportunity of hanging arras under them,<a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a> as in the -banquet scene represented in the steel engraving. The length of the Hall -is rather more than a hundred feet, the breadth thirty-six, and the -height forty-five feet. It has five double windows on each side, -exclusive of the great bays, at the end of which was the chief entrance -into the state apartments.</p> - -<p>The purposes of a common barn, to which this magnificent hall has been -so long applied, have materially altered and defaced some of its noblest -features. One of the gorgeous oriels, for example, that opened to the -east and west, has been partly broken and cut away in order to admit -loaded waggons into the interior; and various other mutilations, the -effects of violence, not time, are observable in other parts of the -building. But our regrets on this head give way to something like a -feeling of congratulation, when we reflect that, had not this change in -its destination occurred, the Hall of Eltham would have long since -disappeared, like the original palace to which it belonged. At the upper -or north end of the building was the high dais, slightly elevated, and -running across the hall. This is now the threshing-floor; and at both -ends of this platform, east and west, are the magnificent bay windows -above mentioned, each forming a deep<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_127" id="page_127">{127}</a></span> recess, and exhibiting, in design -and workmanship, all the characteristic beauty of its class and epoch. -The most cursory view will enable the reader to judge of their shape and -proportions; but to form any adequate conception of what they must have -been when filled with richly-stained glass, and pouring a flood of -gorgeous colours upon the royal banquet, requires no little effort of -the imagination.</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“There the raised platform, near the bay,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Served well for stage: that oriel gay<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Rose with light leaves and columns tall<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Mid ‘roial glass’ and fretwork small;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">While tripod lamps from the coved roof<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Showed well each painted mask aloof:<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Lanfranc and Saxon Edward there<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Watching the scene they once could share.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_127.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_127.jpg" width="223.5" height="315" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="eng">The Roof.</span>—The following observations on the construction of the roof -were given by Mr. Chessel Buckler while the last repairs were going on. -The preservation of this noble monument of ancient English architecture -is an honour to the country. When stripped of its external covering, the -roof distinctly exhibited the beauty of its carpentry, and the extent of -its injuries. It is wholly constructed of chestnut, the strength and -solidity of which, though unimpaired by time alone, were in many places -destroyed by the operations of the weather.<a name="FNanchor_96_96" id="FNanchor_96_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a> The main beams of the -roof are full seventeen inches square and twenty-eight feet long, -perfectly straight, and sound throughout, and are the produce of trees -of the most stately growth. A forest must have yielded its choicest -timber for the supply of this building; and it is evident that the -material has been wrought with incredible labour and admirable skill. -The repairs are limited to the roof, the parapet by which it is -protected, and the buttresses by which it is upheld. As it has been -stated that the joints and mouldings of the roof are secured by wooden -pins only,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_128" id="page_128">{128}</a></span> it may not be superfluous to remark that the structure is -held together by the assistance of nails.<a name="FNanchor_97_97" id="FNanchor_97_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a></p> - -<p><span class="eng">The Souterrains.</span>—Of the subterranean passages lately discovered at -Eltham Palace, the following facts are contained in a small pamphlet on -the subject, published at Greenwich. Tradition has always kept up the -belief of an underground passage from Eltham Palace to Blackheath, -Greenwich, or the River; and it was affirmed in the neighbourhood that -at Middle Park, connected with the passages, there was stable-room under -ground for sixty horses. Under the floor of one of the apartments of the -palace, a trap-door<a name="FNanchor_98_98" id="FNanchor_98_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a> opens into a room under-ground, ten feet by -five, and proceeding from it, a narrow passage about ten feet in length, -conducts the stranger to the series of passages with decoys, stairs, and -shafts, some of which are vertical, and others on an inclined plane, -which were once used for admitting air, and for hurling down missiles -upon enemies, according to the modes of defence then in use. And it is -worthy of notice that, at points where weapons from above could assail -the enemy with the greatest effect, there the shafts are made to verge -and concentrate. About five hundred feet of these passages have been -entered and passed through in a western direction towards Middle Park, -and under the moat to the extent of two hundred feet. The arch is broken -down in the field leading from Eltham to Mottingham, but still the -brickwork can be traced further, and proceeding in the same direction. -The remains of two iron gates, completely carbonized, were found in that -part of the passage under the moat; and large stalactites formed of -super-carbonate of lime hung down from the roof of the arch, which -sufficiently indicated the time that must have elapsed since these -passages were last entered.</p> - -<p><span class="eng">Environs.</span>—Shooter’s-hill, the well-known landmark in this part of Kent, -is within a very short walk of Eltham Hall. The tower commands a -beautiful prospect of the metropolis, Greenwich, Woolwich, the Thames, -and the adjacent counties, and thus forms the centre of of a most -extensive panorama.<a name="FNanchor_99_99" id="FNanchor_99_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a> It was erected by Lady James, in honour of her -husband Sir William James, Baronet, who commanded the Company’s marine -forces in the East Indies, and in 1755, distinguished himself, by the -taking of Severndroog Castle, on the coast of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_129" id="page_129">{129}</a></span> Malabar. It is triangular -in shape, and about forty-five feet high. In the vestibule were formerly -arranged numerous specimens of the armour and trophies taken at -Severndroog, and in front is an inscription commemorative of that -victory.</p> - -<p>Blackheath, of which the above is the most conspicuous feature, is often -mentioned in the old chronicles as the scene of “notable events.”<a name="FNanchor_100_100" id="FNanchor_100_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a> -The view which it commands is celebrated in all languages, and still -continues to be a theme of universal admiration. Previously to this, -Shooter’s-hill was a beacon station; and in the Churchwardens’ Account -at Eltham, in 1556, there are frequent charges made for “watchinge the -becon on Shutters-hill.”</p> - -<p>The old military road from London to Dover is supposed to have followed -nearly the same track as the present. Various Roman antiquities have -been dug up on the Heath, an account of which may be seen in the -Archæologia. With the popular names of Jack Straw, Wat Tyler, Jack Cade, -the counterfeit Mortimer, and with the military operations of Henry the -Sixth, Henry the Seventh, the “bastard Falconbridge,” Lord Audley, the -Cornish rebels, Edward the Fourth, and other personages and events, -Blackheath is intimately associated. It has also been the scene of many -great public exhibitions of military pomp and court ceremony. It was on -this heath, in the immediate vicinity of his “faire house of Eltham,” -that Henry the Fourth, with great parade and magnificence, met the -Emperor of Constantinople, when he arrived in England to solicit -assistance against Bajazet. And here, on the 23rd of November, the mayor -and aldermen of London, with four hundred citizens “clothed in scarlet, -with red and white hoods,” met their victorious monarch on his return -from Agincourt. Here also the citizens met the Emperor Sigismund, when -he came to mediate a peace between France and England; and here Edward -the Fourth was also welcomed to England by a multitude of loyal -citizens, who conducted him in triumph to his palace. Here, in 1519, a -solemn embassy, consisting of the Admiral of France, the Bishop of -Paris, and other grandees of church and state, with twelve hundred -persons in their train, were met by the Lord Admiral of England and a -numerous retinue; and the same year, Cardinal Campeius, the Pope’s -legate, was received, with great splendour, on Blackheath, by the Duke -of Norfolk, and “conducted to a rich tent of cloth of gold, where he -arrayed himself in his cardinal’s robes, and then rode in princely state -to London.”</p> - -<p>But the most magnificent “Blackheath procession” on record, was that -which took place at the interview between Henry the Eighth and the Lady -Ann of Cleves, with an abridgement of which we shall conclude our -present notice of Eltham and its vicinity.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_130" id="page_130">{130}</a></span></p> - -<p>“On the morrow, the thirde day of Januarie, being Saturdaie, in a fair -plaine of Blackheath, was pitched a pavilion of rich cloth of gold, and -divers other tents and pavilions, in which were made fires and perfumes -for her, the <span class="eng">Ladie Anne</span>, and such ladies as were appointed to receive -her; and from the tents to the parke-gate of Greenwich, all the bushes -and firs were cut downe, and a large open waie made for the shewe of all -persons. And first, next to the parke pale on the east, stood the -masters of the Stilliard, and on the west side the merchants of Genoa, -Florence, and Venice, and the Spaniards, in cotes of velvet; then, on -both sides of the waye, stood the merchants of the citie of London, the -aldermen and councillors, to the number of a hundred and three score, -which were mingled with the esquires; then the fifty gentlemen -pensioners; and all these were apparelled in velvet and chaines of gold, -truely accounted to the number of twelve hundred and above, beside them -that came with the king and her, which were six hundred, in velvet cotes -and chaines of gold. Behind the gentlemen stood the serving men in good -order, well horssed and apparelled; so that whosoever had well viewed -them might have said, that they, for tall and comelie personages, and -clean of lim and bodie, were able to give the greatest prince in -Christendome a mortall breakefast, if he had been the king’s enemie.</p> - -<p>“About twelve of the clocke, <span class="eng">Her Grace</span>, with all the companye which were -of her owne nation, to the number of an hundred horse, accompanied with</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_130.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_130.jpg" width="361" height="233.5" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">the Dukes of Norffolke, Suffolke, the Archbishop of Canterbury, and -other bishops, lords, and knights, came doune Shooters-hill, towards the -tents, and a good space from the tents met her, the Earl of Rutland, and -all her coun<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_131" id="page_131">{131}</a></span>cellors and officers, amongst whome Doctor Daie, appointed -her almoner, made to her an eloquent oration in Latine, which oration -was answered unto by the Duke her brother’s secretarie; which done, the -ladie Margaret Dowglas, daughter to the Queene of Scots, the ladie -Marquesse Dorsset, daughter to the French queen, being neeces to the -king, and the Dutches of Ritchmond, the Countesses of Rutland and -Hereford, with divers other ladies and gentlewomen, to the number of -three score and five, saluted and welcomed her grace, who alighted out -of her chariot, and with courteous demeanour and lovinge countenance, -gave to them hartie thanks and kissed them all, and after all her -councellors and officers kissed her hand; which done, she, with all the -ladies, entered the tents, and there warmed them a space; and (it being -the depth of winter) when the king knewe that she was arrived in her -tent, he with all diligence set out through the parke. And first issued -the King’s trumpets, the officers of his council, the officers of his -privie chamber, the barons, the lord mayor, the bishops, earles, the -Duke of Baviere, and countie palatine of the Rhine; then the -ambassadours of the French king and emperor, Cromwell, the lord privie -seale, the lord chancellour, the garter king-at-arms, and the other -officers and sergeants of arms, gave their attendance on each side the -lord. The lord Marquesse Dorsset bare the sword of state, and after him, -a good distance, followed the <span class="eng">King’s Highnesse</span>, mounted on a goodlie -courser.</p> - -<p>“To speake of the rich and gorgeous apparel that was there to be seen -that daie, I have thought it not greatlie necessarie, sith each man may -well think it was right sumptuous and very faire and costlie. After the -king followed the lord chamberlayne, then the master of his horsses -richly mounted and leading the king’s horsse of estate by a long reine -of gold. Then followed the pages of honour, riding on great coursers, -then the captaine of the gard, then the gard well horssed, and in their -rich cotes, etc.</p> - -<p>“When <span class="eng">Her Grace</span> understood that the king was come, she came forth of her -tent, and at the doore thereof, being set on a faire and beautiful -horsse, richly trapped, she rode forth towards the <span class="eng">King</span>, who perceiving -her to approach, came forward somewhat beyond the Crosse, then staid -till she came nearer, and then putting off his cap, he made forward to -her, and, with most loving countenance and princelie behaviour, saluted, -welcomed, and imbraced her, to the great rejoising of the beholders: And -she likewise, not forgetting her dutie, with most amiable aspect and -romantic behaviour, received him with many apt words and thanks, as was -most to purpose.</p> - -<p>“After the king had talked a small while, he put her on his right hand, -and so with their footmen they rode together; and returned in this -manner through the ranks of the knights and esquires, which stood still -all this while, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_132" id="page_132">{132}</a></span> removed not.” (The procession through the park is -glowingly described, but her reception in the palace is all we can -introduce in this place.) “Now were the citizens of London rowing up and -doune on the Thames before them, every craft with his barge garnished -with banners, flags, streamers, pencels, and targets, painted and beaten -with the king’s armes, some with her armes, and some with the armes of -their craft and mysterie. There was a barge called the Bachellors Barke, -richlie decked, on the which waited a foist that shot great pieces of -artillerie; and in every barge was great store of instruments of divers -sorts, and men and children singing and plaieng altogether, as the <span class="eng">King</span> -and the <span class="eng">Ladie Anne</span> passed bye the wharfe. When the king and she were -within the utter court, they alighted from their horses, and the king -lovinglie imbraced her, kissed her, and bade her welcome to her owne, -leading her by the left arme through the hall, and so brought her up to -her privie chamber, where he left her for that time, while a great peal -of artillerie was shot off from the tower of Greenwich and thereabout.”</p> - -<p>Such are a few of the particulars given by Holinshed of this matrimonial -fete: but the account by Hall is still more circumstantial, and both -afford vivid pictures of the regal splendour which characterized all the -court pageants of that gorgeous reign. Little did Anne of Cleves -imagine, as the magnificent view opened upon her, with Eltham Hall on -her left, Greenwich on her right, Westminster and St. Paul’s in the -distance, a sovereign at her feet, and an assembled nation eager to do -her homage—little did she imagine how dark would be the sunset of this -bright day; and yet, compared with that which overtook her unhappy -sisters—partners of the same throne—her destiny was rather to be -envied than lamented.</p> - -<p>The town of Eltham, of which our limits prevent a more deliberate -notice, is still one of the most favourite retreats in the vicinity of -town, and formerly could number among its residents many celebrated -names. The church and churchyard are interesting, and contain several -classic tombs and inscriptions. The environs are rich and picturesque, -the society is select and intellectual, the air is salubrious; and -within seven miles of the capital it would be difficult to find any -point that offers so many inviting qualities for a quiet and cheerful -residence as Eltham.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Authorities</span>:—Camden.—Stow.—Blome.—Leland.—Grafton.—Hall.—Life -of the Black Prince.—do. Richard the -Second.—Archæologia.—Gentleman’s Mag.—Hasted.—Parliamentary -Surveys.—Lambard.—Lysons.—Kilburne.—Graphic -Illustrator.—Collins’s Peerage.—Buckler.—Notices of Eltham.—MS. -Visit to Eltham, March, 1842.—Royal Halls.</p> - -<p>For an admirable description of Greenwich Park and its vicinity, -the reader is referred to Mr. Miller’s “Lady Jane Grey,”—“Banks of -the Thames,” etc. etc.</p></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/plt_005.jpg"> -<img src="images/plt_005.jpg" width="502.5" height="357" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p>ROCHESTER CASTLE.</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_133" id="page_133">{133}</a></span></p> - -<h2> -<a href="images/ill_pg_133.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_133.jpg" width="175.5" height="174" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</h2> - -<h2><a name="THE_CASTLE_OF_ROCHESTER" id="THE_CASTLE_OF_ROCHESTER"></a>THE CASTLE OF ROCHESTER.</h2> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Long have I loved to catch the simple chime<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Of minstrel-harps, and spell the fabling rhyme;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">To view the festive rites, the knightly play,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">That deck’d heroic Albion’s elder day;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">To mark the mouldering Halls of Barons bold,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And the rough Castles, cast in giant mould;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">With Gothic manners Gothic arts explore,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And muse on the magnificence of yore.—<span class="smcap">Warton.</span><br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p class="nind"><span class="eng"><span class="letra">“A</span>S we</span> descended the hill towards Rochester, how solemn the appearance -of the <span class="eng">Castle</span>, with its square ghastly walls, and their hollow eyes -rising over the right bank of the Medway, grey and massive and -floorless—nothing remaining but the shell!” Such was the memorandum of -her visit to this scene, left by the author of the Mysteries of Udolpho, -as she descended Strood Hill, and gazed upon the magnificent ruin to -which this portion of our work is to be directed. Viewed from this -point—the hill above named—the Castle appears to great advantage. -Soaring in lofty pre-eminence over the surrounding buildings, and even -the Cathedral, it conveys to the spectator’s mind a deep impression of -what it must have been in the palmy days of chivalry, when mailed -warriors lined its ramparts, when joust and tourney animated its courts, -and banners floated from its towers. In its present condition it bears -that resemblance to its former self which a skeleton bears to<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_134" id="page_134">{134}</a></span> the -living body. The framework is there, but the life is fled,—the light is -extinguished; and in the full glare of day, like the wreck of mortality, -it assumes only a more melancholy aspect. But still, the interest -connected with this landmark of antiquity is increased, rather than -diminished, by contemplation. Fancy repeoples its courts, rebuilds its -towers, restores its original order and dimensions, till we enjoy the -picture which imagination thus embodies, and seem for the time, as if we -were transported into romantic ages and took a part in those historic -scenes of which its walls were once the theatre. At every one of those -loop-holes and unlatticed casements, we seem to discern the warlike -forms that once animated the building, and hurled defiance on the -assailants. We hear the sound of revelry in the hall, the clang of arms -in the ‘bayle,’ and the rattle of the portcullis as it drops from the -lofty archway, and fastens its iron teeth in the pavement.—But we need -not proceed with a picture which so vividly presents itself to every -imaginative pilgrim who halts on the bridge of Rochester, and surveys -the vast and venerable pile which here crowns the adjoining bank, and -takes undivided possession of the scene.</p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_134.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_134.jpg" width="232.5" height="322" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="eng">Rochester Castle</span> is beyond doubt one of the most complete Norman -strongholds that the slow waste of centuries and the ravages of war have -left in our island; and, in its noble style and elegant proportions, -offers one of the best examples extant of that class of domestic -fortresses by which the early barons rendered themselves so formidable -to the crown. The castles or stone-built fortresses of England, -previously to the Conquest, were few and inconsiderable. Those of Roman -foundation had fallen into ruin; and although the great Alfred had -strengthened the frontier and more assailable points of the country with -fifty or more of these towers of defence, they had not been kept up with -the same vigilance by his successors; and to this deficiency of national -bulwarks may be attributed the speedy reduction of England to the Norman -yoke.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_135" id="page_135">{135}</a></span></p> - -<p>At the period in question, the castles and places of strength in -general<a name="FNanchor_101_101" id="FNanchor_101_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a> appear to have been constructed principally of wood: in -proof of which, the only mechanical implement which the vassal was -required to bring with him in aid of the work, was a hatchet. Aware of -their great importance in securing the fruits of conquest, the Norman -ruler immediately adopted the policy of the Roman, and began to measure -the duration of his power by the number and strength of his castles. In -process of time the great martial tenants of the crown followed his -example, and, by erecting places of strength in the various provinces -assigned to them as the spoils of conquest, secured to themselves and -their families the newly-acquired domain. At the close of Stephen’s -reign, the number of these domestic strongholds appears to have amounted -to eleven hundred; a fact which led to the most deplorable consequences. -Contempt of allegiance, family feuds, mutual acts of violence and -outrage—a state of society which admitted no superior, respected no law -but that of force, and accepted no arbitrator but the sword—were daily -opposed to the right administration of affairs.<a name="FNanchor_102_102" id="FNanchor_102_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_102_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a> Such, however, was -the prelude to happier times, when the castles—after having been for a -season the strongholds of lawless domination—were transformed at last -into temples and sanctuaries for the regeneration of native freedom. It -was in the recesses of those embattled walls that the rights of the -people were at length asserted, that their wrongs were redressed, and -that the sword of despotism was transformed into a sceptre of peace. It -was by the masters of those castles that the bloodless victory of -Runnymede was achieved, and freedom established on a permanent basis.</p> - -<p>The continual struggle, however, in which these generous efforts -involved the early barons, had for a time its full portion of evil as -well as good. It distracted society, fostered suspicion and distrust in -the people, awakened personal animosities among the nobles, and -occasioned disunion among those who had but one great object in view, -that of securing and consolidating under one legitimate head the -interests of all. But the unwearied vigilance, prudence, and personal -intrepidity which were necessary to carry forward those labours to a -successful crisis, had the happy effect of bringing into full play the -noblest qualities of the human mind, and were the certain forerunners of -that political wisdom and military prowess which in every subsequent -reign have distinctly marked all our great national events.</p> - -<p>But to return to the subject before us—we may observe that at the -period of the Conquest the security of the new dynasty depended as much -upon the faithful attachment of its great vassals in time of peace, as -the late victory<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_136" id="page_136">{136}</a></span> had depended on their exertions in the field. Making -it therefore their interest to be faithful to him, William extended to -his followers immediate rewards with the prospect of future -aggrandizement. The number of those who had held rank in his army at the -battle of Hastings<a name="FNanchor_103_103" id="FNanchor_103_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_103_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a> amounted to seven hundred. To these extensive -domains were assigned (as already mentioned in the case of Roger -Montgomery) in all parts of England where, with true Norman policy, they -erected those majestic structures which overawed the conquered, and -secured to their lords the quiet enjoyment of their newly-acquired -power. But it is a fact not to be questioned, that these strongholds -were too often subservient to the worst purposes.<a name="FNanchor_104_104" id="FNanchor_104_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a> Where the will, -authority, or caprice of the chiefs was the only law; where his interest -and family aggrandizement were the great ends to be kept in view, -justice and humanity were not likely to hold the scales with an -impartial hand. The virtues of that age were not of the stamp which at a -later period characterized Fitzwalter and his brother barons. To extend -their possessions by the sword—as in their inroads across the Welsh and -Scottish frontier—to defend them by the like means—to exact implicit -obedience from their vassals and retainers—to marshal them under their -own banners in time of war, and to lead a life of feudal splendour in -the short intervals of peace, filled up the life and labours of the -great military leaders of that day. It was like the cloud which -intervened between the darker and brighter pages of our history; but -through which were seen occasional glimpses of those events which the -maturer age of chivalry, the growth of moral principle, and the progress -of refinement, improved to the national glory.</p> - -<p>The Castle of Rochester, though stripped of nearly all its outworks, and -mutilated in its internal features, is as perfect an example as we -possess of a Baronial castle. It exhibits in detail nearly all the -characteristic features of the eleventh and twelfth centuries; and where -the hand of violence has not been applied, it displays all the beauty of -outline, richness of work<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_137" id="page_137">{137}</a></span>manship, and solidity of structure, which mark -the great buildings of its class and period. The situation is exactly -such as the Norman barons usually selected for their strongholds. These -were in many instances built on the remains of Roman forts, or on those -which had been constructed or repaired in the time of Alfred, evidence -of which, may be generally obtained by a careful examination of the -substructure. The space it occupies is believed to have been the site of -a Roman fortress; for the point was too eligible, and the district -itself was too accessible, to have been left without a military defence -during their possession of the country. Besides, it was a station on the -great military road between Dover and London; and being in a central -point between the capital and the coast, and having the double advantage -of road and river communication, was peculiarly suited to all the -purposes of a provincial fortress.</p> - -<p>But in order that we may have a correct notion of the castellated -structures of those days, we shall here, in as few words as possible, -give a general idea of a <span class="eng">Norman Castle</span> or fortress<a name="FNanchor_105_105" id="FNanchor_105_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a>. It consisted, -with very few exceptions, of an enclosure of from five to ten acres of -land; and, as in the present instance, was encircled by a river, or -artificial canal called a moat, on the scarp or edge of which was a -strong wall, succeeded by another; and between these was the first -ballium, or outer court of the castle. Within the second wall, or that -which immediately surrounded the keep, or great tower, were storehouses -for the garrison, and other offices suitable to the extent and -distinction of the fortress. In the centre of this interior space or -enclosure, was the citadel, or master-tower, as it is more properly -called, in which resided the suzerain, or feudal chief; but occasionally -it was occupied by the deputy or castellan, who for the time being was -the representative of the baron, and had the full exercise of his -delegated authority. This master tower was generally built upon an -artificial mound, as already described in our notice of Arundel. It -contained the state-apartments, which were in proportion to the style -and retinue of the founder, with all the other domestic offices -belonging to the strongholds of that period. In the centre of the tower, -and descending to the lowest part of the foundation, were the dungeons, -in which were confined the prisoners of war, the felons or malefactors -of his jurisdiction. In several instances, access to the various -compartments of the castle was provided by secret inlets through the -centre of the walls, and by subterraneous passages made under the fosse, -as mentioned in the notice of Eltham.</p> - -<p>In advance of the ditch or moat, was the barbican, or outer defence, -with<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_138" id="page_138">{138}</a></span> a watch-tower that communicated with the interior by means of a -drawbridge across the moat, which opened inwards, so as to be under the -control</p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_138.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_138.jpg" height="165" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">of the sentinel or guard. The entrance to the ballium, or outer court, -was secured by gates, with a ponderous grating or portcullis, which was -raised or lowered by means of those iron chains and pulleys which are -still used in some of our military fortresses, and are always met with -in the fortified cities of the Netherlands. The walls were further -protected by towers and battlements, from which, as well as through the -numerous loopholes by which they were perforated, arrows and other -missiles could be discharged with deadly effect; while through the -apertures of the machicolation above,</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Sudden, on the assailants’ head,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Blocks of stone and molten lead,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">O’er the foe descending—gushing,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Scorching as they fell, or crushing<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Helmèd warriors in their fall,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Guarded each embattled wall.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>The outer walls were generally from six to ten feet thick; those of -Rochester Castle are seven<a name="FNanchor_106_106" id="FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a>; while the walls of the keep, to which -all looked for retreat under desperate circumstances, were often fifteen -feet in thickness, and contained in their centre many secret closets, -passages, and recesses, to which none but the castellan and his family -had access. In the castle of Glamis<a name="FNanchor_107_107" id="FNanchor_107_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a> there is a secret chamber, the -key of which is transmitted from father to son, and never known to more -than the “seigneur actuel,” and some trustworthy official. Before the -invention of artillery, one of these strongholds, such as we have -described, might have been considered impregnable; and when taken, the -surrender was generally in consequence of famine, revolt or cowardice on -the part of the garrison, or of stratagem on that of the besiegers.</p> - -<p>Nearly all the fortresses of this class were erected during the period -that elapsed between the reign of the Conqueror and that of Edward the -Third. The Castle of Rochester appears to have been erected soon after -the decisive battle of Hastings; and in tracing its history and that of -its founder, we shall adhere to the general opinion, so far as that may -be found to harmonise with historical documents. Castles built on the -Norman model varied according to the natural shape of the ground -selected for their erection. The military<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_139" id="page_139">{139}</a></span> baron, following the example -of the Roman general, selected that position to which nature had given -the best means of security, which provided against sudden approach or -surprise, and in cases of extremity, offered some facilities for escape, -of which various instances are recorded in history. The sites chosen -were generally on capes or promontories overlooking the sea; on high -banks protected by a river, or on isolated hills, where connecting -valleys, by forming a natural fosse, would interpose a chasm between the -besiegers and the besieged. These natural positions were readily taken -advantage of by the warlike baron; while the difficulty of access could -be increased by artificial means, such as damming up the stream which -flowed through the ravine, and thus transforming it into a temporary -lake. The situation of Rochester Castle is partly an example of this -kind: the high ground on which it stands, and its immediate access to -the river, were natural recommendations not to be lost sight of; and -which the founder took every opportunity of turning to the best account. -In castle-building the general maxim was—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Where the land o’erlooks the flood,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Steep with rocks and fringed with wood;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Where, throughout the circling year,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Wells the fountain fresh and clear;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Scoop the dungeon, rear the wall,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Pile on high the feudal hall.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>We shall now quote one or more authorities respecting the Castle of -Rochester. “Neere unto the church,” says Camden, “there standeth, over -the river, an olde Castle fortified both by art and situation, which, as -the report goeth, Odo, Bishop of Bayeux and Earle of Kent, built; but it -was no doubt King William the First that built it; for, in Domesday Book -we reade thus: ‘The Bishop of Roucester holdeth in Elesford for exchange -of the land on which the castle is seated.’ Yet certain it is that -Bishop Odo, when his hope descended of a doubtful change of the state, -held this against King William Rufus; all which time there passed a -proclamation through England, that whosoever would not be reputed a -‘niding,’ should repair to the recovery of Rochester Castle. Whereupon, -the youth, fearing that name as most reproachful and opprobrious in that -age, swarmed thither in such numbers, that Odo was enforced to yield the -place, lose his dignity, and abjure the realme.”</p> - -<p>But concerning the reconstruction of the “Kentishmen’s Castle,” Camden -quotes the text of Roffensis, an ancient manuscript of the Church of -Rochester, which narrates the following particulars:—“When King William -the Second would not confirm the gift of Lanfranck, unless Gundulph, -Bishop of Rochester, would give unto the king an hundred pounds of -deniers; at last, by the intercession of Sir Robert Fitzsimon, and -Henry, Earl of Warwick, the king granted it thus far forth in lieu for -the money which he demanded for grant<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_140" id="page_140">{140}</a></span> of the manor, that Bishop -Gundulph, because he was skilful and well experienced in architecture -and masonrie, should build for the king, at his own</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_140.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_140.jpg" width="224.5" height="313" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">proper charges, a castle of stone. In the end, when as the bishops were -hardlie brought to give their consent unto it before the king, Bishop -Gundulph built up the castle full and whole at his owne cost.—Hence the -name of <span class="eng">Gundulph’s Tower</span>.—And a little after, King Henrie the First -granted unto the church of Canterbury and to the archbishops the keeping -thereof, and the constableship, to hold ever after, as Florentius of -Worcester saith, yea and a licence withal to build in the same a towre -for themselves. Since which time it was besieged by one or two great -sieges, but then especially when the barons with their alarmes made all -England to shake; and Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, assaulted it -most fiercely, though in vaine, and cut down the wooden bridge, which -was afterwards repaired.”</p> - -<p>To the historical names and events thus connected with the castle we -shall briefly advert. <span class="eng">Odo</span>, whose name is so closely associated with the -castle and the county of Kent, was one of the military prelates who -followed the victorious standard of King William, pronounced a -benediction on his army at the battle of Hastings, and shared largely in -the plunder of the vanquished. He was half-brother, by the mother’s -side, to the Conqueror, and could handle the sword as well as the -crosier. William, to save the bishop and secure a steady adherent to the -crown, made him Earl of Kent, and along with the title conferred many -other substantial favours. “But,” says an old authority, “he was by -nature of a bad disposition and busie head, bent alwaies to sow sedition -and to trouble the state; whereupon, he was committed to prison<a name="FNanchor_108_108" id="FNanchor_108_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_141" id="page_141">{141}</a></span>by -a subtile distinction as Earle of Kent, and not as Bishop of Bayeux, in -regard of his holie orders; and afterwards, by a most dangerous -rebellion which he raised, he was, by his nephew King William Rufus, -deprived of his places of dignity, lost all his goods in England, and -abjured the realme.”</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_141.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_141.jpg" height="180" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>The rebellion in which he was concerned, and which proved fatal to this -ambitious and intriguing prelate, is matter of local history. He was a -formidable partisan, a man formed to be the leader of a conspiracy; he -had many friends among the most powerful of the barons; and when Duke -Robert promised to come over with an army to wrest the sceptre from his -brother Rufus, Odo engaged to do the rest. At the Easter festival, Rufus -kept his court at Winchester, and there he invited all the great lords -to attend him<a name="FNanchor_109_109" id="FNanchor_109_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a>. Odo and his friends were also there, and took that -opportunity of arranging his plans. From the festival he departed to -raise the standard of Robert in his old earldom of Kent; while Hugh de -Grantmesnil, Roger Bigod, Robert de Mowbray, Roger de Montgomery, -William Bishop of Durham, and Geoffrey of Coutance, repaired to do the -same in their respective fiefs and governments. Thus a sudden and -dangerous rising took place in many parts of England. But the insurgents -lost time; while the army from Normandy, which Odo was instructed to -provide for, was slow in making its appearance<a name="FNanchor_110_110" id="FNanchor_110_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a>. Rufus, in the mean -time, on hearing that warlike preparations were going forward in the -very heart of his kingdom, permitted his subjects to fit out cruisers, -which rendered him very important services; for the Normans calculated -that there was no royal navy to oppose them, and that they would be -received on landing by their confederates. The followers of Odo and his -party began to cross the Channel in small companies, and so many were -intercepted and destroyed by the English cruisers, that the attempted -invasion was abandoned. The bishop, however, had fortified the castles -of Rochester and Pevensey, and, fearful that no assistance might reach -him from Normandy, prepared to stand a siege. Rufus now issued the -proclamation already quoted—namely, “Let every man who is not a -nithing<a name="FNanchor_111_111" id="FNanchor_111_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_111_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a> (cipher)<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_142" id="page_142">{142}</a></span> in the martial catalogue of his country, quit -home and hearth, and hasten to join the standard of his sovereign!” To -this appeal thirty thousand men responded,—men of the old Saxon blood, -whom the conciliatory measures recently adopted by Rufus had brought -over to his cause. With this powerful army he marched against the -bishop, who having delegated the command of Rochester Castle to Eustace, -Earl of Boulogne, lay in the strong fortress of Pevensey, in expectation -that Duke Robert and his Normans might still make good their landing on -that part of the coast. After a siege of seven weeks, Odo was obliged to -surrender; and on taking an oath that he would place Rochester Castle in -the king’s hands, Rufus pardoned this act of rebellion, and dismissed -him, with an escort of Norman horse, to Rochester, there to fulfil his -engagement<a name="FNanchor_112_112" id="FNanchor_112_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_112_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a>. By a preconcerted plan, however, between Eustace and -himself, means were taken to evade the performance of his oath; for -while reciting the set form of words by which he demanded the surrender -of the castle, Eustace, pretending great indignation at the proposal, -arrested the bishop and his guards on the spot, as traitors to Robert, -and carried them into the castle. The scene was well acted; and Odo, -trusting to be screened from the accusation of perjury by the compulsory -means employed against him, remained in the fortress as a witness, and, -no doubt, an active partisan in the cause<a name="FNanchor_113_113" id="FNanchor_113_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_113_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a>.</p> - -<p>Exasperated by such treachery, Rufus soon environed the castle with a -powerful army of infantry and horsemen. The castle, however, was strong -and well garrisoned: five hundred Norman knights, without counting the -meaner sort, fought on its battlements; and after a long siege the place -was not taken by assault, but forced to surrender either by pestilential -disease, by famine, or probably by both. The English, who had shown -great ardour during the siege, would have granted no terms of -capitulation; but the Norman portion of the king’s army, who had friends -and relations in the castle, entertained very different sentiments, and -at their earnest entreaty, though not without difficulty, Rufus allowed -the besieged to march out with their arms and horses, and freely depart -the land<a name="FNanchor_114_114" id="FNanchor_114_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_114_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a>. The unconscionable bishop, however, would have included -in the capitulation a proviso that the king’s army should<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_143" id="page_143">{143}</a></span> not cause -their bands to play in sign of triumph as the garrison marched out; but -to this the king replied, in great anger, that he would not make such a -concession for a thousand marks of gold. The partisans of Robert then -came forward with colours lowered, and the king’s music playing the -while. When Odo appeared, there was a louder crash; the trumpets -screamed; and the English, scarcely able to keep their hands from his -person, shouted as he passed—“Oh for a halter to hang this perjured -murderous bishop<a name="FNanchor_115_115" id="FNanchor_115_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_115_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a>!” Such was Odo’s last appearance in the earldom of -Kent.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_143.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_143.jpg" width="414" height="312" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>The next important epoch in the history of this fortress is the <span class="eng">Siege</span>, -which carries us forward to the reign of King John—a reign of tumult -and civil distraction, but relieved in its darker features by events -which laid the foundation of British freedom. But the barons, as Hume -has justly observed, having once obtained the Great Charter, seem to -have been lulled into a fatal security. They took no rational measures, -in case of the introduction of a foreign force, for reassembling their -armies. The king was from the first master of the field, and immediately -laid siege to the Castle of Rochester,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_144" id="page_144">{144}</a></span> of which, at the head of a -hundred and forty knights with their retainers, William de Albini held -the command. A few of the particulars are thus recorded by -Holinshed:—“King John having recovered strength about him, and being -advertised that William de Albiney was entered into the castle of -Rochester with a great number of knights, men at arms, and other -souldiers, hasted thither with his whole armie and besieged them within, -enforcing himselfe by all waies possible to win the castell, as well by -battering the walles with engines as by giving thereunto many assaults. -But the garrison within, consisting of ninety-and-foure knights, beside -demilances and other souldiers, defended the place verie manfullie in -hope of rescue from the Barons, which laie then at London; but they -coming forward one daies journie unto Dartford, when they heard that the -king was comming forward in good arraie for battel to meet them, upon -consideration had of their own forces—for they were not able to match -him with footemen—they returned backe again to the citie, breaking that -assured promise which they had made and also confirmed by their solemn -oaths; which was, that if the castell of Rochester should chance to be -besieged, they would not faile but raise the siege<a name="FNanchor_116_116" id="FNanchor_116_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_116_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a>.”</p> - -<p>“At length they within for want of vittels were constrained to yield it -up unto the king after it had been besieged the space of three-score -daies; during which time they had beaten back their enemies at sundrie -assaults with great slaughter and losse. But the king having now got the -possession of that hold, upon grief conceived for the losse of so manie -men, and also because he had lien so long about it yer he could winne it -to his inestimable cost of charges, was determined to have put them all -to death that had kept it. But Sauveric de Mauleon advised him -otherwise<a name="FNanchor_117_117" id="FNanchor_117_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_117_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a>, lest, by such crueltie, the barons in any like case -should be occasioned to use the same extremitie towards such of his -people as by chance might fall into their hands. Thus<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_145" id="page_145">{145}</a></span> the king spared -William de Albiney and the other nobles and gentlemen, and sent them to -Corfe Castle, and other places, to be kept as prisoners<a name="FNanchor_118_118" id="FNanchor_118_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a>.</p> - -<p>“Neverthelesse—as the booke that belonged to Bernewell Abbie -saith—there was not any of them hanged, saving one arcubalister onelie, -whome the king had brought up of a child. But, howsoever the king dealt -with them after they were yielded, true it is (as by the same booke it -appeareth) there had been no siege in those daies more earnestlie -inforced, nor more obstinatlie defended: for after that all the limmes -of the castelle had beene reuersed and throune downe, they kept the -maister tower, till halfe thereof was also overthrowne, and after kept -the other halfe, till through famine they were constreined to yeeld, -having nothing but horsse-flesh and water to susteine their liues -withall<a name="FNanchor_119_119" id="FNanchor_119_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_119_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a>.”</p> - -<p>Of William de Albini, who had command of the castle garrison, and was -the best officer among the confederated barons, the following anecdote -is recorded<a name="FNanchor_120_120" id="FNanchor_120_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_120_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a>:—Early one morning, after the fortunes of the besieged -had become nearly desperate, and when Albini was making his usual round -of the battlements, to see that all was in good order and every man at -his post, he<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_146" id="page_146">{146}</a></span> was thus accosted by one of his retainers, a favourite -cross-bowman: “Seigneur, behold the tyrant!” pointing at the same -instant to the well-known person of King John, who was cautiously -reconnoitring the weakened points of the castle.</p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_146.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_146.jpg" width="221" height="320" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>“Well,” said Albini, “it is the king; what wouldest thou?”</p> - -<p>“Shall I take him off, by your leave?” said the bowman, suiting the -action to the word and adjusting a steel bolt to the bow-string; “shall -I despatch this swift messenger to his highness? only say the word!”</p> - -<p>“Nay, God forbid!” said Albini, raising his hand to check the rash -attempt—“forbear! it is the king!”</p> - -<p>“Very well, seigneur,” said the arcubalister, with a mortified air; “be -it according to your pleasure. Only, methinks, that were the tyrant in -your place, and you on the outwork yonder, there would be no ‘God -forbid!’ ’Tis a fine target, seigneur!”</p> - -<p>“Nay, nay, no more of this; keep thy shafts for better use; we must not -do as the king would do, nor as the king has done. He is the anointed of -the realm; and if his deeds have ill corresponded with his duties, we -shall not mend things by an act of treachery.”</p> - -<p>“True, seigneur,” said the bowman, submissively, but still keeping his -eye on the mark, and raising the weapon instinctively to his eye; “and -yet, ’tis the last chance, and when the horse-flesh and fresh water fail -us, God have mercy upon the garrison!”</p> - -<p>“Let us abide the worst,” said Albini; “brave hearts and the favour of -Heaven are a match for the king and all his army. Besides, I expect -Fitzwalter and his barons to raise the siege.”</p> - -<p>“They are right tardy in their march, seigneur; almost two months have -they loitered thus.”</p> - -<p>“Nay, methinks I see them even now, descending yonder height. Seest thou -aught?”</p> - -<p>“I can see nothing but the king and this cross-bow,” said the archer; -“and now,” added he, despondingly, “<span class="lftspc">’</span>tis beyond reach—‘tis lost!<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_147" id="page_147">{147}</a></span>”</p> - -<p>“No matter,” said Albini, “thou hast more honourable work before thee: -for see, they prepare for a new assault—the ladders are out—to thy -post, and I to mine. The event is with God, not with King John!”</p> - -<p>“Maybe so,” said the staunch bowman, “maybe so, but with King John I wot -is neither sickness nor starvation, His host, I warrant me, have all -breakfasted this morning, while some that I could name have been three -days under arms with little better cheer than the castle well.”</p> - -<p>“Too true,” said Albini, “too true. We must all fast as well as fight; -but to-night, please God, even to-night, the barons may arrive, the -siege may be raised, and thou and thy brave companions shall sup in the -king’s larder. What say’st thou to that, Hugo?”</p> - -<p>“My appetite is right keen, seigneur, and my thirst not a whit behind my -appetite.”</p> - -<p>“Well then, courage! and see what God will send us.”</p> - -<p>“Amen!” said the bowman, “and never fear me for courage when Albini -commands. And yet, seigneur, had this little bolt been sent home, much -blood, methinks, would have been spared. But no matter now, the die is -cast; and if once caught by the tyrant, yonder stands the gibbet! So -once more, here goes.”</p> - -<p>“Ay, by my troth, and a right good aim,” said Albini; “thou hast hit the -first man between the joints of his harness—he tumbles dead from the -ladder. This is the right game, so once more, God and freedom be the -word!”</p> - -<p>“God and freedom!” responded the bowman; and herewith the closing -horrors of the siege began.</p> - -<p>The aid sent to the barons by the French court in this struggle is -stated at nearly seven thousand men. “Heere is to be noted,” says -Holinshed, “that during the siege of Rochester, as some write, there -came out of France to the number neere hand of seaven thousand men, sent -from the French king vnto the aid of the barons, at the suit of Saer de -Quincie Earle of Winchester, and other ambassadours that were sent from -the barons, during the time of this siege; although it should seeme, by -Matthew Paris, that the said earle was not sent till after the Pope had -excommunicated the barons. The Frenchmen that came over at this first -time landed at Orwell, and other hauens there neere adioining<a name="FNanchor_121_121" id="FNanchor_121_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_121_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a>.”</p> - -<p>Elated with the success which had crowned his operations against the -Castle of Rochester, King John, says the historian<a name="FNanchor_122_122" id="FNanchor_122_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_122_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a>, marched through -the kingdom like an implacable despot, inflicting every act of barbarity -and spoliation on the relations and estates of those who had opposed his -tyrannical measures.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_148" id="page_148">{148}</a></span> In the mean time, the barons, hopeless of ever -retrieving their wretched state of affairs by their own unaided -strength, had recourse to the last painful expedient of calling in -foreign aid, and applied to Philip of France, who, as it favoured his -own interest, and flattered his ambition, was easily persuaded to enter -into their views. Intent upon this grand object, extensive preparations -were set on foot; an armament was fitted out, and the following year, -his son Louis the Dauphin was placed at its head, and with a fleet of -seven hundred vessels set sail for the English coast. Landing at the -port of Sandwich, the French auxiliaries were joined by those of the -confederate barons, and presented so menacing a front that King John, -becoming alarmed, left the capital and set out for Winchester. On his -march through Sussex he was met by Gualo, the Pope’s nuncio, who had -just arrived in England, and in whom the despotic monarch found a warm -partisan. For the sacrilegious Dauphin having thus dared to invade the -patrimony of St. Peter—as his Holiness was pleased to style the -kingdom—it became his duty to wield the spiritual weapons of the Church -against him. With this view he repaired to the French camp, and there -excommunicated with all due solemnity the rash intruder and his whole -army. Louis was at first intimidated by this awful denunciation, and -made some concessions in order to ward off the coming vengeance; but -when he found that the sun was not darkened—that the elements did not -fight against him—that his camp was not depopulated, nor his march -impeded, he resumed courage, set the legate at defiance, and proceeded -in his expedition. As the first operation of the war, he invested the -Castle of Rochester, which, having lost much of its defensive outworks -in the previous siege, could offer no effectual resistance, and speedily -fell into the hands of the Dauphin. He then proceeded to London, where -he was received with triumph<a name="FNanchor_123_123" id="FNanchor_123_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_123_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a>. But the King dying the same year, his -son Henry succeeded to the throne, and this event, for a time, restored -public tranquillity, and rendered the cause of freedom independent of -foreign influence.</p> - -<p>Rochester Castle, however, was destined to figure once more in the same -great question which had agitated the country during the preceding -reign. Henry the Third, by that open predilection for foreigners which -he exhibited on various public occasions, had excited both disgust and -indignation among the nobles of his own court, who in their turn lost no -favourable occasion of manifesting the sentiments by which they were -guided. This spirit was fully evinced at the grand tournaments which -from time to time drew together the chivalry of the land, and where they -always found, to their mortification, a preference given to foreign -adventurers by the English monarch. Meditating<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_149" id="page_149">{149}</a></span> designs against the -freedom of his own people, he naturally foresaw the consequences, and -appears to have been anxious to conciliate the favour of those foreign -knights whom, after the manner of his father, he could make the willing -instruments of his despotism whenever the question should be ripe for -discussion in the field. This unnational prejudice was particularly -observed at the great solemn tournament which was held on the 8th of -December, 1251, in the fields to the south-east of Rochester Castle. It -was one of the most imposing military spectacles that had ever taken -place in the King’s presence, and numbered among the combatants the -noblest and the bravest of the land; while the lists were graced with -all that native beauty and virtue which so fascinated the chivalry of -other nations, and inspired the noblest deeds among their own. Attracted -to this spectacle, where they were sure of a cordial welcome, a crowd of -foreign knights arrived at Rochester on the eve of the fete, and were -received with marked distinction by the king. The morning of the -spectacle brought a still greater portion into the lists; but the events -of the day were not marked by anything in speech or bearing that could -reflect disgrace on the knightly courtesy which passed between the -combatants. The English knights, determined to maintain their national -character, entered the lists against all foreigners without exception. -Their challenge was freely accepted by the strangers, and in the course -of the day many a spear was shivered, many a knight unhorsed; but still -the palm was borne away by Englishmen. Mortified with defeat, the -foreigners were compelled to retire into the city without any of the -usual tokens of victory for which they had travelled so far; while some -of them, conscious that their conduct in the lists had violated certain -laws of chivalry, took refuge in the Castle, there to avoid popular -indignation and await some favourable moment for escape<a name="FNanchor_124_124" id="FNanchor_124_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a>.</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_149.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_149.jpg" width="153.5" height="131" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>It was on this occasion that Henry was made fully aware of the spirit -which now actuated his young nobles; and the result was another civil -war, and another siege of the Castle of Rochester by Simon de Montfort. -The Castle at that time was held by Earl Warren for the King; and on -Montfort’s arrival on the west bank of the Medway, opposite the -fortress, he found an army strongly posted, and ready to dispute with -him the passage of the bridge. He determined, nevertheless, to try the -fortune of war. He condensed his strength, and, having sent Gilbert de -Clare to attack the town on the south,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_150" id="page_150">{150}</a></span> so as to draw off part of the -enemy’s force and divert his attention from the design in progress, he -then ordered vessels to be filled with combustibles, and setting fire to -them, sent them adrift on the stream, which, running strong at this -point, bore them immediately down against the wooden bridge which then -crossed the river. The bridge having caught fire, the smoke and flames -which issued from the timber arches drove the enemy from their position -in the centre of the bridge, where they had charge of a tower, with a -drawbridge which cut off all communication with the opposite side. -During the obscurity and confusion which this stratagem occasioned, -Montfort, seizing the favourable instant, passed the river in boats, and -commenced his attack upon the outposts with such resolution and success -that he entered the city in the evening of Good Friday—spoiled the -Church, and vigorously attacked the Castle. Warren and his gallant -supporters, however, defended the citadel with such courage and -determination that, after a siege of seven days and nights, Leicester -had only captured some of the outworks. Yet owing to the state of the -Castle at that time, it is very probable that had the siege been -continued only a short time longer, it must have fallen into his hands. -But the great cause in which he had embarked demanding his presence in -London, which was threatened with a hostile visitation from the king, he -drew off the main body of his army to defend the capital, and thus the -Castle of Rochester was spared the disgrace of another surrender. -Shortly after this, Montfort, as Earl of Leicester, fought the battle of -Lewes, where, as already described in a former part of this work, he -gained a victory which richly compensated for the sudden retreat from -the Castle of Rochester.</p> - -<p>Subsequently to this period, the Castle of Count Odo—as this fortress -is sometimes called—continued to be held by successive constables, men -of high military standing in the country. But from the above period -downwards it has not been the scene of any remarkable event, and -consequently its history is little more than an enumeration of its -castellans and the local incidents and irritations with which their -caprice or authority diversified the not always “even tenor” of their -sway<a name="FNanchor_125_125" id="FNanchor_125_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_125_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a>.</p> - -<p>The chief duty in which they appear to have latterly engaged<a name="FNanchor_126_126" id="FNanchor_126_126"></a><a href="#Footnote_126_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a> was -that<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_151" id="page_151">{151}</a></span> of keeping a vigilant eye upon the monastery, which was gradually -rising in strength, and improving in territory as the Castle ramparts -fell into disuse; and, considering the talents possessed by the bishops -and superior clergy who successively presided in the Cathedral and -adjoining cloisters of Rochester, the office of castellan was no -sinecure. Stephen de Dene, however, attempted to set a bold example to -his successors in that office by taxing the monks for certain premises -about their convent; but the latter carried the day, and the question -being tried by law, the castellan was not merely nonsuited, but -dismissed from his office under the Crown. From that time, therefore, no -man appears to have been hardy enough to contest a civil question with -the spiritual authorities; and we may conclude that more than one or two -of these castellans would have enacted the tyrants of the place, had -they not been deterred by the sturdy bedesmen, and the terrors of -excommunication. Thus mutual vigilance between the castle and the -convent did the public tranquillity some service. But it was the -invention of gunpowder, the use of cannon, which gave the finishing blow -to all these magnificent ruins upon which we still gaze with feelings of -mixed wonder and veneration. Ceasing to be places of security—unless in -particular instances—they ceased to be appreciated for any other -quality of site or structure. Commanded, as that of Rochester is by all -the neighbouring heights, it could offer no resistance to those engines -which supplanted the balista, the battering-ram, and the cross-bows; and -continued thenceforward to be a mere monument of other days, reminding -us of those patriotic men and measures by which the national liberties -had been achieved, and who led the way to these happier times, when the -safeguard of society is the law of the country, and when the humblest -cottage is a domestic fortress.</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Unconquer’d patriots! form’d by ancient lore,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">The love of ancient freedom to restore;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Who nobly acted what they boldly thought,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And seal’d, by death, the lessons which they taught.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>At the accession of James the First—whose personal recollections of -Falkland and Gowrie House had given him a noted abhorrence of all such -strongholds—Rochester Castle was one of the Crown manors, but was then -given, with all its services annexed, to Sir Anthony Weldon<a name="FNanchor_127_127" id="FNanchor_127_127"></a><a href="#Footnote_127_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a>, of -Swans<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_152" id="page_152">{152}</a></span>combe. Much land in Kent and other counties is held of the Castle -of Rochester by the service of “perfect castle guard.” Every St. -Andrew’s Day, old style, a banner is hung out at the house of the -steward; and if there be any unlucky tenant who cannot bring in his rent -at the hour specified, he is liable to have the sum doubled at “every -return of the tide” in the Medway, till the whole amount is paid up. -Nothing, therefore, can be more unwelcome to the ear of the insolvent -tenant, than that peculiarly harsh sound with which the full tide rushes -through the centre arch of Rochester Bridge on the thirtieth of -November. In vain his friend ejaculates, addressing the steward—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Gladly would thy servant pay,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Spare him but another day!<br /></span> -<span class="i1">He’d not absent him from your audit—<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Poor man! he’d pay it an’ he had it!”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p class="nind">but the immovable steward answers—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Spare him? No!—Let the law decide—<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Think ye that I can ‘<i>stop the tide</i>?’<span class="lftspc">”</span><br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p class="nind">So true it is, that time and tide wait for no man.</p> - -<p>When at last, like so many of its contemporaries, this castle was -finally deserted as a habitable dwelling, it was stripped of all its -carpentry, the hewn stone composing the stairs was removed, and all the -materials that could be turned to money were announced for public sale. -The old timber, consisting of the oak joists, on which rested the roof -and floors of the principal apartments, was bought up and employed in -the construction of a brewhouse<a name="FNanchor_128_128" id="FNanchor_128_128"></a><a href="#Footnote_128_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a>. But in attempting to remove the -solid materials of the walls, the operations were suddenly arrested by -this conviction, that it was much easier to quarry from nature than from -such a reservoir of art; for the pickaxes made so little progress in the -demolition of these massive walls—the very mortar of which is harder -than the stones it cemented together—that the enterprise was soon given -up in despair, as the chasm now left in the outer wall fully -demonstrates<a name="FNanchor_129_129" id="FNanchor_129_129"></a><a href="#Footnote_129_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a>. The stone<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_153" id="page_153">{153}</a></span> employed in by far the greater portion of -the Castle is the same as that used in the Tower of London<a name="FNanchor_130_130" id="FNanchor_130_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_130_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a>, built -under the same ecclesiastical architect, Bishop Gundulph; and is what -passes under the name of Caen-stone, a vast quantity of which must have -been imported from the royal quarries in Normandy. In several of the -repairs, however, native stone appears to have been used; but it was -introduced, comparatively, at a late period. The facing of the walls is -all of Normandy free-stone, and the centre is filled up with grout-work; -that is, a mass of pebbles, flint shells, and sand, cemented by mortar -poured into the interstices in a liquid state, and forming the whole -into a solid, compact, and almost inseparable mass, more durable than -the stone itself, and capable of resisting the action of the weather -with scarcely any perceptible loss of substance.</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_153.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_153.jpg" width="242.5" height="303" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="eng">Visit to the Ruins.</span>—Having thus far adverted only very briefly to the -several compartments of which this majestic fortress consists, we shall -now take them more in detail, and introduce such particulars as may -serve to conduct the stranger in his research, and point out those -objects in the Castle which chiefly arrest attention, and fix themselves -in the memory<a name="FNanchor_131_131" id="FNanchor_131_131"></a><a href="#Footnote_131_131" class="fnanchor">[131]</a>.</p> - -<p><span class="eng">The Entrance</span> into the Castle area was by a bridge formed on two arches, -over a deep dry fosse. On each side of the portal, part of which is -remaining, is an angular recess, with arches on the outside that -commanded the avenues; and over the gateway and the recesses was a large -tower. The Keep stands at the south-east angle of the area, and in the -opinion of some writers, with a tower in Dover Castle, and the White -Tower within the Tower of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_154" id="page_154">{154}</a></span> London, was erected by Julius Cæsar. But we -have already shown that the architect was undoubtedly Bishop Gundulph. -The area of the castle district is about three hundred feet square; but -all the inner buildings, storehouses, magazines, stables, armouries, -have long since mouldered away.</p> - -<p><span class="eng">The Tower</span>, or Keep, and, as it is generally called, in honour of the -builder, Gundulph’s Tower, is quadrangular, its angles nearly -corresponding with the four cardinal points of the compass. It is about -seventy feet square at the base; the outside of the walls is built with -a slight inclination towards the centre, and, in general, are about -twelve feet thick. Adjoining to the east angle of this, is a small -tower, about two-thirds of the former in height, and twenty-eight feet -square. In this tower was</p> - -<p><span class="eng">The Grand Entrance</span>, with a noble flight of steps, eight feet wide, -through a lofty arched gateway, richly ornamented</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_154.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_154.jpg" width="239" height="319" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">with curious fretwork, the zig-zag or chevron characteristics of the -time. For the greater security of this entrance, there was a drawbridge, -under which was the common entrance to the lower apartments of the Great -Tower, which consisted of only two divisions, and, receiving no light -from without, must have been as dark and gloomy as a cave underground. -They are divided by a partition-wall, five feet thick, which is -continued to the top, so that the rooms were twenty-one by forty-six -feet on each floor. In the lower part of the walls are several narrow -openings, or slits, for the partial admission of air and light; and in -the partition-wall are also arches, by which the two rooms communicated -with each other. These were probably the store-rooms of the Castle. In -the partition-wall in the centre of the Great Tower, is that upon which -the tenure of the whole fortress depended, and without which neither -strength nor stratagem could avail the besieged—namely, that -indispensable necessary,</p> - -<p><span class="eng">The Well.</span>—This was admirably contrived; its diameter is thirty-three<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_155" id="page_155">{155}</a></span> -inches, and the workmanship is finely executed. This hollow tunnel, or -shaft, passes through the centre of the wall, from the turrets to the -foundation, and communicates with every floor; so that an ample supply -of water could be had with the greatest convenience. It was literally -such as the poet describes; not liable to have its clear lymph disturbed -by those accidental circumstances to which other fountains are subject. -Fons erat “Castelli”—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i4">Quem neque pastores, neque pastæ monte capellæ<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Contigerant, aliudve pecus; quem nulla volucris,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Nec fera turbârat, nec lapsus ab arbore ramus.<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="eng">The Prison.</span>—On the north-east side, within the Great Tower, is a small -arched doorway, through which is a descent by steps leading into a -vaulted apartment under the Small Tower. This is supposed to have been -the state prison; and in shape, substance, and dimensions, it well -corresponds with such a destination. One may still fancy the words which -it once addressed to the shackled captives as they entered this dreary -receptacle—“Voi qui entrate quì, lasciate ogni speranza!”—and, no -doubt, it has witnessed many a scene of crime and desperation concerning -which history and tradition are alike silent.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_155.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_155.jpg" width="302" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="eng">The Battlements.</span>—From the ground-floor there is a winding staircase, -between five and six feet wide, in the east angle, which leads to the -top of the Tower, and, in its ascent, communicates with every floor. The -steps were nearly demolished during the frequent attempts made to remove -the hewn stone, during the time already mentioned, when this baronial -monument was condemned by sordid interest, and that spirit of native -Vandalism from which<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_156" id="page_156">{156}</a></span> it was only rescued by the invincible nature of -its own masonry, which resisted all efforts employed for its -destruction. The staircase, however, is still accessible, in spite of -the efforts made to destroy it, and retains the impressions of the -winding centres on which the arches were turned. The floor of the</p> - -<p><span class="eng">First Story</span> was about thirteen feet from the ground. The holes in the -walls opposite, where the timbers were laid, distinctly mark the -different stages or floors. But the massive oaken joists were long since -disposed of in the way we have mentioned, when the walls were finally -dismantled, the interior laid open to the weather, and the timber of the -Barons’ Hall sold to construct Gimmet’s brewhouse. These oaken joists -were nearly a foot square, and about thirteen inches apart, but less in -the upper floors, and extended from the outer wall to the centre -partition, where their sockets still appear in the stone. In the west -angle is another staircase, which ascends from the floor to the top of -the tower, and, like the former, communicates with every room. In this -story</p> - -<p><span class="eng">The Rooms</span> are about twenty feet high, and were probably intended for the -accommodation of the Barons’ household servants. The apartment in the -north-east side, in the Small Tower over the prison, and into which the -outward door of the grand entrance opened, was on this floor, and was -about thirteen feet square, and richly ornamented with Norman -chisel-work, in which the chevron moulding on the arches of the doors -and windows is the characteristic feature. This room communicated with -the state apartments in the Great Tower, by means of an archway, six -feet by ten and secured by means of a portcullis; the groove for which -is well worked in the main wall through to the next story. The rooms -also communicate with each other, by means of arches in the partition; -and in the external walls are many holes, or œillets, for the admission -of light, and the discharge of weapons in time of a siege. In the north -angle of this floor, appears to have been a small room, with a fireplace -in it, which antiquaries have described as the guardroom of certain -officers of the garrison<a name="FNanchor_132_132" id="FNanchor_132_132"></a><a href="#Footnote_132_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a>. In the south-east is a small door -intended, it is supposed, for those who were not admitted at the grand -entrance; the inside of which is constructed in a manner peculiarly -adapted for its security. From this floor we ascend by the principal -staircase to</p> - -<p><span class="eng">The State Apartments</span>, or Barons’ Hall, which, in point of size, -proportion, decoration, and harmonious combination of parts, presents a -noble specimen of Norman design and workmanship. The arches, doors, and -window are elaborately chiselled, and exhibit most of the beautiful -mouldings of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_157" id="page_157">{157}</a></span> which the architecture of that day was so prolific. This -apartment was about thirty-two feet high, separated by three massive -columns, each eighteen feet in height, forming four grand arches richly -ornamented, and included the</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_157.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_157.jpg" width="305.5" height="412" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">whole space within the walls. The stair leading to this was much more -commodious than the others; and in cases of danger and necessity, the -great warlike engines then in use could be set up in the hall<a name="FNanchor_133_133" id="FNanchor_133_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_133_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a>, for -the immediate protection of its inmates.</p> - -<p>The chimneys were semicircular, very capacious, and projected -considerably into the rooms, and rested upon small pillars. The smoke -was carried off from each fireplace by means of a perforation in the -wall behind. The sinks<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_158" id="page_158">{158}</a></span> were so contrived in an oblique direction that -no weapon could be sent up them.<a name="FNanchor_134_134" id="FNanchor_134_134"></a><a href="#Footnote_134_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a> All the interior arches, doorways, -and windows, are ornamented with the same carved mouldings as those -already mentioned.</p> - -<p>With respect to the Chapel in Rochester Castle, no precise account has -been given; and even its place in the fortress is still a subject of -conjecture. But that an oratory once existed here, as in all other -strongholds of the same class, there can be no doubt; and in the upper -story, next the battlements, are the remains of semicircular arches<a name="FNanchor_135_135" id="FNanchor_135_135"></a><a href="#Footnote_135_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a> -in the wall, which, perhaps, mark the spot under which stood the altar -of the garrison Chapel<a name="FNanchor_136_136" id="FNanchor_136_136"></a><a href="#Footnote_136_136" class="fnanchor">[136]</a>. Other appearances in the same floor seem to -strengthen the conjecture. At Arundel Castle, the Oratory, as described -in a first portion of this work, occupied the highest story of the Keep; -and it seems by no means improbable that in Rochester Castle<a name="FNanchor_137_137" id="FNanchor_137_137"></a><a href="#Footnote_137_137" class="fnanchor">[137]</a> the -Chapel may have occupied a similar position. But if not here, there is -no other part of the Castle with which any oratory or chapel can be so -properly identified.</p> - -<p>About midway in the ascent to the next or highest floor, there is a -narrow arched passage or gallery in the main wall, quite round the -Tower. In the Upper Floor, the apartments appear to have been sixteen -feet high. The roof, as above mentioned, was long since removed, and -from top to bottom nothing is left but the naked walls. The stone -gutters which carried off the rain are still entire. From this upper -portion, the stair rises about ten feet higher to the top of the Great -Tower, which is about one hundred and four feet from the ground, and -surrounded with battlements and embrasures seven feet high. At each of -the four angles is a turret, about twelve feet square, with floor and -battlement above it. From this elevation the panoramic view of the -country is highly interesting. The neighbouring heights, bristling with -military forts and covered with standards; the Medway studded with -ships, and seen as far as its confluence with the Thames; -Brompton—Chatham Lines—the Dockyard—Upnor Castle—the wooded heights -opposite; the bridge, once the most elegant in England—Strood, -Rochester, Chatham, and numerous other scenes and objects with which the -historical deeds of the past are closely associated—all awaken so deep -and lasting an interest in the spectator’s mind, that it would be -difficult to select any point in the kingdom which embraces a landscape -so various and so striking in its character.</p> - -<p>A very accurate investigator of the antiquities of Rochester, and who<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_159" id="page_159">{159}</a></span> -resided in the neighbourhood and made repeated researches on the -subject, was of opinion, that a wall must have extended originally from -the tower in the east wall to that in the west. The ground to the north -of this partition-wall would answer to what in other Norman castles is -often called the inner ballium, bayle, or court-yard. Several towers -were stationed in the angles and sides of the Castle-walls, to give more -scope to the besieged in the distribution of their forces; and, in -particular, there was a large tower at the north angle, for the security -of the</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_159.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_159.jpg" width="241" height="182" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">bridge. Near this tower is a long opening in the wall from top to -bottom, which is supposed to have been used for the secret conveyance of -stores and necessaries, from boats in the river, into the Castle. In the -south angle of the walls, there was another tower; and from the number -of loop-holes, it must have been designed to annoy an enemy who had -succeeded in any attack on the south gate of the city. At a small -distance from this tower are steps descending to Bully or Boley -Hill<a name="FNanchor_138_138" id="FNanchor_138_138"></a><a href="#Footnote_138_138" class="fnanchor">[138]</a>; and while the Castle was in force, there might be here a -postern gate to this part of the outworks.</p> - -<p>In a survey of this gigantic fortress and its now deserted walls the -imagination is powerfully awakened. It speaks audibly of generations -long since swept away; when the life of a chieftain, as Mr. Dallaway -observes, appears to have been passed in building castles, and in -defending them when not actively employed in destroying those of others. -Although constructed as if to last for ages, the long reign of Henry the -Third, spent in a ceaseless contest between the King and his revolting -Barons, affords numerous instances of fortresses which were scarcely -finished before the outworks, at least, were levelled with the ground. -They more frequently escaped utter ruin after a long and obstinate -siege. This demolition was effected by means of vast military engines, -such as the catapulta and battering-ram, the use of which had been -retained, and applied according to the Roman system of war<a name="FNanchor_139_139" id="FNanchor_139_139"></a><a href="#Footnote_139_139" class="fnanchor">[139]</a>. These -observations belong likewise to the Barons’ wars in the reign of the -second Edward. We cannot, indeed, in the words of the same authority, -fairly<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_160" id="page_160">{160}</a></span> account for the total subversion of so many castles as the -Chronicles have asserted, but by concluding that after a castle was -taken, the whole soldiery engaged as victors did not leave until the -entire demolition was effected, agreeably to the sentence—“funditus -demoliendum<a name="FNanchor_140_140" id="FNanchor_140_140"></a><a href="#Footnote_140_140" class="fnanchor">[140]</a>!” The Castle of Rochester is one of the few that have -survived the effects of time and revolutions; and in the almost entire -state of its Keep and other subordinate compartments, distinctly points -out the living manners of the people, and their warlike operations -during the turbulent periods of the national history.</p> - -<p>In process of time, several improvements, both in respect to military -strength and commodious habitation, were adopted in these Norman -fortresses. The second ballium was protected by smaller towers; and -those of the barbican and gate of entrance admitted of spacious rooms. -In these the feudal Baron resided with his family, who only made use of -the Keep during a siege, or when driven to it as a place of -security<a name="FNanchor_141_141" id="FNanchor_141_141"></a><a href="#Footnote_141_141" class="fnanchor">[141]</a> under any sudden danger or alarm.</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_160.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_160.jpg" width="264" height="191.5" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>In Rochester Castle there was this peculiarity among others, the passage -or narrow gallery which was lighted from the interior and by a small -loophole. This passage did not run horizontally, but rose unequally, and -without were steep steps leading to a false portal. This served as a -military stratagem, by means of which in the most desperare -circumstances the conflict might be kept up by the besieged even after -the Keep itself had been forcibly entered. Each successive rise in the -gallery was a point which could be defended by the inmates, who, when -driven back, could take up a second position in the same passage, which, -by its elevation, would give them a similar command over their -assailants, while only a few of their own body were exposed at once. -These and similar contrivances and decoys evince great ingenuity on the -part of the architects.</p> - -<p>Another peculiarity in Rochester Castle is the absence of the lofty -artificial mound on which so many of the ancient castles are built, and -of which that of Arundel, already described, is an instance. But -Gundulph, the architect<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_161" id="page_161">{161}</a></span> who enjoyed “the greatest celebrity in the -reigns immediately succeeding the Conquest, appears to have considered -the artificial mound, originally of Danish usage, as unnecessary.” His -castles are distinguished from all others of that period by their -stately dimensions, and the genius displayed in their design—by the -military contrivances already mentioned, and by the solidity and skilful -execution of the workmanship. His central towers are so lofty as to -contain four distinct floors: in the basement was the dungeon, without -light; while the portal, or grand entrance, was many feet above the -ground, so that the necessity for an artificial mound was greatly -obviated. But his greatest merit consisted in various architectural -contrivances, by means of which as much security was afforded to his -Keeps, as by their elevation and real strength.<a name="FNanchor_142_142" id="FNanchor_142_142"></a><a href="#Footnote_142_142" class="fnanchor">[142]</a> Bishop Gundulph -died at the commencement of the twelfth century, but having completed -the Tower of London and the Castle of Rochester, he may be considered as -having invented and left models of that description of castle -architecture, which, in the opinion of all competent judges, bear ample -testimony to his abilities as an architect. He was consecrated bishop of -Rochester by his illustrious patron the archbishop Lanfranc, in March, -1077, and lived thirty years in possession of the see. He is said to -have been “the first who introduced the architectural ornaments of the -Norman style both within side and without.” Of this, the interior of the -state apartments affords abundant evidence; and whoever takes a view of -these from the <span class="eng">West Gallery</span> leading round the inside of the court, -cannot fail to be struck with the beauty of the chevron mouldings by -which the principal arches of the doors and windows are all elaborately -adorned. In many instances these mouldings appear quite sharp, as if -fresh from the sculptor’s chisel.</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_161.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_161.jpg" width="199.5" height="268" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>In the Castle of Rochester there is another portion in the basement -story which is well deserving of attention. Over the present entrance is -a temporary scaffolding of wood, supported by props of the same material -inserted into the masonry beneath. On the left is a small arch with an -inner door<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_162" id="page_162">{162}</a></span>way; and immediately under the platform is one of larger -span, showing the thickness of the wall. Within the latter, which is of -strong compact workmanship faced with small blocks of stone, is a -staircase, consisting of a flight of Caen stone steps which lead to the -inner gallery, and thence to all the apartments. From this the light -penetrates the enclosure underneath, streaming down the steps, but in -such a manner as to increase rather than diminish the effect produced by -a survey of this melancholy receptacle. It was through this passage -that, in feudal times, the prisoners and military captives were -introduced to that destination which awaited them at the hands of the -feudal lord. Standing in this dreary vestibule, with the door of the -prison on the left, and the archway and main staircase that communicated -with the Baron’s Hall on the right, it requires but little force of -imagination to conjure up one of the many scenes of mingled triumph and -despair which must have often met and exchanged glances under that very -arch. The same victory which awoke the sounds of festive mirth in the -Hall, and summoned the Baron and his warlike knights to the feast, -consigned his prisoners to the dungeon, where the bitterness of their -fate was increased by their conscious vicinity to the Banquet Hall. Odo, -it may be presumed, made much use of this gloomy appendix to his Castle; -for the vast treasures which he collected during his occupation of the -fortress were not secured without the frequent imprisonment and -oppression of his vassals, and of those wealthier individuals in the</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_162.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_162.jpg" width="312.5" height="243" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">county over whom his judicial authority extended. During the time he -exercised an almost unlimited power as Earl of Kent, and kept his court -in<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_163" id="page_163">{163}</a></span> this Castle, most of the old writers agree in representing him as an -avaricious tyrant, whom the desire of riches impelled to the commission -of every crime, and from whose prison nothing could ransom the captive -but his gold. His grand object in accumulating so much wealth was to -facilitate his advancement to the Papal crown, to which he ardently -aspired. But his ambition was happily defeated by the measures already -mentioned. The haughty prelate was himself thrown into prison; while the -unhappy victims who filled the cells of Rochester Castle saw the prison -doors burst suddenly open, and under that very arch, perhaps, met the -welcome of those who had long regarded it as the living tomb of all -their earthly hopes.</p> - -<p><span class="eng">Environs.</span>—The principal object in the immediate vicinity of the Castle -is the Cathedral; but as that will be made the subject of a future -article, the next prominent feature in the landscape is the Bridge. The -first historical mention of a bridge at Rochester occurs in the various -accounts of the siege, to which we have already adverted. “Now am I come -to the bridge over the Medway,” says Lambard, “not that alone which we -presentlie behold, but another, also more ancient in time though less -beautiful in work, which neither stoode in the self same place where -this is, neither yet verie farre off; for that crossed the water over -against Stroud Hospital, and this latter is pitched some distance from -thence towards the south.”<a name="FNanchor_143_143" id="FNanchor_143_143"></a><a href="#Footnote_143_143" class="fnanchor">[143]</a> “That old worke being of timber -building, was fyred by Symon, the Earl of Leycester, in the time of -Henry the Third; and not full twentie yeares after, it was borne away -with the ice in the reign of King Edward, his sonne.” Kilburne, in -addition to the above, says, that “Fitzwalter put out the fyre and saved -it.” This, however, appears contrary to the fact; for in his attempt to -co-operate with Albini, Fitzwalter marched no “further than Dartford, -and then marched back again.” It was not till two years after that -Leicester set fire to it in the manner described, when the wooden tower -and arches were burnt down.</p> - -<p>Dr. Thorpe, in his Antiquities, was of opinion that the first bridge -over the Medway at this point, namely between Rochester and Stroud, was -built in the reign of Edgar the Peaceable.<a name="FNanchor_144_144" id="FNanchor_144_144"></a><a href="#Footnote_144_144" class="fnanchor">[144]</a> It is certain, however, -that there was a bridge here before the Conquest, and that on divers -tracts of land an annual tax was imposed for keeping it in repair. This -is proved by several very ancient MSS., one of which, in the Saxon -language, marks with exactness such portions of the work as were to be -executed by the respective landlords. The bridge was then of wood, and -placed in the line of the principal streets of Rochester and Stroud; it -was four hundred and thirty feet in length, nearly the present breadth -of the river at this place, and consisted of nine<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_164" id="page_164">{164}</a></span> piers with eight -spaces or arches. But the depth of water, its constant rapidity, the -occasional roughness of the tides, and the shocks of large bodies of ice -at the breaking up of winter, occasioned such frequent and severe -damage, that the repairs became a heavy burden to the owners of the -contributory lands.<a name="FNanchor_145_145" id="FNanchor_145_145"></a><a href="#Footnote_145_145" class="fnanchor">[145]</a></p> - -<p>In a petition presented to Parliament at the end of the fourteenth -century, the landholders who were taxed for the repairs of the bridge -were represented as having been nearly reduced to ruin in consequence, -and that the bridge at the same time was very unsafe for passengers. -Under these circumstances, Sir Robert Knowles and Sir John de Cobham -built at their joint expense the present bridge, thereby relieving -private individuals from an oppressive tax, and conferring a lasting -benefit on the public. In the reign of Richard II. a patent was obtained -from the crown, which was afterwards confirmed by the Parliament, for -constituting the proprietors a body corporate, under the title of -Wardens and Commonalty, and a license granted enabling them to receive, -and hold in mortmain, lands and tenements to the amount of two hundred -pounds per annum. Sir John Cobham was the first and greatest benefactor, -and his example was followed by such liberal donations from others that -the estates usually termed proper, became in process of time justly -adequate to the repairs of the bridge, without levying any assessment on -the contributory lands.<a name="FNanchor_146_146" id="FNanchor_146_146"></a><a href="#Footnote_146_146" class="fnanchor">[146]</a></p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_164.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_164.jpg" width="231" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Until the erection of that at Westminster, Rochester Bridge was justly -considered the second in the kingdom; and even now, after the splendid -structures which have sprung up in recent times, it is still an object -of great elegance and beauty. Its original length was four hundred and -sixty feet by fifteen in breadth. It consisted of eleven arches, the -largest of which had a space of forty feet, and the others above thirty. -At one of these spaces between the piers was formerly a drawbridge, by -means of which the castellan who held command of the fortress could -break off all communication with the opposite banks of the river. The -greatest water-way is three hundred and forty feet. Joneval,<a name="FNanchor_147_147" id="FNanchor_147_147"></a><a href="#Footnote_147_147" class="fnanchor">[147]</a> in his -Travels, makes a mistake in supposing that this bridge “is founded on a -rock;” the piers rest on wooden piles, and to have laid the foundation -of so massive a fabric in a river where the flux and reflux of the tide -are so strong, must have been an arduous undertaking. Unfortunately<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_165" id="page_165">{165}</a></span> the -name of the architect has not descended to posterity, but the bridge is -a lasting monument to his genius.<a name="FNanchor_148_148" id="FNanchor_148_148"></a><a href="#Footnote_148_148" class="fnanchor">[148]</a></p> - -<p>At the east end of the bridge was formerly a chapel, founded by Sir John -Cobham, with an endowment of eighteen pounds a year, payable out of the -bridge lands, for the support of three priests. According to the rules -established by the founder, three masses were to be said daily; the -first between five and six in the morning, the second between eight and -nine, and the third between eleven and twelve o’clock, so that -travellers might have an opportunity of being present at the sacred -offices. But at each mass there was to be a special collect for all the -benefactors to the bridge, living or dead, and for the souls of Sir John -Cobham and others, whose names were to be recited. There was another -chapel at the west end of this bridge, but its exact site is not known.</p> - -<p><span class="eng">Memorabilia.</span>—When the Emperor Charles the Fifth made his second visit -to England, in the summer of 1522, he arrived at Rochester on the second -of June, where he was received by Henry the Eighth, and set out on the -following day for London, or rather the royal palace of Greenwich. It -was at Rochester, also, that King Henry had his first interview with -Anne of Cleves, whose reception at Blackheath has been already -described. Her picture, it is said, had been drawn in so flattering a -manner by Holbein, that the amorous monarch, impatient to see the -original, set out incognito for Rochester on the morning of her expected -arrival in that city, and in the evening was among the first to bid her -welcome. The painter, however, was detected in having practised a great -deception: Anne was not the divinity represented on the canvas; Henry -was disappointed, and is recorded to have vented his chagrin in terms -far from complimentary to the Lady Anne, or the minister who had -negotiated the alliance. This, however, he disguised; and before taking -leave presented her with a “suit of sables, as a new year’s gift.”</p> - -<p>In April, 1556, Rochester was the theatre of one of those horrid scenes -which disgraced the reign of Queen Mary. John Harpole, of St. Nicholas -parish, and Joan Beach, of Tunbridge, were burnt alive as heretics, -according<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_166" id="page_166">{166}</a></span> to the sentence of Maurice Gryffith, bishop of the see, for -denying the authority of the Church, and the transubstantiation of the -sacramental elements.—See History of Rochester, with biographical -notices of the bishops.</p> - -<p>Queen Elizabeth, who took great pride in superintending the naval -department, in which she foresaw the only sure bulwark of her empire, -made it her custom to visit, among many other places in Kent, Chatham -Dock-yard. On one occasion she spent four days at the Crown Inn of -Rochester; but on the fifth accepted the hospitality of one of her loyal -subjects, Mr. Watts, at his house at Boley Hill, near the Castle; to -which, according to tradition, she gave the title of <i>Satis</i> as -expressive of her satisfaction with her entertainment.</p> - -<p>On the return of King Charles the Second to England, he was received at -Rochester with demonstrations of loyalty, and conferred the honour of -knighthood on two gentlemen of the place, named Clarke and Swan. The -Mayor and Corporation at the same time presented his Majesty with a -silver basin and ewer, which were “graciously accepted.” Here, also, -James the Second arrived after his abdication, and continued for a week -under the protection of a Dutch garrison; but, apprehensive of his -personal safety, he went privately on board a tender, set sail, and, -with the Duke of Berwick and others of his suite, landed at Ambleteuse -in Picardy.</p> - -<p>Another object of no little interest, on the opposite side of the river, -is Upnor Castle, famous in history for the attack made upon it by -Admiral Van Ruyter.<a name="FNanchor_149_149" id="FNanchor_149_149"></a><a href="#Footnote_149_149" class="fnanchor">[149]</a> Having burnt the storehouses, and blown up the -fortifications at Sheerness, Van Ruyter despatched the second Admiral, -Van Ghent, up the Medway, which Monk, Duke of Albemarle, had secured as -well as the circumstances of the case would allow. But a strong east -wind and springtide bringing up the enemy with resistless force, a chain -was immediately broken; three Dutch ships, taken in the war and -stationed to guard the chain, were set fire to by Van Ghent to retrieve -his country’s honour; and, pressing forward between the sinking ships, -he brought six of his men-of-war and fire-ships in front of Upnor -Castle. Major Scott, who had command of the fort, gave them as warm a -reception as the condition of the place would permit, and was well -seconded by Sir Edward Spragge, who had escaped from Sheerness, and now -opened his guns upon the enemy from a battery at Cockham Wood.<a name="FNanchor_150_150" id="FNanchor_150_150"></a><a href="#Footnote_150_150" class="fnanchor">[150]</a> The -Dutch, however, seized the hull of the Royal Charles, and on their -return burnt the Royal Oak, and much damaged two other ships of the -line. Captain Douglas, who commanded the Royal Oak, was burnt in his -ship, although he might easily have escaped. But “No!<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_167" id="page_167">{167}</a></span>” said this -intrepid commander, when he perceived the danger and was urged to -strike, “No—it was never known that a Douglas left his post without -orders;” and thus resolved, he perished in the flames.</p> - -<p>Among the numerous tourists who have made Rochester and its Castle the -subjects of remark, is the celebrated Hogarth, who, in company of four -of his intimate friends, Tothall, Scott, Thornhill, and Forrest, made an -excursion of four days to this part of the county in May, 1732, which is -amusingly detailed in a short folio brochure, accompanied with ten -illustrations and caricatures of their adventures, and published in -1781.</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_167.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_167.jpg" width="238" height="263" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="eng">Classical Scenes.</span>—To every reader of Shakspeare the names of Gadshill, -Falstaff, and Prince Hal, will conjure up many ludicrous associations; -and few travellers will enter Rochester from the west, without a short -halt on this poetical ground,—the spot where Prince Henry and his -dissolute associates robbed the Sandwich carriers, and the auditors who -were carrying money to the royal exchequer. Theobold mentions that he -had read an old play, in which the scene opens with Prince Henry’s -robberies, and Gadshill is there named as one of the gang.<a name="FNanchor_151_151" id="FNanchor_151_151"></a><a href="#Footnote_151_151" class="fnanchor">[151]</a> A -comfortable inn, with a characteristic sign of Falstaff on one side, and -Prince Hal on the other, invites him to alight for half an hour, and -over a “cup of sack” peruse that mirth-moving scene in the first Part of -“Henry the Fourth,” which has conferred immortality on the spot:—</p> - -<div class="blockquott"><p><span class="smcap">Act II. Scene II.</span>—<i>The Road by Gadshill.</i></p> - -<p><i>Enter</i> <span class="smcap">Prince Henry</span> <i>and</i> <span class="smcap">Poins</span>; <span class="smcap">Bardolph</span> <i>and</i> <span class="smcap">Peto</span> <i>at some -distance</i>.</p> - -<p><i>Poins.</i> Come, shelter, shelter; I have removed Falstaff’s horse, -and he frets like a gummed velvet.</p> - -<p><i>Pr. Henry.</i> Stand close. [<i>Enter</i> <span class="smcap">Falstaff</span>.]</p> - -<p><i>Falst.</i> Poins! Poins, and be hanged! Poins!<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_168" id="page_168">{168}</a></span></p> - -<p><i>Pr. Henry.</i> Peace, ye fat-kidneyed rascal: what a brawling dost -thou keep!</p> - -<p><i>Falst.</i> Where’s Poins, Hal?</p> - -<p><i>Pr. Henry.</i> He is walked up to the top of the hill; I’ll go seek -him. [<i>Pretends to seek</i> <span class="smcap">Poins</span>.]</p> - -<p><i>Falst.</i> I am accursed to rob in that thief’s company; the rascal -hath removed my horse, and tied him I know not where. If I travel -but four foot by the squire further afoot, I shall break my wind. -Well, I doubt not but to die a fair death for all this, if I ’scape -hanging for killing that rogue. I have foresworn his company hourly -any time this two-and-twenty years; and yet I am bewitched with the -rogue’s company. If the rascal hath not given me medicines to make -me love him, I’ll be hang’d; it could not be else; I have drunk -medicines.—Poins! Hal! a plague upon you both. Bardolph! Peto! -I’ll starve ere I rob a foot further. An ’twere not as good a deed -as drink, to turn true man, and leave these rogues, I am the -veriest varlet that ever chewed with a tooth. Eight yards of uneven -ground is three score and ten miles afoot with me; and the -stony-hearted villains know it well enough. A plague upon’t, when -thieves cannot be true to one another! [<i>His companions whistle.</i>] -Whew! a plague upon you all! Give me my horse, you rogues: give me -my horse, and be hanged!</p> - -<p><i>Pr. Henry.</i> Peace, ye fat-guts! lie down; lay thine ear close to -the ground, and list if thou canst hear the tread of travellers.</p> - -<p><i>Falst.</i> Have ye any levers to lift me up again, being down? -’Sblood, I’ll not bear mine own flesh so far afoot again for all -the coin in thy father’s exchequer. What a plague mean ye to colt -me thus?</p> - -<p><i>Pr. Henry.</i> Thou liest; thou art not colted—thou art uncolted.</p> - -<p><i>Falst.</i> I prithee, good Prince Hal, help me to my horse, good -king’s son!</p> - -<p><i>Pr. Henry.</i> Out, you rogue! shall I be your ostler?</p> - -<p><i>Falst.</i> Go hang thyself in thine own heir-apparent garters. If I -be ta’en, I’ll peach for this. An I have not ballads made on you -all, and sung to filthy tunes, let a cup of sack be my poison. When -a jest is so forward, and afoot to,—I hate it. [<i>Enter</i> <span class="smcap">Gadshill</span>.]</p> - -<p><i>Gads.</i> Stand!</p> - -<p><i>Falst.</i> So I do, against my will.</p></div> - -<p>But we must here close the quotation. The reader will readily imagine -himself a spectator of the scene, where the thieves rob the true men, -and where retaliation is made upon the thieves by “two of their own -gang, in forcibly taking from them their rich booty;” and he will again -enjoy the conceit of Falstaff with his cups of limed sack, telling -“incomprehensible falsehoods,” in order to cover his own cowardice; his -long rencounter with the two “rogues in buckram suits, growing up into -eleven,” all of whom he peppered and payed till three misbegotten knaves -in “Kendal green (“for it was so dark, Hal, thou couldst not see thy -hand!”) came at his back and let drive at him!” Thus, on the stage, in -the closet, on the road—as a local writer has well observed—Falstaff’s -adventure at Gadshill is likely to be “not only an argument for a week, -laughter for a month, but a good jest forever.”</p> - -<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Authorities</span>:—Radcliffe.—Caumont.—Culmien.—Hasted.—France -Monumentale.—Matth. Paris.—Hist. Angl.—Hist. of Eng. Civil and -Milit.—Pictorial Hist. of Engl.—Holinshed.—Fabyan.—Hist. and -Antiq. of Rochest.—Hist. of the Castle and Cathed.—Lambard, -1576.—Kentish Tourist.—King.—Grose.—Denne.—Kilburne.—Local -Pamphlets.—Dallaway.—Milit. Archit.—Discourses, Antiquities of -Kent.—Hardynge.—Registrum Roffense, by Thorpe.—Eadmer.—Polyd. -Virg.—Selecta Monumenta.—Camden.—Somner.—Battely.—Antiq. -Itiner., etc. etc.</p></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/plt_006.jpg"> -<img src="images/plt_006.jpg" width="499" height="355.5" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p>TEWKESBURY ABBEY.</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_169" id="page_169">{169}</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_169.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_169.jpg" height="407" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">Mcccclxxi.</span></p></div> -</div> - -<h2><a name="THE_ABBEY_OF_TEWKESBURY" id="THE_ABBEY_OF_TEWKESBURY"></a>THE ABBEY OF TEWKESBURY, -<br /><br /> -<span class="eng">Gloucestershire.</span></h2> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Ampla foro, et partis spoliis præclara, <span class="smcap">Theoci</span><br /></span> -<span class="i0">Curia, Sabrinæ quà se committit Avona,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Fulget; nobilium sacrisque recondit in antris<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Multorum Cineres, quondam inclyta corpora bello.—<span class="smcap">Leland.</span><br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p class="nind"><span class="eng">FOUNDATION.</span>—In his desire to do more especial honour to Tewkesbury, -William of Malmesbury has fancifully traced its etymon to the Greek word -<i>Theotocos</i><a name="FNanchor_152_152" id="FNanchor_152_152"></a><a href="#Footnote_152_152" class="fnanchor">[152]</a>—the Mother of God—because the monastery which was -built here was dedicated to the Virgin Mother. It is certain, however, -that the town occupied the ground long before the monastery was erected. -The<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_170" id="page_170">{170}</a></span> popular tradition is, that a religious recluse, named Theocus, had -a Christian cell or chapel in this place about the end of the seventh -century—“ubi quidam heremita manebat nomine Theokus, unde -Theokusburia”—and that from him the “Curia Theoci” was in process of -time modified into Tewkesbury. In Weever’s Funeral Monuments, however, -there is an ancient Saxon inscription, discovered in the church of -Leominster at the close of the sixteenth century, which states that, in -the Saxon era, Tewkesbury was called <img src="images/219.png" -style="vertical-align:middle;" -width="100" alt="[Image of word unavailable.]" />, that is, -Theotisbyrg, from which it would appear that Tewkesbury was the town, -castle, or borough of Theot. Others, by conjectures equally vague or -plausible, have laboured to prove that the name is derived from Dodo or -Thodo, one of the first lords of the manor, and founder of the -monastery, adducing as corroborative evidence that the Ð and <i>Th</i> are -frequently substituted for each other in the Saxon language; wherefore, -say they, from Thodo comes the Latin derivative Theodocus, and from -that, Teodechesberie, as in Domesday Book. But further, it has been -conjectured that Theocus and Dodo, or Thodo, were one and the same -person; and those who are curious in the investigation of such questions -will find the subject elaborately discussed in all the principal -histories of the county<a name="FNanchor_153_153" id="FNanchor_153_153"></a><a href="#Footnote_153_153" class="fnanchor">[153]</a> and abbey.</p> - -<p>The foundation of this Abbey takes precedence of most others in the -kingdom, and dates from the first fifteen years of the eighth century. -In the reigns of Ethelred, Kenred, and Ethelbald, kings of Mercia, two -brothers, with the euphonious names of Odo and Dodo, flourished in this -beautiful district, and adorned their high station by the practice of -many Christian virtues and pious examples. Of their zeal for the honour -of God they were resolved to leave some permanent evidence to posterity, -and with this view selected a suitable spot on their manor of -Tewkesbury, and there erected<a name="FNanchor_154_154" id="FNanchor_154_154"></a><a href="#Footnote_154_154" class="fnanchor">[154]</a> the monastery which in after times -became famous throughout the land. They endowed the abbey with much -landed property—Stanwey cum membris, sic dicta, Tadington Prestecote et -Didcot<a name="FNanchor_155_155" id="FNanchor_155_155"></a><a href="#Footnote_155_155" class="fnanchor">[155]</a>—which continued to form part of the abbey revenues till the -Dissolution. The institution gradually extended its authority temporal -and spiritual, and acquired a reputation for so much sanctity, that to -obtain a grave in its sacred enclosure became an object of devout -competition among the pious, and brought no little treasure to the -prior’s exchequer.</p> - -<p>The first personage of royal dignity who was buried in the Abbey was -Brictric, king of the West Saxons, and son-in-law to King Offa. The next -was Hugh, a Mercian noble, and patron of the abbey, who had procured -for<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_171" id="page_171">{171}</a></span> it the distinction of a royal mausoleum in St. Faith’s Chapel; to -which his own remains were afterwards consigned, with all the monks -attending in solemn procession, and chanting his requiem.</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_171.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_171.jpg" width="244" height="324" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Towards the middle of the tenth century, Haylward Snew, descended from -King Edward the Elder, founded a monastery on his own manor at -Cranburne,<a name="FNanchor_156_156" id="FNanchor_156_156"></a><a href="#Footnote_156_156" class="fnanchor">[156]</a> in Dorsetshire, and to this he subjected the priory of -Tewkesbury, of which he was patron. Historians give him the credit of -having possessed, in an eminent degree, the virtues of personal valour -and earnest piety; and of the latter, no better proofs could be adduced -than the fact of his having bestowed much of his substance upon the -church. Algar, his eldest son and successor, did not long enjoy his -inheritance; and to him succeeded his younger brother, Brictric, of whom -the annexed adventure is recorded.<a name="FNanchor_157_157" id="FNanchor_157_157"></a><a href="#Footnote_157_157" class="fnanchor">[157]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_172" id="page_172">{172}</a></span></p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_172.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_172.jpg" height="233" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>When the Battle of Hastings had secured a vacant throne to William the -<span class="eng">Conqueror</span>,<a name="FNanchor_158_158" id="FNanchor_158_158"></a><a href="#Footnote_158_158" class="fnanchor">[158]</a> Brictric was among those patriotic chiefs who survived -that decisive field, and afterwards retired to the banks of the Severn, -to concert measures for the recovery of the Saxon throne, or to bury his -vain regrets in the bosom of his faithful friends and retainers. By one -of those strange accidents, however, which frustrate all preconcerted -schemes, Brictric’s hopes of freedom were completely blasted. Great as -the grief of Maud had been at his abruptly quitting her father’s court -in Flanders, as stated in the preceding note, it was not of long -duration; for the Duke of Normandy having shortly after solicited her -hand, and as such a union offered her no distant prospect of avenging -herself, she at once assented. The marriage was solemnized. She was -carried in triumph to Normandy; and now, when the subjugation of England -had been effected, she did not lose the opportunity thereby afforded of -resenting the slight which the impolitic Brictric had offered to her -beauty. He was accordingly denounced as an enemy to the new dynasty; and -the strongest argument produced against him being that he was a brave -man, with a broad tract of country which he called his own, the evidence -in proof of his disaffection to the Conqueror was conclusive. Maud, the -queen, too, was actively employed in expediting the measures instituted -against him—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Could she forgive him!—no! it was her duty<br /></span> -<span class="i0">To crush a wretch that could resist such beauty.<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>One night, therefore, while returning from vespers, Brictric was seized -at the door of his own manor of Hanley, and sent under a Norman guard to -Winchester, where he pined for some time, oppressed with the double -weight of degradation and imprisonment, and at length died without -issue. His estates, in the meantime, had been given to Queen Maud, who -enjoyed their revenues till her death; after which they were -incorporated with the other royal demesnes of King William.</p> - -<p>At the death of the Conqueror, they passed to his son Rufus, who some -time afterwards bestowed Brictric’s Honor of Gloucester upon Robert -Fitz-Hamon, son of Hamon Dentatus, Lord of Corboile in Normandy, as a -reward for many important services performed in defence of his father’s -crown.<a name="FNanchor_159_159" id="FNanchor_159_159"></a><a href="#Footnote_159_159" class="fnanchor">[159]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_173" id="page_173">{173}</a></span></p> - -<p>This Robert Fitz-Hamon may be considered the second founder of -Tewkesbury Abbey; for, at the instance of Sybil his wife, and -Giraldus<a name="FNanchor_160_160" id="FNanchor_160_160"></a><a href="#Footnote_160_160" class="fnanchor">[160]</a> Abbot of Cranburne, he rebuilt the church with all its -appendages, and endowed it with many large possessions.<a name="FNanchor_161_161" id="FNanchor_161_161"></a><a href="#Footnote_161_161" class="fnanchor">[161]</a> In -confirmation of the elegance and liberality with which this was -accomplished—“It cannot be easily reported,” says William of -Malmesbury, on two several occasions, “how highly Robert Fitz-Hamon -exalted this monastery, wherein the beauty of the buildings ravished the -eies, and the charity of the holy brotherhood allured the hearts of all -who repaired thither.”<a name="FNanchor_162_162" id="FNanchor_162_162"></a><a href="#Footnote_162_162" class="fnanchor">[162]</a> This great and pious undertaking is stated -to have been accomplished as an act of atonement and public satisfaction -for the destruction of the church of Bayeux in Normandy, which King -Henry had burnt in order to liberate him from prison; but which, struck -with remorse at the sacrilege, he afterwards re-edified and restored.</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_173.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_173.jpg" width="93.5" height="204" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Having rebuilt the Abbey of Tewkesbury in the manner stated, and finding -that it became more and more an object of attraction among pilgrims and -devotees, Fitz-Hamon changed the Abbey of Cranburne into a priory, and -made it subject from that time forward to the “<span class="eng">Blackfriars</span>” of -Tewkesbury<a name="FNanchor_163_163" id="FNanchor_163_163"></a><a href="#Footnote_163_163" class="fnanchor">[163]</a>—so called from the black habit worn by monks of the -Benedictine order.</p> - -<p>But, to preserve the name of the founder in that sanctity to which his -piety and good works had given him so just a title, a prior and two -monks were left to minister in holy offices at Cranburne, so that the -cause of true religion might suffer no detriment by the transfer thus -effected. The situation of the New Abbey, in the centre of a fair and -fertile country, variegated with beautiful landscapes, curtained almost -round by green-wooded hills, and watered by noble rivers, presented all -that could be desired for the advancement of those worldly objects in -which men so spiritually-minded might be supposed to take any interest. -With the completion of the New<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_174" id="page_174">{174}</a></span> Abbey prosperity took up her abode under -its immediate wing: habitations multiplied, trade was introduced, the -produce of the adjoining vale increased with the demand, and the -population was rapidly improved. In process of time the abbey was almost -surrounded by a thriving town; while money, freely circulated by -commerce, as well as by the better class of pilgrims, improved the -general appearance of the habitations, and gave an air of cheerfulness -and prosperity to the town and abbey.</p> - -<p>Fitz-Hamon, who just lived long enough to witness the first prosperous -days of the abbey, being general of the king’s army in France, repaired -to the siege of Falaise,<a name="FNanchor_164_164" id="FNanchor_164_164"></a><a href="#Footnote_164_164" class="fnanchor">[164]</a> in Normandy, where he received a wound on -the temple, and died shortly after,<a name="FNanchor_165_165" id="FNanchor_165_165"></a><a href="#Footnote_165_165" class="fnanchor">[165]</a> His remains were carefully -brought home and deposited with great solemnity in the <span class="eng">Chapter-house</span> of -the Abbey, of which the arcade mouldings, vaulted ceiling, pillars, -buttresses, and pointed doorway, retain</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_174.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_174.jpg" width="334" height="250.5" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">much of their original beauty. It is now the grammar-school of the -place. But in this part of the abbey, hereafter to be described, his -relics were not permitted<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_175" id="page_175">{175}</a></span> to rest more than a hundred and thirty-four -years; they were then removed by Robert, the third abbot of that name, -and interred in a plain tomb between two pillars on the right side of -the Chancel, which, with the Chapter-house, will be noticed in a -subsequent page.</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote">1397.</span> One hundred and fifty-six years later, Thomas Parker, the eighteenth -abbot, caused the original tomb to be enclosed within a richly-carved -chapel, “satis mirifice tabulatam,” and appointed a mass to be -celebrated every day for the souls of Robert Fitz-Hamon, and Sybil his -wife. By this lady he left issue four daughters, co-heiresses to vast -possessions which, during his active services in places of the highest -trust under government, had greatly accumulated during the last two -reigns. But King Henry, who was averse to seeing the Honor of Gloucester -thus subdivided, adopted such arbitrary measures as effectually -prevented the execution of the testator’s will, and disposed of his -daughters in the following manner:—Hawise he made Abbess of Chichester; -Cecilia he appointed Abbess of Shaftesbury; Amicia he gave in marriage -to his firm adherent, the Earl of Brittany; and to Robert, his natural -son, by the daughter of Rhys ap Tewdwr, Prince of Glamorgan, he united -Mabilia, the eldest. Thus the four daughters of Fitz-Hamon were fairly -settled by “royal authority,” and the estates concentrated upon his son, -Earl Robert, and his descendants. But Mabilia, it appears, expressed -some reluctance when this alliance was first proposed by the king, -alleging that, as his son Robert had then no baronial title nor high -military standing in the country, such a union was neither agreeable to -her taste nor suitable to the rank and possessions bequeathed to her by -so many illustrious ancestors. These objections, as stated by the -monk<a name="FNanchor_166_166" id="FNanchor_166_166"></a><a href="#Footnote_166_166" class="fnanchor">[166]</a> of Gloucester, were too reasonable<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_176" id="page_176">{176}</a></span> and well grounded to be -confuted by the mere art of logic; but the king found a much more speedy -and effectual way of removing them, by creating his son Earl and Consul -of Gloucester, and installing him in the various high offices therewith -connected. Of this earl, as the reader may remember, we have already -spoken in a previous division of this work, when adverting to the -Empress Maud, daughter of King Henry. “He was unquestionably,” says -Lyttleton, “the wisest man of those times; and his virtues were such -that even those times could not corrupt it.” It is to Count Robert of -Gloucester that William of Malmesbury dedicates his work, and speaks of -him in these terms: “Nullum enim magis decet bonarum artium esse -fautorem quam te; cui adhæsit magnanimitas avi, munificentia patrui, -prudentia patris, &c.... Consentaneous ergo sibi mores experiuntur in te -literati, quos citra intellectum ullius acrimoniæ benignus aspicis, -jucundus admittis, munificus dimittis. Nihil plane in te mutavit fortunæ -amplitudo nisi ut pene tantum benefacere posses, quantùm velles.”</p> - -<p>But the trait of character which connects Earl Robert more immediately -with our subject is, that every Sunday throughout the year he had the -Abbot of Tewkesbury and twelve of the monks to dine with him, thereby -keeping up a most friendly understanding with the Church, patronizing -learning and all who excelled in the arts, and building various castles -and priories. He founded the priory of St. James in Bristol, and made it -subject to the Abbey of Tewkesbury. But although he patronized the -latter in an eminent degree, he chose the priory for his last -resting-place, and was there buried in the choir, under a tomb of green -jasper.<a name="FNanchor_167_167" id="FNanchor_167_167"></a><a href="#Footnote_167_167" class="fnanchor">[167]</a></p> - -<p>It was during the life of this earl, that Walleran de Beaumont, a -younger son of the Earl of Leicester, and Count of Meulant, ransacked -the town of Tewkesbury, which, judging by the quantity and value of -plunder carried off, must have been, even at that early period, a town -of no little opulence.<a name="FNanchor_168_168" id="FNanchor_168_168"></a><a href="#Footnote_168_168" class="fnanchor">[168]</a> In this raid, however, the goods of the -Abbey were respected; for to such men an interdict from the Church was -more terrific than “an army with banners.”</p> - -<p>William, son and heir to Earl Robert, and his wife Matilda, confirmed -all the charters which had been granted by his ancestors to the Abbey of -Tewkesbury, and certified his approbation by conferring upon it several -fresh endowments. He died in 1283, when the estates of the earldom were -again vested in three daughters. But the policy which had been adopted -by King Henry was again employed by King Richard, who had bestowed the -youngest of the three heiresses with the earldom and its domains upon -his brother John<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_177" id="page_177">{177}</a></span>—a name sufficiently notorious in these pages—but by -whom she was divorced shortly after his accession to the throne. Mabel -or Mabilia, the eldest daughter of Earl William, married the Count -d’Evreux in Normandy, by whom she had a son, Almeric Montfort, who died -about the year 1221, leaving no children by his marriage. But the second -daughter, who had married Richard de Clare,<a name="FNanchor_169_169" id="FNanchor_169_169"></a><a href="#Footnote_169_169" class="fnanchor">[169]</a> Earl of Hertford, had a -son, Gilbert de Clare, who, on the failure of the previous branches, was -admitted to the honours of Gloucester and Glamorgan, as his legal -inheritance, and was the first who held conjointly the earldoms of -Gloucester and Hertford. He resided at Holme Castle, a feudal residence -which crowned an eminence in the near vicinity of Tewkesbury, and -married Isabel, daughter of William Marshall,</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_177.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_177.jpg" width="419" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">In Eccles. Nostra de Theokes. in medio Presbyterio.</span> <small>A.D.</small> -MCCXXX.</p></div> -</div> - -<p>Earl of Pembroke. He was a great benefactor of the monastery, and dying -in 1230, was buried in the middle <span class="eng">Chancel</span> of the Abbey church—the view -of which is strikingly grand—with all the ceremony due to his rank and -liberality.</p> - -<p>His son Richard de Clare succeeding to the family titles and estates, -sup<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_178" id="page_178">{178}</a></span>ported the baronial character of his ancestors, and is recorded to -have held a magnificent Christmas in his castle at Tewkesbury, where -sixty knights were in waiting. In July 1262, “beyng with King Henry in -Fraunce, this Richard Counte de Glocestre dyed of the febre quartane, -and was buryed at Tukesbyri Abbay, where aboute his toumbe be wryten his -noble actes.”<a name="FNanchor_170_170" id="FNanchor_170_170"></a><a href="#Footnote_170_170" class="fnanchor">[170]</a> Of his body there was a tri-partition: the bowels -were bequeathed to the church of Canterbury; his heart to that at -Tunbridge, and in the Abbey of Tewkesbury, on the right side of his -father’s tomb, his body was deposited with great pomp, graced by the -presence of two bishops, twelve abbots, and a great company of barons, -knights, and other personages, who had repaired from all quarters to -offer their testimony of respect to his memory. His tomb was -subsequently adorned at vast expense by his Countess Matilda, daughter -of the Earl of Lincoln. It was embellished with gold and precious -stones, with an effigy in silver of the sword and golden spurs which he -had lately worn in battle. The inscription was: <i>Hic. pudor. Hippolyti: -Paridis. gena: Sensus. Ulyssis: Æneæ. pietas: Hectoris. ira. jacet.</i> -This monument has long been removed or demolished.</p> - -<p>To Earl Richard<a name="FNanchor_171_171" id="FNanchor_171_171"></a><a href="#Footnote_171_171" class="fnanchor">[171]</a> succeeded Gilbert the Red—so named, like Rufus, -from the colour of his hair. He married Alice, daughter of Guy Count of -Angoulême, niece to King Henry the Third, but having obtained a divorce -against this lady, took for his second wife Joan d’Acres, daughter of -Edward the First. This earl, according to Leland, dealt hardly with the -Abbey of Tewkesbury, and took away the benefactions of his grandfather, -Earl Gilbert, but which were subsequently restored by his son. He died -at his castle of Monmouth, and was buried in the Abbey of Tewkesbury, -near the tomb of his predecessors, leaving issue one son, Gilbert, the -third earl of that name, who married the lady Matilda, a daughter of -John de Borow, Earl of Ulster, and by this union had one son, who died -in early life, and was buried with his ancestors. The earl himself was -one of those chivalrous nobles who surrounded the throne of Edward the -Second, and fought under his banner. He held a command in the disastrous -expedition into Scotland headed by that unhappy monarch in 1314, and -fell at the battle of Bannockburn, in the twenty-third year of his age,</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">When the best names that England knew<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Claim’d in that death-prayer dismal due.<a name="FNanchor_172_172" id="FNanchor_172_172"></a><a href="#Footnote_172_172" class="fnanchor">[172]</a><br /></span> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_179" id="page_179">{179}</a></span></div></div> -</div> - -<p>From the field of battle, the body of the gallant earl was conveyed by -his friends and retainers to the Abbey of Tewkesbury, and there, in the -Chapel of the Blessed Virgin, consigned to kindred dust, in the midst of -prayers and lamentations. His death was more especially felt by the -Abbot and brotherhood, because he had liberally repaired the injury -inflicted upon the monastery by his father, and was the last of that -honoured name who held the title and territories of the De Clares in the -county of Gloucester.</p> - -<p>In the former part of this work, we have had more than once occasion to -remark how frequently these old family estates and honours passed away -with the female line: and here was another instance. Leaving no issue by -his marriage, the Gloucester and Glamorgan estates devolved upon his -three sisters, among whom they were divided. Elianora, the eldest, -married Hugh le Despenser—a name of tragical association in English -history; and with her the earldom of Gloucester, the third part of the -estates, and the patronage of the Abbey of Tewkesbury, passed into that -family. Five years later, this unhappy nobleman was apprehended, and put -to the cruel and ignominious death related in a former part of this -work. Some portions of his dismembered body, after their miserable -exposure in different parts of the kingdom, “were buried in Tewkesbury -Abbey, near the lavatory of the high altar.” He left by his wife three -sons, Hugh, Edward, and Gilbert, but with no inheritance save the pains -and penalties entailed upon them by his own forfeiture. The <span class="eng">Monument</span> of -the <span class="eng">Despenser</span> family, hereafter noticed, is one of the finest objects in -the Abbey church.</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_179.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_179.jpg" height="245" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>The widow of this nobleman—who had lost both her brother and husband by -violent deaths—sought consolation in a second marriage with William, -Lord le Zouch, by whom she had a son, named Hugh. But she survived her -second husband only two years. He was buried in the Abbey chapel of Our -Lady; and at her own demise, the earldom of Gloucester was conferred on -her sister Margaret’s husband, Hugh de Audley.</p> - -<p>Hugh le Despenser, eldest son of the unfortunate Hugh by his wife -Elianora, succeeded him in the inheritance of Hanley Castle, Tewkesbury, -Yairford, and other baronies—which were occasionally disunited from the -honour of Gloucester—and married Elizabeth, the widow of Giles de -Badlesmere, and daughter of William de Montacute, Earl of Salisbury. -This earl, among<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_180" id="page_180">{180}</a></span> other good gifts, appropriated the church of -Lantrissant to the abbot and convent in succession, from which they -received fifty marks annually. Dying without issue, he was buried on the -right side of the high altar at Tewkesbury. His widow was afterwards -united in marriage to Gwido de Bryen, knight—said by some writers to -have been of the Thomond family in Ireland, and by others, of the -O’Briens of Castle Walwaine in Pembrokeshire—who was buried along with -a numerous line of illustrious persons near the high altar in St. -Margaret’s—or, as it was subsequently called, O’Brien’s -Chapel<a name="FNanchor_173_173" id="FNanchor_173_173"></a><a href="#Footnote_173_173" class="fnanchor">[173]</a>—one of the chief sepulchral ornaments of the church. This -posthumous distinction was secured by very substantial benefits -conferred on the church in his lifetime.<a name="FNanchor_174_174" id="FNanchor_174_174"></a><a href="#Footnote_174_174" class="fnanchor">[174]</a></p> - -<p>The tombs of the illustrious individuals above mentioned are all more or -less visible from the same point, and the coup-d’œil is very impressive.</p> - -<p> This distinguished <span class="eng">Patron</span> of the monastery died near the close of the -fourteenth century <span class="sidenote">1390.</span>; when the nephew of his wife—Edward, the second son -of Hugh le Despenser the younger—took possession, in right of his aunt, -of the old family estates of De Clare, among which were Hanley Castle, -Tewkesbury Manor, and Malvern Chase. This nobleman espoused Anne, -daughter of Lord Ferrers, and by this marriage left issue four sons, -Edward, Thomas, Henry, and Gilbert. Edward, who was made Knight of the -Garter and summoned to Parliament in the thirty-first year of Edward the -Third, succeeded to the estates of Earl Hugh, his uncle, and married -Elizabeth, daughter of Lord Bartholomew de Burghurst, the king’s -chamberlain. He commanded the rear of the English army during their -fatiguing and perilous march from Calais to Bordeaux in 1373. He gave a -cup of gold to the monastery, and a precious jewel, says the Chronicle -of Tewkesbury, “wonderfully contrived to hold the sacrament on solemn -days.” His eldest son, Edward, died early at Cardiff Castle, and, with -two other children, a brother and sister, was buried in the family vault -at Tewkesbury. At his death, two years after the expedition above -mentioned, Edward left a son, named Thomas, and three daughters, -Elizabeth, Anne, and Margaret, and was buried in the Abbey church of -Tewkesbury, before the vestry door, near the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_181" id="page_181">{181}</a></span> chancel; where his widow, -Dame le Despenser, to perpetuate his memory, built the Chapel of the -Holy Trinity, hereafter mentioned. This lady survived her husband -thirty-three years, and retained, as “her dowry, the lordships of -Hanley, Fairford, and Tewkesbury,” and died at the commencement of the -fifteenth century, when they fell to her grandson Richard, whose father, -Thomas—the second son of the last-named Edward—had fallen a victim to -<span class="eng">the axe</span> at the accession of Henry the Fourth. She was buried near her -husband; and during her life, among various other benefactions, she -bequeathed to the Abbey a suit of scarlet vestments, embroidered with -lions of gold—namely, one coat with three royal robes and white -vestments, and fifteen mantles or copes.<a name="FNanchor_175_175" id="FNanchor_175_175"></a><a href="#Footnote_175_175" class="fnanchor">[175]</a></p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_181.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_181.jpg" width="114" height="103.5" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Thomas, her nephew above mentioned, married Constance, daughter of -Edmund Langley, Duke of York, and was created Earl of Gloucester by -Richard the Second, in right of his descent from Elianora, wife of Hugh -Despenser the younger. But having taken an active part in the conspiracy -formed to dethrone Henry the Fourth, he was apprehended at Bristol and -executed, -<span class="sidenote">1400.</span> - -and a sentence of attainder passed upon his titles and -estates. He was afterwards buried in the middle of the <span class="eng">Choir</span> in -Tewkesbury church, where a lamp was kept constantly burning before the -host. He left two children, Richard, who died at the age of -eighteen,<a name="FNanchor_176_176" id="FNanchor_176_176"></a><a href="#Footnote_176_176" class="fnanchor">[176]</a> and Isabel, who, succeeding to the family estates, was -married by the Abbot of Tewkesbury to Richard Parker, son and heir of -William Lord Beauchamp, and afterwards Earl of Worcester. At the siege -of Meuse-en-Bry (Meaux) in France, this nobleman was wounded by a stone -cast from a sling, ‘lapide balistæ,’ and dying in consequence, his body -was sent home and interred near the founder’s chapel, between the -pillars at the bottom of the Choir; where the lady Isabel, his widow, -erected a chapel to his memory and dedicated it to St. Mary Magdalen. It -was covered with pictures of our Saviour, the twelve apostles, and -emblazoned with coats of arms—long since defaced. This lady afterwards, -by a papal dispensation, married her late husband’s cousin, Richard -Beauchamp, fifth earl of Warwick, who was governor of France under -<span class="sidenote">1439.</span> -King -Henry the Sixth, and died at the city of Rouen, leaving issue by the -said marriage a son and daughter, named Henry and Anne. The lady Isabel -was a munificent benefactress of the Abbey of Tewkesbury, having<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_182" id="page_182">{182}</a></span> -settled upon it, for the support of six additional monks, lands worth -three hundred pounds per annum. At her death she also left to it all her -jewels and other personal ornaments, valued at three hundred marks -additional, and procured the church of Farrande in the diocese of -Salisbury, and the church of Penmarshe in that of Llandaff, to be -appropriated to this Abbey. Furthermore, she ordered four masses to be -said in the new chapel which she had founded, for the good of her soul -and the souls of her ancestors and successors; and bequeathed to each of -the priests who should officiate two shillings, to be paid weekly. She -also confirmed all the privileges granted to the monastery by her -ancestors, and was buried near the chapel which she had built, with -great funeral pomp, by the bishop of Hereford, her confessor, and the -lords abbots of Tewkesbury and Winchcomb, as specified in the Abbey -Chronicle.</p> - -<p>Henry Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, son of Richard by Isabel, heiress of -the Despenser family, was about fourteen years old at his father’s -death. He was crowned King of the Isle of Wight by Henry the Sixth, and -at the age of eighteen was created Duke of Warwick, and declared premier -Earl of England. He had the Castle of Bristol given him, with the -islands of Guernsey and Jersey, the patronage of the church and priory -of St. Mary Magdalen of Goldcliff, with leave to annex it to the church -of Tewkesbury. <span class="sidenote">1446.</span> He confirmed the grants made by his predecessors to the -church of Tewkesbury; gave all the ornaments he wore to purchase -vestments for the monastery; died in the twenty-second year of his age; -and was buried in the middle of the <span class="eng">Choir</span>. He left issue by his marriage -with Cecilia, daughter of the Earl of Salisbury, one daughter, Anne, who -died in infancy; whereby Anne, his sister, became sole heiress to his -estates. This lady married Richard Nevil, Earl of Salisbury, who in -right of his wife succeeded to the vast united inheritance of the -Despensers and the Beauchamps—families in which the original -possessions had been accumulating for ages. Nevil, in order that his -rank in the peerage might keep pace with this great accession of -property, was now created Earl of Warwick—familiarly known in the -writings of his day as the stout Earl of Warwick, or the King-maker—for -both King Henry the Sixth and Edward the Fourth held or lost the sceptre -at his dictation. His deeds and prowess are familiar to every reader of -history, and will be more particularly noticed when we arrive at that -portion of the work with which the name is more intimately connected. -<span class="sidenote">1471.</span> -His death at the battle of Barnet, and the results of the still more -sanguinary battle of Tewkesbury,<a name="FNanchor_177_177" id="FNanchor_177_177"></a><a href="#Footnote_177_177" class="fnanchor">[177]</a> placed the crown on the head of -Edward,<a name="FNanchor_178_178" id="FNanchor_178_178"></a><a href="#Footnote_178_178" class="fnanchor">[178]</a> and introduced a new order of affairs in the state.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_183" id="page_183">{183}</a></span></p> - -<p>After the fall of this renowned earl, Anne his countess, “reduced to -great distress, was forced to abscond. King Richard would have willingly -seized on her estates, had not her two daughters, Isabel and Anne, been -his own sisters-in-law; but he put these ladies in possession of them -all by an equal partition of the vast inheritance between them, which -was confirmed by act of parliament.” Isabel, the elder of these -daughters, married <span class="eng">George, Duke of Clarence</span>, brother to Edward the -Fourth; and in her division of the family domains, the ancient manor of -Tewkesbury was included. With this lady, therefore, the subject under -consideration is more particularly connected. But she was destined not -long to survive her renowned father, and died in child-bed in the -twenty-fifth year of her age, at Warwick Castle, from which her remains -were conveyed to the Abbey of Tewkesbury, and made the object of a grand -funeral solemnity, which was prolonged to an unusual duration.</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_183.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_183.jpg" width="171.5" height="210" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>The annexed particulars may give some idea of the gorgeous ceremonial -practised on that occasion:—Lord John Strensham, Abbot of Tewkesbury, -with several other abbots, in the ecclesiastical habits of their order, -and all the brethren of the convent, received her body in the middle of -the choir. The funeral office was first performed by the Lord Abbot and -his brother abbots there present, with the whole of the convent, in nine -lessons; then by the suffragans of the bishops of Worcester and -Llandaff; and lastly, by the dean and chaplains of the Duke of Clarence. -The vigils were observed by the Duke’s own family till the following -day, which was the vigil of the Epiphany. The suffragan of the bishop of -Lincoln celebrated the first mass of St. Mary in the Chapel of the -Virgin; the second mass of the Trinity was celebrated by the Lord Abbot -at the high altar; the suffragan of the bishop of Worcester said the -third mass of “Eternal Rest,” at which Dr. Weld, of the Grey Friars of -Worcester, preached a sermon in the choir before the prelates and monks -there assembled. Mass being ended, the body was left under the <span class="eng">Herse</span>, a -fabric erected for that purpose in the middle of the choir, for the -space of thirty-five days, on every one of which the same solemn -obsequies were repeated. The body of this lady was then buried in a -vault behind the high altar, before the door of the Lady Chapel, -opposite that of St. Edward the Martyr’s.—To the fate of George Duke of -Clarence, who only survived his lady about a twelvemonth, we need not -particularly advert<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_184" id="page_184">{184}</a></span> in this place. He was also buried at Tewkesbury, -and left issue two children, Edward and Margaret. This Edward -Plantagenet, entitled Earl of Warwick, and heir of Tewkesbury, was first -seized and imprisoned by his uncle, the tyrant Richard; next, for safer -custody, removed to the Tower, by his cousin, Henry the Seventh, and -beheaded on the charge of a pretended conspiracy. But the only crime -that could be alleged against him was his being heir male of the house -of York; and to this and the king’s invincible jealousy he fell a victim -in the flower of his age. But as we shall have occasion to revert to -this subject hereafter, we omit in the meantime this part of the family -history.</p> - -<p>Margaret, the only sister of this unfortunate young noble, met with a -fate equally tragical and unmerited on her own part, and disgraceful to -the tyrant by whom it was inflicted. She was married to Sir Richard Pole -in early life, by whom she had a family, and upon an act of attainder -passed against her for corresponding with her son Cardinal Pole, she was -beheaded in the thirty-third year of the reign of Henry the Eighth.</p> - -<p>Anne, youngest daughter of Richard Nevil, Earl of Salisbury and Warwick, -was first married to Edward Prince of Wales, son of King Henry the -Sixth, who, being taken at the battle of Tewkesbury, was there murdered -by Richard Duke of Gloucester, whom she afterwards married, and had -issue Edward Prince of Wales, who died not long before his mother, who -is said to have been poisoned by Richard to facilitate his intended -union with his niece, Elizabeth, daughter of Edward the Fourth, and -afterwards queen of King Henry the Seventh.<a name="FNanchor_179_179" id="FNanchor_179_179"></a><a href="#Footnote_179_179" class="fnanchor">[179]</a></p> - -<p>From this period till the accession of Edward the Sixth, the lordship of -Tewkesbury was annexed to the crown. <span class="sidenote">1609.</span> -It was then granted to Sir Thomas -Seymour, who held it till his attainder; when it reverted back again, -and continued vested in the crown till the seventh of the reign of James -the First, when it was granted, by letters patent from that monarch, to -the corporation of Tewkesbury, for the sum of “two thousand four hundred -and fifty-three pounds seven shillings and fourpence halfpenny.”<a name="FNanchor_180_180" id="FNanchor_180_180"></a><a href="#Footnote_180_180" class="fnanchor">[180]</a></p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_184.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_184.jpg" width="146.5" height="143" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="eng">Such is the descent</span> of the manor of Tewkesbury in connexion with the -Abbey to which it gave origin, and with which it was intimately -associated during the long lapse of six or seven centuries.</p> - -<p>During the many ages of prosperity which intervened between the period -of its foundation down to that of its dissolu<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_185" id="page_185">{185}</a></span>tion the Abbey of -Tewkesbury is a name of frequent recurrence in history. Its abbots were -generally men of learning, moderation, and piety; and possessed an -influence in public affairs which extended far beyond the jurisdiction -of their convent. They had possessions in ten different counties, and, -with few exceptions, exerted a mild and benignant sway over the monastic -brotherhood, of whose moral and intellectual improvement they were the -watchful guardians. The compliment paid to this Abbey and its numerous -inmates by William of Malmesbury,<a name="FNanchor_181_181" id="FNanchor_181_181"></a><a href="#Footnote_181_181" class="fnanchor">[181]</a> already quoted, appears to have -been well merited. But in later times it was still more deserving of -admiration. The magnificent style of its architecture, the number and -richness of its shrines, tombs, and chapels, the elegance of design and -beauty of workmanship by which they were distinguished, did honour to -the classical taste of the abbots, and fostered that national love of -the fine arts which has never found more zealous or more munificent -patrons than among the old English Hierarchy.</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">They loved the arts: what taste and truth approved,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">What genius formed they patronized and loved.<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>The Abbey cloisters and offices have almost disappeared; they were -demolished by the commissioners; but, like those of St. Albans, their -remembrance is perpetuated in the sacred edifice of the conventual -church to which they belonged, and which has happily escaped those -violent state commotions which have exploded more than once under its -very walls. Its dimensions bespeak the early importance to which it laid -claim as one of the great temples of the national religion;<a name="FNanchor_182_182" id="FNanchor_182_182"></a><a href="#Footnote_182_182" class="fnanchor">[182]</a> whilst -the style and elaborate execution exhibited in detail, do full justice -to the noble design of the general mass as it first meets the eye. This -church contains a rich and varied series of monuments, from the “early -style to that of the late perpendicular. They amount to at least a -dozen—all of excellent workmanship, and several of very singular -composition. It contains also several good specimens of stone and iron -work.” It is also enriched with a series of genealogical portraits in -stained glass of the De Clares, the Despensers, and other benefactors of -the Abbey—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i7">—— who struggled to keep alive<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The lamp of Hope o’er man’s bewildered lot.<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_186" id="page_186">{186}</a></span></p><p>But the <span class="eng">Gateway</span> is the only remaining feature that conveys to the -spectator’s mind some idea of what the Abbey itself must have been in -the days of its prosperity. It is a structure of great solidity, finely -proportioned, crowned with embattled walls, and is much admired by -architects and others for the beauty of its Norman arch. In its minuter -features, it displays much of the fine and graceful workmanship usually -observed in <span class="eng">Gateways</span> of</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_186.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_186.jpg" width="313" height="254" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">its class and period. Like that of St. Albans, it is said to have been -the prison of the Abbot’s jurisdiction; and certainly no building -connected with the monastery could have been more adapted for a place of -“durance.” It was the strongest portion of the conventual buildings, and -in cases of emergency served the double purpose of prison and barbican. -At the period of the Dissolution it was particularly specified as one of -the conventual buildings that were to be kept up.</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">When yonder broken Arch was whole,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">’Twas there was dealt the weekly dole;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And where yon mouldering columns nod,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The Abbey sent the hymn to God.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">So fleets the world’s uncertain span;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Nor zeal for God, nor love to man,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Gives mortal monuments a date,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Beyond the power of time and fate.—<span class="smcap">Scott.</span><br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>The Abbey church of Tewkesbury presents in design and construction the -characteristic features of its class and era. It is built in the usual -form of a cross; with the central tower, erected over the great arcade -which divides the transepts, and separates the nave from the choir. -“This tower is considered the finest Norman specimen of its kind in -England, and was only equalled by<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_187" id="page_187">{187}</a></span> that of Malmesbury, now in ruins. -It was built early in the twelfth century <span class="sidenote">1130.</span>, by Robert, Consul and Earl of -Gloucester, and patron of the Abbey.</p> - -<p>In the first era of Norman architecture, towers of very large dimensions -and great height were placed within the centre or at the west end of the -cathedral and abbey churches. Many of these now lose the appearance of -their real height from their extreme solidity. This abbey tower, like -those of St. Albans, Lincoln, and others, was originally finished with a -lofty wooden spire, covered with lead;” a plan which is still observed -in Germany, where the church spires, constructed of wood and covered -with tin or iron, serve as distant landmarks to the traveller. In forest -countries this was not only ornamental but necessary. “One of the -earliest deviations from the original timber spire to that of stone was -in that of Salisbury Cathedral.”</p> - -<p>The height of the abbey tower is upwards of a hundred and thirty feet. -The height of spires and towers is usually found to be equal to the -height and length of the nave—or, more accurately perhaps, of the -transept. (Mitred Abbeys, Architect. Discourses: Notes.) Externally, -this tower is a very striking feature in the landscape, and is much -improved by the pinnacles at each corner, which, however, are -comparatively modern. The three tiers of arcade mouldings on the outer -walls are highly ornamental, and in the intermediate row intersect each -other, so as to give the whole square mass a light and graceful -appearance.</p> - -<p><span class="eng">Cloisters.</span>—There are some traces of the cloisters remaining on the -<i>South</i> side of the <i>nave</i>. They were in the perpendicular style, very -rich, and contain the remains of several stalls and screen-work carved -in oak. The windows are very elegant. In several instances the tracery -is quite fresh and highly ornamental. The upper windows are nearly of -the same character, but those underneath are of richer workmanship, with -mullions, transoms, and all the minute chisel-work of the florid style. -This part of the conventual remains is full of interest, and carries -back the spectator into times when the genius of architecture, fostered -by the spirit of religion, shed unrivalled lustre over the land.</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Now, if this <span class="eng">Cloister</span>, fallen and gone,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Ye fain would view as once it shone,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Pace ye with reverend step, I pray,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The moss-grown and forgotten way;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">While murmurs low the fitful wind,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Winning to peace the meeken’d mind;<br /></span> -<span class="i4">And evening, in her solemn stole,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">With stillness o’er those woods afar,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Leads in blue shade her bright’ning star,<br /></span> -<span class="i4">As spreads the slow gloom from the pole.<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>Cloisters were first introduced as an appendage to the larger -monasteries, and in this variable climate their use is sufficiently -obvious. They are common<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_188" id="page_188">{188}</a></span> to all the chief conventual houses in England; -but the most remarkable and capacious are those of Canterbury, -Salisbury, Norwich, Exeter, and Gloucester. They were particularly -adapted to conventual life; the “ambulatory” round the square, its open -windows that descended by a dividing mullion to the floor,<a name="FNanchor_183_183" id="FNanchor_183_183"></a><a href="#Footnote_183_183" class="fnanchor">[183]</a> and the -small grass-covered cemetery that occupied the centre of the -enclosure—the silence of the place—the sanctity of every object -around—all favoured a spirit of monastic seclusion, while, at the same -time, the inmates found under these solemn arcades that healthful air, -exercise, and social intercourse which they were not permitted to enjoy -in public.</p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_188.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_188.jpg" width="177" height="240.5" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>The modern entrance to the church is from the north side through a -portal of considerable width and elevation, and is furnished with iron -gates. Over the entrance is a mutilated image of the Madonna, under -whose tutelary guardianship the abbey enjoyed many ages of prosperity. -In one of the round massive columns near the entrance into the north -aisle, is an ancient <span class="eng">Piscina</span>, or vessel for holy water; and attached to -the same pillar are two antique alms-boxes, which appear to have been -the expressive monitors of charity during many generations.</p> - -<p>The internal area of the church consists of the nave, the transepts, -with two extensive side aisles, and a semicircular aisle surrounding the -chancel. The lateral aisles, which are rather lower than the body of the -church, are divided from the nave by double rows of massive pillars, -which bear the stamp of the twelfth century. In the aisle, which forms a -semicircular sweep from the north to the south ends of the transept is -the modern vestry—an apartment in which the archives of the abbey were -formerly kept. The whole of the interior—the nave, choir, aisles, and -transepts, are rich in the monuments of past ages. Shrines, -tabernacle-work, sacella, tombs, inscriptions, religious imagery, -military and heraldic badges, impart an air of solemn magnificence to -the scene, and address the spectator from every part of the walls. The -principal arcades, by which the nave is divided from the aisles, are -circular, like those in the Cathedral of Gloucester.<a name="FNanchor_184_184" id="FNanchor_184_184"></a><a href="#Footnote_184_184" class="fnanchor">[184]</a> The centre, or -nave, was highest in most of the great churches, and had a breadth -scarcely less than the space of the pier arches.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_189" id="page_189">{189}</a></span></p> - -<p><span class="eng">The Grand Entrance</span> from the west is the most striking point of view in -the whole structure. The Great West Window is “perpendicular,” converted -into a very lofty Norman arch of great depth, with shafts and mouldings. -“The clerestory windows of the nave are inserted in the Norman arcade; -those of the <span class="eng">Choir</span> are of the finest decorated tracery, with -considerable remains of ancient stained glass.” In design and -workmanship the arch possesses nearly every feature that can enter into -the combination of what is beautiful and even sublime in architecture.</p> - -<p>The perspective, though injured by modern arrangement—the introduction -of the organ, and the consequent interruption of the grand -coup-d’œil—is still solemn and impressive, and readily suggests to the -mind a clear idea of what it must have been when the eye could range at -once through the whole nave, with nothing between that and the choir to -intercept the view.</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_189.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_189.jpg" width="225" height="313.5" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>The nave in style and construction is Norman; the piers are round, -massive, and lofty. At the intersection of the cross is the fine Norman -tower, so much admired by all connoisseurs and men practically skilled -in the science of architecture. It is ornamented with rows of arches in -successive stages, both within and without, which give lightness to the -mass, and take off the heaviness that would otherwise mark the -structure.</p> - -<p>The choir has a multangular east end, with additional chapels and a -Chapter-house, all of excellent decorated character. Of the windows in -the aisles, some of them are decorated, others perpendicular. The great -window of this arch was thrown down in a storm in 1661, and twenty years -elapsed before it was restored.</p> - -<p>King selects the <span class="eng">Western Portico</span> of Tewkesbury as the grandest in -England in point of extent and effect. The western front, or façade, has -always occupied a prominent part in every large church. “It exhibits in -various instances a gradual alteration of style, from the early Norman -to that at the close of the fifteenth century. In the principal feature, -the entrance doorway, there is a remarkable difference between those in -England and upon<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_190" id="page_190">{190}</a></span> the Continent. The German and French <i>portail</i> forms -nearly one half of the total space, and is surmounted by a circular or -rose window of vast diameter;” while in the instance before us, as also -at St. Albans, the doorway bears no relative proportion to the -magnificent window which rises above it.</p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_190.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_190.jpg" width="169" height="223" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="eng">Font.</span>—In the south transept is a beautiful baptismal Font, with a -cover, richly carved, and finished with a cross. “The variety exhibited -in the design of these is infinite, and upon no subject connected with -ecclesiastical rites did sculptors exert more fancy and taste than in -the design and workmanship bestowed on the font.” No genuine Saxon work -is so frequent as this; fonts have often survived the church in which -they originally stood, and been preserved as venerable relics of -primitive Christianity. In the present specimen, however, elegance, -design, and execution, not antiquity, are what chiefly claim attention, -and which never fail to receive it from all who are curious in subjects -of this kind.</p> - -<p>Towards the close of the fourteenth century, a very ornamental appendage -to fonts was introduced, and chiefly in the eastern counties. These -consisted of carved oaken covers, exquisitely wrought and embellished, -which were suspended from the ceiling, moveable at pleasure, and not -unfrequently consisting of a pinnacle or frame several feet high. They -have been classed by Mr. F. Simpson, in his Series of Baptismal Fonts, -into Saxon, early English, and decorated English of the lower era.—See -Dallaway, Bapt. Fonts, p. 205.</p> - -<p><span class="eng">The Roof</span> of this church has a great advantage over that of St. Albans, -being of stone, and forming a magnificent groined vault, the ribs of -which are richly carved at their points of intersection with curious -devices, and ornamented with much beautiful tracery, which at that -height has a particularly delicate appearance. The carvings, where the -ribs cross each other or meet in clusters, are all emblematical of some -passage in Scripture history, commemorative of events in that of the -order of Benedictines, or obscurely referring to others against which -the sculptor’s ingenuity indulged in a satirical humour. But here the -latter is by no means so conspicuous as in others; for in those early -times the ornaments of the churches were made the frequent vehicles of -bitter satire against some rival brotherhood, whose vices, true or -imputed, were hieroglyphically represented in the capitals, corbel -heads, and archways of their respective buildings.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_191" id="page_191">{191}</a></span></p> - -<p>“No instance of a genuine Anglo-Norman building,” says a well-known -authority, “possesses, or was intended to possess, a stone roof, which -is indicated by the position of the capitals. The Norman wooden roof was -open to the timbers, and hence the conflagration of the ancient churches -were disasters of frequent occurrence. That of Tewkesbury was completely -destroyed by fire—“igne consumpta.”</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Far o’er the Severn’s crimson’d flood<br /></span> -<span class="i2">That blazing Abbey flung its fire,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Till roof, and stall, and shrinèd rood<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Their mass of smoking embers strew’d<br /></span> -<span class="i2">On chancel, nave, and choir.<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_191.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_191.jpg" width="178" height="233.5" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="eng">Cloister Bell-case.</span>—Among other striking remains of elaborate -workmanship with which the church was so profusely adorned, is a richly -carved fragment, with pinnacles, supposed to have been the case in which -was suspended the Cloister Bell, which at stated hours summoned the -monastic brotherhood to prayers. It is at once elegant in design, and -delicate in execution; and were larger models wanting, it would be -sufficient of itself to illustrate the beautiful style of architecture -to which it belongs.</p> - -<p>Summoned by this bell, the whole brotherhood, with the Lord Abbot at -their head, were wont to assemble for vespers; when the well-known hymn, -in commemoration of the early life of their founder, Saint Benedict, was -chanted in full chorus:—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Ille florentes peragebat annos<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Cum puer dulces patriæ penates<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Liquit, et solus latuit silenti<br /></span> -<span class="i6">Conditus antro.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Inter urticas, rigidosque sentes<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Vicit altricem scelerum juventam;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Inde conscripsit documenta vitæ<br /></span> -<span class="i6">Pulchra beatæ.<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="eng">The Tombs</span> and sepulchral antiquities which here proclaim the virtues of -the dead, and the sorrows of the living, are still numerous, though far -from what they are known to have been at the dissolution of the -monastery. Some of these are elaborate productions, and ably illustrate -that period when the purchase of masses and the erection of costly -sepulchres for the dead were<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_192" id="page_192">{192}</a></span> the highest testimonies that could be -offered to their memory. But to secure posthumous fame, liberality to -the church was the surest channel, and of those erected to the great -benefactors of Tewkesbury several remain in good preservation. The most -interesting are those of Isabel, Countess of Warwick; of Hugh, Lord le -Despenser; of Sir Edward le Despenser; of Sir Guy d’O’Brien; of Abbot -Cheltenham; of Abbot Wakeman, &c. But the first in right of precedence, -though not in beauty of design or workmanship, is the tomb of the -founder, Robert Fitz-Hamon, to whose life the reader’s attention has -been already directed. It stood originally in the Chapter-house, where -he was buried in 1107; but in 1241 it was removed to its present -situation in the church, where his bones were deposited with great -solemnity in a tomb of grey marble, and afterwards enclosed with an -altar-chapel by the Lord Abbot Parker. During the improvements which -were made in the church about the end of the last century, this tomb was -opened and examined, when the mortal relics, after an interval of more -than six centuries, were brought once more to the light. At the head of -the stone coffin, between two and three feet long, was a circular sheet -of lead, in the inner fold of which were deposited the thigh-bones and -one arm entire, and which were, beyond doubt, the last earthly remains -of the venerable founder. It was originally ornamented with the -founder’s effigy and other ornaments in brass; but these were all -abstracted during the course of open spoliation which, subsequent to the -dissolution of religious houses, mutilated or destroyed many of the -finest sepulchral antiquities in the kingdom. The inscription which -formerly, in short and simple phrase, directed the stranger to the -founder’s tomb, was cut round the frieze of the chapel:—“In hac capella -jacet Dns. Robertus Filius Hamonis, hujus loci fundator.”—Antiq. of -Tewkesb.</p> - -<p><span class="eng">The Chancel</span> (p. 169), where this tomb, with several others, is still -shown, exhibits a combination of magnificent features. It is supported -by six pillars of noble proportions, and over these are seven windows of -stained glass, richly ornamented with effigies and armorial bearings of -the ancient Earls of Gloucester.</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">There the lone <small>MONK</small> would muse and read,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">And meditate on sacred lore;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Or view the <small>WARRIOR</small> on his tomb,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">With raised hands seeming to implore<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Of Heaven a mitigated doom!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">So shaded would each figure lie,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Tall arches pointing overhead,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">That, though a window placed on high,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Its gloom through distant colours shed,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">So dim would lie in shades below,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">That whether living shape or dead,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The monk who gazed might hardly know.<br /></span> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_193" id="page_193">{193}</a></span></div></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="eng">Le Despenser’s Chapel</span>, or that dedicated to St. Mary Magdalen, is a -beautiful specimen of the style called Gothic. The roof is elaborately -carved, supported on slender pillars of marble—now much destroyed. It -was originally adorned with representations of our Saviour and his -apostles, and emblazoned with armorial bearings of the families with -which the Despensers claimed relationship. Under a canopy of state, on -the same side, is another—consisting of three compartments, each -diminishing as it ascends, till the last terminates in a point—with the -effigies of Lord and Lady Despenser, in white marble. The whole of this -shrine is richly carved, and, with its arches and pinnacles gradually -tapering off in the form of an obelisk, is a very elegant and beautiful -object, and well illustrates the florid style so prevalent in the -fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. It was founded by the Lady Isabella -Despenser, the Countess of Warwick already mentioned, in honour of St. -Mary Magdalen. The countess died in the Minories, London, in 1439, and -was buried at the right hand of her father in the choir.—See, <i>ante</i>, -p. 179.</p> - -<p>The chapel of <span class="eng">the Holy Trinity</span>, on the south side of the chancel, was -erected by the Lady Elizabeth, to the memory of her husband, Edward le -Despenser, whose figure as an armed knight, with the bearings of the -family emblazoned on his surcoat, occupies the top in a posture of -supplication. What remains of these chapels is sufficient to show how -highly they must have been ornamented, particularly the roof, upon which -great taste and ingenuity have been displayed.</p> - -<p>Nearly opposite the Despenser monument, and in the aisle surrounding the -chancel, is the tomb of Guy d’O’Brien, already mentioned in the -genealogical descent of the manor, as the second husband of the Lady -Despenser. It is of open tabernacle-work, and under the arch is a -recumbent figure of a knight in armour, with the arms of the O’Briens -(Lords of Thomond) and the Montacutes.</p> - -<p>Not far from the preceding, is the chapel of <span class="eng">St. Edmund the Martyr</span>. The -monument is supported by an arch, under which, according to the fashion -of those days, is a monk in the last stage of emaciation, stretched upon -a shroud, and serving as a moral lesson to his brethren and all -spectators, that to such complexion they must come at last. It is richly -ornamented with Gothic ornaments, all minutely carved; and is understood -to have been designed and executed by Wakeman, who was Abbot of -Tewkesbury at the dissolution of the abbey; but he was not buried here. -In a small chapel adjoining that of the Holy Trinity before mentioned, -is the tomb traditionally known as that of the twelfth abbot, who -presided in this monastery twenty years, and died in the middle of the -thirteenth<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_194" id="page_194">{194}</a></span> century. In Willis’s time, says Dyde, there appears to have -been an effigy of this abbot, as that author mentions, that “under this -arch are the effigies of a man lying in full proportion, which,” he -adds, “is said to have been for Robert Fortington, the last abbot.”</p> - -<p>Near this are the tombs of two other abbots; one a monument of dark -marble, with the inscription in Saxon letters, of “Johannes Abbas hujus -loci;” and another in the south wall, to the memory of “Alanus Dominus -Abbas.” The latter is a fine example of its kind, and has often been -engraved.</p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_194.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_194.jpg" width="235" height="324" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>On the south side, at <span class="eng">the Abbots’ Entrance</span> into the church, is a -monument with the arms of the De Clares, Earls of Gloucester, erected, -as it has been conjectured, to the memory of Beaufort, Duke of -Somerset,<a name="FNanchor_185_185" id="FNanchor_185_185"></a><a href="#Footnote_185_185" class="fnanchor">[185]</a> who was beheaded after the battle of Tewkesbury. But it -is probable, from the arms and other circumstances, that it is rather a -memorial of the De Clares, several of whose name and family are interred -within these precincts. The tomb is close to a rich-pointed doorway in -the south transept, called the Abbot’s entrance, which communicated with -the adjoining cloisters.</p> - -<p>On the north side, and under an arch not unlike the preceding, is a -recumbent figure of the unfortunate Lord Wenlock, whom, in a moment of -fierce exasperation, Somerset struck down with his battle-axe in the -field adjoining: but his body, as Leland reports, “was removed to some -other place.”</p> - -<p>Under the Tower is a brass plate with an inscription to the memory of -Edward, Prince of Wales, only son of Henry the Sixth, the circumstances -of whose death will be more particularly noticed hereafter. The spot -where he was interred, however, is a mystery; it is merely stated that, -in the common<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_195" id="page_195">{195}</a></span> fosse, dug for the reception of the other victims, in the -abbey, the body of the unfortunate prince was included.<a name="FNanchor_186_186" id="FNanchor_186_186"></a><a href="#Footnote_186_186" class="fnanchor">[186]</a></p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">No useless coffin enclosed his breast,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Nor in sheet, nor in shroud, they bound him.<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>The epitaphs in the church are numerous—some curious, and all more or -less illustrative of feelings by which, in general, the mourners were -actuated, and of times when a mixture of classic taste and monkish -superstition was the chief characteristic. Out of the many, that which -follows is selected as a specimen. It is taken from a brass plate, on a -stone in the body of the church, and has often been copied. (Histor. and -Antiq. of Tewkes.) “In hoc Tumulo sepulta jacet Amia uxor Johannis -Wiatt, Tewkesburiensis generosi, quæ spiritum exhalavit xxv August., Ao. -Dni.” [Year effaced.] It is an acrostic—<i>Amie Wiatt.</i></p> - -<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" summary=""> - -<tr><td colspan="3"> In cujus obitum versiculos perlegito subsequentes.</td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="eng">A</span></td><td>:</td><td> A me disce mori, mors est sors omnibus una;</td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="eng">M</span></td><td>:</td><td> Mortis et esca fui mortis et esca fores.<br /></td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="eng">I</span></td><td>:</td><td> In terram ex terra terrestris massa meabis;<br /></td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="eng">E</span></td><td>:</td><td> Et capiet cineres urna parata cinis.<br /></td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="eng">V</span></td><td>:</td><td> Vivere vis cœlo, terrenam temnite vitam:<br /></td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="eng">V</span></td><td>:</td><td> Vita pijs mors est; mors mihi vita pia.<br /></td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="eng">J</span></td><td>:</td><td> Jejunes, vigiles, ores, credasq potenti,<br /></td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="eng">A</span></td><td>:</td><td> Ardua fac: non est mollis ad astra via.<br /></td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="eng">T</span></td><td>:</td><td> Te Scriptura vocat, te sermo, ecclesia Mater.<br /></td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="eng">T</span></td><td>:</td><td> Teque vocat Sponsus, Spiritus atque Pater.<br /></td></tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="eng">N.B. The Area</span> consists of a grand principal aisle or nave, a transept or -cross aisle, and two spacious side aisles, somewhat lower than the main -body of the church, and separated from the nave by two rows of massive -pillars. Also a handsome semicircular aisle surrounding the chancel, -from the north to the south ends of the transepts, in which are the -vestry (where the abbey records were formerly kept), several recesses -and chapels dedicated to the founder, the benefactors, and other persons -of distinction, with several Gothic tombs of splendid execution. We -<i>recapitulate</i> these as the chief features of the Area.</p> - -<p>Taking his position in the centre of the chancel, the stranger commands -the most imposing features in the church; the rich groined roof, the -bold massive pillars, the richly-sculptured tombs, the painted windows, -blazoned shields, emblematic groups and Gothic inscriptions—all strike -the mind with feelings of deep solemnity, and carry us back into the -gorgeous imagery of the middle ages. Well may we exclaim with -Quintilian—“En morti sacratos lapides!”—See, <i>ante</i>, p. 169.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_196" id="page_196">{196}</a></span></p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0"><span class="eng">There</span>, in their sepulchres of costly art,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Where still the gold clings to the Parian stone,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Legend and shield and effigy impart<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The accumulated fame of ages flown,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">O’er sainted dust the classic wreath is strewn.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">But now no mass is said—no requiem sung,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The priest is mute, the choristers are gone;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">No votive “rose” upon the shrine is hung,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">No flowers upon the <span class="smcap">Founder’s</span> tomb are flung.<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="eng">The Chapter-house.</span>—This appendage to the Abbey—in which was the -original tomb of the founder—is considered from the best evidence to be -coeval with the building. Chapter-houses were introduced by the early -Norman prelates, and formed an indispensable adjunct to every cathedral -and monastery subsequently erected under their superintendence. They -were not, however, built as merely necessary to the conventual -establishments, and for assembling the members of the church at their -elections, but they were likewise the depositaries of deceased superiors -and noble benefactors. Here Fitz-Hamon, the great benefactor, or rather -founder of Tewkesbury Abbey, was buried, as already mentioned, but -afterwards removed to a more sacred dormitory within the church. The -approach to the Chapter-house was uniformly through the cloisters, and -in certain instances, as at Chester and Bristol, it had a large -vestibule. That of Tewkesbury is now used as a school. The windows are -lancet-pointed, and round the base and walls are pannellings and arcade -mouldings after the Norman style.—See Discourses on Architecture, with -the Analysis of Conventual Churches.</p> - -<p>On the outside of the south wall is “a very beautiful arch, now closed, -which opened a communication between the south aisle and the remaining -abbey and cloisters.” From the style of the remaining arches in the side -walls, the latter appear to have been extremely handsome. In the south -wall, near the vestry door, is the tomb of <span class="eng">Alanus</span>—already named—the -friend and biographer of Thomas-à-Becket, who died in 1202. The body is -“deposited in a coffin of Purbeck marble, laid under a very plain -semi-quatrefoil arch.” The coffin was opened in 1795; when the lid was -taken off, the body appeared surprisingly perfect, considering that it -had lain there nearly six hundred years. The folds of the drapery were -very distinct, but from being exposed to the air, the whole very soon -crumbled away, and left little more than a skeleton. The <i>boots</i>, -however, still retained their shape and a certain degree of elasticity, -and hung in large folds about the legs. On his right side lay a plain -crosier of wood, neatly turned, the top of which was gilded, having a -cross cut in it. It was five feet eleven inches in length and remarkably -light. On his left side lay the fragments of a chalice.—Sepulch. -Antiq.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_197" id="page_197">{197}</a></span></p> - -<p><span class="eng">Stalls</span> are of the same early introduction as the other Norman -appendages. “When composed of stone,” says the author already quoted, -“they were first used near the altar by the officiating priests in -choirs, and as subsellia in parish chancels.” Those of oak, now seen in -the <span class="eng">North Transept</span> of the abbey, formerly stood in the choir. They are -tolerably perfect; and in their canopies much intricate design and -delicate carving are apparent. “In choirs, where many were united in one -general plan, oak was soon introduced in place of stone,” as a material -much better adapted to the purpose of elaborate carving.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_197.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_197.jpg" width="321.5" height="255" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>The cenotaph of Abbot Wich is at the entrance of St. Edward’s Chapel; it -represents, as already stated, an emaciated figure, surrounded by the -ensigns of mortality, which seem to address every ear in these emphatic -words—Memento mori!</p> - -<p>The east end is hexagonal, separated from the aisles by six short -massive columns supporting pointed arches. Beneath these are some larger -monuments, and over them are windows fitted with painted glass. In two -of them are very curious figures of knights in armour, eight in number, -and represented standing under very rich Gothic canopies, each filling -nearly one of the principal compartments of the windows, some in mail, -others in plated armour. They are said to represent Robert first earl of -Gloucester, the three Gilberts de Clare, Richard de Clare, Hugh le -Despenser the younger, and one of the La Zouch family; all of whom have -been already noticed in the genealogical introduction to this -subject.—History of the County, art. Tewkesbury.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_198" id="page_198">{198}</a></span></p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0"><span class="eng">Benedictine.</span> To fashion my reply to your demand<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Is not to boast, though I proclaim the honours<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Of our profession. <i>Four emperors</i>,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Forty-six kings, and one-and-fifty queens,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Have changed their royal ermines for our sables.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">These cowls have clothed the heads of fourteen hundred<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And six kings’ sons; of dukes, great marquises,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And earls, two thousand and above four hundred<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Have turn’d their princely coronets into<br /></span> -<span class="i0">An humble coronet of hair, left by<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The razor—thus.—<span class="smcap">Shirley.</span><br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="eng">Tewkesbury Abbey</span> was the last of the monastic establishments in -Gloucestershire which surrendered to the mandate of Henry the Eighth. -The surrender was made, under the convent seal, by John Wich, with -fifteen of the brotherhood, on the 9th day of January, 1539, being the -thirty-first year of the king’s reign, and began in these terms:—“To -all Christian people to whom these presents shall come, We the Abbot, -etc., and Brothers of the said monastery, send greeting. Know ye, that -we upon full consideration, certain knowledge, and mere motion, and for -divers causes just and reasonable moving our souls and consciences -thereto, have freely and voluntarily given and granted to our Lord the -King,” etc.</p> - -<p>The clear annual “value of all the possessions belonging to the said -monastery, as well spiritual as temporal, besides £136 8<i>s.</i> 1<i>d.</i>, -granted in fees and annuities to several persons by letters patent, -under the convent seal, for their lives, was £1595 17<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> The -pensions assigned by the royal commissioners—Southwell, Petre, Kairn, -Price, Kingsmen, Paulett, and Bernars—to the abbot, the prior, and -other members of the establishment, amounted to £532 6<i>s.</i> 8<i>d.</i>, -leaving a handsome balance of £1063 10<i>s.</i> 10<i>d.</i> in favour of his -Majesty’s exchequer. The keys of the treasury were delivered to Richard -Paulett, receiver; but the records and evidences belonging to the -monastery, which were deposited therein, and the houses and buildings -which were to remain undefaced, were committed to the keeping of Sir -John Whittington. Of the houses and buildings to be preserved were,—the -lodging called Newark, leading from the gate to the <span class="eng">Abbot’s Lodgings</span>, -with the buttery, pantry, cellar, larder, kitchen, and pastry thereto -adjoining: the late abbot’s lodging; the hostrey; the great gate -entering into the court, with the lodging over the same; the Abbot’s -stable, bakehouse, brewhouse, and slaughter-house; the almary, barn, and -dairy-house; the great barn next the river Avon; the malt-house, with -the garners in the same; the ox-house in the Penton gate, and the -lodging over the same.”—These afford some notion of the domestic -offices of a lord abbot of that day.</p> - -<p>The buildings “deemed to be superstitious or superfluous, and therefore -to be demolished, were the church—but which was happily preserved with -its<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_199" id="page_199">{199}</a></span> appendages, and made parochial—the chapels, the cloister, the -chapter-house, the two dormitories; the infirmary, with the chapels and -lodgings within the same; the workhouse, with another house adjoining to -the same; the convent kitchen, the library, the misericorde, the old -hostrey, the chamber and lodgings, the new hall, the old parlour -adjoining the abbot’s lodgings, the cellarer’s or butler’s lodging, the -poultry-house, the garner, the almary, and all other houses and lodgings -not before reserved.”</p> - -<p>The list of materials to be converted to the king’s use, and delivered -to the commissioners, were as follows:—the leads remaining on the -choir, aisles, and chapels annexed; “the cloister, chapter-house, -fratery, St. Michael’s chapel, halls, infirmary, and gatehouse, were -estimated at 180 fodder. The bells remaining in the steeple were eight -poizes, by estimation 14,600 lbs. weight.”</p> - -<p>The jewels reserved for his Majesty’s use were,—two mitres, gilt, -garnished with rugged pearls and counterfeit stones. The silver plate -consisted of silver-gilt, 329 oz.—parcel of do. 605 oz.—plain silver, -497 oz.—making a total of 1431 ounces, which evinced no great luxury in -that department. The ornaments reserved for his Majesty’s use were,—one -cope of silver tissue, with one chesible and tunicle of the same; one -cope of gold tissue, with one chesible and two tunicles of the same. The -ornaments, goods, and chattels belonging to the said monastery were sold -by the said commissioners, as in a book of sales thereof made appears, -for the sum of £194 8<i>s.</i> To money given to thirty-eight religious -persons of the said monastery, £80 13<i>s.</i> 4<i>d.</i> To one hundred and -forty-four servants, for their wages and liveries, £75 10<i>s.</i> Paid the -debts of the said monastery, £18 12<i>s.</i> These together made a sum of -£174 15<i>s.</i> 4<i>d.</i>, which deducted from the proceeds of the sale, left a -balance in the commissioners’ hands of £19 12<i>s.</i> 8<i>d.</i>—History of the -Abbey, referring to the Record in the Augmentation-office, dated 38 Hen. -VIII.—Dyde.</p> - -<p>The ecclesiastical livings in the gift of the monastery were -numerous;<a name="FNanchor_187_187" id="FNanchor_187_187"></a><a href="#Footnote_187_187" class="fnanchor">[187]</a> the abbots, who successively presided as the spiritual -lords of Tewkesbury, were twenty-six in number, and filling a long -interval of four hundred and thirty-four years. Their names -are,—Giraldus, 1104; Robert, 1110; Benedict, 1124; Roger, 1137; -Fromund, 1162—during whose abbacy the con<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_200" id="page_200">{200}</a></span>ventual church was burnt. (A -vacancy occurs here.) Robert II., 1182. (Another vacancy.) Alan, prior -of Canterbury, 1187; Walter, 1202; Hugh, 1213; Bernard, a monk of -Tewkesbury, 1215, but not approved; Peter, a monk of Worcester, 1216; -Robert Fortington, prior of the Abbey, 1232; Thomas Stoke, 1253; Richard -de Norton, 1276; Thomas Kemsey, 1282; John Cotes, 1328; Thomas de Legh, -1361; Thomas Chesterton, 1362; Thomas Parker, 1390; William Bristow, -1414; John Abingdon, 1443; John de Salys; (?) John Strensham—supposed -that in his time the abbey was made parliamentary; Richard Cheltenham, -1481; Henry Bewly, 1509; John Wich or Wakeman, the last abbot, and first -bishop of Gloucester, 1531. The abbey demesnes consisted of Stanway, -modified and enlarged by Abbot Cheltenham; Forthampton, on the right -bank of the Severn, about a mile below Tewkesbury; and Tewkesbury Park, -Manor Place, on the east or left bank of the Severn.—Hist. and Antiq. -of Tewkes. Chron. Series of the Abbots.</p> - -<p><span class="eng">Domesday Survey.</span>—In Teodechesberie were fourscore and fifteen hides in -the time of King Edward. Of these forty-five were in demean, and free -from all royal service and tax, except the service due to the lord of -the manor. The manor was in <i>capite</i>. There were in demean twelve -plough-tillages, and fifty between the <i>servi</i> and <i>ancillæ</i>, and -sixteen <i>bordars</i> in waiting about the hall, and two mills of 20 <i>sol.</i>, -and one fishery, and a salt-pit at Wich, belonging to the manor.... In -all Teodechesberie there are 120 acres of meadow, and a wood one mile -and a half long, and as much broad.... There are now thirteen burgesses -paying 20 <i>sol.</i> a-year; a market, established by the queen,<a name="FNanchor_188_188" id="FNanchor_188_188"></a><a href="#Footnote_188_188" class="fnanchor">[188]</a> pays -11 <i>sol.</i> and 8 <i>den.</i> And there is one plough-tillage more, and -twenty-two between the <i>servi</i> and <i>ancillæ</i>, a fishery, and a salt-pit, -&c.... This manor of Tewkesbury, when entire in the time of King Edward, -was worth 100 <i>lib.</i> Whereas Radulf received 12 <i>lib.</i> because it was -spoiled and disordered.... Brictric, the son of Algar, held this manor -in the time of King Edward; and at that time had the underwritten -estates of other thanes under his jurisdiction, &c. &c.—Dyde, 135. [The -Norman pound or <i>lib.</i> equal to 12 ounces solid silver = £3 2<i>s.</i> -sterling; the <i>sol.</i> = 3 shillings sterling; 48 Saxon shillings = £1 -sterling.<a name="FNanchor_189_189" id="FNanchor_189_189"></a><a href="#Footnote_189_189" class="fnanchor">[189]</a>—Ibid.]—See References and Authorities.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_201" id="page_201">{201}</a></span></p> - -<p><span class="eng">Environs.</span>—The first locality in the immediate neighbourhood to which -the stranger’s attention is directed is the ancient battle-field, or, as -it is now emphatically called, the “Bloody Meadow.” It was on this -spot—the “field of Tewkesbury,”—that, on the 4th of May, 1471, the -grand question between the rival houses of York and Lancaster was -finally decided. The subject is familiar to every reader of history and -the drama. It is commemorated, with many interesting details, by the old -chroniclers; it is chosen by Shakspeare himself as the closing scene of -one of his most powerful dramas; while the fair author of “Margaret of -Anjou” has made it the theme of a spirited and graceful poem, in which -the morning of the battle is thus introduced:—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“<span class="lftspc">’</span>Tis May—a bright and cloudless morn<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Smiles on the world—on every thorn<br /></span> -<span class="i1">The newly-open’d blossom glows,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And rich the woodland music flows;<br /></span> -<span class="i3">Each hails the promise for his own,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">As if the beam on nature’s face<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Shone forth his single crest to grace,<br /></span> -<span class="i3">And spake to him alone.<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Alas! the welkin’s dazzling eye<br /></span> -<span class="i1">But mocks the fleeting pageantry.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_201.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_201.jpg" width="216.5" height="226" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>“When <span class="eng">Queen Margaret</span>,” says Grafton, “knew that King Edward was come so -near her, she tarried not long at Bath, but, removing in great haste to -Bristow, sent out certain horsemen to espie whether she might safely -pass ouer the riuer Seuerne, by Gloucester, into Wales, whither she -determined first to go to augment her armie; and then without any delay, -with speere and shielde, to set on her enemyes wheresoeuer they would -abyde.” But having learned from the spies that the city of Gloucester -had been intimidated by Richard, the king’s brother; that the Governor, -Lord Beauchamp, had peremptorily refused to allow her to pass over their -bridge; and that the townspeople were neither to be won by promises nor -deterred by threats, “she shortly departed from Bristow with her armie -to a propre towne on Seuerne-syde, called <span class="eng">Tewkesbury</span>. The Lord Beauchamp -tooke from her rere-ward more ordinance than she might have well spared, -which did to her<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_202" id="page_202">{202}</a></span> no small prejudice.” The march lasted from sun to -sun—impeded by the wretched cross-roads, and in continual skirmishes -with the enemy.</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“In weary march the night had pass’d,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And Lancaster with joy espied<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Fair <span class="eng">Tewkesbury’s</span> hoary towers at last<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Reflected in Sabrina’s tide.<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Gloster had closed her gates, and sent<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Loud insults from each battlement:<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Nor did the rebel town make known<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Her enmity in scoffs alone;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">For many a mile, from copse and dell,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">As onward passed the arméd train,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">An arrowy shower around them fell,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And many a gallant form was slain—<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Unseen the hand that brought his bane.<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Bold Beaufort, who the vaward held,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">As morning’s dewy mists dispell’d,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And Tewkesbury’s turrets tipt with light<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Rose on his view—a welcome sight—<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Through all his host the signal pass’d.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>Here, after their harassing night march, the troops were permitted to -halt for some slight rest and refreshment; and, drawn up close to the -banks of the Severn, could scan during their hasty repast the verdant -field, now bright with the morning sun, over which the angel of -destruction was hovering with outstretched but invisible wings. But full -of hope, and encouraged by the words and presence of the Queen and her -son Prince Edward, who had both shared with them the terrors of the -night, and now anticipated a triumphant day, no thoughts of discomfiture -once crossed the soldier’s mind.</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“On Severn’s banks, in gladsome groups,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">In thoughtless mirth, the scatter’d troops<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Waste the free hour; some cast aside<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Their heavy harness; some divide<br /></span> -<span class="i1">With vigorous arm the opposing tide.<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Nor did the crested <span class="smcap">Chieftains</span> scorn<br /></span> -<span class="i3">Their cumbrous helms aside to throw,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And woo the freshness of the morn<br /></span> -<span class="i3">To fan each gallèd brow.<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And many a richly blazon’d shield<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Lay scatter’d on the dewy field.<br /></span> -<span class="i1">But the loud laugh, the song, the jest—<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Blithe echoes of the careless breast—<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Rose from the <i>humbler</i> swarm; the rest,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Though thrown aside their <i>outward</i> gear,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Did still their bosom-burthens bear!”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>“When the Queen,” continues the chronicle, “was come to Tewkesbury, and -knew that Kinge Edward followed her with his horsemen at the very backe, -she was sore abashed, and wonderfully amazed, and determined in<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_203" id="page_203">{203}</a></span> -herselfe to flie into Wales, to Jasper, Earle of Pembroke. But the Duke -of Somerset willyng in no wise to flie backward, for doubts that he -casted might chaunce by the way, determined there to tarrye to take -suche fortune as God woulde sende.” When Oxford advised that, for -another day at least, and until Pembroke’s reinforcements should have -arrived, the Queen should not hazard a battle, where in point of numbers -the chances were so much against her,—and added that if she did, her -advisers would “think of it ere night,”—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Not fight to-day!” cried Somerset:<br /></span> -<span class="i0">“Thy words would tempt me to forget<br /></span> -<span class="i1">That I have seen thee play a part<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Which vouches for thy manly heart.<br /></span> -<span class="i1">‘Think on’t ere night!’ Why, what care I?<br /></span> -<span class="i1">’Tis <i>now</i> we’re call’d by Destiny!<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Yes, Oxford, I do hope thy sword,<br /></span> -<span class="i3">Ere this bright morn has pass’d away,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Shall proudly contradict thy word—<br /></span> -<span class="i3">Yes, Oxford, <i>we must fight to-day</i>!”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>This resolution having been confirmed by the sanction of the Queen; the -Prince, her son, exclaims, in bitter remembrance of the field of Barnet, -in which both the Nevils had perished—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i8">“Is’t not time<br /></span> -<span class="i2">To close the scene of woe and crime!<br /></span> -<span class="i2">This hour <i>shall</i> close it! Ne’er again<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Will I turn back from battle-plain<br /></span> -<span class="i0">A beaten fugitive! Ere Even<br /></span> -<span class="i2">With parting smile shall gild the west,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">This sword shall triumph win, or rest—<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Victory on earth, or—peace in heaven.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>Hereupon “the Duke of Somerset, like a pollitike warriour, trenched hys -campe round about of such an altitude, and so strongly, that his enemyes -by no means easily could make any entry; and further, perceiuyng that -his part could neuer escape without battaile, determined there to see -the ende of hys goode or yll chaunce; wherefore he marshalled his hoste -after this maner: he and the lord Iohn of Somerset, his brother, led the -forewarde; the middle warde was gouerned by the Prince, under the -conduyte of the Lord of Saint Iohns and Lorde Wenlocke, whome King -Edward had highly before preferred, and promoted to the degree of a -baron.” [This fact the chronicler mentions in order, probably, to -account for his subsequent conduct, and to justify the suspicion that he -was not a hearty partisan in the queen’s cause.] “The rere-warde was put -in the rule of the Earle of Deuonshire. When all these battayles were -thus ordered and placed, the Queene and her sonne, Prince Edwarde, rode -about the fielde encouraging their souldiors, promisyng to them,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_204" id="page_204">{204}</a></span> if -theye did shew themselves valiaunt against their enemyes, great rewardes -and high promocions, innumerable gaine of the spoyle and bootye of their -adversaryes, and, above all other, fame and renoune through the whole -realme.”</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Give me earth’s triumphs,” Margaret cries,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">“This nether world concludes my schemes!<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Ne’er could I teach my soul to prize<br /></span> -<span class="i3">The moping beadsman’s dreams.<br /></span> -<span class="i1">‘<i>Victory on Earth!</i>’—Friends! to this hour<br /></span> -<span class="i3">A whole life’s energies are due!<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Whate’er of ardour, skill, or power,<br /></span> -<span class="i3">Your noble breasts imbue,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Call to the conflict! loudly call,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">This grasping hour demands them all<br /></span> -<span class="i1">’Tis a vast moment! ’tis the goal<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Toward which, through years of strife, the soul<br /></span> -<span class="i1">With untied vigour bent its force—<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And <i>now</i> we touch the limits of the course!”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>“In the meantime,” says the chronicler, “King Edward, which the day -before had come within a mile of Tewkesbury, put his brother, the Duke -of Gloucester, in the forewarde, and himselfe in the middlewarde; the -Lorde Marques and the Lorde Hastyngs led the rere garde. The Duke of -Gloucester, which lacked no pollicy, valiauntly with his battayle -assaulted the trenche of the Queene’s campe, whome the Duke of Somerset -with no less courage defended. Then the Duke of Gloucester, for a very -pollitik purpose, with all his men reculed backe, the which Somerset -perceiuying, like a knight more couragious than circumspect, came out of -his trenche with his whole battayle and followed the chase, not doubting -but the Prince and the Lorde Wenlocke, with the middlewarde, had -followed just at his backe. But whether the Lorde Wenlocke dissimulated -the matter for King Edward’s sake, or whether his harte serued him not, -still he stoode lookyng on. The Duke of Gloucester, takyng the advantage -that he adventured for, turned again face to face to the Duke of -Somerset’s battayle; which, nothyng lesse thinkyng on than of the -returne, were within a small space shamefully discomfited. <span class="eng">Somerset</span>, -seeyng hys unfortunate chaunce, returned to the middlewarde, where, -seeyng the Lorde <span class="eng">Wenlocke</span> standyng still, and after having reuyled and -called hym traytor, with hys axe strake the braynes out of his heade.</p> - -<p>“The Duke of Gloucester entered the trench, and after him the King, -where, after no long conflict, the Queene’s part went almost all to -wrecke, for the most part were slaine. Some fled for succour in the -thicke of the Parke, some into the Monastarye, some into other places. -The Queene was founde in her chariot almost dead for sorow, the Prince -was apprehended<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_205" id="page_205">{205}</a></span> and kept close by Sir Richard Croftes. The Duke of -Somerset and the Lorde Prior of St. Johns were by force taken prisoners, -and many other also. In the field and chase were slaine John, Lord -Somerset, the Earle of Deuonshire,</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_205.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_205.jpg" width="271.5" height="229" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Sir John Delues, Sir Edward Hampden, Sir Robert Wychingham, Sir John -Lewkenor, and three thousand other.” In this battle the last blood and -strength of the House of Lancaster being spent, Edward was established</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">——“On England’s royal throne,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Repurchased by the blood of enemies.—<br /></span> -<span class="i0">What valiant foemen, like to autumn’s corn,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Have we mow’d down, in tops of all their pride!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Three Dukes of Somerset, threefold renown’d<br /></span> -<span class="i0">For hardy and undoubted champions:<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Two Cliffords, as the father and the son,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And two Northumberlands; two braver men<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Ne’er spurr’d their coursers to the trumpet’s sound.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">With them the two brave bears, Warwick and Montague,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">That in their chains fetter’d the Kingly Lion,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And made the forest tremble when they roar’d.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Thus have we swept suspicion from our seat.”——<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>The chronicle then proceeds with the sad detail as follows:—“After the -field ended, King Edward made a proclamation that whosoever could bring -Prince Edward to him alive or dead should have an annuitie of an hundred -pound duryng his lyfe, and the Prince’s lyfe to be saved. Sir Richard -Croftes, a wise and a valiaunt knight, nothing mistrustyng the king’s -former promise, brought forth his prisoner, Prince Edward, beyng a -goodly feminine and a well-featured young gentleman, whome when King -Edward had well advised, he demanded of him howe he durst so -presumptuouslye enter into his<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_206" id="page_206">{206}</a></span> realme with banner displayed. The Prince -beyng bold of stomack, and of a good courage, answered, saying, ‘To -recover my father’s kingdome and enheritage, from his father and -grandfather to him, and from him, after him, to me lineally descended.’ -At these wordes King Edward sayde nothing, but with his hand thrust him -from him, or as some say stroke him with his gauntlet, whom incontinent -they yᵗstoode aboute, which were George, Duke of Clarence, Richard, Duke -of Gloucester, Thomas, Marques Dorset, and William, Lord Hastyngs, -sodainly stroke and cruelly murthered him. The bitternesse of which -murder some of the doers after in their latter dayes tasted and assayed -by the very rod of justice and punishment of God”—each of them, the -king excepted, having met with a tragical and untimely death. “His bodye -was homelye interred with the other simple corses in the churche of the -Monastarye of Blacke Monkes, in Tewkesbury.”</p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_206.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_206.jpg" width="106" height="151" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>This interview between the king and the prince is powerfully drawn by -Shakspeare,—in scene fifth of the third Part of “King Henry the -Sixth”—who takes the old chronicles of his day as his authority for the -death of <span class="eng">Prince Edward</span>, who received the daggers of the King, -Gloucester, and Clarence, in quick succession:—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0"><i>K. Edw.</i> Take that, the likeness of this railer here. (<i>Stabs him.</i>)<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0"><i>Glo.</i> Sprawl’st thou? take that to end thy agony.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0"><i>Clar.</i> And there’s for twitting me with perjury. (<i>Each stabs him in turn.</i>)<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>It is supposed that, when the queen was found and introduced into the -presence of the conqueror, she was not aware of the extent of her -misery. She believed that her son at least had escaped the carnage of -the field, and believing this, all her agony was assuaged. But when the -dreadful truth flashed upon her, and she beheld in the looks of those -around her a ferocious exultation which could not be mistaken,—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i3">“She look’d upon their weapons red,<br /></span> -<span class="i4">She guess’d what blood their points had shed—<br /></span> -<span class="i4">‘Where is my child? Mine only one!<br /></span> -<span class="i4">Oh God—oh God! Is this my son?<br /></span> -<span class="i4">Monsters! a mother’s curse lie strong<br /></span> -<span class="i4">And heavy on ye! May the tongue—<br /></span> -<span class="i4">The ceaseless tongue—which well I ween<br /></span> -<span class="i4">Lives in the murderer’s murky breast—<br /></span> -<span class="i4">With goading whispers, fell and keen,<br /></span> -<span class="i4">Make havoc of your rest!<br /></span> -<span class="i4">For ever in your midnight dream,<br /></span> -<span class="i4">May the wan smile, which yet delays<br /></span> -<span class="i4">On yon cold lips, appal your gaze<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_207" id="page_207">{207}</a></span>—<br /></span> -<span class="i4">And may a madden’d mother’s scream<br /></span> -<span class="i4">Ring in your ears till ye awake,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And every limb with horror’s palsy shake!’—<br /></span> -<span class="i4">An impulse like the grasp of death<br /></span> -<span class="i4">Now hardly held her gasping breath.<br /></span> -<span class="i4">Dire was the conflict. Mute she stood,<br /></span> -<span class="i6">Striving—and fain to utter more,<br /></span> -<span class="i6">Her writhing features struggled sore<br /></span> -<span class="i4">With black convulsion, till the blood<br /></span> -<span class="i4">Burst from her lips, a ghastly flood.<br /></span> -<span class="i4">Then nature gave the combat o’er,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And the heart-stricken queen fell senseless on the floor!”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>Queen Margaret, adds the chronicle, “lyke a prisoner, was brought to -London, where shee remayned till King Reyner, her father, raunsomed her -with money, which summe, as the French writers affirme, he borrowed of -King Lewis XI.; and because he was not of power nor abilitye to repaye -so great a dutye, he sold to the French Kinge and hys heyres the -kingdomes of Naples and both the Sicilies, with the countie of Prouynce, -which is the very tytle that King Charles the Seaventh made when he -conquered the realme of Naples. After that raunsome payde, shee was -conveyed into Fraunce with small honor, which with so great triumph and -honorable enterteynment was with pompe above all pride receyved into -this realme xxvii. yeres before. And where in the begynning of her tyme -she lyved lyke a queene; in the middle shee ruled like an empresse; -towards the ende she was vexed with trouble, never quyet nor in peace. -And in her very extreme age she passed her dayes in Fraunce, more like -death than lyfe, languishing and mourning in continuall sorow, not so -much for herselfe and her husbande, whose ages were almost consumed and -worne, but for the losse of Prince Edwarde, her sonne, whome shee and -her husbande thought to have bothe overlyver of their progeny, and also -of their kingdome, to whome in thys lyfe nothing could be more -displeasant or grievous.”</p> - -<p>Of the ancient lords of the manor of Tewkesbury we have given a brief -account in tracing the descent of that honor; but in a future portion of -the work, the “doings and sufferings” of the De Clares and the Le -Despensers, with various biographical anecdotes, will be introduced. In -the meantime, we take leave of this venerable Abbey—every feature of -which is eloquent of the past—with a legend which, as connected with -its founder, Robert Fitz-Hamon, has often been told and listened to in -these very <span class="eng">Cloisters</span>, and with that implicit belief which nothing but -the revival of miracles and monachism can restore! These apartments are -now laid open to the blast; and over the grave of the beadsman “the -stones of the sanctuary” are piled in mouldering heaps. Through the -fretted shrines and casements, the March<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_208" id="page_208">{208}</a></span> winds are now whistling a cold -and shrill matin. The labourer has paused from his toil to discuss the -merits of the New Parliament, the Gloucester Railway, and the Corn Laws! -Shade of Fitz-Hamon, beholdest thou this!</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_208.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_208.jpg" width="424" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="eng">Legend.</span>—“On the day preceding his death in the New Forest, King Rufus -had a dream, and behold he felt as if grievously wounded by a javelin, -and that forthwith there gushed a stream of blood which reached even to -the sky, cast its shadows over the sun, and diminished the very light of -day. Starting from his sleep, the king invoked the name of the Blessed -Virgin, and calling for lights, ordered his chamberlains to stay by him, -and so passed the remainder of the night wide awake, being sorely -troubled with the vision.</p> - -<p>“But in the morning very early, a monk from beyond seas, who was then in -attendance upon the king for certain affairs of the church, beckoning to -<span class="eng">Robert Fitz-Hamon</span>, a man of great weight and influence about the king, -said unto him that his rest had been troubled with a frightful dream, -which he thus related:—‘As I lay on my pallet in sound sleep, methought -I saw the king enter a certain church with a proud step and haughty -demeanour, as is his wont, and shewing his contempt for those who were -there gathered<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_209" id="page_209">{209}</a></span> around him. Anon, seizing the crucifix with his teeth, -he gnawed off its arms (brachia illius corrosit), and left it hardly a -limb to stand upon. Now, when the crucifix had quietly borne with this -horrible treatment for some time, at length, provoked beyond sufferance, -and drawing back its right foot into a kicking attitude, it spurned the -king’s person with such terrific strength that he fell prostrate on the -pavement; and there, issuing from his mouth as he lay insensible, I -beheld a flame widely diffused around me, and a cloud of smoke, like -chaos, rising towards the sky.”</p> - -<p>When the monk had thus related the terrific vision, Fitz-Hamon rehearsed -it to the king, who, bursting into a loud incredulous fit of laughter, -exclaimed “A monk, a monk! who for his own lucre hath dreamt a monkish -dream. Give the friar a hundred shillings, that he may see that he has -dreamt to some purpose.” But these signs and wonders were not yet over. -The king himself had another dream within a few hours of his death. -There appeared unto him a Child of surpassing beauty standing at a -certain altar, whereupon the king, unable to overcome a strong -propensity which he felt to taste the infant’s flesh, went up to it, and -took a mouthful of the flesh, which was so remarkably sweet that he -would have greedily devoured the whole body. But the Child putting on a -stern and forbidding aspect, said to him in a threatening tone, -“Forbear! thou hast already had too much!” Hereupon the king suddenly -wakening, consulted a certain bishop as to the interpretation of this -strange vision. The bishop suspecting that some fearful retribution was -at hand, said to him, “Forbear, O king, to persecute the Church as -hitherto; for in this dream behold the warning voice and paternal -admonition of God, and go not forth to hunt this day as thou hast -purposed.”</p> - -<p>But the king, despising this ghostly counsel, went forth into the forest -to commence his sport; when lo, as a mighty stag passed before him, he -called out to the attendant, Walter Tyrrell, who stood near, “Draw, -devil, draw!” Tyrrell instantly drew and let fly his arrow, but instead -of hitting the stag, it glanced against a tree and struck the king in -the heart. Thus was there a fearful confirmation of all the omens which -had haunted the king’s pavilion the preceding night.</p> - -<p>But without the following particulars, gravely related by the same -author—Matthew of Saint Albans—the picture would be incomplete.</p> - -<p>All the king’s followers having fled in alarm at this terrible accident, -the dead body was removed from the spot where it lay by a char-burner, -but so unaccountably heavy was the load, that the car broke down under -it, and it was again left unattended in the depths of the forest. Here, -however, a certain count having lost his companions in the chase, beheld -to his utter amazement a huge, black, bristly stag carrying off the -king’s body; whereupon<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_210" id="page_210">{210}</a></span> he halted and adjured the stag by the Holy -Trinity to declare what this fearful sight meant. “I am carrying your -king,” said the stag, “even the tyrant William Rufus, the enemy of the -Church, to the bar of judgment!”</p> - -<p>For the sake of those who are curious in such matters we add the -original Latin,<a name="FNanchor_190_190" id="FNanchor_190_190"></a><a href="#Footnote_190_190" class="fnanchor">[190]</a> by which it appears the “stag was no other than the -‘foul Fiend!’<span class="lftspc">”</span></p> - -<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Authorities</span>:—Malmesbury.—Dugdale, Monasticon.—Dyde, History and -Antiquities of Tewkesbury.—Atkyns.—Mitred Abbeys.—Willis’s -Cathedrals.—Saxon History.—Robert of Gloster.—History of the -Clares.—Notes on Magna Charta.—Leland.—Dugdale, -Baronage.—Tyrrel.—Wars of York and Lancaster.—MS. Hist. of the -Abbey.—Dallaway.—Analogies of Cathedral Churches.—History of -Gloucester.—Margaret of Anjou.—Drayton.—Domesday Survey.—Matth. -Par.—Ord. Vital.—Fabyan.—Speed.—Sepulch. Antiquit.—Hist. Civil -War.—Hist. Church,.—&c. &c. &c.</p></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/plt_007.jpg"> -<img src="images/plt_007.jpg" width="513" height="355" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p>KENILWORTH CASTLE.</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_211" id="page_211">{211}</a></span></p> - -<h2> -<a href="images/ill_pg_211.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_211.jpg" width="133" height="202" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</h2> - -<h2><a name="KENILWORTH_CASTLE" id="KENILWORTH_CASTLE"></a>KENILWORTH CASTLE.</h2> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Gaze on yon Arch, and mark the while,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Of all that feudal glory shared,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">How war has reft what time had spared.<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Oh, for a bard of olden time<br /></span> -<span class="i1">To yield thee back thy life in rhyme—<br /></span> -<span class="i1">To sing afresh thy glorious prime,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">When wassail rout convulsed thy tower,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">When banquet shook thy festive halls.<br /></span> -<span class="i1">But all is still! thy crumbling walls<br /></span> -<span class="i1">No more shall echo back the tread<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Of prancing steeds: no more shall War<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Roll at thy feet his iron car;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Nor trumpets’ clang, nor clashing swords,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Nor prisoner’s sigh, nor love’s last words,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Whisper amid thy voiceless dead.”—<span class="smcap">Leatham.</span><br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p class="nind"><span class="eng"><span class="letra">O</span>NE of</span> the most graphic pictures of “Old Kenilworth” which we have met -with, occurs in the following passage:—“Where wilde brookes meeting -together make a broad poole among the parkes, and so soone as they are -kept in with bankes, runne in a chanell, is seated Kenelworth—in times -past commonly called Kenelworde, but corruptly Killingworth—and of it -taketh name a most ample, beautifull, and strong <span class="eng">Castle</span>, encompassed all -about with parkes, which neither Kenulph, nor Kenelm, ne yet Kineglise -built (as some doe dreame) but Geffrey Clinton, chamberlaine unto Kinge -Henrie the First and his sonne with him, as may be shewed by good -evidences; when he had founded there before a church for chanons -regular. But Henrie, his nephew<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_212" id="page_212">{212}</a></span> in the second degree, having no issue, -sold it unto King Henrie the Third, who gave it in franke marriage to -Simon Montfort, Earl of Leicester, together with his sister Aleonor. And -soone after, when enmity was kindled between the Kinge and Earl Simon, -and hee slaine in the bloody wars which he had raised vpon faire -pretexts against his Soveraigne, it endured six months’ siege, and in -the end was surrendered vp to the Kinge aforesaid, who annexed this -castle as an inheritance to Edmund his sonne, Earl of Lancaster; at -which time there went out and was proclaimed from hence an edict, which -our lawyers use to call ‘Dictum de Kenilworth,’ whereby it was enacted -that ‘whosoever had tooke arms against the King, should pay every one of -them five yeeres rent of their lands.’ A severe yet a good and wholesome -course, without effusion of blood, against rebellious subiects, who, -compassing the destruction of the state, put all their hopes upon -nothing else but dissentions. But this <span class="eng">Castle</span>, through the bountifull -munificence of Queene Elizabeth, was given and granted to <span class="eng">Robert -Dudleie</span>, Earle of Leicester, who to repaire</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_212.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_212.jpg" width="390.5" height="281" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">and adourn it spared for no cost; insomuch, as if a man consider either -the gallant building or the large parkes, it would seem as it were to be -ranged in a third place amongst the Castles in England.”</p> - -<p>Such is the concise description and historical epitome of this -celebrated Castle, as recorded by the author of the “Britannia.” But -many changes have occurred since then; its walls have been dismantled, -its apartments thrown open to the weather, siege and storm have -alternately expended their fury on<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_213" id="page_213">{213}</a></span> its iron strength, and mutilated -what they could not overthrow; for it is too firmly seated, too massive -in its structure and materials, to feel the wasting hand of time, and -happily too well cemented to be turned into a profitable quarry. The -northern Ariosto, however, has done more to preserve it from further -dilapidation than its own lords—he has invested its courts and halls -with a charm which nothing can dissolve; and we have good reason to -believe that the scenes which Scott has now rendered classic, the taste -and patriotism of Clarendon will transmit unimpaired to posterity.</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Dim peering through the vale of night,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Yon murky forms bring back a crowd<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Of images that seek the light,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">That leap from out the misty shroud<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Of ages—picturing as they glide<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Athwart the tablet of my thought,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">What did of good or ill betide<br /></span> -<span class="i1">These walls, and all the deeds here wrought.”—<span class="smcap">Leatham.</span><br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>Previous to the Conquest, observes the best authority on this subject, -Kenilworth was a member of the neighbouring parish of Stoneleigh, being -an ancient demesne of the Crown, and had within the precincts thereof a -Castle, situate upon the banks of Avon, in the woods opposite to -Stoneleigh Abbey, which castle stood upon a place called Holm Hill, but -was demolished in those turbulent “times of warre betweene King Edward -and Canutus the Dane.” At the time of the Norman Survey, Kenilworth was -divided into two parts, one of which was styled Optone, and was held of -the king by Albertus Clericus in “pure almes.” The other portion was -possessed by Richard the Forester. In the reign of Henry the First, the -manor was bestowed by the king upon Geoffrey de Clinton, who founded -here a potent castle and a monastery. But although a fortified residence -and a religious foundation were usually, in the early ages, the -harbingers of wealth and consequence to the neighbouring town, -Kenilworth does not appear to have greatly profited by its position, -either in commerce or population. Henry the Third bestowed upon it the -privileges of a weekly market on the Tuesday, and an annual fair to last -three days; but this, it would appear, had fallen into disuse, for -Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, obtained from Queen Elizabeth the -grant of a weekly market to be held on Wednesday, and a yearly fair on -Midsummerday. Prosperity, however, never seems to have taken a hearty -liking to the spot, and, notwithstanding the advantages of royal -patronage and local position, became at length estranged from it, and -fixed her seat in another though less favoured part of the county. The -Castle, however, has in a great measure compensated for the lack of -commerce; and by the great number of visitors who now resort to it at -all seasons, from all parts of the kingdom, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_214" id="page_214">{214}</a></span> inhabitants are partly -indemnified for other privations. The romance of Kenilworth, it is -probable, has brought, within the last fifteen years, more pilgrims to -this town and neighbourhood—pilgrims of the highest rank—than ever -resorted to its ancient shrine of the Virgin; more knights and dames -than ever figured in its tilts and tournaments.</p> - -<p>Of this lordly palace, where princes feasted and heroes fought—now in -the bloody earnest of storm and siege, and now in the games of chivalry, -and where beauty dealt the prize which valour won—“all,” says Sir -Walter Scott, “all is desolate. The bed of the lake is but a rushy -swamp, and the massive ruins of the Castle only show what their -splendour <i>once</i> was; and impress on the musing visitor the transitory -value of human possessions, and the happiness of those who enjoy a -humble lot in virtuous contentment.” But from the picture of Kenilworth -as it is, we return to those passages of ancient history which point out -to us what it <i>was</i>.</p> - -<p>The founder of the Castle, Geoffroi de Clinton, was treasurer and -chamberlain to King Henry the First, but “to whom related” or from whom -descended is a question on which genealogists have come to no -satisfactory conclusion. By one he is said to have been a grandson of -William de Tankerville, who held a distinguished office under the Duke -of Normandy; by another he is mentioned as a soldier of fortune, who had -no patrimony but his sword, with which he ultimately cut his way to the -highest official dignities. But whatever his descent may have been, he -was, beyond doubt, a person in whom the grand recommendations of valour -and wisdom were eminently united. In addition to the offices of trust -above-mentioned, he was appointed by the king to the chief-justiceship -of England; and thus invested with all that honourable distinction to -which a subject could aspire, he readily obtained those territorial -possessions which gave him a high standing among the barons of his day, -and have transmitted his name to the present time in a spot of ground -near the Castle, with the distinctive appellation of ‘Clinton’s Green.’ -The original keep, or donjon, appears to have been the work of this -enterprising Norman, and is still the most imposing feature in the -Castle. It is distinguished from the Norman donjon towers of that period -by having had no prisons underground—such at least is the conclusion; -for in several experiments which have been expressly made for -ascertaining the truth of this exception, the ground on which it stands -has been found solid, and with no appearance of either arches or -excavations, although the examination has been carried to a depth of -fifteen feet and upwards. It is probable, however, that the dungeons -were either in the angular towers above, or in a part near the -foundation, which remains to be discovered; for it is not at all -probable that an appendage so indispensable to a feudal residence would -have<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_215" id="page_215">{215}</a></span> been neglected in this solitary instance. This massive and -gigantic fabric, which was constructed to resist the slow waste of -centuries, with scarcely any diminution of strength or bulk, has -suffered greatly by the hand of violence. The north side appears to have -been demolished for the sake of its materials, or to render it incapable -of being again employed as a fortress. The external features have -apparently undergone various alterations: the windows, which originally -consisted of the roundheaded Norman arch, have been transformed in this -particular to the fashion of a later day—a square head, to correspond -with the other buildings erected by Leicester, so that in style and -appearance the Castle might present one harmonious whole. The small -towers which crowned the four angles in the battlements were originally -much higher; but, in subserviency to the same plan, their height was -reduced to Leicester’s new standard, and thus the more ancient character -of the building was impaired rather than improved. The staircases in the -south-west and north-east angles, the ancient well, some remains of -colour in fresco, in imitation of niches, with trefoil heads, are among -the few objects which arrest the eye and invite inspection.</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_215.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_215.jpg" width="207" height="233.5" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>But of De Clinton, with whose name this part of the Castle is so -particularly associated, little is known beyond the fact already -mentioned, of his having founded this Castle, and a <span class="eng">Monastery</span> of -canons-regular of the Saint Augustin order, which he amply endowed with -lands, tithes, and other revenues.—“And more,” says Dugdale, “I cannot -say of him than that, in the thirtieth of Henrie the First, the king, -keeping his Christmas at Wodstoke, a false accusation of treason was -there brought against him, and that he left issue Geffrey his son and -heir, who held that office of chamberlain to the king, as his father had -done. He married Agnes, daughter of Roger, Earl of Warwick, and with her -obtained various grants and concessions of importance. He gave, at the -burial of his father, the lordship of Neuton to the monks of Kenilworth, -with eleven other possessions of great value and consideration. Henry de -Clinton his son, and heir of Kenilworth, added considerably to these -bequests; and in consideration of his piety and munificence to the -church, the monks allowed him every day during his life two -manchets—such as two of those canons had—with four gallons of their -best beer, according to wine measure;<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_216" id="page_216">{216}</a></span> all of which he was to have, -whether he were at Kenilworth or not, from the time he should assume the -habit of religion, except on such days as he should have entertainment -in that monastery.” These worthy brethren, like the fraternity of -Melrose, appear to have been no eschewers of “faire cookerye and good -drinke.”</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“The jolly monks they made good kail<br /></span> -<span class="i2">On Fridays when they fasted,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Nor wanted they good beef and ale<br /></span> -<span class="i2">As long as their neighbours’ lasted.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p class="nind">“But,” says Dugdale (Baron. art. Clinton), “this Henry, ‘who had sold -his heritage for a sop,’ quitted to King John all his right in -Kenilworth Castle, and in the woods and pools, with whatsoever else -appertained thereto; excepting what he did possess at the death of Henry -the Second. By his wife, Amicia de Bidun, he left issue Henry, his son -and heir, who having been in arms with the rebellious barons, returned -to obedience 2ᵈᵒ Henry the Third, assuring the king of his future -fidelity; whereupon he had livery of those lands in Kenilworth which -descended to him by the death of his father; but dying without issue, -his estates passed into the families of his three sisters, Amicabile, -Isabel, and Agnes, who severally married Lucas de Columbers, Ralph -Fitz-John, and Warine de Bragenham.</p> - -<p>From this epoch in the history of Kenilworth, to the time when it was -given by King Henry to Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, as a -marriage portion with his daughter, the Castle continued to be crown -property. This alliance took place in 1253, and by various documents -extant it appears that considerable sums were expended at intervals in -repairs and embellishments of the royal fortress. Simon de Montfort, -however, by joining the barons, as already mentioned in the history of -Rochester Castle, made shipwreck of his fortune. At the battle of -Evesham—a day on which, as the Monk of Gloucester observes, “the very -heaven appeared in its most appalling hues”—Montfort, with his son -Henry and many individuals of high rank, died on the field. “At the -houre of his death,” says another chronicle, “it thundered and -lightened, and so great a darkness spread the sky that men were sore -amazed.” “A cruell and bloodye battayle it was,” says the annalist; -“after which, in despite of the erle, some malicious persons cut off his -head, mutilating him otherwise with a barbaritie too disgusting to -mention. His feet also, and handes, were cut off from the body and sent -to sundrie places, and the truncke of hys bodye was buryed within the -church of Euisham.” But all this met afterwards with a singular -retribution of vengeance at Viterbo, in Italy, as recorded by Rymer, -Muratori, and others.</p> - -<p>The king had hitherto been a prisoner in the camp of the barons, -captured<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_217" id="page_217">{217}</a></span> as already noticed at the battle of Lewis. But having now -recovered his liberty, and made various state arrangements, he assembled -his victorious troops in the month of June following; and with his son, -Prince Edward, at their head, sat down before the walls of Kenilworth -Castle, which still held out under the surviving son of De Montfort. Sir -Henry Hastings, to whom Montfort, during his absence in France—where he -was endeavouring to awaken a strong interest on behalf of the -barons—had intrusted the command, so ably conducted the defence, that -six months had elapsed before any impression could be made upon the -garrison by the king’s forces.</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_217.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_217.jpg" width="137" height="271.5" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Famine, however, accomplished what mere force could not effect. On the -20th of December, 1265, after the Dictum<a name="FNanchor_191_191" id="FNanchor_191_191"></a><a href="#Footnote_191_191" class="fnanchor">[191]</a> had been issued, a special -stipulation was entered into, that “Sir Henry Hastynges and all those -that were with him should have life and limme, horse and harnesse, with -all things within the castelle to them belongyng, and a certeine of -leysure to cary away the same.” The Castle was then delivered up to the -king. The principal cause which had rendered this monarch so unpopular -among his natural subjects, the old and high-spirited nobility, has been -already noticed in the account of Rochester. His patronage of -foreigners, and predilection for exotic customs, had prejudiced the -native chivalry against him; and hence the series of battles and sieges, -which only ended with the death of <span class="eng">Simon de Montfort</span>,<a name="FNanchor_192_192" id="FNanchor_192_192"></a><a href="#Footnote_192_192" class="fnanchor">[192]</a> and the -surrender of Kenilworth Castle. At this siege stone balls of great size -were employed by the besieged; some of them, which have been since dug -up, measure sixteen inches in diameter, and ‘weigh nearly two hundred -pounds.’ “But I doe<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_218" id="page_218">{218}</a></span> not thinke,” says an old commentator, “that the -gunnes of those dayes were such gunnes as we nowe use, but rather some -pot gunne, or some such other invention.” The warlike engines then in -use, however—the ‘catapultæ’ or ‘mangonels’—were sufficiently powerful -to throw stones much heavier than those found at Kenilworth, as in a -subsequent portion of this work we shall have occasion to show. It was -whilst prosecuting this siege that the king gave his niece in marriage -to the Duke of Brunswick; when the queen and her ladies, who had -travelled from Windsor for that purpose, graced the ceremony with their -presence.</p> - -<p>Having thus recovered possession of the fortress, King Henry bestowed it -upon his younger son Edmund, “with free chase and free warren, and right -to hold in Kenilworth the weekly market and annual fair,” already -mentioned; and, two years afterwards, created him Earl of Lancaster.</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote">1279.</span> In this year the Castle of Kenilworth became the scene of one of those -brilliant displays which commenced and vanished with the days of -chivalry, but which still sparkle in the pages of the old chronicles, -and enliven the tedium of more grave details. Edward I., on coming to -the throne, greatly encouraged those martial exercises and amusements in -which he himself so much delighted and excelled. It was under his -auspices that, in imitation of the British Arthur, this fête of baronial -splendour was got up; and at the head of it was Roger Mortimer, Earl of -March, who was imbued with the true spirit of his age, and delighted in -those military spectacles which brought beauty and chivalry -together.<a name="FNanchor_193_193" id="FNanchor_193_193"></a><a href="#Footnote_193_193" class="fnanchor">[193]</a> On this occasion, the round-table was introduced at -Kenilworth, by means of which the guests were placed, for the time at -least, on a footing of equality.<a name="FNanchor_194_194" id="FNanchor_194_194"></a><a href="#Footnote_194_194" class="fnanchor">[194]</a> The company consisted of five -score knights, and an equal number of ladies. Among the former were many -French and other foreign knights of distinction, who, in honour of their -ladye-loves, had come to break a lance with England’s chivalry. The -halls of the Castle were thrown<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_219" id="page_219">{219}</a></span> open to the daily banquet; the -tilt-yard was thronged with rival knights, where the fairest dame, -presiding at the ring, rewarded the successful competitors for every -successive display of martial strength and agility. In the evening, -music and dancing filled up the interval till supper; after which the -ladies retired to their ‘bower,’ and the wassail bowl circling for a -time at the barons’ board, closed the brilliant exhibitions of the day. -Of the dress of these court dames it is mentioned, as a proof of extreme -luxury in that age, that they all appeared in “rich silken mantles.” Of -this great military festival, Hardyng has drawn the following picture, -which gives us a still more magnificent idea of Earl Roger’s splendour. -The assembly, according to his account, was nearly tenfold that -mentioned by other chroniclers:—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“And in the yere a thousand was full then,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Two hundred, also sixty and nineteen,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">When <i>Sir Roger Mortimer</i> so began<br /></span> -<span class="i1">At Kilengworth, the <span class="eng">Round-table</span> as was sene,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Of a <i>thousand knyghts</i> for discipline,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Of young menne, after he could devyse<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Of <span class="eng">turnementes</span> and justes to exercise.<br /></span> -<span class="i1">A <i>thousand ladyes</i>, excellyng in beautye,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">He had also there in tentes high above<br /></span> -<span class="i1">The <span class="eng">justes</span>, that thei might well and clerely see<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Who justed beste there for their ladye-love,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">For whose beautie it should the knightes move<br /></span> -<span class="i1">In armes so eche other to revie [rival]<br /></span> -<span class="i1">To get a fame in play of chivalrye.”—<span class="smcap">Hardyng Chron.</span><br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>In illustration of this subject, it may be proper to introduce a passage -from Strutt’s View of Manners and Customs, in which he justly remarks, -“That all these warlike games—such as those of the round-table, and -tilts, and tournaments—are by historians too often confounded together. -They were, nevertheless, <i>different</i> games, as appears from the -authority of Matthew Paris, who writes thus—Non in hastiludio illo quod -vulgariter torneamentum dicitur, sed potius in illo ludo militari, qui -<i>mensa rotunda</i> dicitur—‘Not in the tilts which we commonly call -tournaments, but rather in that military game called the <i>round-table</i>.’ -The first was the tilting, or running at each other with lances; the -second, probably, was the same with that ancient sport called -<i>barriers</i>, from the old French <i>barres</i> or <i>jeu de barres</i>, a martial -game of men armed, and fighting together with short swords within -certain limits or <i>lists</i>, whereby they were severed from the -spectators; and this fighting without lances distinguished the barriers, -or <i>round-table knights</i>, from the other.” (Vide also Warner’s -Illustrations, critical and historical, vol. i. p. 255.) This splendid -exhibition at <span class="eng">Kenilworth</span> was succeeded by the revival of the round-table -at Windsor; and “so great was the concourse that flocked<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_220" id="page_220">{220}</a></span> from all the -countries of Europe—and particularly from France—to reap the laurels -of chivalry in the court of Edward, that Philip de Valois, the French -monarch, either stimulated by envy, or fearful that his own palace would -be deserted by the flower of his nobility, instituted a <i>round-table</i> in -his kingdom also. “The tournaments of this magnificent reign,” observes -Warton, “were constantly crowded with ladies of the first distinction, -who sometimes attended them on horseback, armed with daggers, and -dressed in a succinct soldier-like habit or uniform, made expressly for -the purpose.” “But this practice,” says Warren, on the testimony of -Knyghton, “was at length deemed scandalous,” or at least very -unfeminine.</p> - -<p><span class="eng">The Hall</span>, in which were held so many splendid reunions and banquets, is -still magnificent in decay. Its proportions are ninety feet in length, -forty-five</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_220.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_220.jpg" width="414.5" height="311" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">in breadth, and the same in height—proportions which were generally -observed by the ancient builders in all edifices where harmony of parts -and grandeur of effect were to be combined. In the windows, the richness -of the mouldings and tracery still remains as a proof of what they must -have been when, on the decoration of this Castle, all that art could -accomplish or wealth command was lavishly bestowed. The undercroft, or -hall, as described in<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_221" id="page_221">{221}</a></span> the survey, is “carried upon pillars and -architecture of freestone, carved and wrought as the like are not within -this kingdom.” It is of the same dimensions as the Baron’s Hall above, -and was intended for the domestics and those numerous guests and -retainers who were not entitled to a place at the upper table.” On each -side of the upper hall is a fire-place; near to the inner court is “an -oriel, in plan comprehending five sides of an octagon, and a fire-place. -On the side opposite is a recess with a single window and a small -closet, described by the guide as ‘Queen Elizabeth’s dressing-room.’<span class="lftspc">”</span></p> - -<p>From the period just mentioned till that of Edward the Second, -Kenilworth appears to have enjoyed uninterrupted tranquillity, if not -sunshine. It was the frequent resort of that “brave but unlettered -nobility,” among whom it was the monarch’s ambition to keep alive the -martial ardour which his example had awakened. On the death of the first -Edward, however, and the accession of his son, a crisis was approaching. -The reign of the latter, his weak and impolitic government, his -disregard of public opinion, his total abandonment of the kingly duties -in favour of pleasure; his patronage of foreign adventurers, and his -protection of servile flatterers, on whom he lavished wealth, and power, -and honours, alienated the nobility, and hastened his own downfall and -that of his favourites. But without minutely entering into this subject, -we shall merely touch upon such facts, or incidents, as connect the -Castle of Kenilworth with the history of that period.</p> - -<p>On the attainder of Thomas Earl of Lancaster, in the fifteenth year of -this reign, Kenilworth again reverted to the crown, and was held by the -king until the eve of his ‘abdication,’ when the orders issued to Odo de -Stoke, his castellan, for its defence, could not be carried into effect. -The king had left the capital, and become a fugitive from his -exasperated vassals. Having lost his favourites—the Gavestons, and now -losing both the Le Despensers by a horrid death—the unhappy monarch, -thinking to secure his safety by flight, went on board a ship at -Bristol, with the view of seeking refuge on the coast of Ireland. But -contrary winds prevailing, he was driven on the coast of Wales; and -being there made prisoner by Leicester, brother of him whom he had -lately caused to be attainted, was conducted to Kenilworth Castle. -“Alas,” says the chronicle, “with corrupt dispositions, even to everting -of all bonds of either religious or civil duty, what will not money, -diligence, and fair words accomplish! For by these means the desolate, -sad, and unfortunate king fell into his cousin of Lancaster’s hands, and -with him the yonger Lord Spenser, Earle of Glocester, Robert Baldock, -Lord Chancellour, and Simon de Reding, there being no regard had to the -detention of any other. The king was conveyed by the earle from the -place of his surprise to<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_222" id="page_222">{222}</a></span> Monmouth and Ledbury, and so on to the Castle -of Kenelworth, belonging to the Earle of Leicester, who was appointed to -attend him; that is, to keepe him safe. The other three, Spenser, -Baldock, and Reding, were strongly guarded to Hereford, there to be -disposed of at the pleasure of their most capitall enemies;” as -hereafter will appear. “The mournefull king being at Kenelworth Castle, -there repaired thither the Bishops of Winchester, Hereford, and -Lincolne, two earles, two abbots, foure barons, two justices, three -knights for every county; and for London, and other principall places, -chiefly for the Cinque ports, a certaine chosen number, selected by the -Parliament, which then the queene and her sonne held at London. The -Bishops of Winchester and Lincolne, as it was agreed upon, came thither -before any of the rest, as well to give the king to vnderstand what -kinde of embassage was approaching, as to prepare him by the best -arguments they could, to satisfie the desire and expectation of their -new moulded common-weale, which could onely be by resignation of his -crown, that his sonne might reign in his stead.” When they were admitted -to his presence—the Earl of Leicester his keeper, being at hand—they -“together so wrought upon him, partly by shewing the necessity, partly -by other reasons, drawn out of common places, thoroughly studied for -that purpose, that—although not without many sobs and teares—he -finally did not dissent, if his answere, which some doubt, were truly -reported to Parliament.”</p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_222.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_222.jpg" height="244" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>The whole company sent by the Order of State—if “that might be called a -body which then had no head there—from London, being placed by the -Bishop of Hereford according to their degrees in <span class="eng">the Presence Chamber</span> of -Kenilworth Castle, the king gowned in blacke came forth at last out of -an inwarde roome—the Privy Chamber<a name="FNanchor_195_195" id="FNanchor_195_195"></a><a href="#Footnote_195_195" class="fnanchor">[195]</a>—and presented himself to his -vassals, where—as being privy to their errand—sorrow stroke such a -chillnesse into him that he fell to the earth, lying stretched forth in -a deadly swoon.” The Earl of Leicester and the Bishop of Worcester -beholding this ran to him, and with much labour recovered the half-dead -king, setting him on his feet. But “rueful<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_223" id="page_223">{223}</a></span> and heavy” as this sight -was, we read not yet of any acts or effects of compassion expressed -toward him—so settled was their hatred and aversion.</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">. . . . Miser atque infelix est etiam Rex,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Nec quenquam, mihi crede, facit diadema beatum.<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>The King being now come to himself—but to the sense of his misery—the -Bishop of Hereford declared to him the cause of their present embassy; -and running over the former points, concluded by saying, “That the king -must resigne his diadem to his eldest sonne; or, after the refusall, -suffer them to elect such a personne as themselves should judge to be -most fit and able to defend the kingdome.” The delirious king having -heard this speech, “brake forth into sighes and teares.” Yet, -nevertheless, said that “it was greatly to his good pleasure and liking -that—seeing it could none other be on his behalfe—his eldest son was -so gracious in their sight; and therefore he gave them thanks for -choosing him to be their kinge.” This being said, there was “forthwith a -proceeding to the short ceremony of his resignation, which principally -consisted in the surrender of his diadem and ensigns of majestic to the -use of his sonne, the new kinge.... Edward being thus de-kinged, the -embassie rode joyfully backe to London to the Parliament with the -afore-named ensigns and dispatch of their employment.”—(So far Speed, -Polyd. Virg., Thomas de la More, Walsingham.)</p> - -<p>“Now, after he was deposed of his kinglie honor and title,” says -Holinshed, “the said King Edward remained for a time at Killingworth -Castle, in custodie of the Earle of Leicester. But within a while the -Queen<a name="FNanchor_196_196" id="FNanchor_196_196"></a><a href="#Footnote_196_196" class="fnanchor">[196]</a> was informed by the Bishop of Hereford—whose hatred towards -him had no end—that the Earle of Leicester favoured her husbande too -much, and more than stoode with the suretie of her sonne’s estate; -whereupon he, the King, was appointed to the keeping of two other lords, -Thomas Berkeley and John Maltravers, who receiving him of the Earle of -Leicester on the third of April, conveyed him from Kenilworth to -Berkeley Castle, there to remain a close prisoner.” With the episode of -this tragical history every reader is acquainted. In the words of the -prophetic bard of Gray, he seems to hear</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">The shrieks of death through Berkeley’s roofs that ring,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Shrieks of an agonizing king!<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>But taking leave of this melancholy incident in the history of -Kenilworth Castle, we pass on in company with the circumstantial -chroniclers of that<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_224" id="page_224">{224}</a></span> day. On the accession of Edward the Third, Henry, -brother of the attainted lord, and who had captured the fugitive king in -Wales, was restored to all his titles, honours, and estates, when -Kenilworth became once more the seat of baronial splendour. To this -nobleman succeeded Henry his son, whom the sovereign, as a farther mark -of his approbation, created Earl of Derby and of Lincoln, and lastly -Duke of Lancaster. But here the line was again</p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_224.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_224.jpg" width="137" height="180" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">cut short. Dying without male issue in the thirty-fifth year of that -reign, his two daughters became heirs to his vast demesne. Maude, the -elder of these, married William Duke of Bavaria; and Blanche, the -younger, <span class="eng">John of Gaunt</span>, fourth son of Edward the Third, who shortly -after, reviving the late title, created him Duke of Lancaster, “by -girding him with a sword, and putting a cap of fur on his head, with a -circlet of gold and pearles.” To him, in right of his wife, was -assigned, in the partition of lands which followed, the Castle of -Kenilworth as part of her dower; but to which, after the death of the -said Maude, Duchess of Bavaria, the manor of Leicester and a great many -others, as enumerated by Dugd. vol. ii. p. 114, were added.</p> - -<p><span class="eng">Lancaster Buildings</span>, so called from this celebrated personage, were -among the important additions which he made to the Castle during the -interval which elapsed between his accession to the demesne, and his -death in 1399. The repairs, additions, and embellishments which he -contributed to this ancient fortress, consisted of the range of -buildings here named—forming the south side of the interior quadrangle; -and the tower, with three stories of arches adjoining the hall on the -north side. He flanked the outer walls with turrets, and accomplished -many other works calculated to improve and strengthen the means of -defence. Visitors will do well to climb over these arches, which the -ruined state of the building and the rubbish that has fallen down render -no difficult task, and from the top “they will enjoy a magnificent view -of the country, with the house and church at Honiley in the background. -One cannot stand here a moment without being struck with the idea of -what a glorious prospect it must have been, with the valleys on either -hand filled with the transparent waters of the lake, surrounded with a -beautiful variety of pleasure-ground laid out in lawns and woods.”</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Du marbre, de l’airain, qu’un vain luxe prodigue,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Des ornaments de l’art, l’œil bientôt se fatigue;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Mais les <i>bois</i>, mais les <i>eaux</i>, mais les <i>ombrages frais</i>,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Tout ce luxe innocent ne fatigue jamais.<br /></span> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_225" id="page_225">{225}</a></span></div></div> -</div> - -<p>In the following reign, when so much noble blood flowed on the scaffold, -Lancaster was often exposed to the cold-hearted suspicions of his -nephew, Richard the Second. In a former part of this work, where we have -detailed at some length the circumstances attending the trial and -execution of Richard Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel, the Duke of Lancaster -appeared at his trial; and it was he, <span class="eng">John of Gaunt</span>, who was -conspicuously active in bringing that unhappy nobleman to the block. He -survived him, however, only two years; and after many splendid services -to the state, and having borne the titles of “Duke of Aquitaine, Duke of -Brittany, King of Castille,” and been thrice married,<a name="FNanchor_197_197" id="FNanchor_197_197"></a><a href="#Footnote_197_197" class="fnanchor">[197]</a> he died at -his Castle of Leicester, or, according to others, at Ely House, in -Holborn. Instances of his knightly prowess and prudent sayings are often -detailed by the old chroniclers.</p> - -<p>When leading the van in the battle against Henry, the bastard brother of -Don Pedro in Spain, near the city of Pampeluna, pointing to the enemy in -front—“There,” said he to Sir William Beauchamp, “there are your -enemies; this day you shall seeme a good knight or die in the quarrel.” -When John Wycliffe was called before the Archbishop of Canterbury, the -Bishop of London, and other prelates and peers, of whom this Duke of -Lancaster was one; he (in favour of Wycliffe) spoke some reproachful -words against the bishop, which gave such discontent to the citizens -that they rose in an uproar and resolved to have murdered him, and to -have set fire to his house, called the Savoy—then the fairest structure -in England—had ‘not the bishop qualified them.’ On the accession of his -nephew, King Richard, observing that he was under improper influence, -and fearing that public blame might attach to him as the principal -adviser, he obtained leave to retire to his Castle of Hereford, which he -intended to have made his chief residence, and had taken measures for -repairing and fortifying it. But in this he was defeated by the King’s -injustice, who took it from him, at which he was much troubled, and in -consequence took up his residence in his Castle of Kenilworth.—Baron.</p> - -<p>The Hall, already mentioned, was finished only two years before the -death of John of Gaunt, who, after being deprived of his other castle by -King Richard, as above stated, employed his active mind in a thorough -restoration of that at Kenilworth; “and for which,” says Dugdale, “he -obtained a warrant from Richard, directed to Robert de Skillington, -master<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_226" id="page_226">{226}</a></span> mason, and supervisor of his buildings at Kenilworth, to impress -twenty masons, carpenters, and others.”</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_226.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_226.jpg" width="312" height="216.5" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="eng">The Strong Tower</span>, or that which in the “Romance of Kenilworth” is called -Mervin’s Tower, is also ascribed to John of Gaunt. Henry de Bolingbroke, -his son, Duke of Hereford, who was destined to play so conspicuous a -rôle in the national history, succeeded to his illustrious father in -1399. On his return from abroad—where he had been some time in -exile—to take possession of his heritage according to the royal patent, -Richard, jealous of his power and growing popularity, applied to the -parliamentary commissioners, and by their authority revoked his letters -patent, and retained possession of the late Duke’s estates. So glaring -an act of injustice could not be overlooked, either by Hereford or his -friends. Connected with most of the principal nobility by blood, -alliance, or private friendship, they were easily brought, by a sense of -common interest, to take part in his resentment; the consequences of -which were, the deposition of King Richard, the elevation of Henry de -Bolingbroke to the throne, and the origin of those unnatural wars -between the houses of York and Lancaster which deluged the country with -blood.</p> - -<p>During these fierce and sanguinary contests, the castle and demesnes of -Kenilworth were alternately in the power and custody of the rival -houses; but the lighter amusements of the age, the chivalric -entertainments, jousts and tournaments, which had so frequently -enlivened its courts, had been laid aside for the stern realities of -domestic war. Days of battle and nights of mourning, or fearful -preparation, drove mirth and festivity from the gate; while the -continual tramp of steeds, the clang of arms, and the approach of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_227" id="page_227">{227}</a></span> fresh -conflicts, kept alive that melancholy interest and excitement, which for -a time isolated this magnificent fortress and its garrison within the -pale of its own fosse and ramparts.</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“O England, years are fled since first<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Wide o’er thy plains the war-cloud burst!<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Long years are fled; yet following years<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Still hear thy groans, still mark thy tears!<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Yet where are they whose fatal shout<br /></span> -<span class="i1">To havoc roused the maddening rout?<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Where they who toss’d the fatal brand<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Of discord through their hapless land?<br /></span> -<span class="i1">They’re gone—and following in their place,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Another and another race.<br /></span> -<span class="i1">But peace, peace, comes not! They repose<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Which kindled first their country’s woes;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">But, ere they slept, they left behind<br /></span> -<span class="i1">A fatal present to mankind.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="eng">The Swan Tower</span> forms the north-west angle of the outer wall, at the -meeting of the lake and canal, or wet ditch. Near this, and of an oblong -shape, divided into parterres cross-fashioned, and with a circular space -in the centre, was the ancient garden of the Castle, which communicated -with the Maison de Plaisance already named, and this again with the -strong tower adjoining. In shape it is octagonal, and is supposed to -have derived its name from the swans which resorted hither to be fed by -the keeper. Another of these towers, which forms the opposite or -north-east angle of the outer wall, is considerably larger than the -preceding, polygonal in shape, and contained several apartments, two of -which have fire-places. It is known in the History of the Castle as -“Lunn’s Tower,” and is seen to advantage in the general view of the -Castle from the north-east. Of nearly the same size within, but not -nearly so high, and in its architectural style and proportions deserving -of particular attention, is the Water Tower. It appears to have been -intended for military defence, and used in connexion with the other -warlike outworks by which, on the land side, the castle wall was -protected. The next prominent object in the same line, where the lake -and ditch again meet on the south-east, is Mortimer’s Tower, already -described. Communicating with this, by means of a long gallery, was the -<span class="eng">Flood Gate</span>, which contained a “spacious and noble room,” from which the -ladies might conveniently witness the martial pastimes of joust and -tournament in the capacious tilt-yard adjoining, which extended from -tower to tower. The buildings here enumerated form the chief features in -the outer circuit, and succeed each other at various distances along the -embattled wall on the north and east of the castle.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_228" id="page_228">{228}</a></span></p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_228.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_228.jpg" height="302" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="eng">The Kitchens</span>, three in number, occupied the whole space between the keep -and the strong tower on the north-west. The buildings are in total -dilapidation; but the important office to which they were applied—the -restaurant of the castle—is clearly indicated by what remains. In this -part of the castle—as if the walls had not yet lost the high -temperature to which they had been raised in the times of baronial -revelry—the ivy luxuriates in great redundancy; the lizard sports on -the hearth, and the owl and bat roost together in the larder. Così -trapassa, al’ trapassar’ d’ un giorno, la gloria della—cucina!</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote">1114.</span> Henry the Fifth, according to Stow, kept his “Lent in the Castle of -Kenelworth, and caused an harbor there to be planted in the marish for -his pleasure, among the thorns and bushes, where a foxe had harbored, -which foxe he killed, being a thing thought to prognosticate that he -should expell the craftie deceit of the French king; besides which he -also there builded a most pleasaunt place, and caused it to bee named -‘le Plaisant Marais,’ or the Pleasaunt Marsh.” Here, also, during the -same Lent, “whilst the King lay at Kenelworth, messingers came to him -from the Dolphin of France, named Charles, with a present of Paris -balles with him to play withall; but the Kinge wrote to him that he -would shortlie send to him London balles, with the whiche he woulde -breake down the roofes of houses.” Of this incident Shakspeare has taken -advantage in the following scene in his play of Henry the Fifth:—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i2"><i>Ambass.</i> <span style="margin-left: 5em;">The prince, our master,</span><br /></span> -<span class="i0">Says that you savour too much of your youth,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And bids you be advised, there’s nought in France<br /></span> -<span class="i0">That can be with a nimble gaillard won—<br /></span> -<span class="i0">You cannot revel into dukedoms there;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">He therefore sends you, meeter for your spirit,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">This tun of treasure; and in lieu of this,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Desires you let the dukedoms that you claim<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Hear no more of you. This the Dauphin speaks.<br /></span> -<span class="i2"><i>K. Hen.</i> What treasure, uncle?<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_229" id="page_229">{229}</a></span><br /></span> -<span class="i2"><i>Exe.</i> <span style="margin-left: 6em;">Tennis-balls, my liege.</span><br /></span> -<span class="i2"><i>K. Hen.</i> We are glad the Dauphin is so pleasant with us;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">His present and your pains we thank you for.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">When we have matched our rackets to these balls,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">We will in France, by God’s grace, play a set<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Shall strike his father’s crown into the hazard.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And tell the pleasant prince, this mock of his<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Hath turn’d his balls to gun-stones; and his soul<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Shall stand sore charged for the wasteful vengeance<br /></span> -<span class="i0">That shall fly with them; for many a thousand widows<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Shall this his mock, mock out of their dear husbands;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Mock mothers from their sons; mock castles down.—<span class="smcap">Act</span> i. sc. 2.<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>On the accession of Henry the Seventh, the Castle was bestowed upon his -son, as Duke of Cornwall, who, to the numerous repairs and -embellishments made by his royal predecessors, contributed many others. -He removed what was called the ‘Plaisance en Marais’—supposed to have -been a small summer-house in the marshy flat beyond the walls—to the -interior of the castle-yard, where its remains are still visible near -the <span class="eng">Swan Tower</span>. Inheriting the munificence and taste of his father—“the -onlie phœnix of hys tyme for fyne and curious masonrie,”<a name="FNanchor_198_198" id="FNanchor_198_198"></a><a href="#Footnote_198_198" class="fnanchor">[198]</a> and whose -“buildings were most goodlie and after the newest caste, all of -pleasure,”<a name="FNanchor_199_199" id="FNanchor_199_199"></a><a href="#Footnote_199_199" class="fnanchor">[199]</a> the Duke evinced in his repairs of Kenilworth<a name="FNanchor_200_200" id="FNanchor_200_200"></a><a href="#Footnote_200_200" class="fnanchor">[200]</a> that -love and patronage of the fine arts by which he was afterwards -distinguished as Henry the Eighth. The building formerly known as “Henry -the Eighth’s Lodgings,” was a capacious structure, situated between the -Keep, or Cæsar’s Tower, on the right, and Leicester’s Buildings on the -left; comprising an extensive suite of apartments, and forming the -eastern side of the inner court. Through this building, close to the -tower, was the archway leading into the castle-yard. From Henry the -Eighth it descended to his son, Edward the Sixth; then to Mary, and -lastly to Queen Elizabeth, who bestowed it upon her favourite, Robert -Dudley, fifth son of the Duke of Northumberland, with all the royalties -thereto belonging. This forms the most memorable incident in the history -of Kenilworth.</p> - -<p>This Sir Robert Dudley appears on almost every page of the history of -Elizabeth’s reign. He had been included in the attainder of his family, -but was restored in blood by Queen Mary, who appointed him, when a very -young man, Master of the Ordnance at the siege of St. Quintin. -Elizabeth<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_230" id="page_230">{230}</a></span> overwhelmed him with dignities; giving him the Garter while a -commoner; creating him Baron of Denbigh and Earl of Leicester; and -investing him with the order of St. Michael, which the King of France, -by way of compliment, had requested her to confer on two of her -subjects. He was likewise Master of the Horse, Steward of the Household, -Chancellor of Oxford, Ranger of the Forests south of Trent, and -Captain-general of the English forces in the Netherlands; and, as though -the great ancient offices of his country were not sufficient for the -gratification of his ambitious temper, a patent was preparing at the -time of his death for one before unheard of—the Queen’s Lieutenant in -the government of England and Ireland. He was distinguished by the -elegance of his manners and the profuseness of his expenses, and -affected a great degree of piety, and a strict purity of conduct. To -these plausible appearances, though unpossessed of either wisdom or -virtue, he owed the maintenance of his power to the last, against a -strong party at court, and even against the Queen herself, who would -gladly have pulled him down when those motives, which doubtless produced -her first favours to him, had lost their force. The most material -circumstances of his political history never appeared to public view; -for he was the darkest character of his time, and delighted in deriving -the success of his schemes from the operation of remote causes, and the -agency of obscure instruments. It is highly probable that the Queen of -Scots, and the Duke of Norfolk, were sacrificed to this crooked sort of -policy; a conjecture which tends to wipe out somewhat, though, alas! but -little, of the bloody stain which those enormities have left on -Elizabeth’s memory.—Illust. of Brit. Hist.—Lodge.</p> - -<p>He married, first, Anne, daughter and heiress to Sir John Robsart (for a -particular account of whose murder, and the suspicions that fell on her -husband, see Ashmole’s History of Berks): secondly, Douglas, daughter of -William Lord Howard of Effingham, and widow of John Lord Sheffield, by -whom he had a son, Sir Robert, who is frequently mentioned in the papers -of the succeeding reign. But soon after, having conceived a violent -passion for Lettice, daughter of Sir Francis Knollys, and widow of -Walter Devereux, Earl of Essex, whose late death had been attended by -strong indications of foul play, he wedded her, and disowned his former -marriage and its unfortunate offspring. Douglas submitted patiently, and -lived for some time in the obscurity which suited her disgraced -character; till Leicester having attempted to take her off by poison, -she married Sir Edward Stafford of Grafton, in hopes of shielding -herself against the Earl’s future malignity, by affording him in her own -conduct a presumptive evidence in favour of his allegations. All the -curious circumstances relating to this double bigamy may be found in -Dugdale’s Warwickshire.—Ibid. Note, vol. i. p. 378.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_231" id="page_231">{231}</a></span></p> - -<p>The repairs, alterations, and additions made to the Castle by this -nobleman were on the most splendid scale, and finished at an expenditure -of sixty thousand pounds: an immense sum at that time.</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_231.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_231.jpg" width="243" height="166.5" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>The <span class="eng">Stables</span>, which formed so important an object in the establishment of -every military baron, were in proportion to the number of his retinue -and retainers. The lower story of the building, described as Leicester’s -Stables, is of solid stone mason-work. The lofts, or upper story, -consist of brick and timber pane-work, each compartment having a -diagonal piece of timber in it, carved in rude imitation of the “Ragged -Staff,” part of the armorial bearings of the family.</p> - -<p>His principal works are thus enumerated:—“The first was the great -<span class="eng">Gate-house</span> on the north side; for, after having filled up a part of the -moat on that side, he made the principal entrance from the north, -instead of the south, as it had been originally. He erected a large mass -of square rooms at the north-east angle of the upper court, called -<span class="eng">Leicester’s Buildings</span>, and built from the ground two handsome towers at -the head of the pool. The one called Flood-gate, or Gallery Tower, stood -at the end of the tilt-yard, and contained a spacious and noble room, -from which the ladies might conveniently see the exercises of tilting -and other sports. The other was called Mortimer’s Tower, either, as -Dugdale thinks, after one that previously stood there, and in which this -lord lodged at the round-table festival already mentioned, or because -Sir John Mortimer was confined there when a prisoner in the reign of -Henry the Sixth. By Leicester, also, the baronial chase, or park, was -greatly enlarged. But although his works are of so recent a date, they -present, nevertheless, the appearance of great antiquity, owing to the -quality of the stone, which, being of a friable nature, is readily acted -upon by the weather.”</p> - -<p><span class="eng">Leicester’s Buildings</span>, which comprise the lofty range from north-east to -south-west, present, even in their present state of dilapidation, the -skeleton of a majestic structure, and enable the stranger to form a fair -estimate of the splendid accommodation provided for the queen and her -court. To correct a popular error, it may be observed that “the great -staircase flanked the centre apartment, and that the projecting erection -at the south-west angle, usually called the staircase, was a suite of -closets or dressing-rooms.” The<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_232" id="page_232">{232}</a></span> date of 1571 is cut in stone below the -centre window of the east front. To give a general idea of the extent -and splendour of this Castle at the time</p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_232.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_232.jpg" height="286" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">of the queen’s arrival, when it was in the meridian of its strength and -beauty, we select the following particulars from the pen of the ‘Great -Magician:’—“The outer wall enclosed a space of seven acres, a part of -which was occupied by extensive stables, and by a pleasure garden with -its trim arbours and parterres, and the rest forming the large -base-court, or outer yard, of this noble castle. The lordly structure -itself, which rose near the centre of this spacious enclosure, was -composed of a huge pile of magnificent castellated buildings, apparently -of different ages, surrounding an inner court; and bearing in the names -attached to each portion of the magnificent mass, and in the armorial -bearings which were there blazoned, the emblems of mighty chiefs who had -long passed away, and whose history—could ambition have bent an ear to -it—might have read a lesson to the haughty favourite who had acquired, -and was now augmenting, this fair domain. A large and massive -keep—[that already described as Cæsar’s Tower]—which formed the -citadel of the castle, was of uncertain though great antiquity: it bore -the name of Cæsar, probably from its resemblance to that in the Tower of -London so called. The external wall of this royal castle was, on the -south and west sides, adorned and defended by a lake, partly artificial, -across which Leicester had constructed a stately bridge, that Elizabeth -might enter the castle by a path hitherto untrodden, instead of the -usual entrance to the northward, over which he had erected a <span class="eng">Gate-house</span> -or barbican, which still exists, and is equal in extent, and superior in -architecture, to the baronial castle of many a northern chief. Beyond -the lake lay an extensive chase, full of red deer, fallow deer, roes, -and every species of game, and abounding with lofty trees, from amongst -which the extended front and massive towers of the castle were seen to -rise in majesty and beauty.” Such was the royal Castle of Kenilworth, -when, attended by thirty-one barons, the ladies of her court, and four<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_233" id="page_233">{233}</a></span> -hundred inferior servants, Queen Elizabeth accepted the hospitality of -Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_233.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_233.jpg" width="300" height="229.5" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="eng">The progresses</span> of the maiden Queen were eminently calculated to inspire -lofty ideas of royalty. They were performed with a pomp and circumstance -which dazzled the popular eye, drew around her the great and gifted of -the land, excited the envy and admiration of foreigners, and, by the -splendid hospitality with which she was entertained, insured a free and -even profuse circulation of money wherever she halted.</p> - -<p>Harrison, after enumerating the Queen’s palaces, adds, “But what shall I -need to take upon me to repeat all, and tell what houses the Queen’s -Majesty hath? Sith all is hers; and when it pleaseth her in the summer -season to recreate herself abroad, and view the estate of the country, -and hear the complaints of her poor commons, injured by her unjust -officers or their substitutes; every nobleman’s house is her palace, -where she continueth during pleasure, and till she return again to some -of her own, in which she remaineth so long as she pleaseth.”<a name="FNanchor_201_201" id="FNanchor_201_201"></a><a href="#Footnote_201_201" class="fnanchor">[201]</a> But in -no palace was her Majesty entertained in such gorgeous state as in that -of Kenilworth.</p> - -<p>It was the twilight of a summer night—the 9th of July, 1575—the sun -having for some time set, and all were in anxious expectation of the -Queen’s immediate approach. “The multitude had remained assembled for -many hours, and their numbers were still rather on the increase. A -profuse distri<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_234" id="page_234">{234}</a></span>bution of refreshments, together with roasted oxen, and -barrels of ale set abroach in different places of the road, had kept the -populace in perfect love and loyalty towards the Queen and her -favourite, which might have somewhat abated had fasting been added to -watching. They passed away the time, therefore, with the usual popular -amusements of whooping, hallooing, shrieking, and playing rude tricks -upon each other, forming the chorus of discordant sounds usual on such -occasions. These prevailed all through the crowded roads and fields, and -especially beyond the gate of the chase, where the greater number of the -common sort were stationed; when all of a sudden, a single rocket was -seen to shoot into the atmosphere, and, at the instant, far heard over -flood and field, the great bell of the castle tolled.</p> - -<p>“Immediately there was a pause of dead silence, succeeded by a deep hum -of expectation, the united voice of many thousands, none of whom spoke -above their breath; or, to use a singular expression, the whisper of an -immense multitude.”</p> - -<p>The annexed account is abridged from the “Somerz Progrest, 1575.”</p> - -<p>His honour, <span class="eng">Robert Dudley</span>, having made her Majesty great cheer at dinner -on her halt at Long Ichington, and pleasant pastime in hunting by the -way after, it was eight o’clock in the evening ere her Highness came to -Killingworth; where, in the park, about a slight shoot from the Brays -and first gate of the castle, one of the ten sibyls, comely clad in a -pall of white silk, pronounced a proper poezie in English rhyme and -metre,—of effect how great gladness her good presence brought into -every stead where it pleased her to come; and specially now into that -place that had so often longed after the same; and ended with prophecy -certain, of much and long prosperity, health, and felicity. This her -Majesty benignly accepting, passed forth unto the next gate of the -Brays, which for the length, largeness, and use—as well it may so -serve—they call now the Tilt-yard, where a porter, tall of person, big -of limb, and stern of countenance, wrapt also all in silk, with a club -and keys of quantity according, had a rough speech full of passions, in -metre, aptly made to the purpose: whereby, as her Highness was come -within his ward, he burst out in a great pang of impatience to see such -uncouth trudging to and fro, such riding in and out, with such din and -noise of talk within the charge of his office; whereof he never saw the -like, nor had any warning afore, nor yet could make to himself any cause -of the matter. At last, upon better view and advisement, as he pressed -to come nearer, confessing anon that he found himself pierced at the -presence of a personage, so evidently expressing an heroical sovereignty -over all the whole estates, and by degrees there beside, calmed his -astonishment, proclaimed open gates and free passage to all, yielded up -his club, his keys, his office, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_235" id="page_235">{235}</a></span> all, and on his knees humbly prayed -pardon of his ignorance and impatience: which her Highness graciously -granting, he caused his trumpeters that stood upon the wall of the gate -there, to sound up a tune of welcome. Which,</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_235.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_235.jpg" width="313" height="223" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">beside the noble noise, was so much the more pleasant to behold, because -these trumpeters, being six in number, were every one an eight foot -high, in due proportion of person beside, all in long garments of silk -suitable, each with his silvery trumpet of five foot long, formed taper -ways, and straight from the upper part unto the nether end, where the -diameter was sixteen inches over, and yet so tempered by art, that being -very easy to the blast, they cast forth no great noise, nor a more -unpleasant sound for time and tune, than any other common trumpet, be it -never so artificially formed. These harmonious blasters, from the -foreside of the gate at her Highness’s entrance where they began, -walking upon the walls unto the inner, had this music maintained from -them very delectably; while her Highness, all along this tilt-yard, rode -under the inner gate, next the base-court of the castle: where the Lady -of the Lake, famous in King Arthur’s Book, with two nymphs waiting upon -her arrayed all in silks, attended her Highness’s coming. From the midst -of the pool, where, upon a moveable island, bright blazing with torches, -she, floating to land, met her Majesty with a well-penned metre, and -matter after this sort: viz. First of the antiquity of the castle, who -had been owner of the same e’en till this day, most always in the hands -of the Earls of Leicester; how she had kept this lake since King -Arthur’s days; and now, understanding of her Highness’s coming hither, -thought it both office and duty, in humble ways to discover her and her -estate; offering up the same, her lake and power therein, with promise -of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_236" id="page_236">{236}</a></span> repair unto the court. It pleased her Highness to thank this lady, -and to add withall, “We had thought indeed the lake had been ours, and -do you call it yours now? Well, we will herein commune more with you -hereafter.”</p> - -<p>This pageant was closed up with a delectable harmony of hautboys, -shalms, cornets, and such other loud music, that held on while her -Majesty pleasantly so passed from thence toward the castle gate; -whereunto from the base-court, over a dry valley cast into a good form, -was there framed a fayre bridge of a twenty foot wide, and a seventy -foot long, gravelled for treading, railed on either part with seven -posts on a side, that stood twelve foot asunder, thickened between with -well-proportioned pillars turned. Upon the first pair of posts were set -two comely square wire cages, a three foot long, two foot wide; and high -in them live bitterns, civileirs, shoovelarz, hearsheawz, godwitz, and -such like dainty birds of the presents of Sylvanus, the God of Fowls. On -the second pair, two great silver’d bowls, featly apted to the purpose, -filled with apples, pears, cherries, filberds, walnuts, fresh upon their -branches; and with oranges, pomegranates, lemons, and pippins, all as -gifts of Pomona, the Goddess of Fruits. The third pair of posts, in two -such silver’d bowls, had (all in ears green and old) wheat, barley, -oats, beans, and pease, as the gifts of Ceres. The fourth post against -it had a pair of great white silver livery pots for wine; and before -them two glasses of good capacity filled full; the one with white wine, -the other with claret, so fresh of colour, and of look so lovely, -smiling to the eyes of many, that by my faith methought, by their -leering, they could have found in their hearts, as the evening was hot, -to have kissed them sweetly, and thought it no sin: and these for the -potential presents of Bacchus, the God of Wine. The fifth pair had each -a fair large tray, strewed with fresh grass; and in them, conger, burt, -mullet, fresh herring, oysters, salmon, crevis, and such like, being -gifts to her Highness, from Neptune, God of the Sea. On the sixth pair -of posts were set two ragged staves of silver, as my Lord gives them in -arms, beautifully glittering of armour, thereupon depending, bows, -arrows, spears, shield head-pieces, gorget, corslets, swords, targets, -and such like, for Mars’ gifts, the God of War. And the more aptly, -methought, was it that those ragged staves supported these martial -presents, as well because these staves by their tines seem naturally -meet for the bearing of armour, as also that they chiefly in this place -might take upon them principal protection of her Highness’s person, that -so benignly pleased her to take harbour. On the seventh posts, the last -and next to the castle, were there pight to faer bay branches of a four -foot high, adorned on all sides with lutes, violins, shalms, cornets, -flutes, recorders, and harps, as the presents of Phœbus, the God of -Music, for rejoicing the mind, and also of physic, for health to the -body.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_237" id="page_237">{237}</a></span> Over the castle gate was there fastened a table, beautifully -garnished above with her Highness’s arms, and featly with ivy wreathes -bordered about, of a ten foot square; the ground black, whereupon in -large white Roman capitals, fayr written, a poem mentioning these gods -and their gifts, thus presented unto her Highness: which, because it -remained unremoved, I took it out as followeth:—[Each word in reference -to the Queen was written in gold.]—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i6"><span class="eng">Ad Majestatem Regiam.</span><br /></span> -<span class="i0">Jupiter huc certos cernens <span class="eng">te</span> tendere gressus<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Cœlicolas Princeps actutum convocat omnes;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Obsequium præstare jubet <span class="eng">tibi</span> quemque benignum.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Unde suas Sylvanus aves, Pomonaque fructus,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Alma Ceres fruges, hilarantia vina Lyæus,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Neptunus pisces, tela et tutantia Mavors,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Suave melos Phœbus, solidamque longamque salutem.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Dii <span class="eng">tibi, Regina</span>, hæc (cum sis Dignissima) præbent;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Hoc <span class="eng">tibi</span> cum Domino, dedit se et werda Kenelmi.<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>This was read to her by a poet, “in a long ceruleous garment, with a bay -garland on his head, and a skro in his hand. So passing into the inner -court, her Majesty (that never rides but alone), thear set down from her -palfrey,</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_237.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_237.jpg" width="304" height="228" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">was conveied up to <span class="eng">Chamber</span><a name="FNanchor_202_202" id="FNanchor_202_202"></a><a href="#Footnote_202_202" class="fnanchor">[202]</a> [in which stood a splendid -<span class="eng">Chimney-piece</span>], when after did follo a great peal of gunz, and lightning -by fyrwork.”—Progrest.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_238" id="page_238">{238}</a></span></p> - -<p>The festivities lasted seventeen days, and comprised nearly every -pastime which the resources of the age could produce. The hart was -hunted in the park; the dance was proclaimed in the gallery; and the -tables were loaded from morn to midnight with sumptuous cheer. The park -was peopled with mimic gods and goddesses, to surprise the regal -visitant with complimentary dialogues and poetical representations. In -the chase, a savage man, with satyrs, bear-baitings, fireworks, Italian -tumblers, a country bride-ale, with runnings at the quintain and -morrice-dancing; and that nothing might be wanting which those parts -could afford, the Coventry men came and acted the ancient play, long -since used in that city, called “Hock’s Tuesday,”<a name="FNanchor_203_203" id="FNanchor_203_203"></a><a href="#Footnote_203_203" class="fnanchor">[203]</a> setting forth the -destruction of the Danes in King Ethelred’s time; which pleased the -Queen so much, that she gave them a brace of bucks, and five marks in -money, to bear the charges of a feast. Likewise on the pool there was a -Triton, riding on a mermaid, eighteen feet long; as also Arion, on a -dolphin; and rare music. The costs and expenses of these entertainments -may be guessed at by the quantity of beer then drank, which amounted to -three hundred and twenty hogsheads of the ordinary sort. More simple -amusements were also studiously introduced: the rural neighbours were -assembled to run at the quintain; and a marriage, in strict consistency -with<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_239" id="page_239">{239}</a></span> country ceremonials, was celebrated under the observance of the -Queen. Every hour had its peculiar sport. A famous Italian tumbler -displayed feats of agility; morris-dancers went through their rude -evolutions, by way of interlude; and thirteen bears were baited for the -gratification of the courtiers! During the Queen’s stay, five gentlemen -were honoured with knighthood, and “nyne persons were cured of the -peynful and daungerous deseaz called the King’s Evil.”—Letter from a -freend officer attendant in the coourt unto his freend a citizen and -merchaunt of London, in this Somerz Progrest, 1575.</p> - -<p>After this splendid reception given to her Majesty at Kenilworth, and -which cost the noble host a thousand pounds per diem, Leicester -continued to make the Castle his favourite residence. <span class="eng">At his death</span> he -bequeathed it to his brother</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_239.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_239.jpg" width="326" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Ambrose Earl of Warwick for life, and after him to his own son Sir -Robert Dudley, who wandered abroad till his father’s death, when he -returned, and challenged his right to the family dignities; which being -denied, he determined to quit for ever a country in which he had -experienced so much injustice. To complete this long scene of iniquity, -James I. seized the estates by virtue of Mary’s statute of fugitives; -but, in order to avoid the odium which so tyrannical an act justly -merited, obliged Sir Robert to consent to a nominal sale of them to -Henry Prince of Wales, at one third of their value, and even that was -never paid. Thus this great property was unjustly drawn back to the same -source from which, with so little merit, it had been originally -derived.—See Lodge’s Illustrations of British History.—Letters.</p> - -<p><span class="eng">Survey</span> by the King’s Commissioners. The following survey of Kenilworth -Castle and the demesne thereto adjoining, which was made at this time, -conveys a splendid idea of a baronial residence. (Our authority is -Dugdale.) The Castle is described as situated on a rock; the circuit -whereof within the walls containeth seven acres; and upon the walls are -walks so spacious and fair, that two or three persons together may walk -upon most places thereof. The Castle and the four gatehouses are all -built of freestone, hewn and cut: the walls in many places are ten and -fifteen feet in thickness, some more, some less, the least four feet. -The Castle and the four gatehouses aforesaid are all<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_240" id="page_240">{240}</a></span> covered with lead, -whereby it is subject to no other decay but the glass, through the -extremity of the weather. The rooms of great state within the same are -able to receive his Majesty, the Queen and Prince at the same time, and -are built with as much uniformity and convenience as any houses of later -times, and with such stately cellars (the Undercroft or Nether-hall -already noticed) as are not within this kingdom, and also all other -houses for offices answerable. About the said Castle, in chases and -parks, there lieth twelve hundred pounds per annum; nine hundred whereof -are grounds for pleasure, the rest is meadow and pleasure lands -thereunto adjoining, tenants and freeholders. There joineth upon this -ground a park-like ground called the <span class="eng">King’s Wood</span>, with fifteen several -coppices lying together, containing seven hundred and eighty-nine acres -within the same, which in the Earl of Leicester’s time were stored with -red deer, since which the deer have strayed. But the ground is in no -sort blemished, having great store of timber and other trees of much -value upon the same. There runneth through the said grounds, by the -walls of the Castle, a fair pool, containing one hundred and eleven -acres, well stored with fish and wild fowl, which pool is at pleasure to -be let round the Castle.</p> - -<p>For timber and wood upon the ground to the value of twenty thousand -pounds has been offered, having a convenient time allowed for their -removal, but which, to his Majesty, are valued at eleven thousand seven -hundred and twenty-two pounds; which proportion, in a like measure, is -held in all the rest upon the other values to his Majesty. The circuit -of the castle, manors, parks, and chase, lying round together, contains -at least nineteen or twenty miles, in a pleasant country; the like both -for strength, state, and pleasure, not being within the realm of -England.</p> - -<p>These lands have been surveyed by Commissioners from the King and the -Lord Privy Seal, with directions from his Lordship to <i>find all things -under their true worth</i>,<a name="FNanchor_204_204" id="FNanchor_204_204"></a><a href="#Footnote_204_204" class="fnanchor">[204]</a> and upon the oaths of jurors, as well -freeholders as customary tenants; which course being held by them, are, -notwithstanding, surveyed and returned at thirty-eight thousand five -hundred and fifty-four pounds fifteen shillings. Out of this sum there -is to be deducted ten thousand pounds for Sir Robert Dudley’s -‘Contempt,’ and for the Lady Dudley’s jointure, which is without -impeachment of waste, whereby she may sell all the woods, which by their -survey amount to eleven thousand seven hundred and twenty-two pounds. -His Majesty hath herein the mean profits of the castle and premises, -through Sir Robert Dudley’s ‘Contempt,’ during life, or his Majesty’s -pardon, the reversion in fee being in the Lord Privy Seal.—See -References.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_241" id="page_241">{241}</a></span></p> - -<p>It may be readily imagined that a castle with so many powerful -recommendations was not lost sight of by the King and his advisers; and -as Prince Henry was in want of a country palace befitting his name and -station, that of Kenilworth was at once suggested to him as possessing -every requisite for a princely residence. But independently of that -splendour to which it had been raised by the late Earl of Leicester, the -Castle was strongly associated with the lives and actions of former -sovereigns, who had either made it their residence, or the scene of -alternate conflict or festivity, from the days of Henry the First to -those of Elizabeth. Enhanced by these recommendations, it was an object -of ambition with the prince to obtain possession of it, and with this -view, “affecting it as the noblest and most magnificent thing in the -midland</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_241.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_241.jpg" width="399" height="306" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">parts of this realm, he made overture by special agents” to Sir Robert -Dudley, to purchase the castle and domain for a sum not exceeding -fourteen thousand five hundred pounds. This was probably not more than -one-fourth of its value; but as the offer came from a quarter where he -could expect little favour, and seeing no prospect of his being ever -restored to his paternal inheritance, the unfortunate heir was driven to -the painful alternative of either disposing of his right for the sum -offered, or of provoking by non-compliance the resentment of the Court. -“Whereupon, in consideration of £14,500 being paid within the compass of -a twelvemonth, certain deeds were sealed and fines levied, settling the -inheritance thereof.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_242" id="page_242">{242}</a></span>”</p> - -<p>Having completed the transfer, the last hope was abandoned, and Dudley -resolved never to return to a country in which he had received such -manifest injustice. The conditions were, that three thousand pounds -should be paid within a twelvemonth after the ratification of the -transfer; but the money, which was to have been remitted to him at -Florence in Italy, was lost by the failure of the merchant in whose -hands it had been incautiously placed. Of the remaining sum of eleven -thousand five hundred, nothing was ever paid; yet on the death of Henry -the Prince of Wales, his brother Charles took possession of the castle -and manor as heir to his brother, and obtained a grant out of the -Exchequer for four thousand pounds to be paid to the Lady Alice, wife of -Sir Robert Dudley, in lieu of her jointure, but which was not paid for -many years, to the damage of the said lady. It remained thus in the -possession of Prince Charles till his accession to the throne: after -which, in the first year of his reign, he made a grant of it to Robert -Carey, Earl of Monmouth, Lord Carey, his eldest son, and Thomas Carey, -Esq., in whose hands it continued till—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Teint du sang de son Roi, l’hypocrite Cromwell<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Etablit, par degrés, son pouvoir criminel:<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Usurpateur habile autant que politique,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">De l’état qu’il transforme en une république,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Il renverse à son gré les anciens fondemens.”—<span class="smcap">Fastes Britann.</span><br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>Having then fallen into the hands of Oliver, the castle and manor were -divided amongst several of his officers, who, paying no respect either -to the splendour of the edifice, the richness of the furniture, or the -beauty of the landscape in which the castle was embosomed, regarded it -only in a pecuniary point of view; and apprehensive, probably, that -their tenure was very insecure, made haste to convert everything -available into money. They stript the castle of its princely -decorations, cut down the timber, drained the lake, and demolished the -very walls for the sake of the materials. They threw open the park and -chase, killed and dispersed the deer, and subdivided the whole into -distinct farms, the rental of which they continued to receive and -appropriate to their own use till the Restoration. These officers were -Colonel Hawkesworth, Major Creed, Captain Phipps, Captain Ayres, Captain -Smith, Captain Matthews, and four others, of the names of Hope, Palmer, -Clark, and Coles. “These new lords of the manor,” says the old record of -that day, “tyrannize and govern the parish as they list. They pull down -and demolish the castle, cut down the King’s woods, destroy his parks -and chase, and divide the lands into farms amongst themselves, and build -houses for themselves to dwell in. Hawkesworth seats himself in the -gate-house of the castle, and drains the famous pool, consisting of -several hundred acres of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_243" id="page_243">{243}</a></span> ground. Hope and Palmer enclose a fourth part -of the commons, called the King’s woods, from the inhabitants, and take -it as their own free estate. In 1657 these petty lords, attended by some -of the inhabitants of the parish, took a survey, and gave in an estimate -of all the lands within the liberties of the said manor, and in the -following year, on the fourteenth of June, made their perambulation, and -went their procession round the bounds of the parish. But, on the -twenty-seventh of May, 1660, King Charles the Second came to enjoy his -own dominions, and among others the lands and manor of Kenilworth. -Hereupon these soldiers soon scampered away, when the daughters of Lord -Carey, Earl of Monmouth, intercede and prevail to hold that said manor, -as their father before them, by lease or leases from the Crown.” But -this having nearly expired, he granted the reversion of the whole manor -to Laurence, Lord Hyde, second son to Lord Chancellor Clarendon, whom he -created Baron Kenilworth and Earl of Rochester. On the death of this -nobleman in 1711, he was succeeded in his estates and titles by Henry -his only son, who, at the death of Edward, the third Earl of Clarendon, -in 1723, succeeded to that title also. But leaving no male issue at his -decease in 1753, his grand-daughter, the Lady Charlotte Capel—daughter -of William Capel, Earl of Essex, and the Lady Jane Hyde, his wife, then -dead—became the representative of the Hyde family, and, in pursuance of -the will of the late earl, took the name and arms of Hyde. This lady -married the Honorable Thomas Villiers, second son of the Earl of Jersey, -who in 1756 was created, by George the Second, Baron Hyde of Hindon, in -the county of Wilts. He</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_243.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_243.jpg" width="314.5" height="183" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"> - -<p><a href="#APPENDIX"> -See Appendix.</a><br /> -</p></div> -</div> - -<p class="nind">had the further title of Earl of Clarendon conferred upon him by George -the Third, and, at his death in 1786, was succeeded by his eldest son -the late earl, whose family honours are inherited by his nephew, George -William-Frederick<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_244" id="page_244">{244}</a></span> Villiers, Earl of Clarendon, Lord Hyde of Hindon, a -Count of Prussia, and sometime envoy and minister plenipotentiary at the -Court of Madrid. Such is a brief outline of the descent of Kenilworth -Castle, and of the many changes which it has undergone during the lapse -of seven centuries.</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Illustrious Ruin! hoary Kenilworth!<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Thou hast outlived the customs of thy day;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And, in the imbecility of age,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Art now the spectacle of modern times.<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Yet though thy halls are silent, though thy bowers<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Re-echo back the traveller’s lonely tread,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Again imagination bids thee rise<br /></span> -<span class="i1">In all thy dread magnificence and strength;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Thy draw-bridge, foss, and frowning battlements,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Portcullis, barbican, and donjon-tower.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>In addition to the particulars already stated regarding the life and -character of that extraordinary individual, Robert, Earl of Leicester, -we avail ourselves of the following facts, as related by various writers -who were his contemporaries, and founded their judgment on close -personal observation. During the life of his father, the Duke of -Northumberland, the first appointment which he received at Court, and to -which he was duly sworn, was that of one of the six gentlemen in -ordinary to Edward the Sixth. “But,” says Hayward in his life of that -monarch, “this Robert Dudley was his father’s true heir, both of his -hate against persons of nobility, and cunning to dissemble the same; and -afterwards for lust and cruelty a monster of the Court; and as he was -apt to hate, so was he a true executioner of his hatred; such was his, -rather by practice than by open dealing, as wanting rather courage than -wit; and,” adds the same authority darkly, “after his entertainment into -a place of so near service (that of the privy chamber), the king enjoyed -his health not long.” (Sir John Hayward’s Life of Edward the Sixth.) But -although included in the sentence of attainder pronounced against his -family, he soon emerged from obscurity, and by the very hand which had -signed his father’s execution, he was made master of the Queen’s horse -at the battle of St. Quentin’s, an office which was also confirmed to -him by Elizabeth, who—to the surprise of many, and the disgust of all -who knew his real merits—loaded him with honours. He was installed a -Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, made Constable of Windsor -Castle for life, and finally recommended as a husband to Mary, Queen of -Scots; promising, that on the Queen’s assenting thereto, she, Elizabeth, -would then, by authority of Parliament, declare her to be her sister or -daughter, and heir to the crown of England, in case she herself<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_245" id="page_245">{245}</a></span> should -die without issue. Her real intentions, however, are matter of -suspicion; and those who were best acquainted with the policy of the -Maiden Queen, thought that all this show was merely to try if the -proposal would be accepted, and then to marry him herself with less -dishonour. (See Appendix.)</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_245.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_245.jpg" width="205" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>To give further weight to this recommendation, she advanced him to the -dignity of the peerage with the title of Baron Denbigh, and the very day -following, being Michaelmas-day, she raised him to the Earldom of -Leicester. But the French nation esteeming it dishonourable that such an -alliance should be offered to Queen Mary, urged the Scotch authorities -to decline it,—promising the nation many advantages in return, and -suggesting that Elizabeth had no real intention of ever allowing the -match to be carried into effect (Dugdale), a suspicion which appears to -have been correctly founded. In compliment to Elizabeth, with whom -Dudley was now the chief favourite, Charles the Ninth conferred upon him -the Order of St. Michael. No Englishman had ever been admitted into this -Order before, except Henry the Eighth, Edward the Sixth, and Charles -Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, which made the Queen “look upon it as a -considerable honour.” The ambassador charged with this complimentary -office was M. Rambouillet; and the Queen having selected from the -noblemen of her Court the Duke of Norfolk and the Earl of Leicester—the -one distinguished by his high birth, the other by her Majesty’s -favour—as candidates for the honour, they were invested in the Royal -Chapel at Whitehall with great solemnity. But the more that honours were -showered upon Leicester, the more was he exposed to the contempt of the -old nobility, who felt as if their own degradation at Court was in exact -proportion to his advancement. This was not disguised by the Earl of -Sussex, who piqued himself much in the antiquity of his house, and could -ill brook to see the Queen’s favour lavished on a parvenu. “Who,” said -he, “is this Earl of Leicester? He can name but two ancestors, and both -were executed for treason!” This language—which was the more galling -from its truth—divided the whole Court into factions; and whenever the -two earls went abroad, they were attended with a large retinue of -followers, armed with “swords and bucklers, with iron pikes pointing out -at the bosses,” insomuch that the Queen was compelled to interpose her -authority, when the breach was seemingly made up. But Sussex never -overcame his aversion to Leicester; and even in his last illness -addressed his<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_246" id="page_246">{246}</a></span> friends in these words: “I am now passing into another -world, and must leave you to your fortunes and to the Queen’s grace and -goodness; but beware of the ‘Gypsie’ (meaning Leicester), for he will be -too hard for you all: you know not the beast so well as I do.”</p> - -<p>Leicester, continuing to advance in favour, was one of the peers -appointed for the trial of the Duke of Norfolk; and four years -afterwards, when Walter, Earl of Essex, died in Ireland by “no common -death,” it was much suspected that he had a hand in it; which is the -more probable, as from that time he forsook his wife, the Lady Douglas -Sheffield, by whom he had a son, Robert, already mentioned, and promised -her much money and other advantages in case she would be content -therewith, and so married Lettice, daughter of Sir Francis Knolles, and -widow of the Earl of Essex, “to whom,” says Dugdale, “he had privately -borne much affection before.”</p> - -<p>The death of Essex, “in the midst of incredible torments,” was -attributed to poison. Two of his own servants, Crumpton his cupbearer, -and Lloyd his secretary, are reported to have been confederates in the -murder; and it is said that Mrs. Alice Dracot, a pious lady, whom the -earl much valued, was accidentally poisoned at the same time and with -the same cup, and died a few days before him. It is farther alleged that -his lordship’s page, who was accustomed to taste of his drink before he -gave it to him, very hardly escaped with his life, and not without ‘the -loss of his hair,’ though he drank but a small quantity; and that the -earl, in compassion to the boy, called for a cup of drink a little -before his death, and drank to him in a friendly manner; and says he, “I -drink to thee, my Robin; but ben’t afraid, ’tis a better cup of drink -than that thou tookest to taste when we both were poisoned.” (Secret -Memoirs of the Earl of Leicester.) This report was formally contradicted -by Sir Henry Sidney, the Lord Deputy of Ireland; but the suspicion of -Leicester’s being privy to the death of Essex was never removed; and the -facts of his previous intimacy and subsequent marriage with the countess -added no little strength to the charge.</p> - -<p>When the marriage between the Queen and the Duke of Anjou was first -suggested at Court, he opposed it with all his influence, public and -private, and had the satisfaction of attending that prince on his hasty -departure from the English Court. But on his return, the elevation at -his success was not a little damped by the discovery that his marriage -with the Lady Lettice had been communicated to the Queen by Simier, the -French minister, in revenge of the defeated plans of the Duke of Anjou. -Greatly incensed at this act of duplicity, and piqued with jealousy of -the lady, Elizabeth caused the Earl to be shut up in the Castle of -Greenwich, as a prelude to his being sent to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_247" id="page_247">{247}</a></span> Tower. Charging all -these misfortunes to the conduct of Simier, he indulged the wildest -passion for revenge; but the rigour of his confinement was soon -moderated; the Queen relented; and the only results were greater -honours, more unlimited confidence, which proved that Dudley held no -secondary place in the heart of the Queen.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_247.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_247.jpg" width="315.5" height="175" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>It was in his Castle of Kenilworth that Leicester first married Lady -Essex privately; but her father, Sir Francis Knolles, being well -acquainted with his lordship’s inconstancy, refused to give any credit -to it unless the marriage were solemnised in his own presence. In -consequence of this resolution, the ceremony was again performed at -Wanstead, in presence of the said Sir Francis, the Earl of Warwick, the -Lord North, a public notary, and several other witnesses. On the -publication of marriage, his former wife, the Lady Douglas, in “order to -secure her life from any future practices,” contracted a marriage with -Sir Edward Stafford, a man of high character and reputation, and at that -time Her Majesty’s ambassador in France. This step was peremptorily -called for, as she laboured under constant apprehension of being made -away with by Leicester; for it is certain, according to Dugdale, that -she had already “some ill potions given to her,” so that, with the loss -of her hair and nails, she narrowly escaped death.</p> - -<p>Some time before the arrival of Simier with overtures from the Duke of -Anjou, Leicester had engaged Astley, one of the Queen’s bedchamber, to -search out her disposition towards him, and had met with an unfavourable -answer. For when he was covertly recommended to her Majesty for a -husband, she replied in a passion—“Do you think that in choosing a -husband I should be so regardless of my character, so unmindful of my -royal dignity, as to prefer my servant whom myself have raised, to the -greatest princes of Christendom?” These words being reported, were -thunderbolts to the Earl<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_248" id="page_248">{248}</a></span> of Leicester; who now perceived that, should -he interpose in the affair of the French match, his opposition would be -construed to proceed from interested motives, and might be a means to -promote rather than prevent it. He therefore chose to withdraw himself -from public view, to counterfeit sickness and retire to his chamber; and -there, under pretence of taking physic, he became a voluntary prisoner.</p> - -<p>In 1585, he was made Justice-eyre of all the Forests south of Trent. He -received a commission for levying five hundred men to be sent into -Holland; and three weeks afterwards, he was constituted Lieutenant and -Captain-General of the whole army designed for the service of the United -Provinces against the Spaniards, and the same year took the command in -person. In little more than a year, however, many grave charges were -brought against him by the States for having abused his authority, and -neglected the due performance of the high trusts reposed in him. Greatly -mortified at these complaints, which, besides wounding his vanity, had a -tendency to weaken his influence at Court, he affected disgust at the -injustice inflicted upon him, and made his last will and testament at -Middleburg, as a preparation for his retiring altogether from the public -service. The contents of this will, dated the 1st of August, 1587, have -been already mentioned.</p> - -<p>On his return to England, he found that the complaints lodged against -him by the Dutch had so moved the Queen’s displeasure, that “he was -constrained to humble himself to his royal mistress, and with tears to -beg of her, that, having sent him thither with power, she would not -receive him back with disgrace; that whom she had raised from the dust, -she would not bury alive!” The Queen was moved by this strain of courtly -pleading, and the influence of the favourite became greater than ever. -The last public service in which Leicester was engaged was with the army -at Tilbury, when the Spanish Armada was expected to make a landing, and -when the Queen, in addressing the troops, did him honour in these terms: -“In the meantime, my Lieutenant-General shall be in my stead, than whom -never prince commanded a more noble or worthy subject; not doubting but -by your obedience to my General, by your concord in the camp, and by -your valour in the field, we shall shortly have a famous victory over -the enemies of my God, of my kingdoms, and of my people.” But, -notwithstanding her Majesty’s commendation, there was no opportunity for -his lordship to exert his abilities; for the Spanish army never landed -on the English shore—the elements performed all the service which was -to have devolved on Leicester.</p> - -<p>Having thus concluded his public career, he designed to spend the -remainder of his days in his Castle of Kenilworth, on which he had -continued to expend all the resources of art; but, taken suddenly ill of -a fever at<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_249" id="page_249">{249}</a></span> Cornbury Park, in Oxfordshire, he there closed his earthly -account, on the 4th of September. From Cornbury Park his remains were -conveyed with much pomp to Warwick, and there interred, in our Lady’s -Chapel, adjoining the choir of the Collegiate Church, where a very noble -monument was erected to his memory, with the following inscription:—</p> - -<div class="blockquott"><p class="c"><span class="smcap">Deo Viventium S.</span></p> - -<p>Spe Certa Resurgendi In Christo Hic Situs Est Illustrissimus -Robertus Dudleyus, Johannis Ducis Northumbriæ, Comitis Warwicki, -Vice-Comitis Insulæ, &c., Filius Quintus, Comes Leicestriæ, Baro -Denbighæ, Ordinis Tum S. Georgii Cum S. Michaelis Eques Auratus, -Reginæ Elizabethæ (Apud Quam Singulari Gratia Florebat) Hippocomus -Regiæ Aulæ, Subinde Seneschallus, Ab Intimis Conciliis; Forestarum, -Parcorum, Chacearum, &c. Citra Trentam Summus Justificarius; -Exercitus Anglici A Dicta Regina Elizabetha Missi In Belgio, Ab -Anno MDLXXXV. Ad Annum MDLXXXVII. Locum Tenens Et Capitaneus -Generalis; Provinciarum Confederatarum Ibidem Gubernator Generalis -Et Præfectus, Regnique Angliæ Locum Tenens Contra Philippum II. -Hispanum, Numerosa Classe Et Exercitu Angliam Anno MDLXXXVIII. -Invadentem. Animam Deo Servatori Reddidit, Anno Salutis -MDLXXXVIII., Die Quarto Septembris. Optimo Et Charissimo Marito, -Mœstissima Uxor Leticia, Francisci Knolles Ordinis S. Georgii -Equitis Aurati, Et Regiæ Thesaurarii, Filia, Amoris Et Conjugalis -Fidei Ergo Posuit.</p></div> - -<p>It is said that the Earl died much in the Queen’s debt, and that her -Majesty caused his goods to be sold at a public sale, that payment might -be made; for “however favourable,” says her biographer, “she might have -been in all other respects, the Queen is observed never to have remitted -the debts that were owing to her treasury.”</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_249.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_249.jpg" width="184" height="208.5" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>The generally received account is, that his death was occasioned by his -having swallowed a draught of poison, which had been designed by him for -another person: a just stroke of retribution for the lives which—as -there were strong grounds to suspect—had been cut short by his -employment of the like means. In a curious manuscript copy of the -information given by Ben Jonson to Drummond of Hawthornden, as abridged -by Sir Robert Sibbald, Leicester’s death is ascribed to poison -administered as a cordial by his Countess, to whom he had given it, -representing it to be a restorative in any faintness, in the hope that -she herself might be cut off by using it. It may be here added, that the -following satirical epitaph on Leicester occurs in Drummond’s -Collections, but is “evidently,” says Scott, “not of his -composition:<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_250" id="page_250">{250}</a></span>”—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i3"><span class="eng">Epitaph on the Erle of Leister.</span><br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Here lies a valiant warrior,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Who never drew a sword;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Here lies a noble courtier,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Who never kept his word;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Here lies the Erle of Leister,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Who govern’d the estates,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Whom the earth could never living love,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">And the just heaven now hates.<br /></span> -<span class="i12">“<span class="smcap">Kenilworth</span>,” Vol. ii. 397.<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>The character of Leicester is thus summed up by Camden in his Annals of -Elizabeth:—“He was esteemed a most accomplished courtier, free and -bountiful to soldiers and scholars; a cunning time-server and respecter -of his own advantages; of a disposition ready and apt to please; crafty -and subtle towards his adversaries; much given formerly to women, and in -his latter days doating extremely upon marriage. But, whilst he -preferred power and greatness, which are subject to be envied before -solid virtue, his detracting emulators found large matter to speak -reproachfully of him, and, even when he was in his most flourishing -condition, spared not disgracefully to defame him by libels, not without -a mixture of some untruths.” But, “to take him in the observation of his -letters,” says Sir Robert Naunton, “I never saw a style or phrase more -seeming religious and fuller of the strains of devotion, had they been -sincere!”—Dugd. Bar.; Camden’s Annals; Secret Mem. of Robert Dudley.</p> - -<p>The following particulars of Sir Robert Dudley, who was so unjustly -deprived of his rightful inheritance, may be new to some of our readers. -His life is a striking instance of the vicissitudes to which every -condition of society, and more particularly that of the patrician order, -was exposed, during the period in question. He was educated at Christ -Church, Oxford, and is said to have been a profound mathematician, and -master of other acquirements, which he had afterwards an opportunity of -turning to good purpose abroad. His earliest service was in 1595, when -he had the command of three small ships, with which he took and -destroyed nine Spanish traders freighted with wine. The following year -he served under the Earl of Essex in the expedition to Cadiz, where he -displayed so much characteristic gallantry and prudence, that he -received from her Majesty the honour of knighthood; and was justly -esteemed among his companions in arms, as a soldier who possessed in no -ordinary degree the virtues of wisdom and prowess.</p> - -<p>Soon after this, in a voyage to the West Indies, he called an island in -the mouth of the river Orinoco, after his own name, Dudleyana. In the -will of his father, the “favourite Dudley,” he is pronounced -illegitimate—“my base<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_251" id="page_251">{251}</a></span> son;” but notwithstanding this paternal stigma, -there is every ground to believe that he was born in wedlock: for it -appeared by depositions afterwards taken on oath in the Star Chamber, -that the Earl of Leicester had been lawfully married to his mother, the -Lady Douglas Sheffield, by a clergyman, according to the form prescribed -by the Church of England. But by the interest of the Lady Letitia, widow -to the Earl of Essex, whom Leicester had married some time before his -death, these depositions were ordered to be sealed up by the Clerk of -the Court, and never more to be seen or published; whilst at the same -time a censure was passed upon the deponents as having entered into a -conspiracy to defame the Dowager Lady Leicester, and unjustly to entitle -Sir Robert Dudley to the honours which had been enjoyed by his -ancestors. The unfairness, the palpable injustice of such proceedings, -filled his mind with such disgust, that he determined, as already -mentioned, to abandon the country of his birth; and having obtained the -King’s permission to travel for three years, proceeded to Italy, where -he took up his residence in the Tuscan capital with “the style of Earl -of Warwick.” But having left several enemies at home, who watched every -opportunity to wrest from him his princely inheritance of <span class="eng">Kenilworth</span>, -his absence was construed into disaffection;</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_251.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_251.jpg" width="410.5" height="299" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">and a special Privy Seal being obtained for that purpose, he was -commanded to return home forthwith. But fully aware of the motive<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_252" id="page_252">{252}</a></span> which -actuated the King’s advisers, and of the annoyance and mortification -which awaited him, he evaded the summons, and resolved to continue in -exile beyond the Alps. Advantage was immediately taken of his contumacy, -and by the “statute of fugitives,” his lands were seized in the manner -already described in the survey, and the mesne profits of them applied -to the King’s use.</p> - -<p>There is a romantic story told of this Sir Robert—the last of the -Dudleys of Kenilworth—which mentions, that on quitting England he -carried off with him the beautiful daughter of Sir Robert Southwell, in -the habit of a <span class="eng">Page</span>.<a name="FNanchor_205_205" id="FNanchor_205_205"></a><a href="#Footnote_205_205" class="fnanchor">[205]</a> The lady had long been the object of his -admiration; but as the legal proceedings instituted against him were -calculated, however unjustly, to strip him of his inheritance and -degrade him in his station, the family of the lady were naturally averse -to the alliance, and took all necessary precautions to break off the -intimacy which had hitherto existed between the parties. Driven to the -necessity of expedients, where the open and honourable profession of his -attachment had been rejected with coldness or even disdain, the knight -employed stratagem; and having arranged a stolen interview with the -lady, had no great difficulty in persuading her to quit an ungrateful -country, and with him to seek refuge in that southern land where he was -sure of a welcome, and where, at least, they would be far beyond the -reach of both kingly and paternal despotism. How these arguments were -received by the lady may be readily understood by the fact, that, within -a few days after this interview, Sir Robert Dudley, accompanied by a -beautiful page, had embarked for Italy.</p> - -<p>It is not our province to detail the adventures which befell this “Lara” -of his time, and his gentle page by the way; but on their reaching the -Tuscan Athens, the page had suddenly disappeared, no person of his small -retinue knew how. In the venerable church of the Santa Croce, however, -preparations were observed as if for some religious solemnity; and in -the evening of the feast of St. George, Dudley communicated to his -immediate friends and attendants, that he should that evening lead a -bride to the altar, and invited them to partake of the supper which had -been prepared at his quarters in the Piazza della Trinità. The mere -announcement of his marriage excited no particular surprise; for -inheriting the manly figure, the courtly manners, and elegant -accomplishments of his father, whom the maiden Queen<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_253" id="page_253">{253}</a></span> of England had so -“delighted to honour,” it was readily surmised that some signora, with -the old Etruscan blood in her veins, had made a conquest of the English -knight: and yet the name of the lady was a profound secret, which -puzzled as much the learned cognoscenti as it did the simple contadini, -whom the rumour of “English espousals” had drawn to the square in front -of the church. But the mystery was speedily solved; for the procession -was already under the porch of the sacred temple, and on kneeling at the -altar it was no difficult matter to recognize in the lovely bride, the -peerless features of Blanche Southwell—the faithful page of the exiled -Robert Dudley.</p> - -<p>Having now fixed his residence on the banks of the Arno, and become -master of that rank and consideration which had been denied him at home, -Dudley’s active mind, forgetting the splendour of Kenilworth Castle, -soon began to exert its energies in an enterprise of great public -utility. This was in concerting plans for the drainage of the fens and -marshes in the neighbourhood of Leghorn, adjoining the Maremma; and with -so much success did he prosecute his undertaking, that he raised that -town from an inconsiderable fishing village, to the rank and importance -of one of the most frequented seaports in Italy. Thus, out of seeming -evil, disgrace, destitution, expatriation, much ultimate good was -educed, not only to the country which had extended to him the rights of -hospitality, but to himself and his successors. The Duke settled a -handsome pension upon him. The reputation of his accomplishments, -coupled with the history of his misfortunes, secured for him the highest -consideration in Italy; while the Emperor of Germany, Ferdinand the -Second, conferred upon him, by letters-patent, dated Vienna, March, -1620, the title of Duke; in consequence of which he resumed that of his -grandfather, the attainted Duke of Northumberland, whose tragical end we -have already mentioned in the earlier portion of this work. Thus -elevated to the highest rank in the state, Dudley erected a magnificent</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_253.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_253.jpg" width="178.5" height="150" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">palace in the city of Florence, and there spent his days in works of -public utility and private beneficence. His daughters by the lady, whose -romantic story we have just recorded, were all married to princes of the -Empire; and at his own demise—when he was succeeded in the same title -by his eldest son Charles—a grant was obtained from King Charles the -First, under the great seal of England, that his widow, the Lady Alice, -should enjoy the title of Duchess for her natural life, and that her -daughters should take rank and precedence accordingly.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_254" id="page_254">{254}</a></span></p> - -<p>This Sir Robert Dudley, according to Dugdale, was a man of heroic -stature, “comely in feature, strong, valiant, famous at the exercise of -tilting; singularly skilled in all mathematick learning, but chiefly in -navigation and architecture; a rare chymist, and of great knowledge in -physick, as his learned works do sufficiently manifest—especially that -‘De Arcanis Maris,’ printed at Florence in 1646, and afterwards at -Venice in folio, adorned with sculpture: also that of physic called -‘Catholicon,’ of no small esteem with the most skilful in that -profession. Nor is his memory a little famous as the inventor of that -powder called Cornachine-powder; touching the virtue whereof, the -learned Marcus Cornachinus, of Pisa, hath written, and endeavoured to -show that all corporeal diseases may be safely and suddenly cured -thereby.</p> - -<p>“Nor is it less remarkable that his merits were so highly esteemed by -the grand Duke of Tuscany (Cosmo the Second), as that he allowed him an -yearly stipend of little less than a thousand pounds sterling.... -Moreover, he died at a palace of the Dukes of Florence, two or three -Italian miles distant from that city, in or about the year 1650. And his -bodye resteth in the monastery of the nuns at Boldrone, except it be -removed to the church of St. Pancras in Florence, where he raised a -noble monument for his wife, with purpose to be there interred himself. -Likewise he left to his sons divers curious mathematical instruments, -chiefly of his own invention, of which they, making little use, have -disposed of to the great Duke of Tuscany.”—Dugd. Baron, Art. Leicest. -vol. ii. p. 225.</p> - -<p><span class="eng">Classical Associations.</span>—The narrative of the popular romance of -Kenilworth hinges upon the sad fortunes of Amy Robsart, which form “a -painful tissue of unvaried disappointments, distresses, and privations, -closed by an unmerited and horrible death.”</p> - -<p>We have already observed that the first wife of Leicester was Amy, the -daughter of Sir John Robsart, of Sheen, in Surrey; a match effected, -like most of the marriages between the offspring of the great in that -age, “when the parties,” says Warner, “were very young, and resulting -from plans and adjustments of their parents, rather than from their own -predilection for each other.” The connexion was sanctioned by the young -king, Edward the Sixth, who honoured the ceremony with his presence, and -speedily advanced the bridegroom to considerable offices at court. For a -few years Leicester and his wife appear to have lived together on what -are called decent, if not on affectionate, terms; and though the rays of -royal favour, which daily shone upon him with increasing warmth, -gradually produced and embittered his regret at having matched himself -with so humble a partner for life as <span class="eng">Amy Robsart</span>, yet he does not seem -to have conceived any notion of ridding himself of this domestic burthen -by violent means, till the prospect<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_255" id="page_255">{255}</a></span> of sharing either the Scotch or the -English throne dazzled his imagination. To both of these speculations, -Amy was an insurmountable obstacle; and he resolved to remove it by her -immediate destruction. How this was effected is a matter of some doubt. -All that we know of it is contained in the following narrations: “Robert -Dudley, Earl of Leicester, a very goodly personage, being a great -favourite to Queen Elizabeth, it was thought, and commonly reported, -that had he been a bachelor or widower, the Queen would have made him -her husband. To this end, to free himself from all obstacles, he, with -flattering entreaties, desires his wife to repose herself at Cumnor, in -Berkshire, at his servant Anthony Foster’s house, who then lived in the -manor-house of this place; and also prescribed to Sir Varney, a promoter -of this design, at his coming hither, that he should first attempt to -poison her, and if that did not take effect, then by any way whatsoever -to despatch her.” The poisoning scheme, Aubrey says, not succeeding, the -foul instruments of Leicester’s villany effected their purpose in the -following manner: “Sir Richard Varney, who, by the Earl’s order, -remained with her alone on the day of her death, and Foster, who had -that day forcibly sent away all her servants from her to Abingdon fair, -about three miles’ distance from this place; these two persons first -stifling her, or</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_255.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_255.jpg" height="163" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">else strangling her, afterwards flung her down a pair of stairs, and -broke her neck, using much violence upon her; yet caused it to be -reported that she fell down of herself, believing the world would have -thought it a mischance, and not have suspected the villany. As soon as -she was murdered, they made haste to bury her, before the coroner had -given in his inquest, which the Earl himself condemned, as not done -advisedly; and her father, Sir John Robsart, hearing, came with all -speed hither, caused her corpse to be taken up, the coroner to sit upon -her, and further enquiry to be made concerning this business to the -full. But it was generally thought that the earl stopped his mouth; who, -to show the great love he bore to her while alive, and what a grief the -loss of so virtuous a lady was to his tender heart, caused her body to -be buried in St. Mary’s Church, Oxford, with great pomp and solemnity. -It is also remarkable that Dr. Babington, the earl’s chaplain, preaching -the funeral sermon, tripped once or twice in his speech, recommending to -their memories that virtuous lady so pitifully <i>murdered</i>, instead of -saying so pitifully slain.”</p> - -<p>It is evident that the above particulars are given by Aubrey from<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_256" id="page_256">{256}</a></span></p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_256.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_256.jpg" width="185" height="134.5" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">the celebrated book, written by Parsons the Jesuit, entitled -“Leicester’s Commonwealth;” but “he has omitted,” says Warner, “several -curious circumstances respecting the attempt to poison the unhappy lady, -which throw some light on the practices of the time, and the diabolical -character of the Earl.” The book consists of a dialogue between a -scholar, a gentleman, and a lawyer:—“<i>Lawyer.</i> Here the lawyer began to -laugh a-pace, both at the device and at the minister; and said, ‘Now, -truly, if my Lord’s contracts hold no better, but hath so many -infirmities with subtleties, and by places besides, I would be loth that -he were married to my daughter, mean as she is.’ ‘But yet,’ quoth the -gentleman, ‘I had rather of the two be his wife, for the time, than his -<i>guest</i>, especially if the Italian chirurgeon, or physician,<a name="FNanchor_206_206" id="FNanchor_206_206"></a><a href="#Footnote_206_206" class="fnanchor">[206]</a> be at -hand.’ ‘True it is,’ saith the lawyer; ‘for he doth not poison his -wives, whereof I somewhat marvel at his first wife: I muse why he chose -rather to make her away by open violence than by some Italian -comfortive.’ ‘Hereof,’ said the gentleman, ‘may be divers reasons -alleged. First: that he was not at that time so skilful in those Italian -wares, nor had about him so fit physicians and chirurgeons for the -purpose; nor yet do I think that his mind was so settled then in -mischief, as it hath been since; for you know that men are not desperate -the first day, but do enter into mischief by degrees, and with some -doubt, or staggering of conscience, at the beginning; and so he, at that -time, might be desirous to have his wife made away with, for that she -letted him in his designments, but yet not so strong-hearted as to -appoint out the particular manner of her death, but rather to leave that -to the discretion of the murderer. Secondly: it is not, also, unlike -that he perscribed to Sir Richard Varney, at his going thither, that he -should first attempt to kill her by poison, and if that took not place, -then by any other way howsoever to despatch her. This I prove by the -report of old Dr. Bayly, who then lived in Oxford—another manner of man -than he who now liveth about my lord of the same name—and was professor -of the physic lecture in the same university. This learned grave man -reported for most certain, that there was a practice in Cumnor, among -the conspirators, to have poisoned the poor lady a little before she was -killed, which was attempted in this order: they, seeing<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_257" id="page_257">{257}</a></span> the good lady -sad and heavy—as one that well knew, by her other handling, that her -death was not far off—began to persuade her that her disease was -abundance of melancholy and other humours, and therefore would needs -counsel her to take some potion; which she absolutely refusing to do, as -suspecting still the worst, they sent one day—unawares to her—for Dr. -Bayly, and desired him to persuade her to take some little potion at his -hands, and they would send to fetch the same at Oxford, upon his -prescription, meaning to have added, also, somewhat of their own for her -comfort, as the doctor, upon just cause, suspected. Seeing their great -importunity, and the small need which the good lady had of physic, -therefore he flatly denied their request; misdoubting, as he afterwards -reported, lest, if they had poisoned her under the name of <i>his</i> potion, -he might have been hanged for a colour of <i>their</i> sin. Marry, the said -doctor remained well assured that this way taking no place, she should -not long escape violence, as after ensued.”—Sec. Mem.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_257.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_257.jpg" width="438" height="334" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="eng">In taking</span> leave of <span class="eng">Kenilworth</span>, one cannot but regret with Fuller that so -splendid a structure should have passed so rapidly into a mass of ruins; -and that, not by the slow waste of time—not by the frequency of siege, -nor the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_258" id="page_258">{258}</a></span> severity of tempests,—but by the wanton hand of aggression. “I -am not stocked with charity,” says this quaint writer, “to pity the -miners thereof, if the materials of this castle answered not their -expectation who destroyed it. Some castles,” he adds, “have been -demolished for security, which I behold destroyed, ‘se defendendo,’ -without offence; others demolished in the heat of wars, which I look -upon as Castle Slaughter: but I cannot excuse the destruction of this -<span class="eng">Castle</span> from wilful murder, being done in cold blood since the end of the -wars.”</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Hark! ’twas a stone that from yon turret top<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Dropp’d heavily upon the sod below.<br /></span> -<span class="i1">These falling fragments of departed strength,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">These mouldering masses, make one feel ashamed<br /></span> -<span class="i1">That earthly grandeur has so little power<br /></span> -<span class="i1">To hand her greatness down to future times.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="eng">Summary.</span>—Consulting the ground-plan of Kenilworth, we find that the -dungeons lay at the western extremity of the castle, the part which is -now most ruinous. They were situated under Mervyn’s Tower—a sallyport -of the castle, and which we apprehend formed, with Cæsar’s Tower, the -substance of the original fortress—probably Saxon. This portion of the -ruins we examined, but found it a mere shapeless heap, with some -indications of strong vaultings, sufficient to justify the belief of -their having been places of confinement in the ruder and more warlike -days of the Barony. Kenilworth, in the absence of additions absolutely -modern, affords specimens of the architecture of more various periods -than most English castles. <span class="eng">The Keep</span>, <span class="eng">or Cæsar’s Tower</span> (p. 214), -corresponds in some important points with the recognized specimens of -Saxon building extant at Bamborough, showing the same narrow buttresses -traversing the entire elevation; and a window remaining on the eastern -face of the Keep, narrow, with a circular arch, and diminishing inward -to a mere slit, is of a corresponding time. Supposing the body of the -Keep to date before the Norman Conquest, we take the wings to be of -Norman addition, from their being similar to the castle at -Newcastle-on-Tyne, built immediately after the Conquest. Some portions -on the western side indicate additions made about the time of Edward the -Third, by John of Gaunt, and called Lancaster’s Building (p. 224); some -of the windows of the great Hall (p. 220-222) are beautiful examples of -this period. Near this quarter, on the south-western angle of the group, -are some turrets constructed so as to be defended by three archers back -to back, the loopholes extending outwards, and giving them the means of -annoying an invading party under a sufficient cover. In Leicester -Buildings (p. 231) are some elegant remains, particularly a superb -oriel; and in this part are the details of a very delicate and elaborate -style.</p> - -<p>The Gate-House (p. 232) is comparatively recent; and some tall gabled<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_259" id="page_259">{259}</a></span> -puritanic-looking dwellings patched upon it, in an ungainly fashion, may -from their aspect have been the work of those commissioners of the -Parliament who made such havoc upon the venerable pile committed to -their charge.—MS. Notes, A. May, 1842.</p> - -<p><span class="eng">Environs.</span>—The <span class="eng">Priory</span> of Kenilworth—of which our notice must be very -brief (p. 215)—originally occupied a considerable space, which is -indicated</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_259.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_259.jpg" height="232" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">by the remains of foundations, a perfect portion of which—the base of -the Chapter House—was exposed by the sexton while digging in the -churchyard. This has been cleared, and exhibits the base of an octagonal -building with buttresses, adjacent to which is the burialplace of the -Priors, which has probably been a cloister: the graves are marked by -stone slabs bearing a curious variety of sculptured crosses. The -remaining portions of the Priory are all of the early pointed style, -with the exception of the Chapel, which evinces, by the peculiar -construction of the window, a very early period. The roof of the Chapel -has been richly decorated with projecting heads sculptured in a good -style; one of these lies in the interior of the Priory Gate-House. The -parish <span class="eng">Church</span> immediately adjacent to the Priory, has a -richly-ornamented circular door, and in the tower a pleasing chime of -bells, one of which, originally belonging to the Priory, retains its -monastic habit of duly chiming the matins and ‘curfew.’ The writer was -much struck with the effect of the former, on waking early on the first -morning of his sojourn in Kenilworth, and making inquiry of the sexton -in the course of the day, was informed that it was one of his functions -to announce the dawn and sunset in this manner daily throughout the -year.—From MS. Notes by an eminent Artist, communicated to the Editor.</p> - -<p>The <span class="eng">Town</span> of Kenilworth, in addition to the few particulars which will be -found scattered through the preceding pages, has nothing of paramount -interest for the stranger. It extends along the post-road for nearly a -mile, and contains various schools (liberally supported), almshouses, -and other charities, which reflect the greatest credit on their founders -and patrons. The population is considerably upwards of three thousand, -but with very little trade. The parish church contains a splendid window -of modern stained glass, contributed by the late Bishop of Lichfield -when Master of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_260" id="page_260">{260}</a></span> Shrewsbury School, and finished under the direction of -Mr. David Evans of that city. The <span class="eng">Bridge</span>, consisting of two spacious -arches, and commanding a fine view of the striking objects around, is -highly ornamental to the place.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_260.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_260.jpg" width="341" height="217" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<h3>APPENDIX.</h3> - -<p class="c"><i>Description of the Plan of the Castle, <a href="#page_243">page 243</a>, as it appeared at the -Queen’s visit in 1575.</i></p> - -<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt"> </td><td class="c"> </td><td class="c">Described at Page</td></tr> -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt">1.</td><td class="pdd1">Cæsar’s Tower, Kenilworth</td><td class="c"><a href="#page_214">214</a></td></tr> -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt">2.</td><td class="pdd1">Lancaster Buildings</td><td class="c"><a href="#page_224">224</a></td></tr> -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt">3.</td><td class="pdd1">Leicester Buildings</td><td class="c"><a href="#page_231">231</a></td></tr> -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt">4.</td><td class="pdd1">Base Court, or outer ballium</td><td class="c"><a href="#page_239">239-40</a></td></tr> -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt">5.</td><td class="pdd1">Lake</td><td class="c">ib.</td></tr> -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt">6.</td><td class="pdd1">Chase</td><td class="c">ib.</td></tr> -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt">7.</td><td class="pdd1">Gallery Tower</td><td class="c"><a href="#page_227">227</a></td></tr> -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt">8.</td><td class="pdd1">Tilt-Yard</td><td class="c">ib.</td></tr> -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt">9.</td><td class="pdd1">Mortimer’s Tower</td><td class="c">ib.</td></tr> -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt">10.</td><td class="pdd1">King Henry VIII.’s Lodgings</td><td class="c"><a href="#page_229">229</a></td></tr> -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt">11.</td><td class="pdd1">Inner Court</td><td class="c">ib.</td></tr> -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt">12.</td><td class="pdd1">The Strong, or Mervyn’s Tower</td><td class="c"><a href="#page_226">226</a></td></tr> -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt">13.</td><td class="pdd1">Kitchens</td><td class="c"><a href="#page_228">228</a></td></tr> -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt">14.</td><td class="pdd1">Pleasance</td><td class="c"><a href="#page_229">229</a></td></tr> -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt">15.</td><td class="pdd1">Great Hall</td><td class="c"><a href="#page_220">220</a></td></tr> -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt">16.</td><td class="pdd1">Leicester’s Chamber fronting the Lake</td><td class="c"><a href="#page_231">231</a></td></tr> -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt">17.</td><td class="pdd1">Gardens</td><td class="c"><a href="#page_227">227</a></td></tr> -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt">18.</td><td class="pdd1">Orchard</td><td class="c">ib.</td></tr> -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt">19.</td><td class="pdd1">Swan Tower</td><td class="c"><a href="#page_229">229</a></td></tr> -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt">20.</td><td class="pdd1">Great Gateway</td><td class="c"><a href="#page_231">231</a>-2, 257</td></tr> -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt">21.</td><td class="pdd1">Lunn’s Tower</td><td class="c"><a href="#page_235">235</a></td></tr> -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt">22.</td><td class="pdd1">Water Tower</td><td class="c">ib.</td></tr> -<tr valign="top"><td class="rt">23.</td><td class="pdd1">St. Lowe Tower adjoins Mervyn’s Tower,<br /> S. W., and is not seen in this point.</td></tr> -</table> - -<p><a href="#page_245">Page 245</a>, “append.” The reader is here referred to Melvin’s account of -Elizabeth.</p> - -<p>(1) The <span class="eng">Leicester Chimney-Piece</span>, introduced at page 237. This -justly-admired specimen of art is of alabaster, finely sculptured with -bears and rugged staves, and the monograms of Queen Elizabeth and the -Earl of Leicester. When freshly gilded, and placed in a becoming -situation, it justly deserved, says a writer of taste, to be eulogized -as a work of decided skill and merit. Having happily escaped the -Cromwellian devastation, this mantel-piece, together with the oaken -pillars which surmount it (Wyld), were removed from one of the principal -apartments or presence-chamber of Leicester Buildings, to the room which -they now occupy—an oak-pannelled chamber in the old Gate-House. (2) The -view introduced at page 253 represents—along with the Tower in the deep -shadows of evening—a view of all that remains of the ancient moat on -that side of the building. (3) The cut, page 256, is an allegorical -subject of Leicester and Amy Robsart—the <span class="eng">Dove and Snake</span>,—or Innocence -and Subtlety.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Authorities</span>:—Camd.—Dugd.—Early -Chronicles.—Strutt.—Spelman.—Harris.—Warner’s Illustr. Crit. -and Hist.—Lodge’s Mem.—Brewer’s Hist. of Warw.—Monast. and -Baron.—Monum. Vetusta.—Speed—Harding—Grafton—Holinshed—Secr. -Mem. of Dudley—Parsons—Melvin—Pict. Hist.—Clarendon—Illustr. -of Kenilw.—Guides and Topograph.—Sir W. Scott’s Notes.—Memoirs -of Dudley Fam.—Annal. Elizab.—MS. Notes.—Collins’ P.—Civil and -Milit. Trans. 1570-80—etc. etc.</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_261" id="page_261">{261}</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/plt_008.jpg"> -<img src="images/plt_008.jpg" width="496" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p>WALTHAM ABBEY.</p></div> -</div> - -<h2> -<a href="images/ill_pg_261.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_261.jpg" width="368.5" height="269" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</h2> - -<h2><a name="WALTHAM_ABBEY" id="WALTHAM_ABBEY"></a>WALTHAM ABBEY.</h2> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Ki ke volt çeo saver,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">A Walteham, ultre le halt auter,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Meimes cel croiz purra trover,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">E roi Haraud gisant en quer.”—<span class="smcap">Continuation of Wace’s</span> ‘<span class="smcap">Brut</span>.’<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p class="nind"><span class="letra">T</span>HE Abbey of Waltham owes most of its celebrity to its connexion with -the last of the Anglo-Saxon monarchs. Our early forefathers were -distinguished by their attachment to the pleasures of the chase; and the -vast forest with which this district was covered must have been a -favourite resort of the East-Saxon kings, as it was, after the -subversion of their independence, of the thanes of Essex. One of these, -named Tovi or Thovi, who held the high office of <i>stallere</i> (or steward) -in the household of Canute the Dane, built himself a hunting residence -in the rich meadows on the banks of the Lea, in the same neighbourhood -where King Alfred had drawn away the waters of that river in order to -cut off the retreat of the Danish fleet. This hunting-house was the -<i>weald-ham</i>, or residence in the wood, from which the town afterwards -received its name.</p> - -<p>The “weald-ham” was a favourite residence of Earl Tovi, and was soon -surrounded with the houses and huts of his retainers, thus becoming -gradually<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_262" id="page_262">{262}</a></span> a village, occupied, as we are informed in the early -half-legendary history of the place, by threescore and six householders. -The erection of a church followed as a matter of course: although the -monks of the Abbey afterwards built there published a wild legend—how a -cross, miraculously discovered on the summit of a hill in Somersetshire, -then called Lutegaresberi, but since known by the name of Montacute, -which was also the property of Tovi, was no less miraculously conveyed -to this spot, and gave to it the subsequent appellation of <span class="eng">Waltham Holy -Cross</span>.<a name="FNanchor_207_207" id="FNanchor_207_207"></a><a href="#Footnote_207_207" class="fnanchor">[207]</a> Tovi (who was lord of “Enefeld, Edelmetone, Cetrehunt, -Mimmes (?), and of the barony which afterwards, under the Normans, -passed into the family of the Mandevilles”) placed in his church two -canons, endowed it with lands in Waltham, “Chenleuedene, Hyche, Lamhee, -Luketune, and Alwaretune,” and gave to it the sword with which he had -been first girt when he was made a knight. His wife Glitha, a very pious -woman, added to these gifts a crown or wreath of pure gold. Their son -Athelstan did not, however, inherit the virtues and wisdom of his -parents; for, shortly after their death, he lost the manor of Waltham, -which, with others in the neighbourhood, appears to have been forfeited -to the Crown. Edward the Confessor gave it to his brother-in-law Harold.</p> - -<p>Harold appears to have received these lands with the avowed purpose of -founding a religious house, by which, while according to the -superstitious belief<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_263" id="page_263">{263}</a></span> of that age, he was securing the salvation of his -own soul, he flattered the monastic prejudices of King Edward. In the -twelfth century, the monks of Waltham had also a legendary account of -this second foundation: they said that Earl Harold, on his return from -the conquest of the Welsh, was visited by a dangerous attack of -paralysis, which defied the skill of the physicians, until it was -miraculously cured by a visit to the Holy Cross.<a name="FNanchor_208_208" id="FNanchor_208_208"></a><a href="#Footnote_208_208" class="fnanchor">[208]</a> From that moment, -it is pretended the Earl never relaxed in his attachment to Waltham: in -place of the small foundation of Tovi, he built a magnificent church; -and there are strong reasons for supposing that, in spite of his -patriotic feelings and his known hatred to foreigners, he employed -Norman artists and workmen. The Waltham writers of the twelfth century, -who saw Harold’s church in its original form, speak of it in the most -enthusiastic terms, and tell us how, under the hands of his builders, -the walls and columns rose up in lofty majesty, while the latter were -connected by numerous arches, and the walls supported a roof groined -within and protected by lead without.<a name="FNanchor_209_209" id="FNanchor_209_209"></a><a href="#Footnote_209_209" class="fnanchor">[209]</a> The interior of the building -was covered with “plates of brass, gilt;” and the bases and capitals of -the columns, with the “bendings” of the arches, were ornamented with -sculpture.<a name="FNanchor_210_210" id="FNanchor_210_210"></a><a href="#Footnote_210_210" class="fnanchor">[210]</a> It is now ascertained, that in early times the interior -of churches, and also of other buildings, was painted in bright colours, -and gilt: the gilding being probably executed on thin plates of metal -which were attached to the stone-work. This mode of ornamentation -afterwards gave place to elaborate sculpture and carving. The mouldering -remains of these buildings, although still imposing by their grandeur, -convey to us only a slight idea of the effect which they must have -produced when adorned with paintings and glittering with gold. The -<span class="eng">Interior</span> of Waltham Abbey Church, degraded and mutilated as its -ornaments and proportions are at the present day, conveys to our mind no -mean idea of the former splendour of Harold’s church, of which we can -hardly doubt that it forms a genuine portion. As we survey its rows of -massive columns, and compare them with the humble objects around, we -feel ourselves mentally carried back eight hundred years to the festive -scene which followed their erection. At the consecration of those walls, -were present, besides the founder Earl Harold, the last King and Queen -of the regal line of the Anglo-Saxons—Edward the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_264" id="page_264">{264}</a></span> Confessor, and the -fair and interesting Edith, with two archbishops—Stigand of Canterbury -and Aldred of York, eleven bishops (among whom the most</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_264.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_264.jpg" width="359" height="249" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">eminent were Hereman of Salisbury, Leofric of Exeter, and Gyso of -Wells), eleven abbots of important monastic houses, and a great number -of princes and nobles. In their presence was read publicly the royal -charter, which is still preserved, and bears the signatures of the King -and Queen, Harold, the two archbishops, and the bishops, abbots, and -thanes, who were assisting at the ceremony. The feast on this occasion -lasted eight days; and the guests were not only served profusely, but -large vessels full of wine and mead were placed in the fields and public -roads, in order that even accidental passers-by might drink their full.</p> - -<p>Harold increased the number of canons from two to twelve. By the charter -just mentioned, they were put in possession of the manors of -“Passefelda, Walde, Upminster, Walhfare, Pippedene, Alwaretune, -Wodeforda, Lambehithe, Nesingnan, Brickendune, Melnho, Alichsea, -Wormeleia, Nettleswelle, Hicche, Lukintone, and Westwaltham.” Portions -of these lands were assigned to each canon to supply him with food and -clothing, those of which the rents were applied to the latter purpose -being distinguished by the name of <i>scrud-land</i>, or <i>clothing-land</i>. -Westwaltham was appropriated to the dean, in addition to his share with -the rest. Each canon had also assigned to him fifteen acres in Waltham -of what were termed the Northlands, in order that they might not be -distressed by any accidental stoppage of their supply from the -out-farms. According to the directions of the founder, the canons<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_265" id="page_265">{265}</a></span> of -Waltham received extremely liberal rations of food. The daily allowance -of each was two loaves of very white bread, and one of a coarser -quality, the three being sufficient for six men; six bowls of ale, -sufficient for ten men at one drinking bout; and six dishes of different -kinds each day. In addition to this allowance, on feast days they were -served with “pittances,” or delicacies: if it were a feast of the first -dignity, each canon was to have three pittances; if of the second -dignity, he was allowed two pittances; and if of the third dignity, one. -A pittance, from Michaelmas-day to Ash-Wednesday, consisted of twelve -blackbirds, or two “agauseæ,” or two partridges, or one pheasant; during -the rest of the year, it consisted of goose or chickens. On -Christmas-day, Easter-day, and the day of Pentecost, and on the two -feasts of the Holy Cross, wine and mead were allowed.<a name="FNanchor_211_211" id="FNanchor_211_211"></a><a href="#Footnote_211_211" class="fnanchor">[211]</a> The object in -giving the canons this profuse allowance of provisions, was to provide -for strangers, and for the poor and needy, the latter receiving each day -what was sent away from the Abbey table. The dean had a larger share -than the others, because more persons depended upon his charity and -hospitality than upon those of a simple canon.<a name="FNanchor_212_212" id="FNanchor_212_212"></a><a href="#Footnote_212_212" class="fnanchor">[212]</a> In former times, -when from the want of means of conveyance the produce of the land was -necessarily consumed on the land itself, hospitality of this kind was -universally practised. Even in the houses of private gentlemen there was -a servant named an almoner, whose office it was to collect and -distribute to the poor at his master’s gate what remained of the meat -and drink served at the table; and the person who distributed the bread -to the guests, laid the first loaf in the alms-dish as an offering to -God.</p> - -<p>The consecration of the church of Waltham occurred a little before -Whitsuntide, in the year 1062: in less than four years after this event, -Harold was</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_265.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_265.jpg" width="91" height="92" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">advanced to the throne of England. During his short but eventful reign, -he conferred innumerable benefits on the Abbey, which were remembered -with gratitude long after the destruction of the Anglo-Saxon dynasty. In -his return from the defeat of the Danish invaders in the north, to stop -the progress of his Norman rival, Harold visited Waltham for the last -time. The brotherhood received him with sorrowful countenances, for -their minds were filled with gloomy forebodings; and when, on the -morning of his departure, Harold humbled himself in prayer before the -Holy Cross, which was surrounded by the relics and precious gifts which -he had conferred, one of the canons, whose eyes were fixed on the image, -declared that the wooden face suddenly assumed an air of sadness, and -that<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_266" id="page_266">{266}</a></span> he saw the head bend downwards. His brethren were struck with -consternation; and, unable to restrain the king from exposing his own -person in an unequal combat, they sent with him two of the elder canons, -named Osegode Cnoppe and Ailric Childemaister,<a name="FNanchor_213_213" id="FNanchor_213_213"></a><a href="#Footnote_213_213" class="fnanchor">[213]</a> to watch the course -of events, and to bring home the body of their benefactor in case he -should be slain. The result of the battle of Hastings is too well known -to need repeating on the present occasion.</p> - -<p>Much obscurity still hangs over Harold’s fate. The old historians not -only differ in various circumstances in their account of the manner in -which he was killed, but some of them have declared their belief that he -escaped from the field of battle with his life. Even the canons, and -afterwards the monks, of Waltham were divided in their opinions on this -subject; and each party consigned their reasons to writing, in separate -treatises, which were long treasured up in the Abbey library, and which -are fortunately still preserved. According to the most probable of these -two versions of the story, when Osegode and Ailric saw that their -presentiments had been but too well founded, they repaired to the -Conqueror to obtain permission to seek for Harold’s body, and to carry -it to Waltham for interment. With some difficulty they succeeded in -their suit; but, after a long and fruitless search, Osegode was sent -back to Waltham with the intelligence that they could find no traces of -their king among the multitude of naked and stiffening corpses with -which the field was strewed. By the advice of the other canons, Osegode -took with him to Hastings Harold’s beautiful mistress, Editha -Swanneshals (or Edith with the Swan’s neck), who recognized the body of -her lover by secret marks which were known only to herself. Osegode then -placed it on a bier which he had prepared for the purpose, and it was -carried in solemn procession to Battle Bridge, whither the whole -brotherhood of Waltham had come to meet it. They carried the corpse to -Waltham, and buried it with honour in the choir of the Abbey -Church.<a name="FNanchor_214_214" id="FNanchor_214_214"></a><a href="#Footnote_214_214" class="fnanchor">[214]</a></p> - -<p>Those who held a contrary opinion concerning Harold’s fate, said that -Edith had mistaken another corpse for that of her paramour; and that the -body of Harold had been found among a heap of corpses by some Saxon -women, who visited the field to administer aid and comfort to their -wounded and expiring countrymen. Finding him still breathing, they -carried him away from the spot, ignorant that it was their king; but he -was recognized by two countrymen, who took him to Winchester, where he -remained in concealment two years. At the end of that period, having -entirely recovered<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_267" id="page_267">{267}</a></span> from the effects of his wounds, he went to Germany, -in the hope of inducing the old Saxons and Norwegians to assist him in -the deliverance of his country from the oppressions of the Normans; but -failing in this project, and becoming weary of the vanities of the -world, he determined to pass the rest of his days in retirement, and he -first visited Rome. From thence he returned in disguise, under the -assumed name of Christian, to England, and lived ten years as a hermit, -with one faithful attendant, among the rocks in the neighbourhood of -Dover. He next repaired to the borders of Wales, where he lived long in -solitude, exposed to the insults of the Welsh, over whom he had so often -triumphed in the days of his worldly glory. He finally removed to -Chester, where he died at an advanced age in a little cell attached to -the church of St. John, having, according to the story, confessed on his -death-bed that he was King Harold.<a name="FNanchor_215_215" id="FNanchor_215_215"></a><a href="#Footnote_215_215" class="fnanchor">[215]</a> Such is the improbable legend -which found credit with one or two of the most esteemed of our early -writers.</p> - -<p>Waltham Abbey appears to have experienced little favour from the first -Anglo-Norman kings. William the Conqueror, or (according to other -accounts) his son Rufus, carried away much of the valuable plate, gems, -and rich vestments which had been given by Harold, to enrich his two -churches at Caen in Normandy; but he seems to have left the landed -possessions of the Abbey untouched.<a name="FNanchor_216_216" id="FNanchor_216_216"></a><a href="#Footnote_216_216" class="fnanchor">[216]</a> As a sort of reparation for -this injury, William Rufus is said to have given to the canons those -lands of Harold in Waltham which his father had conferred upon Walcher, -bishop of Durham, who made this place his residence when he came to -attend the court at London. The two queens of Henry I. were almost the -sole benefactors of this foundation during the first century after the -Norman Conquest:—the first, Matilda of Scotland, gave to the secular -canons the mill at Waltham; while Adeliza of Lorraine, Henry’s second -wife, bestowed upon them all the tithes of Waltham, as well those of her -demesne lands as those of her tenants.</p> - -<p>In the latter half of the twelfth century, the canons of Waltham -experienced the same fate which had already struck most of the similar -Anglo-Saxon institutions. As the power of the pope gained strength in -England, it had constantly brought with it the dissolution of the -ancient colleges of secular priests, to make way for the introduction of -the more rigid discipline of the regular monks, who were literally the -“soldiers” of papal Rome. It is probable that the secular canons of -Waltham had relaxed in discipline and religion since their foundation, -placed as they were amid the “fatness of the earth.” During the period -of which we are now speaking, we find among<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_268" id="page_268">{268}</a></span> them few traces of learning -or literary taste, and the name of Waltham scarcely occurs in the -political history of the twelfth century. Yet the few remaining writings -of the monks of this place are full of vivid descriptions of the -richness and beauty of the Abbey lands.</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“O Waltham! pro te fecit manus Omnipotentis<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Multum in mentis, semper et hinc amo te.<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Nam dedit ipse tibi similem sibimetque figuram,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Excelsam, puram, quæ veneratur ibi.<br /></span> -<span class="i4s">* * * *<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Tu ditaris ita, nam prata foves meliora;<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Stas inter nemora dite loco posita.<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Te cingit fluvius necnon percurrit amœnus,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Piscibus et plenus: est situs egregius.<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Et licet orneris pratis latis et agellis,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Structuris bellis, floribus et teneris.”<a name="FNanchor_217_217" id="FNanchor_217_217"></a><a href="#Footnote_217_217" class="fnanchor">[217]</a><br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>So sang in quaint and jingling rhymes one of the historians of Waltham -in the reign of Henry II. The flower-decked meads which surrounded the -Abbey are not unfrequently alluded to; and that which has preserved to -modern times the name of Harold’s Park, was celebrated in a proverbial -leonine,—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem">“Haroldi parca florum bene dicitur archa.”</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_268.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_268.jpg" width="316.5" height="219" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>The numerous little streams into which the river is here divided added -to the richness and diversity of the scenery, and were crossed by a -number of picturesque bridges. In the time of Leland (the reign of Henry -VIII.) there were “a 7 or viii. bridges in the towne of Waltham: for -there be<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_269" id="page_269">{269}</a></span> divers socours of streamelettes breking out of the thre -principalle partes of Luye ryver.” The ruins of <span class="eng">one of these little -Bridges</span> may still be seen over a “streamelette,” about two hundred yards -to the north-east of the Abbey, forming an extremely picturesque feature -in the landscape. It consists of an elliptical arch, supported or -strengthened by three strong ribs, and appears to be a work of -considerable antiquity.</p> - -<p>The beauty of the scenery and the richness of the soil seem to have been -the chief delight of these pampered canons. They were accused (how -justly it is now difficult to decide) of luxurious living and great -relaxation of discipline; and their last dean, Guido Rufus, was -suspended from his office by Richard, Archbishop of Canterbury, the -immediate successor of Thomas Becket. The king was at this time seeking -opportunities of appeasing the church of Rome for the murder of Becket, -and, influenced by the persuasions of the archbishop, he went to Waltham -on the eve of Pentecost, in the year 1177, and having expelled the -secular canons, he established in their place sixteen regular canons of -the order of St. Augustin, taken out of three of the older English -monasteries, namely, six from Cirencester, six from Oseney, and four -from Chiche. Walter de Gaunt, a canon of Oseney, was elected the first -Abbot of Waltham. The Abbey itself was declared, as formerly, free from -all episcopal jurisdiction; and a few years afterwards the abbot was -allowed the use of the pontificals, and Waltham was raised to the rank -of a mitred abbey. King Henry, judging, as he states in the charter, -that the church thus reformed, “as a new spouse of Christ, ought to have -a new dower,”<a name="FNanchor_218_218" id="FNanchor_218_218"></a><a href="#Footnote_218_218" class="fnanchor">[218]</a> added to its former possessions the manors of -Siwardston and Epping.</p> - -<p>From this period the Abbey of Waltham was, during several reigns, a -favourite resort of the English monarchs; and, separated by its woods -from the “busy hum” of the world around, it seems to have escaped the -troubles and turmoils of baronial strife. Henry’s son and successor, the -lion-hearted Richard, gave the monks a new charter, confirming all their -possessions and privileges; and by a separate charter he bestowed on the -church the whole of his manor of Waltham, with the great wood, and the -park called Harold’s Park, three hundred acres of assart land, the -market of Waltham, and the village of Nasing (a member of Waltham), with -three hundred and sixty acres of assart land there, for all which they -were to pay yearly to the king’s exchequer sixty pounds. King Richard -also gave them the manor of Copt Hall, which afterwards became a -favourite residence of the abbots. Henry III., who frequently visited -Waltham, was also a munificent bene<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_270" id="page_270">{270}</a></span>factor; and among other favours he -granted them the privilege of holding a fair during seven days annually. -In this reign considerable alterations appear to have been made in the -buildings of the Abbey, The church was re-dedicated in the year 1242, by -the Bishop of Norwich, in the King’s presence;</p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_270.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_270.jpg" width="172" height="236" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">and it has been conjectured, that at that time was built Our Lady’s -Chapel on the south side of the present church: this chapel still -exists, although it has been long converted into a school-room. It has -been supposed also that the <span class="eng">Inner Porch</span>, under the present steeple, was -built about the end of this reign, or early in that of Edward I.</p> - -<p>In spite of the royal favour and protection, the monks of Waltham were -engaged in several vexatious disputes during the reign of Henry III. The -kind of lordship which the abbot exercised over the town, the mode in -which the Abbey possessions and business became intermixed with those of -the townsmen, and the frequent and unavoidable clashing of their several -interests, led to much mutual ill-will. A great number of the townsmen -were tenants of the abbot. We still find in several parts of the town -some remains of the old houses on the Abbey domain, particularly those -standing in what is called <span class="eng">Baker’s Entry</span>, which have an appearance of -great antiquity. But the most serious disputes arose out of the -contending claims to rights connected with the common lands.<a name="FNanchor_219_219" id="FNanchor_219_219"></a><a href="#Footnote_219_219" class="fnanchor">[219]</a> Simon -de Seham was elected Abbot of Waltham in 1248; and the same year the -townsmen went in a riotous manner into the marsh, where they claimed -rights in opposition to those enjoyed by the abbot, and killed four of -the abbot’s mares, worth at least forty shillings sterling, and drove -away the rest. Simon de Seham allowed this act of violence to pass -without punishment; but when the men of Waltham came to him the year -following, on the Tuesday before Easter, and summoned him to remove his -mares and colts out of the marsh, he refused to listen to them, and -deferred the matter till the Tuesday after Easter. On that day the men -and women of the town assembled tumultuously at the Abbey gate to -receive the abbot’s answer; but he again deferred the matter to a -further day, stating in excuse that he had been busily occupied in -preparing for a journey into Lincolnshire to meet the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_271" id="page_271">{271}</a></span> justices -itinerant. Then the townspeople reviled the abbot in presence of -Richard, Earl of Cornwall, the king’s brother, who had come to Waltham -Abbey the same day; and, hastening to the marsh, they drove away the -abbot’s mares and colts—drowning three, valued at twenty shillings; -spoiling ten more, worth ten marks; and beating the keepers who resisted -them, even to the shedding of blood. On the abbot’s return from -Lincolnshire, the people of Waltham, apprehensive of the consequences of -their violent proceedings, desired a love-day to settle the dispute; but -suddenly changing their minds, they went to the king at London, and made -a complaint against the abbot, that he was infringing their rights, -introducing new customs, and, as they expressed it, that he was “eating -them up to the bones.” The abbot, in retaliation, excommunicated them; -and they impleaded him at the common law. After many hearings, the -abbot, as the stronger party, gained the cause; and the people of -Waltham were obliged to acknowledge that they had done him wrong, and -they were fined twenty marks; but, on their submission, he remitted the -fine, and relieved them from the sentence of excommunication.<a name="FNanchor_220_220" id="FNanchor_220_220"></a><a href="#Footnote_220_220" class="fnanchor">[220]</a></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_271.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_271.jpg" width="319.5" height="226" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>In the same reign, the abbot of Waltham became involved in a lawsuit -with the lord of the neighbouring manor of Cheshunt, who was, at that -time, Peter Duke of Savoy, the king’s uncle, and therefore a powerful -opponent. Both parties laid claim to certain meadow lands which lay -between two branches of the river Lea, one asserting that the eastern -stream, the other that the western stream, was the boundary line between -their<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_272" id="page_272">{272}</a></span> respective estates. After an obstinate dispute, the lord of -Cheshunt agreed to yield up his claim to the abbot; but these meadows -were frequently afterwards a subject of litigation. A new lawsuit was -begun in the time of the last abbot of Waltham; and the question -remained undecided when the Abbey was surrendered to King Henry VIII.</p> - -<p>Until the reign of this monarch, Waltham continued to receive frequent -visits from the English kings, who are said to have possessed a small -house within the parish, at a spot known in more recent times by the -name of <span class="eng">Romeland</span>, where occasionally they sought pleasure and -retirement. Richard II. was residing here at the time of Wat Tyler’s -insurrection. It was also a favourite retreat of King Henry VIII.; and -Fuller has preserved a traditionary anecdote relating to one of Henry’s -visits, which (though a similar story has been told of other kings in -like circumstances) loses nothing by being repeated. The king was one -day hunting in the forest; and, wandering from his companions, he came -to the Abbey, about dinner-time, in the disguise of one of his own -guard. He was immediately invited to the abbot’s table, and a sirloin of -beef was placed before him. The king was hungry, and ate very heartily, -to the great admiration of the abbot, whose pampered stomach had been -spoilt by the good fare of his house. “Well fare thy heart!” he said to -his guest: “here is a cup of sack, and remember the health of his Grace -thy master. I would willingly give a hundred pounds on condition that I -could feed as heartily on beef as thou dost. Alas! my weak stomach will -hardly digest a wing of a small rabbit or chicken.” The king pledged his -host, and then, thanking him for his hospitality, departed as secretly -as he had arrived. Shortly afterwards, a pursuivant suddenly made his -appearance at Waltham; and, to the consternation of the whole -fraternity, the abbot was carried to London, and committed a close -prisoner to the Tower, where he was kept for some days strictly confined -to a diet of bread and water. The severity of his imprisonment was then -as suddenly relaxed, and a sirloin of beef was set before him, on which, -to use the quaint expression of the old narrator of this story, “he fed -as heartily as a farmer of his own grange.” The king immediately entered -from a small lobby, where he had been looking on unobserved, and -demanded of his prisoner a hundred pounds, the sum promised to him who -should restore his lost appetite, which the abbot paid immediately, and -lost no time in returning again to enjoy the good cheer of his own -refectory.</p> - -<p>We can trace, but with uncertainty, the progress of destruction with -which this noble building was visited after its <span class="eng">Dissolution</span>. Part of the -church, with the offices and other parts of the Abbey, were probably -demolished for the sake of the materials, the nave only being reserved -to<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_273" id="page_273">{273}</a></span> the people of Waltham to serve as a parish church. The commissioners -were so unscrupulous in their plunder, that they even offered for sale -the five bells in the steeple, which, however, were purchased by the -parishioners. In the old books of the churchwardens, we find, under the -date 1544, the item, “Received of Adam Tanner the overplus of the money -which was gathered for the purchase of the bells, two pound four -shillings and eleven-pence.” The ancient steeple stood in the middle of -the church: it had been left in so dangerous a condition, that it was -found necessary to take down the bells as soon as purchased, and to -erect for them a wooden belfrey at the south-east end of the churchyard, -where there stood formerly two yew-trees. A few years afterwards, in the -beginning of the reign of Queen Mary, the steeple fell down: in 1556, -there is an entry in the parish books, “For coles to undermine a piece -of the steeple which stood after the first fall, two shillings.” The -parishioners immediately began to build the present <span class="eng">Steeple</span>, at the west -end of the church, at a very considerable expense, which was furnished -from the money they had collected by the sale of the old church -furniture, by subscriptions for the occasion, and by the sale of -materials from the ruins of the Abbey; and, to finish it, they were at -last obliged to sell the bells which they had before patriotically -rescued from the fate that had absorbed so much of the rich plate and -furniture of the Abbey. Several of the entries in the parish books at -this time show us how the work of demolition was gradually proceeding. -In 1558, at the beginning of the reign of Elizabeth, the sum of three -shillings and two-pence was paid for taking down the rood-loft. In 1562, -there was “paid for a bay nagge, given to Mr. Henry Denny for the Abbey -wall, three pound seventeen shillings.” “Item, to labourers which did -undermine the said wall, forty-nine shillings and nine-pence.” This -Abbey wall was a building which extended eastward beyond the old -steeple; and the churchwardens for some years afterwards carried on a -great trade in the sale of lead, stone, and timber taken from it.<a name="FNanchor_221_221" id="FNanchor_221_221"></a><a href="#Footnote_221_221" class="fnanchor">[221]</a> -In 1563, “for the old timber in the little vestiary of St. George’s -Chapel, fifteen shillings.” All memory of the site of this chapel -appears to be long lost. In the same year, “for taking down the stairs -in the Abbey, seven shillings eight-pence;” and “for taking down the -lead from the charnel-house, and covering the steeple, eighteen -shillings.”</p> - -<p>In 1547, King Edward VI. made a grant of the conventual estate of -Waltham, for thirty-one years, to Sir Anthony Denny, one of the -executors of Henry VIII., who dying soon afterwards, the reversion in -fee was<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_274" id="page_274">{274}</a></span> purchased by his widow. Their grandson, Sir Edward Denny, was -created Baron of Waltham by King James I., and Earl of Norwich by King -Charles I. From him the estate passed by marriage to James Hay, Earl of -Carlisle; and it subsequently came into the possession of the family of -Wake.</p> - -<p>The Abbey of Waltham, when entire, was very extensive, including within -its walls many acres of ground. The remains of the <span class="eng">Entrance Gateway</span>, -approached by an old bridge, stand at some distance to the north of the -church. This gateway is of stone, repaired with large bricks, and -consists of a larger and a smaller pointed arch, with delicate -mouldings; the exterior mouldings springing from figures of angels, -which support shields containing the royal arms of England as they were -drawn in the reign of Edward III. which appears to be the date of this -part of the building. This gateway</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_274.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_274.jpg" width="335.5" height="245" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">and the church are all that now remain standing of this once noble -edifice.<a name="FNanchor_222_222" id="FNanchor_222_222"></a><a href="#Footnote_222_222" class="fnanchor">[222]</a> The present parish church is formed of the nave of the -ancient church, which had the form of a cross. The choir, which was a -continuation of the present building towards the east, with the two -transepts, and the Lady Chapel, appear to have been demolished -immediately after the dissolution of the Abbey. The steeple stood at the -intersection of the choir and nave with the transepts; and it appears to -have fallen spontaneously a few years after the transepts and choir were -taken down. By that accident, the nave was<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_275" id="page_275">{275}</a></span> left open at the east end, -and it was built up with modern masonry, which, mixed with the old -circular arches and windows of the original building, and with the two -great western supports of the steeple which are still visible, give to -this part of the church externally a singularly dilapidated appearance.</p> - -<p>The <span class="eng">Choir</span> appears to have been very extensive; for the site of <span class="eng">Harold’s -Tomb</span>, which we know was in that part of the church, perhaps near the -high altar where the <span class="eng">Holy Cross</span> stood, is still pointed out by tradition -at a spot about forty yards to the east of the present church. This -choir was probably built in the reign of Henry II., when that monarch -changed the character of Harold’s foundation. At that period the relics -of King Harold were translated thither from a former tomb; and the -author of the treatise ‘De Inventione Sanctæ Crucis Walthamensis,’ who -wrote in the latter part of the twelfth century, assures us that he was -present on that occasion, and that he saw the wounds on Harold’s -body.<a name="FNanchor_223_223" id="FNanchor_223_223"></a><a href="#Footnote_223_223" class="fnanchor">[223]</a> Fuller, speaking from tradition, says that the sepulchre of -Harold was a plain tomb of grey marble, supported by “pillarets,” with a -“sort of cross fleury” sculptured upon it; and he asserts that he had -one of its pedestals in his own possession. Farmer, in his History of -Waltham Abbey, has given an engraving of a mask, which, he says, -(probably without any good reason,) was one of the ornaments of the same -tomb. It is equally improbable, that the coffin discovered in the latter -end of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, by a gardener in the service of Sir -Edward Denny, was that which contained the body of the martyr of -Hastings.<a name="FNanchor_224_224" id="FNanchor_224_224"></a><a href="#Footnote_224_224" class="fnanchor">[224]</a> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_276" id="page_276">{276}</a></span> -Fuller, writing in the time of the Commonwealth, says -that “a picture of King Harold in glass was lately to be seen in the -north window of the church, till ten years since some barbarous hand -beat it down under the notion of superstition.” About half a century ago -another coffin was found near the same spot, containing an entire -skeleton enclosed in lead. Many persons of distinction appear to have -been buried at Waltham; among them are mentioned the names of Hugh -Nevil, protho-forester of England, who, dying in 1222, was interred here -under a noble engraved marble sepulchre; of his son John Nevil; and of -Robert Passelew, archdeacon of Lewes, one of the favourites of Henry -III.</p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_276.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_276.jpg" height="217" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>A very elegant pointed arch, now forming the entrance from the tower to -the interior of the church, of which we have given a representation on a -preceding page, appears to be of the reign of Henry III.; the defects -observed in the upper part of its ornaments were caused by some -barbarous hand, which cut away part of the sculptured stone, in order to -introduce a new erection, with which the workman appears to have -proceeded no farther. The <span class="eng">Principal Entrance</span>, which is also an elegant -sharply-pointed arch, is supposed to date from the reign of Edward III. -At the south-east extremity of the present building is a chapel, which -bears evident marks of the age of the Tudors, although much defaced and -altered. Nearly the whole of the church itself, with the exception of -the modern alterations which it has undergone, is the erection of King -Harold, and formed perhaps the principal part of the church as he left -it. The interior, which in modern times has been miserably disfigured by -thick coats of plaster and whitewash, possesses still an appearance of -solemn grandeur, although its groined roof has been taken down, and its -place supplied by a lower flat ceiling. The close resemblance between -this interior and the interior of the nave of Durham Cathedral (built a -few years after the Conquest) has frequently been noticed. The body of -the nave is<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_277" id="page_277">{277}</a></span> separated from the side aisles by two rows of large and -massive cylindrical pillars, ornamented with spiral and zig-zag grooves, -like the similar pillars in the nave at Durham. These pillars support -large circular arches, with zig-zag mouldings. Above these on each side -is a second row of large arches, supported by short columns; and above -these is a third series of treble arches, each consisting of one large -arch, with a smaller one on each side. These latter front the principal -windows by which the interior of the church is lighted. In the second or -middle tier of arches there were once central columns, with arched -mouldings, dividing each of the large arches into two. Between each -series of arches a three-quarter pilaster moulding rises to the ceiling, -and appears formerly to have sustained the groined roof. Two of the -circular arches of the lower row have been altered, probably at the time</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_277.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_277.jpg" height="107" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">when the present steeple was erected, to pointed arches, and carried up -to the string course of the clerestory. The only remnant of the -furniture and utensils of this old church is its ancient <span class="eng">Font</span>. The east -end of the nave has been railed in to form a chancel. The whole length -of the nave is a hundred and six feet; and its breadth fifty-three feet, -including the aisles. The interior height is at present forty-six feet. -The most interesting monument in Waltham Abbey Church is that of Sir -Edward Denny and his lady, which is situated near the eastern extremity -of the south aisle. Near the altar rails is a defaced grey slab, which -once bore a mitred figure, probably one of the abbots.</p> - -<p>The steeple is a massive square tower, eighty-six feet high, embattled, -and supported by strong buttresses. It was erected, as has been already -stated, during the reign of Queen Mary, at the expense of the -parishioners. It appears from the parish books that for the first -fifty-three feet the expense of building, independent of the materials, -was 33<i>s.</i> 4<i>d.</i> a foot, and that the upper part cost 40<i>s.</i> a foot, the -difference arising probably from the increase in the value of labour in -the reign of Elizabeth, when the tower was completed. The principal -modern alterations in this church appear to have been made between the -years 1668 and 1680.<a name="FNanchor_225_225" id="FNanchor_225_225"></a><a href="#Footnote_225_225" class="fnanchor">[225]</a></p> - -<p>The out-buildings attached to the church are on the <span class="eng">South Side</span>. They -consist of a vestry and school-room, occupying what was formerly the -Lady Chapel. This has been so much modernized, that very little of the -original building can now be seen. It appears that a large portion of -the money<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_278" id="page_278">{278}</a></span> expended on reparations in the latter part of the seventeenth -century was applied to the building and furnishing of the school-room. -Underneath this</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_278-a.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_278-a.jpg" width="321" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">building is a crypt, curiously groined, which is now used as a -charnel-house. This Lady Chapel, from the style of what remains of the -original architecture, and the ornamental <span class="eng">Buttresses</span> which still exist, -has been supposed to be as old as the time of Henry III.</p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_278-b.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_278-b.jpg" width="131.5" height="203" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Waltham Abbey can boast of fewer learned men than most of the old -monastic houses. Fuller mentions Roger de Waltham, canon of St. Paul’s, -a writer in the thirteenth century, and John de Waltham, keeper of the -privy seal to King Richard II. The same historian places Robert Fuller, -the last abbot of Waltham, among the literary men of that house, because -he had written a history of his abbey, which Thomas Fuller professes to -have consulted: it is probable, however, that this “history” was nothing -more than the register of charters and other deeds of the abbey, still -preserved in the Harleian Library, which would reduce Abbot Fuller’s -claim to literary honours within very modest limits. It was from a deed -of Abbot Fuller, that Farmer gave one <span class="eng">Coat of Arms</span> belonging to this -abbey, which is <i>gules</i>, two angels <i>or</i>, flying with their wings -extended, with their hands holding between them a cross <i>argent</i>. A -different coat (which is represented in a former cut) is given by Fuller -the historian, along with the arms of the other mitred abbeys. At the -time of its surrender in 1539, Waltham was one of the richest abbeys in -the kingdom,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_279" id="page_279">{279}</a></span> the gross amount of its revenues being, according to -Speed, nearly eleven hundred pounds a-year: according to the Monasticon, -the clear income was nine hundred pounds.</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_279.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_279.jpg" width="176" height="219" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>The Abbey of Waltham, as we have before stated, makes no great figure in -history after the Norman Conquest. An early collection of narratives of -miracles supposed to have been performed by the virtues of the <span class="eng">Holy -Cross</span>, furnishes us with some curious details of the misfortunes which -befel the town and church in the days of King Stephen.<a name="FNanchor_226_226" id="FNanchor_226_226"></a><a href="#Footnote_226_226" class="fnanchor">[226]</a> At that -turbulent period, when every man was at war with his next neighbour, and -which is naïvely characterized in the legends referred to as being -<i>seditionis tempore</i>, the town of Waltham, as part of the dower of -Adeliza, Queen of Henry I., belonged to her second husband, William de -Albini, Earl of Arundel, between whom and the outlawed baron, Geoffrey -de Mandeville, a deadly feud had arisen. We shall probably have another -occasion to speak at large of the exploits of Geoffrey de Mandeville. -One day he brought or sent to Waltham a body of his Flemish auxiliaries, -who set fire to the town, and the flames spreading quickly, communicated -with the houses of the canons. In the midst of the confusion, the -invaders penetrated to the church, where the town’s-people had deposited -the most valuable part of their effects. The canons, who appear to have -considered themselves entitled to the special protection of Geoffrey de -Mandeville (as Earl of Essex), after vain endeavours to prevail with his -men by fair words to desist from their enterprise, had recourse to what -was then looked upon as a last and desperate expedient—they dragged -from its place above the altar the Holy Cross, which was supposed to -spread its protection over the neighbourhood, and threw it upon the -floor: and it was handed down as a tradition of the place, that in the -very hour of the throwing down of the Cross, Geoffrey de Mandeville -received his death-wound at the siege of Burwell. The canons of Waltham -boasted that their church was rescued from the rage of the plunderers by -divine interposition; and that five Flemings, who had already filled -their sacks with precious articles, were thrown miraculously into such a -state of mental confusion that they could not find their way out of the -church, but remained wandering among the boxes and packages with which -the interior of the church was encumbered, until they were taken<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_280" id="page_280">{280}</a></span> by the -townsmen on their return from the pursuit of their enemies, whom they -had driven away. The canons now rescued the offenders from the vengeance -of the people of Waltham, and, after having administered to them the -monastic discipline, namely, a severe flogging, they set them at -liberty. One of their leaders, named Humphrey de Barentone, who, -entering the church on horseback, had been active in inciting the -Flemings to plunder and violence, is said to have been struck with -madness (perhaps with paralysis) as he was leaving the town: he was -carried back to the church, and died within three days; but not till he -had repented and made some compensation to the church of Waltham, by -giving to it fourteen acres of land in ‘Luchentuna.’</p> - -<p><span class="eng">Environs.</span>—The neighbourhood of Waltham presents a few historical sites, -and some interesting localities. The river <span class="eng">Lea</span> was the scene of Isaac -Walton’s piscatory rambles. It is now chiefly remarkable as giving -motion to a number of powder-mills. The neighbouring hamlet of <span class="eng">Waltham -Cross</span> contains one of the few that remain of the crosses erected by -Edward I., in memory of his beloved queen Eleanor. To the south of -Waltham is Enfield Chase; and a short distance to the west is the site -of the Palace of <span class="eng">Theobald</span>. To the north may still be seen the mouldering -ruins of the Nunnery of <span class="eng">Cheshunt</span>, said to have been founded in the reign -of Henry III.</p> - -<p>There is still a vague legendary tradition of a subterranean -communication between the Abbey of Waltham and Cheshunt Nunnery. But the -monks of the former house, who are accused of having sought comfort -among the gentle occupants of the latter for the troubles and vexations -they received from the litigious lords of the manor, appear to have -sought no such hidden road by which to pay their visits to the nunnery. -The tales which continued to be current in the time of Fuller, show that -there must have been some ground for the scandal. The following story -has found a place in the “Church History:”—</p> - -<p>“One Sir Henry Colt, of Nether Hall in Essex, much in favour with King -Henry VIII. for ‘his merry conceits,’ came to Waltham late at night, -being informed by spies that the monks were on a visit at Cheshunt -Nunnery. In order to intercept them on their return, he pitched a -buckstall (which was used to take deer in the forest) in the narrowest -place in the marsh, where he knew the monks must pass, and placed some -of his confederates to watch it. The monks, as was expected, ran all -into the net; where they were secured till next morning, when Sir Henry -Colt brought the king to show him his game. The merry monarch is said to -have burst into a loud fit of laughter, and to have declared that, -‘although he had often seen sweeter, he had never seen fatter venison.’<span class="lftspc">”</span></p> - -<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Authorities.</span>—Michel, Chroniques Anglo-Normandes.—The Legend De -Invent. Sanct. Crucis Walthamensis, MS. Harl. 3776.—Miracles of -the Holy Cross, MS. Cotton Julius, D. VI.—Fuller.—Farmer’s -History of Waltham Abbey, Lond. 1735.—Wace’s Chronicle of the -Norman Conquest.—Leland, &c.</p></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/plt_009.jpg"> -<img src="images/plt_009.jpg" width="502" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p>CARISBROOKE CASTLE,</p> - -<p><i>ISLE OF WIGHT.</i></p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_281" id="page_281">{281}</a></span></p> - -<h2> -<a href="images/ill_pg_281.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_281.jpg" width="322" height="430.5" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</h2> - -<h2><a name="CARISBROOKE_CASTLE" id="CARISBROOKE_CASTLE"></a>CARISBROOKE CASTLE,<br /><br /> -<span class="eng">Isle of Wight</span>.</h2> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">When as the pliant Muse, with plain and easy flight<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Betwixt her silver wings is wafted to the <span class="eng">Wight</span>,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">That isle which jutteth out into the sea so farre,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Her offspring traineth up in exercise of warre.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Of all the southern isles she holds the highest place,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And th’ greatest coronal hath been in Britain’s grace.—<span class="smcap">Polyolbion.</span><br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p class="nind"><span class="eng"><span class="letra">A</span>MONG</span> the Anglo-Norman fortresses which so long upheld the feudal power, -and maintained the independence of the British Islands, that of -Carisbrooke holds a distinguished place. Crowning an elevated position -near the centre of the island,—of which it has been for ages the -ornament and safeguard,—and from its keep and battlements commanding -every approach,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_282" id="page_282">{282}</a></span> it had all the advantages which the necessities and -warlike spirit of the times could demand. It appears to have been -selected as a post of defence from the remotest period of the Saxon -monarchy, of which it still retains many substantial vestiges; and -although nothing has been discovered that connects it by positive -evidence with the Roman epoch, there can be no reasonable doubt of its -having been one of the numerous military stations occupied by that -people for the vigorous maintenance of its power.</p> - -<p>At last, after the lapse of four centuries, the sway of the Cæsars began -to wax faint; and when the victorious legions were finally withdrawn -from the British shores, the natives, taking advantage of the strong -places which had previously kept them in awe, seized them to their own -use, and over the Roman substruction erected, after their own manner, -the bulwarks of native strength and independence. Of this the keep, or -donjon, hereafter to be noticed, presents clear and distinct evidence; -but whether comprised in the fifty castles reconstructed by -Alfred—under the circumstances already stated in this work—remains -uncertain. From the localities, however, and other particulars which -distinguished the castles so built or repaired on Roman foundations, it -appears highly probable that Carisbrooke owes its preservation to that -wise and patriotic monarch. Continually harassed by foreign marauders -who infested these narrow seas, he found no measure so effectual as that -of erecting castles and garrisoned forts on all those points of the -coast most exposed to their piratical fury. But after the death of this -monarch, and the conflicting policy which, during a century and a half, -prepared the way for Norman supremacy, the national bulwarks had -suffered from neglect; they were mostly ungarrisoned, and nearly all so -much dilapidated that they could offer no effectual resistance against -an invading enemy—a fact which readily accounts for the easy conquest -which awaited the Norman army on its first landing on the coast of -Sussex.</p> - -<p>After the battle of Hastings, the Conqueror, with that characteristic -policy which marked his actions, adopted every measure for the -consolidation of his authority, by portioning out to his martial -followers the domestic strongholds and landed possessions of the -vanquished and proscribed natives. Of the Norman barons who then shared -the profuse liberality of their leader, we have mentioned several -instances in the course of the present work. But among the chief men who -owed him fealty, and whose friendship and faithful services it was -important to conciliate by rewards for the past, and the prospect of -others in future, none came in for a more enviable share of his favour -than his near kinsman,</p> - -<p><span class="eng">William Fitz-Osborne.</span>—This warlike Norman had accompanied his Chief in -the expedition to England; and, among the brilliant circle of martial<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_283" id="page_283">{283}</a></span> -attendants who had espoused his cause, stood eminently distinguished for -his talents and experience. He had the entire confidence of his -sovereign; and at the battle of Hastings, where Roger Montgomery had -also a high</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_283.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_283.jpg" width="276" height="265" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">command, performed the honourable and arduous duties of marshal of the -army. Recommended to the Conqueror by the ties of blood, as well as by -the high military talents which he had displayed in the field, he -receiving a grant of the Isle of Wight,—“Ita, Gulielmus Filius Osborni, -<span class="eng">Veetam Insulam</span> conquisivit, primusque Vectæ Dominus erat.” He was made -constable of the newly-erected Castles of Winchester and York, and -installed in the high office of Chief Justiciary for the King in the -north. In the exercise of his new authority as Lord of Wight, he appears -to have acted towards the old inhabitants with a rigour and -exclusiveness which strongly evinced his distrust of their professed -attachment to the foreign dynasty. Proceeding to the very extreme of the -feudal despotism with which he had been so recently invested, he -expelled the native inhabitants, divided their possessions among his -Norman followers and retainers, and, reconstructing the ancient fortress -of Carisbrooke, surrounded himself with a host of martial adherents, who -held their new possessions on condition of military service to the -chief, wheresoever and whensoever it should be required.</p> - -<p>Having had the first grant of the Isle of Wight from the Conqueror, “to -be held as freely as he himself held the kingdom of England,” -Fitz-Osborne instituted the Knights’ Court, which was one of the -privileges enjoyed by him as lord of the island, namely, that of holding -a judicial tribunal called “Curia Militum,” from the judges being such -as held a knight’s fee from the lord of the island, who “gave judgment -as courts of equity without a jury.”</p> - -<p>To this powerful Baron the whole of the Norman work now remaining in the -Castle of Carisbrooke may be attributed. In Domesday Book he is<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_284" id="page_284">{284}</a></span> called -William Fitz-Osborne, Earl of Hereford—a name familiar in the pages of -our early history. But his enterprising career was cut short by the -casualties of war, when he had been scarcely four years in possession of -the island; for, being sent by the Queen to support Ernulf, Count of -Hainault, who was then enforcing his family claim to the earldom of -Flanders, both she and the count were slain in battle. Dugdale is of -opinion that he adopted this quarrel from the relationship which -subsisted between that nobleman and himself—he having married for his -second wife Rechildis, the mother of Count Ernulf, the Queen’s nephew. -His remains were interred with great ceremony in the Abbey of -Cormeilles, which he had founded, and in which one of his sons had -previously become a monk. Bequeathing his Norman possessions to his -second son, those of England, including the earldom of Hereford and -lordship of the Isle of Wight, descended to his eldest son,</p> - -<p><span class="eng">Roger de Bretteville</span>—so named from the place of his birth.—Taking part -with the turbulent spirits of his day, and highly irritated by the -King’s refusal to sanction the marriage of his sister Emma with Ralph de -Waer, or Ralph de Guader, Earl of Norfolk, he took advantage of the -King’s absence in Normandy to have the union solemnized by a grand -public festival, at which were present many of the great military -tenants of the crown, who, readily entering into the rash views of -Hereford, concerted measures for dethroning the King. The conspiracy, -however, was divulged by Waltheof, Earl of Northumberland, who was -nevertheless beheaded for his participation therein at Winchester. They -were routed by the King’s forces at a place called Fagadune; and the -wreck of the insurgents escaping to Norwich, fortified themselves in the -castle for a time, but were soon forced to surrender. Earl Roger made -his escape to Hereford; but being apprehended and brought to trial, he -was found guilty of levying war against his sovereign, and condemned to -perpetual imprisonment and the loss of his estates. The rigours of -confinement and confiscation, however, do not appear to have subdued his -haughty spirit; for at the feast of Easter, when the King sent him a -gracious present of certain costly robes—consisting of a royal mantle, -an inner surcoat of silk, and an upper garment lined with precious furs, -in remembrance of the station he once held in the King’s favour—Earl -Roger caused a fire to be lighted in his prison, and, throwing the royal -present into it, stood by with a look of complaisance, and chafing his -hands at the blaze, till the whole present was consumed. This insane and -insolent act being immediately reported to the King, he swore his usual -oath—“per splendorem Dei”—by the glory of God—that in future Earl -Roger’s only robe should be the roof of his prison! He kept his word: -the Earl was<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_285" id="page_285">{285}</a></span> remanded to strict confinement, and died about six years -afterwards, leaving two sons, Raynald and Roger, both excellent soldiers -under King Henry I. <span class="eng">Carisbrooke Castle</span> and the honor attached now -reverted to the crown, in which it continued till the next reign, when -it was granted to—</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_285.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_285.jpg" width="314" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="eng">Richard de Redvers</span>, first of that name, being nephew to the late earl, -and son of Baldwin de Brion. Remaining faithful to Henry in the contest -which followed, he was rewarded by many additional marks of royal -favour—the chief of which were those of Earl of Devon and Lord of the -Isle of Wight. When Henry I. granted not only his lands, but also the -dominion over the whole Isle of Wight to Richard de Redvers, to be held -in <i>escuage</i> at fifteen knights’ fees and a half, the crown had from -that time no demand on the landholders of the island. The king received -escuage, or scutage, from the lord of the island only, whose tenants -were chargeable only in aid to him; they held their lands as “of the -Castle of Carisbrooke,” whence, in the Liber Fœdorum, it is styled the -Honor of Carisbrooke. They were chargeable towards making the lord’s -eldest son a knight, and to the marrying of his daughter. All heirs -under age were in the wardship of the lord of the island; the tenants -were bound to defend the castle for forty days at their own charges -whenever it should be attacked, and were also to attend the lord at his -coming into, and at his leaving, the island. The lord had the return of -the king’s writs, he nominated his own bailiffs, and his constable was -coroner within the island; he had a chase, now called the Forest of -Parkhurst; and a fence month not only there, but in certain moors, with -a free warren on the east side of the river Medina. He had also wrecks, -waifs, and strays, with fairs and markets at Newport and Yarmouth.—Sir -R. Worsley.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_286" id="page_286">{286}</a></span></p> - -<p>His great liberality to the church secured him the peaceable enjoyment -of what he retained for his own use; and with the king’s favour, and the -monks’ benison, he quietly put off this life in the first year of the -reign of King Stephen, and was succeeded by his son,</p> - -<p><span class="eng">Baldwin de Redvers</span>, or Rivers.—In the contest between the Empress Maud -and King Stephen—to which we have adverted at some length in our notice -of Arundel—Baldwin espoused the cause of the lady; and putting -Carisbrooke and the other assailable points of his insular lordship in a -state of defence, placed them at her service. The policy and tactics of -King Stephen, however, prevailed. The warlike engines which he had -invented for the defence of his Castle, at “the expense of much -treasure,” proved of little avail, so that he was obliged to capitulate, -and with his wife and family took refuge beyond sea. Matters, however, -were afterwards so far accommodated, that he was again permitted to -resume his hereditary station and dignities as “Lord of the Isle” and -Earl of Devon. Among many pious works and benefactions, he founded the -Cistercian Abbey of Quarr—the ruins of which still attract admiration -in the neighbourhood; for it amounted to an article of faith in those -times, that whoever should build a castle, was bound to erect and endow -some convent, cloister, or priory in its vicinity, so that the military -baron might thereby secure the prayers of the monks, and a family -sepulchre.</p> - -<p>Of this family and name were several other “Lords of the Isle,” who held -the Castle and Honor of Carisbrooke in succession, and who were -distinguished in the history between the period just mentioned and the -death of King John. Among these was—</p> - -<p><span class="eng">William de ‘Vernon’</span>—from his having been educated in that place. He was -one of the four nobles who supported the silken canopy over the head of -Richard Cœur-de-Lion, at his second coronation at Winchester, after he -had returned from the dungeon of Dürrenstein—an Austrian castle on the -Danube. He also, as Earl of the Isle of Wight, united with the other -barons in their successful resistance against the extortion and tyranny -of King John, and was instrumental in wresting from him the grand -bulwark of English liberty. (King John, it may be remembered, selected -the Isle of Wight as a place of safe retreat; and here he lived for -several months with a few members of his court, in expectation of -subsidies from France.) William de Vernon resided mostly at his <span class="eng">Castle -of Carisbrooke</span>, which, though far from being so extensive as many other -fortresses of that day, was still a place of great strength, and had -been successively repaired and embellished by the resident lords of the -island. It commanded then, as it does in the present day, enchanting -views of the intervening channel—the adjacent coast<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_287" id="page_287">{287}</a></span>—and of that -inland scenery which is so justly admired, so eagerly studied and -imitated on the canvas of the painter. In that remote period, however, -the landscape had probably a much more forest-like appearance than at</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_287.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_287.jpg" width="174.5" height="240" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">later periods; for the Norman fashion of appropriating large districts -to the pleasures of the chase, which was considered an indispensable -adjunct to martial training, had been long adopted in the Isle of Wight, -where an extensive park, filled with game, surrounded the Castle, and -threw open a vast field of amusement to the feudal lord and his -retainers, several of whom attended him in the chase, as they were bound -to do on the day of battle. We observe, in the later history of the -island, that Edward III. imposed on John Maltravers, for certain lands -held by him in the county of Dorset, the following service: That he -“should attend the king at his Castle of Carisbrooke for one day at his -own charge, both for himself and horse, and afterwards to remain during -the king’s pleasure; but both himself and horse in that case were to be -maintained by the crown.</p> - -<p>At the death of Earl Baldwin, the Castle of Carisbrooke was placed by -King John under the sheriff of the county; the wardship of his son was -given to Falk de Briant, (who had married the mother of the young -count,) whom the historian of St. Alban’s stigmatizes as an impious, -ignoble, and base-conditioned man. For in noticing the death of this -“Lady of the Isle,” he characterizes her as “nobilis ac generosa domina -quondam uxor Falcasii cruentissimi proditoris;” and adds—“Copulabatur -tamen eidem ignobili nobilis; pia impio; turpi speciosa, invita et -coacta; tradente eam Johanne tyranno. De qua copula quidam ait satis -eleganter;</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Lex connectit eos, amor, et concordia lecti.<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Sed lex qualis? amor qualis? concordia qualis?<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Lex exlex; amor exosus; concordia discors.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p class="nind">Our space, however, will not allow us to quote the frightful dream -related by Father Matthew, which transformed this “wolf into a lamb,” -and sent him to prostrate himself before the Abbot of St. Alban’s and -his brethren, as the most abject of sinners.</p> - -<p><span class="eng">Baldwin</span>, the fifth of that name, who, along with the title of Earl of -Devon,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_288" id="page_288">{288}</a></span> had enjoyed the lordship of Carisbrooke, married a princess of -Savoy, cousin of Queen Eleanor; and at the nuptials of the Duke of -Brittany with Beatrice, the daughter of King Henry III., received the -honour of knighthood. He gave the first charter of franchise to the town -of Yarmouth, and obtained the grant of a fair and market to be held at -Carisbrooke—a grant of great importance in those times. At an -entertainment given about two years afterwards by his kinsman Peter, -Count of Savoy, he, together with Richard, Earl of Gloucester, and -others, is said to have been poisoned. But in those times any disease -that powerfully affected the digestive organs was frequently construed -as the result of poison. That such was in numerous instances the fact, -is not to be denied; but that every death, preceded by symptoms like -those that usually supervened on the employment of deleterious drugs, -was an act of poisoning, is no more to be credited than that -consumption, or marasmus, was, in later times, the effect of witchcraft. -But when, in reality, the art of poisoning was both studied and -practised, it was natural in the bystanders to explain the mystery of -any peculiarly sudden and fatal disease by ascribing it to poison. The -frequent recurrence of these facts or suspicions in the old chronicles, -is a proof that the practice was universally admitted; and it is painful -to observe the ingenious precautions adopted by persons of rank, in -order to avert the danger to which they were daily exposed in the use of -their domestic viands. But, reserving this curious subject for a more -convenient season, we pass to the next lord of Carisbrooke; and the late -Earl of Baldwin leaving no surviving issue, the honors and estates -devolved on his sister,</p> - -<p><span class="eng">Isabella de Fortibus</span>, so named from her having married William de -Fortibus, Earl of Albemarle.—This lady, after the death of her husband, -took up her residence in Carisbrooke Castle, where she lived in great -state, appeared much in public, and obtained great popularity as Lady of -the Isle—<span class="eng">Domina Insulæ</span>—both from her attention to the general -interests of the inhabitants, and her particular liberality to religious -houses. She was not so blind, however, as to permit herself to be -overreached by her monastic neighbour, the Abbot of Quarrera, by whom -many grave complaints were lodged against her for having only scattered -her pious liberalities with one hand, that she might levy contributions -with the other. If in one instance she conferred a benefaction to the -church, she withheld its lands on another; so that at last the murmurs -of abbots and priors became so loud that they reached the king’s ear, -and produced an order for the sheriff of Hampshire to take the Abbey -lands of Quarr under royal protection till matters between the countess -and the convent could be adjusted. Our limits do not permit us to -enlarge upon this lady’s administration of her authority; but it is -certain<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_289" id="page_289">{289}</a></span> that her residence at <span class="eng">Carisbrooke Castle</span> was highly beneficial -to the island; and to her charter of franchise the beautiful town of -Newport owes its</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_289.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_289.jpg" width="172" height="232.5" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">foundation and subsequent prosperity. She had five children—three sons -and two daughters, Hawise and Avelina; the youngest of whom surviving -her brothers and sister, and inheriting the vast possessions of her -family, married King Henry’s son, Edmund Crouchback, but died without -issue in her mother’s lifetime.</p> - -<p>On the demise of this countess, the will by which, within a few hours of -her death, she had conveyed the Isle of Wight to Edward I., was disputed -by the heir-at-law, Hugh Courtenay; but after much evidence produced on -both sides, it became finally vested in the king, who retained it in his -own hands during life. At the accession of the weak and unfortunate son -who succeeded the magnanimous Edward, the lordship of Carisbrooke and of -the Isle of Wight was bestowed on his unprincipled favourite—</p> - -<p><span class="eng">Piers Gavestone.</span>—But this grant having occasioned great disapprobation -among the nobility, who now gave open expression to their sentiments, -Gavestone held the lordship only twelve months, when it was bestowed by -the King on his son Edward, Earl of Chester—the renowned Edward III., -who also retained possession of it during his life, and conducted the -affairs of the island by wardens selected from the resident gentlemen, -and who, in right of office, had their residence in the Castle. The -popularity of this sovereign was acknowledged by many acts of valour on -the part of the inhabitants; who, on every instance of aggression from -French or other hostile cruisers, repulsed the invaders, and preserved -the enviable title of their “invincible island.” In the reign of his -grandson Richard II., the lordship of the Isle and Castle of Carisbrooke -was granted to</p> - -<p><span class="eng">William Montacute</span>, son of the first earl of that name, who, for his -service in apprehending Mortimer in the Queen’s chamber—a scene -immortalized by Drayton—was elevated to the earldom of Salisbury. This -lord of the isle was a mirror of chivalry; had filled with honour the -highest posts of the state, and in the body-guard of Edward III. had -performed many gallant exploits, which still figure in the martial -chronicles of the fourteenth century. He had the misfortune, however, -amidst all his glory, to slay his only son in a grand tilting-match at -Windsor. But we shall have to introduce this illustrious<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_290" id="page_290">{290}</a></span> family under -another and more appropriate head of the work in hand. He died without -issue; directing by will, that his body should be interred in the -Conventual church of Bustleham, founded by his father; that every day, -until his corpse should arrive at that place, seventy-five shillings -should be distributed in alms to three hundred poor; that twenty-four -poor persons, each dressed in a gown of black cloth with a red hood, -should bear torches of eight pounds weight on the day of his funeral: -also, that there should be nine wax lights and three ‘mortars’ of wax -about his body, and banners of his arms placed on every pillar of the -church; moreover, that thirty pounds should be given to the monks to -sing trentals and pray for his soul; and lastly, that his executors -should expend five hundred marks in finishing the sacred structure at -Bustleham, and in erecting a tomb there for his father and mother; and -another for himself and his son, who had married the daughter of -Richard, Earl of Arundel, and was killed in the tilting-match already -mentioned. The above ceremonial, as related by Dugdale, presents so -striking a sketch of the manners of the time, and of the “pomp and -circumstance” which this lord of the island had “willed” should -commemorate his final departure, that we have inserted it by way of -colouring to the general picture. The black gowns—scarlet -hoods—lugubrious chant—blazing torches—waving banners—waxen tapers -and mortars—all unite to form a spectacle that must have left a vivid -impression on the minds of the spectators. The ceremony which attended -the obsequies of his widow is no less curious as a picture of the times, -and will be found in the same authority. It is supposed that this -nobleman, during his lordship of the isle, contributed several important -alterations and repairs to the castle; a circumstance which is rendered -more probable by the arms of the family, consisting of three lozenges, -being placed on a buttress at the corner of part of the governor’s -lodging. The next personage who figured as lord of Carisbrooke was</p> - -<p><span class="eng">Edward, Earl of Rutland</span>, son of Edmund de Langley, fifth son of Edward -III., and Duke of Albemarle, whose numerous posts of high honour and -public trust evince the entire confidence reposed in him by King -Richard, who found him but too pliant an instrument in the execution of -his atrocious designs, of which some notice has already been taken in -our account of the “Fitzalan Conspiracy.” The crimes, however, to which -he was then accessary, and which, by the confiscations which ensued, -added greatly to his possessions, brought at last the stroke of -retribution; for on Bolingbroke’s ascending the throne, he was degraded -in rank. He then entered into a conspiracy to take away the King’s life -at Windsor; but confessing the treason, was pardoned, restored to honour -and confidence, inherited his father’s title as Duke of York, and, after -having filled the high post of Lieutenant of the Duchy of Aquitaine,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_291" id="page_291">{291}</a></span> -fell at last in the battle of Agincourt. Leaving no family, he was -succeeded in his rights to the castle and manor of <span class="eng">Carisbrooke</span> and the -island, by his surviving duchess, Philippa, daughter of John, Lord de -Mohun, Baron of Dunster. To this lady succeeded, in the seventeenth of -Henry VI.,</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_291.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_291.jpg" height="288" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="eng">Humphrey “the Good,”</span> Duke of Gloucester, whose character and death have -been already detailed in our account of St. Albans. He appears to have -been Seignior of Carisbrooke and the Isle of Wight during a period of -eight years; and after his death the office of Constable of Carisbrooke -was held by Henry Tranchard, in virtue of a royal grant. But the -greatest event in the history of the castle and the island at this time, -was the coronation of a King of the Isle of Wight in the person of</p> - -<p><span class="eng">Henry Beauchamp</span>, Duke of Warwick, son of Richard, Earl of Warwick, who -had previously filled the high office of Regent of France. “Henricus -Comes de Warwic a rege Henrico 6ᵗᵒ. cui charissimus erat coronatus est -in regem de Wight et postea nominatus primus comes totius Angliæ.” At -this august ceremony the king assisted in person, and with his own hands -placed the crown on the head of his subject-monarch—but to whom the -title of king conveyed no regal power, and invested him with no -authority in the island; the lordship of which was still possessed by -Duke Humphrey, who survived the new-made and short-lived king for some -time. To this youthful sovereign—“cropt in the flower of his youth, and -before his heroic virtues could be known,” we have already alluded in -the historical notice of Tewkesbury; and in that of Warwick will be -found several interesting particulars of his family and political -connexions. Subsequent to this period of its history, the lordship of -the castle and island appears to have been successively enjoyed by -Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York; Edmund, Duke of Somerset; Henry his -son; Anthony, Earl Rivers; and Sir Edward Wydeville his brother, who was -appointed to the Captaincy of the island immediately after the accession -of Henry VII. Of Sir Edward, the following incidents are recorded by -Holinshed, Dugdale, Worsley, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_292" id="page_292">{292}</a></span> others:—Three years after his -appointment to the island, when the rupture between the Duke of Brittany -and the King of France was at its height, Wydeville, or Woodville, -presuming on the King’s partiality to the Duke’s cause, undertook to do -what he conceived would prove highly acceptable to his royal master, and -asked permission to take arms in the Duke’s interest. His offer of -service, however, being declined, he still indulged the belief that in -secret the king was favourable to his design, and only withheld his -approbation that he, who had undertaken the office of mediator between -the parties, might not be supposed to violate the rules of strict -neutrality. Stimulated by this persuasion, Wydeville set instantly to -work, and assembling the islanders at Carisbrooke, addressed them in a -powerful harangue, appealing to them as sons of the “invincible island,” -and urging them to take arms in a cause which the king had much at -heart, and who would certainly acknowledge their loyal service in a -manner which would secure blessings to themselves and their posterity. -His eloquence, his political influence, and the well-known intrepidity -of his character, had their due effect; and from all parts of the -island, veterans and raw recruits flew to his standard. From the -multitude assembled, he was enabled to select as fine a body of men as -ever drew sword or bow; and hastening his preparations, a powerful force -was speedily equipped and ready for action. They consisted, says -Worsley, of “forty gentlemen, and four hundred common soldiers”—all men -of stamp and martial courage—the flower of the island; and with these, -dressed in white coats and red crosses, he embarked at the small port of -St. Helen’s in four vessels, and set sail for Brittany. The hour of his -departure was anxiously watched by the assembled population, who crowded -the shore—all anxious to take a last look of their fathers, sons, -brothers, lovers, friends, and companions, who now, elated with hope and -buoyed up with assurances of many brilliant rewards, felt like men who -were only leaving penury and obscurity to reap an abundant harvest, and -bask in the light of a victorious sun. From every religious house in the -island, monks had arrived to consecrate the departing banners, and -pronounce a blessing on the martial sons of the isle. But the scene was -such as may be more easily imagined than described. There might be -sorrow indeed, when a mother parted with her son—a maid with her -lover—or when a Jew beheld his creditor on the point of escape! But the -general expression was that of exultation. All predicted speedy triumphs -and a safe return; but how different was the result!</p> - -<p>Landed on the French shore, the islanders were joined by fifteen hundred -of the Duke’s forces, all dressed in the same uniform; and thus welcomed -and encouraged, they longed ardently for battle. Their desire was soon<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_293" id="page_293">{293}</a></span> -granted: meeting the King’s army at St. Aubin, a sanguinary conflict -ensued; but neither the unflinching gallantry of the islanders, nor the -firm, intrepid example of their captain, could avert the terrible -disaster which followed. The Duke’s army was completely routed. The -English, who had sworn either to keep the field as victors, or to cover -it with their dead bodies, stood like a wall of brass around their -leader, and again and again repulsed the iron columns that successively -charged and recoiled before them. But, overwhelmed by numbers, and -deserted by those whom they had come to serve, they fought with such -desperation, that of the whole force only one man is said to have -returned with the mournful tidings of the day.</p> - -<p>The fate of this expedition threw the whole island into mourning: not a -family but had lost some of its members or relatives; gloom and -distraction were everywhere apparent; the Abbey of Quarr, priory, and -chapel, resounded with solemn anthems and masses for the dead—masses -which, whatever rest they procured for the slain, were dearly purchased -by the</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_293.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_293.jpg" height="158" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">survivors, many of whom spent their last penny in the purchase of a -requiem. All that Scotland lost by the Field of Flodden, this island -lost—only in a smaller degree—at the battle of St. Aubin—the flower -of its chivalry, youth, and talent. With the exception of the grey -veterans who still trod the battlements, or stood sentinel at the <span class="eng">Wicket</span> -of Carisbrooke Castle, there was scarcely a man left fit to bear arms.</p> - -<p>From the date of this ill-fated expedition, the lordship of Carisbrooke -became part of the royal demesne, and has continued ever since annexed -to the crown. Among the king’s lieutenants and wardens who had -successively command of the castle and military force of the island, -between the reign of Edward IV. and that of Elizabeth, several names -occur which held distinguished places in the history of their day; but -however pleasing it might be to enrich our pages with traits of -individual character, acts of public service, and instances of private -worth, we must relinquish this task for the present; but with the -history of the old baronial families, as we proceed, most of the traits -and anecdotes here omitted will be found incorporated. It may be -mentioned, however, in passing, that in the captainship of Richard -Worsley the island was visited by Henry VIII., who, attended by his -favourite, Lord Cromwell—then constable of the castle, and afterwards -beheaded—partook of the various entertainments prepared for him at the -Captain’s seat of Appuldurcumbe. The object of the King’s visit on this -occasion, observes the historian, appears to have been “to amuse -himself<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_294" id="page_294">{294}</a></span> with hawking, or some other species of chase,” as he had some -time previously, in a letter dated “at our manʳof Otland,” given strict -orders for the preservation of the game in the royal demesne.</p> - -<p>We shall now pass on to a later epoch, in order to take a glance of the -Castle of Carisbrooke, as it stood when garrisoned by the troops of -Henry’s magnanimous daughter, Queen Elizabeth. Hitherto the personal -valour and independent spirit of the inhabitants had been sufficient to -protect the Isle of Wight from the violence of enemies, to which, by its -natural position, it was continually exposed. Now, however, it was -deemed expedient by government to strengthen it by the construction of -new forts, and the better appointment of those that had stood the waste -of centuries. With this view, the master-fort of the island, the Castle -of Carisbrooke, underwent a thorough change. What was old was repaired -and accommodated to the modern art of war; extensive additions, -barracks, arsenals, and outer works—as shown in the plan—were added; -so that whatever was considered by the engineers of Elizabeth’s reign as -necessary for a military fortress, was carefully bestowed on that of -Carisbrooke. The embrasures, in which rested the ponderous ordnance of -modern warfare, contrasted strongly with the diminutive loopholes -through which had glanced the feathered shafts of Fitz-Osborne; while -the tramp of musketeers and troopers, who now paced its battlements and -crowded its barracks, gave to the ancient precincts much of the stir and -animation of a great citadel. But the “Invincible Armada,” which had -presented so many terrors—and for the effectual resistance of which so -many preparations had been made—passed harmlessly by, to waste its -strength in</p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_294.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_294.jpg" width="239" height="154.5" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">conflict with the waves. The castle at this time was under the command -of Sir George Carey, “captain” or “governor” of the island,—whose -<span class="eng">Residence</span>, with the barracks adjoining, forms a prominent feature in the -castle. But in the absence of military events, the following anecdote, -in proof of the peace and harmony which prevailed among the inhabitants -at that time, occurs in the Memoirs of Sir John Oglander: “I have -heard,” says he, “and partly know it to be true, that not only -heretofore there was no lawyer or attorney in our island; but that, in -Sir George Carey’s time, an attorney coming to settle in the island, he -was, with a pound of candles dangling at his heels, lighted, with bells -about his legs, and hunted out of the island;<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_295" id="page_295">{295}</a></span> insomuch as our ancestors -lived here so quietly and securely, being neither troubled to go to -London nor Winchester, so they seldom or never went out of the -island—insomuch that when they went to London, thinking it an East -India voyage, they always made their wills.”—We now return to a survey -of</p> - -<p><span class="eng">The Castle</span>—which has undergone little or no alteration since the above -period—and gladly avail ourselves of Sir Richard Worsley’s authority as -the ground-work of the short sketch which follows. Considering that the -principal difference between a Saxon and Norman castle consisted in the -former having built one regular entire fortification round, or as nearly -so as the nature of the ground would admit; while the latter built -theirs in two distinct fortifications—the keep, and the base-court; it -has been concluded by Strutt and others, that the keep of Carisbrooke -Castle is entirely of ancient British or Saxon workmanship, and that the -base-court was added by the Normans. Of the original Saxon fortress, -rebuilt by Fitz-Osborne, the walls enclose about an acre and a half, and -in figure are nearly a rectangular parallelogram, having the angles -rounded. The greatest space is from east to west. The old or Norman -Castle is surrounded by a more modern fortification, faced with stone, -of an irregular pentagonal form, defended by five bastions. These -outworks, which are in circuit about three quarters of a mile and -surrounded by a deep ditch, circumscribe in the whole about twenty -acres. They were added in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and constructed -by the Italian engineer Genebella, on the same plan as those of Antwerp. -The work was undertaken at the representation of the governor, Sir -George Carey, when the country was menaced by the Spanish Armada. In aid -of the expenses, Queen Elizabeth gave four thousand pounds; the -gentlemen of the island gave four hundred more, and the commonalty -contributed their personal labour by digging the outward ditch gratis. -For the following particulars the reader is referred to the Ground Plan -at the close of the present subject.</p> - -<p>On a small projecting stone on the north-east corner is carved the date -<small>M.D.XCVIII</small>. The entrance is on the west side in the curtain, between two -bastions through a small stone gateway; on the arch of which is the same -date, with the initial letters <span class="eng">E. R.</span> (p. 296.) This gate leads to a -second of much greater antiquity, machicolated, and flanked by two large -round towers. It is supposed to have been built by Lord Woodville in the -time of Edward IV., his arms being engraved on a stone at the top, and -the Roses of York on each side. The old gate with its wicket (p. 293), -of strong lattice-work, fastened with large nails at every crossing, is -still remaining, and opens into the castle-yard. Entering the area on -the right hand stands the chapel of St. Nicholas, with<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_296" id="page_296">{296}</a></span> its enclosed -<span class="eng">Cemetery</span>. The present building was erected on the ruins of an ancient -chapel endowed about the time that Domesday Book was compiled. Over the -original chapel was an Armory, containing breast, back, and head pieces -for two or three troops of horse; but when defensive armour went out of -use, they were sold by order of Lord Cadogan, then governor. Over the</p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_296.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_296.jpg" width="281.5" height="262" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">door is carved G. II. 1738; and by a stone tablet at the east end, we -are informed that it was rebuilt during the government of Lord -Lymington. Farther towards the left are the ruins of some buildings, -said to be those in which</p> - -<p><span class="eng">King Charles</span> was confined; and a window is shown as that through which -he attempted to escape. Beyond these are the barracks and governor’s -house, (see page 294,) which contain several good rooms with coved -ceilings, and have been occasionally used for a military hospital; and -certainly, with regard to air and situation, a more salubrious station -could not have been selected. On a mount, raised considerably above the -other buildings, stands</p> - -<p><span class="eng">The Keep</span>, or Donjon.—Its figure (as seen p. 281, 283, and in the plan) -is an irregular polygon; the ascent to it is by seventy-two steps up the -side of the mount, and there are more within—each step is about nine -inches. This multangular tower bears evident marks of great antiquity: -some of the angles are strengthened by walling of hewn stone, which was -probably added under Edward IV. when the great gate was rebuilt. There -is a well within this keep, said to be three hundred feet deep; but it -has, like that in Arundel Castle, been partly filled up as useless and -dangerous. The battlements command a most extensive and beautiful -prospect, which is not confined to the island only, but takes in the New -Forest and Portsdown, with the sea intervening at several points, and -much picturesque scenery adjoining. At the south-east angle of the keep -stands the remains of another tower, (cut p. 285,) called</p> - -<p><span class="eng">Mountjoy’s Tower</span>, probably in honour of the nobleman of that name,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_297" id="page_297">{297}</a></span> -governor of Tourney in the time of Henry VIII. The walls of this tower -are in some places eighteen feet thick, and still command a beautiful -prospect, though less extensive than that from the keep. The ramparts -between these towers is about twenty feet high and eight feet thick, -including a parapet of two feet and a half, which was carried quite -round the castle. Under a small building in the castle-yard, adjoining -the governor’s house, is</p> - -<p><span class="eng">The Garrison Well</span>, from which the water is drawn by means of a large -windlass-wheel, turned by an ass. On a former occasion this duty was -performed</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_297.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_297.jpg" height="305" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">during a period of more than forty years by the same animal, which, on -account of his services, was long one of the great curiosities of the -place. Down the well it is usual to drop a nail, or even a pin, which, -after a lapse of three seconds, produces a sound much greater than can -be well conceived by those who have not actually heard it. Another -experiment is often made in showing this well to strangers—namely, that -of letting down, by means of a pulley, a lighted lamp in a wooden basin, -which in descending occasions a loud noise, from the resistance of the -air, like a hollow wind or distant thunder; and as the lamp floats upon -the surface of the water, the compact masonry of the well—which is -partly cut through the rock—is distinctly visible. The water furnished -by the castle-well is remarkably pure and sparkling; and in instances -where it has been carried to India and back, it has still retained its -native purity.</p> - -<p><span class="eng">The Governor’s House</span> (see p. 294) contains several spacious apartments, -but now unfurnished, and only inhabited by the cicerone of the castle. -Like the additions above mentioned, it is of the Elizabethan epoch, and -externally has a rather picturesque appearance—its gables and tall -chimneys much resembling buildings of similar date in the Netherlands. -At the conclusion of the late war, the garrison consisted of a governor, -a lieutenant-governor, a captain, a master gunner, and three assistants. -The salary of the governor was twelve hundred pounds, and that of the -lieutenant-governor three hundred and sixty-five pounds per annum.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_298" id="page_298">{298}</a></span></p> - -<p>The castle has been on various occasions attacked by hostile fleets and -marauders, and as often to the loss and discomfiture of the assailants. -Of these attacks several instances are related by the chief historian of -the island—Sir Richard Worsley. The island, however, had continued -comparatively unmolested till the reign of Richard II., at which time, -says Stowe, “The French took that invincible isle, more by craft than -force.” In the preceding reign a landing having been effected by the -French, the inhabitants fled for refuge to Carisbrooke Castle, then -defended by Sir Hugh Tyrrill, who slew a great number of the assailants. -During the siege a party of the intruders coming down a narrow lane -towards the castle, fell into an ambuscade, and were mostly cut off. The -lane is still called Deadman’s Lane. Unable to subdue the castle, the -French withdrew; but, before they re-embarked, obliged the natives to -redeem their houses from being burnt by a heavy contribution. Again, in -the reign of Henry V., a body of French adventurers arrived on the -island, and boasted that they would keep their Christmas there. But as -about a thousand of them were driving cattle towards their ships, they -were suddenly attacked by the islanders, and obliged to leave not only -their plunder, but many of their men behind them. On another occasion, -when a French fleet had arrived, and demanded a subsidy, the islanders -gave them a hardy denial; but told them that, if they had a mind to try -their prowess, they should have full permission to land, with six hours -to refresh themselves; after which the natives would meet them in the -field. But the invitation was not accepted.—For other particulars, the -reader is referred to Worsley’s military history of the island.</p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_298.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_298.jpg" width="202.5" height="86" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Thus far our description has been confined to times and personages when -Carisbrooke Castle was a fortress and palace; we now proceed to view it -as the prison of King Charles I.—an event which excites more real -interest than all the other circumstances in its history. At the time -when the great question between the King and his Parliament agitated the -whole country, Carisbrooke Castle was under the command of the Earl of -Portland. This nobleman stood high in the estimation of the inhabitants; -for, in a petition numerously signed and presented to Parliament in his -behalf, they expressly mention him as “their noble, much honoured, and -beloved captayne and governor.” He was nevertheless superseded, and -Colonel Brett appointed to the command. In the interim, the Countess of -Portland and her five children, accompanied by her husband’s brother and -sister, took refuge in the castle. The desire of holding it for the king -was by no means abandoned;<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_299" id="page_299">{299}</a></span> and by her presence in the fortress she -hoped to exert some salutary influence over the minds of the populace, -whose attachment to her husband and his family had been so publicly -manifested on a late occasion. The proverbial fickleness of popular -favour, however, was soon to be verified; for, instigated by the mayor -of Newport, who represented that the island could not be safe so long as -Colonel Brett and the Countess of Portland remained in Carisbrooke -Castle, Parliament directed the captains of all ships stationed in the -river to assist in any measures which the said mayor might deem -necessary</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_299.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_299.jpg" width="235.5" height="284" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">for securing the island. The Newport militia accordingly, with four -hundred naval auxiliaries, were marched up to the walls of the castle, -near <span class="eng">Elizabeth’s Tower</span>, which at this time, says Worsley, “had not three -days’ provision for its slender garrison.” The moment was critical; the -assailants had every advantage, while the prospect of famine or -surrender was all that could be expected by the besieged. The countess, -too, had a young family around her; and it may be imagined with what -feelings she beheld the planting of hostile ordnance, and anticipated -the probable effusion of kindred blood. There was little time for -reflection or hesitation. With the magnanimity of a Roman matron, she -made her appearance on the platform with a lighted match in her hand, -and there, raising her voice, so as to be distinctly heard by the mayor -and his armed followers, told them, with an undaunted air and -unfaltering accents, that unless honourable terms were granted to -herself and the garrison—whom they had so unaccountably summoned to -surrender—she would instantly, with her own hand, discharge the first -cannon, and defend the walls to the last extremity. Struck with her -dignified demeanour, and the determination to which she had just given -utterance, the mayor paused in his operations, and, having consulted -with his townsmen, all that the countess demanded was agreed to: she was -allowed to retain possession of her apartments in the castle; Colonel -Brett, his staff, and servants, who composed the garrison, were allowed -the freedom of the island, but were restricted from going to<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_300" id="page_300">{300}</a></span> -Portsmouth, then held for the king by Goring, and the castle was -surrendered to Parliament. The countess, however, being represented as -still firmly attached to the king’s interest—consequently a dangerous -inmate in the castle—an order was issued, that within two days after -notice given, she should vacate both the castle and island. She did so, -and was indebted to the humanity of a few generous fishermen for the -means of conveying herself and family to Southampton.—See the political -history of this period.</p> - -<p>Passing over the governorship of the Earl of Pembroke, who next held -command in this ancient fortress, we come to that of Colonel Hammond, -who had the unenviable distinction of being captain of the fortress -when, as already mentioned, it became the prison of the martyr-king.</p> - -<p>Among the accounts handed down by Clarendon and other writers, who have -severally treated of King <span class="eng">Charles’s</span> confinement in this castle, there is -considerable discrepancy; but the following particulars, condensed from -other sources less accessible to general readers, seem best suited to -the scope and limits of the present work. After effecting his escape -from the palace of Hampton Court, in the manner described by Lord -Clarendon, Charles threw himself into the Isle of Wight, of which -Colonel Hammond was then governor. At first, and for a considerable time -after his arrival in the island, he appears to have been well lodged, to -have suffered neither humiliation nor outward restraint, but to have -experienced, on the part of the civil and military authorities, every -mark of respect and sympathy to which a good man and a great monarch, -struggling with adversity, was so justly entitled. He was permitted to -take exercise on horseback where he pleased, though his motions and -actions were no doubt carefully observed; and as the Parliament had made -him a grant at the rate of five thousand pounds per annum, he lived a -few months in the state <span class="eng">Apartments</span> of the castle—still shown as <span class="eng">King -Charles’s Rooms</span>—with much of the external forms and appearance of -royalty. This liberty, however, was soon abridged; and he was made to -feel that he was no longer a potentate to be heard and obeyed, but a -prisoner at the mercy of his subjects. His chaplains and faithful -attendants were first removed; and shortly afterwards his intercourse -was peremptorily restricted to certain persons, strangers to him, whom -the Parliament had appointed to be about his person. He was no longer -permitted to pass the gate of the castle, but mostly confined to his -apartments—now reduced to masses of rubbish and fragments of -ivy-covered walls. So solitary was his confinement during a great -portion of his time, “that as he was standing one day near the gate of -the castle, with Sir Philip Warwick, he pointed to a decrepit old man, -and said—‘That man is sent every morning to light my fire, and is the -best companion I have had for many months.’<span class="lftspc">”</span> The king, however, -submitted to all this severity with<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_301" id="page_301">{301}</a></span> Christian patience and equanimity, -and endeavoured as much as possible to keep his mind employed. He had -always had serious impressions of religion,</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_301.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_301.jpg" width="410" height="283.5" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="smcap">King Charles’s Rooms.</span></p></div> -</div> - -<p class="nind">and these were neither shaken nor diminished, but strengthened and -confirmed, by the harassing restraint under which lie was now placed. -Devotion, meditation, and reading the scriptures, were his greatest -consolations. The few books which he had brought into the castle with -him, were chiefly on religious subjects, or of a serious cast. Among -these was Hooker’s Ecclesiastical Polity—a book which it is probable he -had studied with great attention, as it related much to the national -question so much agitated at that time, and in which no man was better -versed. In his slender catalogue, we find also two books of amusement, -Tasso’s “Jerusalem,” and Spenser’s “Faëry Queen.” His freedom, however, -was more and more abridged. He was an excellent horseman, and fond of -that exercise; but as this indulgence was denied, he spent two or three -hours every morning in walking on the castle ramparts. There he enjoyed -at least fresh air and an extensive prospect; although every object he -beheld—the “flocks straying carelessly on one side, and the ships -sailing freely on the other”—brought painfully to remembrance that -liberty and enjoyment of life of which he was so cruelly deprived. Thus -circumstanced, he became regardless of his dress; he allowed his beard -to grow, lost much of his cheerfulness; and in the expression of his -countenance betrayed the inward feelings of a patient but unhappy -captive.</p> - -<p>During his imprisonment in this castle, three several attempts appear -to<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_302" id="page_302">{302}</a></span> have been made, and chiefly by the gentlemen of the neighbourhood, -for his enlargement. These are severally mentioned by Clarendon, Gilpin, -and the writers of the Worsley Papers, from which it appears, that by a -correspondence privately settled with some gentlemen of the island, it -was agreed that the king should let himself down from</p> - -<p><span class="eng">A window</span> of his apartment; a swift horse with a guide was to wait for</p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_302.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_302.jpg" width="139.5" height="157" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">him at the bottom of the ramparts, while a vessel in the offing was to -be ready to convey him wherever he pleased. The chief difficulty was, -how the King should get through the iron bars of his window: but Charles -assured them that he had already made experiment of the passage, and had -every reason to believe that it was sufficiently large to admit his -person. All being ready—the night dark, the fortress quiet, and not a -whisper of suspicion of what was going on—everything promised a -successful issue. The signal was then made. Charles appeared at the -window, and seeing his friends in attendance, signified his readiness to -make the attempt at once. But what was his disappointment and the -mortification of his friends, who stood watching him with unspeakable -anxiety, when he found that, in his eagerness to lay hold of any -rational means of escape, he had miscalculated the width of the -aperture! Having protruded his head and shoulders, he could get no -further; and what was worse, he could not draw himself back. His friends -at the bottom of the wall heard him groan in distress, but durst neither -relieve him by word nor act, without alarming the sentinels, and thus -sacrificing their own lives. It was a moment of agonizing suspense. At -length, after repeated exertions, the king succeeded in extricating -himself from his perilous situation, and, waving his hand before the -light as a signal, retired mournfully to his couch, there to brood over -this fresh blow to his hopes, and the defeated loyalty of his friends.</p> - -<p>In the next plan laid for his escape, from the same window, implements -having been secretly conveyed to him for that purpose, Charles -contrived, by night-work and with “wonderful trouble,” to saw the -massive iron bar asunder, which had proved the great obstacle in his -last attempt. But all these schemes were alike unsuccessful; and, until -the treaty of Newport—of which some interesting particulars are related -by Sir Richard Worsley—the king remained a close prisoner in the Castle -of Carisbrooke. He was then seized by the army, and carried a prisoner -to Hurst Castle. “Just at the break of day,” says Worsley—in an extract -from Colonel Cooke’s ‘Narrative’—“the king, hearing a loud knocking at -his outer door, sent the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_303" id="page_303">{303}</a></span> Duke of Richmond to learn the cause, who found -there a person who said his name was Mildmay—a brother of Sir Henry -Mildmay, and one of the servants placed by the Parliament about the -king’s person. On the duke’s inquiring his business, he answered that -there were several gentlemen from the army, who were very desirous to -speak with the king. The duke carried in this message; but the knocking -still increasing, the king gave orders for their admission. The doors -were no sooner opened, than those officers rushed into the bed-chamber -before the king could rise from his bed, and abruptly told him that they -had orders for his removal. ‘From whom?’ inquired the king. ‘From the -army,’ they replied. ‘And to what place?’ inquired the king. ‘To the -castle,’ said they. ‘To what castle?’ demanded the king. They again -answered, ‘To the castle.’—‘<i>The</i> castle,’ said the king, ‘is no -castle;’ but added, that he was well enough prepared for any castle, and -therefore required them to name it; when, after a short whisper -together, they said ‘Hurst Castle.’—‘Indeed!’ replied the king, ‘you -could hardly have named a worse.’... The Duke of Richmond then ordered -the king’s breakfast to be hastened, presuming that there was little -provision made for him in that desolate fortress; but before his majesty -was well ready, the horses being come, they hurried him away, only -permitting the duke to attend him for about two miles, and then telling -him he must go no further. He therefore took a sad farewell of the king, -being scarcely permitted to kiss his hand. The king’s last words to the -duke were, ‘Remember me to my Lord Lindsay and Colonel Cooke; and -command Cooke from me, never to forget the passages of this night!’<span class="lftspc">”</span> He -then proceeded a prisoner to Hurst Castle, “which at that time,” says -Warwick, “contained only a few dog-lodgings for soldiers.”—In his way -to that dismal receptacle, he accidentally met Mr. Worsley, one of the -gentlemen who had so generously risked their lives for him in the -above-mentioned attempts to escape. Charles wrung his hand with -affection; and pulling the watch out of his pocket gave it to him, with -these words—“Keep this in remembrance of me: it is all my gratitude has -to give.” This watch is still preserved in the Worsley family; it is of -“silver, large and clumsy in its form; neatly ornamented in the case -with filagree work; but the movements are of very ordinary workmanship, -and are wound up with cat-gut.” On his arrival within its walls, the -“solitude and dreariness of the castle struck like a death-damp to the -heart of Charles!” Never till this moment had he thought himself in -danger: but now suspicions of secret assassination haunted his mind; and -as he looked around him, and compared Hurst Castle with that which he -had left—“Here,” said he to himself, “were the place for<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_304" id="page_304">{304}</a></span> such a -deed!”—But the events which followed the king’s departure from the Isle -of Wight require no further notice in this place.</p> - -<p>With these brief notices of Carisbrooke Castle, and the chief personages -and events with which it is connected, we close this portion of our -subject; and for many interesting facts and persons which our limits -will not permit us to detail, we refer, with every due acknowledgment, -to the Authorities here annexed—particularly to that of the late Sir -Richard Worsley.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_304.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_304.jpg" width="431.5" height="378" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="eng">Ground Plan of Carisbrooke Castle.</span></p> -</div> -<div class="captionl"> -<p><span class="smcap">Explanation of</span> <span class="eng">Plan</span>.—A A. Governor’s apartments; B. The parts of -it demolished; C. Well of the Garrison; D. The Gunner’s House; E. -Formerly a Guard House; F. Buildings demolished; G. Parish Church; -H. Coach House; I. Powder Magazine; K. Store House; L. Stables, -formerly Barracks; M. S.-East Platform; N. S.-West Ditto; O. Now a -Garden; P. Gateway, with two Round Towers for Prisons; Q. Out -Guard; R. Tower of Keep, with a Well 36 fathoms; S. Stone Wall, -with its Parapet; T. Place of Arms. -</p></div> -</div> - -<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Authorities</span>:—Order. Vital. De Gul. Primo.—Gul. Cimitensis, De -Ducib. Normannis, lib. vii. c. xv.—Dugd. Bar. and Monast.—Will. -Malmsb.—Matt. Paris.—Holinshed.—Polyd. -Virg.—Camden.—Froissart.—Sir Richard -Worsley.—Cooke.—Lane.—Clarendon, Hist. Rebel. vol. iii. Part -I.—Gilpin.—Monstrelet, vol. ii. 458.—Col. Cooke’s Narrative, -MSS. Harleian Collect.—Hist. of England, Civil and Milit. -Transact., p. 298; for the event here noticed, see Monstrelet, vol. -i. p. 32.—For Waltheof v. Ingulph. Selecta Monumento, p. 254. -Note.—See also Append. to Orig Extracts to this Volume.</p></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/plt_010.jpg"> -<img src="images/plt_010.jpg" width="502" height="356.5" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p>NETLEY ABBEY.</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_305" id="page_305">{305}</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="NETLEY_ABBEY" id="NETLEY_ABBEY"></a> -<a href="images/ill_pg_305.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_305.jpg" width="339" height="428.5" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<br />NETLEY ABBEY. -</h2> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Now sunk, deserted, and with weeds o’ergrown,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Yon prostrate walls their harder fate bewail;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Low on the ground their topmost spires are thrown,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Once friendly marks to guide the wandering sail.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i1">The ivy now with rude luxuriance bends<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Its tangled foliage through the cloister’d space,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">O’er the green windows’ mould’ring height ascends,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And fondly clasps it with a last embrace.”—<span class="smcap">Keate.</span><br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p class="nind"><span class="letra">F</span>EW monastic ruins are equally interesting with that of Netley Abbey; -yet we know of no monastery of the same importance of which the history -is so imperfectly known. Its position in a secluded spot, where the -ground it occupies might be spared from other purposes, and accidental -circumstances of different kinds, have so far preserved its walls from -destruction, that we may here still trace with accuracy the arrangement -and internal economy of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_306" id="page_306">{306}</a></span> those great religious establishments which, in -former ages, were to be seen in every part of our island.</p> - -<p>The modern name of <span class="eng">Netley</span> appears itself to be only a corruption of the -more ancient one of <span class="eng">Letley</span>, <span class="eng">Lettely</span>, or <span class="eng">Latelie</span>, under which the place -is mentioned in Domesday Book, as being held by Richard Pungiant. We -learn from the same important document, that previously to the Norman -Conquest it had been held of King Edward by Alward, “who could go where -he would.”<a name="FNanchor_227_227" id="FNanchor_227_227"></a><a href="#Footnote_227_227" class="fnanchor">[227]</a> It was probably from the circumstance of its having been -a manor belonging to Edward the Confessor, that it afterwards took the -name of “the Place of St. Edward,” or <span class="eng">Edwardestowe</span>. The derivation of -the name Letley is very uncertain; it was probably the remarkable taste -for punning on proper names, so characteristic of the writers and -scholars of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, which led them to call -it in Latin <span class="eng">De Laeto Loco</span>, or “the joyful place.”</p> - -<p>The Abbey of Netley, or Letley, can boast of no great antiquity. It -appears certain that it was founded by King Henry III. in the year 1239; -although it has been supposed, on very weak grounds, that a religious -house of some kind had previously occupied its site. Henry’s original -charter is not preserved; but in a subsequent brief charter of -confirmation—dated</p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_306.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_306.jpg" height="303" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>March 7, 1251—he speaks of it as the church which he had -founded—“ecclesia quam nos fundavimus”—and gives or confirms to it the -lands of Lettelege, Hune, Welewe, Totinton, Gumelculne, Nordleg, -Deverell-Kingston, Waddon, Ayheleg, and Lacton, with all their -appurtenances, with the rents of Charleton, Southampton, and Suthwerk, -and a hundred acres of land in the manor of Schire, as well as the -advowson of the church of that manor. The lands in Schire appear to have -been given, or sold, to the Abbey in 1243: we have the confirmation of -the grant, by John de Warren, Earl of Surrey, dated on the day of the -Epiphany, 1252, but his original charter is also lost. The <span class="eng">Seals</span> of -Netley Abbey, of which three are known, describe it as the Abbey of St. -Mary of Edwardestowe. An impression of the seal of the abbot, attached -to a deed of the beginning of the reign of Edward III., represents a -figure of an abbot,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_307" id="page_307">{307}</a></span> surrounded by the inscription, S. <span class="smcap">Abbis Loci S’ci -Edwardi</span>. A seal of the abbey, of the same date, but much mutilated, has -the following fragments of an inscription:...... <span class="smcap">Commune Abb.</span>...... -<span class="smcap">Edwardi. De. Lette</span>.... At the latter end of the last century, the matrix -of a seal of this house was discovered in the possession of a dealer in -curiosities in London:<a name="FNanchor_228_228" id="FNanchor_228_228"></a><a href="#Footnote_228_228" class="fnanchor">[228]</a> the seal was very small, not much larger -than a modern shilling; on it was represented a person kneeling before -the Virgin and Child, and surrounded by the inscription, -<span class="smcap">S.Beate.Marie.De.Stowie.S’ci.Edward’</span>. Mr. Brand imagined that the -kneeling figure was intended to represent King Edward the Confessor.</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_307.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_307.jpg" width="223" height="111" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>The king placed in his foundation a small party of Cistercian monks, -then the most powerful and encroaching of all the religious orders. This -monastic colony was brought from the Abbey of Beaulieu, in the New -Forest. Antiquaries have succeeded, after much labour, in discovering -the names of eight Abbots of Netley; but as these stretch over a space -of three centuries, there can be no doubt that the list is incomplete. -The list of benefactors is equally imperfect: in addition to those -already mentioned, we only know with certainty the names of Edmund, Earl -of Cornwall, the second son of the founder, Robert de Vere, and Walter -de Burgh. The latter is stated to have given property in the county of -Lincoln, which he held of the king in capite by the service of -presenting to him a hat, lined with sindon, a kind of fine linen, and a -pair of gilt spurs.<a name="FNanchor_229_229" id="FNanchor_229_229"></a><a href="#Footnote_229_229" class="fnanchor">[229]</a> It has been supposed that Richard Foxe, Bishop -of Winchester from 1502 to 1528, was one of the latest benefactors.</p> - -<p>In point of revenue, Netley Abbey was one of the smaller monasteries. At -the time of its dissolution in 1538, the community consisted of an abbot -and twelve monks; and their possessions produced, according to Dugdale, -£100 1<i>s.</i> 8<i>d.</i>, or, according to Speed, £160 2<i>s.</i> 9-1/4<i>d.</i> The site -was granted to Sir William Paulet, subsequently created Marquis of -Winchester, and one of the most remarkable statesmen of his time. It was -he who built the magnificent house at Basing, celebrated for the -obstinate siege which it sustained in the civil wars of the seventeenth -century. This nobleman died in 1572, at the great age of ninety-seven -years; and is said to have seen, before his death,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_308" id="page_308">{308}</a></span> a hundred and three -persons descended from him. He probably sold Netley to the Earl of -Hertford, in whose possession we find it in the beginning of the reign -of Elizabeth. There is a tradition, that this nobleman turned the ruined -abbey into a dwelling-house: and it is said that a part of the church -was converted into a kitchen. There are, however, at present, no traces -about the buildings to support this story. We might be led to suppose -that the house inhabited occasionally by the Earl of Hertford, and then -known by the name of Netley Castle, was rather the old fort below the -abbey, of which the rains still remain. In 1560, the Earl of Hertford -was here honoured by a visit from his sovereign, Queen Elizabeth. -According to the register of St. Michael’s parish, Southampton, “the -queen’s majesty’s grace came from the Castle of Netley to Southampton, -on the thirteenth day of August.” It is not improbable that, at this -time, many parts of the abbey were in a sufficient state of repair to be -fitted up for the reception of the queen’s attendants.</p> - -<p>If, at a later period, the abbey was really used as a dwelling-house for -the Hertford family, they probably occupied the buildings, of which the -ruins are still considerable, on the west and south sides of the great -court. It is pretended that the church was then used as the family -chapel: and George Keate, the poet, informs us that he had seen, in an -interleaved almanack of the year 1665, which had belonged to a lady of -the same family, an entry stating, that the lady of Francis, Lord -Seymour—a younger branch of the Hertford family—lay in there of -Charles, Lord Seymour, second Baron of Troubridge, who was baptized in -the chapel. This part of the history of Netley Abbey is, however, very -obscure. It is said to have passed in the latter part of the seventeenth -century to the Earl of Huntingdon, who also resided there (according to -the tradition). In 1700 it belonged to Sir Bartlet Lucy, who sold the -materials of the church to a Mr. Taylor of Southampton; and from that -period it appears that we are to date the commencement of the -destruction of this once noble edifice.</p> - -<p>The general style of this <span class="eng">Church</span> is that of the reign of Henry III., and -the present building is doubtlessly coeval with that monarch’s -foundation. It formed the northern side of the abbey, and was, as usual, -cruciform, having north and south transepts. The walls of the south -transept remain nearly perfect to the roof; the south wall of the church -also remains in nearly its whole elevation; but the north wall, which -contained the larger windows, is in a less perfect condition, and the -site of the north transept is only marked by a confused heap of rubbish, -overgrown with trees and brambles. The east and west ends of the church -are also standing. The north wall is supported externally by low -buttresses; and some traces of buildings, with the heaps of rubbish on -the ground, lead us to suppose that<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_309" id="page_309">{309}</a></span> there was one or more smaller -external buildings, perhaps chapels, attached. The <span class="eng">West Window</span>, as well -as the great eastern window, appears to have been, when perfect and -filled with stained glass, extremely handsome and</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_309.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_309.jpg" width="233.5" height="309" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">striking. The springings which supported the arches of the groined roof -are still visible; and until a comparatively recent period, part of the -roof itself remained standing, and among the ruins “various arms and -devices were to be traced.” Its ruins, mixed with those of the columns -which separated the aisles from the nave, still encumber the floor in a -picturesque manner, partly covered with shrubs and plants, and held -firmly together by the roots of lofty trees which have grown upon them. -The old lady who has taken her station at the entrance of the abbey, to -act as a guide to the interior, regards these shapeless heaps with -peculiar attachment: and she fails not to tell the visitor, in accents -of sorrowful indignation, of the recent depredations of a barbarian -workman who was sent to gather up the “loose stones,” and who did not -hesitate to lay his sacrilegious hands on portions of that which was not -loose. Vulgar tradition points out the largest of these masses as a -monument of divine retribution on the wretch whose avarice led him to -spoil the pious work of his forefathers; and it is believed that he lies -buried beneath the rubbish which his own hand had dragged down.</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Here too (belief could old tradition claim),<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Where swells the rocky mound in shapeless heaps,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">(His name now lost, his guilt divulged by fame,)<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Some rude dismantler of this abbey sleeps.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i1">Long, long in thought the patient earth he cursed,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">That bore the fabric’s then unbroken spires;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Long wish’d the power to bid volcanoes burst,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Or call from heaven thought-executing fires.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i1">‘Wide wave,’ he cried, ‘all bright with golden grain<br /></span> -<span class="i1">The neighbouring vales, while this proud cumbrous mass<br /></span> -<span class="i1">For many a barren furlong chills the plain,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And draws with idle zeal the crowds that pass.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_310" id="page_310">{310}</a></span><br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i1">‘No more the votaries of each time-shook pile,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">As ruin’s heirs, shall call these shades their own;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">For blazon’d arms explore the pageant aisle,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Or search dark registers of faithless stone.’<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i1">He spoke—resolved. The menaced arches frown’d,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">The conscious walls in sudden conflict join’d,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Crush’d the pale wretch in one promiscuous wound,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And left this monument of wrath behind.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>The appearance of this church shows that its ultimate destruction has -been the work of accident, rather than of design; although a story of a -less doubtful character informs us, that we owe the preservation of the -building in its present condition to a retributary accident, resembling -that of the legend just mentioned. We have already stated that, about -the commencement of the last century, the materials of the abbey were -sold to a person of the name of Taylor, who resided at Southampton. His -friends, who looked with superstitious feelings on this venerable pile, -urged him not to conclude the bargain, and advised him to abstain from -being instrumental in the work of sacrilege; but he was deaf to their -entreaties. He had scarcely taken possession of his purchase, when in -his sleep he was visited by a fearful dream, in which it appeared to him -that the key-stone of one of the arches,<a name="FNanchor_230_230" id="FNanchor_230_230"></a><a href="#Footnote_230_230" class="fnanchor">[230]</a> which was to be demolished -first, fell upon his head, and fractured his skull. Although troubled in -mind, he at first paid no attention to this dream; but when it was -repeated more than once, he ventured to disclose it to a friend. That -friend was Mr. Watts, a schoolmaster in Southampton, the father of the -celebrated Dr. Isaac Watts. He advised Taylor to desist from the -undertaking; but the avarice of the latter overcame all scruples or -fears, and he returned to the work of demolition. He had hardly begun, -when, in exerting himself to tear down a board, he loosened the -identical stone which had been represented to him in his dream, and -which in its fall struck him a violent blow on the head. He was carried -home, and his skull was found to be slightly fractured, but no -apprehensions were entertained of serious consequences. The surgeon, -however, in probing the wound, accidentally thrust his instrument into -the brain, and caused instant death. The fate of Taylor is said to have -acted as an effectual check to future depredations of a similar kind.</p> - -<p>The arches of the <span class="eng">South Transept</span> of Netley Abbey Church are peculiarly -elegant and graceful; although, like those of the nave and choir, they -are devoid of the rich and diminutive ornamentation which characterizes -the architecture of a somewhat later period. Above the lower series of -arches, a passage or corridor runs round this part of the building, -which is approached by a small spiral staircase in the corner between -the transept and the choir.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_311" id="page_311">{311}</a></span> Below, delicately-wrought arches and -recesses in the wall mark the spots formerly occupied by sepulchral -monuments, raised probably over the bones of abbots or benefactors. The -ruins of this transept were cleared away from the floor a few years ago, -and it is said that coats-of-arms were observed on some of the stones. -The vaulted aisle on the east side of this transept is still in a -perfect state, by which, through a door in the south-east corner, the -monks entered from the sacristy. Another door, between the door just -mentioned and that which leads to the staircase, communicates with a -narrow yard behind the choir of the church. The entrance from the -principal court of the monastery is situated in the south-west corner of -the same transept.</p> - -<p>It is probable that a tower rose above the intersection of the transepts -with the church, although no distinct traces of it now remain. Tradition -says that its lofty pinnacles formerly served as land-marks to the -sailors in their way up the Southampton-water. The whole length of the -church is about two hundred feet: its breadth is sixty feet. The space -between the extreme walls of the two transepts appears to have been -about a hundred and twenty feet.</p> - -<p>The general arrangement of the abbey buildings bears a strong -resemblance to that of the older colleges in our Universities. The -entrance gateway, which faces the south, and is approached from the -beach, leads us into the principal court of the abbey, which, when -perfect, must have been</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_311.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_311.jpg" width="313" height="229.5" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">a noble quadrangle. A fountain is said to have stood in the centre, from -which it has long been known by the name of the <span class="eng">Fountain Court</span>; but its -site is now occupied by a clump of picturesque trees: similar trees have -taken root in other parts of the court. The south and west sides were<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_312" id="page_312">{312}</a></span> -formed by buildings, the dilapidated walls of which afford no clue to -the object to which they were formerly devoted, although they appear to -have been divided into apartments of different dimensions and forms, -some of which had fire-places. Portions of the walls, from the -circumstance of their being repaired with bricks, seem to indicate that -this part of the building was inhabited at no very distant period. But -modern brick-work is found in other parts of the abbey, and it was -perhaps added only for the purpose of securing the walls from falling. -The north side of the court is formed by the nave of the church; while -on the east side stands the southern transept, and adjoining to it the -principal buildings of the abbey.</p> - -<p>This court is of large dimensions, and its walls are still erect. It was -the most public part of the abbey, being open equally to those who came -to offer up their prayer in the church, or who were anxious to unburden -their mind in the confessional; to the traveller who sought a temporary -shelter among the monks, or to the mendicant who lived upon their alms. -The solitary ruins speak to our hearts of other days, of which the -reality is long passed away: the house of prayer has been rifled and -dishonoured, the spacious halls now afford but a dubious shelter to the -pilgrim, and the almoner has ceased to dole out the daily portion to the -poor.</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“No more shall Charity, with sparkling eyes<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And smiles of welcome, wide unfold the door<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Where Pity, listening still to Nature’s cries,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Befriends the wretched and relieves the poor.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>On Mondays, the Fountain Court presents a singular scene of gaiety. It -has long been the custom for people from Southampton, and the -neighbourhood to meet at the abbey on that day, and to hold a kind of -festival. Tea and other provisions are furnished by the inhabitants of a -neighbouring cottage, and this is followed by music and dancing.</p> - -<p>On the eastern side of the quadrangle are four doorways. The door to the -south leads into a vaulted passage, which formed the communication -between the first court and the interior quadrangle of cloisters. To the -north of this passage are the apartments connected with the government -of the house and the service of the church: to the south, the hall, -kitchen, &c. Of the three exterior doors which lay to the north of the -entrance to the passage, the first is the entrance to the chapter-house; -the second, a small but very elegant arch, leads to the ancient -confessional; and the last communicates with the south transept of the -abbey church.</p> - -<p>The <span class="eng">Confessional</span> forms a portion of a long rectangular apartment -adjacent to the church, of which the remaining and larger portion is -said to have been the sacristy, and from which the confessional was -separated by a stone wall,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_313" id="page_313">{313}</a></span> the lower part of which still remains. -Besides the entrance from the court, it has a communication with the -adjoining chapter-house. It was here that the penitent, or -should-be-penitent, laid open to the priest his secret failings, and was -instructed in the kind of reparation or the quantity of self-punishment -which was necessary to atone for them. In greater trespasses, or</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_313.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_313.jpg" width="147" height="156.5" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">where the penitent himself desired it, he was led into the adjoining -chapter-house, and received the monastic discipline at the hands of the -monks, which consisted in a severe flogging on the bare skin—a -punishment which is now only preserved in the army and navy. Great -offenders were at times subjected to this penance. We learn from Matthew -Paris, that when the ferocious Falcasius de Breant, one of King John’s -foreign auxiliaries, had plundered the town and abbey of St. Albans, he -was warned in a dream that he would be pursued by the vengeance of -Heaven, unless he made some reparation to the monks. Falcasius, we are -told, went with some of his most active soldiers to the abbey, where -they suffered themselves to be stripped in the chapter-house; and, -having submitted to the discipline with becoming humility, they received -absolution for their offence. The practice of confession, and the giving -of absolution, were sources of great power to the Romish Church: they -were often made an instrument of benefiting the community, but they were -as frequently productive of great evils, and the facility of obtaining -absolution acted as an encouragement to crime. Among the numerous -stories told by the monks in illustration of the efficacy of confession, -it is related that a knight, who suspected one of his attendants of a -grave crime against his own person, determined to carry him before a -certain wizard, who was famous for laying open people’s hidden faults. -On their way, the criminal, aware of the object of their journey, -requested permission to visit for a few hours a neighbouring town. He -hastened to a religious house, confessed the crime of which he was -accused among his other sins to the priest, received penitence, and -submitted to a very rude application of the monastic discipline. When -they stood before the wizard, and the knight inquired what were the -secret failings of his attendant, the answer he received was—“This -morning, when you left home with him, I knew him well and all his works; -but now he only knows his works who has given him a bleeding back: I -know nothing further.” Confession and absolution were a source of profit -to the priest.</p> - -<p>The <span class="eng">Sacristy</span> communicates by a door with the south transept of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_314" id="page_314">{314}</a></span> -church. It is a dark and rather low vaulted room, where the consecrated -vessels and the articles of church furniture were deposited. The -sacristan, whose office is partly represented in the Protestant Church -by that of the humble sexton, was one of the most important personages -in the monastery after</p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_314.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_314.jpg" width="232" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">the abbot. He was the keeper of the books, vestments, and sacred -utensils belonging to the church; it was his duty to attend to the -altars in the church, and to collect and account for the offerings: he -was intrusted also with legacies and gifts for building, repairing, or -furnishing the church. The treasure was also frequently placed in his -keeping; and we read of unfaithful sacristans, who fled from their -abbeys, carrying with them the money which had been intrusted to their -charge.</p> - -<p>The sacristy is lighted by two windows, under one larger arch, on the -east side. In the walls are several niches and recesses, which appear to -have been intended to receive some of the articles intrusted to the -sacristan’s care. It was perhaps the traditionary remembrance of the -treasures which were deposited in the sacristy, which led a countryman -in the neighbourhood to dream that there was money concealed in the -wall, beneath the most ornamental of these niches; who, to seek for this -imaginary object, came with a pickaxe, and broke away the bottom of the -niche in the manner in which it now appears. Treasure legends are -generally connected with ancient ruins, and this is not the only story -of the kind which has been located in the Abbey of Netley. On the -internal face of the south wall of the great quadrangle, near its -eastern extremity, is seen an irregular excavation. It is said that, -many years ago, a countryman dreamt of treasure buried in this wall; the -same dream was presented to his imagination three different times, and -he then proceeded with proper implements to the spot. After having -cleared away the wall with assiduous labour, his exertions were -rewarded, as tradition informs us, by the discovery of a ponderous chest -filled with riches, which he bore away in triumph. But the indiscreet -boastings of the finder soon reached the ears of the lord of the manor, -who seized upon the treasure for his own use.</p> - -<p>The <span class="eng">Chapter-House</span> was the monastic council chamber, and as such, being -one of the most important rooms in the abbey, was also the most richly<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_315" id="page_315">{315}</a></span> -decorated. Its delicately-groined roof is entirely destroyed, and trees -grow on its floor; but the elegantly-proportioned arches which adorned -its walls, and the clustered columns which support them, still bear -testimony to its former beauty. This apartment forms a regular square of -thirty-six feet. Each wall is divided into three arches, between which -sprung the ribs of the vaulted roof. Within the three arches on the east -side are the windows, which likewise are more ornamental than those of -the other apartments of the abbey. The extreme arch to the right on the -west wall forms the entrance from the great quadrangle. In the recesses -of the other arches are the remains of the stone seats on which the -monks placed themselves when assembled in chapter to deliberate on the -affairs of the monastery, or when they met to listen to the spiritual or -moral exhortations of their Superior. We have already stated that the -chapter-house was the place in which the discipline, or flogging, was -administered to the unruly brethren and other offenders. The Cistercian -monks are said to have been particularly addicted to the use of the -rod—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Est ibi virga frequens, atque diæta gravis.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>The southern wall of the chapter-house divides it from the passage we -have already mentioned as forming the communication between the first -and second courts. This passage forms the separation between those -apartments of the abbey which were devoted to the spiritual concerns of -the brotherhood, and those which were set apart for their bodily -comforts. The chapter-house itself appears to have had no communication -with this passage; but on the opposite side is a door which leads us -into the Abbey <span class="eng">Parlour</span>, a room which answers to what is now called in -our colleges the Combination-Room.<a name="FNanchor_231_231" id="FNanchor_231_231"></a><a href="#Footnote_231_231" class="fnanchor">[231]</a> This parlour, which possesses a -fire-place, was the place of social meeting for the inmates of the -abbey.</p> - -<p>The next apartment in the south was the <span class="eng">Refectory</span>, hall, or dining-room, -and is the largest room in the abbey. Its windows, like those of all the -chambers in this line of buildings, look to the east. On the opposite -wall we can still trace a large arch, built up with masonry, under which -was perhaps a seat or side-table for the use of the attendants.</p> - -<p>Although the monastic rule enjoins strict moderation and silence at -table, yet we know that, from an early period, the monks’ refectory was -no less a scene of mirth and festivity than the baronial hall. The -Cistercian monks in England appear to have been especially noted for -their attachment to good living. The satirists of the twelfth and -thirteenth centuries recount the number and delicacy of their dishes, -and the goodness of their wines. One of these writers, whose work (which -commonly goes under the name of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_316" id="page_316">{316}</a></span> Walter Mapes, the great enemy of the -Cistercian order) enjoyed a vast popularity in the thirteenth century, -describes thus their greediness in eating:—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Quibus prandentibus voto præcipiti<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Fauces celerrimæ, dentes solliciti,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Sepulcrum patens est guttur, par gurgiti<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Spumoso stomachus, et rastris digiti.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_316.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_316.jpg" width="313" height="229.5" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">And he thus describes their evening potations—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Sed ne potandi sit illa conditio,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Qui tenet, teneat, donec de medio<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Fiat, hinc esset lis et contradictio,—<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Ad plenum bibitur sine litigio.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i1">Tunc legem statuunt pactumque mutuum,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Ne sit in calice quicquam residuum:<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Sic, sine requie ventris et manuum,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Vas plenum vacuant, et replent vacuum.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>Another well-known writer, who was no friend of the Cistercians, -Giraldus Cambrensis, has left a glowing description of their jovial mode -of living. The silence enjoined by their statutes had given place to -boisterous jests; and the solemn reading of the bible or saints’ -legends, commanded by the founder of the order, had been replaced by the -clang of minstrelsy and the feats and grimaces of the jongleurs. -Giraldus, among innumerable anecdotes of the private life of the -Cistercian monks, has preserved one which is curious not only on this -account, but because it is the groundwork of a numerous class of ballads -which were popular at a later period.<a name="FNanchor_232_232" id="FNanchor_232_232"></a><a href="#Footnote_232_232" class="fnanchor">[232]</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_317" id="page_317">{317}</a></span></p> - -<p>It happened one day that King Henry II. was indulging in hunting, the -favourite amusement of the Anglo-Norman princes, probably in the woods -of Hampshire. Eager in pursuit of the chase, the king was separated from -his companions, and, missing his way, came at night-fall to a house of -Cistercian monks on the border of the wood, and, pretending to be one of -King Henry’s knights, he demanded a lodging there. The abbot and -brethren received the wanderer with a hospitable welcome; and after -supper the former called for a plentiful supply of the choicest liquor -in the abbey. In the merry days of Old England, a particular form in -drinking, derived from our Saxon forefathers, was universally observed: -with each full cup one party pledged the other with the word (or rather -words) <i>Wæsheil</i>, equivalent to <i>Health to thee!</i> and the origin of the -more modern <i>wassail</i>: the answer was <i>Drincheil</i>, or, <i>I drink thy -health</i>. But great topers and men of social habits, instead of using the -common expression, invented drinking words of their own, private signals -of affectionate regard, which appear to have had no particular meaning. -Such was the case with the abbot in our story: the supposed knight, in -return for his hospitable entertainment, had promised to use his -influence with the king in furtherance of a suit which the abbot -intended to prefer the next morning; and the latter, in the openness of -his heart, pledged his guest with his private drinking-word, which was -<i>pril</i>, and he instructed him in the proper mode of answering, which was -by the similar word <i>wril</i>. In this manner they spent a considerable -portion of the night with the monks in great joviality, the walls -resounding to the continual shouts of <i>pril</i> and <i>wril</i>. After having -taken a short repose, the king departed at the break of day, and -hastened to a neighbouring town where he had established his court: he -there gave strict orders to the officers of his household, that they -should give the abbot immediate admission to his presence. Accordingly, -at an early hour in the forenoon, the abbot, attended by two of his -monks, repaired to the court, light-hearted with the expectation of the -good offices of his guest of the preceding night. On his arrival, he was -astonished to find that the servants of the king appeared as though -aware of his mission, and that they passed him with unusual quickness -and attention from one room to another, until he found himself suddenly -in the royal presence. The monarch, who in his altered dress was not -recognized by his host, caused the abbot to be seated by his side, and -scarcely giving him time to utter his petition, told him that he had -been made acquainted with his wishes, and that they were already -granted. The abbot, after returning his humble thanks, would have taken -his leave; but the king insisted on retaining him and his two monks to -dinner. At table the abbot was seated near the king, and was treated -with the greatest attention; and after the eating was over, large -drinking-<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_318" id="page_318">{318}</a></span>cups were placed before all the guests, and filled with -excellent wine. The king then, suddenly taking up his own cup, and -addressing himself to the abbot, said, “Father abbot, I say to thee -<i>pril</i>.” The abbot, suddenly recognizing his guest, was struck with -confusion, and besought the king in humble manner for his grace and -forgiveness; but the king stopped him short, and making use of a popular -oath, declared, that it was his will they should be good fellows -together on the present occasion, just as they had been the previous -night in the abbot’s refectory; and that he thought it but right and -fair, that as he had answered <i>wril</i> to the abbot’s <i>pril</i> before, the -abbot should now pay him the same compliment. And thus the knights and -monks, as well as the king and abbot, passed the remainder of the day in -drinking <i>pril</i> and <i>wril</i> to each other, amid shouts of laughter and -merriment.</p> - -<p>Over the series of buildings which we have been describing was another -floor, on which we trace the remains of a number of smaller chambers. -These were probably the <span class="eng">Dormitories</span>, or bed-chambers of the monks. They -were placed near the church, because the monks were obliged to leave -their beds in the night to perform the <i>vigilæ nocturnæ</i>, or night -service, which lasted from two o’clock to nearly four, when they -returned to their repose.</p> - -<p>Adjoining to the hall, or refectory, are the <span class="eng">Buttery</span> and <span class="eng">Kitchen</span>, which -form the southern extremity of the abbey, separated from the fields only -by the outer wall. The former of these offices is a small room, with -little to indicate the purposes to which it was formerly applied. The -kitchen, on the contrary,</p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_318.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_318.jpg" width="236" height="176" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">is a large and strong vaulted apartment, forty-eight feet in length, and -eighteen wide. Its roof still remains unbroken. The most remarkable -characteristic of this kitchen is its spacious fireplace; its form is -that which was common in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, and -perhaps earlier, and of which we have many examples in the illuminations -of ancient manuscripts. The kitchen appears to have possessed, when in a -perfect state, a considerable share of architectural elegance. The -ornamental springings of the arches of the roof still remain. The -kitchen appears to have communicated with the inner court of the abbey -by a door to the right of the fire-place; opposite which there seems to -have been a door in the outer wall, communicating with the country, by -which provisions, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_319" id="page_319">{319}</a></span>&c. were conveyed into the house. Two openings in the -wall, one connecting the kitchen with the buttery, the other forming a -communication between the buttery and the refectory, were used for -passing the dishes to the attendants who were serving at table. On the -south side of the kitchen, beneath the floor, is a subterranean passage, -now uncovered, which communicates with a series of other passages or -vaults, under the field, and said to terminate beneath a coppice at a -short distance from the abbey. These vaults, which are generally -supposed to have been a common sewer, or a place intended for -concealment and retreat, have every appearance of having been the -<span class="eng">Cellars</span> of the abbey, which very properly were attached to the kitchen -and buttery. Most of these vaults have been explored: there is a large -breach through the vaulted roof of one of them in the field on the -outside of the walls of the abbey.</p> - -<p>The series of buildings which we have just described separates the -Fountain Court from the second court of the abbey, which also appears to -have been surrounded with buildings, at least on three sides. This -second court forms at present a fair lawn, on which pic-nic parties -visiting the ruins take their dinner or tea, and which is designated as -the Abbey Garden. On three sides are the remains of a raised terrace: -this, combined with some other circumstances, leads us to conclude that -the so-called garden was the <span class="eng">Cloisters</span> of the abbey. The present terrace -was the floor of the cloister, which we know was, in most instances, -raised above the level of the enclosed court. This cloister appears to -have formed an exact square, like the first court. The windows of the -sacristy, chapter-house, parlour, and refectory, looked into it on the -west side. The north-west corner adjoined the transept and choir of the -church. On the south it was probably separated from the kitchen by a -small court, or by less important offices. At the east side of this -court, there are traces of a smaller court, and considerable ruins of a -large building, with vaulted rooms on the ground-floor, and chambers -above. This may have been the <span class="eng">Abbot’s House</span>. It appears to have -communicated with the woods behind, perhaps by one of those “privie -posternes” mentioned in the old satirists, by which the abbots are said -to have introduced into their lodgings persons of a very equivocal -character.</p> - -<p>The ground on which the Abbey of Netley is built is a gentle declivity, -sloping towards the beach. Although much concealed by trees and -brushwood, the ruins are seen to effect from several different points. -Perhaps the most interesting general view is that from the north, where -the hill rises rather abruptly from the walls of the church, affording -almost a bird’s-eye view of the interior. The effect of the picture thus -presented to the view has been in some degree lessened by the -destruction of the ivy with which, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_320" id="page_320">{320}</a></span>some years ago, the walls were -clothed. “This destruction was begun by the French emigrant royalists -who were encamped on the neighbouring common, previously to the -ill-fated expedition to Quiberon during the revolutionary war; but it -was recently carried on, much more effectually, by order of the late -Lady Holland, then its proprietor, who is said to have been induced to -commit this desecration by the representation of a member of the -Dilettanti Club, who unfortunately had read in Pausanias of the injury -which a certain ancient temple in Bœotia had sustained from the ivy -which encircled it loosening the cement of the stones, and separating -them from each other, and who, in consequence, implored her ladyship to -prevent her temple from sharing a similar fate.”<a name="FNanchor_233_233" id="FNanchor_233_233"></a><a href="#Footnote_233_233" class="fnanchor">[233]</a> The beauty of the -scene is here increased by the Southampton Water, which appears in the -background, the distant view of the New Forest, and the still more -remote shores of the Isle of Wight; and from time to time a steamer, -working its busy way to or from the sea, contrasts strangely with the -hoary walls below.</p> - -<p>Descending the hill towards the right, the view of the west side of the -abbey, with the great west window of the church rising above the green -trees, is remarkably picturesque. To the left the hill continues to some -distance, giving us a succession of pleasing views, including the east -end of the church, and the picturesque mass of ruins which we have -supposed to belong to the abbot’s house. We then descend to lower -ground, and obtain a view across the second, or cloister court, which -however is in some measure spoiled by the wall that separates it from -the fields.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_320.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_320.jpg" width="349" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>The <span class="eng">South Front</span> of the abbey is at present concealed from a distant view -by numerous trees. When near it, we may judge by its appearance in its -present ruined state, that when entire it must have been a very striking -object viewed from the water. On this side was the entrance to the -abbey, but it does not appear to have had a gateway tower. To the right, -a mass of building stands much in advance of the front of the court: -this building contains the buttery and the kitchen. The style of the -windows and doors in this part of the abbey shows that it had undergone -extensive repairs, either<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_321" id="page_321">{321}</a></span> a short period before the Dissolution, or -afterwards, when it was first made a private habitation.</p> - -<p>At some distance behind the abbey, the monks had two fish-ponds, which -are still in perfect preservation. The first is nearly square, bordered -with underwood, and backed with flourishing oaks. The upper pond is -still more picturesque, being partly overhung with fine trees. The -neighbourhood of Netley Abbey was perhaps more thickly wooded in ancient -times than at present. In the steward’s book of the town of Southampton, -under the year 1469, is an entry of two pounds three shillings and -fourpence, “paid to the Abbot of Netteley for a grove of woode bought by -the maire for to make piles and hegges by the sea syde.”</p> - -<p>The English monks, in selecting the sites of their houses, always -endeavoured to secure a good supply of fish and game. The woods and -waters</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_321.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_321.jpg" width="230" height="278.5" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">in the neighbourhood of Netley were peculiarly advantageous in this -point of view, and the <span class="eng">Buttery</span> and <span class="eng">Kitchen</span> must have been abundantly -furnished with every article of provision which could raise the -appetites of the brethren within. The manuscripts of the thirteenth and -fourteenth centuries, although written by the monks themselves, are full -of stories illustrating their attachment to good living. Giraldus -Cambrensis, the historian from whom we have already quoted one anecdote -of monastic life, gives us a remarkable description of the multitude and -variety of dishes with which the tables of the monks in his days were -loaded; the numerous kinds of fish and meats dressed in every possible -manner, and arranged by the ingenuity of skilful cooks so as to provoke -their pampered appetites; the numerous savoury sauces; the rich and rare -wines which were supplied by distant lands.<a name="FNanchor_234_234" id="FNanchor_234_234"></a><a href="#Footnote_234_234" class="fnanchor">[234]</a> This writer has -preserved an amusing story<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_322" id="page_322">{322}</a></span> concerning the monks of St. Switlmn’s at -Winchester:—One day, when King Henry II. was hunting in the -neighbourhood of Guilford, the prior of St. Swithun’s, accompanied by a -party of his monks, went to meet him, with countenances which indicated -extreme chagrin and sorrow, and, although the spot was little better -than a quagmire, they fell upon their knees in a position of the most -abject supplication. When the king desired them to state their griefs, -they told him that their bishop had diminished the number of courses -that had been from time immemorial served to their table. The king -inquired what number of courses were usually allowed them: they said, -thirteen, which the bishop had reduced to ten. The king, in -astonishment, turned round to his attendants:—“<i>Per oculos Dei!</i>” said -he, (for that was his usual oath,) “see here these unhappy monks! I -thought by their sorrowful looks that their whole monastery had been -burnt, or that some equal disaster had befallen them; and, behold, they -complain that their bishop has taken three courses from their table, and -left them but ten. May the bishop fare the worse, if he do not -immediately take away the ten, and leave them only three! I, although -King of England, am satisfied with that number.” We are told, in another -monkish story, of an abbot who was so cruel to his monks, that he -reduced them to the number here recommended by the king, and allowed -them but three courses: the monks prayed daily for the death of their -superior; and for this or some other cause he soon died. Another came, -who reduced them to two: whereupon they prayed more fervently than ever -for release from his rule. He also died; and there came a third, who -deprived them of another course. The unfortunate brethren, now driven to -desperation, met together to consider what was best to be done. One -among the rest stepped forward and said, “Happen what will, let us pray -no longer: every time we have prayed for a new abbot, we have obtained -one worse than his predecessor; and if this man should go, we shall have -one who will reduce us to actual starvation.” Against the monkish vice -of gluttony, we must however place in the scale the virtue of -hospitality. The weary traveller was always welcome to the table of the -monastery. We are tempted to quote another monkish story. It is said -that a certain religious house, in which the virtue just alluded to had -been neglected, was reduced to poverty, and a meeting was held in the -chapter-house to deliberate on the means of regaining their former -state. Then a monk stood up in the midst of the others, and said, “We -have driven away<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_323" id="page_323">{323}</a></span> two servants: as long as they were with us, all good -things abounded in our house; since they went, our prosperity is -defeated; but if we invite one</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_323.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_323.jpg" width="234" height="312" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">back, they will both return.” “Who are they?” said the abbot; “let us -call them back by all means.” The monk answered, “One is called <span class="eng">Date</span>, -and the other <span class="eng">Dabitur-vobis</span>: since we drove away Date, Dabitur-vobis has -left us; but let us immediately recall Date, and Dabitur-vobis and -everything will be well.” The monks themselves had an easy method of -atoning for the peccadilloes of the table; but a few paces from the -refectory stood the <span class="eng">Confessional</span>, and there they received a ready -<span class="eng">Absolution</span>.</p> - -<p>The ruins of Netley Abbey attract numerous visitors from the -neighbouring town of Southampton; and there is scarcely a stone within -the reach of ordinary mortals which is not disfigured by a crowd of -initials rudely “incised” by their barbarian and sacrilegious hands. In -more propitious times, pilgrims of a holier class have visited the -hallowed spot,</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Where Netley’s ruins, bordering on the flood,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Forlorn in melancholy greatness stand.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p class="nind">Horace Walpole was enraptured with what he terms, “not the ruins of -Netley, but of Paradise. Oh, the purpled abbots; what a spot they had -chosen to slumber in! The scene is so beautifully tranquil, yet so -lively, that they seem only to have retired into the world.” When he -visited Netley, there were standing “fragments of beautiful fretted -roofs, pendent in the air, with all variety of Gothic patterns of -windows topped round and round with ivy.” The last remains of the -“fretted roof” have long fallen; and, as we have before observed, most -of the windows have, since Walpole’s time, been stripped of their ivy. -Among the poets who have here sought inspiration, we must not pass over -the names of Gray and Bowles. The former has left us a glowing -description of the thoughts which these ruins raised. “In the bosom of -the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_324" id="page_324">{324}</a></span> woods,” he tells us in one of his letters, “concealed from profane -eyes, lie hidden the ruins of Netley Abbey. There may be richer and -greater houses of religion, but the abbot is content with his situation. -See there, at the top of that hanging meadow, under the shade of those -old trees that bend into a half-circle about it, he is walking slowly -(good man!) and bidding his beads for the souls of his benefactors, -interred in that venerable pile that lies beneath him. Beyond it (the -meadow still descending) nods a thicket of oaks that mask the building, -and have excluded a view too garish and luxuriant for a holy eye; only -on either hand they leave an opening to the blue glittering sea. Did you -not observe how, as that white sail shot by and was lost, he turned and -crossed himself, to drive the tempter from him that had thrown that -distraction in his way?” We must ourselves now take a parting glance of -this venerable picture of the transitoriness of all earthly greatness. -Bowles has given us a beautiful sonnet</p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_324.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_324.jpg" width="129" height="174" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i4">ON VISITING NETLEY ABBEY.<br /></span> -<span class="i2">“Fall’n pile! I ask not what has been thy fate,—<br /></span> -<span class="i2">But when the weak winds, wafted from the main,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Through each lone arch, like spirits that complain,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Come hollow to my ear, I meditate<br /></span> -<span class="i0">On this world’s passing pageant, and the lot<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Of those who once might proudly in their prime<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Have stood, with giant port; till, bow’d by time<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Or injury, their ancient boast forgot,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">They might have sunk, like thee: though thus, forlorn,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">They lift their head, with venerable hairs<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Besprent, majestic yet, and as in scorn<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Of mortal vanities and short-lived cares:<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Even so dost thou, lifting thy forehead grey,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Smile at the tempest and Time’s sweeping sway.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="eng">Historical Associations.</span>—The neighbourhood of Netley is interesting in -many points of view to the antiquary. At some distance to the north is -the modern village of Bittern, the site of the Roman town of Clausentum, -of the earth-works of which some traces still remain. On Netley Heath, -which lies between Netley and Bittern, are numerous tumuli, probably -indicating the places of burial of some of the more distinguished of the -Roman inhabitants of this spot. We trace the footsteps of that -extraordinary people almost within the precincts of Netley Abbey; for in -its immediate vicinity, in a field by the shore near West Wood, a few -years ago, a coarse earthen vessel, filled with Roman coins of the Lower -Empire, was dug up by a labourer. The larger portion of these coins was -of the description called small brass, and of the period of the younger -Gallienus.</p> - -<p>After Clausentum had been deserted and forgotten, its importance was -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_325" id="page_325">{325}</a></span>transferred to the neighbouring town of Hamton, known in more modern -times by the name of Southampton, to distinguish it from the other -Hamton, now called Northampton. During the period of the Saxons, -Southampton is chiefly known as having been repeatedly plundered by the -Danes, to whose attacks it was exposed by its position. In 980, seven -Danish ships came suddenly and destroyed the town, and slaughtered or -carried away into captivity nearly all its inhabitants.</p> - -<p>Although we know little of the history of Southampton during this early -period, we find that the district was afterwards connected with -historical traditions, now long forgotten, which found their way into -the <span class="eng">poetry</span> of our forefathers. It was here, in the neighbourhood of -Netley, according to the legendary history of the ancient Britons, that -the Emperor Claudius made his descent upon the shores of our island. The -romances tell us that he was met here by a British king named “Gwyder,” -who defeated the Romans with great slaughter. But Claudius had a -faithful councillor named Ham, or Haimo, who clad himself in the arms -and dress of a Briton, went to the enemy’s camp, and, after a short -period, obtained the favour of the invincible Gwyder. Another desperate -battle between the Britons and Romans followed; when Ham, who kept near -the British king, treacherously drew his sword and slew him, and then -fled to the Romans, supposing that he had secured the victory for his -countrymen. But Arviragus, the brother of Gwyder, took the command of -the Britons; and by his bravery the Romans were again vanquished, and -driven with great loss to their ships. Ham, with a small body of men, -was cut off from the main army, and took shelter in a wood near the -shore; he was there attacked by the Britons, and, retreating to a haven, -was slain on the spot where was afterwards built the town called -(according to the legend) from him, Hampton.</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Ac the luther Haym with ys folk toward the wode hymn drowe:<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Arvirag hym sywede, and to grounde ever slowgh.<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Atte laste ys tricherie wel lutel he by-lowgh;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">He overtok hym at an havene, and slogh hym ryght there:<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Lutel harm thei tricherus so alle y-served were.<br /></span> -<span class="i1">The havene ther he was y-slawe, after Haymys name y-wys,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Hamptone was y-clepud, as he yet y-clepud ys,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">For South-hamptone he is y-clepud, and worth ever mo.”<a name="FNanchor_235_235" id="FNanchor_235_235"></a><a href="#Footnote_235_235" class="fnanchor">[235]</a><br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>So sang the quaint old chronicler, Robert of Gloucester. Legends -probably connected with the ravages of the Danes in this neighbourhood, -and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_326" id="page_326">{326}</a></span> troubles of the latter ages of Anglo-Saxon history, formed the -foundation of another romance of great popularity. In the baronial halls -of Old England, the harp has often resounded to the chivalrous -adventures of <span class="eng">Bevis</span> of <span class="eng">Hampton</span>. The figure of the hero may still be seen -rudely sculptured on the antique tower at Southampton, called the -Bargate. History gives us no clue to identify the personage who, in -medieval romance, figures as</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Bevis of renoun,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">The right heir of Southamptoun.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>But, according to the story, the father of Bevis was a powerful thane, -named Guy, Earl of Hampton, or Southampton. He married a young wife, -who, falling in love with a stranger knight named Doon de Mentz, caused -her husband to be murdered by her paramour, whom she afterwards married. -Young Bevis, by a series of marvellous adventures, escaped from the fate -which had fallen on his father; and, leaving his inheritance to be -enjoyed by the murderer, fled to the east, where he becomes engaged in -no less extraordinary adventures among the infidels. He there falls in -love with a beautiful Saracen maiden, named Josiana, daughter of the -King of Armenie, with whom, after many years’ absence, he returns home. -Bevis and his wife Josiana have a son named Guy. After having recovered -his paternal estates, and punished the murderers of his father, Bevis -becomes involved in a war with his sovereign, the King of England; and, -the king’s son having been killed, he is obliged to fly with Josiana and -his child. On their arrival on the Continent, they seek repose and -shelter in a forest; but, while Bevis is absent in search of food, a -party of pirates arrive and carry away his wife and child. They give -young Guy to a fisherman; and Josiana afterwards escapes unhurt from -their hands. The three are thus separated from each other, and each -passes through a series of adventures in search of the other, which form -a large portion of the romance. Bevis and his wife both arrive at the -court of Armenie, where in her right he succeeds to the crown. But in -the meantime the King of England dies without heirs; and the nobles of -the land decide that Bevis and his son are the next in succession: they -discover the latter at Paris, and offer him the throne. Guy determines -at once to set out in search of his father; and he also arrives at last -in Armenie, where his father is king. When Bevis is thus made acquainted -with the events which had followed his banishment from England, he -resigns the crown of Armenie to his son; and, with his wife Josiana, -returns to his own country, where he is crowned with great ceremony and -splendid festivities. Five years after his accession to the throne of -England, Josiana dies; overcome with chagrin for the loss of his queen, -and tired with the pomp of the world, Bevis leaves his own court, and -retires secretly to a hermitage, where he remains seven years<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_327" id="page_327">{327}</a></span> before -the place of his retreat is known. At the end of that period, an angel -discovers it to the King of France, at the moment when Bevis is dying. -Such is the outline of the legend of Bevis of Hampton, than which the -writer of the romance assures us a better was never sung,—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Plaist-vous oïr, bonne gent honnorée,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Bonne chanson de bien enluminée?<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Meilleur de li ne puet estre chantée<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Par jongleour, dite, ne devisée,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Comme ceste est qui çi vous est contée.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>At a short distance from the town of Southampton is a large tumulus, or -sepulchral mound, which is known by the name of <span class="eng">Bevis’s Mount</span>. Some -antiquaries, probably with little reason, have supposed it to be the -remains of an ancient Danish fort. There is another <span class="eng">Bevis’s Mound</span> in the -park of Arundel Castle,<a name="FNanchor_236_236" id="FNanchor_236_236"></a><a href="#Footnote_236_236" class="fnanchor">[236]</a> which is said to be the hero’s grave. His -sword, six feet long, is still preserved at Arundel. Bevis’s Mount, near -Southampton, is now enclosed in the gardens of a gentleman’s seat.</p> - -<p>In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, Southampton and its -neighbourhood was a common landing-place for pirates and French -marauders, who infested the southern coast of England. In 1337 a -considerable part of the town was burnt by the French. We have no -information as to the effect which these hostile incursions had upon the -monks of Netley. In recent times, Netley Heath has been more than once -the rendezvous of troops destined for the invasion of France.</p> - -<p>Independent of its historical recollections, the <span class="eng">neighbourhood</span> of Netley -Abbey is interesting to the visitor for the beauty of its scenery. The -walk from Southampton is extremely agreeable, lying chiefly along the -beach.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_327.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_327.jpg" width="415" height="153" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Itchen Ferry, which we must first pass, is now crossed by means of a -moving <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_328" id="page_328">{328}</a></span>bridge, worked by a steam-engine. A pleasant winding lane leads -to the shore of the Southampton Water. The path then lies along the edge -of the water, skirted on the left by wooded eminences. After proceeding -a short distance, we arrive at <span class="eng">Weston Beach</span>, whence, by a little lane to -the left, we reach the beautiful hamlet of Weston, thickly embedded in -trees. A modern poetess, Miss Mitford, has celebrated the charms of this -rural spot:—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Hills which the purple heath-bell shield,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Forest and village, lawn and field,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Ocean and earth, with all they yield<br /></span> -<span class="i5">Of glorious or of fair.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>On the beach, a post directs us to the village inn, which is frequented -by fishermen, who form the greater part of the population of the hamlet. -Their boats are frequently seen in considerable numbers at anchor by the -shore.</p> - -<p>Pursuing our path along the beach, after a short walk, we arrive at a -lane which conducts us to the entrance of Netley Abbey. Below, on the -water’s edge, lies Netley Castle. The road which we have now entered, -passing in front of the abbey, leads by Netley grange towards Netley -hamlet, and the heaths of Netley and Bursledon. A little farther lie in -succession the picturesque villages of Hound, Bursledon, and Hamble, the -two latter situated on another creek of the sea, larger than the Itchen -water. Leland the antiquary, who visited these parts immediately after -the dissolution of the monasteries, appears to have passed along the -shore in a boat from Portsmouth to Southampton. He gives the following -account of the coast between Hamble and Itchen creek: “Scant a [2] miles -from the mouth of Hamelrise creeke lyithe Letelege, on the shore upward -in the mayne haven. Here a late was a great abbay in building of White -monkes. About a 2 miles upward brekith in a great creeke out of the -mayne haven, and goith into the land by northe. On the lift hand of this -creeke by west a litle from the shore stondith a chapelle of our Lady of -Grace, sumtime hauntid with pilgrimes. Right agayne it is Hichyn, a -smaulle village on the est side, and hereof the <i>trajectus</i> is caullid -Hichin-fery.” The manner in which Leland speaks of Letley, or Netley, -gives strength to the supposition that considerable alterations were -making in the buildings of the abbey at the time of its dissolution, and -accounts probably for some of the traces of modern architecture which -are found in it.</p> - -<p>There were several monastic houses situated within a short distance -round Netley Abbey. To the south-east, at a distance of about six miles, -stood the Abbey of Titchfield. Immediately after the dissolution, the -site was granted to Sir Thomas Wriothesley, afterwards created Earl of -Southampton, who erected on the same spot a splendid mansion, which -Leland describes as “a right stately house, embatoled and having a -goodely gate, and a conducte<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_329" id="page_329">{329}</a></span> (conduit) castelid in the middle of the -court of it; the very same place where the late monastrie of -Præmonstratenses stoode, caullyd Tichefelde.” The ruins of Titchfield -House are still visible. Besides the religious establishments in the -town of Southampton, at a short distance from the town, to the -north-east of Netley, stood the priory of St. Dionysius. A few miles -beyond Southampton stood the ancient Saxon nunnery of Romsey, the church -of which will repay with interest a visit from the antiquarian wanderer. -Nearly opposite Netley, on the other side of the water, stood the mother -Abbey of Beaulieu, deeply embedded in the wilds of the New Forest.</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_329.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_329.jpg" width="237" height="180" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="eng">Netley Castle</span>, or <span class="eng">Fort</span>, is not a building of any considerable antiquity. -The circumstance of its not being mentioned by Leland, proves that it -did not exist before the latter end of the reign of Henry VIII. It is -commonly supposed to have been erected for the purpose of guarding this -part of the shore from invaders. It stands in the midst of a thicket of -trees, on a little hill close to the beach, and forms a striking object -as seen from the water. The tower is a modern addition, built by the -late proprietor, Mr. Chamberlayne, who is said to have taken the idea -from one of Horace Walpole’s letters, who recommended this adjunct to -render the building habitable. The castle itself consists of two small -platforms. Behind the castle stands a neat modern cottage, of an antique -Gothic design, where tea, &c. is prepared for the visitors to the ruins -of Netley Abbey.</p> - -<p>One reason of our want of information relating to the early history of -Netley Abbey, is the circumstance that no registers or chronicles of any -monastic houses in this neighbourhood are known to exist. Literature -appears not to have flourished in this part of England. Among the -manuscripts in our great public libraries, but a few can be traced to -any of these monasteries, and we believe none to Netley. Leland mentions -but one book in the library of Netley Abbey, which was a work of Cicero; -but this is far from showing, as it has been supposed, that the library -was ill furnished, because that antiquary only noticed books of a -certain class which he found in the course of his peregrination, and did -not pretend to make an inventory of the contents of the monastic -libraries. Of Romsey Nunnery, the most ancient of the religious houses -we have just enumerated, the history is equally obscure;<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_330" id="page_330">{330}</a></span> and the -sisters appear to have been chiefly remarkable for their irregularities. -One of the most remarkable events recorded as connected with this house, -is the circumstance that, in the reign of Henry III., the abbess had to -enforce by law her claim to the privilege of judging and hanging capital -offenders, because, from long disuse, even <i>her</i> gallows had fallen -down. In 1314 or 1315, the Abbess of Romsey was poisoned, and suspicions -appear to have been cast upon the sisterhood. It appears by a -visitation, made in 1506, that the nuns were then accused of immoderate -<i>drinking</i>, the lady abbess setting the example by inviting the nuns to -her chamber to participate in her intemperance.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_330.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_330.jpg" width="423" height="275" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -<div class="caption"><p><span class="eng">Ground Plan of Netley Abbey.</span></p> -</div> -<div class="captionl"><p><span class="smcap">Explanation of the References in the</span> <span class="eng">Plan</span>.—1. The Entrance Gate, -loading into, 2, the Fountain Court; 3, 3. Buildings partly -surrounding this Court, and exhibiting marks of modern alterations; -4. The Church; 5. The Sacristy; 6. The Confessional; 7. The -Chapter-House; 8. The Passage leading to the Inner Court; 9. The -Parlour; 10. The Refectory; 11. The Buttery; 12. The Kitchen; 14. -The Raised Terrace, or Floor of the Cloister, supposed to have -surrounded the Inner Court (13); 15. A Ruined Building, supposed to -have been the Abbot’s Lodgings.</p> -</div> -</div> - -<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Authorities</span>:—The Monasticon.—Domesday Book.—Bullar’s Netley -Abbey.—Keates’ Elegy on Netley Abbey.—Giraldus Cambrensis, and -the Collections of Monkish Stories.—Leland’s Itinerary and -Collectanea.—Matthew Paris.—Robert of Gloucester.—The Early -Romances, &c.</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_331" id="page_331">{331}</a></span></p> - -<h2><a name="APPENDIX" id="APPENDIX"></a> -<a href="images/ill_pg_331-a.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_331-a.jpg" -width="413" -alt="[Image unavailable]" -/></a> -<br /> -APPENDIX.</h2> - -<p class="nind"><span class="eng"> -<span class="lettre"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_331-b.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_331-b.jpg" -width="189" -alt="A" -/></a> -</span>RUNDEL CASTLE.</span>—<span class="eng">King Alfred’s Will.</span>—The portion from which the text is -a translation is thus given in <span class="smcap">Asser. de Ælfredi Reb. Gestis</span>, fol. 23: -“Athelmo, <i>vero fratris mei filio</i>, do villā de Edingburn et de Cumptune -et de <span class="smcap">Erundele</span>, et de Bedingn et de Dinghā, et de Burnham, et de -Thumesfelde, et de Aschōgum.”—“Forty-nine Castles are enumerated in -Domesday Book; that of Arundel only as existing in the time of Edward -the Confessor. Many single towers were built during the Heptarchy and by -King Alfred. The Castle of Arundel dates perhaps its true origin from -that monarch.”—Dallaway.</p> - -<p>“Fama verò <i>tota est</i> ex castro quod Saxonico imperio floruit; et statim -ab ingressu Normanorum. Rogerum de Montgomericum restaurasse legimus, -qui inde Arundeliæ Comes dictus.”—Camden.</p> - -<p><span class="eng">Harold, Earl of Sussex</span>, <small>A.D.</small> 1053.—Ingulph, relating the death of Earl -Godwyn at the royal table, adds “Comitatusque Westsaxoniæ Haroldo filio -suo datus est”—fol. 510, 540. Hardyng, page 229, after his manner -relates the same in two stanzas:—“And as Kynge Edwarde,” &c.</p> - -<p><span class="eng">Roger Montgomery</span>, pp. <a href="#page_8">8</a>, <a href="#page_9">9</a>.—“Prædictus autem Rogerus de Montegummerici -bello Anglico interfuit, et a Willelmo rege Anglorum Comitatus Arundelli -et Sálopesberiæ dono áccepit.”—Wilhelm. Gemitens. De Ducib. Normannis. -fol. 686. “Rex Gulielmus Rogerio de Monte Gomerici in primis<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_332" id="page_332">{332}</a></span> <span class="eng">Castrum</span> -Arundellum et urbem Cicestram dedit; cui posteà comitatum Scrobesburiæ -quæ in monte super Sabrinam fluvium sita est, adjecit. Hic sapiens et -moderatus et amator æquitatis fuit, et comitatem sapientum et modestorum -dilexit. Tres sapientes clericos Godebaldum, Odolerium, ac Herbertum, -diutiùs secum habuit; quorum consilium utiliter paruit,”—p. 254. -“Warino autem calvo, carpore parvo, sed animo magno, Aimeriam neptem -suam et Præsidatum Scrobesburiæ dedit: per quem Guallos aliosq’ sibi -adversantes fortiter oppressit, et provinciam totam sibi commissam -pacificavit. Guillelmum cognomento Pantalfum, et Picoldum atque Corbatum -filiosque ejus, Rogerium et Rodbertum, aliosque fideles fortissimosq’ -viros comitatui suo præfecit; quorum sensu et viribus benigniter ajutus -inter maximos optimates maximè effloruit.”—Order. Vital. de Guliel. -primo.</p> - -<p>His pious retirement from the world and death in the cloisters is thus -related by Orderic—the authority referred to in the text:—“Having by -the hands of Reginald, then Prior of Shrewsbury, obtained from the house -of Cluni, in Burgundy, the coat of St. Hugh, some time abbot there, for -himself to put on, he caused himself to be shorne a monk in the said -Abbey of Shrewsbury, with the consent of his wife; where it is observed -of him, that three days before his death he wholly applied himself to -divine conference and devout prayers with the rest of that convent; and -died on the sixth of the Kalends of August, 1094.”—Baron. i. 28. -“Monachile scema devotus suscepit ... et tribus diebus in colloquiis -divinis et oratione inter servos Dei permaneit. Tandem Kal. Augusti -mortuus est.”—Ord. Vital. p. 708.</p> - -<p><span class="eng">Hugh Montgomery</span>, <a href="#page_9">page 9</a>.—The death of this nobleman, as briefly -mentioned in the text, is taken from Giraldus Cambrensis, Itin. Camb. p. -194, and thus rendered by Dugdale, Bar. i. 28. “There is in this island -of Anglesey a church of St. Teuredaucus the Confessor, in which Earl -Hugh, after he had subjugated these parts of Wales, having kennelled his -dogs all night, found them every one mad next morning; and that he -himself died a miserable death within a month thereafter. For hearing -that certain pirates were come to the haven of this island in -long-boats, and making haste to oppose their landing, the principal -commander of them, called Magnus, standing at the fore end of the boat -with a bow in his hand, let flie an arrow at our earl, then armed -<i>cap-à-pié</i>, so that no entrance could be made except through his -helmet, at the sights for his eyes; but so fatally was the arrow -directed, that it passed through his head-piece upon his right eye, and -piercing his brain, caused him to fall (from his horse) headlong into -the sea.” Girald. Cambrensis erroneously attributes it to Hugh, Earl of -Chester, but by all other authorities it is related as having occurred -to Hugh Montgomery. Polyd. Virgil. fol. 173, says—“Hugo Comes Salopiæ -obvium factus ex ictu<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_333" id="page_333">{333}</a></span> sagittæ periit.” After which, “within a few days, -his body being earned to Shrewsbury, was there buried in the cloister of -the abbey, with great lamentation.”—Dugd. i. 28. Roger Hovedon, fol. -268, mentions his death in nearly the same terms: “Sagitta -percussus—interijt.” Also, Speed, fol. 445.</p> - -<p><span class="eng">Mabel</span>, Roger Montgomery’s first wife, was the only daughter, and -heiress, of William Talvace—grandson of Ivo de Belesmo—a person of -great power and note in the time of Richard, Duke of Normandy, with whom -he had a large inheritance. But this lady, says the monk of Utica, -“caused his abbey to be greatly burthened with quartering of soldiers; -for which, and other oppressions exercised towards the nobility, she was -murdered in her bed.” By this wife Earl Roger had issue, as briefly -mentioned in the text, five sons and four daughters:—Robert de Belesme; -Hugh de Montgomery; Roger of Poictou; Philip, a priest; Arnulf, a -soldier of fortune, Lord of Dyvet, now Pembrokeshire, who, like his -father, was liberal in his benefactions to the church. Of his four -daughters, Emma, the eldest, was Abbess of Almanisca; Maud was the wife -of Robert de Moreton, half brother to the Conqueror; Mabel married Hugh -de Novo Castello; and Sibyl became the wife of Robert Fitz-Hamon, whose -name and family have been noticed in our account of Tewkesbury. For his -second wife, Earl Roger espoused Adeliza, daughter of Ebrard de Pusaic, -and by her had issue one son, called after his grandfather Ebrard, who, -entering on a course of ecclesiastical discipline, became one of the -chaplains to King Henry I. Of the Countess <span class="eng">Adeliza</span>, a monastic writer -records the following anecdote:—Being on her first passage by sea, from -Normandy to England, there happened so great a storm that the mariners -were in imminent danger of shipwreck. A priest, who was the countess’s -private chaplain or confessor, and attended her in the voyage, being -much wearied with anxiety and watching, fell fast asleep. And lo! while -he slept, there stood before him a comely matron, who addressed him in -these words: ‘If thy lady would be preserved from the danger of this -dreadful tempest, let her vow to God forthwith, that she will build a -church to the honour of Sainte Marie Magdalene in the place where she -shall first meet the Earl Roger, her husband, in England; and especially -where an old hollow oak groweth near a hogstye.’ Now all this, when he -woke up, the priest told to his Mistress, who, gladly accepting -deliverance on such terms, made her vow accordingly; whereupon the winds -were hushed, the sea became tranquil, and she came safely to land with -all her attendants. At length, after several days’ journey to meet her -husband, she found him near Quadford, hunting in the out-forest, at a -certain place where a hollow oak tree, like that described in the -vision, was then growing. Relating to him without loss of time what had -happened, she so prevailed upon him that he<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_334" id="page_334">{334}</a></span> agreed to fulfil her vows, -and accordingly built and amply endowed a church in honour of Sainte -Marie Magdalene, and gave it to his collegiate chapel in the Castle of -Bridgenorth, in Shropshire, one of his many lordships. Like the monk who -told his dream to Robert Fitz-Hamon (see Tewkesbury), Adeliza’s -confessor—“monachiliter somniavit”—dreamed to good purpose. It is -truly remarkable, that, so far as the interests of their order were -concerned, these worthy monks always slept with their eyes open—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“By day with praying, plotting, scheming;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">By night o’er beads and reliques dreaming;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">They still contrived to lay their hand<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Upon the fatness of the land.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>The <span class="eng">Fitzalan Family</span>, Text, <a href="#page_10">p. 10</a>.—The account of this Norman family is -taken from that of Dugdale and the monastic writers, on whose report the -genealogy is founded, namely, Ord. Vital., Matth. Paris, &c.; and the -reader who may be curious in such matters, will find the whole subject -fully detailed in the Baronage, i. p. 314, and Monasticon, vol. i., the -sources from which the materials of all the later accounts which we have -seen have been taken.</p> - -<p>As progenitors of the royal family of Stuart, the claim is supported by -Chalmers in his <i>Caledonia</i>, vol. i. p. 572, 573. Alan, the son of -Flaald, a Norman, acquired the manor of Oswestrie, in Shropshire, soon -after the Conquest—married the daughter of Warine, the famous sheriff -of Shropshire—had two sons, Walter and William. Influenced by the Earl -of Gloucester, the powerful partizan of his sister the Empress Maud, -William seized Shrewsbury in September 1139, and held it for her -interest—attended her at Winchester in 1141—adhered to her interests, -and was rewarded by her son Henry II. By the marriage of his son with -Isabel-de-Say, Clun in Shropshire was added to the Fitzalan estates. -Oswestrie, or Oswaldestre, was the original seat of Alan on the Welsh -border. Lord Hailes acknowledges that Walter (the son of Alan), who -flourished under David I. and his successor Malcolm IV., was indeed the -Stewart of Scotland. John Fitzalan, Lord of Clun and Oswestrie, by -marrying Isabella, second sister of William de Albini, became Earl of -<span class="eng">Arundel</span>.</p> - -<p><span class="eng">De Albini</span>, <a href="#page_9">p. 9</a>.—William-with-the-Strong-hand.—Dugdale gives the -genealogical history of this family in the work above mentioned, vol. i. -p. 118. The following anecdote, highly characteristic of the age in -which he lived, is narrated with amusing gravity by our old Norroy -king-at-arms, as one of the credible adventures in the life of this -hero:—“I now come,” says he, “to William, who was called -<span class="smcap">William-with-the-Strong-hand</span>, in regard that, among his valiant -exploits, he slew a fierce lion, the occasion of which was thus: It -happened that the Queen of <span class="eng">France</span>, being then a widow, and a very<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_335" id="page_335">{335}</a></span> -beautiful woman, became much in love with a knight of that country, who -was a comely person, and in the flower of his youth: and because she -thought that no man excelled him in valour, she caused a <span class="eng">Tournament</span> to -be proclaimed throughout her dominions, promising to reward those who -should</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_335.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_335.jpg" width="353" height="250.5" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">exercise themselves therein, according to their respective merits; and -concluding, that if the person whom she so affected should act his part -better than others in these military exercises, she might marry him -without any dishonour to herself. Hereupon divers gallant men from -foreign parts hasting into <span class="eng">Paris</span>, amongst others came this our William -de <span class="eng">Albini</span>, bravely accoutred; and in the tournament excelled all others, -overcoming many, and wounding one mortally with his lance, which being -observed by the <span class="eng">Queen</span>, she became exceedingly enamoured of him, and -forthwith invited him to a costly banquet; and afterwards bestowing upon -him certain jewels, offered him marriage. But, having plighted his troth -to the Queen of <span class="eng">England</span>, then (also) a widow, he refused her; whereat -she grew so much discontented, that she consulted with her maids how to -take away his life; and in pursuance of that design enticed him into a -garden, where there was a secret cave, and in it a fierce lion, into -which she descended by divers steps under colour of showing him the -beast. And when she told him of his fierceness, Albini merely answered, -‘that it was a womanish, and not a manly quality, to be afraid thereof.’ -But having him there, by the advantage of a folding door, she thrust him -into the lion’s den. Being therefore in this danger, he folded his -mantle about his<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_336" id="page_336">{336}</a></span> arm, and putting his hand into the mouth of the beast, -pulled out his tongue by the root; which done, he followed the <span class="eng">Queen</span> to -her palace, and gave it to one of her maids to present to her.”—On his -return to England, the lion was given him for his arms, and he was -thenceforward distinguished as “William-with-the-Strong-hand.” -Commenting on this marvellous portion of Albini’s adventures, Vincent -expresses regret that the hero did not, when once in, thrust his hand -further, so as to catch the lion by the tail and “turn him inside -out”—an operation which would certainly have been an improvement on the -other, as well as an agreeable addition to the family arms. This valiant -act was afterwards, it appears, revived by a royal crusader, and with -still better success; for <i>he</i> extracted the ‘lion’s heart at a grasp!’</p> - -<p>Text, p. 9. “Illa (Adeliza), rege defuncto, Gulielmum de Albineto in -maritum assumpsit, qui cū Matildi Augustæ contrà Stephanum regem -studeret, et hoc castrum contrà illum propugnaret, in navatæ operæ -præmium Arundeliæ Comitis titulum, à Matilde Augusta Anglorum domina -(hoc enim usa est titulo) accepit: cùmq’ post <i>quartum</i> ab eo comitem, -proles ejus mascula deficeret, Richardum Fitzalanum jure uxoris in eum -honorem evexit Rex Edwardus Secundus,” &c. With respect to the <i>fourth</i> -Earl, Brooke, in his “discoveries,” has stated objections, p. 32, 33.</p> - -<p>With respect to the part taken by Albini subsequent to his marriage with -Adeliza, queen dowager, on the part of the Empress Maud, her son, and -King Stephen at Wallingford—as well as the embassy in which he took the -lead—as mentioned p. 42, Dugdale has condensed the particulars under -the head of “Will. de Albini Pincerna,” i. 118, as well as all others of -any importance respecting the descent of the Castle of Arundel through -the families of the Fitzalans and Howards. Albini is thus complimented -in the old Rhyming Chronicle; and the orthography shows the -pronunciation in that day:—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">¶ Wyllyam, the Earle of Arundell that hyght,<br /></span> -<span class="i0"><i>Awbeny</i> (Albini) by his surname full well then knowe,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">At Wimondham, in Northfolke buryed ryght,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Father was of Philyp full yonge unknowe<br /></span> -<span class="i0">[That full courteous was both to hye and lowe]<br /></span> -<span class="i0">That after him was Earle of Arundell,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">As Chronycles wryten can clerely tell. <a href="#page_273">P. 273</a>.<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_336.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_336.jpg" width="145" height="84.5" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_337" id="page_337">{337}</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_337.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_337.jpg" -width="450" -alt="[Image unavailable]" -/></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="eng">Robert de Belesmo</span>, Text <a href="#page_9">p. 9</a>.—“Supradictus Comes Robertus de Belesmo -qui comitatum etiam Pontinensis pagi rexit eo tempore, ac in Normannia -Castella possedit quam plurima; civitatem Scrobesbiriam et castellum in -ea situm, castella quoque <span class="eng">Arundel</span> et Tikehil, alimentis machinis, armis, -militibus, et peditibus contra regem Henricum fortiter munivit. Muros -quoque, ac tunes castellorum, videlicet Brige et Carracoue, die noctuque -operando perficere modis omnibus festinavit.... At Rex sine delatione -Castellum ejus <span class="eng">Arundel</span> primitùs obsedit, et castellis ante illud -firmatis, recessit; deinde Robertus Lindicolniæ civitatis episcopum cum -parte exercitûs Tykehil obsidere jussit. Illè autem Brige cum exercitu -penè totius Angliæ obsedit, machinas quoque ibi construere et castellum -firmare præcepit. Interim Walanos, &c. Infra igitur triginta dies -civitate et omnibus castellis redditis inimicum suum <span class="eng">Robertum</span> superavit -etignominiosè de Anglia expulit.”—Hov. Annal. Hen. pr. 269.</p> - -<p>Text <a href="#page_39">p. 39</a>.—“Junior Wilhelmus anno decimo regni sui cū Normanniam, quam -à Roberto fratre suo ad Jerusalem profecto, in vadimonium acceperat pro -libitu suo disposuisset, redijt ad Vigiliam Paschæ in Angliam, appulit -apud <span class="eng">Arundel</span>.”—Henric. Huntingd. lib. vi. p. 216.</p> - -<p><span class="eng">King Stephen</span>, <a href="#page_38">p. 38</a>.—“Statim namque filia regis Henrici, quæ fuerat -Romanorum imperatrix, cui Anglia juramento fuerat addicata, venit in -Angliam; quam cum Rex Stephanus obsedisset apud <span class="eng">Arundel</span>, vel perfida -credens consilia, vel quia castrum videbat inexpugnabile, ire permisit -ad Bristowe.”—Hoved. Steph. Rex. fol. 278.</p> - -<p><span class="eng">The Empress Maud</span>, <a href="#page_41">p. 41</a>.—Holinshed, on the authority of Polydor, -relates a “scandalous story” affecting the character of this lady, -which, if true, robs William de Albini of the credit so generally given -him, for having been the pacificator between King Stephen and young Duke -Henry. It is very quaintly told by the old chronicler, p. 63, and by -Polydor. Verg. lib. xij.:—“Sunt qui tradunt aliam fuisse causam qua -Stephanus flexus sit ad pacem, qui referūt Mathildē amicā potius q’ -inimicā Stephani fuisse, et eam, cum videret rem inter ipsum Stephanū et -Henricū filiū eò deductā, ut armis finienda<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_338" id="page_338">{338}</a></span> esset, clàm ad Stephanū -adivisse atq’ sic eum allocutā: Ecquid, impie ac tui generis immemor, -facere tētas? Decet ne patrem perdere filiū? an fas est ut filius patrem -occidat? Amabo te, des locum iræ, projiciasq’ tela manu, nā Henricū, uti -probè scis, ex te enixa sum! Et his dictis, ordine cōmemorasse quem -admodum paullo antèq’ Gaufredo nuberet, ab eo compressa fuisset; ac ijs -verbis Stephanū motū pacē fecisse.”</p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_338.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_338.jpg" width="176" height="167" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="eng">Syr Bevis</span>, <a href="#page_37">Text 37</a>.—For the groundwork of the following legend, as -connecting Sir Bevis with Arundel Castle, we are indebted to a lady -resident near the spot. Sir Bevis, as noticed, p. 326, is familiar to -every reader of romance; and the traditional history of his prowess has -often been heard at the baron’s hearth, when the spirit of chivalry was -fanned by the approving smile of beauty, and the sound of the harp -sweetened the intervals of repose.</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“O, who has not heard of <span class="eng">Bevis</span> the Bold?<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Whose sword was the theme of harpers old;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Compared with which, like a willow-wand<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Was the sword that gleamed in Paynim hand.<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And oft through the Pagan’s steely array,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">For the Cross of St. George, it had cleft his way.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i3">Syr Bevis was stout of heart and limb:<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And his meekest look was so stern and grim,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">That even his squire grew deadly pale,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">As he buckled for battle Syr Bevis’ mail!<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And wherever for knightly feats he went,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Equipped for battle or tournament,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">His very shadow refused to stay,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And shrunk like a craven thing away.<br /></span> -<span class="i1">So fierce and fell was the hero’s stroke,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">’Twould have cleft at a blow the forest oak;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">While around him heads of Saracen lay,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Paving with helms Syr Bevis’ way.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i3">But at length, in old Arundel’s Castellan,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">When chilly and slow the life-blood ran,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And he bask’d his old frame in its evening sun,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And dreamed o’er the battles his youth had won;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">As musing he sat on yon battled keep,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">O’erlooking the forest and distant deep—<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Come, bring me,’ quoth he, ‘my trusty sword!’<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And swiftly his squire obeyed the word.<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Then swift from his seat Syr Bevis sprung,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And thrice round his head the blade he swung—<br /></span> -<span class="i1">‘Now mark me well,’ said the chief, ‘and obey<br /></span> -<span class="i1">The command I leave, and the word I say:<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_339" id="page_339">{339}</a></span><br /></span> -<span class="i1">Where ye find again this trusty glaive,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">There hollow the ground for Bevis’s grave!<br /></span> -<span class="i1">For my eyes wax dim and my blood runs cold,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And my heart of life hath lost its hold.’<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i3">He said: and fleet from his hand he threw<br /></span> -<span class="i1">The deadly weapon so tried and true;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And away—as impelled by some nameless charm—<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Like a shaft that’s shot by a wizard’s arm;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Away the falchion glanced, and fell<br /></span> -<span class="i1">In the depth of Pugh’s deserted dell.—<br /></span> -<span class="i1">That night there was mass for a parted soul;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">At St. Martin’s gate there was Christian dole;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Where priest and vassal the dirge began,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">For <span class="eng">Syr Bevis</span> the warlike Castellan!<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i3">Then they searched the shadowy forest round,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And they hollowed a grave where the sword was found;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And there they have laid each stiffened limb<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Of the brave Syr Bevis, the wise and grim.<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Where at noon the trooping deer convene,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Where at night the timid hare is seen,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Where the monk of St. Lazarus counts his beads,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">They have laid him down in his warrior’s weeds;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">They have monks to chant, and bells to toll—<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And all for the rest of Syr Bevis’ soul.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i3">Now ye who visit that haunted dell,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">To count your beads in St. James’s cell,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Or haply to slay Montgomery’s deer,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Tread light on the ashes that slumber here.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>The anecdote related at <a href="#page_40">p. 40</a> of the text, is thus told in the Latin of -Father Matthew of St. Albans, p. 853:—“<small>A.D.</small> 1252. Tempore quoque sub -eodem domino rege adhuc moram Londini continuante, venit ad eum in -cameram suam Isabella, comitissa Harundelliæ, relicta Comitis -Harundelliæ H. et ejusdem regis cognata; ut pro jure suo de quadam -custodia ipsam contingente verba faceret sibi profectura. Rex autem -vultum ei primò protendens serenum, posteà cum verbis asperioribus -objurgans, nihil quod postulavit comitissa favorabiliter exaudivit; -vindicavit enim sibi rex custodiam cujusdam custodiæ ratione particulæ, -ipsum regem contingentis. Unde ipsa comitissa, licèt mulier, non tamen -muliebriter respondit imperterrita. ‘O domine rex quare avertis faciem -tuam à justitia? Jam in curia tua quod justum est nequit impetrari, -medius inter Dominum et nos constitueris; sed nec teipsum nec nos sanè -regis, nec ecclesiam veritus es multipliciter perturbare; quod non -tantum in presentiarum, sed multoties est experta. Nobiles insuper regni -modis variis vexare non formidas vel erubescis.’ Quod cùm audîsset rex, -corrugans nares et subsannans, voce dixit elevata: ‘Quid est hoc, ô -domina Comitissa? Confeceruntne Magnates Angliæ Chartam, et pepigerunt -tecum, ut fieres eorum quia eloquens es, advocata, et prolocutrix?’ Ad -quod<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_340" id="page_340">{340}</a></span> comitissa, licèt juvencula non tamen juveniliter respondit: -‘Nequaquam mihi, domine, regni tui primates chartam confecerunt; sed tu -chartam, quam confecit pater tuus, et tu eam concessisti, et jurasti -observare fideliter et irrefragabiliter, et multoties ut eam observares -à fidelibus tuis pecuniam de libertatibus observandis eorum extorsisti, -sed tu semper eis impudens transgressor extitisti. Unde fidei læsor -enormis, et sacramenti transgressor manifestus esse comprobaris. Ubi -libertates Angliæ toties in scripta redactæ, toties concessæ totiesque -redemptæ? Ego igitur, licèt mulier, omnesque indigenæ et naturales ac -fideles tui appellamus contrà te antè tribunal tremendi Judicis: et -erunt nobis testes cœlum et terra, quoniam iniquè nimis nos tractus -insontes, et nos Deus ultionum dominus ulciscatur.’ Ad hæc Rex siluit -confusus, quia dictante propria conscientia cognovit, quoniam a tramite -veritatis non exorbitavit Comitissa, et ait: ‘Nonne postulas gratiam eò -quòd mihi cognata sis?’ At illa: ‘Ex quo mihi quod jus expostulat -denegâsti, quo modo spem concipiam, ut mihi gratiam facias postulanti? -Sed et contra illos ante faciem Christi appello, qui te fascinantes et -infatuantes consiliarii tui sunt, et te à via veritatis avertunt, suis -tantummodo commodis inhiantes.’ His igitur auditis Rex siluit, satis -civiliter redargutus.”</p> - -<p><span class="eng">Knighthood</span>, <a href="#page_45">p. 45</a>.—The grand festival mentioned in the text is thus -described by Matthew of Westminster; and in Anstis’ Order of the Bath, -p. 12:—“The king, to render his expedition into Scotland more splendid -and numerous, caused proclamation to be made throughout England, whereby -all persons entitled or compellable to take knighthood by right of -hereditary succession, that is, by lands descended to them, or who had -estates sufficient to support that degree, were required, on the Feast -of Pentecost, to attend at Westminster, where every one of them should -receive severally out of the king’s wardrobe, at the king’s expense, all -things belonging to the habit of knighthood, except what related to the -furniture of his horse (or armour for such knight). At the time and -place appointed, there was an appearance of three hundred young -gentlemen, sons of earls, barons, and knights, to whom was distributed -in ample measure, according to their different qualities, purple, fine -linen, furs, and mantles embroidered with gold; and because the Royal -Palace, though spacious, was not of extent sufficient to accommodate so -great a number, they repaired to the <span class="eng">New Temple</span>, where they erected -tents and pavilions, having first cut down the trees in the orchard, and -levelled the walls of it, that they might separately and more -commodiously dress themselves in their splendid habits. That night as -many of them performed their vigils in the Temple Church as the place -would well contain; but the Prince of Wales, by command of the king his -father, kept his vigils in the Church of Westminster, with some other -persons of the first dignity. There the noise of trumpets and pipes was -so great, and the acclamations of the people<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_341" id="page_341">{341}</a></span> so loud and extended, that -the voices in one choir could not be distinctly heard in another. On the -day following, the king invested his son with the military belt, and -consigned to him the Duchy of Aquitain. The prince, being knighted, went -to the Church of Westminster, that he might confer the like military -honour on his companions; there the press, occasioned by a promiscuous -concourse of people, was so great before the high altar, that two -knights were stifled, and several fainted away; for every knight had at -least three other knights to conduct and support him. But the prince was -obliged, by reason of the tumultuous crowd, to invest his companions -upon the high altar, having, by his guards, made way for them to pass -through the people. Then were brought and presented two <span class="eng">Swans</span>, -introduced with much pomp, and covered with golden nets, adorned and -embossed with golden studs, a solemnity highly grateful to the -spectators. The king offered a vow to God, upon the presentation of the -<span class="eng">Swans</span>, that he would make a descent upon Scotland, with a design, -whether he should live or die in the attempt, to revenge the death of -John Comyn, and the violated faith of the Scots, &c.</p> - -<p>“In the celebration of this great festival there is a particular -article, which is thus explained:—A vow, made upon the exhibition -before-mentioned of two swans, in conformity to an usage continued for -some ages; according to which, when any hostile expedition was intended, -the commanding prince formally and solemnly bound himself to execute it, -upon the oblation of some bird, as a visible test or signal of such -engagement.”</p> - -<p>Page 62.—In the letter here quoted—supposed to have been the last ever -written by Norfolk, on the eve of Bosworth Field—the duke directs his -well-beloved friend, John Paston, to bring with him such company of tall -men, and “ordain them jackets of my livery.” The Duke of Norfolk’s -livery, on the authority of Fenn, was particoloured of blue and tawny—a -yellowish dusky brown orange colour—having the left side of the former -of these, and the right side of the latter, and both dark shades of -their respective colours.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_341.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_341.jpg" width="231.5" height="136" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_342" id="page_342">{342}</a></span></p> - -<p class="nind"><span class="eng"> -<span class="lettre"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_342.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_342.jpg" -width="174" -alt="S" -/></a> -</span>T. ALBAN’S ABBEY.—Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester.</span>—The -anecdote of this worthy, referred to in the text, is thus told by -Grafton in his Chronicles, ii. 630:—“This Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, -descending of the blood royal, was not only noble and valyant in all his -actes and doings, but sage, politique, and notably well learned in the -ciuile law. And among his other worthy prayses, this followyng is not to -be forgotten, which most liuely and plainley declareth him to be both -prudent and wyse, and to his great laude and prayse is written, and set -forth by Sir Thomas Moore, knight, in this wyse following:—‘In the -reign of King Henry the Sixt,’ saith he, ‘there came to the towne of -<span class="eng">Sainct Albons</span> a certaine beggar with his wyfe, and there was walkeng -about the towne begging fiue or six dayes, before the kinges comming -thether; sayeing that he was born blinde, and never sawe in all his -lyfe, and was warned in hys dreme that he should come out of Berwike, -where he saide that he had ever dwelled, to seke Sainct Albon, and that -he had been at hys Shrine, and was not holpen, and therefore he would go -seeke him at some other place: for he had heard some saye sinse he came, -that Sainct Albons body should be at Colyn (Cologne), and indede such a -contention hath there bene. But of a truth, as I am certainly informed,’ -sayth Sir Thomas Moore, ‘he lyeth here at Sainct Albons, saveing some -reliques of him which theye there shewe shryned. But to tell you foorth, -when the kinge was come, and the towne full of people, sodainely this -blinde man at Sainct Albones Shryne had his sight, and the same was -solemnly rong for a miracle, and <i>Te Deum</i> songen; so that nothing was -talked of in all the towne but this <i>miracle</i>. So happened it then, that -Duke Humffrey of Gloucester, a man no lesse wise than also well learned, -having great joy to see suche a miracle, called the poore man unto him, -and first shewyng himself joyous of God’s glorie, so shewed in the -getting of hys sight, and exhorting him to meeknesse, and to no -ascrybing of any part of the worship to himselfe, not to be prowde of -the people’s prayse, which would call hym a good and a godlie man -thereby. At last he looked well upon his eyen, and asked whether he -could ever see any thing at al, in all hys lyfe before. And when as well -hys wyfe as himselfe affirmed fastlie ‘No!’ then he looked advisedly -upon hys eyen agayne, and sayde, ‘I beleue you very well, for methinketh -that ye cannot see well yet.’ ‘O yes, Sir,’ quoth he, ‘I thanke God and -his holy martir, I can see now as well as any man.’ ‘You can,’ quod the -duke; ‘what colour is my gowne?’ Then anon the beggar tolde hym. ‘What -colour,’ quod he, ‘is this man’s gowne?’ He told him also, without anye -stayeng or stombling, and told the names of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_343" id="page_343">{343}</a></span> all the colours that coulde -be shewed. And when the duke sawe that he bade him, walke faytoure, that -is to say, vagabond; and made him to be set</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_343.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_343.jpg" width="228" height="190" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">openly in the stockes: for though he could have seen sodaynely, by -miracle, the difference betwene dyvers coloures, yet could he not by -sight so sodainely tell the names of all these coloures, except he had -knowne them before, no more than he coulde name all the men whom he -should sodainely see.’ Thus far Maystir Moore.” Reference has been -already made to the play in which Shakspeare has made use of the above, -as the ground of a very amusing dialogue, into which he has infused much -additional humour; and thus concludes:—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“<i>Glo.</i> Then, Saunder, sit thou there, the lying’st knave<br /></span> -<span class="i1">In Christendom. If thou hadst been born blind,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Thou might’st as well have known our names, as thus<br /></span> -<span class="i1">To name the several colours we do wear.<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Sight may distinguish colours; but suddenly<br /></span> -<span class="i1">To nominate them all’s impossible.<br /></span> -<span class="i1">My lords, Saint Alban here hath done a miracle;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And would ye not think that cunning to be great<br /></span> -<span class="i1">That could restore this cripple to his legs again,” &c.<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>Gloucester accordingly advises the application of the whip, and finds -that the cripple is suddenly transformed into an athlete, with the full -and free use of his limbs. Such were the devotees usually met with in -places of pilgrimage—and such the miracles that obtained ready belief -in the vulgar mind.</p> - -<p>The Priory of Tinmouth in Northumberland was a cell of St. Alban’s -Abbey. “One Simon of Tinmouth claimed a right to two corodies, or the -maintenance of two persons in the priory; but which the prior and monks -denied. This cause was brought before the Abbot of St. Alban’s and his -Court-baron, who appointed it to be tried by combat on a certain day -before him and his barons. Ralf Gubion, prior of Tinmouth, appeared at -the time and place appointed, attended by his champion, one William -Pegun, a man of gigantic stature. The combat was fought. Pegun was -defeated, and the prior lost his cause; at which he was so much -chagrined, that he immediately resigned his office.” This judicial -combat is the more remarkable, that it was fought in the court of a -spiritual baron, and that one of the parties was a priest.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_344" id="page_344">{344}</a></span></p> - -<p class="nind"><span class="eng"> -<span class="lettre"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_344.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_344.jpg" -width="169" -alt="E" -/></a> -</span>LTHAM HALL</span>, <a href="#page_111">p. 111</a>.—It was whilst residing at his -Palace of Eltham that King Richard II. resolved upon the murder of the -Duke of Gloucester. “Unable,” says Froissart, “to conceal any longer the -great hatred he bore to his uncle, he determined to have him cut off -according to the advice given him, namely, that ‘it was more advisable -to destroy than to be destroyed.’ Accordingly, the king having rode to -the Castle of <span class="eng">Pleshy</span>, about thirty miles from London, with fair words -cajoled the duke out of his castle, and was attended by him to a lane -that led to the Thames, where they arrived between ten and eleven -o’clock at night. Here the Earl-Marshal, who there lay in ambush, -arrested him in the king’s name, and forced him towards the Thames in -spite of his cries to the king to deliver him. He was conscious, from -the moment of his being thus arrested, that his end was resolved on; and -it was confirmed to him by the king turning a deaf car to his -complaints, and riding on full gallop to London, where he lodged that -night in the Tower. The Duke of Gloucester had other lodgings; for -whether he would or not, he was forced into a boat that carried him to a -vessel at anchor in the Thames, into which he was compelled to enter. -The Earl-Marshal embarked also with his men, and having a favourable -wind and tide, they fell down the river, and arrived late on the morrow -evening at Calais, without any one knowing it but the king’s officers. -The Earl-Marshal, as governor, could enter Calais at all hours, without -any one thinking it strange: so he carried the duke to the castle, and -there placed him in confinement.... In the meantime King Richard, -leaving the Tower at an early hour, rode to his palace of <span class="eng">Eltham</span> and -there remained; while the same day toward evening, the Earls of Arundel -and Warwick were both brought to the Tower and there confined, to the -great surprise of the citizens. But to return to Calais: When the Duke -of Gloucester saw himself shut up in the castle, abandoned by his -brothers, and deprived of his attendants, he began to feel alarmed; and -addressing himself to the Earl-Marshal—‘For what reason,’ he inquired, -‘am I thus carried from England, and confined here? Do you mean to -retain me a close prisoner? Let me go and view the castle, the garrison, -and the people of the town.’ ‘My lord,’ replied the earl, ‘I dare not -comply with your demands; for you are consigned to my guard, under pain -of death. The king, our lord, is at this moment somewhat wroth with you; -and it is his orders that you abide here awhile in banishment with us, -which you must have patience to do until we have<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_345" id="page_345">{345}</a></span> other news, and God -grant that it may be soon! for as the Lord liveth, I am truly concerned -for your disgrace, and would cheerfully aid you if I could;</p> - -<div class="figright"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_345.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_345.jpg" height="226" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">but knowing the oath I have taken to the king, you know I am bound in -honour to obey.’ This was the only answer the Duke of Gloucester could -obtain; he too well judged from appearances, that his life was in -jeopardy; and asked the priest who had said mass, if he would confess -him. This he did with great calmness and resignation; and with a devout -and contrite heart, cried before the altar of God, the Creator of all -things, for his mercy and forgiveness. He was repentant of all his sins, -and lamented them greatly. He was right thus to exonerate his -conscience, for his end was nearer than he imagined: for being on the -point of sitting down to dinner, while he was washing his hands, four -men rushed suddenly out from an adjoining chamber, and, throwing a towel -round his neck, strangled him by two drawing one end and two the other. -When he was quite dead they carried him to his chamber, undressed him, -and placed the body between two sheets with his head on a pillow, and -covered him with furred mantles. They then re-entered the hall, properly -instructed what to say and how to act, and declared that the Duke of -Gloucester had been seized with an apoplexy as he was washing his hands -before dinner, and that they had great difficulty to carry him to bed. -This was the report published in the garrison and the town, where some -believed it, and others not. Within two days after, it was published -abroad that the duke had died in his bed at the Castle of Calais; and in -consequence the Earl-Marshal, who was the duke’s near relation, put on -mourning, as did all the knights and squires in the town of Calais.” As -to the manner of his death, it appears by the confession of Hall, one of -the accomplices, that the duke was smothered with pillows, not -strangled, as Froissart was informed.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_346" id="page_346">{346}</a></span></p> - -<p class="nind"><span class="eng"> -<span class="lettre"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_346-a.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_346-a.jpg" -width="170" -alt="T" -/></a> -</span>EWKESBURY</span>, <a href="#page_167">p. 167</a>.—By papers in the Bodleian Lib. Hist. -of Tewkesb. 107, 1574, it appears, that on the twenty-fourth of July, -being fair day, such a quantity of bats came floating down the river -Avon, at Tewkesbury, that they covered the surface of the water for -above a land’s length, in heaps above a foot thick, which so dammed up -the mills for three days, that they could not go till the bats were dug -out with shovels!</p> - -<p>Page 189, <small>A.D.</small> 1578.—In the churchwardens’ book of accounts for this -year, are the items here annexed:—“Payd for the plaiers geers six -sheepskins for Christ’s garments,” ibid. 1585. “Order eight heads of -hair for the Apostles, and ten beards, and a face or visor for the -Devel,”—which show that mysteries, as plays were then called, were -probably acted in the churches. In Italy the practice is still kept up, -as every traveller in that and other parts of the Continent has -observed; particularly during the Christmas festival, when nearly every -church and convent have exhibitions of the Saviour’s birth, and the -miraculous circumstances attending it.</p> - -<hr style="width: 15%;" /> - -<p class="nind"><span class="eng"> -<span class="lettre"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_346-b.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_346-b.jpg" -width="199" -alt="K" -/></a> -</span>ENILWORTH CASTLE</span>, <a href="#page_211">p. 211</a>.—Thomas de la Moore, in his -Life and Death of Edward II., relates the following, as part of the -cruel and insulting treatment to which the unhappy sovereign was -subjected by his keepers, on leaving Kenilworth for Berkeley Castle. It -is of a serio-comic nature; but no reader who ever held a razor, but -will sympathize with the wretched monarch in his stipulations for at -least the indulgence of <i>warm water</i>, under such an -operation:—“Attestamur et scribimus quæ luce clariora innotuerunt -mundo, si non timor æmulorum regis devotissimi adhuc superstitis clarere -prohiberet, quæ non poterint occultare. Tum abducitur Edwardus (ut -præscriptum est) versus Berkleyam à satrapis Sathanæ equitans stipatus, -duxerunt etiam exemplar patientiæ per grangias Castri Bristollii, ubi de -fœno factam coronam capiti jumdudum oleo sancto consecrato imposuit -nefarius ille de Gorney, ausus contingere Christum Dei, cui illudentes -ironia nimis acerba milites dixerunt, <i>Fareforth Syr Kynge</i>. Metuentes -maligni, ne pariter directè incedentibus obuiaret aliquis amicus Edwardi -et manus misericors ipsum liberatura, declinauerunt ad Smischam per -mariscum ad flumen Sabrinæ terminatum. Excogitârunt inimici Dei quomodo -Edwardum deformarent, ne foret facilè notus. Vnde cauariem et barbam -radendas cōstituerunt. Venientes proinde in itinere ad fossam, iusserunt -ipsum radendū descendere. Cui assidenti super cujusdam talpæ monticulum -pelvim<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_347" id="page_347">{347}</a></span> aqua frigida de fossa recepta attulit barbitonsor. Cui et aliis -asserentibus quod aqua talis pro tune deberet sufficere, ait -Edwardus—<i>Velitis, nolitis, habebimus pro barba aquas calidas</i>; et ut -promissum consequeretur veritas, cepit profuse lachrymare. Ita mihi -retulit viuens post magnam pestilentiam Gulielmus Bischop, qui -ductoribus Edwardi sodalis, unde confessus et contritus pœnituit, sub -spe misericordiæ divinæ.”—P. 602, edit. Francofort.</p> - -<hr style="width: 15%;" /> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“This Kyng Herolde at Waltam, which he found,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Of foure score chanons, full fayre was buryed<br /></span> -<span class="i1">At the hye aulter, and as a kyng was crownde,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">All yf he were intrusor notifyed,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And in batayl slayne and victoryed,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Of gentylnesse the Conquerour bad so<br /></span> -<span class="i1">As yf he were afore his mortall fo.”—Hardyng, 3234.<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p class="nind"><span class="eng"> -<span class="lettre"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_347.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_347.jpg" -width="190" -alt="W" -/></a> -</span>ALTHAM.—Death of Harold</span>, Text, <a href="#page_266">p. 266</a>.—“Ipse carens -omni decore quibusdam signis nequaquam facie recognitus est, et in -castra Ducis delatus qui tumulandum eum Guillelmo agnomine Maletto -concessit, non matri pro corpore delectæ prolis auri par pondus -offerenti.” The quantity of gold which Harold’s mother is here related -to have offered to the victorious duke for the body of her son, may be -reasonably estimated, as Maseres has shown in a note on this passage of -the “Gesta Guillelmi,” at eleven thousand pounds. The supposed visit of -Harold’s mother to the field of battle in search of his body, and that -of Edith with the Swan’s neck—mentioned in the text, who finally -discovered it by some secret token—are thus described in a MS. ballad -on the subject:—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“The day is lost! The din of war is hushed on Hastings’ field:<br /></span> -<span class="i1">In triumph rolls the Norman car o’er England’s trampled shield.<br /></span> -<span class="i1">‘Prepare the feast!’ Duke William cries. The midnight feast is spread;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And there, in gilded canopies, they banquet ’midst the dead!<br /></span> -<span class="i1">The bowl is drained, the oath renewed of fealty to their Chief;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">But how shall gilded tents exclude the wail of woman’s grief!<br /></span> -<span class="i1">‘Where is my son?’ a mother cries; ‘his corse but to behold,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And lay it where his kindred lies, I’ll give its weight in gold!’<br /></span> -<span class="i3">‘Thy son is slain! his crown is sold! Duke William wears it now;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">We’ll give thee iron for thy gold—Lady, what more would’st thou?’<br /></span> -<span class="i3">She heard and wept—then faltered on: her heart with anguish bled,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">As wistfully she gazed upon the faces of the dead!<br /></span> -<span class="i1">But ’midst the thousand forms of death that show’d the ghastly wound.<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And weltering strew’d the gory heath, her <span class="smcap">Harold</span> was not found!<br /></span> -<span class="i1">She sat her down and wept aloud: and sighed—‘Undone—undone!<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Now lay me in the hallowed shroud that should have wrapt my son!’<br /></span> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_348" id="page_348">{348}</a></span> -<span class="i4s">* * * * *<br /></span> -<span class="i1">At length the gentle Edith came, led by a holy man,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And, lighted by a taper’s flame, again the search began.<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Darkly her raven tresses hung upon her neck of snow,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And still her lily hands she wrung in ecstacy of woe!<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Around her, <span class="smcap">Harold’s</span> warriors true lay heaped upon the plain,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Where high the Norman banner flew insulting o’er the slain;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">A friar of Waltham’s Holy Rood stood in that mournful ring,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And wiping off the clotted blood—‘Oh, Christ! is this the king?’<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Down to the earth fair Edith bent, upraised the lifeless head,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And ’neath the light that taper lent, gazed wildly on the dead!<br /></span> -<span class="i1">One pause of fearful agony—a breathless, deep suspense—<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Was visible in every eye, and felt in every sense!<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_348-a.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_348-a.jpg" width="176" height="161" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">There, like a cedar in his pride struck down, a warrior lay;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And here extended at his side a chieftain’s proud array.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">They scann’d his features o’er and o’er, but ’wildered was their view,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Until the secret mark appeared, which Edith only knew—<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And then a shrill and piercing shriek the fearful truth confess’d,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The hue of death was on her cheek—she sunk upon his breast!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">But Harold’s lip and Harold’s eye, in cold forgetfulness<br /></span> -<span class="i0">For ever sealed, made no reply to Edith’s frantic kiss.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Oh, must I see thee thus, and live? Yet Heaven be witness here,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">How gladly would thy Edith give her bosom for thy bier!’<span class="lftspc">”</span><br /></span> -<span class="i4s">* * * * *<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<hr style="width: 15%;" /> - -<p class="nind"><span class="eng"> -<span class="lettre"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_348-b.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_348-b.jpg" -width="175" -alt="R" -/></a> -</span>OCHESTER CASTLE.</span>—Anno dominicæ incarnationis DCCCI. -nativitatis autem Ælfredi regis xxxiv. exercitus in duas turmas divisit. -Una etenim turma in orientalem Franciam perrexit; et altera ad -Britanniam veniens, Cantium adiit; civitatemq’, quæ Hrofceastre Saxonicè -dicitur, in orientali ripa fluminis Medwæg sitam obsedit. Ante hujus -portam pagani Castellum ibimet firmum subitò fabricauerunt. Nec tamen -illam civitatem expugnare potuerunt; quia cives illi se viriliter -defenderunt, quousque Ælfred rex cū magno exercitu adiutorium illis -conferens superuenit. Et tunc pagani relicta arce sua et omnibus equis, -quos de Francia secum adduxerant derelictis; maxima parte nec non -captiuorum suorum in arce dimissa adueniente subitò rege, ad naues suas -confestim confugiunt. Et Saxones statim derelictos à paganis captiuos et -equos diripiunt.—Asser. de Ælfred. Reb. Gest. fol. 11.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_349" id="page_349">{349}</a></span></p> - -<p class="nind"><span class="eng"> -<span class="lettre"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_349.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_349.jpg" -width="172" -alt="C" -/></a> -</span>ARISBROOKE CASTLE</span>, <a href="#page_284">p. 284</a>.—Of the circumstances -mentioned in the text, the following is the relation given by the -learned monk already quoted:—“Rogerius verò de Britolio, Comes -Herefordensis ad curiam regis vocatus venit, et inquisitus manifestam -toti mundo proditionem negare non potuit. Igitùr secundùm <i>leges -Normanorum</i> judicatus est, et amissa omni hæreditate terrena, in carcere -Regis perpetuò damnatus est. Ibi etiam Regi multoties detraxit, et -contumacibus actis, implacabiliter offendit. Nam quondam, dum plebs Dei -Paschale festum congruè celebraret, et Rex structum preciosarum vestium -Rogerio Comiti per idoneos satellites in ergastulo mitteret; ille pyram -ingentem antè se jussit præparari, et ibidem, Regalia ornamenta, -chlamydem sericamq’ interulam, et renonem de preciosis pellibus -peregrinorum <i>murium</i> subitò comburi. Quod audiens Rex iratus dixit: -‘Multùm superbus est qui hoc mihi dedecus fecit; sed, <i>per splendorem -Dei</i>, de carcere mea in omni vita mea non exibit.’ Sententia regis tàm -fixa permansit, quòd nec etiam post mortem Regis ipse, nisi mortuus, de -vinculis exiit. Rainaldus et Rogerius filii ejus, optimi tirones, -Henrico Regi famulantur et clementiam ejus—quæ tardissima iis visa -est—in duris agonibus præstolantur.” In commenting upon the above -passage, a learned writer has made the following remarks:—“It appears -from the text that Roger, Earl of Hereford, was brought to his trial -before the king’s court, or council of the <i>proceres</i>, or great men of -the kingdom, and was condemned by them to suffer perpetual imprisonment, -with the loss of all his inheritance. So that, in this instance, as well -as in the case of Ralph de Guader, the said court or council appear to -have acted as a court of criminal jurisdiction. But it seems remarkable -that the judgment they passed upon this great and notorious rebel, who -could not, and did not, deny the crime he was charged with, should not -have extended to his life; more especially, as Waltheof, Earl of -Northampton, who had refused to have any share in the rebellion raised -by the other two earls, and had only been guilty of concealing his -knowledge of their intentions, was, in a short time after, condemned to -lose his life for that lesser offence, and was, as stated in the text, -actually beheaded at Winchester. One would almost suspect that they were -tried by two different laws; namely, Roger, Lord of the Isle of Wight, -who was a Norman, by the <i>law of Normandy</i>; and Waltheof, Earl of -Northampton, who was an Englishman, by the <i>law of England</i>; and that -the Norman law of that period did not punish high treason with death, -although the English law did. With respect to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_350" id="page_350">{350}</a></span> garments sent by the -king to this haughty prisoner, they are understood by commentators on -the original passage to have consisted of—First, an outer</p> - -<div class="figleft"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_350.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_350.jpg" width="183" height="204" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">garment or coat; secondly, an inner garment or waistcoat, made of silk; -and thirdly, a short cloak to be thrown over the shoulders, and that -reached only to the waist, made of the rich furs of some foreign -animals, which the author calls mice (murium), and were probably either -ermines or martins. It is also conjectured that the present thus sent to -the earl was a set of robes, suited to the rank and office of Earl of -Hereford, which he had lately held, and to which it might have been King -William’s intention to restore him, “if his inconceivable pride had not -prevented it.”</p> - -<p>In his interesting notice of the lives and fortunes of this great -family, the learned monk of Utica concludes with these striking moral -reflections on the transitory nature of all human grandeur:—“Verè -gloria mundi, ut flos fœni decidit et arescit; ac, velut fumus deficit -et transit. Ubi est <span class="eng">Gulielmus Osberni filius</span>, Herefordensis Comes, et -Regis Vicarius, Normanniæ dapifer, et magister militum bellicosus? Hic -nimirùm primus et maximus oppressor Anglorum fuit, et enormem causam per -temeritatem suam enutrivit, per quam millibus ruina miseræ mortis -incubuit. Verùm justus Judex omnia videt, et unicuique, prout meretur, -redhibet. Proh dolor! ecce <span class="eng">Gulielmus</span> corruit, audax athleta recipit quod -promeruit. Ut multos ense trucidavit, ipse quoque ferro repentè -interiit. Denique post ejus occasum antequam lustrum compleretur -annorum, spiritus discordiæ filium ejus et generum contra dominum suum -et cognatum hostiliter excivit, qui Sichimitas contrà Abimelech (quem -occicis <small>LXX.</small> filiis Jerobaal sibi præfecerant) commovit! En veracitur à -me descripta est offensa, pro qua <span class="eng">Guillelmi</span> progenies eradicata sic est -de Anglia, ut nec passum pedis, nisi fallor, jam nanciscatur in illa.” -Duchesne—Excerp. Order. Vital. De Gul. primo rege Anglorum 322. Selecta -Monumenta.</p> - -<p>That the Conqueror’s philosophy was not proof against any little -disappointment of the palate is evident from the following -anecdote:—“When his prime favourite, William Fitz-Osborne, steward of -his household, served him with the flesh of a crane scarcely half -roasted, he was so highly exasperated that he lifted up his fist, and -would have struck him had not Eudo, appointed ‘dapifer,’ immediately -after warded off the blow.”—Warner, i. 307.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_351" id="page_351">{351}</a></span></p> - -<p><span class="eng">It</span> was to the Isle of Wight that the Earl of Warwick—when brought to -trial along with the Earl of Arundel—was banished in these terms: “Earl -of Warwick! this sentence is very favourable, for you have deserved to -die as much as the Earl of Arundel; but the handsome services you have -done in time past to King Edward, of happy memory, and the Prince of -Wales, his son, as well on this as on the other side of the sea, have -secured your life; but it is ordered, that you banish yourself to the -Isle of <span class="eng">Wight</span>, taking with you a sufficiency of wealth to support your -state so long as you shall live, and that you never quit the -island.”—Froissart.</p> - -<p><span class="eng">The</span> passage referred to Monstrelet in the text, is as follows:—“In this -year Waleran, Comte de St. Pol, assembled at Abbeville, in Ponthieu, -about sixteen hundred fighting men: among whom were numbers of the -nobility, who had made great provisions of salted meats, biscuits, -wines, brandy, flour, and other things necessary on board of ships. From -Abbeville the Count led them to Harfleur, where they found vessels of -all descriptions ready to receive them. When they had remained there -some days, to arrange their matters and to recommend themselves to St. -Nicholas (the sailors’ patron-saint), they embarked on board these -vessels, and sailed direct for the Isle of <span class="eng">Wight</span>. Landing on the island, -they made a bold countenance to face their enemies, of whom they had -seen but little on their landing; for all, or at least the greater part -of the islanders, had retreated to the woods and fortresses. In the -meantime several new knights were created by the Count; namely, Philippe -de Harcourt, Jean de Fosseux, Lord of Guiency, and others, who went to -burn some miserable villages, and set fire to some other places. In the -meanwhile a sensible <span class="eng">priest</span> of the island came to the Count to treat for -the ransom and security of the island; for which he gave the Count to -understand that a very large sum of money would be paid to him and his -captains. The Count lent a ready ear to this proposal; but it was a mere -ruse on the part of the priest to delay their operations, till the -military force of the island could be brought together. Waleran -discovered the plot, but it was too late to take revenge; and -re-embarking his men in all haste, set sail, and returned home without -doing anything more. The nobles were much displeased at this conduct; -for they had expended large sums in laying in stores for the expedition, -which, after all, was completely defeated by a single -priest.”—Monstrelet, vol. i. 32.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_352" id="page_352">{352}</a></span></p> - -<p class="nind"><span class="eng"> -<span class="lettre"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_352-a.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_352-a.jpg" -width="194" -alt="N" -/></a> -</span>ETLEY ABBEY.</span> The following incident—interesting as -connected with the ruins—is related by Digby in his Mores -Catholici:—“I found a stranger,” says he, “once in <span class="eng">Netley</span>, on the eve -of <span class="eng">St. John</span>, standing contemplative, who, after some space, accosted me. -It was some holy solitary man, who told me he had been singing <span class="eng">vespers</span> -to himself within the ruins of the church, and a thought had been -suggested to him by a verse of the Magnificat, which he was eager to -communicate. ‘The poor persecuted monks,’ said he, ‘are now for ever -blessed in the centre of all felicity, while the proud, who made their -dwelling-place a heap of ruins, as we see, have been scattered in the -conceit of their heart, and dispersed through all the wastes of doubt, -distrust, and error.’ Thus did the ruins assist his meditation.” The -elder Pliny observes, that the houses which had been once inhabited by -heroes of a noble race, lamented when they passed to new and unworthy -masters; and that the very walls reproached the cowards who entered a -place consecrated by the monuments of virtue.” A modern author also -says, “It may be generally remarked, that the more nobly a mansion has -been tenanted in the day of its prosperity, the viler are its -inhabitants in the day of its decline. Thus, boors are the only -inhabitants of Croyland, gipsies of <span class="eng">Netley</span>, while other religious houses -are now possessed by the same class as that which caused their -overthrow.”</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_pg_352-b.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_pg_352-b.jpg" width="227" height="137.5" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<div class="footnotes"><p class="cb">FOOTNOTES:</p> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Having thus faintly premised the leading features of the -work in hand, it may be proper to add a few words respecting the origin -of the design, and the humble qualifications of the writer for the task -he has undertaken. Familiar in early life with the feudal and monastic -ruins which invest Border history with so many stirring tales and -traditions, a taste for the deeds and days of old, fostered both at -school and college, was much strengthened by subsequent travelling in -France and Italy; where, besides the classical monuments of antiquity, -an unlimited field was thrown open for the study and investigation of -those which more forcibly illustrate the middle ages. To the facilities -acquired on the shores of the Mediterranean, others were presented to -him in Germany, where much of the feudal character is still preserved in -the living habits of the people. Honoured with the commands of a late -illustrious Personage{*}, on three successive occasions, to attend him -professionally at some of the minor courts of that country, he had -various opportunities of visiting those religious and baronial edifices -which, in the old German principalities, are both numerous and splendid. -He next spent a considerable time in Switzerland, among the High Alps -and in the valleys of Piedmont, where many vestiges of feudal customs -and government were found to illustrate the history of the middle ages -in Great Britain.—But although the writer had published works -descriptive of the countries mentioned, the plan of the work now in hand -was partly the result of a conversation with a late distinguished and -highly accomplished lady{**}, whose family honours had descended to her -through a long succession of ancestors. Being at that time engaged in an -illustrated work on Scotland, her Grace favoured the author with an -original drawing of her ancestral castle; and on a subsequent occasion -suggested an illustrated history of our castellated mansions, with their -legends and traditions, as a popular subject. He was honoured at the -same time with a family memoir, and some MSS. respecting the ancient -Sutherland estates, such as might have been useful in a work like the -present. Circumstances, however, which occurred shortly after, precluded -all further attention to the subject; and it was not till the beginning -of last autumn that leisure was found to make arrangements for -publishing the work in a cheap, popular form: a plan which it is hoped -will bring an originally voluminous and expensive field of illustration -within the reach of every admirer of English monuments. -</p><p> -{*} His late Majesty William IV., while Duke of Clarence. -</p><p> -{**} The late Duchess-Countess of Sutherland.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Asser de Ælfred. rebus. gestis, fol. 23.; Athelmo vero -fratris mei filio, &c.—Appendix to this vol. p. 331.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Ibid.—Camden, 308. 230. See the original in Append. to -this volume, p. 331.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Ingulph. folio 510.—Hardyng, p. 229.—Simeon Dunelmensis, -184.—Hovedon, fol. 254.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Caraccioli, p. 5.—Dallaway.—Archit. in -England.—Forty-nine Castles are enumerated in Domesday Book, <i>that of -Arundel only</i>, as existing in the reigns of Edward the Confessor, p. -269. The Castle of Arundel dates perhaps its true origin from that -monarch, King Alfred.—p. 316.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Camden, 229-30. Fama vero tota est ex Castro, quod Saxonico -imperio flouit. See Append. p. 331.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Wilhelm. Gemitens, f. 686. Ingentes possessiones habuit in -diversis regionibus Normanniæ.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Dugd. Bar. 1. 26.—Camden, p. 86. “Normanni.” Primam -Normannorum aciem ducebant Rogerus Montegomericus et Guil. Fitzosberne.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Ord. Vitalis De Gul. primo. Excerp. p. 208-254. A Wilhelmo -rege Anglorum Comitatus Arundelliæ, et Salopesberiæ dono accepit. -</p><p> -Ao. Dni. 1071. Rogerus de Montegomerici, Comes Arundel, fuit pacificè -seizit’, &c. Inprimis de Castro Arundell, forest’ Warren’ hundr’ et -aliis libert’ spectant’ ad Honorem Castri, &c. Tierney, 1. 14.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Dallaway’s Rape of Arundel.—Hist. of Sussex.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Estimated at 57·460 acres. Hist. of Arundel, p. 21.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Honour, in this sense, means a superior Seignory to which -other lordships and manors owe suit and service, and which itself holds -only of the Sovereign.—Feudal Syst.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Orderic, 522.—Excerpt. p. 254.—App. 332.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Order. Vitalis, 708. monachile seema devotus suscepit, -etc.—v. also Dugd. Bar. i, 28.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Girald. Cambrens. Itinerar. p. 194.—Dugd. Bar.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Polyd. Virgil, f. 173.—Hovedon, f. 268.—Speed, -445.—Grafton, i. 177.—Tierney, i. 158.—Append. to this Volume, p. -332.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> History of Arundel, i. 15. Orderic Vitalis, p. 708.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> Chalmers’ Caledonia, vol i. 572—4. Anno 1158. “Ego -Milcolumbus, rex, confirmavi, <i>Waltero, filio Alain</i> (Fitzalan), -Dapifero meo, et heredibus suis, in feodo et hereditate, senescalliam -meam ... ita bene et plenarie, sicut Rex David senescalliam suam ei -dedit.” In consequence of this grant, Richard Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel, -sold the stewardship as an hereditary possession in 1336 to Edward the -Third. Sec Dugd. Bar. i. 314.—Append. to this Vol. p. 334.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> Mem. Howard Family—Descent of the Earldom, in Tierney’s -Hist. and Antiq. of Arundel, vol. i.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> See Appendix to this vol. p. 338, also Ellis’s Metrical -Romances, vol. ii. p. 245.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> Castrum Harundel T. R. E. reddebᵈᵉ qoda molⁱⁿᵒ <small>XL.</small> solⁱᵈ. -et de iiibus conuviis (conviviis?) <small>XX</small> solⁱᵈ. et de uno pasticio <small>XX</small> -solⁱᵈ. etc. etc.—Domesday Survey, quoted by Tierney.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> A careful examination of the evidence in respect to its -foundation, inclines us to refer that event to the time of Alfred, whose -policy, it will be remembered, led him to augment the national security -by the erection of numerous fortresses, particularly in the maritime -districts; and it may be readily concluded that the ‘Castrum de -Harundel,’ a royal residence, was one of those which survived the -demolition of English fortresses which succeeded the Conquest. [Tierney, -i. 33; and Dallaway.] It is supposed that, at the death of Alfred, fifty -castles or upwards had been raised under his direction, and it is not -probable that the whole of that number could have disappeared in the -comparatively short period which elapsed between the demise of that -monarch and the establishment of the Norman dynasty. Ante, p. 8, n. -¶.—Also App. p. 334.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> For other particulars the reader may consult -Wright—Caraccioli—Dallaway—Horsfield, and Tierney.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> For other particulars the reader may consult -Wright—Caraccioli—Dallaway—Horsfield, and Tierney.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> Register, R. f. 106. quoted in Tierney, vol. i. 44.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> A.D. 1275.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> Tierney, i. 45. Pat. 3. Edw. I. m. 30—1.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> As shown in the view taken from the battlements of the -castle, p. 26.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> Abridged from the History.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> Tierney, vol. i. 48-9.—Dallaway’s Arundel.—Horsted, vol. -i. 120-5, 6.—Wright 32-36.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> Tierney, vol. i. 48-9.—Dallaway’s Arundel.—Horsted, vol. -i. 120-5, 6.—Wright 32-36.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> Tierney, vol. i. 48-9.—Dallaway’s Arundel.—Horsted, vol. -i. 120-5, 6.—Wright 32-36.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> In a cause tried at Hawarden, in Flintshire, long previous -to his reign, we have a list of the twelve jurors; confirmed, too, by -the fact that the descendants of one of them, named Corby of the Gate, -still preserve their name and residence, at a place in the parish called -the Gate.—<span class="smcap">Phillips.</span></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> See list of authorities at the end of this subject, also -Append. to this volume.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> Portrait of Captain Morris.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> The late Duke of Norfolk.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> Henry Howard of Greystoke.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> H. C. Coombe, Esq. Alderman of London.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> On the corner of a stone in this superb hall is the -following votive inscription:— -</p> -<p class="c"> -“LIBERTATI<br /> -PER BARONES REGNANTE JOHANNE<br /> -VINDICATÆ,<br /> -CAROLUS HOWARD NORFOLCIÆ DUX,<br /> -ARUNDELIÆ COMES<br /> -A.C. MDCCCVI.<br /> -ÆTATIS LX.”<br /> -D. D.<br /> -</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> Sepulchral Antiq. Hist. of Arundel Church and -Priory—Dallaway and Wright.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> Causa nominis nec ab Arundelio, Bevisii fabuloso equo, nec -ex Charudo, Cimbricæ Chersonesi promontorio, quod Goropius per quietem -vidit; sed ex valle in qua sedet ad Arun flumen.—<span class="smcap">Camden.</span></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> See ante. p. 12, also Appendix to this Vol. p. 338-9, -where the legend is given.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> See Appendix to this vol. pp. 336, 7; also Dugdale Bar. i. -pp. 42, 118.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> Rediit ad vigiliam Paschæ in Angliam, appulit apud -Arundel. Henr. Huntingd. lib. vii. 216.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> Tierney. i. 55. Patent 30th Edw. I. M. 9, is dated at -Arundel.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> See a full and interesting account of this conspiracy, -with its disastrous consequences, at pp. 49, 50, 51, of this vol.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> Tempore quoque sub eodem domino rege adhuc moram Londini -continuante, venit ad eum in Cameram suam Isabella, Comitissa -Harundelliæ relicta Comitis Harundelliæ H. et ejusdem regis cognata; ut -pro jure suo de quadam custodia ipsam contingente verba faceret sibi -profectura, &c. Paris, p. 853, A. D. 1252. The original will be found in -the Append. p. 339.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> The particulars are thus related by Speed:—Henry, “after -he had calmed the boisterous stormes of warre, in the partes beyond the -seas, came over into England well appointed, unto whom also resorted -many of the nobilitie who yeelded up themselves, and above thirtie -strong castles, to the young duke, now hasted to raise the siege of -Wallingford; Stephen following hastily to succour his men—though with -the lesse edge, for that he never sped well in any assault of that -castle—pitched downe his tents, even neere his enemy, and ready on -bothe sides to give battaile, the winter stormes were suddenly so -troublesome that nothing could be done, but those somewhat overblowne, -and the armies scarce three furlongs asunder, as Kinge Stephen was -busied in disposing of his hoaste, and giving directions for order of -the battaile, his horse under him, rising with his fore feet fell flat -back upon the earth, not without danger to his rider; and thus did he -thrice ere hee left; which things his nobles secretly muttering, -interpreted for an unlucky presage; when William, Earle of Arundell, a -bold and eloquent man, went to him and advised him to a peace, affirming -the title of Duke Henry to be just: that the nobilitie on bothe parts -there present were nearly linked in alliances and bloud, and how these -stood affected was very doubtfull. Yea that brethren were there -assembled, the one against the other, whereof must needs follow an -unnatural war betwixt them, and of dangerous consequences even to him -that conquested. With these and the like allegations, at last Stephen -began to bend, and a parley for peace was signified unto the -Duke.”—Speed, edit. 1629, fol. 481.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> -</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“ ...estre grand voyagier,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Tournoiz suir et jouster pour sa mie.”—<br /></span> -<span class="i6">Deschamps, cité par Sainte Palaye.<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> Siege of Caerlaverock.—Edited by Sir Harris Nicolas.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> Hume, 4to, 175; Wals. 148.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> Speed, fol. 689.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> Froiss. C. 132.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> The fortunes and fate of the noblemen and prelates will be -detailed in a future page of this work.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> “They sware each to other to be assistant in all such -matters as they should determine; and therewith received the sacrament -at the hands of the Archbishop of Canterbury, who celebrated mass before -them the following morning, which done, they withdrew into a chamber and -fell into conversation together. When in the end they light upon this -point—to take King Richard, the Dukes of York and Lancaster, and commit -them to prison; and also the lords of the King’s Council they determined -should be drawn and hanged. Such was the purpose which they meant to -have accomplished in the August following. But the Earl Marshal, Arundel -his son-in-law, discovered all to the King.” Holinshed, 1. 448.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> “He was arrayned,” says the old picturesque chronicle, “in -a red gown and scarlet hood; and forthwith the Duke of Lancaster, -John-of-Gaunt, said to the Lord Neville, Take from him his girdle and -hood, and so it was done; and herewith the appeal being to the said Earl -declared, with a valyaunt and bolde minde he denies that he was a -traytor, and required benefit of y pardon, protesting that he would not -go from the benefit of the King and his grace. The Duke of Lancaster -then said, Why didst thou purchase the pardon? The Earl answered, To the -tongues of mine enemies, whereof <i>thou art one</i>. The Duke of Lancaster -said, Thou traytor, this pardon is revoked. The Earl answered, Truely -thou lyest, I <i>never was a traytor</i>.”</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> “The constancy of this Earl’s courage,” says Speed, “as -well as his arraignement, passage, and execution, in which he did not -discolour the honour of his blood with any degenerous word, look, or -action, encreased the envy of his death upon his his persecutors. That -he was a traitor either in word or deed, he utterly did deny, and died -in that denial.”—Speed, 739.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> “In the form and manner as you have heard did Duke Henry -take King Richard, his lord. The duke led him straight to the Castle, -which is fair and strong, and caused him to be lodged in the dungeon. -And then he gave him in keeping to the son of the Duke of Gloucester, -Humphrey Plantagenet; and Thomas Fitzalan, the son of the Earl of -Arundel; who hated him more than any man in the world, because King -Richard had put their fathers to death.”—French Metrical History, -deposition of King Richard, Archæologia, vol. xx. 173. By the Rev. John -Webb, M.A.; also Dallaway, p. 139.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> Froissart, vol. ii. 295. Dallaway, 139.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> “The next day after the coronation, were kepte triumphant -joustes and tourneys, in which the Erle of Arondelle and the Bâtard de -St. Pol, by the judgement of the ladyes, wanne the prize.”—Holinshed.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> Monstrelet, vii. 51.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> The French historians bear ample testimony to his -prowess:—“Le Comte d’Arondelle, Anglais de grande réputation, se mit en -campagne pour prendre des places sur les Français.”—Dallaway, quoting -Montfaucon, t. iii. 309.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> Grafton’s account of this affair is very -picturesque:—“The which town of Builleyne, he, King Henry VIII., so -sore assaulted, and so besieged with such abundance of great ordnance, -that never was there a more valyaunt assaut made, for beside the -undermyning of the castell, tower, and walles, the towne was so beaten -with ordinaunce, that there was not left one house whole therein. In the -morning the Duke of Suffolk rode into Bulleyne, to whom in the king’s -name they delyvered the keyes of the towne; and at afternoone departed -out of Bulleyne all the Frenchemen. The last person that came forthe was -Monsire de Verinne, graund captaine of the towne, which, when he -approched near where the kinge stoode, he alighted from his horse, and -came to the kinge. And after he had talked with him a space, the kinge -toke him by the hande, and he reverently kneeling upon his knees, kissed -his hand, and afterward mounted upon his horse and so departed. The -xviii. day the kingis highnesse, having the sworde borne naked before -him, like a noble and valyaunt conqueror rode into Bulleyne, and all the -trumpetters standing on the walles of the towne, sounded their -trumpettes, to the great comfort of all the kinges true subiectes, the -same beholding.”—Vol. ii. 492.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> Arundel affirmed that the only method of making atonement -for their past offences, was by a speedy return to the duty which they -owed to their lawful sovereign; the motion was seconded by Pembroke, who -clapping his hand to his sword, swore that he was ready to fight any man -that expressed himself of a contrary sentiment.—Hume, 373.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> This however did not “enable him to ascertain, according -to the old English proverb, the exact length of her Majesty’s -foot!”—Anon.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> Shakspeare, in his Richard the Third, has introduced this -incident into the opening scene of the battle. -</p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">Norfolk.</span> This found I in my tent this morning. {<i>Giving a scroll.</i><br /> -</p> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">Richard.</span> [<i>reads</i>] “Jocky of Norfolk, be not too bold,<br /> -For Dickon, thy master, is bought and sold.”<br /> -A thing devised by the enemy. <i>Then dismissing them, continues</i>:<br /> -Go, gentlemen—every man unto his charge,<br /> -Let not our babbling dreams affright our souls;<br /> -Conscience is but a word that cowards use,<br /> -Devised at first to keep the strong in awe;<br /> -Our strong arms be our conscience, swords our law.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 11em;">King Richard III. act v. sc. 3.</span><br /> -</p> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> History of Framlingham and its Lords, p. 89, 90. R. -Green.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> Hist. of Framlingham, note, p. 90.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> Sir Walter Scott’s Lay of the Last Minstrel.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> Arundelian Marbles, called also the Parian Chronicle, are -ancient stones on which is inscribed, in capital letters, a chronicle of -the city of Athens, supposed to have been engraved in the island of -Paros, 264 years before Christ. They take their name from the Earl of -Arundel, who procured them from the East, or from this Earl, his -grandson, who, as above stated, presented them to the University of -Oxford.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> The origin of this screen is thus gravely recorded: During -the Abbot Richard’s visit at Tinmouth, he received a wonderful cure of a -withered arm, with which he had been afflicted many years. It is -related, that being present at Durham, when the monks were removing the -corpse of St. Cuthbert, the founder of Durham Cathedral and the Apostle -of the North, he assisted to lift and support the shrine, and received -from that instant a cure of his malady, and found his arm restored to -health. And accordingly, on his return, he built a wall, or screen, -across the nave of the church, about 50 feet below the choir; and, -adjoining to the wall, a chapel, dedicated to St. Cuthbert. This chapel -stood on the west side of the said screen, and had service performed in -it, and an altar; but has been long since pulled down, though the screen -remains to this day.—<i>Lives of the Abbots.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> “It is to be understood, that in those days,” says the -historian of the abbey, “there was no screen at the top of the choir, -that the great altar stood where the rails and table now stand, and the -shrine was placed in what is now the consistory; so that it was all -open, even from Cuthbert’s screen, to the view of the whole choir and -congregation. -</p><p> -“Abbot Symond caused the shrine to be a little elevated, for a better -view, and to appear directly before the eye of the priest who was -celebrating mass; whose place it was to stand and kneel with his back to -the people, and on the west side of the altar. This position of the -shrine was not only the most splendid to the eye of the beholder, but -was intended to raise and elevate the devotion of the priest; and to -this purpose, also, was intended the Decollation of St. Alban, which was -painted on the wall opposite. -</p><p> -“<span class="smcap">The Shrine</span> was in form somewhat resembling an altar-tomb, but rising -with a lofty canopy over it supported on pillars, and was intended to -represent the saint lying in great state. The inside contained a coffin, -wherein had been deposited the bones of Alban by Abbot Geoffrey. This -was enclosed in another case, which, on the two sides, was overlaid with -figures cast in gold and silver, showing the chief acts of Alban’s life, -in work that was highly raised and embossed. At the head, which was -toward the east, was placed a large “Crucifixion,” with a figure of the -Virgin Mary on one side and of St. John on the other, ornamented with a -row of very splendid jewels. At the feet, which were towards the east -and in front of the choir, was placed an image of the Virgin, holding -her son in her bosom, seated on a throne; the work seemingly of cast -gold highly embossed, and enriched with precious stones and very costly -bracelets. -</p><p> -“The four pillars which supported the canopy, and stood one at each -corner, were shaped in resemblance like towers, with apertures to -represent windows, and all of plate gold, supporting the roof or canopy, -whose inside was covered with crystal stones.”—<i>Newcome, ed. 1793, p. -76.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> In the “Philosophical Transact.” No. 333, p. 426, the -reader will find a paper on the extraordinary size of human bones dug up -in this neighbourhood, communicated by the celebrated Mr. Cheselden.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> “As protector of the realm,” says Hollinshed, “he was -highlie esteemed of learned men, himselfe also not meanlie furnished -with knowledge, hauing rare skill in astrologie, whereof beside manie -other things he compiled a singular treatise, obteining the name of -Tabula directionum.” Whethamstead, the abbot above-named, concludes a -copy of Latin verses on the death of the Good Duke in the following -complimentary terms:— -</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Fidior in regno regi duce non fuit isto,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Plusque fide stabilis aut major amator honoris,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Et tamen ut prædo voto potiretur iniquo,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Fraudem consuluit, cum fraude dolum sociavit,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Sicque ducem falsi maculans cum proditione<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Obtinuit votum praedator oratque bonorum<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Illius, et tristis obiit Dux criminis expers.<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> -</div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> Abbot Geoffrey de Gorham built a large and noble hall, -with a double roof, to entertain strangers in; near which he built a -fair bedchamber. Abbot John of Hertford built a noble hall for the use -of strangers, adding many parlours, with an inner chamber and a chimney, -(no common luxury in those times,) with a noble picture. He built also -an entry, a small hall, and a most noble entry with a porch or gallery, -and many fair bedchambers, with their inner chambers and chimneys, to -receive strangers honourably.—<i>Willis’ Mitred Abbeys.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> The buildings called the “royal lodging,” were separated -from the rest of the monastery by a range of cloisters, running nearly -the whole length of the church, but divided from it by the great square, -and by all the principal buildings of the convent. The royal apartments -were pleasantly and quietly situated near the southern edge of the hill, -overlooking the valley of the Ver.—Notes to “St. Albans Abbey,” p. 89.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> In the Archæologia, vol. xx. p. 519, is an interesting -account of the first battle of St. Albans, from a contemporary MS., -communicated by John Bayley, Esq., F.S.A., to which the reader is -referred.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> History of St. Albans, p. 358.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> The Rev. Peter Newcome, Rector of Shenley, Herts, whose -history of St. Albans is compiled from that of Matthew Paris and -Walsingham (both monks of this Abbey, and men of undoubted veracity), -and from numerous MSS. in the Cotton Library, Harleian Collection, &c. -&c. London, printed for the author, 1793, 4to. pp. 547.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> Sir Thomas Meautys, who erected the monument, was Lord -Bacon’s private secretary. He continued his faithful services to him -through all his troubles, and at his death inherited as next heir the -family possessions.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> The woodcut here introduced, shows the north entrance, -with part of the interior, of the <span class="smcap">Lady-Chapel</span>, through which there is a -common passage leading to the town, called the ante-chapel.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> Among the lesser works expressly devoted to Eltham Palace, -Mr. Buckler’s “Historical and Descriptive Account,” published about -sixteen years ago, and just when the repairs had been commenced, under -the direction of Mr. Smirke the Architect, is the best. But in “the -Gentleman’s Magazine,”—the grand repertorium of subjects of this -class—some excellent papers, accompanied with illustrative engravings -of Eltham, have appeared from time to time, during the last fifty -years.—Some years ago, “The Graphic and Historical Illustrator,” edited -by E. W. Brayley, Esq., F.S.A. &c. opened a fine field of investigation; -but, much to the regret of every littérateur and antiquary, it was -discontinued. It contains a good paper on Eltham.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> From the Doomsday record it appears “Hanno the sheriff of -the county holds of the bishop Aletham, which is taxed at one suling and -a half. The arable land is twelve carucates: on the demesne there are -two ploughs: there are forty-four villans and twelve bordars who employ -seven ploughs: there are nine slaves, and twenty-two acres of meadow: -there is pasture for fifty hogs. In the time of Edward the Confessor it -was valued at sixteen pounds, when it came into the present owner at -twelve pounds; now at twenty pounds. Alwold held this manor of the -Confessor.”—Hasted’s “Kent;” also “Eltham Palace.” Lond. 1804.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> “Eltham Palace.” Anon. 1804, with authorities from -history.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> Camden, in his brief notice of Eltham, confirms this -charge in the following terms; “Antony Becke, Bishop of Durham and -patriarch of Jerusalem, built this ‘Eltham,’ in a manner new, and gave -it unto Queen Eleanor, wife of Edwarde the Firste, after he had craftily -conveyed unto himself the inheritance of the Vescyes, unto whom the -place before belonged. For that Bishope, whom the last baron de Vescye -had made his feofie for trust of all his inheritance to the use of -William Vescye his little base sonne, dealt not so faithfully as he -should with this orphan and warde of his, but despoiled him of Alnwick -Castle, of this Eltham, and other faire lands.”—Camden, 327, 8.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> Chronicles. Stow. Holinshed. Grafton.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> King Henry keeping his Whitsuntide at the palace of -Eltham, the next year ensuing, commanded that for those valiant acts -against the Scots, as also for that his ancestors bore the eagle in -their crest, he should be proclaimed Lord of Mounteagle, which was -accordingly then and there done; and he gave to the officers of arms -five marks, besides the accustomed fees, and likewise to Garter, -principal king-at-arms, his fee; whereupon, he had special summons to -parliament, the same year, by the title of Mounteagle, and was installed -one of the Knights of the Garter. Rot. Parl. Collins, vol. ii. p. 450. -This title has been recently revived, and conferred on Mr. Spring Rice, -late Chancellor of the Exchequer.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> After the martyrdom of King Charles, three years later, -the manor-house was surveyed and the materials valued at £2754. It was -then described in the Parliamentary survey as built of brick, wood, -stone, and timber—consisting of one fair <small>CHAPEL</small>, one great <small>HALL</small>, -thirty-six rooms and offices below stairs, with two large cellars. Above -stairs were seventeen lodging-rooms on the King’s side, nine on the -Prince’s side, and seventy-eight rooms in the offices round the -court-yard, which contained an acre of ground. None of the rooms -enumerated were then furnished, except the chapel and hall; and the -house was reported as untenantable. Parliam. Survey. Paper on the Hall -of Eltham, N. R. S., also Lysons, vol. i. pt. ii. p. 50.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> It appears, by a passage in the works of Erasmus, that -Henry the Eighth and all the children of Henry the Seventh, except -Prince Arthur, were educated at Eltham. The learned writer describes a -visit which he paid them, accompanied by his friend Mr. Thomas More, -afterwards Lord Chancellor, and at this time a student at Lincoln’s Inn. -[Ed. 1811, Lysons, vol. i. 788, refers to Knight’s Life of Erasmus, p. -69.]</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_90_90" id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> Lysons—Buckler—Hist. of Kent.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> Parliam. Survey—Lysons, vol. i. pt. ii.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_92_92" id="Footnote_92_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> Mr. Buckler remarks, that the external wall within the -moat was built with great care and strength, and that its basement is -likely to remain long after all other traces of the palace have -disappeared. See “Eltham Hall,” edit. 1828.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_93_93" id="Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> Lysons—Buckler—“Environs.”</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> Buckler’s Eltham.—Graph. Illustrator.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_95_95" id="Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> See Gent. Mag., sig. N. R. S. 1811-1822.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_96_96" id="Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> The upper or western part had suffered the most from -neglect; the cornices and beams, which were dangerously decayed, had -been repaired, and perhaps restored to their original stability. -Formerly, the deficiencies were supplied with chestnut, which is now -substituted by oak, strongly bolted and strapped with iron. Whatever -might have occasioned the injury, which was arrested several centuries -ago, it is certain that the mischief which has been in operation upwards -of fourscore years to the present time, was not accelerated by the -dry-rot, which has not been discovered in any part of the building, -except a small spot in the principal wall-plate, over the south -bay-window.—Buckler’s Eltham.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_97_97" id="Footnote_97_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> Buckler’s Eltham Hall.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_98_98" id="Footnote_98_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> This is in the open court, and, being exposed to the rain, -cannot be explored with convenience but in summer, when the -subterraneous passages on which it opens, are accessible.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_99_99" id="Footnote_99_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> Sed memorabilis amœnitas penè citius animum quam oculos -diffudit aspectu, non Britanniâ tantum, sed fortasse tota Europa -pulcherrimo! Ingens planities aliquot suspensa colliculis, rursus montes -in orbem effusi, neque cito castigabant oculos, neque illos per immensum -cœlum spargebant. Tamesis lætissima ubertate in viciniam exudat, et ad -radices mentis redeuntibus ni gyrum fluctibus insulam pene molitur. -Passim toto alveo naves, et omnis generis onerariæ: ut proximas quidam -totas aspicerem cæterum longius stantes, aut sub altiori ripa, ex malis -antennisque tantum nudam ut brumalem sylvam -cognoscerem.—Lysons—Barclaii Icon. Animorum, 518.—1614.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_100_100" id="Footnote_100_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> See Holinshed—Stow—Hasted—Kilburne—Lambard—with the -condensed account by Lysons.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_101_101" id="Footnote_101_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> M. de Caumont.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_102_102" id="Footnote_102_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> Jean de Culmien, in his “Détails sur l’Architecture des -Forteresses,” has left us a vivid picture of this wretched state of -society; for which see “France Monumentale,” vol. iii., following Note.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_103_103" id="Footnote_103_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103_103"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> See the Roll, in France Monumentale, vol. iii.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_104_104" id="Footnote_104_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104_104"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> C’est l’usage de nos jours, dit Culmien, pour les hommes -les plus riches et les plus nobles, ou pour ceux qui, par conséquent, -consacrent le plus exclusivement leur temps à satisfaire leurs haines -privées par le meurtre, de se procurer avant tout une retraite où ils -puissent se mettre à l’abri de l’attaque de leurs ennemis, combattre -leurs égaux avec avantage, et retenir dans les fers ceux qui se sont -trouvés les plus faibles. -</p><p> -The following is a correct description of a baronial fortress:—Ils -élèvent aussi haut qu’il leur est possible un monticule de terre -transportée; ils l’entourent d’un fossé d’une largeur considérable et -d’une effrayante profondeur. Sur le bord intérieur du fossé, ils -plantent une palissade, de pièces de bois équarries et fortement liées -entres elles, qui équivaut à un mur. S’il leur est possible, ils -soutiennent cette palissade par des tours élevées de place en place. Au -milieu de ce monticule, ils bâtissent une maison, ou plutôt une -citadelle, d’où la vue se porte de tous côtés également. On ne peut -arriver à la porte de celle-ci que par un pont qui, jeté sur la fossé, -et porté sur des piliers accouplés, part du point le plus bas au-delà du -fossé, et s’élève graduellement jusqu’à ce qu’il atteigne le sommet du -monticule et la porte de la maison, d’où le maître le domine tout -entier.—France Historique, p. 416.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_105_105" id="Footnote_105_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105_105"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> Our antiquarian friends will readily excuse us if, in our -anxiety to make the subject intelligible to every class of readers, we -avoid as much as possible all technical phraseology.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_106_106" id="Footnote_106_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> See this exemplified in one of the subsequent -illustrations, page 153.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_107_107" id="Footnote_107_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> To this we have alluded in Scotland Illustrated. See also -New Statistical Account of Glamis, or Glammiss; Art. Forfarshire, part -xii. p. 344.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_108_108" id="Footnote_108_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> Odonem fratrem suum de proditione in se accusatum, cepit -et incarcerari præcepit, (fol. 11, ii. <small>A.D.</small> 1078.) Cum olim Willielmus -rex senior coram Lanfranco conqueretur se ab Odone fratre suo episcopo -descri, tum Lanfrancus: “cur,” inquit, “apprehensum vinculis non -coerces?” Rege autem respondente: quod “clericus et episcopus esset;” -respondit archiepiscopus—“non <i>episcopum Baiocensem</i> apprehendes, sed -<i>Cantiæ comitem</i>.” Hujus itaque consilio Odo custodiæ est. Matth. Par. -Hist. Angl. fol. 14, 1088. See further traits of this prelate in the -same authority.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_109_109" id="Footnote_109_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109_109"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> History of England. Civ. and Milit.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_110_110" id="Footnote_110_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110_110"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> Ibid.—Pictor. Hist.—Paris.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_111_111" id="Footnote_111_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111_111"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> In Anglo-Saxon, a niddering, or un-nithing—“one of the -strongest terms of contempt,” says Camden. The original expressions are, -“Baed that aelc man the waere un-nithing, sceolde cuman to him, -Frencisce and Englisce, of porte and of upplande.” Literally, “ordered -that every man who is not a mere nothing, be he French or English, in -town or country, should repair to him.” Hist. of Engl. Civil and -Military Transact. vol. i. 394. <i>Nithing</i>,—quod Latinè <i>nequam</i> sonat: -Paris, f. 15.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_112_112" id="Footnote_112_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> Episcopum vero in posteriori castello Pevensey -interceptum, vinculis mancipavit. Milites autem regii ad castrum -Roffense illum ducentes, ab illis qui castro præerant, ingressum -postulant: hoc enim dominum suum velle, hoc regem absentem jubere -dicunt. Erant autem tunc in castro illo omnis fere juventutis Angliæ et -Normanniæ nobilitas, tres scilicet filii comitis Rogeri, et Eustachius -comes Bononie, junior, cum multis aliis.... Illi vero qui in castro -erant ex muro prospicientes, <i>vultum</i> episcopi cum militum <i>verbis</i> non -convenire percipientes, ocyus apertis valvis exeuntes, omnes cum -episcopo milites vinctos reducunt.... Obsessi autem longiorem obsidionem -ferre non valentes, castellum regi reddiderunt. Par. Hist. Angl. fol. -15.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_113_113" id="Footnote_113_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> History of England—Civil and Military Transact. vol. i.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_114_114" id="Footnote_114_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114_114"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> Ibid. p. 395.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_115_115" id="Footnote_115_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115_115"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> History of Eng. Civ. and Milit. Transact. vol. i. 395, -quoting the authority of Thierry, Chron. Sax. Orderic. Vitalis, etc. -Also, Selecta Monum. 203-280. Paris, f. 15. 8.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_116_116" id="Footnote_116_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> Holinshed, fol. 188.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_117_117" id="Footnote_117_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117_117"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> The following passage illustrates the preceding -facts:—“Duraverat autem obsidio tribus ferè mensibus: unde Rex tum -propter multitudinem interfectorum, tum propter infinitam pecuniæ -summam, quam in obsidione consumpserat, nimio furore succensus, -universos nobiles illos, sine misericordiæ consideratione, patibulo -suspendi praecepit. Sed vir nobilis Savaricus de Malloleone, in faciem -Regi resistens, ait: Domine Rex, guerra nostra nondum finita est, unde -vobis diligenter considerandum est, quàm varios eventus bello -sortiantur. Nempe si nobis istos nunc suspendio tradatis, Barones -adversarii nostri, vel me fortè vel alios de exercitu vestro nobiles -intercipere potuerunt; et consimili casu in brevi et exemplo vestri -suspendio tradere, quod absit à vobis, ne contingat: quia tali -conditione nullus in vestro obsequio militaret. Tunc Rex, licèt invitus, -consilio ejus et aliorum virorum prudentum adquiescens, Willielmum de -Albineto, W. de Lancastre, W. de Emeford, Thomam de Muleton, Osbertum -Giffard, Osbertum de Bonbi, Odinellum de Albineto, et alios nobiliores -misit ad Castrum de Corf, sub arcta custodia deputandos. Robertum verò -de Chaurna, et Richardum Giffart, cum Thoma de Lincoln, apud Castrum de -Nothingham; aliosque per loca diversa carcerali custodiæ mancipandos -direxit. -</p><p> -“Servientes vero omnes, præter balistarios, qui multos in obsidione -milites et servientes interfecerant, patibulo suspendi præcepit. His ita -gestis, pars Baronum non erat mediocriter infirmata.”—Matt. Par. Hist. -Angl. fol. 268, et seqq.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_118_118" id="Footnote_118_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> The names here enumerated as the friends and abettors of -Albini were—William de Lancaster, William de Emeford, Thomas de -Muleton, Osbert Gifford, Osbert de Bobie, Odinell de Albiney, Robert -Charnie, Richard Gifford, and Thomas de Lincoln—names which are -variously spelt in the different chronicles.—See the preceding note.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_119_119" id="Footnote_119_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119_119"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> The following occurrence, as mentioned by the same -historian, shows the force upon which King John had calculated in -addition to the powerful army with which he actually beleaguered the -castle:—“Here is to be remembred, that whilest the siege laie thus at -Rochester, Hugh de Boues, a valiant knight, but full of pride and -arrogancie, a Frenchman borne, but banished out of his countrie, came -down to Calice with an huge number of men of warre and souldiers to come -to the aid of King John. But as he was upon the sea with all his people, -meaning to land at Dover, by a sudden tempest which rose at that -instant, the said Hugh with all his companie was drowned by shipwracke. -Soone after the bodie of the same Hugh, with the carcases of other -innumerable both of men, women, and children, were found not farre from -Yermouth, and all along that coast. There were of them in alle fortie -thousand, as saith Matthew Paris; for of all those which he brought with -him, there was (as it is said) not one man left alive. -</p><p> -“The king (as the same went, but how true I know not) had given by -charter vnto the said Hugh de Boues the whole countrie of Northfolke, so -that he ment to have expelled the old inhabitants, and to have peopled -it with strangers. But whether this was so or not, sure it is that he -was verie sorowfull for the losse of this succor and aid which thus -perished in the seas, though it happened verie well for his subiects of -England, that should have been sore oppressed by such multitude of -strangers, which for the most part must needs have lived upon the -countrie, to the utter undooing of the inhabitants wheresoever they -should have come.”</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_120_120" id="Footnote_120_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120_120"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> Una dierum dum obsidio castri Roffensis duraret, Rex et -Savaricus circumibant castrum, ut infirmiora ejus considerarent. Quos -cùm cognovisset quidam optimus arcubalistarius Willielmi de Albineto, -ait illi: Placeat tibi, domine mi, ut occidam Regem hostem nostrum -cruentissimum spiculo hoc, quod habeo promptum? Cui ille: Non, non, -absit gluto pessime, ut in sanctum Domini mortem procuremus. Et ille: -Non parceret tibi in consimili casu. Tum Willielmus: Fiat Domini -beneplacitum: Dominus disponet, non ille. In hoc similis erat David -parcentis Saul, cùm occidisse potuit. Hoc posteà non latuit Regem, nec -ob hoc voluit parcere capto, quin ipsum suspendisset, si permissum ei -fuisset.—Matth. Paris. Hist. Angl. 270. -</p><p> -The above anecdote is also related in the “Admirable Curiosities of -Englande, 1682,” with some little difference in the expression. It is -honourable to Albini, of whose character notice has already appeared in -this work.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_121_121" id="Footnote_121_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> Holinshed, 188. Also Paris.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_122_122" id="Footnote_122_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122_122"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> Hist. and Antiq. of Rochester. Hume, Hist.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_123_123" id="Footnote_123_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123_123"><span class="label">[123]</span></a> Op. citat.—Chronicles.—Antiq. of Roch.—Paris. Hist. -Angl. fol. 282.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_124_124" id="Footnote_124_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124_124"><span class="label">[124]</span></a> Hist. of the Castle. Civil and Milit. -Transact.—Chronicles.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_125_125" id="Footnote_125_125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_125_125"><span class="label">[125]</span></a> Between the reign of Henry the Third and that of Edward -the Fourth, who contributed the last repairs to the Castle, Guy de -Rochfort, one of the King’s foreign minions—William de St. Clare, -Robert de Houghan, Robert de Septuans, Stephanus de Dene—“a great enemy -to the monks”—William Skarlett, and William Keriel, had each in turn -the custody of this fortress; but they have left behind them no -remarkable traits of character.—Hist. of Rochester.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_126_126" id="Footnote_126_126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_126_126"><span class="label">[126]</span></a> One incident, however, may be mentioned, namely; in 1382, -the fifth year of Richard the Second, while the rebellion of Wat Tyler -was at its height, a party of the insurgents had the hardihood to lay -siege to Rochester Castle, and penetrating into the interior, carried -off a prisoner in triumph. (History of Rochester Castle, 34.) From all -the information recorded respecting this fortress, it has never -apparently sustained a siege with that degree of obstinacy which its -strength and position would have led one to suppose. Pestilence in the -first—starvation in the second instance, compelled the surrender of its -garrison; and on the third occasion it was only saved from a similar -fate by the unexpected recal of Leicester from under its walls to more -important duties in Sussex. But, ill provisioned, the siege could be -protracted neither by the thickness of the walls, nor the bravery of the -garrison.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_127_127" id="Footnote_127_127"></a><a href="#FNanchor_127_127"><span class="label">[127]</span></a> King James I. having in 1610 granted this castle, with -all the services and emoluments appertaining thereto, to Sir Anthony -Weldon, of Swanscombe; Walker Weldon, a descendant, sold the timber-work -belonging to the castle to Gimmet, who, not many years ago, applied a -part of it in building a brewhouse on the common.—Antiquities of -Rochester Castle.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_128_128" id="Footnote_128_128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_128_128"><span class="label">[128]</span></a> But all the beer, it is said, ever brewed within the new -precincts partook so largely of the virtues of oak, that the drinkers -underwent the internal process of tanning, till the beverage became -known as the “Baron’s Oak-wort.” The case was then laid before a learned -chemist, who declared that “whereas the oak was without bark, so ought -the beer to have been without bitter.” But another, much more acute in -questions of taste, gave it as his opinion, that the old oak having been -thrice steeped in the bitter tyranny of King John, as he proved from -history, had imbibed so much of the spirit of these times, that the -flavour now complained of was nothing more than the natural consequence -of using old baronial oak for modern brewhouses; a measure, he averred, -that could not be too severely reprobated. The solution thus given to an -intricate question was lucid and satisfactory; but the brewer “never -once blessed the day that he bought the venerable roof-tree and beams of -Rochester Castle at the hammer.”—MS. Old Castles.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_129_129" id="Footnote_129_129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_129_129"><span class="label">[129]</span></a> Some masons of London bought the stone stairs, and other -squared and wrought stones of the windows and arches; and the rest of -the materials were offered to a pavior, but he declined purchasing them, -finding, upon trial, the cement so hard, that the expense of separating -and cleaning the stones would amount to more than their value. This -essay was made on the eastern side, near the postern leading to Bully -Hill, where a large chasm shows the effects of it.—History and -Antiquities of Rochester.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_130_130" id="Footnote_130_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130_130"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> Antiquities of Kent—Rochester.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_131_131" id="Footnote_131_131"></a><a href="#FNanchor_131_131"><span class="label">[131]</span></a> In this we shall be guided by the authorities of Grose, -Denne, Kilburne, the Kentish Tourist, and the various archæological and -historical writers who have successively made the “Castrum Cantuariorum” -the subject of personal study and research; but still reserving to -ourselves the privilege of making such comments or corrections as a -personal investigation of the Castle shall appear to warrant.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_132_132" id="Footnote_132_132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_132_132"><span class="label">[132]</span></a> History and Antiquities of Rochester Castle.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_133_133" id="Footnote_133_133"></a><a href="#FNanchor_133_133"><span class="label">[133]</span></a> In the old palace of Stuttgardt, the grand staircase is -so spacious, and so gradual in the ascent, that a cavalier might ascend -and descend without any difficulty. It is the old feudal mansion of the -Dukes of Wirtemberg, and possesses many striking characteristics of the -castles of that age and country.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_134_134" id="Footnote_134_134"></a><a href="#FNanchor_134_134"><span class="label">[134]</span></a> See the Work above quoted.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_135_135" id="Footnote_135_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135_135"><span class="label">[135]</span></a> See the Engraving, p. 146, with these arches.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_136_136" id="Footnote_136_136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_136_136"><span class="label">[136]</span></a> See also Mr. Dallaway on this subject; “Rape of Arundel;” -Discourses on Architecture, 277.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_137_137" id="Footnote_137_137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_137_137"><span class="label">[137]</span></a> From a dateless rescript in the Regist. Roff. it appears -that there was a Chapel in the Castle; but whether in this Tower, or -some other part, we cannot determine. “It was named the King’s Chapel, -and the ministers that officiated in it were called King’s Chaplains. -Their stipend was fifty shillings a-year.”</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_138_138" id="Footnote_138_138"></a><a href="#FNanchor_138_138"><span class="label">[138]</span></a> From the many urns and lachrymatories found on Boley -Hill, there is no doubt but it was the burying-place of the Romans, when -stationed at Rochester. Denne’s Antiquit. Rochester.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_139_139" id="Footnote_139_139"></a><a href="#FNanchor_139_139"><span class="label">[139]</span></a> Military Architecture in England.—Dallaway, 285.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_140_140" id="Footnote_140_140"></a><a href="#FNanchor_140_140"><span class="label">[140]</span></a> Discourses.—Milit. Archit.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_141_141" id="Footnote_141_141"></a><a href="#FNanchor_141_141"><span class="label">[141]</span></a> Dallaway’s Discourses, etc.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_142_142" id="Footnote_142_142"></a><a href="#FNanchor_142_142"><span class="label">[142]</span></a> Military Architect. in England, p. 274. Antiq. of -Rochester.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_143_143" id="Footnote_143_143"></a><a href="#FNanchor_143_143"><span class="label">[143]</span></a> Lambard, Perambul. ed. 1576.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_144_144" id="Footnote_144_144"></a><a href="#FNanchor_144_144"><span class="label">[144]</span></a> Antiquities, p. 148.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_145_145" id="Footnote_145_145"></a><a href="#FNanchor_145_145"><span class="label">[145]</span></a> Antiq. of Rochester.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_146_146" id="Footnote_146_146"></a><a href="#FNanchor_146_146"><span class="label">[146]</span></a> Ibid.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_147_147" id="Footnote_147_147"></a><a href="#FNanchor_147_147"><span class="label">[147]</span></a> Kentish Traveller, p. 140. Joneval, p. 85.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_148_148" id="Footnote_148_148"></a><a href="#FNanchor_148_148"><span class="label">[148]</span></a> Such were the general features of this bridge down to -1793, when a series of improvements was commenced under the direction of -Mr. Alexander, a London architect. The breadth of the road-way then was -increased from fifteen to twenty-seven feet, by springing new arches in -every opening of the bridge from the points of the piers in the old -work, without any new foundations. The centre arch was then formed by -throwing the two middle arches into one, and is nearly as large as that -of Blackfriars, London; so that great convenience has been offered to -the navigation in the Medway above Rochester. The balustrade is formed -of white freestone, very substantial and elegant in appearance, with -commodious footpaths on either side; and the whole expense was defrayed -from the improved income of the bridge-estates, without establishing any -toll upon the thoroughfare. Since that period it has undergone various -minor repairs, and with the Castle in the background, and the various -trading craft passing and repassing with every tide, few objects can be -more pleasing and picturesque than the bridge of Rochester.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_149_149" id="Footnote_149_149"></a><a href="#FNanchor_149_149"><span class="label">[149]</span></a> In the Dutch life and achievements of Van Ruyter, a -goodly 4to, there is a large engraving of Rochester, Upnor Castle, and -the bridge, with a most exaggerated picture of the engagement.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_150_150" id="Footnote_150_150"></a><a href="#FNanchor_150_150"><span class="label">[150]</span></a> Hist. of Rochester. Hist. of the War—Reign of Queen -Elizabeth.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_151_151" id="Footnote_151_151"></a><a href="#FNanchor_151_151"><span class="label">[151]</span></a> Warton also mentions his having seen a ballad by Faire, -called “Gadshill,” under the year 1588; and adds in a note—See -Clavell’s “Recantation,” a poem in 4to, London, 1634. Clavell was a -robber, and here recites his adventures on the highway. His first -depredations were on Gadshill. Further particulars in the Kentish -Traveller’s Companion, ed. 1799.—Simmons and Kirby.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_152_152" id="Footnote_152_152"></a><a href="#FNanchor_152_152"><span class="label">[152]</span></a> Simul et videbatur voluntati religiosæ nomen applaudere, -quod Theokesburia dicatur quasi Theotokos-biria, id est, Dei genetricis -curia, vocabulo ex Græco et Anglicano composito. Will. Malmesbur. Edit. -fol. 1596, p. 162.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_153_153" id="Footnote_153_153"></a><a href="#FNanchor_153_153"><span class="label">[153]</span></a> Sir R. Atkyns, Rudder, Camden, Dyde, and the various -“Directories;” Notes on the Great Charters, Dugdale’s Monasticon, Chron. -of Tewkesb., etc.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_154_154" id="Footnote_154_154"></a><a href="#FNanchor_154_154"><span class="label">[154]</span></a> HĀNC · ĀVLĀM · RELIĀM · ÐODO · DVX · CONSECRĀRI · FECIT· -IN ECCLESIĀM · IN HONOREM · SĀNCTÆ · MĀRIÆ · VIRGINIS · Monast. f. 154.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_155_155" id="Footnote_155_155"></a><a href="#FNanchor_155_155"><span class="label">[155]</span></a> Dugdale, Leland.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_156_156" id="Footnote_156_156"></a><a href="#FNanchor_156_156"><span class="label">[156]</span></a> Speaking of the cell of Cranburne, belonging to -Tewkesbury:—Alredus Meauw, Comes Glocestriæ, primus -fundator.—Fabulabatur huic antiquitus monasterium Theokesbyri: sed -Robertus, filius Haimonis, comes Glocestriæ, dedit prædia hujus domus -monasterio de Theokesbirie.—See Dugd. p. 163.—Chronic. of -Tewkesburye.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_157_157" id="Footnote_157_157"></a><a href="#FNanchor_157_157"><span class="label">[157]</span></a> Being sent as ambassador to the Court of Baldwin, Count -of Flanders, Brictric made so tender an impression upon the heart of the -Count’s daughter, Matilda, that, unable to disguise her partiality for -the English noble, she resolved to unite her destiny with his. No object -could delight her eye, no sound could charm her ear, but the figure and -voice of Brictric! But here the course of true love did not run -smooth—it ran all on one side; for, occupied perhaps with politics, or -haply with some early predilections nearer the Severn, Brictric was -obviously insensible to the tender appeal, and so ungallant, moreover, -as to treat the affections lavished upon him by the fair Maud with a -callousness of look and expression which proved almost a death-blow to -so doting a heart. The ambassador, however, little consulted his own -interest when he slighted these tender overtures on the part of the maid -of Flanders. But he lived in times when plenipotentiaries were not so -wise as they are in the present day; for on the very first protocol -being submitted to his consideration, he broke off the negotiations and -returned to England. For a time the daughter of Baldwin was -inconsolable. Like Queen Dido of old, she exclaimed in great -bitterness—for Latin was no mystery to the ladies of her time— -</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">——“Siquis mihi parvulus aula<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Luderet Æneas, qui te tantem ore referret,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Non equidem capta ac deserta viderer,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Crudelis”——<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p class="nind"> -But while the lady was thus giving vent to her love in pathetic -hexameters, Brictric had arrived at Tewkesbury, little thinking of that -storm which was soon to burst on the shores of Britain, and in which he -was to be stripped of his ancient patrimony.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_158_158" id="Footnote_158_158"></a><a href="#FNanchor_158_158"><span class="label">[158]</span></a> In “France Monumentale” there is a full-length portrait -of the Conqueror, which bears a striking resemblance to that of Henry -the Eighth.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_159_159" id="Footnote_159_159"></a><a href="#FNanchor_159_159"><span class="label">[159]</span></a> Dudg. 154, 50.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_160_160" id="Footnote_160_160"></a><a href="#FNanchor_160_160"><span class="label">[160]</span></a> Fuerat Illiud monasterium primitus apud Craneburnam: sed -abbatis Giraldi prouisione, pro <i>vicini fluminis</i> opportunitate, et -dominicarum terrarum contiguo. Theokesburiæ aptius locari visum. Will. -Malmesbur. (fol. 162.)</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_161_161" id="Footnote_161_161"></a><a href="#FNanchor_161_161"><span class="label">[161]</span></a> Ibi nempe (Theokesburiæ) Cœnobium Sanctæ Mariæ, Robertus -filius Haimonis, super Sabrinam fluvium <i>construxerat et multis opibus -tempore</i> Gulielmi junioris Anglorum regis affatim <i>locupletavit</i>. Ord. -Vital. Hist. Eccl. 600.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_162_162" id="Footnote_162_162"></a><a href="#FNanchor_162_162"><span class="label">[162]</span></a> His words are, (folio 162, edit. 1596,) “Est et -monachorum Theokesburiæ, quod noviter <span class="smcap">Robertus filius Hamonis</span> favore suo -prouexit, nec facile memoratu, quantum exaltavit vbi et ædificiorum -decor, et monachorum charitas aduentantium rapit oculos et allicit -animos.” This is a repetition of what the same writer has stated in the -same words at fol. 89, sect. 28-9.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_163_163" id="Footnote_163_163"></a><a href="#FNanchor_163_163"><span class="label">[163]</span></a> Order. Vitalis Histor. Ecclesiæ, p. 598-600. Giraldus -autem in veteri monasterio Sancti Petri Monachile Schema devote suscepit -... unde post aliquod tempus ad regimen ecclesiasticum canonice -provectus est et Theokesburiæ primus <span class="eng">Abbas</span> effectus est.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_164_164" id="Footnote_164_164"></a><a href="#FNanchor_164_164"><span class="label">[164]</span></a> Willielm. Malmesbur. fol. 89, ed. 1596. Non tamen sine -sanguine tantam victoriam consummans multos ex charissimis amisit. Inter -quos Rogerium de Glocestre, probatum militem in obsessione Falesij -arcubalistæ jactu in capite percussum, præterea <span class="eng">Robertum filium Haimonis</span> -qui conto ictus tempora, hebetatusque ingenio non pauco tempore, quasi -captus mente, supervixit.... Robertus monasterium Theokesburiæ suo -favore, etc. This compliment is repeated at fol. 162.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_165_165" id="Footnote_165_165"></a><a href="#FNanchor_165_165"><span class="label">[165]</span></a> His high titles were—Prince of Glamorgan, Earl of -Corboile, Baron of Thorigny and of Granville, Lord of Gloucester, -Bristol, Caerdiff, and Tewkesbury, and near kinsman of the king. But -having in 1091 made a descent into South Wales, slain its last prince, -Rhys ap Tewdwr, and subdued Glamorgan, he assumed in his charters the -proud title of Conqueror of Wales.—Hist. of Tewkesb.—Baronage.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_166_166" id="Footnote_166_166"></a><a href="#FNanchor_166_166"><span class="label">[166]</span></a> Robert of Gloucester, in commemorating these objections -on the part of the Lady Mabilia, and their removal and adjustment on -that of King Henry, gives the following shrewd and amusing dialogue. The -king having proposed to the heiress, as a state measure, that she should -give her hand to his son Robert, the lady, who was fully sensible that -the grand charm which made the King suitor for his son was her princely -“heritage,” answers him thus: -</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i2"><i>Mabel.</i> Sir, she saide, ich wote your herte upon me is<br /></span> -<span class="i0">More for myne heritage, than for myselfe, I wis;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And suche heritage as ich have, itt were to mee grit shame<br /></span> -<span class="i0">To take a lorde but he haddé any surname.<br /></span> -<span class="i2"><i>K. Henry.</i> Damoseill, quod the Kingé, thou seest well in thys case,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Sir Robert Fitz-Häyman thi faders namé was;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">As fayre a name he shall have, as you may see,<br /></span> -<span class="i0"><span class="smcap">Sir Robert le Fitz-Roy</span> shall his name be.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Yea, Damoseill, he sayd, thy lorde shall have a name<br /></span> -<span class="i0">For him and for his heires, fayre without blame:<br /></span> -<span class="i0">For <span class="smcap">Robert Earl of Gloucestre</span> his name shall be, and ’tis<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Hee shall be Earl of Gloucestre, and his heirés, I wis.<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p class="nind"> -This declaration on the part of the king having instantly removed every -possible objection, the heiress no longer hesitates, but in great and -amiable simplicity answers— -</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i2"><i>Mabel.</i> Inne this forme, quod shee, ich wole that all my thyng be hys.<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p> -Robert, a monk of Gloucester, is supposed to have finished his rhyming -Chronicle about 1280.—Campbell’s Essay on English Poetry, note, p. 37. -This extract from the Chronicle is slightly modernized; but in Hearne’s -edit. vol. ii. 431, the reader will find it in its original purity.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_167_167" id="Footnote_167_167"></a><a href="#FNanchor_167_167"><span class="label">[167]</span></a> Hist. and Antiq. of Tewkesb.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_168_168" id="Footnote_168_168"></a><a href="#FNanchor_168_168"><span class="label">[168]</span></a> Dyde.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_169_169" id="Footnote_169_169"></a><a href="#FNanchor_169_169"><span class="label">[169]</span></a> It is extremely uncertain what Richard de Clare is -alluded to in the Baronial Covenant in the time of King John. The -Richard who was living nearest to the time died in 1200, 8vo. K. John; -and in 1215 the title was held by his eldest son Gilbert de Clare, who -was also one of the witnessing barons. See Milles, Catal. of Honor. -Lond. 1610, p. 334, who states that this Richard died the 3 Kalend. Dec. -in the year 1218. That this account is probable may be shown from the -following circumstance:—All genealogical writers agree that he married -Amicia, second daughter (and co-heiress) of the Earl of Gloucester, by -whom he had Gilbert his successor and a daughter.—Notes on the Great -Charters, 271.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_170_170" id="Footnote_170_170"></a><a href="#FNanchor_170_170"><span class="label">[170]</span></a> Dugd. 1. 156. Dyde, 38. Leland. Collect. vol. i. p. 456.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_171_171" id="Footnote_171_171"></a><a href="#FNanchor_171_171"><span class="label">[171]</span></a> It is recorded among the memorabilia of this earl, that a -Jew having accidentally fallen into a common sewer on Saturday, refused -all assistance to extricate him from his loathsome prison, lest he -should profane the Sabbath of his nation. Richard de Clare, lord of the -manor, hearing of the circumstance and the man’s obstinacy, gave orders -that none should assist him on the Sunday, resolving to make him observe -the Christian Sabbath with the same solemnity with which he had observed -his own. But before Monday this strict observer of the ceremonies of the -law had fallen a victim to his conscientious scruples.—Dyde.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_172_172" id="Footnote_172_172"></a><a href="#FNanchor_172_172"><span class="label">[172]</span></a> Lord of the Isles, 267.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_173_173" id="Footnote_173_173"></a><a href="#FNanchor_173_173"><span class="label">[173]</span></a> Hist. and Antiq. of Tewkesb.—Dugdale, Chron.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_174_174" id="Footnote_174_174"></a><a href="#FNanchor_174_174"><span class="label">[174]</span></a> To the office of sacrist in the Abbey of Tewkesbury he -appropriated certain rents in Bristol: and to the priest who should say -the first mass for the soul of the said Guy every day at the altar of -St. Margaret in the church of Tewkesbury, with certain prayers specified -for his surviving kindred, and his kindred deceased, the mass of the -Trinity on Sunday, the mass of the Holy Ghost on Monday, the mass of St. -Thomas on Tuesday, the mass of the Holy Rest on Wednesday, the mass of -Ascension on Thursday, the mass of the Holy Cross on Friday, the mass of -St. Mary on Saturday—twenty-one pence weekly. Farther, to him who -should celebrate mass on his anniversary, or on that of his wife -Elizabeth—if the abbot, five shillings; if the prior, three shillings -and four-pence: to him who should read the Gospel, to the reader of the -Epistle, to him who should hold the paten, and to the precentor and his -two assistants, eight-pence each; to the prior twelve-pence, and to -every monk four-pence.—Monast. Anglican. I. 157.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_175_175" id="Footnote_175_175"></a><a href="#FNanchor_175_175"><span class="label">[175]</span></a> The custom of the day: trinkets, robes, needlework, -apparel of all kinds, were usually left to the church, which declined -nothing by way of gifts, from a coronet to a coral bead.—See the -enumeration in the Monast. Anglican. I. 157.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_176_176" id="Footnote_176_176"></a><a href="#FNanchor_176_176"><span class="label">[176]</span></a> Then under the guardianship of Edmund, Duke of York, who -had married him to Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Ralph Nevil, Earl of -Westmoreland. He left no issue, and was buried with his ancestors in the -Abbey church. Hist. and Antiq. of Tewkesb.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_177_177" id="Footnote_177_177"></a><a href="#FNanchor_177_177"><span class="label">[177]</span></a> See Dyde, Hist. and Antiq. Chron. of Tewkesb.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_178_178" id="Footnote_178_178"></a><a href="#FNanchor_178_178"><span class="label">[178]</span></a> Edward the Fourth confirmed all the privileges granted by -his ancestors to the Abbey of Tewkesbury, as well as the charter of -fishing in the Severn and Avon, granted by Warwick. Hist. of the Abbey, -p. 48.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_179_179" id="Footnote_179_179"></a><a href="#FNanchor_179_179"><span class="label">[179]</span></a> Hist. and Antiq. of Tewkesbury, 1798, p. 51.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_180_180" id="Footnote_180_180"></a><a href="#FNanchor_180_180"><span class="label">[180]</span></a> Ibid.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_181_181" id="Footnote_181_181"></a><a href="#FNanchor_181_181"><span class="label">[181]</span></a> Edit. 1574, p. 164.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_182_182" id="Footnote_182_182"></a><a href="#FNanchor_182_182"><span class="label">[182]</span></a> -</p> - -<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0"> -<tr><td rowspan="6" valign="top"><i>Dimensions.</i>—</td><td>Original length of the Church, including the Lady Chapel, nearly</td><td class="rt">400</td><td class="rt">ft.</td></tr> -<tr><td>Length from east to west, in its present state</td><td class="rt">300</td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="ditto">“</span> of the great Cross Aisle</td><td class="rt">120</td></tr> -<tr><td>Breadth of the Choir and side Aisles</td><td class="rt">70</td></tr> -<tr><td><span class="ditto">“</span> <span class="ditto">“</span> West front</td><td class="rt">100</td></tr> -<tr><td>Height from the area to the roof of the Tower</td><td class="rt">120</td></tr> -</table> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_183_183" id="Footnote_183_183"></a><a href="#FNanchor_183_183"><span class="label">[183]</span></a> Analysis of Cathedral Churches, &c.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_184_184" id="Footnote_184_184"></a><a href="#FNanchor_184_184"><span class="label">[184]</span></a> History of Gloucest.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_185_185" id="Footnote_185_185"></a><a href="#FNanchor_185_185"><span class="label">[185]</span></a> -</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Here her deare Devonshiere, noble Covrtney, dyed;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Her faithful friend great <span class="smcap">Somerset</span> here fell.—<span class="smcap">Drayton.</span><br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_186_186" id="Footnote_186_186"></a><a href="#FNanchor_186_186"><span class="label">[186]</span></a> Ejus corpus, cum reliquis interfectorum cadaveribus, in -proximo Cœnobio monachorum ordinis Divi Benedicti humatur.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_187_187" id="Footnote_187_187"></a><a href="#FNanchor_187_187"><span class="label">[187]</span></a> -</p> - -<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" summary=""> -<tr><td> </td><td class="c">LIVINGS.</td><td class="c">PARSONAGES.</td><td class="c">VICARAGES.</td></tr> -<tr><td rowspan="10" -valign="top">In</td><td>Gloucestershire</td><td class="c">4</td><td class="c">10</td></tr> -<tr><td>Worcestershire</td><td class="c">2</td><td class="c">2</td></tr> -<tr><td>Warwickshire</td><td class="c">2</td><td class="c">—</td></tr> -<tr><td>Wiltshire and Bristol</td><td class="c">5</td><td class="c">3</td></tr> -<tr><td>Oxfordshire</td><td class="c">1</td><td class="c">2</td></tr> -<tr><td>Somersetshire</td><td class="c">3</td><td class="c">—</td></tr> -<tr><td>Devonshire</td><td class="c">—</td><td class="c">1</td></tr> -<tr><td>Cornwall</td><td class="c">—</td><td class="c">2</td></tr> -<tr><td>Glamorgan</td><td class="c">—</td><td class="c">5</td></tr> -<tr><td>Dorsetshire</td><td class="c">—</td><td class="c">2</td></tr> -</table> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_188_188" id="Footnote_188_188"></a><a href="#FNanchor_188_188"><span class="label">[188]</span></a> Who had been put in possession of the ancient manor of -Brictric in the way already mentioned.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_189_189" id="Footnote_189_189"></a><a href="#FNanchor_189_189"><span class="label">[189]</span></a> In his observations on the value of silver at the time of -the Survey, 1086, Sir Robert Atkyns gives the following statement:—The -rate of necessaries which subsist human life is the true estimate of -money. Since, therefore, wheat-corn seems to be the <i>most</i> necessary of -anything, we may best value <i>coin</i> by the price of wheat in the several -ages. A bushel of wheat, soon after the Norman Conquest, was sold for a -penny, which was equal in weight to our threepence. At this day (1729) a -bushel of wheat, one year with another, may be valued at four shillings, -which is sixteen times the value of it six or seven hundred years ago. -The conclusion will be, that a man might live in that time as well on -twenty shillings a year of our money, as on sixteen pounds a year at -present. And, to carry it further, <i>two</i> pounds money would buy as much -wheat as <i>ninety-six</i> pounds of the present.—<i>Dyde</i> on Atkyns’ Hist. -Gloucest. 142. Hist. of the Abbey.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_190_190" id="Footnote_190_190"></a><a href="#FNanchor_190_190"><span class="label">[190]</span></a> “Anno Domini M.C. Nam idem <span class="eng">Rex</span> pridie ante necem suam, -vidit per somnum sese fleubotomiæ ictu sanguinem emittere, et radium -cruoris in cœlum usque extentum, lucem obnubilare, et Dei interpellare -claritatem. Rex autem Sancta Maria invocata et somno excussus, lumen -inferri præcepit, et cubicularios à se discedere non permittens, -residuum noctis insomne peregit. Mane verò cùm aurora illuxisset, -Monachus quidam transmarinus, qui pro ecclesiæ suæ negotiis Regis curiam -sequebatur, <span class="eng">Roberto filio Hamonis</span> viro potenti et Regi familiari somnium -retulit, quod nocte eadem viderat mirificum et horrendum. Vidit enim per -somnum Regem in quandam venire ecclesiam, gestuque superbo et insolenti -(ut solebat) cœpit despicere circumstantes, ubi crucifixum dentibus -apprehendens, brachia illius corrosit, et crura pene detruncavit. Quod -crucifixus cum diu tolerasset, Regem demum dextro pede ita depulit, ut -caderet in pavimentum supinus: et ex ore jacentis tantam exire flammam -conspexit, et ita diffusam, ut fumorū nebula, quasi chaos magnum usque -ad sidera volitarat. Hanc visionem cùm <span class="eng">Robertus</span> Regi retulisset, -cachinnos ingeminans ait: Monachus est, et lucri causa <i>monachiliter</i> -somniavit: da ei centum solidos, ne videatur inaniter somniasse. Item -videbatur Regi per somnium nocte proxima ante diem mortis suæ, quòd -vidit unum <span class="eng">Infantem</span> pulcherrimum super altare quoddam, et cupiens et -esuriens supra modum, adiit et corrosit de carne infantis, et videbatur -ei prædulce quod gustaverat: et volens plus avidius sumere, infans torvo -aspectu et voce minaci ait: Desisti, nimis accepisti. Expergefactus à -somno Rex, consoluit mane super hæc quendam episcopum. Episcopus autem -suspicans judicium vindictæ, ait: Desine Rex bone à persecutione -ecclesiæ præmonitio enim hæc Dei est, et beniga castigatio; nec ut -proposuisti, venatum eas. Rex contemnens salutaria monita, in sylvas -venatum ivit. Et ecce casu, cervus magnus cum ante eum transiret, ait -Rex cuidam militi, scilicet Waltero Tyrell: Trahe, diabole. Exiit ergò -telum volatile, de quo bene et vere potuit dici, et vaticinio denotari, -</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Et semel emissum volat irrevocabile telum.<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p> -Et obstante arbore, in obliquum reflexum faciens, per medium cordis -Regem sauciavit, qui subito mortuus corruit. Sui autem, et præcipuè -miles ille, in partes fugerunt. Aliqui tum redeuntes corpus in sanguine -suo circumvolutum et tabefactum, supra bigam cujusdam carbonatoris -imposuerunt fragilem, et macilentissimo jumento vno tractam. Rusticulus -igitur coactus corpus ad civitatem transportare, dum transiret per -quandam profundam et lutosam viam, fracta biga sua debili, corpus, immo -cadaver rigidum et fœtens, in luto circumvolutum, volentibus asportare -dereliquit. Eadem hora Comes Cornubiæ, in sylva, ab illa in qua hæc -acciderant per duas dietas distante, dum venatum iret, et solus casu à -suis sodalibus relinqueretur, obviavit <i>magno piloso et nigro hirco</i>, -ferenti Regem nigrum et nudum per medium pectoris sauciatum. Et -adjuratus hircus per Deum-trinum-et-unum quid hoc esset, respondit: Fero -ad judicium suum Regem Vestrum, immo tyrannum <span class="eng">Willielmum Rufum</span>. Malignus -enim spiritus sum, et ultor maliciæ suæ, qua desævit in ecclesiam -Christi, et hanc suam necem procuravi, imperante promartyre Angliæ beato -Albano, qui questus est Domino, quòd in sula Britanniæ, cujus ipse fuit -primus sacrator, supra modum grassaretur. Comes igitur hæc sociis statim -narravit. Infra triduum autem hæc omnia vera reperit, per mediatores -oculata fide expertus.”—Matth. Par. p. 51-2, fol. ed. 1565.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_191_191" id="Footnote_191_191"></a><a href="#FNanchor_191_191"><span class="label">[191]</span></a> “The Dictum de Kenilworth,” here referred to, was made by -twelve persons, bishops and peers of the king’s selection; the object of -which was to soften the severity of the parliament holden at Winchester, -which had entirely confiscated the estates of the rebels and their -adherents; instead of which, this decree—that they might not be -rendered desperate—sentenced them only to a pecuniary fine of not more -than five years’ income of their estates, nor less than two.—Hist.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_192_192" id="Footnote_192_192"></a><a href="#FNanchor_192_192"><span class="label">[192]</span></a> “Of this Erle speaketh Ranulph, Monke of Chester, in his -Policronion, and calleth him Symon the ryghtwise, sayinge that God -wrought for him <i>miracles</i> after his deth: The whyche, for fere of the -kynge and Sir Edwarde, his sonne, were kept close and secret, so that no -man durst speke of theym.” Fabyan. 358. Not only the Monk of Chester, -however, but also Matthew of St. Albans, gravely records the same -popular belief; for it was supposed that, having fallen in defence of -the national liberty and in the performance of his oath, his death was -that of a martyr: and afterwards, when free utterance could be given to -this opinion without fear of the court, the clergy was reviled for not -granting him the honours of canonization. “Sir Symon” was a brave -soldier; and, compared with other saints of his day, would have been no -disgrace to the calendar.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_193_193" id="Footnote_193_193"></a><a href="#FNanchor_193_193"><span class="label">[193]</span></a> “He spent,” says Lombard, “greatlie upon it; in so much, -as Leland wryteth, that he consumed a round table and tresselles of -massie golde, which the same King Edward had not long before made to -honoure the knighthood of that order withall.”</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_194_194" id="Footnote_194_194"></a><a href="#FNanchor_194_194"><span class="label">[194]</span></a> In the old Baronage, vol. i., p. 143, the circumstances -attending this splendid fête are thus somewhat differently and more -fully related:—Having procured the honour of knighthood to be conferred -upon him by Edward the First, Mortimer, at his own cost, caused a -tournament to be held at Kenilworth, where he sumptuously entertained a -hundred knights and as many ladies for three days, the like whereof was -never before in England; and there began the Round-table—so called by -reason that the place wherein they practised those feats was environed -with a strong wall, made in a round form. Upon the fourth day, at the -close of the fête, the golden lion, in sign of triumph, being yielded to -him, he carried it, with all the company, to Warwick. The fame thereof -being spread into foreign countries, occasioned the Queen of Navarre to -send unto him certain wooden bottles, bound with golden bars and wax, -under the pretence of wine, which, in truth, were all <i>filled with -gold</i>, and for many ages after were kept in the Abbey of -Wigmore—whereupon, for the love of that queen, the said Sir Roger -Mortimer added a carbuncle to his arms.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_195_195" id="Footnote_195_195"></a><a href="#FNanchor_195_195"><span class="label">[195]</span></a> Of both these apartments, as of the White Hall, nothing -now remains but fragments of walls and staircases, and a part of two -large bow windows; the inner of which, like those of the hall, is -picturesquely festooned with ivy.—Notes.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_196_196" id="Footnote_196_196"></a><a href="#FNanchor_196_196"><span class="label">[196]</span></a> Isabel, daughter of Philip the Fair, King of France, -married in her twelfth year to Edward, Jan. 22, 1308, in the church of -Our Lady at Boulogne, was “his wife twenty years, his widow thirty, and -died at the age of sixty-three.”—See <span class="smcap">Eltham Hall</span>, in this work.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_197_197" id="Footnote_197_197"></a><a href="#FNanchor_197_197"><span class="label">[197]</span></a> By his first wife, the countess of Kenilworth, he had, -besides his son and heir (Henry de Bolingbroke), two daughters, -Philippa, Queen of Portugal, and Elizabeth, Countess of Pembroke. By his -second wife, Constance, daughter of the King of Portugal, he had another -daughter, Catherine, who became consort of the Spanish king. And by -Catherine Swinford, his third wife, he had five sons, namely, John -Beaufort, Earl of Somerset; Henry, Bishop of Winchester; Thomas, Earl of -Dorset, afterwards Duke of Exeter; and a daughter, Joan, who married, -first, Sir Robert Ferrers, and secondly, the Earl of -Westmoreland.—Dugd. Bar. art. Lancast.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_198_198" id="Footnote_198_198"></a><a href="#FNanchor_198_198"><span class="label">[198]</span></a> Harrison.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_199_199" id="Footnote_199_199"></a><a href="#FNanchor_199_199"><span class="label">[199]</span></a> Holinshed.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_200_200" id="Footnote_200_200"></a><a href="#FNanchor_200_200"><span class="label">[200]</span></a> Among other repairs and alterations, he is said to have -caused the “banqueting-house,” erected by Henry the Fifth, to be taken -down, and part of it to be rebuilt within the base-court, near the Swan -Tower. But the “banqueting-house” here mentioned, appears to have been -the same as that already noticed as “le Plaisant Marais.”</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_201_201" id="Footnote_201_201"></a><a href="#FNanchor_201_201"><span class="label">[201]</span></a> Book ii. Chap. 15. Surely one may say of such a guest, -what Cicero says to Atticus on occasion of a visit paid him by Cæsar: -“Hospes tamen non es cui diceres, Amabo te, eodem ad me cùm revertere.” -Lib. xiii. Ep. 52. If she relieved the people from oppressions (to whom -it seems the law could give no relief), her visits were a great -oppression on the nobility.—See Hume.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_202_202" id="Footnote_202_202"></a><a href="#FNanchor_202_202"><span class="label">[202]</span></a> Among other embellishments of the “great chamber of -state,” was a most sumptuous <span class="eng">Chimney-piece</span>, composed of alabaster or -marble, richly carved and gilt. It was usually of very large dimensions, -widely spread, and reaching from the floor to the ceiling. There were -sometimes statues placed within columns and niches, which represented -some of the cardinal virtues, or grotesque termini, in the Roman manner, -then lately introduced into this country. The whole was painted with -gaudy colours; and the armorial bearings of the family, in one large -escóchéon, or the quarterings dispersed into many others, were an -indispensable decoration. In certain instances, the chimney-piece was of -carved freestone, left plain. The almost perfect resemblance of these to -the superb monuments which in that age were dedicated to the memory of -the dead, leave no doubt that the original idea had the same analogy. Of -this opinion one most splendid instance will suffice—that of the -mausoleum of Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, in the Beauchamp Chapel, -Warwick, and the <small>CHIMNEY-PIECE</small> (see preceding Woodcut) of Kenilworth -Castle.—Dallaway’s Discourses, page 363, 364.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_203_203" id="Footnote_203_203"></a><a href="#FNanchor_203_203"><span class="label">[203]</span></a> Hock-Tuesday, Hoke-day, or Hoke-tide. The origin of this -once popular game, or play, which the author of Kenilworth describes as -being represented to the Queen by the men of Coventry, is involved in -considerable obscurity. By some writers it is supposed to be -commemorative of the massacre of the Danes, in the reign of Ethelred, on -the 13th of November, 1002; whilst by others, the deliverance of the -English from the tyranny of the Danes by the death of Hardicanute, on -Tuesday, the 8th of June, 1042, is pointed out as its origin. The weight -of argument preponderates in favour of the national deliverance by -Hardicanute’s death: and it must not be forgotten, that the festival was -celebrated on a Tuesday, and that Hoke-Tuesday was the Tuesday in the -second week after Easter. Spelman derives the term from the German -Hocken, in reference to the act of binding, which was formerly practised -by the women upon the men on Hoke-Tuesday; an opinion which Mr. Denne -has well supported. [Archæolog. vol vii. p. 244.] A payment, called -Hock-Tuesday money, was anciently made by the tenant to the landlord, -for the permission given by the latter to the former to celebrate the -festivities of this memorable day. [Jac. Law Dic. in verb.] Whatever the -etymology of its name, or the origin of the game itself might be, its -subject was the massacre of the Danes, expressed in actions and rhymes, -and acted annually in the town of Coventry, till its suppression, -shortly after the Reformation. It consisted of fierce sham contests -between the English and Danish forces; first by the “launce knights,” on -horseback, armed with spears and shields, who, being many of them -dismounted, then fought with swords and targets. Afterwards succeeded -two “hosts of footmen,” one after the other; first marching in ranks, -then facing about in military array, then changing their form from ranks -into squadrons, then into triangles, then into rings, and then, “winding -out again, they joined in battle. Twice the Danes had the better; but at -the last conflict they were beaten down, overcome, and many of them led -captive for triumph by our English women.”—Illustration of the Waverley -Novels, vol. iii. p. 45.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_204_204" id="Footnote_204_204"></a><a href="#FNanchor_204_204"><span class="label">[204]</span></a> In Lands, £16,431 9<i>s.</i> In Woods, £11,722 2<i>s.</i> The -Castle, £10,401 4<i>s.</i>—Total, £38,554 15<i>s.</i> Thus the whole demesne, -including the Castle, is valued little more than the half of what, only -a few years previously, Dudley had expended in improvements.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_205_205" id="Footnote_205_205"></a><a href="#FNanchor_205_205"><span class="label">[205]</span></a> The romance of this story is certainly not improved by -the fact, that the gallant knight had left behind him one who justly -claimed him as her husband, namely, the Lady Alice Leigh. “But,” says -the author of the Baronage, “to countenance his marriage with Mistress -Southwell, he did allege his marriage with the said Lady Alice Leigh to -be by the canon law illegal, inasmuch as, &c.,” and obtaining a papal -<i>dispensation</i> for that purpose, espoused [Biog.] “the said Blanche -Southwell at Florence, who, as well as other members of her family, was -not aware,” according to the MS., “of the Knight’s previous -engagement.”—<span class="smcap">Ed.</span></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_206_206" id="Footnote_206_206"></a><a href="#FNanchor_206_206"><span class="label">[206]</span></a> This was Doctor Julio, or Giuglio. Camden says that the -disgrace of Archbishop Grindal was owing “to his having condemned the -unlawful marriage of this Julio, an Italian physician, with another -man’s wife, while Leicester in vain opposed his proceedings therein.”</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_207_207" id="Footnote_207_207"></a><a href="#FNanchor_207_207"><span class="label">[207]</span></a> This legend is preserved in two manuscripts now in the -British Museum (MS. Harl. No. 3776, and MS. Cotton., Julius, D VI.), -both of which formerly belonged to Waltham Abbey, and were written in -the twelfth century, the date of both the manuscripts. It was to the -following effect:—In the time of King Canute, there lived at -Lutegaresberi a smith, a man remarkable for the simplicity of his life, -and respected amongst his neighbours for his virtues. One night he had a -vision—an angel appeared to him, and directed him to repair early in -the morning to the priest, and exhort him to proceed in solemn -procession to the top of the hill, and there dig. The smith passed it -over as a mere dream; but the warning was repeated the following night. -He then consulted his wife, and by her advice again disregarded the -injunction of the angel; but the latter repeated his visit on the third -night, and threatened him with severe punishment for his continued -disobedience. On the morrow the smith arose, and told his dream to the -priest, who proceeded immediately with the town’s people to the summit -of the hill, where, after digging according to their directions, they -found a large cross, with a smaller one, a little bell, and a book. -(Ecce repentè apparuit oculis intuentium inestimabilis imago decoris -crucifixi Salvatoris ex atro silice sic manuum extensione et omnium -corporis liniamentorum compositione miro fabrili et inaudito opere -composita, ut ipsius summi artificis manibus perpendens operatam, et sub -dextro ipsius brachiis alteram crucifixi effigiem modicam in sinistra -parte, nolam antiqui operis quales bestiarum collo applicare solet -antiquitas, ne iudesuetione insolescant, librum etiam cognomento <span class="eng">Nigrum -Tertum</span> sicut vix perpendere possumus Evangeliorum quem usque hodiè -celebrem habet Walthamensis ecclesia propter multa quæ ipsi oculis -nostris perspeximus miracula.) Having made known their discovery to Earl -Tovi, they placed the cross on a cart, to which they yoked three red -oxen and three white cows. Uncertain whither to convey their precious -burden, the priest uttered in succession the names of the most famous -monasteries of that day, such as Dover, Winchester, Glastonbury, London, -&c., but the oxen and cows remained fixed to the spot. At length some -one mentioned by accident the name of Waltham, when the animals -immediately put themselves in motion, and conducted the cart to that -place, amid the acclamations of the people, and of the crowds of -cripples and invalids who were cured on the way by the miraculous -influence of the cross. This story was long implicitly believed by our -superstitious forefathers.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_208_208" id="Footnote_208_208"></a><a href="#FNanchor_208_208"><span class="label">[208]</span></a> See the Vita Haroldi, in the Chroniques Anglo-Normandes, -Rouen, 1836, tom. ii. p. 156. The portions of the other Waltham Legend -(De Inventione Sanctæ Crucis Walthamensis), which relate more -particularly to the history of Harold, are printed in the same work.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_209_209" id="Footnote_209_209"></a><a href="#FNanchor_209_209"><span class="label">[209]</span></a> Jaciuntur festinato ecclesiæ amplioris fundamenta, -surgunt parietes, columpuæ sublimes distantes ab invicem, parietes -arcuum aut testudinum emicidiis mutuo fœderantur, culmen impositum æris -ab introgressis plumbei objectivæ laminis variam secludit -intemperiem.—Vita Haroldi, p. 161.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_210_210" id="Footnote_210_210"></a><a href="#FNanchor_210_210"><span class="label">[210]</span></a> Venusto enim admodum opere ecclesiam à fundamentis -constructam laminis æreis, auro undique superducto, capita columnarum et -bases flexurasque arcuum ornare fecit mirâ distinctione.—De Invent. -Sanct. Cr. Waltham.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_211_211" id="Footnote_211_211"></a><a href="#FNanchor_211_211"><span class="label">[211]</span></a> De Invent. Sanctæ Crucis Waltham. p. 231.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_212_212" id="Footnote_212_212"></a><a href="#FNanchor_212_212"><span class="label">[212]</span></a> Decano cessit præ cæteris Westwaltham, ut aliis in eo -præcelleret, qui primatum et regimen cæterorum habebat, in victualibus -etiam aliquantisper magis auctus, <i>quid pluribus habebat benefacere quam -simplex canonicus</i>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_213_213" id="Footnote_213_213"></a><a href="#FNanchor_213_213"><span class="label">[213]</span></a> Ailric was probably the schoolmaster of the Abbey, for we -know that a school was part of Harold’s foundation.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_214_214" id="Footnote_214_214"></a><a href="#FNanchor_214_214"><span class="label">[214]</span></a> This is the story given in the treatise, De Inventione -Sanctæ Crucis Walthamensis.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_215_215" id="Footnote_215_215"></a><a href="#FNanchor_215_215"><span class="label">[215]</span></a> This legend forms the body of the Vita Haroldi, printed, -with the treatise De Invent. Sanct. Cr. Waltham., in the Chroniques -Anglo-Normandes.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_216_216" id="Footnote_216_216"></a><a href="#FNanchor_216_216"><span class="label">[216]</span></a> Vita Haroldi, pp. 162, 163. De Invent. S. Crucis, pp. -252, 253.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_217_217" id="Footnote_217_217"></a><a href="#FNanchor_217_217"><span class="label">[217]</span></a> MS. Harl. No. 3776, fol. 3, iº and vº.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_218_218" id="Footnote_218_218"></a><a href="#FNanchor_218_218"><span class="label">[218]</span></a> Hanc insuper ecclesiam, quasi novam Christi sponsam nova -dote, sicut decebat, dignum duximus esse ditandam.—The alliteration in -this passage is remarkable.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_219_219" id="Footnote_219_219"></a><a href="#FNanchor_219_219"><span class="label">[219]</span></a> Matthew Paris, sub ann. See Fuller’s History of Waltham -Abbey, p. 21.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_220_220" id="Footnote_220_220"></a><a href="#FNanchor_220_220"><span class="label">[220]</span></a> The account of these disputes is chiefly taken from -Fuller, and from Farmer’s History of Waltham Abbey.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_221_221" id="Footnote_221_221"></a><a href="#FNanchor_221_221"><span class="label">[221]</span></a> Farmer’s History of Waltham Abbey, p. 100.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_222_222" id="Footnote_222_222"></a><a href="#FNanchor_222_222"><span class="label">[222]</span></a> A dark vaulted structure of two divisions connected with -the Convent Garden, is all that remains of the old Abbey House, the -residence of the Dennys; even the large mansion erected on its site, of -which a view is given in Farmer’s History of Waltham Abbey, has been -long demolished. In the Convent Garden, which is now tenanted by a -market-gardener, there is a tulip-tree, remarkable equally for its -magnitude and antiquity. The Abbey mills are still used as a cornmill.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_223_223" id="Footnote_223_223"></a><a href="#FNanchor_223_223"><span class="label">[223]</span></a> Cujus corporis translationi, quum sic se habebat status -ecclesiæ fabricandi, vel devotio fratrum reverentiam corpori -exhibentium, nunc extremæ memini me tertio affuisse, et, sicut vulgo -celebre est et attestationes antiquorum audivimus, plagas ipsis ossibus -impressas oculis corporeis et vidisse et manibus contrectam.—Chron. -Anglo-Norm, tom. ii. p. 250.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_224_224" id="Footnote_224_224"></a><a href="#FNanchor_224_224"><span class="label">[224]</span></a> The following attested account of this discovery is -preserved by Fuller, in his Worthies:— -</p><p> -“The ensuing relation, written by the pen of Master Thomas Smith, of -Sewarstone, in the parish of Waltham Abbey, a discreet person, not long -since deceased. -</p><p> -“It so fell out that I served Sir Edward Denny (towards the latter end -of the reign of Queen Elizabeth of blessed memory), who lived in the -Abbey of Waltham Cross, in the county of Essex, which at that time lay -in ruinous heaps; and then Sir Edward began slowly now and then to make -even and re-edify some of that chaos. In doing whereof, Tomkins, his -gardener, came to discover (among other things) a fair marble stone, the -cover of a tomb hewed out in hard stone: this cover, with some help, he -removed from off the tomb; which having done, there appeared to the view -of the gardener, and Master Baker, minister of the town (who died long -since), and to myself and Master Henry Knagg (Sir Edward’s bailiff), the -anatomy of a man lying in the tomb abovesaid, only the bones remaining, -bone to his bone, not one bone dislocated. In observation whereof, we -wondered to see the bones still remaining in such due order, and no dust -or other filth besides them to be seen in the tomb: we could not -conceive that it had been an anatomy of bones only, laid at first in the -tomb; yet if it had been the whole carcass of a man, what became of his -flesh and entrails? For (as I have said above) the tomb was clean from -all filth and dust, besides bones. This when we had all observed, I told -them, that if they did but touch any part thereof, that all would fall -asunder, for I had only heard somewhat formerly of the like accident. -Trial was made, and so it came to pass. For my own part, I am persuaded, -that as the flesh of this anatomy to us became invisible, so likewise -would the bones have been in some longer continuance of time. O! what is -man then, which vanisheth thus away, like unto smoke or vapour, and is -no more seen! Whosoever thou art that shalt read this passage, thou -mayst find cause of humility sufficient.” -</p><p> -In Mr. Edgar Taylor’s translation of “Master Wace, his Chronicle of the -Norman Conquest,” (London, 1837,) p. 259, is given a beautiful drawing -from a manuscript of the thirteenth century, representing the deposition -of the body of King Harold in his tomb at Waltham.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_225_225" id="Footnote_225_225"></a><a href="#FNanchor_225_225"><span class="label">[225]</span></a> According to the parish books, quoted by Farmer, (History -of Waltham Abbey,) p. 149, the sum of £100 was expended between 1669 and -1672; £46 4<i>s.</i> 10<i>d.</i> in 1674; £64 13<i>s.</i> 5-1/2<i>d.</i> in 1679; and £78 -5<i>s.</i> 2<i>d.</i> in 1680.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_226_226" id="Footnote_226_226"></a><a href="#FNanchor_226_226"><span class="label">[226]</span></a> MS. Cotton. Julius D. VI. fol. 117, vº, nearly -contemporary.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_227_227" id="Footnote_227_227"></a><a href="#FNanchor_227_227"><span class="label">[227]</span></a> Ricardus Pungiant tenet Latelie. Aluuardus tenuit de Rege -Eadwardo, et potuit ire quo voluit.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_228_228" id="Footnote_228_228"></a><a href="#FNanchor_228_228"><span class="label">[228]</span></a> This matrix was exhibited before the Society of -Antiquaries of London, by the Rev. John Brand, Jan. 26, 1797. An account -of it, and the other seals, will be found in the thirteenth volume of -the Archæologia.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_229_229" id="Footnote_229_229"></a><a href="#FNanchor_229_229"><span class="label">[229]</span></a> This grant is mentioned in the Placit. de Quo Warranto, -of the 9th Edw. I.; but in the original document the name is <i>Nottele</i> -(not, as quoted in the common books, <i>Notele</i>), and it is probable that -the grant has no reference to Netley in Hampshire.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_230_230" id="Footnote_230_230"></a><a href="#FNanchor_230_230"><span class="label">[230]</span></a> The legend says it was the key-stone of the east window; -but that is still standing.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_231_231" id="Footnote_231_231"></a><a href="#FNanchor_231_231"><span class="label">[231]</span></a> The college Combination-Rooms were formerly called -Parlours (<i>parluræ</i>).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_232_232" id="Footnote_232_232"></a><a href="#FNanchor_232_232"><span class="label">[232]</span></a> The work from which this anecdote is taken is inedited, -and exists only in one contemporary manuscript. The story has been -printed from it in the first volume of the Reliquiæ Antiquæ, by Wright -and Halliwell.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_233_233" id="Footnote_233_233"></a><a href="#FNanchor_233_233"><span class="label">[233]</span></a> J. Bullar’s Companion in a Visit to Netley Abbey, p. 10.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_234_234" id="Footnote_234_234"></a><a href="#FNanchor_234_234"><span class="label">[234]</span></a> Tot enim videas piscium genera, assa quidem et elixa, -farta et frixa; tot ovis et pipere cibaria cocorum arte confecta; tot -sapores et salsamenta ad gulam irritandam et appetitum excitandum -eorundem arte composita. Ad hæc etiam in tanta abunduntia vinum hic -videas et ciceram, pigmentum, claretum, mustum, et medonem, atque -moretum, et omne quod inebriare potest, adeo ut cervisia qualis in -Anglia fieri solet optima, et præcipue in Cantia, locum inter cætera nou -haberet; sed hoc ibi cervisia inter pocula, quod olus inter -fercula.—Giraldus Cambr. Specul. Eccles. in MS. Cotton. He is here -speaking of the Cistercian monks of Canterbury.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_235_235" id="Footnote_235_235"></a><a href="#FNanchor_235_235"><span class="label">[235]</span></a> “And the wicked Ham with his people drew him towards the -wood:—Arviragus followed him, and continually struck [his men] to the -ground. At last he gained very little by his treason; he overtook him at -a haven, and slew him right there:—it were little harm if all traitors -were served so. The haven where he was slain, after Ham’s name truly, -was called Hampton, as it is called yet,—for it is called Southhampton, -and will be evermore.”—<i>Robert of Gloucester’s Chronicle</i>, ed. Hearne, -p. 64.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_236_236" id="Footnote_236_236"></a><a href="#FNanchor_236_236"><span class="label">[236]</span></a> Of which a description and view will be found in the -present volume, p. 37. See also Appendix, p. 338.</p></div> - -</div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/back.jpg" height="500" alt="" /> -</div> - -<hr class="full" /> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The castles and abbeys of England; -Vol. 1 of 2, by William Beattie - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CASTLES AND ABBEYS *** - -***** This file should be named 63088-h.htm or 63088-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/3/0/8/63088/ - -Produced by Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images available at The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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