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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3165d4f --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #63054 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/63054) diff --git a/old/63054-0.txt b/old/63054-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index b0ea2b3..0000000 --- a/old/63054-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1413 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Hypatia, by John Toland - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll -have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using -this ebook. - - - -Title: Hypatia - or, The history of a most beautiful, most vertuous, most - learned, and every way accomplish'd lady; who was torn to - pieces by the clergy of Alexandria, to gratify the pride, - emulation, and cruelty of their archbishop, commonly but - undeservedly styled St. Cyril - -Author: John Toland - -Release Date: August 27, 2020 [EBook #63054] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HYPATIA *** - - - - -Produced by MWS, Stephen Hutcheson, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This -book was produced from images made available by the -HathiTrust Digital Library.) - - - - - - - [Illustration: _HYPATIA, - the accomplish’d Lady._ - _Parr Sculp_] - - - - - _HYPATIA:_ - - - OR, THE - HISTORY - OF A - Most beautiful, most vertuous, most learned, - and every way accomplish’d - LADY; - WHO -Was torn to Pieces by the Clergy of _Alexandria_, to gratify the Pride, - Emulation, and Cruelty of their Archbishop, commonly but undeservedly - stiled - St. _CYRIL_. - - - _Magnum aliquid instat, efferum, immane, impium._ - Sen. Medea, Act. 3. Scen. 1. lin. 16. - - - _LONDON_: - Printed for M. Cooper, in _Pater-noster-Row_; W. Reeve, in - _Fleet-street_; and C. Sympson, in _Chancery-lane_. 1753. [Price 6d.] - - - - - _HYPATIA._ - - - - - CHAP. I. - - -A general Character of the Lady; the Contrivers and Executioners of the - Barbarities which she suffered; and the Authorities from whence - this Story is extracted. - -I am going to give a short Account, but as full as antient Books afford -us Materials, of the Life and Death of _Hypatia_; who will ever continue -the Glory of her own Sex, and the Disgrace of ours: For the Women have -no less Reason to value themselves, that there existed a Lady of such -rare Accomplishments, without the least Blemish, even as a Foil to her -numberless Perfections; than the Men to be ashamed, that any could be -found among them of so brutal and savage a Disposition, as, far from -being struck with Admiration at so much Beauty, Innocence, and -Knowledge, to stain their barbarous Hands with her Blood, and their -impious Souls with the indelible Character of sacrilegious Murderers. A -Bishop, a Patriarch, nay, a Saint, was the Contriver of so horrid a -Deed, and his Clergy the Executioners of his implacable Fury. The -Authors out of whom I collect my Account (and I omit none that has come -to my Knowledge) were either her Contemporaries, or lived near that Age. -One of them was her School-fellow, another her Scholar. But they who -relate the most odious and flagitious Circumstances, are Ecclesiastical -Historians; counted orthodox in their own Time, as well as eminently so -by most in ours. Nor ought we to forget that several of them were -Priests. To every one of them we shall do the Justice that their -Sincerity or Prevarication deserves, though little remains to do in this -respect; all being agreed about the principal Facts, and some differing -only in Points of no great Importance. They are such Things, as, taken -either Way, neither serve much to alleviate a very bad Cause, nor to -aggravate what cannot be possibly made worse. - - - - - CHAP. II. - - -_Alexandria_, famous for Learning and Merchandize, but particularly for - a School or Academy, of which _Theon_, the Father of _Hypatia_, - was Master. - -After _Alexander the Great_ had founded _Alexandria_ in _Egypt_, as the -Center of Commerce in the Empire he was projecting, this City soon -became a flourishing Mart for Learning as well as for Merchandize. The -Fame of the _Alexandrian School_, and of the _Alexandrian Library_, -reached much further than the Name of _Alexander_ himself; or at least -they carried it, whither it could never have reached without their -Means. This was the most proper Tribute, that could in Gratitude be paid -to the Memory of a Prince so ambitious of Glory: As indeed no private -Persons, no more than Potentates, will ever do any thing praise-worthy -without the Prospect of a long-lived Reputation, the most effectual Spur -to laudable and arduous Undertakings. The Succession of the great Men -that presided in this School, may be learnt out of the Works of those, -who have purposely written on such Subjects. My Design however obliges -me here to mention one of them, namely _Theon_, who governed that -Academy with much Applause in the latter part of the fourth Century. He -was particularly famous for his extensive Knowledge in Astronomy, as the -Catalogues, made of such who excelled in this Science, abundantly shew. -But what has contributed to render him more illustrious to all -Posterity, is, that he was Father to the incomparable _Hypatia_; whom, -according to the Custom of those Times, or rather prompted by the -Encouragement he received from her own promising Genius, he educated not -only in all the Qualifications belonging to her Sex; but caused her -likewise to be instructed in the most abstruse Sciences, which are -reputed the proper Occupation of Men, as requiring too much Labour and -Application for the delicate Constitution of Women. - - - - - CHAP. III. - - -Philosophy not an improper Study for the Female Sex; many of them very - eminent for their great Progress in the Sciences; particularly - _Hypatia_, who excelled all the Philosophers of her Time. - -That this Notion is a vulgar Prejudice, the vast Number of Ladies, who -have in every Age distinguish’d themselves by their Professions or -Performances in Learning, furnishes an unanswerable Argument. Whole -Volumes have been written, containing nothing else but the Lives of such -Women, as became eminent in all Kinds of Literature, especially in -Philosophy; which, as it is the highest Perfection, so it demands the -utmost Effort of human Nature. But leaving those Heroines to the Search -of the Curious, I shall confine myself at present to one Object worthy -all Admiration; in doing Justice to whom, I may be deemed to write the -Panegyric of the whole Sex. We have the unanimous Consent of _Synesius_, -_Socrates_, and _Philostorgius_, her Contemporaries; as likewise of -_Damascius_, _Nicephorus Gregoras_, _Nicephorus Callistus_, _Photius_, -_Suidas_, _Hesychius Illustris_, and others, touching the prodigious -Learning and other excellent Accomplishments of _Hypatia_. What is still -a greater Proof of the Fact, no one Person, or through Ignorance or -through Envy, has ever as much as insinuated the contrary. _Socrates_, -the Ecclesiastical Historian, an unsuspected Witness, says, That _she -arrived to such a Pitch of Learning, as very far to exceed all the -Philosophers of her time_; to which _Nicephorus_, also an Ecclesiastical -Historian, adds, _Those of other Times_. _Philostorgius_ affirms, That -_she was much superior to her Father and Master _Theon_, in what regards -Astronomy_. And _Suidas_, who mentions two Books of her Writing, one _on -the Astronomical Canon of_ Diophantus, and another _on the Conics of_ -Apollonius, avers, That _she not only exceeded her Father in Astronomy: -But further, that she understood all the other Parts of Philosophy_; a -Thing that will be easily credited by those, who shall peruse the Sequel -of this Story, wherein nothing is advanced without competent Vouchers. - - - - - CHAP. IV. - - -_Hypatia,_ succeeds in the Government of the _Platonic_ School at - _Alexandria_, for which she was judged Qualified, in Preference to - all the Men of Learning at that Time. - -And truly were not this Matter so well attested by those Writers we have -just nam’d, and by others we shall presently have Occasion to alledge; -yet no Body could any longer doubt of it, after being informed by the -very same Persons, that _Hypatia_ succeeded in the Government of the -_Platonic_ School at _Alexandria_, the Place of her Birth and Education. -This was another-guess Thing, God knows, than taking the Degree of -Doctor in any of the Faculties; which one or two Women have not long -since done, for which they have been loaded with fulsome Elogies, tho’ -producing no Effects suitable to the Titles they have so much -ambitioned. But what greater Glory for a Woman, what greater Honour -redounding to all Women, than to see a Lady teaching in that Chair, -where _Ammonius_ and _Hierocles_ (to Name no more, for ’tis a Mistake in -_Socrates_ or his Transcriber to make _Plotinus_ one of them) where so -many Professors, I say, uttered the Oracles of Learning, rather as -divine Intelligences than mortal Men? What infinite Merit must she have -possessed, who could be preferr’d to that conspicuous Station, at a Time -when Men of immense Learning abounded both at _Alexandria_, and in many -other Parts of the _Roman_ Empire? Wherefore, the Novelty of the Thing -considered, and _Hypatia_’s Worth being universally acknowledged, ’tis -no Wonder that she soon had a crouded Auditory. _She explained to her_ -_Hearers_, says _Socrates, the several Sciences, that go under the -general Name of Philosophy; for which Reason_, continues he, _there was -a Confluence to her from all Parts, of those who made Philosophy their -Delight or Study_. To the same Purpose speak others; and _Suidas_ adds, -that _she explained all the Philosophers_, that is, all the several -Sects, with the particular Tenets of their Founders, which shews an -inexpressible Elevation and Capacity, each of these separately being -thought a sufficient Province, to exercise the Diligence of any one Man, -consummate in Letters. - - - - - CHAP. V. - - -_Hypatia’s_ School crouded with Scholars of the best Fashion. She is - admired for her incomparable Beauty, and the vast Extent of her - Learning. - -Now, I cannot but here represent to myself with Pleasure, let who will -censure me for it, the Flower of all the Youth in _Europe_, _Asia_, and -_Africa_, sitting at the Feet of a most beautiful Lady (for such we are -assur’d _Hypatia_ was) all greedily swallowing Instruction from her -Mouth, and many of ’em Love from her Eyes. How she serv’d one of this -last Sort, shall be told in its due Place. It was doubtless a Thing -impossible, not to improve under such a Teacher; as one must be equally -stupid and insensible, that could not be powerfully affected by a -charming Mind in a charming Body. I am sure this Reflection is very -agreeable to that Philosophy she peculiarly professed; and accordingly -the _Alexandrian_ School never flourish’d more. Her Disciples entered -into a strict Tye of Intimacy with one another, stiling themselves -_Companions_, or, as in our Colleges _Fellows_; which was likewise the -Custom at _Athens_, and in other famous Seminaries of Learning. This -commonly begot Effects of Benevolence thro’ the whole Course of their -Lives, and sometimes Acts of Friendship very extraordinary. _Hypatia_ -was by way of Excellence named _The Philosopher_, altogether as much on -Account of her profound Knowledge, as for her public Profession of -Teaching. Nor was any Professor ever more admired by the World, or more -dear to his own Scholars. Hers were as remarkable as numerous. - - - - - CHAP. VI. - - -An Encomium on _Synesius_, one of _Hypatia_’s Scholars; who, tho’ a - Heathen, was consecrated a Christian Bishop. - -One of these, who has preserved to us the Names of several others, is -the celebrated _Synesius_. He was a Native of _Cyrene_ in _Africa_, on -the Borders of _Egypt_, a very ancient _Greek_ Colony, the Birth-place -of _Aristippus_ and _Carneades_, which _Synesius_ forgets not to mention -in his Writings. He travelled for Improvement to his neighbouring -Country of _Egypt_, the undoubted Mother of the Sciences, where he -happily succeeded in his Studies at _Alexandria_ under _Hypatia_. This -Personage alone may suffice for a Specimen, of the extraordinary Spirits -that she formed. If we may rely on the Judgement of no less a Man than -_Nicephorus Gregoras_, Patriarch of _Constantinople_ (who wrote -elaborate _Annotations_ on his Treatise of _Dreams_, a Piece fraught -with uncommon Learning) he says, _There was nothing he did not know, no -Science wherein he did not excel, no Mistery in which he was not -initiated or skilled_, with a great deal more to this Purpose. And it -must be owned, that to all the Vivacity natural to his Country, there -was joined the most profound Knowledge and solid Judgement. His Works -are every one highly commended, but _his Epistles are admirable_, as -_Suidas_ very truly remarks, and in the Opinion of _Protius_, as well as -of _Evagrius, they are elegant, agreeable, sententious, and learned_. He -was a Man of noble Birth, which added no less Weight to his Learning -then this relieved Lustre on his Quality; as both together procured him -Credit with his Superiors, Authority over his Inferiors, and Admiration -from his Equals. He went upon an Embassy, which lasted three Years, to -the Emperor _Arcadius_ at _Constantinople_, on the Behalf of his -Country; which was miserably harrassed by the auxiliary _Goths_ and -other _Barbarians_, but which received considerable Relief from his -Solicitations. It was then that _with greater Boldness than any of the -Grecians_ (as he tells us himself) he pronounced before the Emperor, -that extremely fine Oration concerning _Government_; which, in a Country -so justly fond of Liberty as ours, I wonder has never been translated. -This defect I have supplied, and will impart it to the Public on a -proper Occasion. As for _Synesius_’s being consecrated Bishop of -_Ptolemais_, notwithstanding his Protestation, that he disbelieved some -of the most essential Articles of the _Christian Religion_, we spoke -enough to that Point at the latter end of _Clidophorus_; only we shall -observe in this Place, how _Petavius_, the Editor of his Works, affirms, -that, in some of the Books written after his Profession of -_Christianity_, he appears as very a _Heathen_ as ever. But this being -no Prejudice to his Parts, however it may affect his Salvation, is none -of our present Business to examine; much less to adopt the pitiful -Excuses, or rather Prevarications, invented by some learned Men to -defend him from this Imputation. The principal is _Baromius_. - - - - - CHAP. VII. - - -_Synesius_’s Testimony to the Learning and Virtue of _Hypatia_. Some - Account of his Writings and other Works. - -The Thing which our Design obliges us not to pass over slightly is, the -greatful Testimony he every where bears to the Learning and Virtue of -_Hypatia_, whom he never mentions without the profoundest Respect, and -sometimes in Terms of Affection coming little short of Adoration. In a -Letter to his Brother _Euoptius_, _Salute (_says he_) the most honoured -and the most beloved of God, the Philosopher; and that happy Sodality or -Fellowship, which injoys the Blessing of her divine Voice_. In another -to his said Brother he mentions one _Egyptus, who sucked in the Seeds of -Wisdom from Hypatia_. And thus he expresses himself writing to -_Olympius_: _I suppose these Letters will be delivered by Peter which he -will receive from that sacred Hand. I send them from _Pentapolis_ to our -common Instructress, and she will intrust them with whom she thinks fit, -which I am sure will be to one that is well known to her_. In a Letter -addressed to herself, he desires her to direct a _Hydroscope_ to be made -and bought for him, which he there describes. _Petavius_ thinks it was a -sort of Level, and others an Hour-Measure. That famous Silver -_Astrolabe_ which he presented to _Peonius_, a Man equally excelling in -Philosophy and Arms, he owns to have been perfected by the Directions of -_Hypatia_. In a long Epistle he acquaints her with the Reasons of his -writing two Books, which he thereby sends her. The one was his mystical -Treatise _of Dreams_, and the other his _Dion_. This last is a most -ingenious Apology for Learning against two Sorts of Men, who by very -opposite Lines tended to the same Center of Ignorance. The one, that -under Pretence of being reserved towards unworthy Hearers, concealed -their Want of real Knowledge, did accuse him of being two Communicative, -and of prostituting Philosophy. The others would have him to be -eternally prating like themselves, not that they studied more than -others, nor yet so much, to be furnished with Matter of Discourse; but -that talking by Rote out of certain _Systems_, the Truth of which they -took for granted, and which no Body must contradict, they could tire the -Patience of their Hearers, without making these or themselves a whit the -wiser. Both Sorts charged him with studying Elegance and Oratory in his -Compositions; for the Divines of that Time were substituting apace to -Philosophy and other Learning, Legends and Enthusiasm, Fables and -Fancies, which they sanctified by the Name of _Divine Contemplation_. -Metaphysical Distinctions about the _Trinity_, and extravagant Notions -about the Essence of GOD (whose Majesty they blasphemed by their profane -Definitions) was all the Study then in Vogue, to the irreparable Damage -of polite and useful Letters. - - - - - CHAP. VIII. - - -_Synesius_ submits his Book of _Dion_ to the Judgment of _Hypatia_; his - Description of his Censurers. - -Of his _Dion_ therefore he begs _Hypatia_’s Judgment, resolving not to -publish it without her Approbation. He informs her moreover, that she’s -the first among the _Greeks_, or rather the _Heathens_, to whom he -communicates his Treatise _of Dreams_; and that he might complete, he -says, the sacred Number _Three_, he adds to these two his _Account of -the Astrolabe_ presented to _Peonius_. It will not be a Digression -altogether foreign to the Subject (as we shall see hereafter) if we -insert here part of the fine Description, which he has given of the -second Sort of those that censured him; “who being full of Ignorance -(says he) yet armed with Confidence, are readier than all other Men to -discourse concerning GOD; and if you happen to light upon them, you will -strait hear some of their unreasonable Reasonings, which they will needs -obtrude, on such as are desirous of no such Matter; because, I suppose, -it is for their Interest so to do. For on the Score of such Things they -are made Preachers in Towns, which is the same Thing as to enjoy -_Amalthea_’s Horn _or Plenty of all Things_, which these think -themselves obliged to use. I fancy by this Time you perceive, what this -forward Generation of Men may be, that blame my generous Purpose. They -invite me to come into their Discipline, promising, that in a short Time -I shall appear most confident in Things relating to GOD, and ever after -be capable to dispute incessantly both Night and Day.” I believe this -Race of Men is not yet extinct; but another Time they may hear of a -certain _Speech_ addressed to them by the same Truth-telling _Synesius_. - - - - - CHAP. IX. - - -_Synesius_’s Misfortunes; his Letter of Complaint to _Hypatia_. - -On his Promotion, or, as he accounted it himself, his Banishment to the -Bishoprick of _Ptolemais_, he was forced to quit the Fellowship of his -Condisciples, and the Presence of his dear _Hypatia_. As an Augmentation -of his Affliction he soon lost his Wife, with his Children in a little -Time after, whom he very tenderly loved, and whose Death he did not bear -with the same Fortitude, that is reported of some other Philosophers. On -this Occasion, and a fancied Neglect of his Friends, he wrote the -following Letter, “_To_ Hypatia _the Philosopher_ (that I may use the -very Words of the Inscription.) I salute you, happy Lady, and by your -Means the most happy Companions. I have of a long Time had an Intention -to chide, by reason I have received no Letters from any of you. But now -I perceive that I am neglected by all, not that I have in any Thing -failed of my Duty; but that I am in many Respects unfortunate, and -indeed as unfortunate as any one can be. Nevertheless, could I be -thought worthy of receiving your Letters, and of being informed how you -lead your Lives (being confident however it is after the best Manner -that may be, and that you fail not to exercise a sprightly Genius) I -should only think myself unhappy by Halves, while I enjoyed any -Happiness on your Account. But now I must reckon this also, as one of -the Misfortunes wherein I am involved. For I am not only deprived of my -Children, but likewise of my Friends, and of every body’s Kindness; nay, -what is more than all, of your most divine Soul, which only Thing I -flattered myself would continue stedfast to me, in Spite of the Injuries -of Fortune, and the Storms of Fate.” One would think that he could not -better express, in so few Lines, the good Opinion he had of his Teacher; -yet he’s still more pathetical in other Letters, which, because serving -to give us the fuller View of _Hypatia_’s Character, I shall produce as -essential to my Subject. - - - - - CHAP. X. - - -_Synesius’s_ _Grief for the Death of his Children, brings upon him a Fit - of Sickness; his Letter of Complaint to _Hypatia_ in his Illness_. - -Continuing therefore to grieve for the Death of his Children, he fell -into an ill State of Health, which he signifies to his Mistress (whom in -all his Letters he stiles _The Philosopher_) and to the beloved -Companions of his Studies, in these Words. “Being confined to my Bed I -have dictated this Letter, which may you receive in good Health, my -Mother, my Sister, and my Instructress! in all which Respects you have -been my Benefactress, or if there be any other, either Name or Thing, -that is more honourable. The Weakness of my Body proceeds from the -Anguish of my Soul. The Remembrance of my deceased Children consumes me -by little and little. _Synesius_ ought only to have lived so long, as -the Evils of Life were unknown to him. Afterwards it has happened to him -as to a Stream that is stopt; it rushes over its Dam on a sudden, and -forces all the Pleasure of Life before it. Let me cease to live, or to -remember the Burial of my Children. May you enjoy Health yourself, and -salute in my Name the happy Companions, beginning with Father -_Theotecnus_, and Brother _Athanasius_, and so proceeding to the rest. -Or if any other be since associated to them, who is agreeable to you -(and to whom, for this very Reason of pleasing you, I ought to stand -obliged) salute him also from me, as one of my dearest Friends. If what -relates to me be of any Concern to you, ’tis well done; though, even -then, I shall be insensible to this Favour.” What can be more -affectionate, what can be more tender, what can be more benevolent or -candid? The Soul speaks here in every Line. A while after, the -Calamities of War being added to all his other Sorrows, he writes her -this Letter, beginning with a couple of Lines out of _Homer_, changing -only a Word or two. - - _Tho’ ’mong the Dead profound Oblivion reigns, - E’en there my dear_ Hypatia _I’ll remember_! - -“I, who am surrounded with the Miseries of my Country, and who am -thoroughly weary of it, since I daily see hostile Arms, and Men -slaughter’d like Beasts; that I breathe Air infected with the Corruption -of dead Bodies, and that I hourly expect the like Fate myself; for who -can hope well, where the very Face of the Sky is most lamentable, being -darkened by the Shadow of carnivorous Birds? Yet, notwithstanding all -this, I retain an Affection for the Country; nay, how can I do -otherwise, being a _Lybian_ by Nation, and born in this Place, where I -behold no ignoble Sepulchres of my Ancestors. For your Sake alone I -fancy I can set light by my Country, and, as soon as Leisure offers, -will banish myself out of it.” In _Clidophorus_ I shew’d the like -Resolutions out of some of his Letters to others: but whether he ever -executed them, or how long he lived, or where or in what Manner he died, -is not recorded by any Author that I remember. - - - - - CHAP. XI. - - -_Hypatia_ is esteemed and caressed by the Publick; is consulted by the - Magistrates in all important Cases, and sometimes sat among them. - -All this, some will say, we readily grant, that _Hypatia_ was a Lady of -most eminent Learning, and that _Synesius_, with probably not a few of -her other Disciples, esteemed her to be a Miracle of Virtue and -Prudence; but what did the rest of the World think of her Conduct, what -Marks of Approbation or Favour did she receive from the Publick? To this -Inquiry, which is very natural in this Place, we answer; that never -Woman was more caressed by the Publick, and yet that never Woman had a -more unspotted Character. She was held an Oracle for her Wisdom, which -made her be consulted by the Magistrates in all important Cases; and -this frequently drew her among the greatest Concourse of Men, without -the least Censure of her Manners. The Proof of so rare a Felicity we -chuse to give in the Words of the Historian _Socrates_. “By reason of -the Confidence and Authority (says he) which she had acquired by her -Learning, she sometimes came to the Judges with singular Modesty; nor -was she any thing abashed, to appear thus among a Croud of Men; for all -Persons, on the Score of her extraordinary Discretion, did at the same -Time both reverence and admire her.” The same Things are confirmed by -_Niceforus Callistus_, _Suidas_, _Hesychius Illustris_, and indeed by -whom not? So far was she from that blameable Timidity, which is -contracted from a wrong Education; or from that conscious Backwardness, -which is inspired by Guilt. That the Governors and Magistrates of -_Alexandria_ regularly visited her, that all the City (as _Damascius_ -and _Suidas_ relate) paid Court to her, is a Distinction with which no -Women was ever honoured before. And to say all in a Word, when -_Nicephorus Gregoras_, above quoted, intended to pass the highest -Compliment, on the Princess _Eudocia_, he thought he could not better -hit, than by calling her _another Hypatia_. - - - - - CHAP. XII. - - -_Synesius_’s recommendatory Letter to _Hypatia,_ in Behalf of two young - Gentlemen, on a Suit depending at _Alexandria._ - -It was during this prosperous Gale of publick Favour, that _Hypatia_’s -devoted Friend _Synesius_ sent her this recommendatory Letter on the -Behalf of two young Gentlemen, that had a Claim depending at -_Alexandria_. “Although Fortune cannot take every thing from me, yet she -has a mind to strip me of all she can; she that - - “Of many Sons, and good, has me bereft. - -“But to be ambitious of doing the best Things, and to assist the -unjustly Oppressed, is what she shall never take from me; for far be it -from me, that she should ever be able to conquer my Mind. Therefore I -hate Injustice, since this I may do still; and am also desirous to -repress it, but that is one of the Things taken out of my Power, and -which I lost before my Children. - - “Once the _Milesians_ valiant were. - -“Time also was, when I could be useful to my Friends, and when you were -wont to call me _Others Good_; as turning to the Profit of other Men my -Interest with Persons in great Authority, whom I made to serve me as so -many Hands. Now I am left destitute of all, unless you have any Power; -for you, together with Virtue, I reckon a Good, of which none will be -able to rob me. But you have, and will always have Power, by reason of -the excellent Use you make of your Credit. Wherefore let _Niceus_ and -_Philolaus_, virtuous Youths and Relations, return Masters of their own, -thro’ the Care of all who honour you, whether private Men or -Magistrates.” Thus, as a necessary Part of her History, I have inserted -at Length, all the Letters written to _Hypatia_ by _Synesius_, except -the 15th, whereof I have given the Substance; and the 33d in the -Collection of his _Letters_, which is too short to contain any -Instruction; as likewise the 154th, which, being too long, I have -abridged above. - - - - - CHAP. XIII. - - -_Hypatia_ married, yet said to die a Maid. _Isidorus_, her Husband, the - most eminent Philosopher of his Time. - -It would be as great a Prodigy in Nature as _Hypatia_ was herself, if a -Lady of such Beauty, Modesty, Wisdom, and Virtue, were not by many -eagerly sought in Marriage: And, in Effect, we find that she was -actually married to the Philosopher _Isidorus_, tho’ _Suidas_ says she -died a Maid; which is not so irreconcilable a Thing, as People may be -apt to imagine on first Thoughts, but, as we shall shew, very likely to -be true. This _Isidorus_ succeeded _Marinus_ in the School, and his -_Life_ has been written by _Damascius_, one of _Theon_’s Scholars, who -therefore had all imaginable Opportunities to know whatever regarded -_Hypatia_ and _Isidorus_. His _Life_ was abridged by _Photius_, but we -have it not so perfect as he left it; for besides the extreme Confusion -and Incorrectness which appears thro’ the whole, the learned _Valesius_ -gave the World Expectations, that he would, one Time or other, publish -it twice larger than that we read now in _Photius_. However, in such as -it still is, _Damascius_ bestows such Elogies on _Isidorus_, as put him -almost above Humanity; yet, no way concerning _Hypatia_, I pass them -over in Silence. I frankly confess, that I more than suspect many of the -Things he reports as knowing that _Damascius_ was a great Visionary, -and, like _Philostratus_ with respect to _Apollonius Tyaneus_, designed -to oppose _Isidorus_ to those Christian _Saints_, who were celebrated -for their miraculous and supernatural Attainments. But this ought not to -affect his Credit in Matters of an ordinary Nature, and therefore I do -not in the least hesitate to believe him, when he positively affirms -that _Hypatia_ was Wife to _Isidorus_. - - - - - CHAP. XIV. - - -In what Sense it might be said, that tho’ _Hypatia_ was married, yet she - died a Maid. - -Suidas likewise makes her the Wife of the same _Isidorus_, tho’ he be -the very Man who tells us she died a Virgin. That Matter, considering -the great Uncertainty in which we are left by the meditated Destruction -or casual Decay of authentick Writers, I conceive to stand thus. -_Damascius_ says, that _Isidorus_ had another Wife, whose Name was -_Domna_, by which he had a Son call’d _Proclus_. She died the fifth Day -after her Delivery, and, according to his Panegyrist, _she rid the -Philosopher of an evil Beast and a bitter Wedlock_. Now supposing this -to happen some Time before the tragical End of _Hypatia_, and that the -latter was betrothed to _Isidorus_, it might very well be said that she -was his Wife, and yet that she died a Maid. The Author of an _Epigram_, -that was made upon her, seems to have been of the same Opinion. - - _The _Virgin_’s starry Sign when e’er I see, - Adoring, on thy Words I think and thee: - For all thy vertuous Works celestial are, - As are thy learned Words beyond compare, - Divine _Hypatia_, who dost far and near - Virtue’s and Learning’s spotless Star appear._ - -The Allusion, I say, to the Constellation _Virgo_, and the Epithet of -_Spotless_, would induce me to believe that the Writer reckoned her a -Virgin as well as _Suidas_; but I shall conclude nothing from so slender -a Conjecture, besides that her Character is no way concerned in this -Particular, tho’ as a Historian I would omit nothing that might -illustrate my Subject. For this Reason it is, that I cannot pass over -uncensured a Reflection of _Damascius_, who gravely says, that Isidorus -_was far superior to_ Hypatia, _not only as a Man to a Woman, but as a -Philosopher to a Geometrician_. Good and egregious Reasoning! as if her -Skill in Geometry or Astronomy, had been any Hindrance to her -Improvement in every Part of Philosophy, wherein she is by so many -confessed to surpass those of her own, if not of former Time; or as if -we in _England_, for Example, did reckon King _James_ superior to Queen -_Elizabeth_; because the first, forsooth, was a Man, and the last a -Woman. But I observed before that _Damascius_ was a sad Visionary. - - - - - CHAP. XV. - - -_Hypatia_’s Lovers, one of whom she cured of his Passion, in a very - particular Manner. - -A Lady of such uncommon Merit and Accomplishments as _Hypatia_, daily -surround with a Circle of young Gentelmen, many of them distinguished by -their Fortune or Quality; besides her frequently appearing in publick -Assemblies, and receiving Visits from Persons of the first Rank, could -not possibly fail being sometimes importuned with Addresses of -Gallantry. Such Attempts the severest Virtue cannot avoid, tho’ it can -deny Incouragement, and make Success to be despaired. How many Trials of -this kind _Hypatia_ may have overcome, we are left to imagine rather -than to know, thro’ the Silence of Historians, who either thought it -below their Gravity to record such Things, or that the Works of those -who descended to Particulars are lost. One Instance however has escaped -the common Wreck of good Books; nor can I doubt but several others might -be contained in the _Life of_ Isidorus, out of which there is Reason to -believe, that _Suidas_ picked what I am going to relate. He acquaints us -therefore, that one of her own Scholars made warm Love to her, whom she -endeavoured to cure of his Passion by the precepts of Philosophy; and -that some reported she actually reclaimed him by Musick, which he -judiciously explodes; Musick having ever been deemed rather an Incentive -to Love, than an Antidote against it. But he says, with much greater -Probability, that the Spark vehemently soliciting her (not to be sure -without pleading the irresistible Power of her Beauty) at a Time when -she happened to be under an Indisposition ordinary to her Sex; she took -a Handkerchief, of which she had been making some Use on that Occasion, -and throwing it in his Face, said; _This is what you love, young Fool, -and not any Thing that is beautiful_. For the _Platonic_ Philosophers -held Goodness, Wisdom, Virtue, and such other Things, as by Reason of -their intrinsick Worth are desirable for their own Sakes, to be the only -real _Beauties_, of whose divine Symmetry, Charms, and Perfection, the -most superlative that appear in _Bodies_ are but faint Resemblances. -This is the right Notion of _Platonic Love_. Wherefore _Hypatia_’s -Procedure might very well put a Student of Philosophy at _Alexandria_ to -the Blush, and quite cure him too (which _Suidas_ assures us was the -Effect) but would never rebute a Beau in St. _James_’s Park, nor perhaps -some Batchelors of Divinity at our modern Universities. - - - - - CHAP. XVI. - - -The close Intimacy between _Hypatia_ and _Orestes_ the Governor of - _Alexandria_, very displeasing to _Cyril_ the Bishop. - -At the Time that _Hypatia_ thus reigned the brightest Ornament of -_Alexandria_, _Orestes_ was Governor of the same Place for the Emperor -_Theodosius_, and _Cyril_ Bishop or Patriarch. As _Orestes_ was a Person -educated suitable to his Rank, he could not but take Notice of those -Perfections in _Hypatia_, which all the World admired; and, as he was a -wise Governor, he would not be so far wanting to his Charge, as not to -ask her Advice in Matters difficult or dangerous, when every Body else -consulted her as an Oracle. This created of Course an Intimacy between -them that was highly displeasing to _Cyril_, who mortally hated -_Orestes_. But because this Emulation proved fatal to _Hypatia_, I shall -take the Subject a little higher. ’Tis observed by _Socrates_, -_Nicephorus_, and others, that _Cyril_ (who was elevated to the See by -Sedition and Force against one _Timothy_ an Archdeacon of no -extraordinary Reputation), intermeddled more in temporal or civil -Matters, than his Predecessors took upon them to do, and that the -Example was greedily followed by his Successors; _who not keeping within -the Bounds of their Priestly Ordination, took upon them an arbitrary -kind of Principality, and the absolute Disposal of Affairs_. The first -Act of Authority that _Cyril_ exercised was, to shut up the Churches of -the _Novatians_, from which Step he proceeded to seize upon their sacred -Vessels and Church-Ornaments, till at length he robbed their Bishop -_Theopemptus_ of all he had. Yet these _Novatians_ profess’d the same -Doctrine to a Tittle that he did, and differed only in some Points of -Discipline. But they must be mere Novices in _Ecclesiastical History_, -who know not that _Discipline_ has been ever reckoned of greater -Consequence than _Doctrine_; if one may judge by the Commotions that -have happened in Churches, or the Durations of their Schisms. The Reason -is obvious. For if a Man believes otherwise than his Teacher, and yet -prudentially conforms to the publick Ritual and Discipline, or perhaps -eagerly stickles for it, as thinking it the most conducing to Order, be -his Speculations what you will, still he preserves the Unity of the -Church; or, in other Words, he obeys his Spiritual Governors, and -teaches others by his Example to do the like; whereas if his belief be -ever so right, or at least ever so agreeable to that prescribed in the -Society whereof he is a Member; yet if he boggles at any Part of the -publick Ritual and Discipline, he then promotes a Spiritual Rebellion, -and rends the Unity of the Church; that is, he weakens the Government of -the Clergy. These were the Maxims of those Times, and hence it sprung, -that Schism is counted so damnable a Sin in their Writings, a Sin more -dreadful than any other, that it may the better serve for a Scare-crow. - - - - - CHAP. XVII. - - -_Cyril_ expels the _Jews_ out of _Alexandria_; _Orestes_ complains to - the Emperor; _Cyril_ and _Orestes_ become irreconcileable Enemies. - -One main Reason why _Cyril_ could not bear the Governor, as we are told -by _Socrates_, was, that _Orestes hated the Principality of the Bishops; -as well because they transferred to themselves much of the Power -belonging to those appointed Governors, by the Emperor; as, in -particular, because _Cyril_ would needs be prying into his Actions_. -Their Enmity became sufficiently known to the Publick, by a Sedition -raised against _Orestes_, occasioned by one _Hierax_ a pitiful -School-Master, but a profest Admirer of the Bishop, and a most diligent -Attendant at his Sermons, where he was sure to clap and reclap, -according to the rare Custom of those Times. The Jews spying him in the -Theatre, while the Governor was there on some publick Business, cryed -out, that he came purposely thither to cause Mischief; and the Uproar, -whereof the Particulars may be read in the just quoted _Socrates_, -terminated in this, that _Cyril_ expelled all the Jews out of the City, -where they had liv’d in great Opulence from the Time of _Alexander_ the -Great, to the no small Benefit of the Place. Were I not accustomed to -read monstrous Lies of this unfortunate Nation, especially that -thread-bare Fiction of crucifying a Child (objected to them here as a -thousand Times afterwards) I should think them very rightly served. But -even in that Case, who can justify _Cyril_’s licensing the Multitude to -seize on their Goods? And yet why do I ask such a Question; when this -has ever been the true Motive of the Barbarities to which they have been -exposed, tho’ Zeal for Religion has been as shamelessly as wickedly -pretended. _Orestes_, as became a good Governor, _being grievously -concerned at what had happened_ (to speak in the Words of the Historian) -_and sadly afflicted, that so great a City should be so suddenly emptied -of such a Multitude of Inhabitants, gave the Emperor an Account of the -whole Matter_. We might be certain, were we not expressly told it, that -_Cyril_ was not behind Hand on his Part. Yet conscious of his Guilt, as -every Reader may collect, he would fain make up with _Orestes_, and -conjured him by the holy _Gospels_ to be Friends; being constrained to -this, as _Nicephorus_ observes, by the People of _Alexandria_, who loved -their Governor. But this last knew him too well to trust him, upon which -their Difference became irreconcileable. You may therefore expect to -hear of Vengeance from the Priest, whom the same _Nicephorus_ represents -proud, seditious, a Boutefeu, a Persecutor: while the Emperor might -thank himself for the Disorders that desolated one of his principal -Cities; for where was it ever otherwise, when the Clergy were permitted -to share in the Government of civil Affairs. - - - - - CHAP. XVIII. - - -_Orestes_ the Governor, assaulted by the Monks; their Captain racked to - Death, but esteemed as a Martyr by _Cyril_. - -Now the Revenge which _Cyril_ took of _Orestes_, being the Prelude to -poor _Hypatia_’s Tragedy, I chuse to relate it, as I have done other -Passages, in the Words of honest _Socrates_. _Certain of the Monks -(_says he_) living in the _Nitrian_ Mountains, leaving their Monasteries -to the Number of about Five Hundred, flocked to the City, and spied the -Governor going Abroad in his Chariot; whereupon approaching, they called -him by the Names of _Sacrificer_ and _Heathen_, using many other -scandalous Words. The Governor therefore suspecting, that this was a -Trick plaid him by _Cyril_, cryed out, that he was a _Christian_, and -that he was _baptized_ at Constantinople by Bishop _Atticus_. But the -Monks, giving no Heed to what he said, one of them, called _Ammonius_, -threw a Stone at _Orestes_, which struck him on the Head; and being all -covered with Blood from his Wound, his Guards, a few excepted, fled some -one Way some another, hiding themselves in the Croud, lest they should -be stoned to Death. In the mean while the People of _Alexandria_ ran to -defend their Governor against the Monks, and, putting all the rest to -Flight, they apprehend _Ammonius_, and brought him before _Orestes_; -who, as the Laws prescribed, publickly put him to the Torture, and -racked him till he expired. Not long after he gave an Account of all -that was done to the Princes. Nor did _Cyril_ fail to give them a -contrary Information. He received the Body of _Ammonius_, and, laying it -in one of the Churches, he changed his Name, calling him _Thaumasius_, -and ordered him to be considered as a _Martyr_; nay, he made his -Panegyrick in the Church, extolling his Courage, as one that had -contended for the Truth. But the wiser Sort of the Christians themselves -did not approve the Zeal, which _Cyril_ showed on this Man’s Behalf; -being convinced that _Ammonius_ had justly suffered for his desperate -Attempt, but was not forced to deny _Christ_, in his Torments._ This -Account requires no Commentary. I shall only observe with a Heathen -Philosopher, that _at that Time the Monks (_the fittest__ __Executioners -of_ Cyril_’s Cruelty_) were Men indeed as to their Form, but Swine in -their Lives; who openly committed Thousands of execrable Crimes, not fit -to be named. Whoever, _says he_, got on a black Habit, and would make a -Grotesque Figure in Publick, _obtained_ a tyrannical Authority; to such -a Reputation of Virtue did that Race of Men arrive._ This Picture, tho’ -drawn by an Enemy’s Hand, is allowed by all good Judges to be done to -the Life; and we shall presently have Reason, more than sufficient, to -be of the same Opinion. - - - - - CHAP. XIX. - - -_Hypatia_’s tragical Death, perpetrated by _Cyril_’s Clergy, who hated - her for Intimacy with _Orestes_. - -But _Cyril_’s Rage was not yet satiated. Tho’ _Orestes_ had the good -Luck to escape being murdered, _Hypatia_ must fall a Sacrifice to the -Prelate’s Pride and to the Ghost of _Ammonius_. This Lady, as we -mentioned above, was profoundly respected by _Orestes_, who much -frequented and consulted her; _for which Reason, says _Socrates_, she -was not a little traduced among the Mob of the Christian Church; as if -she obstructed a Reconciliation between Bishop _Cyril_ and _Orestes_. -Wherefore certain hot-brained Men, headed by one _Peter_ a Lecturer, -entered into a Conspiracy against her, and watching their Opportunity -when she was returning Home from some Place, they dragged her out of her -Chair; hurried her to the Church called _Cesar_’s, and stripping her -stark naked, they killed her with Tiles. Then they tore her to Pieces, -and carrying her Limbs to a_ _Place called _Cinaron_, there they burnt -them to Ashes._ Nothing short of this Treatment, not to be parallelled -among the most savage Nations against Woman (and against a Woman of such -Distinction scarce credible, did not two or more of her Contempories -attest it) nothing, I say, but the Blood of _Hypatia_, shed in the most -inhuman Manner, could glut the Fury of _Cyril_’s Clergy, for these were -the Monsters, that putting off all Humanity, committed this barbarous -Murder. _Socrates_, ’tis true, distinctly Names but one Clergyman, -_Peter_ the Lecturer; but _Nicephorus_ expressly tells us, that the -Zealots, led on by this _Peter_, were _Cyril_’s Clergy, who hated her -for the Credit she had with _Orestes_; that they were these, who imputed -to her the Misunderstanding between the Governor and their Bishop; and -finally, that they butchered her the Time of solemn Fasting; which, -added to their sanctifying of their Villany by perpetrating it in a -Church, shews the glorious State of Religion in those pure and primitive -Times; as some, no less hypocritically than falsely, are pleased to -stile them. The Citizens of _Alexandria_, on whom certain Persons would -fain lay this Act of popular Heat, as they speak by way of Extenuation, -were too great Admirers of _Hypatia_’s Virtue, and too much in the -Interest of _Orestes_, to have any Hand in so foul a Business, however -prone to Tumults. All the Circumstances accompanying the Fact, clearly -prove this; not to repeat the Assault so lately made by the _Nitrian_ -Monks on the Governor, whom the People rescued; tho’ I will not answer -for all the Mob, especially when the Clergy loo’d them on. - - - - - CHAP. XX. - - -_Cyril_ the main Instigator of _Hypatia_’s Murder, being envious of the - Fame she had acquired by her Learning and Philosophy. - -Be it so that the Clergy of _Alexandria_ were the Murderers (some may -say) and that their Affection for _Cyril_ transported them beyond what -can be justified; how does it appear that he himself had any Hand in -this black Deed, which perhaps he neither knew nor could prevent? For -the Sake of our common Humanity (since true Christiany is not at all -concerned) I wish it were so; but there is such Evidence as will not let -any Man, if not wilfully shutting his Eyes against Truth, to believe it. -_Damascius_, who is the other contemporary Witness of her Murder, I -meant besides _Socrates_, positively affirms, that “_Cyril_ vow’d -_Hypatia_’s Destruction, whom he bitterly envied;” and _Suidas_, who -writes the same Thing, says, that this Envy was caused by her -_extraordinary Wisdom and Skill in Astronomy_; as _Hesychius_, when he -mentions her Limbs being carried all over the City in Triumph, writes, -that _this befel her on the Score of her extraordinary Wisdom, and -especially her Skill in Astronomy_. For _Cyril_ was a mighty Pretender -to Letters, and one of those Clergymen who will neither acknowledge nor -bear the Superiority of any Laymen in this Respect, be it ever so -incontestable to others. But some Circumstances of _Hypatia_’s Death, -not mention’d in _Socrates_, are preserved in the Abridgment of -_Isidorus_’s _Life_ in _Photius_, such as _Valesius_ had it; and which I -here give you, Reader, though it should cost you the Tribute of one Tear -more to her Memory. “Upon a Time (says _Damascius_) _Cyril_, passing by -the House of _Hypatia_, saw a great Multitude before the Door both of -Men on Foot and on Horseback; whereof some were coming, some going, and -others staid. When he inquir’d what that Croud was, and what occasioned -so great a Concourse? he was answered by such as accompanied him, that -this was _Hypatia_ the Philosopher’s House, and that these came to pay -their Respects to her. Which when _Cyril_ understood, he was moved with -so great Envy, that he immediately vow’d her Destruction, which he -accomplish’d in the most detestable Manner. For when _Hypatia_, as was -her Custom, went abroad, several Men, neither fearing divine Vengeance -nor human Punishment, suddenly rush’d upon her and kill’d her: Thus -laying their Country both under the highest Infamy, and under the Guilt -of innocent Blood. And indeed the Emperor was grievously offended at -this Matter, and the Murderers had been certainly punished, but that -_Edefius_ did corrupt the Emperor’s Friends; so that his Majesty it’s -true remitted the Punishment, but drew Vengeance on himself and his -Posterity, his Nephew paying dear for this Action.” This Nephew -_Valetius_ believes to have been _Valentinian_, whose Mother _Placidia_ -was Aunt to _Theodosius_. - - - - - CHAP. XXI. - - -The Death of _Hypatia_ brought an Infamy on _Cyril_ and the Christian - Church: She was no Catholick, but a Heathen. - -Thus ended the Life of _Hypatia_, whose Memory will ever last, and whose -Murder happen’d in the fourth Year of _Cyril_’s Episcopate, _Honorius_ -being the tenth Time and _Theodosius_ the sixth Time Consuls, in the -Month of _March_, in the Time of _Lent_, and in the Year 415. “That -Action (says _Socrates_) brought no small Infamy not only upon _Cyril_, -but also upon the whole Church of _Alexandria_; for Slaughters, and -Fightings, and such like Things, are quite foreign to the Christian -Institution.” There’s nothing surer, there’s nothing truer; but of -genuine Christianity there remain’d very little at that Time, unless -Christianity be made to consist in the bare Name and Profession; for, -were I disposed to take this Trouble upon me, I should think it no -difficult Task to shew, that neither the Doctrines nor Distinctions then -in Vogue were ever taught by _Christ_ or his Apostles; and that the -Ceremonies injoined or practised were all utterly unknown to them. No, -no, they were no Christians that kill’d _Hypatia_; nor are any Christian -Clergymen now to be attack’d through the Sides of her Murderers, but -those that resemble them; by substituting precarious Traditions, -scholastick Fictions, and an usurped Dominion, to the salutiferous -Institution of the holy _Jesus_. _Photius_ is very angry with -_Philostorgius_, whom he stigmatizes as an _impious Man_, for saying -that the _Homoousians_, or the _Athanasian Trinitarians, tore her to -Pieces_; but is he not an _impudent Man_, or something worse, that dares -to deny this? when none were more remarkable Sticklers for the -_Homoousian_, than _Cyril_ and his Adherents. This only the Truth of -History requires to be specially noted; for with me the _Homoiousion_ -and the _Homoousion_ are of no Account, in Comparison of the _Bible_, -where neither of them are to be found. In the mean Time ’twill not be -amiss to hear _Gothofred_ on this Occasion. “Observe here (says he) the -_Arian_ Poison of _Philostorgius_ against the _Homoousians_, or -Catholicks; as if the Murder of _Hypatia_ were the Crime of the -Catholicks, and not of the indiscrete Populace. Thus much however may be -gathered from this Passage, that this same _Hypatia_ was no Catholick.” -Admirable _Gothofred_! Not to say any thing to your _Arian_ Poison, for -which I am not a whit concern’d neither of the People’s Guilt, whom I -have sufficiently clear’d before; nor yet of the nice Distinction -between the Populace and the Catholicks, as if the Bulk of the -Catholicks were not the Populace: Your Conclusion that _Hypatia_ was not -a Catholick is unspeakably acute, when in Reality she was not as much as -a Christian; her Father having been a Heathen Philosopher, and herself -the Wife of one, without the least Appearance that she was ever any -other with regard to her own Persuasion. As for a ridiculous Letter, -pretended to be written by her to _Cyril_, about the Paschal Cycle, ’tis -a manifest Forgery; for she was murdered the sixth Year of _Theodosius_, -and therefore one and twenty Years before the Exile of _Nestorius_, who -yet is mention’d in that Letter under the Epithet of _impious_. - - - - - CHAP. XXII. - - -The making _Cyril_ a Saint a Dishonour to Religion. Three Sorts of - Persons canonized for Saints. - -And now that _Cyril_’s Name puts me once more in mind of him, how -insufferable a burlesquing of God and Man is it to revere so ambitious, -so turbulent, so perfidious, and so cruel a Man, as a _Saint_? since -History shows that this was his just Character. But in good Earnest this -same Title of _Saint_ has not seldom been most wretchedly conferred; for -the greatest Part of the Saints after _Constantine_’s Reign, and -especially since Canonization came in Fashion, are made up of three -Sorts of Persons, the least of all others meriting Veneration. First, -Men have been dubbed Saints, for promoting the Grandeur of the Church by -all their Endeavours, especially by their Writings; which, instead of -employing for the Happiness or Instruction of their Fellow Citizens, -they prostituted to magnify spiritual Authority, to the debasing and -enslaving of their Spirits. The second Sort that have been honoured with -Saintship, were Princes and other powerful or rich Men, however vicious -or tyrannical, who gave large Possessions and Legacies to the Church; or -that with Incapacity, Faggot, Gibbet, Sword, and Proscription, chastised -the Temerity of such as dared to question her Decrees. The third Sort, -were poor groveling Visionaries, boasting of their delirious Enthusiasms -and Extasies; or imposing on the ignorant by formal Mortifications, -falsely reputed Devotion, and were recompensed with this imaginary -Reward, by those that despised their Austerity, at the same Time that -they mainly thrived by the Credit of it. It is no Wonder then, that when -the Epithet _Saint_, which peculiarly belonged to Piety and Innocence, -was thus pompously bestowed on Vice and Impiety, there should prevail -that Deluge of Ignorance, Superstition, and Tyranny, which overwhelmed -almost the whole Christian World. All the Persecutions that ensued, were -so many forcible Means, employed to suppress any Efforts that might be -used for the restoring of Virtue and Learning. By that Antichristian -Spirit fell _Hypatia_, to whom the Clergy of her Time could never -forgive, that she was beautiful yet chaste, far more learned than -themselves, not to be endured in the Laity; and in greater Credit with -the civil Magistrate, whom the Clergy of that Time would needs drive or -lead as their Pack-ass. - - - _FINIS._ - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - -—Silently corrected a few typos; did not modernize spelling. - -—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - -—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Hypatia, by John Toland - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HYPATIA *** - -***** This file should be named 63054-0.txt or 63054-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/3/0/5/63054/ - -Produced by MWS, Stephen Hutcheson, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This -book was produced from images made available by the -HathiTrust Digital Library.) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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} -p.review { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; font-size:80%; } -p.pcap { margin-left:0em; text-indent:0; text-align:center; margin-top:0; } -p.pcapc { margin-left:4.7em; text-indent:0em; text-align:justify; } -span.attr { font-size:80%; font-family:sans-serif; } -span.pn { display:inline-block; width:4.7em; text-align:left; margin-left:0; text-indent:0; } -</style> -</head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Hypatia, by John Toland - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll -have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using -this ebook. - - - -Title: Hypatia - or, The history of a most beautiful, most vertuous, most - learned, and every way accomplish'd lady; who was torn to - pieces by the clergy of Alexandria, to gratify the pride, - emulation, and cruelty of their archbishop, commonly but - undeservedly styled St. Cyril - -Author: John Toland - -Release Date: August 27, 2020 [EBook #63054] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HYPATIA *** - - - - -Produced by MWS, Stephen Hutcheson, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This -book was produced from images made available by the -HathiTrust Digital Library.) - - - - - - -</pre> - -<div id="cover" class="img"> -<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="HYPATIA" width="649" height="1200" /> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig1"> -<img src="images/p1.jpg" alt="" width="738" height="1200" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>HYPATIA, -<br />the accomplish’d Lady.</i> -<br /><span class="jr"><i>Parr Sculp</i></span></p> -</div> -<div class="box"> -<h1><i>HYPATIA:</i></h1> -<p class="center">OR, THE -<br /><span class="xxlarge"><b>HISTORY</b></span> -<br />OF A -<br />Most beautiful, most vertuous, most learned, -<br />and every way accomplish’d -<br /><span class="xxlarge"><b>LADY;</b></span> -<br />WHO -<br />Was torn to Pieces by the <span class="sc">Clergy</span> of <i>Alexandria</i>, to gratify the Pride, Emulation, and Cruelty of their <span class="sc">Archbishop</span>, commonly but undeservedly stiled -<br /><span class="xxlarge"><b>St. <i>CYRIL</i>.</b></span></p> -<hr class="dwide" /> -<p class="center"><i>Magnum aliquid instat, efferum, immane, impium.</i> -<br /><span class="jr"><span class="sc">Sen. Medea</span>, Act. 3. Scen. 1. lin. 16.</span></p> -<hr class="dwide" /> -<p class="center"><i>LONDON</i>: -<br />Printed for <span class="sc">M. Cooper</span>, in <i>Pater-noster-Row</i>; <span class="sc">W. Reeve</span>, in <i>Fleet-street</i>; and <span class="sc">C. Sympson</span>, in <i>Chancery-lane</i>. 1753. [Price 6d.]</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_3">3</div> -<h1 title=""><i>HYPATIA.</i></h1> -<h2 id="c1"><span class="small">CHAP. I.</span></h2> -<p class="revint i">A general Character of the Lady; the Contrivers -and Executioners of the Barbarities -which she suffered; and the Authorities from -whence this Story is extracted.</p> -<p>I am going to give a short Account, but as -full as antient Books afford us Materials, of -the Life and Death of <i>Hypatia</i>; who will -ever continue the Glory of her own Sex, and the -Disgrace of ours: For the Women have no less -Reason to value themselves, that there existed a -Lady of such rare Accomplishments, without the -least Blemish, even as a Foil to her numberless -Perfections; than the Men to be ashamed, that -any could be found among them of so brutal and -savage a Disposition, as, far from being struck -with Admiration at so much Beauty, Innocence, -and Knowledge, to stain their barbarous Hands -with her Blood, and their impious Souls with the -indelible Character of sacrilegious Murderers. A -Bishop, a Patriarch, nay, a Saint, was the Contriver -of so horrid a Deed, and his Clergy the Executioners -of his implacable Fury. The Authors -out of whom I collect my Account (and I omit -none that has come to my Knowledge) were either -her Contemporaries, or lived near that Age. One -of them was her School-fellow, another her Scholar. -<span class="pb" id="Page_4">4</span> -But they who relate the most odious and flagitious -Circumstances, are Ecclesiastical Historians; -counted orthodox in their own Time, as well as -eminently so by most in ours. Nor ought we to -forget that several of them were Priests. To every -one of them we shall do the Justice that their Sincerity -or Prevarication deserves, though little remains -to do in this respect; all being agreed about -the principal Facts, and some differing only in -Points of no great Importance. They are such -Things, as, taken either Way, neither serve much -to alleviate a very bad Cause, nor to aggravate -what cannot be possibly made worse.</p> -<h2 id="c2"><span class="small">CHAP. II.</span></h2> -<p class="revint i"><span class="f">Alexandria</span>, famous for Learning and Merchandize, -but particularly for a School or Academy, -of which <span class="f">Theon</span>, the Father of <span class="f">Hypatia</span>, was -Master.</p> -<p>After <i>Alexander the Great</i> had founded -<i>Alexandria</i> in <i>Egypt</i>, as the Center of Commerce -in the Empire he was projecting, this City -soon became a flourishing Mart for Learning as -well as for Merchandize. The Fame of the -<i>Alexandrian School</i>, and of the <i>Alexandrian Library</i>, -reached much further than the Name of <i>Alexander</i> -himself; or at least they carried it, whither it could -never have reached without their Means. This -was the most proper Tribute, that could in Gratitude -be paid to the Memory of a Prince so ambitious -of Glory: As indeed no private Persons, -no more than Potentates, will ever do any thing -praise-worthy without the Prospect of a long-lived -<span class="pb" id="Page_5">5</span> -Reputation, the most effectual Spur to laudable -and arduous Undertakings. The Succession of the -great Men that presided in this School, may be -learnt out of the Works of those, who have purposely -written on such Subjects. My Design however -obliges me here to mention one of them, -namely <i>Theon</i>, who governed that Academy with -much Applause in the latter part of the fourth -Century. He was particularly famous for his extensive -Knowledge in Astronomy, as the Catalogues, -made of such who excelled in this Science, -abundantly shew. But what has contributed to -render him more illustrious to all Posterity, is, that -he was Father to the incomparable <i>Hypatia</i>; whom, -according to the Custom of those Times, or rather -prompted by the Encouragement he received from -her own promising Genius, he educated not only -in all the Qualifications belonging to her Sex; but -caused her likewise to be instructed in the most -abstruse Sciences, which are reputed the proper -Occupation of Men, as requiring too much Labour -and Application for the delicate Constitution -of Women.</p> -<h2 id="c3"><span class="small">CHAP. III.</span></h2> -<p class="revint i">Philosophy not an improper Study for the Female -Sex; many of them very eminent for their -great Progress in the Sciences; particularly -<span class="f">Hypatia</span>, who excelled all the Philosophers of -her Time.</p> -<p>That this Notion is a vulgar Prejudice, the -vast Number of Ladies, who have in every -Age distinguish’d themselves by their Professions -<span class="pb" id="Page_6">6</span> -or Performances in Learning, furnishes an unanswerable -Argument. Whole Volumes have been -written, containing nothing else but the Lives of -such Women, as became eminent in all Kinds of -Literature, especially in Philosophy; which, as it -is the highest Perfection, so it demands the utmost -Effort of human Nature. But leaving those Heroines -to the Search of the Curious, I shall confine -myself at present to one Object worthy all Admiration; -in doing Justice to whom, I may be -deemed to write the Panegyric of the whole Sex. -We have the unanimous Consent of <i>Synesius</i>, <i>Socrates</i>, -and <i>Philostorgius</i>, her Contemporaries; as -likewise of <i>Damascius</i>, <i>Nicephorus Gregoras</i>, <i>Nicephorus -Callistus</i>, <i>Photius</i>, <i>Suidas</i>, <i>Hesychius Illustris</i>, -and others, touching the prodigious Learning and -other excellent Accomplishments of <i>Hypatia</i>. What -is still a greater Proof of the Fact, no one Person, -or through Ignorance or through Envy, has ever -as much as insinuated the contrary. <i>Socrates</i>, the -Ecclesiastical Historian, an unsuspected Witness, -says, That <i>she arrived to such a Pitch of Learning, -as very far to exceed all the Philosophers of her time</i>; -to which <i>Nicephorus</i>, also an Ecclesiastical Historian, -adds, <i>Those of other Times</i>. <i>Philostorgius</i> affirms, -That <i>she was much superior to her Father and -Master <span class="f">Theon</span>, in what regards Astronomy</i>. And -<i>Suidas</i>, who mentions two Books of her Writing, -one <i>on the Astronomical Canon of</i> Diophantus, and -another <i>on the Conics of</i> Apollonius, avers, That -<i>she not only exceeded her Father in Astronomy: But -further, that she understood all the other Parts of -Philosophy</i>; a Thing that will be easily credited by -those, who shall peruse the Sequel of this Story, -wherein nothing is advanced without competent -Vouchers.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_7">7</div> -<h2 id="c4"><span class="small">CHAP. IV.</span></h2> -<p class="revint i"><span class="f">Hypatia,</span> succeeds in the Government of the -<span class="f">Platonic</span> School at <span class="f">Alexandria</span>, for which she -was judged Qualified, in Preference to all -the Men of Learning at that Time.</p> -<p>And truly were not this Matter so well attested -by those Writers we have just nam’d, -and by others we shall presently have Occasion to -alledge; yet no Body could any longer doubt of -it, after being informed by the very same Persons, -that <i>Hypatia</i> succeeded in the Government -of the <i>Platonic</i> School at <i>Alexandria</i>, the Place of -her Birth and Education. This was another-guess -Thing, God knows, than taking the Degree of -Doctor in any of the Faculties; which one or two -Women have not long since done, for which they -have been loaded with fulsome Elogies, tho’ producing -no Effects suitable to the Titles they have -so much ambitioned. But what greater Glory for -a Woman, what greater Honour redounding to -all Women, than to see a Lady teaching in that -Chair, where <i>Ammonius</i> and <i>Hierocles</i> (to Name no -more, for ’tis a Mistake in <i>Socrates</i> or his Transcriber -to make <i>Plotinus</i> one of them) where so many -Professors, I say, uttered the Oracles of Learning, -rather as divine Intelligences than mortal Men? -What infinite Merit must she have possessed, who -could be preferr’d to that conspicuous Station, at -a Time when Men of immense Learning abounded -both at <i>Alexandria</i>, and in many other Parts of the -<i>Roman</i> Empire? Wherefore, the Novelty of the -Thing considered, and <i>Hypatia</i>’s Worth being universally -acknowledged, ’tis no Wonder that she -soon had a crouded Auditory. <i>She explained to her</i> -<span class="pb" id="Page_8">8</span> -<i>Hearers</i>, says <i>Socrates, the several Sciences, that go -under the general Name of Philosophy; for which -Reason</i>, continues he, <i>there was a Confluence to her -from all Parts, of those who made Philosophy their -Delight or Study</i>. To the same Purpose speak -others; and <i>Suidas</i> adds, that <i>she explained all the -Philosophers</i>, that is, all the several Sects, with -the particular Tenets of their Founders, which -shews an inexpressible Elevation and Capacity, -each of these separately being thought a sufficient -Province, to exercise the Diligence of any one -Man, consummate in Letters.</p> -<h2 id="c5"><span class="small">CHAP. V.</span></h2> -<p class="revint i"><span class="f">Hypatia’s</span> School crouded with Scholars of the -best Fashion. She is admired for her incomparable -Beauty, and the vast Extent of her -Learning.</p> -<p>Now, I cannot but here represent to myself -with Pleasure, let who will censure me -for it, the Flower of all the Youth in <i>Europe</i>, -<i>Asia</i>, and <i>Africa</i>, sitting at the Feet of a most -beautiful Lady (for such we are assur’d <i>Hypatia</i> -was) all greedily swallowing Instruction from her -Mouth, and many of ’em Love from her Eyes. -How she serv’d one of this last Sort, shall be told -in its due Place. It was doubtless a Thing impossible, -not to improve under such a Teacher; as -one must be equally stupid and insensible, that -could not be powerfully affected by a charming -Mind in a charming Body. I am sure this Reflection -is very agreeable to that Philosophy she peculiarly -professed; and accordingly the <i>Alexandrian</i> -<span class="pb" id="Page_9">9</span> -School never flourish’d more. Her Disciples -entered into a strict Tye of Intimacy with one another, -stiling themselves <i>Companions</i>, or, as in our -Colleges <i>Fellows</i>; which was likewise the Custom -at <i>Athens</i>, and in other famous Seminaries of Learning. -This commonly begot Effects of Benevolence -thro’ the whole Course of their Lives, and sometimes -Acts of Friendship very extraordinary. <i>Hypatia</i> -was by way of Excellence named <i>The Philosopher</i>, -altogether as much on Account of her profound -Knowledge, as for her public Profession of -Teaching. Nor was any Professor ever more admired -by the World, or more dear to his own Scholars. -Hers were as remarkable as numerous.</p> -<h2 id="c6"><span class="small">CHAP. VI.</span></h2> -<p class="revint i">An Encomium on <span class="f">Synesius</span>, one of <span class="f">Hypatia</span>’s -Scholars; who, tho’ a Heathen, was consecrated -a Christian Bishop.</p> -<p>One of these, who has preserved to us the -Names of several others, is the celebrated <i>Synesius</i>. -He was a Native of <i>Cyrene</i> in <i>Africa</i>, on the -Borders of <i>Egypt</i>, a very ancient <i>Greek</i> Colony, the -Birth-place of <i>Aristippus</i> and <i>Carneades</i>, which <i>Synesius</i> -forgets not to mention in his Writings. He -travelled for Improvement to his neighbouring -Country of <i>Egypt</i>, the undoubted Mother of the -Sciences, where he happily succeeded in his Studies -at <i>Alexandria</i> under <i>Hypatia</i>. This Personage alone -may suffice for a Specimen, of the extraordinary -Spirits that she formed. If we may rely on -the Judgement of no less a Man than <i>Nicephorus -Gregoras</i>, Patriarch of <i>Constantinople</i> (who wrote -<span class="pb" id="Page_10">10</span> -elaborate <i>Annotations</i> on his Treatise of <i>Dreams</i>, a -Piece fraught with uncommon Learning) he says, -<i>There was nothing he did not know, no Science wherein -he did not excel, no Mistery in which he was not initiated -or skilled</i>, with a great deal more to this Purpose. -And it must be owned, that to all the Vivacity -natural to his Country, there was joined the most -profound Knowledge and solid Judgement. His -Works are every one highly commended, but <i>his -Epistles are admirable</i>, as <i>Suidas</i> very truly remarks, -and in the Opinion of <i>Protius</i>, as well as of <i>Evagrius, -they are elegant, agreeable, sententious, and -learned</i>. He was a Man of noble Birth, which -added no less Weight to his Learning then this relieved -Lustre on his Quality; as both together -procured him Credit with his Superiors, Authority -over his Inferiors, and Admiration from his Equals. -He went upon an Embassy, which lasted three -Years, to the Emperor <i>Arcadius</i> at <i>Constantinople</i>, -on the Behalf of his Country; which was miserably -harrassed by the auxiliary <i>Goths</i> and other -<i>Barbarians</i>, but which received considerable Relief -from his Solicitations. It was then that <i>with -greater Boldness than any of the Grecians</i> (as he tells -us himself) he pronounced before the Emperor, -that extremely fine Oration concerning <i>Government</i>; -which, in a Country so justly fond of Liberty as -ours, I wonder has never been translated. This -defect I have supplied, and will impart it to the -Public on a proper Occasion. As for <i>Synesius</i>’s -being consecrated Bishop of <i>Ptolemais</i>, notwithstanding -his Protestation, that he disbelieved some -of the most essential Articles of the <i>Christian Religion</i>, -we spoke enough to that Point at the latter -end of <i>Clidophorus</i>; only we shall observe in this -Place, how <i>Petavius</i>, the Editor of his Works, -affirms, that, in some of the Books written after -<span class="pb" id="Page_11">11</span> -his Profession of <i>Christianity</i>, he appears as very a -<i>Heathen</i> as ever. But this being no Prejudice to -his Parts, however it may affect his Salvation, is -none of our present Business to examine; much -less to adopt the pitiful Excuses, or rather Prevarications, -invented by some learned Men to defend -him from this Imputation. The principal is <i>Baromius</i>.</p> -<h2 id="c7"><span class="small">CHAP. VII.</span></h2> -<p class="revint i"><span class="f">Synesius</span>’s Testimony to the Learning and Virtue -of <span class="f">Hypatia</span>. Some Account of his Writings -and other Works.</p> -<p>The Thing which our Design obliges us not -to pass over slightly is, the greatful Testimony -he every where bears to the Learning and -Virtue of <i>Hypatia</i>, whom he never mentions without -the profoundest Respect, and sometimes in -Terms of Affection coming little short of Adoration. -In a Letter to his Brother <i>Euoptius</i>, <i>Salute (<span class="f">says -he</span>) the most honoured and the most beloved of God, -the Philosopher; and that happy Sodality or Fellowship, -which injoys the Blessing of her divine Voice</i>. -In another to his said Brother he mentions one <i>Egyptus, -who sucked in the Seeds of Wisdom from Hypatia</i>. -And thus he expresses himself writing to -<i>Olympius</i>: <i>I suppose these Letters will be delivered by -Peter which he will receive from that sacred Hand. -I send them from <span class="f">Pentapolis</span> to our common Instructress, -and she will intrust them with whom she thinks -fit, which I am sure will be to one that is well known -to her</i>. In a Letter addressed to herself, he desires -her to direct a <i>Hydroscope</i> to be made and -<span class="pb" id="Page_12">12</span> -bought for him, which he there describes. <i>Petavius</i> -thinks it was a sort of Level, and others an -Hour-Measure. That famous Silver <i>Astrolabe</i> -which he presented to <i>Peonius</i>, a Man equally excelling -in Philosophy and Arms, he owns to have -been perfected by the Directions of <i>Hypatia</i>. In a -long Epistle he acquaints her with the Reasons of -his writing two Books, which he thereby sends -her. The one was his mystical Treatise <i>of Dreams</i>, -and the other his <i>Dion</i>. This last is a most ingenious -Apology for Learning against two Sorts of -Men, who by very opposite Lines tended to the -same Center of Ignorance. The one, that under -Pretence of being reserved towards unworthy Hearers, -concealed their Want of real Knowledge, did -accuse him of being two Communicative, and of -prostituting Philosophy. The others would have -him to be eternally prating like themselves, not that -they studied more than others, nor yet so much, -to be furnished with Matter of Discourse; but that -talking by Rote out of certain <i>Systems</i>, the Truth of -which they took for granted, and which no Body -must contradict, they could tire the Patience of -their Hearers, without making these or themselves -a whit the wiser. Both Sorts charged him with -studying Elegance and Oratory in his Compositions; -for the Divines of that Time were substituting -apace to Philosophy and other Learning, Legends -and Enthusiasm, Fables and Fancies, which -they sanctified by the Name of <i>Divine Contemplation</i>. -Metaphysical Distinctions about the <i>Trinity</i>, -and extravagant Notions about the Essence of GOD -(whose Majesty they blasphemed by their profane -Definitions) was all the Study then in Vogue, to -the irreparable Damage of polite and useful Letters.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_13">13</div> -<h2 id="c8"><span class="small">CHAP. VIII.</span></h2> -<p class="revint i"><span class="f">Synesius</span> submits his Book of <span class="f">Dion</span> to the -Judgment of <span class="f">Hypatia</span>; his Description of his -Censurers.</p> -<p>Of his <i>Dion</i> therefore he begs <i>Hypatia</i>’s Judgment, -resolving not to publish it without -her Approbation. He informs her moreover, -that she’s the first among the <i>Greeks</i>, or rather the -<i>Heathens</i>, to whom he communicates his Treatise -<i>of Dreams</i>; and that he might complete, he says, -the sacred Number <i>Three</i>, he adds to these two -his <i>Account of the Astrolabe</i> presented to <i>Peonius</i>. -It will not be a Digression altogether foreign to the -Subject (as we shall see hereafter) if we insert here -part of the fine Description, which he has given -of the second Sort of those that censured him; -“who being full of Ignorance (says he) yet armed -with Confidence, are readier than all other Men -to discourse concerning GOD; and if you -happen to light upon them, you will strait hear -some of their unreasonable Reasonings, which -they will needs obtrude, on such as are desirous -of no such Matter; because, I suppose, it is -for their Interest so to do. For on the Score of -such Things they are made Preachers in Towns, -which is the same Thing as to enjoy <i>Amalthea</i>’s -Horn <i>or Plenty of all Things</i>, which these think -themselves obliged to use. I fancy by this Time -you perceive, what this forward Generation of -Men may be, that blame my generous Purpose. -They invite me to come into their Discipline, -promising, that in a short Time I shall appear -most confident in Things relating to GOD, -and ever after be capable to dispute incessantly -<span class="pb" id="Page_14">14</span> -both Night and Day.” I believe this Race of -Men is not yet extinct; but another Time they -may hear of a certain <i>Speech</i> addressed to them by -the same Truth-telling <i>Synesius</i>.</p> -<h2 id="c9"><span class="small">CHAP. IX.</span></h2> -<p class="revint i"><span class="f">Synesius</span>’s Misfortunes; his Letter of Complaint -to <span class="f">Hypatia</span>.</p> -<p>On his Promotion, or, as he accounted it -himself, his Banishment to the Bishoprick of -<i>Ptolemais</i>, he was forced to quit the Fellowship of -his Condisciples, and the Presence of his dear <i>Hypatia</i>. -As an Augmentation of his Affliction he -soon lost his Wife, with his Children in a little Time -after, whom he very tenderly loved, and whose -Death he did not bear with the same Fortitude, -that is reported of some other Philosophers. On -this Occasion, and a fancied Neglect of his Friends, -he wrote the following Letter, “<i>To</i> Hypatia <i>the -Philosopher</i> (that I may use the very Words of -the Inscription.) I salute you, happy Lady, -and by your Means the most happy Companions. -I have of a long Time had an Intention -to chide, by reason I have received no Letters -from any of you. But now I perceive that I -am neglected by all, not that I have in any Thing -failed of my Duty; but that I am in many Respects -unfortunate, and indeed as unfortunate as -any one can be. Nevertheless, could I be thought -worthy of receiving your Letters, and of being -informed how you lead your Lives (being confident -however it is after the best Manner that -may be, and that you fail not to exercise a -sprightly Genius) I should only think myself -<span class="pb" id="Page_15">15</span> -unhappy by Halves, while I enjoyed any Happiness -on your Account. But now I must reckon -this also, as one of the Misfortunes wherein I -am involved. For I am not only deprived of -my Children, but likewise of my Friends, and -of every body’s Kindness; nay, what is more -than all, of your most divine Soul, which only -Thing I flattered myself would continue stedfast -to me, in Spite of the Injuries of Fortune, and -the Storms of Fate.” One would think that he -could not better express, in so few Lines, the good -Opinion he had of his Teacher; yet he’s still more -pathetical in other Letters, which, because serving -to give us the fuller View of <i>Hypatia</i>’s Character, -I shall produce as essential to my Subject.</p> -<h2 id="c10"><span class="small">CHAP. X.</span></h2> -<p class="revint i"><span class="f">Synesius’s</span> <i>Grief for the Death of his Children, -brings upon him a Fit of Sickness; his -Letter of Complaint to <span class="f">Hypatia</span> in his Illness</i>.</p> -<p>Continuing therefore to grieve for the Death of -his Children, he fell into an ill State of -Health, which he signifies to his Mistress (whom -in all his Letters he stiles <i>The Philosopher</i>) and to -the beloved Companions of his Studies, in these -Words. “Being confined to my Bed I have dictated -this Letter, which may you receive in -good Health, my Mother, my Sister, and my -Instructress! in all which Respects you have been -my Benefactress, or if there be any other, either -Name or Thing, that is more honourable. The -Weakness of my Body proceeds from the Anguish -of my Soul. The Remembrance of my -deceased Children consumes me by little and little. -<span class="pb" id="Page_16">16</span> -<i>Synesius</i> ought only to have lived so long, -as the Evils of Life were unknown to him. -Afterwards it has happened to him as to a Stream -that is stopt; it rushes over its Dam on a sudden, -and forces all the Pleasure of Life before -it. Let me cease to live, or to remember the -Burial of my Children. May you enjoy Health -yourself, and salute in my Name the happy -Companions, beginning with Father <i>Theotecnus</i>, -and Brother <i>Athanasius</i>, and so proceeding to -the rest. Or if any other be since associated -to them, who is agreeable to you (and to whom, -for this very Reason of pleasing you, I ought -to stand obliged) salute him also from me, as -one of my dearest Friends. If what relates to -me be of any Concern to you, ’tis well done; -though, even then, I shall be insensible to this -Favour.” What can be more affectionate, what -can be more tender, what can be more benevolent -or candid? The Soul speaks here in every Line. -A while after, the Calamities of War being added -to all his other Sorrows, he writes her this Letter, -beginning with a couple of Lines out of <i>Homer</i>, -changing only a Word or two.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0"><i>Tho’ ’mong the Dead profound Oblivion reigns,</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>E’en there my dear</i> Hypatia <i>I’ll remember</i>!</p> -</div> -<p>“I, who am surrounded with the Miseries of -my Country, and who am thoroughly weary of -it, since I daily see hostile Arms, and Men -slaughter’d like Beasts; that I breathe Air infected -with the Corruption of dead Bodies, and -that I hourly expect the like Fate myself; for -who can hope well, where the very Face of the -Sky is most lamentable, being darkened by the -Shadow of carnivorous Birds? Yet, notwithstanding -all this, I retain an Affection for the -<span class="pb" id="Page_17">17</span> -Country; nay, how can I do otherwise, being -a <i>Lybian</i> by Nation, and born in this Place, -where I behold no ignoble Sepulchres of my -Ancestors. For your Sake alone I fancy I can -set light by my Country, and, as soon as Leisure -offers, will banish myself out of it.” In -<i>Clidophorus</i> I shew’d the like Resolutions out of -some of his Letters to others: but whether he -ever executed them, or how long he lived, or where -or in what Manner he died, is not recorded by -any Author that I remember.</p> -<h2 id="c11"><span class="small">CHAP. XI.</span></h2> -<p class="revint i"><span class="f">Hypatia</span> is esteemed and caressed by the Publick; -is consulted by the Magistrates in all important -Cases, and sometimes sat among them.</p> -<p>All this, some will say, we readily grant, -that <i>Hypatia</i> was a Lady of most eminent -Learning, and that <i>Synesius</i>, with probably not a -few of her other Disciples, esteemed her to be a -Miracle of Virtue and Prudence; but what did -the rest of the World think of her Conduct, what -Marks of Approbation or Favour did she receive -from the Publick? To this Inquiry, which is very -natural in this Place, we answer; that never Woman -was more caressed by the Publick, and yet -that never Woman had a more unspotted Character. -She was held an Oracle for her Wisdom, which -made her be consulted by the Magistrates in all important -Cases; and this frequently drew her among -the greatest Concourse of Men, without the least -Censure of her Manners. The Proof of so rare a -Felicity we chuse to give in the Words of the -<span class="pb" id="Page_18">18</span> -Historian <i>Socrates</i>. “By reason of the Confidence -and Authority (says he) which she had acquired -by her Learning, she sometimes came to the -Judges with singular Modesty; nor was she -any thing abashed, to appear thus among a -Croud of Men; for all Persons, on the Score -of her extraordinary Discretion, did at the same -Time both reverence and admire her.” The same -Things are confirmed by <i>Niceforus Callistus</i>, <i>Suidas</i>, -<i>Hesychius Illustris</i>, and indeed by whom not? So -far was she from that blameable Timidity, which -is contracted from a wrong Education; or from -that conscious Backwardness, which is inspired by -Guilt. That the Governors and Magistrates of -<i>Alexandria</i> regularly visited her, that all the City -(as <i>Damascius</i> and <i>Suidas</i> relate) paid Court to her, -is a Distinction with which no Women was ever -honoured before. And to say all in a Word, when -<i>Nicephorus Gregoras</i>, above quoted, intended to -pass the highest Compliment, on the Princess -<i>Eudocia</i>, he thought he could not better hit, than -by calling her <i>another Hypatia</i>.</p> -<h2 id="c12"><span class="small">CHAP. XII.</span></h2> -<p class="revint i"><span class="f">Synesius</span>’s recommendatory Letter to <span class="f">Hypatia,</span> -in Behalf of two young Gentlemen, on a Suit -depending at <span class="f">Alexandria.</span></p> -<p>It was during this prosperous Gale of publick -Favour, that <i>Hypatia</i>’s devoted Friend <i>Synesius</i> -sent her this recommendatory Letter on the Behalf -of two young Gentlemen, that had a Claim depending -at <i>Alexandria</i>. “Although Fortune cannot -take every thing from me, yet she has a -mind to strip me of all she can; she that</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_19">19</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">“Of many Sons, and good, has me bereft.</p> -</div> -<p>“But to be ambitious of doing the best Things, -and to assist the unjustly Oppressed, is what she -shall never take from me; for far be it from me, -that she should ever be able to conquer my -Mind. Therefore I hate Injustice, since this I -may do still; and am also desirous to repress it, -but that is one of the Things taken out of my -Power, and which I lost before my Children.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">“Once the <i>Milesians</i> valiant were.</p> -</div> -<p>“Time also was, when I could be useful to my -Friends, and when you were wont to call me -<i>Others Good</i>; as turning to the Profit of other -Men my Interest with Persons in great Authority, -whom I made to serve me as so many -Hands. Now I am left destitute of all, unless -you have any Power; for you, together with -Virtue, I reckon a Good, of which none will -be able to rob me. But you have, and will always -have Power, by reason of the excellent -Use you make of your Credit. Wherefore let -<i>Niceus</i> and <i>Philolaus</i>, virtuous Youths and Relations, -return Masters of their own, thro’ the -Care of all who honour you, whether private -Men or Magistrates.” Thus, as a necessary -Part of her History, I have inserted at Length, all -the Letters written to <i>Hypatia</i> by <i>Synesius</i>, except -the 15th, whereof I have given the Substance; -and the 33d in the Collection of his <i>Letters</i>, which -is too short to contain any Instruction; as likewise -the 154th, which, being too long, I have abridged -above.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_20">20</div> -<h2 id="c13"><span class="small">CHAP. XIII.</span></h2> -<p class="revint i"><span class="f">Hypatia</span> married, yet said to die a Maid. -<span class="f">Isidorus</span>, her Husband, the most eminent -Philosopher of his Time.</p> -<p>It would be as great a Prodigy in Nature as -<i>Hypatia</i> was herself, if a Lady of such Beauty, -Modesty, Wisdom, and Virtue, were not by many -eagerly sought in Marriage: And, in Effect, we -find that she was actually married to the Philosopher -<i>Isidorus</i>, tho’ <i>Suidas</i> says she died a Maid; -which is not so irreconcilable a Thing, as People -may be apt to imagine on first Thoughts, but, as -we shall shew, very likely to be true. This <i>Isidorus</i> -succeeded <i>Marinus</i> in the School, and his -<i>Life</i> has been written by <i>Damascius</i>, one of <i>Theon</i>’s -Scholars, who therefore had all imaginable Opportunities -to know whatever regarded <i>Hypatia</i> and -<i>Isidorus</i>. His <i>Life</i> was abridged by <i>Photius</i>, but -we have it not so perfect as he left it; for besides -the extreme Confusion and Incorrectness which appears -thro’ the whole, the learned <i>Valesius</i> gave -the World Expectations, that he would, one Time -or other, publish it twice larger than that we read -now in <i>Photius</i>. However, in such as it still is, -<i>Damascius</i> bestows such Elogies on <i>Isidorus</i>, as put -him almost above Humanity; yet, no way concerning -<i>Hypatia</i>, I pass them over in Silence. I -frankly confess, that I more than suspect many of -the Things he reports as knowing that <i>Damascius</i> -was a great Visionary, and, like <i>Philostratus</i> -with respect to <i>Apollonius Tyaneus</i>, designed to oppose -<i>Isidorus</i> to those Christian <i>Saints</i>, who were -celebrated for their miraculous and supernatural -Attainments. But this ought not to affect his Credit -in Matters of an ordinary Nature, and therefore -<span class="pb" id="Page_21">21</span> -I do not in the least hesitate to believe him, -when he positively affirms that <i>Hypatia</i> was Wife to -<i>Isidorus</i>.</p> -<h2 id="c14"><span class="small">CHAP. XIV.</span></h2> -<p class="revint i">In what Sense it might be said, that tho’ <span class="f">Hypatia</span> -was married, yet she died a Maid.</p> -<p>Suidas likewise makes her the Wife of the same -<i>Isidorus</i>, tho’ he be the very Man who tells us -she died a Virgin. That Matter, considering the -great Uncertainty in which we are left by the meditated -Destruction or casual Decay of authentick -Writers, I conceive to stand thus. <i>Damascius</i> says, -that <i>Isidorus</i> had another Wife, whose Name was -<i>Domna</i>, by which he had a Son call’d <i>Proclus</i>. -She died the fifth Day after her Delivery, and, according -to his Panegyrist, <i>she rid the Philosopher -of an evil Beast and a bitter Wedlock</i>. Now supposing -this to happen some Time before the tragical -End of <i>Hypatia</i>, and that the latter was betrothed -to <i>Isidorus</i>, it might very well be said that -she was his Wife, and yet that she died a Maid. -The Author of an <i>Epigram</i>, that was made upon -her, seems to have been of the same Opinion.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0"><i>The <span class="f">Virgin</span>’s starry Sign when e’er I see,</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Adoring, on thy Words I think and thee:</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>For all thy vertuous Works celestial are,</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>As are thy learned Words beyond compare,</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Divine <span class="f">Hypatia</span>, who dost far and near</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Virtue’s and Learning’s spotless Star appear.</i></p> -</div> -<p>The Allusion, I say, to the Constellation <i>Virgo</i>, -and the Epithet of <i>Spotless</i>, would induce me to -believe that the Writer reckoned her a Virgin as -well as <i>Suidas</i>; but I shall conclude nothing from -<span class="pb" id="Page_22">22</span> -so slender a Conjecture, besides that her Character -is no way concerned in this Particular, tho’ as a -Historian I would omit nothing that might illustrate -my Subject. For this Reason it is, that -I cannot pass over uncensured a Reflection of <i>Damascius</i>, -who gravely says, that Isidorus <i>was far superior -to</i> Hypatia, <i>not only as a Man to a Woman, -but as a Philosopher to a Geometrician</i>. Good and -egregious Reasoning! as if her Skill in Geometry -or Astronomy, had been any Hindrance to her Improvement -in every Part of Philosophy, wherein -she is by so many confessed to surpass those of her -own, if not of former Time; or as if we in <i>England</i>, -for Example, did reckon King <i>James</i> superior to -Queen <i>Elizabeth</i>; because the first, forsooth, was a -Man, and the last a Woman. But I observed before -that <i>Damascius</i> was a sad Visionary.</p> -<h2 id="c15"><span class="small">CHAP. XV.</span></h2> -<p class="revint i"><span class="f">Hypatia</span>’s Lovers, one of whom she cured of his -Passion, in a very particular Manner.</p> -<p>A Lady of such uncommon Merit and Accomplishments -as <i>Hypatia</i>, daily surround with -a Circle of young Gentelmen, many of them distinguished -by their Fortune or Quality; besides her -frequently appearing in publick Assemblies, and receiving -Visits from Persons of the first Rank, could -not possibly fail being sometimes importuned with -Addresses of Gallantry. Such Attempts the severest -Virtue cannot avoid, tho’ it can deny Incouragement, -and make Success to be despaired. How -many Trials of this kind <i>Hypatia</i> may have overcome, -we are left to imagine rather than to know, -thro’ the Silence of Historians, who either thought -it below their Gravity to record such Things, or -<span class="pb" id="Page_23">23</span> -that the Works of those who descended to Particulars -are lost. One Instance however has escaped -the common Wreck of good Books; nor -can I doubt but several others might be contained -in the <i>Life of</i> Isidorus, out of which there is Reason -to believe, that <i>Suidas</i> picked what I am going -to relate. He acquaints us therefore, that one of -her own Scholars made warm Love to her, whom -she endeavoured to cure of his Passion by the precepts -of Philosophy; and that some reported she -actually reclaimed him by Musick, which he judiciously -explodes; Musick having ever been deemed -rather an Incentive to Love, than an Antidote -against it. But he says, with much greater Probability, -that the Spark vehemently soliciting her -(not to be sure without pleading the irresistible -Power of her Beauty) at a Time when she happened -to be under an Indisposition ordinary to her -Sex; she took a Handkerchief, of which she had -been making some Use on that Occasion, and -throwing it in his Face, said; <i>This is what you love, -young Fool, and not any Thing that is beautiful</i>. -For the <i>Platonic</i> Philosophers held Goodness, Wisdom, -Virtue, and such other Things, as by Reason of -their intrinsick Worth are desirable for their own -Sakes, to be the only real <i>Beauties</i>, of whose divine -Symmetry, Charms, and Perfection, the most -superlative that appear in <i>Bodies</i> are but faint Resemblances. -This is the right Notion of <i>Platonic -Love</i>. Wherefore <i>Hypatia</i>’s Procedure might very -well put a Student of Philosophy at <i>Alexandria</i> -to the Blush, and quite cure him too (which -<i>Suidas</i> assures us was the Effect) but would never -rebute a Beau in St. <i>James</i>’s Park, nor perhaps -some Batchelors of Divinity at our modern Universities.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_24">24</div> -<h2 id="c16"><span class="small">CHAP. XVI.</span></h2> -<p class="revint i">The close Intimacy between <span class="f">Hypatia</span> and <span class="f">Orestes</span> -the Governor of <span class="f">Alexandria</span>, very displeasing -to <span class="f">Cyril</span> the Bishop.</p> -<p>At the Time that <i>Hypatia</i> thus reigned the -brightest Ornament of <i>Alexandria</i>, <i>Orestes</i> -was Governor of the same Place for the Emperor -<i>Theodosius</i>, and <i>Cyril</i> Bishop or Patriarch. As <i>Orestes</i> -was a Person educated suitable to his Rank, -he could not but take Notice of those Perfections -in <i>Hypatia</i>, which all the World admired; and, as -he was a wise Governor, he would not be so far -wanting to his Charge, as not to ask her Advice -in Matters difficult or dangerous, when every Body -else consulted her as an Oracle. This created -of Course an Intimacy between them that was -highly displeasing to <i>Cyril</i>, who mortally hated -<i>Orestes</i>. But because this Emulation proved fatal -to <i>Hypatia</i>, I shall take the Subject a little higher. -’Tis observed by <i>Socrates</i>, <i>Nicephorus</i>, and others, -that <i>Cyril</i> (who was elevated to the See by Sedition -and Force against one <i>Timothy</i> an Archdeacon of no -extraordinary Reputation), intermeddled more in -temporal or civil Matters, than his Predecessors -took upon them to do, and that the Example was -greedily followed by his Successors; <i>who not keeping -within the Bounds of their Priestly Ordination, -took upon them an arbitrary kind of Principality, and -the absolute Disposal of Affairs</i>. The first Act of -Authority that <i>Cyril</i> exercised was, to shut up the -Churches of the <i>Novatians</i>, from which Step he -proceeded to seize upon their sacred Vessels and -Church-Ornaments, till at length he robbed their -Bishop <i>Theopemptus</i> of all he had. Yet these <i>Novatians</i> -<span class="pb" id="Page_25">25</span> -profess’d the same Doctrine to a Tittle that -he did, and differed only in some Points of Discipline. -But they must be mere Novices in <i>Ecclesiastical -History</i>, who know not that <i>Discipline</i> has -been ever reckoned of greater Consequence than -<i>Doctrine</i>; if one may judge by the Commotions -that have happened in Churches, or the Durations -of their Schisms. The Reason is obvious. For -if a Man believes otherwise than his Teacher, and -yet prudentially conforms to the publick Ritual and -Discipline, or perhaps eagerly stickles for it, as -thinking it the most conducing to Order, be his -Speculations what you will, still he preserves the -Unity of the Church; or, in other Words, he -obeys his Spiritual Governors, and teaches others -by his Example to do the like; whereas if his belief -be ever so right, or at least ever so agreeable -to that prescribed in the Society whereof he is a -Member; yet if he boggles at any Part of the -publick Ritual and Discipline, he then promotes a -Spiritual Rebellion, and rends the Unity of the -Church; that is, he weakens the Government of -the Clergy. These were the Maxims of those -Times, and hence it sprung, that Schism is counted -so damnable a Sin in their Writings, a Sin -more dreadful than any other, that it may the better -serve for a Scare-crow.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_26">26</div> -<h2 id="c17"><span class="small">CHAP. XVII.</span></h2> -<p class="revint i"><span class="f">Cyril</span> expels the <span class="f">Jews</span> out of <span class="f">Alexandria</span>; <span class="f">Orestes</span> -complains to the Emperor; <span class="f">Cyril</span> and <span class="f">Orestes</span> -become irreconcileable Enemies.</p> -<p>One main Reason why <i>Cyril</i> could not bear -the Governor, as we are told by <i>Socrates</i>, -was, that <i>Orestes hated the Principality of the Bishops; -as well because they transferred to themselves -much of the Power belonging to those appointed Governors, -by the Emperor; as, in particular, because -<span class="f">Cyril</span> would needs be prying into his Actions</i>. Their -Enmity became sufficiently known to the Publick, -by a Sedition raised against <i>Orestes</i>, occasioned by -one <i>Hierax</i> a pitiful School-Master, but a profest -Admirer of the Bishop, and a most diligent Attendant -at his Sermons, where he was sure to clap -and reclap, according to the rare Custom of those -Times. The Jews spying him in the Theatre, while -the Governor was there on some publick Business, -cryed out, that he came purposely thither to cause -Mischief; and the Uproar, whereof the Particulars -may be read in the just quoted <i>Socrates</i>, terminated -in this, that <i>Cyril</i> expelled all the Jews -out of the City, where they had liv’d in great -Opulence from the Time of <i>Alexander</i> the Great, -to the no small Benefit of the Place. Were I not -accustomed to read monstrous Lies of this unfortunate -Nation, especially that thread-bare Fiction -of crucifying a Child (objected to them here as -a thousand Times afterwards) I should think them -very rightly served. But even in that Case, who -can justify <i>Cyril</i>’s licensing the Multitude to seize -on their Goods? And yet why do I ask such a -Question; when this has ever been the true Motive -<span class="pb" id="Page_27">27</span> -of the Barbarities to which they have been exposed, -tho’ Zeal for Religion has been as shamelessly -as wickedly pretended. <i>Orestes</i>, as became -a good Governor, <i>being grievously concerned at what -had happened</i> (to speak in the Words of the Historian) -<i>and sadly afflicted, that so great a City should -be so suddenly emptied of such a Multitude of Inhabitants, -gave the Emperor an Account of the whole -Matter</i>. We might be certain, were we not expressly -told it, that <i>Cyril</i> was not behind Hand -on his Part. Yet conscious of his Guilt, as every -Reader may collect, he would fain make up with -<i>Orestes</i>, and conjured him by the holy <i>Gospels</i> to be -Friends; being constrained to this, as <i>Nicephorus</i> -observes, by the People of <i>Alexandria</i>, who loved -their Governor. But this last knew him too well to -trust him, upon which their Difference became irreconcileable. -You may therefore expect to hear -of Vengeance from the Priest, whom the same -<i>Nicephorus</i> represents proud, seditious, a Boutefeu, -a Persecutor: while the Emperor might thank -himself for the Disorders that desolated one of his -principal Cities; for where was it ever otherwise, -when the Clergy were permitted to share in the -Government of civil Affairs.</p> -<h2 id="c18"><span class="small">CHAP. XVIII.</span></h2> -<p class="revint i"><span class="f">Orestes</span> the Governor, assaulted by the Monks; -their Captain racked to Death, but esteemed -as a Martyr by <span class="f">Cyril</span>.</p> -<p>Now the Revenge which <i>Cyril</i> took of <i>Orestes</i>, -being the Prelude to poor <i>Hypatia</i>’s Tragedy, -I chuse to relate it, as I have done other Passages, -<span class="pb" id="Page_28">28</span> -in the Words of honest <i>Socrates</i>. <i>Certain of the -Monks (<span class="f">says he</span>) living in the <span class="f">Nitrian</span> Mountains, -leaving their Monasteries to the Number of about Five -Hundred, flocked to the City, and spied the Governor -going Abroad in his Chariot; whereupon approaching, -they called him by the Names of <span class="f">Sacrificer</span> and <span class="f">Heathen</span>, -using many other scandalous Words. The Governor -therefore suspecting, that this was a Trick plaid -him by <span class="f">Cyril</span>, cryed out, that he was a <span class="f">Christian</span>, and -that he was <span class="f">baptized</span> at Constantinople by Bishop <span class="f">Atticus</span>. -But the Monks, giving no Heed to what he -said, one of them, called <span class="f">Ammonius</span>, threw a Stone -at <span class="f">Orestes</span>, which struck him on the Head; and being -all covered with Blood from his Wound, his Guards, -a few excepted, fled some one Way some another, hiding -themselves in the Croud, lest they should be stoned to -Death. In the mean while the People of <span class="f">Alexandria</span> -ran to defend their Governor against the Monks, and, -putting all the rest to Flight, they apprehend <span class="f">Ammonius</span>, -and brought him before <span class="f">Orestes</span>; who, as the -Laws prescribed, publickly put him to the Torture, -and racked him till he expired. Not long after he -gave an Account of all that was done to the Princes. -Nor did <span class="f">Cyril</span> fail to give them a contrary Information. -He received the Body of <span class="f">Ammonius</span>, and, laying it -in one of the Churches, he changed his Name, calling -him <span class="f">Thaumasius</span>, and ordered him to be considered -as a <span class="f">Martyr</span>; nay, he made his Panegyrick in the -Church, extolling his Courage, as one that had contended -for the Truth. But the wiser Sort of the -Christians themselves did not approve the Zeal, which -<span class="f">Cyril</span> showed on this Man’s Behalf; being convinced -that <span class="f">Ammonius</span> had justly suffered for his desperate -Attempt, but was not forced to deny <span class="f">Christ</span>, in his -Torments.</i> This Account requires no Commentary. -I shall only observe with a Heathen Philosopher, -that <i>at that Time the Monks (<span class="f">the fittest</span></i> -<span class="pb" id="Page_29">29</span> -<i><span class="f">Executioners of</span> Cyril<span class="f">’s Cruelty</span>) were Men indeed -as to their Form, but Swine in their Lives; who -openly committed Thousands of execrable Crimes, not fit -to be named. Whoever, <span class="f">says he</span>, got on a black -Habit, and would make a Grotesque Figure in Publick, -<span class="f">obtained</span> a tyrannical Authority; to such a Reputation -of Virtue did that Race of Men arrive.</i> This -Picture, tho’ drawn by an Enemy’s Hand, is allowed -by all good Judges to be done to the Life; and -we shall presently have Reason, more than sufficient, -to be of the same Opinion.</p> -<h2 id="c19"><span class="small">CHAP. XIX.</span></h2> -<p class="revint i"><span class="f">Hypatia</span>’s tragical Death, perpetrated by <span class="f">Cyril</span>’s -Clergy, who hated her for Intimacy with -<span class="f">Orestes</span>.</p> -<p>But <i>Cyril</i>’s Rage was not yet satiated. Tho’ -<i>Orestes</i> had the good Luck to escape being -murdered, <i>Hypatia</i> must fall a Sacrifice to the -Prelate’s Pride and to the Ghost of <i>Ammonius</i>. -This Lady, as we mentioned above, was profoundly -respected by <i>Orestes</i>, who much frequented and -consulted her; <i>for which Reason, says <span class="f">Socrates</span>, -she was not a little traduced among the Mob of the -Christian Church; as if she obstructed a Reconciliation -between Bishop <span class="f">Cyril</span> and <span class="f">Orestes</span>. Wherefore certain -hot-brained Men, headed by one <span class="f">Peter</span> a Lecturer, -entered into a Conspiracy against her, and watching -their Opportunity when she was returning Home -from some Place, they dragged her out of her Chair; -hurried her to the Church called <span class="f">Cesar</span>’s, and stripping -her stark naked, they killed her with Tiles. Then -they tore her to Pieces, and carrying her Limbs to a</i> -<span class="pb" id="Page_30">30</span> -<i>Place called <span class="f">Cinaron</span>, there they burnt them to Ashes.</i> -Nothing short of this Treatment, not to be parallelled -among the most savage Nations against Woman -(and against a Woman of such Distinction scarce -credible, did not two or more of her Contempories -attest it) nothing, I say, but the Blood of <i>Hypatia</i>, -shed in the most inhuman Manner, could glut the -Fury of <i>Cyril</i>’s Clergy, for these were the Monsters, -that putting off all Humanity, committed -this barbarous Murder. <i>Socrates</i>, ’tis true, distinctly -Names but one Clergyman, <i>Peter</i> the Lecturer; -but <i>Nicephorus</i> expressly tells us, that the Zealots, -led on by this <i>Peter</i>, were <i>Cyril</i>’s Clergy, who -hated her for the Credit she had with <i>Orestes</i>; that -they were these, who imputed to her the Misunderstanding -between the Governor and their Bishop; -and finally, that they butchered her the Time of -solemn Fasting; which, added to their sanctifying -of their Villany by perpetrating it in a Church, -shews the glorious State of Religion in those pure -and primitive Times; as some, no less hypocritically -than falsely, are pleased to stile them. The Citizens -of <i>Alexandria</i>, on whom certain Persons would -fain lay this Act of popular Heat, as they speak -by way of Extenuation, were too great Admirers -of <i>Hypatia</i>’s Virtue, and too much in the Interest -of <i>Orestes</i>, to have any Hand in so foul a Business, -however prone to Tumults. All the Circumstances -accompanying the Fact, clearly prove this; not to -repeat the Assault so lately made by the <i>Nitrian</i> -Monks on the Governor, whom the People rescued; -tho’ I will not answer for all the Mob, especially -when the Clergy loo’d them on.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_31">31</div> -<h2 id="c20"><span class="small">CHAP. XX.</span></h2> -<p class="revint i"><span class="f">Cyril</span> the main Instigator of <span class="f">Hypatia</span>’s Murder, -being envious of the Fame she had acquired by -her Learning and Philosophy.</p> -<p>Be it so that the Clergy of <i>Alexandria</i> were the -Murderers (some may say) and that their -Affection for <i>Cyril</i> transported them beyond what -can be justified; how does it appear that he himself -had any Hand in this black Deed, which -perhaps he neither knew nor could prevent? For -the Sake of our common Humanity (since true -Christiany is not at all concerned) I wish it were -so; but there is such Evidence as will not let any -Man, if not wilfully shutting his Eyes against -Truth, to believe it. <i>Damascius</i>, who is the other -contemporary Witness of her Murder, I meant -besides <i>Socrates</i>, positively affirms, that “<i>Cyril</i> -vow’d <i>Hypatia</i>’s Destruction, whom he bitterly -envied;” and <i>Suidas</i>, who writes the same Thing, -says, that this Envy was caused by her <i>extraordinary -Wisdom and Skill in Astronomy</i>; as <i>Hesychius</i>, when -he mentions her Limbs being carried all over the -City in Triumph, writes, that <i>this befel her on the -Score of her extraordinary Wisdom, and especially her -Skill in Astronomy</i>. For <i>Cyril</i> was a mighty Pretender -to Letters, and one of those Clergymen -who will neither acknowledge nor bear the Superiority -of any Laymen in this Respect, be it ever -so incontestable to others. But some Circumstances -of <i>Hypatia</i>’s Death, not mention’d in <i>Socrates</i>, are -preserved in the Abridgment of <i>Isidorus</i>’s <i>Life</i> in -<i>Photius</i>, such as <i>Valesius</i> had it; and which I here -give you, Reader, though it should cost you the -Tribute of one Tear more to her Memory. “Upon -<span class="pb" id="Page_32">32</span> -a Time (says <i>Damascius</i>) <i>Cyril</i>, passing by the -House of <i>Hypatia</i>, saw a great Multitude before -the Door both of Men on Foot and on Horseback; -whereof some were coming, some going, and -others staid. When he inquir’d what that -Croud was, and what occasioned so great a Concourse? -he was answered by such as accompanied -him, that this was <i>Hypatia</i> the Philosopher’s -House, and that these came to pay their Respects -to her. Which when <i>Cyril</i> understood, he was -moved with so great Envy, that he immediately -vow’d her Destruction, which he accomplish’d -in the most detestable Manner. For when <i>Hypatia</i>, -as was her Custom, went abroad, several -Men, neither fearing divine Vengeance nor human -Punishment, suddenly rush’d upon her and -kill’d her: Thus laying their Country both -under the highest Infamy, and under the Guilt -of innocent Blood. And indeed the Emperor -was grievously offended at this Matter, and the -Murderers had been certainly punished, but that -<i>Edefius</i> did corrupt the Emperor’s Friends; so -that his Majesty it’s true remitted the Punishment, -but drew Vengeance on himself and his -Posterity, his Nephew paying dear for this -Action.” This Nephew <i>Valetius</i> believes to -have been <i>Valentinian</i>, whose Mother <i>Placidia</i> was -Aunt to <i>Theodosius</i>.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_33">33</div> -<h2 id="c21"><span class="small">CHAP. XXI.</span></h2> -<p class="revint i">The Death of <span class="f">Hypatia</span> brought an Infamy on -<span class="f">Cyril</span> and the Christian Church: She was -no Catholick, but a Heathen.</p> -<p>Thus ended the Life of <i>Hypatia</i>, whose -Memory will ever last, and whose Murder -happen’d in the fourth Year of <i>Cyril</i>’s Episcopate, -<i>Honorius</i> being the tenth Time and <i>Theodosius</i> the -sixth Time Consuls, in the Month of <i>March</i>, in -the Time of <i>Lent</i>, and in the Year 415. “That -Action (says <i>Socrates</i>) brought no small Infamy -not only upon <i>Cyril</i>, but also upon the whole -Church of <i>Alexandria</i>; for Slaughters, and -Fightings, and such like Things, are quite -foreign to the Christian Institution.” There’s -nothing surer, there’s nothing truer; but of genuine -Christianity there remain’d very little at that Time, -unless Christianity be made to consist in the bare -Name and Profession; for, were I disposed to -take this Trouble upon me, I should think it no -difficult Task to shew, that neither the Doctrines -nor Distinctions then in Vogue were ever taught -by <i>Christ</i> or his Apostles; and that the Ceremonies -injoined or practised were all utterly unknown -to them. No, no, they were no Christians that -kill’d <i>Hypatia</i>; nor are any Christian Clergymen -now to be attack’d through the Sides of her Murderers, -but those that resemble them; by substituting -precarious Traditions, scholastick Fictions, -and an usurped Dominion, to the salutiferous Institution -of the holy <i>Jesus</i>. <i>Photius</i> is very angry -with <i>Philostorgius</i>, whom he stigmatizes as an -<i>impious Man</i>, for saying that the <i>Homoousians</i>, or -the <i>Athanasian Trinitarians, tore her to Pieces</i>; but -<span class="pb" id="Page_34">34</span> -is he not an <i>impudent Man</i>, or something worse, -that dares to deny this? when none were more -remarkable Sticklers for the <i>Homoousian</i>, than <i>Cyril</i> -and his Adherents. This only the Truth of History -requires to be specially noted; for with me the -<i>Homoiousion</i> and the <i>Homoousion</i> are of no Account, -in Comparison of the <i>Bible</i>, where neither of them -are to be found. In the mean Time ’twill not be -amiss to hear <i>Gothofred</i> on this Occasion. “Observe -here (says he) the <i>Arian</i> Poison of <i>Philostorgius</i> -against the <i>Homoousians</i>, or Catholicks; -as if the Murder of <i>Hypatia</i> were the Crime of -the Catholicks, and not of the indiscrete Populace. -Thus much however may be gathered -from this Passage, that this same <i>Hypatia</i> was -no Catholick.” Admirable <i>Gothofred</i>! Not to -say any thing to your <i>Arian</i> Poison, for which I -am not a whit concern’d neither of the People’s -Guilt, whom I have sufficiently clear’d before; -nor yet of the nice Distinction between the Populace -and the Catholicks, as if the Bulk of the -Catholicks were not the Populace: Your Conclusion -that <i>Hypatia</i> was not a Catholick is unspeakably -acute, when in Reality she was not as much -as a Christian; her Father having been a Heathen -Philosopher, and herself the Wife of one, without -the least Appearance that she was ever any other -with regard to her own Persuasion. As for a ridiculous -Letter, pretended to be written by her to -<i>Cyril</i>, about the Paschal Cycle, ’tis a manifest -Forgery; for she was murdered the sixth Year of -<i>Theodosius</i>, and therefore one and twenty Years -before the Exile of <i>Nestorius</i>, who yet is mention’d -in that Letter under the Epithet of <i>impious</i>.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_35">35</div> -<h2 id="c22"><span class="small">CHAP. XXII.</span></h2> -<p class="revint i">The making <span class="f">Cyril</span> a Saint a Dishonour to Religion. -Three Sorts of Persons canonized for -Saints.</p> -<p>And now that <i>Cyril</i>’s Name puts me once -more in mind of him, how insufferable a -burlesquing of God and Man is it to revere so ambitious, -so turbulent, so perfidious, and so cruel -a Man, as a <i>Saint</i>? since History shows that this -was his just Character. But in good Earnest this -same Title of <i>Saint</i> has not seldom been most -wretchedly conferred; for the greatest Part of the -Saints after <i>Constantine</i>’s Reign, and especially since -Canonization came in Fashion, are made up of -three Sorts of Persons, the least of all others meriting -Veneration. First, Men have been dubbed -Saints, for promoting the Grandeur of the Church -by all their Endeavours, especially by their Writings; -which, instead of employing for the Happiness -or Instruction of their Fellow Citizens, they -prostituted to magnify spiritual Authority, to the -debasing and enslaving of their Spirits. The second -Sort that have been honoured with Saintship, -were Princes and other powerful or rich Men, -however vicious or tyrannical, who gave large Possessions -and Legacies to the Church; or that with -Incapacity, Faggot, Gibbet, Sword, and Proscription, -chastised the Temerity of such as dared -to question her Decrees. The third Sort, were -poor groveling Visionaries, boasting of their delirious -Enthusiasms and Extasies; or imposing on -the ignorant by formal Mortifications, falsely reputed -Devotion, and were recompensed with this -imaginary Reward, by those that despised their -<span class="pb" id="Page_36">36</span> -Austerity, at the same Time that they mainly -thrived by the Credit of it. It is no Wonder then, -that when the Epithet <i>Saint</i>, which peculiarly -belonged to Piety and Innocence, was thus pompously -bestowed on Vice and Impiety, there should -prevail that Deluge of Ignorance, Superstition, -and Tyranny, which overwhelmed almost the -whole Christian World. All the Persecutions that -ensued, were so many forcible Means, employed -to suppress any Efforts that might be used for the -restoring of Virtue and Learning. By that Antichristian -Spirit fell <i>Hypatia</i>, to whom the Clergy -of her Time could never forgive, that she was -beautiful yet chaste, far more learned than themselves, -not to be endured in the Laity; and in -greater Credit with the civil Magistrate, whom -the Clergy of that Time would needs drive or -lead as their Pack-ass.</p> -<p class="tbcenter"><i>FINIS.</i></p> -<h2>Transcriber’s Notes</h2> -<ul> -<li>Silently corrected a few typos; did not modernize spelling.</li> -<li>Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.</li> -<li>In the text versions only, text in <i>italics</i> is delimited by _underscores_.</li> -</ul> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Hypatia, by John Toland - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HYPATIA *** - -***** This file should be named 63054-h.htm or 63054-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/3/0/5/63054/ - -Produced by MWS, Stephen Hutcheson, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This -book was produced from images made available by the -HathiTrust Digital Library.) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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