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diff --git a/old/62852-0.txt b/old/62852-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 9d953e3..0000000 --- a/old/62852-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,5883 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of How to Select Cows, by Willis Pope Hazard - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll -have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using -this ebook. - - - -Title: How to Select Cows - or, The Guenon system simplified, explained, and practically applied - -Author: Willis Pope Hazard - -Illustrator: François Guenon - -Release Date: August 4, 2020 [EBook #62852] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW TO SELECT COWS *** - - - - -Produced by Charlene Taylor, Bryan Ness and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - - - - - - -[Illustration: FRANCIS GUENON.] - - - - - HOW TO SELECT COWS; - OR - THE GUENON SYSTEM - SIMPLIFIED, EXPLAINED, AND PRACTICALLY APPLIED. - - BY - WILLIS P. HAZARD, - _Secretary of the Pennsylvania Guenon Commission; President - of the Chad’s Ford Farmers’ Club; a Vice-President of the - American Dairyman’s Association; Lecturer upon Agriculture at - the Delaware State College, &c., &c.; Author of Treatises “On - the Jersey, Guernsey, and Alderney Cow,” and “On Butter and - Butter-making;” “The Annals of Philadelphia,” &c._ - - [Illustration] - - WITH NEARLY 100 ILLUSTRATIONS - _Photographed from Guenon’s engravings._ - - PHILADELPHIA: - J. M. STODDART & CO., 1018 Chestnut Street. - 1882 - - COPYRIGHTED - ACCORDING TO ACT OF CONGRESS - 1879. - - - - -PREFACE. - - -The want has long been felt for a hand book which would simplify and -explain the invaluable discovery of Guenon, to enable any one to select -good stock. There can be no doubt if this discovery is made to be easily -acquired, that millions of dollars would be saved to the community by the -improvement of herds and a consequent reduction in the price of bovine -products, on account of the increased yield and the lower cost of raising -it. - -The State of Pennsylvania, in 1878, appointed a commission to test the -system and report upon it. As a member of that commission, we found -there was with many a superficial knowledge of the subject, with others -enough acquaintance with the system to destroy their faith in it, and -with nearly all a desire to obtain sufficient practical knowledge of the -system to enable them to judge understandingly and to practice it. - -With a view to fill these wants, we have undertaken the explanation -of the system in the following pages to enable all to fill up their -measure of knowledge of the system, so that the superficial shall become -thorough, the doubting acquire new faith, and all see its merits _the -more they practice and apply it_. - -We have accordingly given a sketch of M. Guenon and the progress of -his discovery; some extracts from his preface explaining his views; an -explanation of his system of escutcheon marks; a description of the -various escutcheons and their indications of value and quantity, and -directions how to practically apply them, together with the report of the -Pennsylvania Guenon Commission. - -Believing that we have thus presented a comprehensive view of this -discovery, we trust every one into whose hands this work may come, will -patiently, book in hand, go into the farm-yard and judge of the value -of his stock by the rules here set forth, compare the results with his -individual knowledge of his stock, and fairly estimate the value of the -system. - -The illustrations of the escutcheons are photographed from Guenon’s -drawings in his last revised edition. - - WILLIS P. HAZARD. - -MAPLE KNOLL, WEST CHESTER, PA., _September, 1879_. - - - - -LECTURES ON THE GUENON SYSTEM. - - -The author of this work having been invited to lecture a number of -times before agricultural societies, and being constantly in receipt -of letters of inquiry about repeating his lectures, takes this public -opportunity to announce that he will make arrangements to repeat his -lecture on the Guenon system, illustrated with a series of large -drawings. Correspondence is solicited with officers of agricultural -societies, granges, agricultural fairs, colleges, farmers’ clubs, and -dairymen’s associations. His principal object being to disseminate widely -a knowledge of a system of such great value to his brother farmers, the -terms will be satisfactory. - -At each lecture practical illustrations and instruction is given in the -barn-yard or field. Address him at - - WEST CHESTER, - CHESTER COUNTY, - PENNSYLVANIA. - - -LECTURE UPON THE CHANNEL ISLANDS, THEIR PEOPLE, AND THE CATTLE. - -The author having recently spent several months in Guernsey and Jersey -for the purpose of studying the habits of the people, viewing the -scenery, and acquiring a knowledge of the agriculture, and the breeding -of their cattle, has embodied the results of his visits in a lecture, -which he is now prepared to deliver before agricultural and other -associations. - - -LECTURES UPON AGRICULTURE. - -The author having been appointed Lecturer upon Agriculture to the -Delaware State College, at Newark, Del., will repeat all or part of the -course to farmers’ institutes, colleges, schools, &c. The lectures are -popular in character, and not too scientific for general comprehension. - - - - -GUENON’S INTRODUCTION TO HIS NEW REVISED EDITION. - - -Error is propagated with the rapidity of lightning; before it every -obstacle disappears, and popular favor seems to welcome it. Truth, on -the contrary, is received with indifference, often even with doubt, -suspicion, and distrust. Indeed, how often have we not seen the author -of a discovery which, having been accepted and realized ought to have -advanced the public good and increased the general welfare, come into -contact with the hatred, the ignorance, and the envy, and thus become -the laughter of fools and the jest of the wise. To some the inventor -seemed without good sense; to others an ignoramus. Too feeble to struggle -against all, he died broken hearted, and left to his powerful antagonists -the glory of having, perhaps for ages, buried his discovery, and to those -who bring to perfection cities and fields the deprivation of a good up to -that time unknown. - -If more happy than those martyrs for a new idea, I should reach, at last, -that which concerns me, after twelve years of incessant struggles, to -cause the truth to appear to the eyes of all, I should have nothing more -to desire. Nothing would remain for me, except to bless the generous -hearts which shall have aided me in triumphing over routine and error; -then on quitting this world, only to bequeath the worthy men who have -so bravely encouraged and seconded my efforts, the task of simplifying -my discovery, and rendering my method popular to cause the analytical -knowledge of cattle to penetrate even into the most obscure hamlet, and -while dividing thus with me the glory of having done this good, their -names will be held in grateful remembrance by future generations; such -has been the idea which has guided every moment of my life, all the -efforts of my mind. - -For nearly twelve years, since I have given my method to the public, -through a first edition of my “Treatise on Milch Cows,” the savants and -the practitioners have been greatly prepossessed with it. When they have -seen me make a successful application before them of my system, by a -single inspection of animals which I saw for the first time, they have -expressed a lively surprise. - -In the vegetable kingdom, skillful nurserymen have distinguished more -than eighty different orders of pears of summer, of autumn, and of -winter; each of these orders has its distinctive characteristics, as many -for the shape and the taste of the fruit, as for the time of ripening. -And when a tree-grower or an amateur is sufficiently skillful, he -distinguishes marvelously all these species one from another by a single -inspection, and at whatever time of year it may be. He knows equally well -what exposure it is necessary to give to each of them to obtain exquisite -fruits. - -My first studies had been directed toward arboriculture. I have practiced -with my father during many years. My principal occupation was the cutting -of trees, grafts, both splits and bandages, and by studying vegetables, I -had acquired the idea of and an insight into classifications. - -I was better prepared thus for my work of classifying the bovine race, a -work which no one had ever tried, either theoretically or practically. - -My classification of the characteristic signs, embraces all the races of -France and other countries, without distinction of sex or age. - -Unknown, up to this day, although they have always existed, these signs -have escaped all the world, even the sagacity of the most celebrated -painters, as well as that of veterinary doctors of the highest -reputations of all times. - -The appearance of my method should mark an era, for it opposes and -overturns all the prejudiced routines according to which people have -practiced up to this time. - -It opens a new era in an art in its infancy, in a science whose first -principles even were unknown. I should then expound it with the greatest -detail. - -This method is of the greatest simplicity, whatever has been possible -to be said of it, and whoever will become thoroughly familiar with the -escutcheon of the first order of each class, will be able to judge of all. - -Escutcheons are ten in number. They extend, according to their class, -from the centre of the four teats to the level of the upper extremity -of the vulva, and may extend in breadth from the middle of the hinder -surface of one leg, to the middle of the hinder surface of the other. By -their form or configuration, escutcheons characterize and distinguish the -ten families which together constitute my classification. Behold, then, -to what is reduced, in reality, this pretended immense complication. - -A special figure, placed at the end of each class, serves to indicate -mongrel animals. - -Each of the _classes_ or families is characterized by an escutcheon of -fixed form, always similar to itself, while one does not get out of that -class or that family, but variable in the dimensions of its surface. That -dimension or that surface should be estimated by square centimeters, but -that would be too complicated for the practical man; since it depends -on the size of the individual, it is estimated by the limits of the -escutcheon placed on the hinder part of the animal. The extreme limits -are the hams, the interior surface of the legs and vulva. The surface of -the escutcheon, of which the extent varies, has permitted me to divide -each class or family into _six orders_, for each one of which I assign, -in taking account of the shape, the quantity, the continuation, and the -quality of the milk. - -The escutcheon of the first order is the most developed; is also -the best marked. The escutcheon of each of the five other orders is -similar in form to that of the first order. It is, in some sort, only -a proportionate reduction—a diminutive. It is the escutcheon of the -first order, with the dimensions reduced or brought within less extended -limits, reaching no longer the hock nor longer covering the interior of -the thighs, nor yet reaching up to the vulva, remaining consequently at a -distance greater or less from these boundaries. - -I have added to this new edition— - - 1st. Two new classes, sub-divided also into six orders, (the - Left Flanders and the Double Selvage.) - - 2d. Two varieties of escutcheons, having some similarity with - the others. - - 3d. Finally, the classification of the bull. - -These three additions, unpublished until now, complete and generalize the -system of characteristic signs, by which one can prove the absolute and -relative superiority or inferiority of each individual of the race. - -These new forms of escutcheons were known to me at the time of the -publication of my first issue, and which I had already announced; but -they occurred so rarely in the races which were familiar to me, that I -thought they were not worth publishing. - -But, now, since I have traveled so much, not only in France, but in -foreign countries, I have convinced myself that these classes occur much -more commonly in certain races than I had thought at first. I have felt -the necessity of putting them in my method, and have given them their -proper place. - -In respect to the two new varieties of escutcheons, they are like an -appendix to the classification, and characterize the product of crossing -between different classes. - -To state precisely their signification and to value their corresponding -milk product, it is necessary to compare these escutcheons with the order -of the class to which they are the most analogous. - -When I shall have described the different families of true cows, as well -as their division into orders, the yield or the quantity of milk, their -butyraceous qualities, and the greater or less period of its duration of -yield during gestation, I will pass to the bastard cows, which, though -perfectly similar in form and color to others, differ essentially from -them, for they lose their milk as soon as they are pregnant. - -This close resemblance is a source of errors to the most practiced judges. - -Thus have I wished in the description of classification, to point out -precisely the distinctive signs by the aid of which one can easily -recognize them. After the study of bastard cows, comes the chapter of -bull re-productors. I have made plain, that in the classifications -of bulls, I have reduced to three the numbers of orders of each -class, in order to bring the application of the method to the most -simple expression. The first will comprehend all the bulls, the good -re-producers; the second, the re-producers of middling quality; the -third, the bad re-producers. I mean by bad, those in which fails the -ability for the transmission of the lactiferous qualities. As one sees, -the characteristic signs with the males, as with the females, have a -significant value of the highest importance. With the bull, they portray -the re-productive qualities, and with the cows the lactiferous qualities. -The observers who will apply my system of one kind, as rigorously for -the males as for the females, will observe in the passage of one order -to the other, the same scale of proportion that this established in -the classification of the cows. Although the classification bears more -on the lactiferous or re-productive properties than on the others, it -is important to take in consideration all the other qualities that -the individuals can and ought to possess to be of an irreproachable -organization. - -The cows of the first and second order of each class, in all the races, -will always give in the same country, a greater abundance of milk than -those of inferior orders. To recognize the lactiferous produce of cows, -whatever may be their class or the locality that they inhabit, it -suffices simply to know the quality of the food which makes the habitual -nourishment of the cows in the place where they are kept. - -In following in his appreciation, the degree of superiority or of -inferiority of the escutcheon, one will judge close upon the daily -quantity of milk that all the cows of the same country are apt to -give, for one will know then in what proportion all the figures of the -classification should be modified. A milk cow ought to be neither too fat -nor too lean, to give her maximum of milk. All confinements in a period -of thinness is prejudicial to the habitual produce. Even when the animal -would have recovered her strength, she will not recuperate so as to -restore the quantity of her milk; that can take place only after a year, -and by means of a new calf. A great milk cow, whatever may be her aptness -for fattening, and her condition of fat at the time of calving, becomes -thin about fifteen or twenty days after calving; the time of her rut -is therefore less near than that of a poor milk cow, because her vital -forces are weaker. Witness the quantity of her yield, which is only that -of a cow of medium product. - -One can compare a milch cow to a fruit tree, which gives more fruit -this year than the next. When the sap of the tree carries vigor to -the development of the fruit, the growth of the wood remains nearly -stationary. When, on the contrary, the tree gives but little fruit, the -sap turns to the profit of the wood, to give, after a repose of several -years, a greater quantity of fruit, and to continue thus by alternative -successions. - -It is the same with the cow, for it is seldom that her produce keeps -the same during three consecutive years, for the reason that, when the -nourishment absorbed by her turns to the profit of the milk, the milk is -more abundant; when, on the contrary, the nourishment goes to fat, the -milk diminishes. - -The variations in the milk quantity should be justly attributed to the -influence of atmospheric circumstances of the seasons, which react on -the quality of hay and fodder in augmenting or diminishing the nutritive -juices of the food. - -Cows which are fed in good pastures surpass the product which I have -assigned to their class and their order, while those which are in poor -and wet pastures have necessarily inferior produce, unless the latter -have in the stable nourishing food, more abundant and more succulent than -they are able to get for themselves out of doors. - -If, for example, the well-fed cows, or those grazing on rich pasture -lands, should give as much as twenty to twenty-five quarts of milk per -day; these same cows, taken and fed on poor pasture, will give only about -ten or twelve quarts. - -If, on the contrary, one takes the cows raised on a poor soil, transfers -them to rich pastures, the milk produce of these same cows will be -superior to that they gave in their original lands. - -My readers should well understand that in the valuations of my -classifications that I have not pretended to assign a rigorous and -absolute amount. I have been only able to give an approximate figure to -each class and to each order, adopting the medium limit of the ordinary -amount of the different breeds of various localities. - -The atmosphere, the care, and the different foods of each country, all -these different things exercise upon the animal, an influence favorable -or unfavorable, according to the nature of the soil. - -There are many other circumstances which should be considered, and which -would disturb the harmony of the figures of my valuation and the normal -quantity. Such are, for example, the case of sickness, accidents, &c. -That is the reason I have adopted, in determining the quantity of cows of -each order, a medium figure, such as is shown in the classification. - -I will also observe, relative to those animals to which I assign -approximate weight in the course of this work, that, following the -customs of commerce, of sale, and of butchers, this weight is dead -weight, the animal being deprived of the skin, intestines, head, feet, &c. - -If, contrary to custom, I had acted otherwise, and had made the -calculation for the animal on the hoof, the figures given by me would -present a great difference, which would increase according to the amount -of fat, sometimes to double the weight. - -The discovery which I have made of the value of the escutcheon is -designated by the contrary direction of the hair, and which had escaped -the attention of every one, even those most interested in gaining the -knowledge of it. It is necessary also to avow the effect produced by -the change of direction of the hair is not glaring on the animal. It -is merely a difference of luster, and the gloss on the surface of the -escutcheon and the part of the skin surrounding it. The hair of the -escutcheon is finer, shorter, more furry, and more silky. Its appearance, -at the first glance, makes one think this part of the animal has been -shaved. Compared with the ordinary hair, the skin of the udder appears -to be more designed to be quicker seen on the part where appears the -escutcheon. - -All animals of the bovine species, without excepting even wild animals, -are marked with an escutcheon, large, small, or medium, regular or -irregular. Their characteristic sign is transmitted with the generating -germ. - -I have not thought it necessary to say much on that portion of the -escutcheon which extends on the stomach of the beast towards the navel. -This addition has been thought useless. Enough is shown of the escutcheon -when she is standing. - -In order to see well the escutcheons with all the fullness which my -sketches give them, it must be supposed that the udder of each cow is -seen at its greatest plenitude of milk, such as would separate the hind -legs to the greatest extent. In this way the escutcheon is seen as if -the entire skin of the animal was placed flat, or as if the envelope of -the milk bearing apparatus formed a plain surface, on which are drawn -the elevations, the depressions, and all that is not visible to the eye, -without the aid of hands or of movement of the cow, both that which is -hidden at the further side and in the folds of the udder and of the -thighs of the animal on foot. - -In order to examine and to distinguish perfectly the escutcheon, one -should place himself behind the animal and make it advance some steps, in -such manner that the movements which it makes in walking should show, one -after another, the parts which one needs to see. - -One can also, in passing the nails over the space occupied by the -escutcheon and leading the hand downward from above, in a manner contrary -to the rising hair, and ruffling it, recognize without difficulty its -form and its extent. - -Theoretical explanations are always abstract and diffuse in their -development. My method may at first appear difficult and complicated, -which, indeed, pretended savans have chosen to affirm. Nevertheless it is -not so, and in order to comprehend it, it is sufficient to study it. It -is with this as with everything else, to know it is necessary to study -and to practice. - -The beautiful art which I am about to explain to agriculturists is most -easily acquired. Its technical dictionary is composed only of certain -words, of which the readers should, first of all, know perfectly the -precise signification. - -These words are _Escutcheons, Epis or Tufts ascending_, and _Epis or -Tufts_ descending. After he knows perfectly the different forms and the -importance of these characteristic signs, he will know the whole subject -as well as I do myself. - -The Epis or Tuft, as one will see, participates with the escutcheon -in the distinction of the orders—it multiplies the sub-divisions. It -seems at the same time to complicate my method and to render it less -accessible; but I have not felt myself at liberty to omit it, since it -has an incontestible and important value. - -If, among certain animals, the form and extent of characteristic signs -are not exactly those of the drawings, but a sort of intermediate -between the characteristic signs of two classes, he who applies the -method should approximate them to the drawing of the classification from -which they differ the least, and from that deduce the probable value. - -To render my work perfectly clear, I had to enter into the developments -very much in detail. Nevertheless, so extensive are these details that -I believe I have given neither too many nor too few, and have confined -myself simply within the limits of the possible, the indispensible and -the useful. - -And now, whoever my opponents may be, I proclaim boldly and without fear, -that the escutcheon is the only incontestible characteristic sign that -can enable one to discern, by simple inspection, the aptitude for milk -production of each animal. - -All animals of the bovine species in good state of health, to which no -accident has happened, and whose escutcheons are of the first orders of -each class, will manifest always, and without exception, as much for the -production of milk as for generative ability. - -Beauty of form, to my thinking, represents but an ideal, and although one -ought to take it into consideration, it is a simple accessory without -value of its own, when the question is that of the production of milk. - -May I have been able to justify by this work the fruit of the experience -of my whole life, the honor done me by many agricultural societies in -admitting me to their membership, and by the government which has shared -the expense of this new edition, with the twofold purpose of encouraging -my efforts and facilitating the propagation of my method. - - - - -GUENON’S METHOD OF JUDGING OF THE VALUE OF STOCK. - - -Fifty years ago there was dawning upon the world the first ray of a great -discovery. A star was rising in the agricultural world, which was about -to shed new light, and like many other valuable discoveries, it was made -by one among the lowly, and partly by chance. The author of this new -discovery has said, “Error flies with the rapidity of lightning, all -obstacles vanish before it. Truth, on the contrary, is admitted coldly, -often even with doubt, suspicion, and distrust.” It is owing partly to -this, partly to the fact that this new light was given to the world when -the mind of farmers were not ready to _receive_ new ideas of progress as -they now seek them, and much to the fact that it was the invention of a -foreigner described in a foreign tongue. True a translation of it was -made through the medium of an American monthly magazine of agriculture; -but it was one of limited circulation. At that time the number of -periodicals devoted to that interest was few, and such new and important -questions were not thoroughly discussed and the knowledge of them placed -in every farm-house in the land, as it is at the present day. Shortly -after the appearance of M. Guenon’s treatise in the magazine, it was -reprinted in book form, and received the large circulation of sixty-five -thousand copies, between that time and now, and the book most probably -sells better to-day than it did then. By many who procured that book the -subject was studied, and advantage taken of its revelations, being stored -away in the reader’s mind for actual practice. By the great majority it -was read, but not studied; driven from it by the apparent complications -of the system and the two hundred sub-divisions of it; by many, perhaps, -it was attempted to be put into practice, but without their having -given the subject that close investigation which was needed to prove -the system correct. It was mostly by this class of persons, because the -system was not found to be infallible, that it was denounced and given -up, even by men otherwise intelligent; as if anything human could be -infallible. Thus it is that by the ignorant its revelations were received -with incredulity, and by many of the intelligent with doubt; but to the -earnest seekers after practical information, it has unfolded a mine of -wealth, and they have proved the system by continuous experience, and -found it to be the most reliable mode of judging of the value of every -member of the bovine species. - -It was a happy thought that suggested itself to the Pennsylvania State -Board of Agriculture, to have the system tested by uninterested parties. -But extremely difficult, it was, to obtain persons to make the test. -For those to whom application was made declined it on various grounds, -principally because, as Guenon himself has stated in his latest edition, -many pretended savans would endeavor to throw ridicule upon it; many -others would identify the gentlemen making the tests with it, as if it -was their system that they were testing; while not a few still more -narrow-minded, would think they were trying to humbug them. Thus it was -difficult to fill the places, which offered neither honor nor profit. - -It will be seen, by these extracts, that the Governor appointed three -experts to test the system. This they did in the summer of 1878, -examining two hundred cows, jotting down their opinion of the yield, -quality, and time of each of them, and afterwards printing them alongside -of the reports of their owners, so that the public could form their own -estimate of the results of the examinations of the commission. They are -here reprinted, to show how it was carried out. Particular attention is -called to the examinations _of the blanketed cows_ in Thomas Gawthrop’s -herd. - - -On M. Guenon and his System. - -It is proper we should inquire into M. Guenon, and the origin and -development of his system. - -Monsieur François Guenon, a husbandman of Libourne, in France, was the -son of a gardener, and followed for sometime his ancestor’s trade. -He seems to have had a mind above those in his position. As we look -at his portrait, he appears to have a clear eye, a cool head, great -determination, firmness of character, a well-balanced mind, and with -it all, a vigor of constitution which buoys him up, and enables him to -over-ride obstacles. He says himself, he was of an observant turn of -mind, fond of comparing things, and deducing consequences from what he -learned by observation and comparison, particularly from the Book of -Nature. Young, ardent and healthy, with the vivacity of his race, he felt -himself destined for better things than those a gardener’s life would -insure him. What wonder then that his eye was keen to see, his mind to -grasp and analyze any new turn of thought that chance might throw in his -way. - -Like most self-made men, who have made their mark in life’s pilgrimage, -he set himself to work to improve himself—to acquire that which would -expand his mind, and fit it to receive any new inspiration, and be -able to develop it. He studied the works of the best writers on botany -and agriculture; and applied his knowledge by following up all the -ramifications of the vegetable kingdom, and studied their external signs, -that distinguish the different sorts, and ascertained their qualities and -productiveness. - -In France, they have few fences, and the cattle of a neighborhood are -driven to the grazing ground, and herded together, and, in turn, members -of each or several families, (the younger portion,) are put to watch that -the cattle do not stray out of bounds. Such companionship with their -stock makes the owners fond of them, and they are treated as pets, and -become very docile. When young Guenon was about fourteen years of age, he -would drive their cow to graze. His cow he was very fond of, and could -identify her among any number. She was a good milker. - - -The Escutcheon or Mirror. - -In his authorized account of the discovery and perfection of his system, -Guenon uses the following language: “When fourteen years of age, I used, -according to country custom, to drive our only cow to the grazing ground. -I was very fond of her, and could have identified her among ever so -many. One day as I was whiling away the time in cleaning and scratching -my old companion, I noticed that a sort of bran or dandruff detached -itself in considerable quantities from certain spots on her hind parts, -formed by the meeting of the hair as it grew in opposite directions, -which spots I have since called _ears_, from the resemblance they often -bear to the bearded ears or heads of wheat or rye. This first attracted -my attention, and I recollected having heard my grandfather say that it -was probable that there were external marks on cows whereby their good -qualities or their defects might be known—just as we judge of the vital -force of a plant and its qualities by means of its leaves and lines in -its skin. Reflecting on the subject, I arrived at the conclusion that -if in the vegetable kingdom there exists external signs, whereby the -good and the bad qualities of a plant can be positively known, there -ought to exist in the animal, or its kingdom, also, marks whereby we may -judge, by inspecting an animal, of its qualities, good and bad, and I -thought I had discovered one of these signs. I sought the bearded ears -or quirls, and scratched those spots in quest of dandruff, the abundance -or scarcity of this being what first engaged my attention. Every new cow -was compared with my own as a standard, and her superiority, equality, or -inferiority determined in my own mind. In the course of the comparisons -thus instituted by me, with reference to the dandruff alone, which was -at first the only thing that governed me, I had occasion to remark that -great diversities existed among cows in respect to the shape of the -bearded ears (quirls) which produced the dandruff. This suggested a -new train of reflection and observation, which resulted in my becoming -convinced that these _shapes_ were the signs by which to distinguish -cows, and to know the good and bad qualities of every individual among -them.” - -[Illustration: Imported Jersey Cow BLACK BESS.] - -[Illustration: Imported Jersey Cow TIBERIA. - -Belonging to C. L. Sharpless, Philadelphia.] - -In his original plan, Guenon divided these different shapes into -eight classes, each of which was sub-divided into eight orders. As he -progressed in his investigations, he afterwards added two more classes, -and reduced the orders to six in each class. These he supposed would -cover all cases which might come up for examination. He also divided -cows into three grades, which, in accordance with their _size_, he -styled high, low, and medium. From this it will be noted that Guenon, in -classifying cows, was governed first by the class, second by the order -in the class, and finally by their size. These _classes_ he divided and -named as follows: - - 1st class, or Flanders. - 2d ” ” Left Flanders. - 3d ” ” Selvage. - 4th ” ” Curveline. - 5th ” ” Bicorn. - 6th ” ” Double Selvage. - 7th ” ” Demijohn. - 8th ” ” Square Escutcheon. - 9th ” ” Limousine. - 10th ” ” Horizontal. - -The ten orders in each of these classes were simply designated by their -appropriate numerals. Each _class_ was better than the succeeding one, -and each _order_ better than the following one of the _same_ class, but -might be better than the preceding order of the _next_ class. - -Of this seeming multiplicity of classes, orders, and sizes, Chalkley -Harvey, one of the commission appointed to test the system, writes thus: - - “Now this may seem somewhat discouraging to your readers, but - with all due respect to Guenon, to whom all honor and praise - should be accorded for his brilliant discovery, I think that - it may be so simplified that every farmer, dairyman, and dealer - can learn it all in a short time, and may find the study - quite interesting. I began it laboriously, supposing that a - mastery of all the details was necessary to make it of any - use, but more than twenty years of constant application in - practice has simplified it to my mind, and has added a little, - I think, to the original discovery. The substance of Guenon’s - discovery is that the milking qualities of any cow, of any - breed, are indicated by an outward sign that all may see and - easily understand. The hair on a cow, as on other animals, - grows downward on the hind-quarters, but there is an exception - to this rule on the back part of the udder, where it usually - grows upward. The first lesson for a beginner is to notice this - fact. Let him stand behind a quiet cow, and rub the hair on the - udder both ways until he sees or feels just what I mean. Guenon - called the surface that is covered by this upward growth the - escutcheon; others have called it the milk-mirror; but this is - no improvement in any respect, and I shall name it as Guenon - did, for there is no real objection to that name, and there - is serious objection to making confusion by calling the same - thing by different names. The escutcheon, then, is that surface - on the cow’s udder where the hair grows upward. But it is not - confined to the udder, it extends upward above the udder, often - to the vulva, and outward upon the thighs on both sides of the - udder. (See Flanders cow, class first, order first.) These - escutcheons are different in size, in shape, and in quality, - (quality means the quality of the skin, and of the hair growing - on it,) and these differences indicate the different milking - qualities of the cows, including quantity and quality of - milk, and the length of time they will give milk after being - with calf. On the edges of the escutcheon where the upward - and the downward growths of hair meet, a feather is formed, - and this is most conspicuous on the back part of the thighs - where escutcheons extend that wide. If the hair is long, as it - generally is in winter time, the observer can define the limits - of the escutcheon better by applying his hand, and smoothing - the hair to its natural place. He will now perceive that the - hair on the escutcheon is shorter and softer than elsewhere, - as well as turned upward in its growth, and sometimes nearly - resembles fur. - - “Let us now particularly consider the shapes and sizes of - these escutcheons. There is one general shape to which they - conform, and that is that they are wider below than above, and - at or near the top of the udder they narrow in abruptly; some - continue up as far as the vulva, and even above it, and others - but a little distance above the udder. The size and shape of - this upper part of the escutcheon is of less importance than - that of the lower part, but both must be considered—the larger - the escutcheon the better. All great milkers have very large - escutcheons. In large ones the upturned growth often begins - on the belly, in front of the udder, extends along between - the teats and up the back part of the udder, over the whole - width. Indeed, the udder is not wide enough for it, and it - encroaches on the thighs, where we may find the hair having - an upward growth on them, inside next the udder, beginning - not far above the hock joints, and running up as high as the - wide part of the escutcheon extends up the thighs, and which - often terminates with corresponding curls in the hair at the - outlines, and the higher up and wider these are apart the - better. Though the extension of the escutcheon to the front - part of the udder on the belly has been mentioned, that is not - a matter of practical interest in ordinary cases. All that - needs to be studied is plain to be seen by standing behind - the cow. When the escutcheon is small, it does not reach the - thighs, and often does not cover the whole of the back part - of the udder. These differences in size can be distinguished - at the first lesson taken in the cow-yard, and when that has - been done, the next thing is to consider their shapes. A good - escutcheon is symmetrical. The feathers on the two thighs - are at equal distance from the middle line of the body, and - extend up to equal heights on the back parts of the thighs. - A broad and high escutcheon, (speaking now only of the lower - broad part of it,) that is _alike on both sides_, certainly - indicates a superior milker. There is nearly always another - sign accompanying such an escutcheon, and that is one or two - _ovals_ just above the hind teats, on which a _fine_ coat of - hair grows downward. These may be large or small, may be one or - two, and may be alike in size, or unlike, but they are always - good signs. Two are better than one, and the larger and more - uniform they are the better; they are almost always present on - large and symmetrical escutcheons. No escutcheon is ever first - class if it has not one or both, and one, at least, of good - size. What constitutes ‘good size’ will be better learned by a - few observations than can be taught by inches, and I want to - leave something to the ingenuity of the learner, to make the - study interesting. - - “Now, let us consider the shape and size of that part of the - escutcheon which I have spoken of as the upper part; that is, - the narrow portion that has its base on the top of the lower - and wider portions, and runs up toward the vulva. Sometimes, - though very rarely, this does not exist at all. Sometimes it - is broad, and extends all the way up, with perfect symmetry. - Sometimes it terminates in a curved line, at a greater or less - distance up; and, indeed, it may be seen of almost any shape. - As a sign of excellence, the larger and more symmetrical it - is, the better—but a good _lower_ part of the escutcheon is - the main thing, and that, as a sign, can hardly be vitiated - by any imperfection of the upper part. When the lower part is - very good, there is usually uniformity in the part. A poor - escutcheon is one that is small, or that is imperfect in form.” - - -The Progress of His System. - -With his mind keenly alive to the pursuit of his investigations, he soon -perceived the difference in the shape of these quirls or marks in the -hair. We can imagine how, when he saw any cow with the same escutcheon -as his own had, he would eagerly and closely question the owner, and -then make his comparisons and deductions. Then, again, when he would see -variations from his cow’s escutcheon, whether larger or smaller, though -of similar shape, how he would study them over! When he would ask of the -owner such questions, directed by his knowledge of the cow’s marks, the -owner would stare, and think how the lad could know so well of _his_ cow. -And then his secret exultation when the answers showed him that he had -judged aright! We can imagine this young enthusiast going on, from step -to step, filling up his leisure with his acquisitions of his new theory, -which was becoming fact, and growing into a system. - -From his first step of discovering the dandruff, its scarcity or -abundance, to his noticing the great diversity existing among cows as to -the shape of the bearded ears or quirls, and being convinced these shapes -were the signs by which to distinguish cows, and then to make sure that -the same mark might always be relied upon as a positive sign of the same -perfection or defect; were all steps in the discovery that engrossed -his whole mind. He gave up his trade, traveled about, visiting cattle -markets, fairs, and stables. Conversing and cross-questioning all whom -he could; fixing the results in his mind, and getting the classification -shaped out. He talked with farmers, dealers, and veterinary men, -ascertained their modes of judging of the points of an animal, and found -they were all by their own favorite signs and marks. One looked to the -udder, the horns, the hide, or the shape; others to the hair, the veins, -or something else; but none judged by the signs which he had found -out. All were uncertain. The most the best judges could do would be to -guess rightly, perhaps, three times out of five, but none could tell -how long a cow would milk. Perfecting his judgment he would visit the -same places and the same cows several times in a year, to see how nature -was operating upon the animals, and their changes of character in the -different periods of gestation, their treatment and food. - -Of course, he soon began to put his theories to practical value, and he -dealt in cattle on his own account. This brought before him cattle from -Holland, Switzerland, Brittany, and other countries. This improved his -opportunities by proving to him that, no matter what country gave them -birth, all individuals possessing the same marks belonged to the same -class and the same orders; in short, that nature acted through uniform -laws. - - -Imperfections and Tufts. - -Variations would arise, from crossing two animals with different -escutcheons, from some defect in marking at the birth, from lack of -development, or from those freaks that nature sometimes plays. They -always prove stumbling-blocks in forming the judgment on some animals, -and furnish texts to the opponents of the system. - -As Guenon continued his examinations, he found that his classes did not -afford a place for all animals, or rather that there were occasionally -to be found cows whose escutcheons while apparently belonging to one of -these classes, had at the same time, certain distinguished features which -he styled imperfect escutcheons. These Mr. Hazard, the secretary of the -commission, described as follows: - -“The perfect escutcheon of each Class is the one which is in Order No. 1. -All variations from this are rated lower in the scale; these variations -may consist of a smaller size, therefore, the escutcheon would not be so -broad or high upon the thighs, nor so broad upon the vertical portion; -they may consist of the lack of ovals, which would place them below the -first order; they may consist of blemishes, which are tufts of hair -growing alongside of the vulva, or below it; or they may consist of -strongly marked imperfections, which may be cuts or slices taken out of -the escutcheon; or, coarse, harsh, wiry hair on the back and upper part -of the udder. Finally, they may be so decided as to place the animal -among the bastards.” - -Of the tufts, Guenon says all tufts encroaching on the escutcheon -diminish its value, except the oval ones on the udder; that is to say, -they indicate a diminished aptitude for yielding milk. The size and -location of these tufts make the animals descend one or more orders in -the classification. It is, therefore, important to attend to all the -patches of descending hairs which lessen the size of the escutcheon, -whether these occur in the middle of it or form indentations on the -sides. These indentations, partly concealed by the folds of the skin, -are sometimes perceived with difficulty. Many cows, which at first -glance appear to be well-marked, on close examination display their -deficiencies, and want of this scrutiny often causes mistakes in -estimating the value of cows, and thus the system suffers. - -Guenon says the cause of the defects, as exhibited by the tufts on the -thighs, is that the veins situated beneath, on either side of the belly, -have a peculiarity; that they are contracted, and there is a small -opening for it where it pierces the abdominal muscles. - -Sometimes there is an intermingling of two forms of escutcheons. This -depends upon the crossing between a cow of one class and a bull of -another. This is one of the difficulties to be encountered in precisely -estimating the value of the animal. - -Guenon classified the seven tufts, into two kinds: Those on which the -hair ascends, and those on which it descends. Those with ascending -hairs are simply traces which encroach on the descending hair outside -the escutcheon, either on one side or beneath the vulva. Those with the -descending hair are on the escutcheon, and are five in number. - -1. _Epi ovale_, oval tuft. These are situated on the udder, like those -on class one, two, three, four, order first. They are good signs, if of -descending fine hair, small, and regular. They are mostly seen on only -the best cows, though occasionally to be met with in some of the lower -orders. - -2. _Epi fessard_, ischiatic tuft. These are found on the vertical -escutcheon on one or both sides of the vulva, as in class four, five, -orders two, three, four; and very conspicuously in the bastards of class -three, four, five, six. They are of ascending hair, and never seen in -first class cows, but in most others to a limited extent. - -3. _Epi babin_, lip-shaped tuft. This is only seen as a sign of -deterioration in the two first classes; it is made by descending hairs, -and is a defect for milking qualities. It is like a string hanging over -the top of the vulva, and making its outline a little below it on each -side. It is seldom seen. - -4. _Epi vulvé_, vulvan tuft. This is also a deteriorating sign; is a tuft -of descending hair directly under the vulva, as in class one, orders -three and four. - -5. _Epi batard_, perinæal tuft. This is always a bad mark, as it exists -on otherwise good marked cows, and indicates a diminution of milk, as -soon as the cow becomes pregnant. It is seen on class one, bastard. A cow -is to be looked upon with suspicion that has this mark largely developed. - -6. _Epi cuissard_, thigh tufts. These are diminutions of the escutcheon -by encroachment of descending hair, and denote a diminishing of the -quantity of milk, proportionate to their extent. See class one and two, -order four. - -7. _Epi jonctif_, mesian tuft. The mesian or dart-like tuft, with soft -silky ascending hair, is rarely seen, and only in those classes in which -the escutcheon does not ascend to the vulva. It is like a V hanging -beneath the vulva, and is not fully represented in the plates, though -class ten, order two, shows it somewhat. - -In these observations among cows, not only during their work as members -of the commission, but also in preceding examinations, Messrs. Blight, -Harvey, and Hazard noticed a series of marks, which they have denominated -_thigh ovals_. The plate showing the escutcheon of Mr. Hazard’s Jersey -cow furnishes one of the best illustration of these marks yet met with by -the commission. Where the vertical escutcheon joins and widens out into -the thigh escutcheon, there is usually a dip of a curved shape more or -less in extent. In the plate above alluded to these thigh ovals descend -nearly to the base of the udder. In their careful examination of more -than two hundred cows, the commission always found these marks only on -good cows. - -In his examinations Guenon found cows of apparently each class with -certain variations in their markings which distinguished them and -prevented their incorporation into any class, and, yet the similarity -gives them a claim in their particular class. In all cases he claims to -have noted that cows thus marked would milk as well as other members -of their class, until they were got with calf, but as soon as this was -accomplished, the quantity of milk fell off rapidly. The commission -claim it is this style of marking which is most likely to deceive the -superficial or amateur investigators, and that these have caused the -assertion that a poor cow may be well marked, when in reality, if -properly understood, she was not well marked. This class of cows Guenon -styled _Bastards_, and he practically assigned to them a distinctive or -seventh _order_ in each class. - -In 1822, Guenon seems to have first reduced his system to a classified -basis, and from that time until 1828 he appears to have given it much of -his time and attention. Having, as he deemed, sufficiently arranged and -tested his system, he, in 1828, applied to the academy of Bordeaux for a -public test of the correctness of his mode of judging of cows and their -milking value. - -[Illustration: Escutcheon of ROSIE. - -Thorough-bred Jersey Cow, belonging to Willis P. Hazard.] - -The following, from the proceedings of the academy, shows that Guenon -did not make his system common property. The minutes of the academy, -under date of June 3, 1828, contains the following record: “Mr. Francis -Guenon, of Libourne, possessor of a method which he deems infallible for -judging, by mere visual examination, of the goodness of milch cows, and -the quantity of milk which each can yield, has solicited the Academy -to cause the efficaciousness of this method to be tested by repeated -experiments. The case presented by this request was one of a secret -method of judging, which the possessor was not willing to reveal. On the -other hand, it seemed difficult to admit that the external sign, whatever -it might be, by which Mr. Guenon judges, could always bear a proportional -relation to the quantity of milk yielded by a cow. Nevertheless, the -academy deemed it proper to appoint a committee charged with making the -examination. Trials have been made with care, and under precautions -necessary for precluding all collusion. The cows used for the purpose -belonged to three different herds, and amounted to thirty in number, and -the result has been to establish, to the satisfaction of the committee, -that Mr. Guenon really possesses great sagacity in this line. So long, -however, as his method shall be kept secret, it cannot be judged of, nor -rewarded by, the academy. Governed by these considerations, the academy, -having ascertained from Mr. Guenon that he is willing to submit to every -test that may be proposed, and to disclose his secret, upon receiving -a just indemnity, has referred him to the prefect, and has engaged to -recommend him to the favorable notice of that magistrate, who is ever -disposed to promote all that tends to improve it.” - -From 1822 to 1827, it would seem that Guenon perfected and studied his -system, but it does not seem to have come promptly before the public, -until the agricultural society of Bordeaux took upon itself a careful -investigation of the whole system. From the detailed report of this -committee, appointed by this society to test the knowledge of Guenon, we -take the following as illustrating, not only the results reached by them, -but also the manner of conducting the examination: - - “Every cow subjected to examination was separated from the - rest. What Mr. Guenon had to say in regard to her was taken - down in writing by one of the committee; and immediately after, - the proprietor, who had kept at a distance, was interrogated, - and such questions put to him as would tend to confirm or - disprove the judgment pronounced by Mr. Guenon. In this way we - have examined, in a most careful manner—note being taken of - every fact and every observation made by any one present—upward - of sixty cows and heifers, and we are bound to declare that - every statement made by Mr. Guenon, with respect to each of - them, whether it regarded the quantity of milk, or the time - during which the cow continued to give milk after being got - with calf, or finally, the quality of the milk as being more - or less creamy or serous, were confirmed, and its accuracy - established. The only discrepancies which occurred, were - some slight differences in regard to the _quantity_ of milk, - but these we afterward fully satisfied ourselves were caused - entirely by the food of the animal being more or less abundant. - - “The result of this first test seems conclusive, but they - acquire new force from those of a second trial in which the - method was subjected to another test through M. Guenon and his - brother. Your committee, availing themselves of the presence - of the latter, caused the same cows to be examined by the - two brothers, but separately, so that after a cow had been - inspected, and her qualities as indicated by the signs in - question had been pronounced upon by one of the brothers, he - was made to withdraw; then the other brother, who had been - kept aloof, was called up, and desired to state the qualities - of the same animal. This mode of proceeding could not fail - to give rise to difference, to contradiction even, between - the judgments of the two brothers, unless their method was a - positive and sure one. Well, gentlemen, we must say it, this - last test was absolutely decisive. Not only did the judgment - of the two brothers accord perfectly together, but they were - in perfect accordance also with all that was said by the - proprietors in regard to the qualities, good or bad, of every - animal subject to this examination.” - -On the 26th of May, 1837, a similar test was made by the agricultural -society of Aurillac, whose committee, in their report, use the following -language: - - “Each cow was examined separately by M. Guenon, who wrote his - notes upon her, and delivered the paper closed to one of us. - Immediately after, another member of the committee questioned - the owner of the cow, or the person in charge of her, in regard - to her daily yield of milk, its quality, and the time during - which she continued to give milk after being got with calf. - The answers were taken down in writing, and then compared with - the notes written by M. Guenon. They were generally found to - accord, and proved to the satisfaction of your committee and of - every one present, all of whom attended with lively interest - to these proceedings, that M. Guenon possesses great sagacity - in judging of cattle, and that his method rests upon a sure - foundation.” - -The Bordeaux committee added: “To the proprietors and to the lookers-on, -all this was very surprising for the examinations were as quickly made -as the results were certain. As to ourselves to whom the method was no -longer a secret, it was with renewed interest and astonishment that we -viewed the accuracy of the results. _This system we do not fear to say is -infallible._ We only regretted the whole society was not present.” - -The committee further reported that Mr. Guenon had, after more than -twenty years observations and researches, discovered certain natural and -positive signs that were proof against all error, while the writers and -professors who have particularly occupied themselves with the bovine -race, can only indicate some vague signs for judging of the fitness of -cows for secreting milk. That this method is valuable, whether it tells -the yield of milk only, or indicates the improvement of breeds, which -are liable to deterioration from mismanagement in crossing, and that it -is applicable not to full-grown animals alone, but also to calves at as -early an age as three months. Thus it affords a sure means of forming a -judgment of full-grown animals, about which we might be misled on account -of their form and their parentage, and secures the improvement of herds -by enabling us to dispose of those calves which will not repay the cost -of rearing them. We shall thus no longer rear calves at great expense -for two or three years that should have been consigned to the butcher, -nor sell calves that would pay best to rear. If this system is pursued, -only cows and bulls of best quality will be kept, and in very few years -how great will be the improvement of our herds, and largely increased the -cheapest and best of all foods, milk, and the production of butter and -cheese. - -The committee of the Agricultural Society of Bordeaux, therefore, decreed -Mr. Guenon a gold medal, made him a member of the society, ordered fifty -copies of his work, and distributed one thousand copies of their full -report among all the agricultural societies of France. - -The next public test Mr. Guenon submitted his system to, was that by the -Agricultural Society of Aurillac, and that society reported that Mr. -Guenon examined the herd of their president, of one hundred cows, from -which were selected designedly, the best, the moderately good, and the -most indifferent of the establishment. Upon each, Mr. Guenon pronounced -with precision, and his decisions corresponded almost invariably with the -statements of the persons in charge. The only variations were very slight -ones, in regard to the quantity given. But this herd was fed unusually -high, and Guenon was totally unaccustomed to the usages of the country in -feeding cattle, and this caused him to pronounce the yield a little less -than it really was. A proof of his system, for he declares the yield will -vary according to the feed and management, which all observant farmers -know to be the case. Mr. Guenon examined some of the cows a second time, -and also the calves, and those calves he assigned to the first orders the -cowherds said were from their best cows, that gave a great deal of milk. - -The notes of his reëxaminations corresponded exactly with his first -statements. The committee therefore awarded Mr. Guenon a gold medal, made -him a corresponding member, subscribed for twenty-five copies of his book -for each of the sub-societies, and distributed their report through all -the agricultural channels of France. - -With these testimonials, the highest that could be procured in France, -Mr. Guenon went on with the publication of his book, which had a wide -circulation in every department of France. And he was finally granted -a pension for life of three thousand francs a year by the French -government, after the National Assembly’s committee on agriculture had -given the system a thorough test. In the presence of fifty of the most -eminent agriculturists, M. Guenon made his examinations, and judged -correctly of all but one of the quantity, of all but one of the time, -and of all of the quality; and the committee reported the results were -altogether conclusive, and that his discovery had reached to the dignity -of a science. They also declared the daily production of milk in France -might be increased by several millions of pints daily, and that the -abundance and quality of milk in the dams must contribute largely to -the improvement of the progeny. They voted him the pension, and invited -him to deliver lectures in the different veterinary, agricultural, and -normal schools of the kingdom, and before the different agricultural -societies, as “the speediest and best means of spreading the knowledge -of this discovery,” and “to repair the time lost in ridicule, doubt, or -indifference—the inevitable preface to all under-takings beneficial to -humanity.” - -In the foregoing account of Mr. Francis Guenon, it will be seen that, -by his indomitable perseverance in perfecting his system or method, -he raised himself from the ranks of a poor gardener’s boy to the -position of a great benefactor, and was presented with various medals -and decorations, and a large sum of money voted to him. Surely, such -a brilliant position must have been won entirely by merit, for he had -neither means nor influence to advance him into notice. - - -Of the Ovals. - -The ovals on the udder are spoken of by Guenon, and our experience is -that they are always indicative of a good yield; particularly, when they -are uniform in size and position, and of fine, soft hair, descending on -the udder. But there is another set of marks, which the Pennsylvania -Guenon Commission have denominated thigh ovals, which are an invariable -indication of a good cow, particularly when she is otherwise well-marked. -Of these, Guenon does not speak. Eusebius H. Townsend and Chalkley Harvey -were the first to call attention to them, and Charles L. Sharpless has -written of them. Our own cow, which took the premium over all the Jersey -cows, at the fall exhibition, in 1878, of the Chester County Agricultural -Society, has them most extraordinarily developed. As she is a very -thorough example of this marking, we have had the likeness made of her -escutcheon, and request the reader’s attention to it. - - -Of the Bastards. - -Guenon denominates those cows which give milk, much or little, so long -as they are not got with calf; but, when impregnated, begin to fall off -in their milk. The term he uses is _batard_, which means, in English, -bastard, spurious, of a mixed breed, mongrel. We should have preferred -to call them spurious cows, as the term bastard does not exactly express -the meaning we apply to that word; but, as it has before been translated -bastard, and is so known by many, we retain it. - -The bastards are often the best looking cows; have finely developed -escutcheons, and many give a great deal of milk, some poor quality and -some rich; but, as soon as they are pregnant, they go dry very soon, or -fall off rapidly in their milk, while others give very little milk at -all. From their fine show, they deceive a great many, and Guenon cautions -buyers, as the most skillful will make mistakes. He has, however, given a -series of drawings, by which they can generally be discovered. - -These bastards mostly conceive well, and the first time they are put to -the bull, they vary in the quality of milk they give like other cows. The -flow of milk is at its height during the first eight days after calving, -though of bad quality. It then diminishes a little, and keeps on at about -the same yield until she conceives again, when it diminishes again, more -or less rapidly. - -To discover a bastard, consult the engravings which are given to each -class. To the first class, the Flanders, there are two kinds. The first, -which is the most common, has on each edge of the vertical escutcheon, -a feathery appearance, and where this is strongly marked by the down- -and up-growing hairs meeting, and they interlock and stand out from the -skin, and, besides, are harsh and wiry, and generally shiny, glistening, -and looking of lighter color, _beware of them_. The harsher, coarser -they are, the shorter time will the cow milk after getting with calf. -The second kind of bastards among the Flanders will have an oval on the -_vertical_ escutcheon, generally near the middle part, of about two to -three inches in length, by one and a half to two inches wide, on which -will be found coarse wiry hair, and the harsher it is, and the larger -the oval is, the sooner the cow will cease to milk. It may often be -discovered by the glistening appearance of the hair on it. - -On all the other classes, the bastard marks consist of two oval patches -of hair, one on each side of the vulva; and the larger they are, the more -pointed in shape, and the coarser and more wiry the hair on them, the -sooner the cow will cease to milk. - -The importance of learning the bastard marks is very great, as the buyer -can safely avoid them, and leave them to those less skilled. While he -may buy the less showy looking cow for much less money, and get a better -animal than the unskilled man will obtain even for the higher price. - -All animals are more readily judged correctly, and the system can be -learned more easily, in summer than in winter, both on old and young; -for then the winter coat of hair is off, and the hair is shorter, and -the escutcheon is more easily perceived. The skin, also, is more natural -and soft, and the hair is usually not so harsh to the feel; and the cows -are cleaner, and all marks or blemishes more quickly seen. - - -How to Apply the System Practically. - -We will now proceed to apply the foregoing rules and hints practically. -In doing so, we may repeat some that has been before said, but it will -only impress it the stronger in the mind of the learner. - -This classification embraced all the kinds of cows known to Guenon, each -individual escutcheon corresponding with one of the orders of those -classes. The _class_, the _order_ and the _size_ of an animal indicate -her yield of milk, and this will always be found to correspond with her -escutcheon. Every cow has an escutcheon which can be recognized, and -according as it is free from blemish or imperfection, just in that degree -does she approach perfection in her class. - -Guenon, in the last edition of his work, has altered and simplified -his classification somewhat, for he divided it into ten CLASSES, and -six ORDERS to each class. He maintained his three grades of size. But -our experience shows that the cows in this country do not vary so much -in size as they probably do in France, for there they have the little -Brittany cow, which is very small but good, and, of course, they have -also cows as large as our Durhams or the Holsteins. Only this, bear in -mind, that cows, as a general rule, all other things being equal, will -vary in their yield somewhat according to their size; and in judging cows -apply that rule, for it is part of Guenon’s system, and they will vary in -the quality according to the breed. Well, then, for practical purposes, -we need only study sixty _escutcheons_, that is ten different shapes -called _Classes_, and six grades to each of those shapes, more or less -perfect, which are called _Orders_. To these must be added ten more for -a _Bastard_ to each class. And it is really necessary to study perfectly -only the first four orders of each class and the _Bastard_ marks, as it -is not worth while to purchase or pay much attention to any cows lower in -the scale than the fourth order of any class. And to simplify it still -more, you will notice the thigh escutcheons of the first orders have all -nearly the same shovel shape, so that by remembering this you need only -study the vertical portions to readily place the animals in their proper -class. - - -The Escutcheon. - -The escutcheon was so-called, we presume, from its similarity to the -shape of a shield or escutcheon, and on a first-class cow it will be very -like it, and somewhat like a round-pointed shovel. On this escutcheon, -the hair will generally be of a different color from that bordering -it, most generally rather darker, always shorter, and more nearly -resembling fur. This difference in color is produced by the UP-growing -hair contrasting with the DOWN-growing surrounding it. The hair of the -escutcheon should be short, soft, and fine; and the skin very soft, like -a kid glove, thin, and oleaginous. And if the cow gives good rich milk, -this skin will be of a rich, golden, or nankeen hue. Often where you -handle a skin of this character the hands will feel oily, and soiled with -rich dandruff. - - -The Shape of the Escutcheon. - -The Escutcheon varies in shape, and Guenon named his ten classes from -their shapes. - -The first class, he called Flandrine or Flanders, because it is the best, -and he named it from the best cows he knew, those from Flanders, or the -Flemish breed, and they had more of this shaped escutcheon than any other -breed; a quiet but sure proof of the truth of his system. - -The second class he called Flandrine à gauche, because although it had -the Flanders shape, it was on the _left_ flank, he called it therefore -the Left Flanders. - -The third class are the Lisière, or The Selvage, from its appearance to a -selvage, or binding of a piece of cloth. - -The fourth class are the Courbe-Ligne, or the Curveline, because their -escutcheon is lozenge-shaped, formed by a curved line which sides to the -right and left, and rises to about five or six centimeters from the vulva. - -The fifth class he denominated Bicorne, or the Bicorn cow, because the -upper part of this escutcheon forks in two horns. - -The sixth class, Double-Lisière, or Double Selvage, has an entirely -arbitrary name, and it is an odd freak of nature. - -The seventh class is called Poitevine, or Demijohn, from a fancied -resemblance to some kinds of demijohns. - -The eighth class is Equerrine, or Square-Escutcheon, as it is square at -the upward part. - -The ninth class is the Limousine, as it was on a cow from that Province -that Guenon first saw this shaped escutcheon. - -The tenth class is called Carrésine, or Horizontal, because the upward -part of the escutcheon is cut off squarely by a horizontal line. - -To each of the above ten CLASSES, Guenon has placed six ORDERS, which are -variations of the escutcheon, formed by a reduced size and by various -imperfections. If the reader will remember always, that the first class -is better than the second class, and the second class better than the -third class, and so on down the scale, to the end of the classes, he -will have gained the first step in acquiring the system. Then the next -point to remember is similar, that is, that the first _order_ of every -_class_ is better than the second order of that class, and so on down the -scale of the orders, until the sixth. Then he must learn the different -shapes; first, the characteristic shape of each class, as represented by -the first order of that class, and connect with this, in his mind, the -number of quarts a first-class cow, in good feed and condition, should -give, as represented by that escutcheon, in her full flow of milk. Then -he can next learn the variations in size and shape from this pattern -escutcheon, and that will enable him to tell which order of her class -to put her in, and that will then inform him what quantity of milk she -will give, and how long she will give it when with calf. And we repeat -here, it is necessary only to acquire the knowledge of the first three or -four orders of each of the ten classes, as if the cow examined does not -come within those orders, she is not worth examining further nor keeping -longer, nor certainly worth purchasing. Then the learner must next -acquire a knowledge of the distinguishing marks which point out a Bastard -cow, for an account of which marks, see under that head. - -Now all of this knowledge must, to put it into profit practically, be -supplemented by the careful examination of the hair and the skin, of the -escutcheon, and the udder: of the hair, whether it is short, fine, soft, -and furry; of the skin, whether it is soft and close-grained like a kid -glove, thin, oleaginous, and yellow or golden. For if the hair is harsh, -and long, particularly on the back part of the udder, it will shorten -the time of giving milk, and indicates a poorer quality. The more oily -or greasy to the feeling the skin of the udder and the perineum is, the -more it indicates good quality and richness of milk, for the oil or fat -is there, showing it is in the nature of that animal to give butyraceous -milk. So with the color of the skin, if it is golden it is indicative of -rich milk, and the majority think it will make a finer colored butter. -There is one point more in judging by the escutcheon, and that is its -size and position, and the general rule is, the higher up it is on the -thighs, and the broader it is on the thighs, together with the higher -and broader it is on the perineum, even up to the vulva, then the better -it is. Then remember the escutcheon has two principal parts, called -the thigh escutcheon and the vertical escutcheon; the thigh escutcheon -extends over the udder and the thighs; and the vertical is over the -perineum or that part of the posterior which extends from the udder up to -the tail and above the vulva. - -If the thigh escutcheon is high and broad, therefore very large, and -extends far outward on to the thighs, it indicates a large flow of -milk. If the vertical or upper part is broad and smooth, it indicates a -prolonged flow of milk. - -If the thigh or lower portion of the escutcheon is narrow, the flow will -be proportionally small. If the vertical or upper part is narrow and -irregular, it is unfavorable to a prolonged flow. - -Chalkley Harvey says further of these marks: “Imperfections, that is -blemishes of form, occur in considerable variety on both large and small -escutcheons. They are all certain evidence of a diminished value of the -cow as a milker. A small and imperfect escutcheon on a good cow, is -something I have never yet seen. Any want of symmetry in the form of an -escutcheon is an imperfection. The two sides should be alike. A small but -perfect escutcheon may be better than a larger one that is imperfect. A -very good one is both large and perfect. - -“Thus far we have considered the escutcheon in reference to its form and -size alone, and may now say, that the quantity of milk depends on these, -but its quality is indicated by other signs, which we find to a great -extent in the same place. It is too well known to require any assertion, -that some cows give a large quantity of very poor milk, and others an -equally large quantity of rich milk. It is equally well known that some -cows give but little milk, though they yield a good quantity of butter; -and I repeat, that the signs indicative of these differences of quality -are found in the escutcheon, and they are easily recognized. If the skin -in the escutcheon is soft and oily, and particularly if it is of a rich -yellow color, (though this is more easily seen by examining the end of -the tail,) suggestive of “gilt edged” butter, that cow will give good -milk. In such cases we will find her hair soft and short. There may be -some long hairs, too, but the undergrowth will be as mentioned, and often -has almost the quality of fur. But if, on the other hand, the skin is -white and dry, and the hair thin and harsh, the cow gives poor milk. If -her escutcheon is large and symmetrical, she may give a large quantity of -poor milk. The form and size of the escutcheon indicate _quantity_, the -skin and hair indicate _quality_. These signs are true also as applied -to bulls, being in such cases a proper guide in the selection of animals -to breed milkers from. My own experience and observation, which has been -considerable in the matter, convinces me that cows inherit their milking -qualities more from their sires than from their dams; and it is probable -that many who have been disappointed in heifers raised from some favorite -milkers, will be disposed to agree with me. If this be true, then the -Guenon method has an application that must prove valuable to those who -breed cows for dairy purposes. Another interesting fact is, that we can -discover all the signs on a calf, and are thereby enabled to select with -much certainty those that are fit for the dairy, and to reject those that -would be only a disappointment, if raised for that purpose. Of course, a -very small cow, with ever so good an escutcheon, cannot be expected to -give a very large quantity of milk, and might be inferior in that respect -to one having a less perfect one, where the animal is of greater size. -But in such cases, the small cow would give much more in proportion to -the cost of keeping. In all cases, therefore, the size should be taken -into account. - -“There is a sign that may be mentioned here, (though it does not properly -belong to the Guenon system,) which is a very certain evidence that a -cow will give a large quantity of milk, though it expresses nothing in -relation to quality. It is the large size of the vein running forward -from the udder, on the belly, and just under the skin. This is called the -milk vein, and when it is very large and crooked, and enters the abdomen -through a hole that will allow the entrance of a man’s finger, it is, I -repeat, a sign that the cow will yield a large quantity of milk. - -“The time that a cow will continue to milk after she is with calf, varies -in different cases—some ceasing almost as soon as pregnant, and others -milking up to calving. Generally the best milkers milk the longest. Hence -it follows, that a good escutcheon usually indicates continued flow as -well as large quantity. Those escutcheons that are not large at the base, -but that run up to the vulva symmetrical all the way, and pretty wide, -indicate a yield of milk up to the time of calving.” - -[Illustration: A PERFECT COW—DUCHESS—Imported Jersey, belonging to Chas. -L. Sharpless.] - - -Our Mode of Judging Stock. - -The beauty of the Guenon system is, that _it is an aid to all other modes -of selecting stock_, and therefore, it gives a decided advantage to the -person who understands it over the one who does not. For instance, let -two buyers go into a herd, and let them be equal judges of stock, one of -them will be very apt to buy a bastard, while the other one would very -positively leave her alone, simply because the latter has a knowledge -of the best and surest mode of all modes of judging stock. And this -knowledge does not prevent him from using his half a dozen other modes of -deciding its merits, but aids them. So, too, in selecting a bull for a -propagator, the believer in Guenon will select one with a good escutcheon -and a fine skin, while the other will decide almost entirely by the form. -And so with calves, the one who selects calves by the Guenon marks will -be pretty sure to have a dairy of productive cows, while the other will -have to dispose of some unprofitable ones. The one makes money, because -he is working intelligently with every light of science, while the other -is only _guessing_ pretty well. - -We first look at a cow from the front, and see that she widens as she -gets back to her hips, or is wedge-shaped. Next we look at her side, and -we again see that she rises on her back and descends on the belly as -she goes back to the tail, or in other words she is wedge-shaped, too, -from this point of view. These two looks at her have enabled us to see -that she has a feminine appearance; that her head is small and neat in -proportion to her body, with a waxy small horn, a mild but large eye, -a broad muzzle, and that it is well set on her neck; that she has a -good chest, and large deep paunch, with large full ribs, fuller below -and joined to a rather high back bone; that is to say she has not the -breadth of back we look for in a beef animal. If the chine is double, -it indicates a cow above the average; if the chine is single, sometimes -we can lay our three fingers in three depressions in it at about the -middle of it, showing that she is a loose rangy cow, and fitted for her -work. Now we will look at her udder and see that it runs forward as level -as possible to the belly, and that it is large, with four good-sized, -well-shaped teats slightly strutting from each quarter. Now we gently -approach her, and pat her to gain her confidence, and get a chance to -feel her hide, her milk veins, and examine her escutcheon. If we find -her skin is thin, soft, and greasy, with short fine hair, with rather -a furry nature, and showing the skin yellow under it; that her udder -and her perineum have soft thin skin, with very short furry hair; that -her milk veins are large, zig-zag, and knotty, entering the body with -good-sized holes, and particularly if this vein is double, extending and -ramifying over the udder well back in prominent veins, and if the veins -extend over the perineum, we may then, with great confidence, look for a -large well-shaped and formed escutcheon, marked first class, order first, -by an oval on each side of the back of the udder, and perhaps two thigh -ovals or dips where the vertical escutcheon rises from the broad or thigh -escutcheon; and just to finish and find all points corroborating, we will -look on the vertical escutcheon for some spots of oily lemon colored -dandruff, and at the end of her neat, lightly made tail to find some -large yellow pieces of dandruff. We don’t like to see it dry and brown; -and as we step back from her, we just give a parting look to see that her -hips are rather large, bony, somewhat drooping, that her capacious udder -has room to project between her legs. - -Then, we feel sure that a loose, open made cow, rather pointed, or sharp -and well-defined, and the contrary of what we would look for in a flesh -or beef producing animal; with a skin mellow and yellow, covered with -soft, fine hair, and the nearer it comes to the quality and color of a -first class Guernsey or Jersey cow, breeds which have for hundreds of -years been bred for butter making, then we repeat we know she must be a -good, rich milker and butter maker; for we never saw a thick, hard skin -cow, with coarse, long hair, that was a good butter maker, or fit for -anything but giving poor milk, _if_ a strong milker. - -Our preference is for a medium sized cow, one that will dress five -hundred and fifty or six hundred pounds; and, as far as our observation -goes, a Jersey sire, with an Ayrshire dam, is the best cross for a milk -and butter cow, and the most profitable for the amount of food consumed; -though a Jersey or Guernsey sire to the milking stock of Durhams, or a -Holstein, or a large yielding native cow, will produce a better cow for -butter than the mother was. - -To get thorough practice in valuing the escutcheon, take this book in -hand, and go into your dairy-yard; compare the escutcheon of each cow -with her picture in this book; see what it calls for time and quantity, -and then thoroughly test your cow; don’t guess at it, as most farmers -do; and make your own comparisons. Remember the size and class of the -escutcheon will give you _the quantity and time_; the skin and hair will -give you _the quality_; and always remembering the size of the cow, and -of what breed she is, for they must qualify your opinion somewhat. - - -Opinions of the System. - -A writer in the _Country Gentleman_ of July 17, 1879, S. Hoxie, of -Whitestown, New York, so thoroughly expresses our experience and -convictions, that we are led to quote it: - -“The writer has been acquainted with ‘the escutcheon theory’ ever since -about 1850. During this time he has been a practical dairyman in central -New York. At first he approached the study of the escutcheon as a -doubter. It seemed to him an absolute absurdity to claim a connection -between the growing of the hair and the production of milk, two functions -so entirely different. - -“At first he examined the herd of cows which he helped milk every night -and morning, and was surprised to meet with so many proofs of the truth -of the theory. He then observed it upon other herds, and finally extended -his observations to various breeds under various circumstances. He was at -last compelled to come to the final conclusion that the theory, in the -main, was true, but that other points and conditions of the animal must -be understood in order invariably to reach a correct judgment: - -“1. The breed modifies the quantity and quality of milk production. This -is so manifestly true that it needs no argument. A particular order -and class of escutcheon indicates a different quantity and a different -quality of milk on a Jersey than it indicates on an Ayrshire cow. - -“2. The condition of care and feed to which different families of -the same breed have been accustomed during long periods modify milk -production, and must be taken into consideration. For instance, certain -families of Short-Horns have been cared for and fed through several -generations with the sole view of beef production; other families have -been trained to milk production. Escutcheons upon the former indicate far -less quantity of milk than upon the latter. Thus some families with very -fine escutcheons give very little milk. The escutcheons in such cases -no doubt indicate an original capacity that a few generations of proper -treatment might awaken and develop. - -“3. The capacity and health of the digestive organs modifies the -quantity, and we also think the quality, of milk production. Cows with -large, healthy digestive organs will eat and properly digest more food, -and give good return at the pail, than one with opposite conditions of -the digestive organs. The former may sometimes give the larger quantity -of milk, though, indeed, possessed of the poorer escutcheon. - -“4. The activity of the nervous system materially affects milk -production. This is often seen when the animal is unduly excited. The -quiet dispositioned cow that attends to feeding, and is not disturbed by -any excitement in the herd or in the surrounding fields, may have the -poorer escutcheon, yet give larger quantities of milk than the extremely -excitable cow, with the better escutcheon. - -“Other conditions will suggest themselves to the observing and reflecting -man, that materially affect the quantity and quality of milk production. - -“These modifying conditions do not disturb the true theory of the -escutcheon. _Other things being equal, the escutcheon is indicative -of the quantity and quality of milk._ Many are misled in estimating -the value of the escutcheon, because they have not the patience or the -capacity to observe the varying conditions. The escutcheon is of immense -practical value. It is easily seen the conditions of flesh do not -change it, and animals of all ages, above three months, may be examined -by it, and their milking qualities determined with a good degree of -accuracy. Other things being equal, the animal with the better escutcheon -will invariably make the butter maker. During nearly thirty years of -observation, the writer never observed a first class cow that had a -poor escutcheon. The escutcheon must be of great value to those who are -breeding, and endeavouring to improve thorough-bred cattle of the various -milking breeds. It offers a test that may be applied before milking -age, and it may be applied to males as well as females. _Though the -pedigree is ever so long, and though it contains many good ancestors, the -animal should be rejected from the breeding herd, unless it has a good -escutcheon._” - -“One of the Farmers,” a regular correspondent of the _American -Agriculturist_, writes in the number for November, 1878: - -“THE VALUE OF THE GUENON MILK MIRROR.—Taken with a good udder and -milk-veins, good digestive functions, and capacity for food, good health -and thrift, the Guenon milk mirror is a valuable indication of both the -quantity and duration of the flow of milk. This seems to be demonstrated -by the experience of thousands who have given the subject careful -study, and I have never yet met the man who ridiculed it, and called it -“folly,” who was able intelligently even to outline the prominent types. -The number of calves which do well or ill as milkers, very nearly as -indicated by their milk mirrors, is so large, that one of the principal -practical uses to which a knowledge of the Guenon system can be applied -is in selecting calves to raise, and, of course, to those who buy cows, -it comes equally well in use.” - -THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF BREEDERS OF DUTCH FRIESIAN CATTLE, composed -of some of the most practical and intelligent farmers of the dairy region -of central New York, have adopted a new set of rules for entry into -registry in their Herd Book, wisely making the performance at the pail -one of the necessary requirements. Thus, for a period of not more than -twelve months from date of calving, the cow under 2½ years of age must -give 6,000 lbs. of milk; over 2½, and under 3½, 7,000 lbs; over 3½, and -under 4½, 8,000 lbs; over 4½, 9,000 lbs; also, rule 8: No animal shall -be admitted to registry unless of the “milk form,” or of the “combined -milk and beef form,” of medium or of large size, without coarseness, -and if a female, having a well developed escutcheon, not below the 4th -order of the 1st class, the 3d orders of the 2d, 3d 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, -and 8th classes, the 2d order of the 9th class, or the 1st order of the -10th class of the Pennsylvania Commission. With such a record, and with -such marks, no one need take the trouble to see the stock, but may safely -order it, knowing exactly what they are to receive. - -George E. Waring, junior, says: - - “If the escutcheon teaches anything it teaches _the duration - of the flow of milk_. This is its great value in connection - with the Jerseys—a race of small, rich, and _persistent_ - milkers. It does indicate quantity, it is true, but not Dutch - quantity, nor Ayrshire quantity; only _Jersey_ quantity, which - is quite another affair. It indicates, in at least equal - degree, the continuance of the flow of milk. Indeed, this is - the great value of Guenon’s discovery. It is easy to judge of - the _present_ flow of milk in the case of any given cow, but, - so far as I know, there is nothing but the escutcheon to tell - us how long she will continue to milk after getting with calf. - If she has a _first class_ escutcheon, I think we are safe in - believing that she will hold out well in her milking. If she - has a very defective escutcheon, we may depend on her to fall - away very rapidly when a few months gone, and to shut down - entirely three or four months before calving.” - -From an exhaustive and admirable treatise on the Ayrshire breed, by John -D. W. French, of North Andover, Mass., we make the following extracts -from his remarks on the Guenon system: - - “Pabst, a German farmer of large experience, with a view - to simplify the method of Guenon, and render it of greater - practical value, made five divisions, or classes:— - - 1. Very good, or extraordinary. - 2. Good, or good middling. - 3. Middling, and little below middling. - 4. Small. - 5. Very bad milkers. - - “Magne, the French writer, made a still further simplification, - by making four classes instead of five:— - - 1. The very good. - 2. The good. - 3. The medium. - 4. The bad. - - “In the first class he places cows, both parts of whose - milk-mirror, the mammary and the perinean, are large, - continuous, uniform, covering at least a great part of the - perineum, the udder, the inner surface of the thighs, and - extending more or less out upon the legs with no interruptions, - or, if any, small ones, oval in form, and situated on the - posterior face of the udder. Cows of this class are very rare. - They give, even when small in size, from ten to fourteen quarts - per day, and the largest size from eighteen to twenty-six - quarts a day, and even more. They continue in milk for a long - period. - - “The second class is that of good cows, and to this belong - the best commonly found in the market. They have the mammary - part of the milk-mirror well developed, but the perinean part - contracted or wholly wanting. Small cows of this class give - from seven to ten or eleven quarts a day, and the largest from - thirteen to seventeen quarts. - - “The third class consists of middling cows. When the - milk-mirror really presents only the lower or mammary part - slightly developed or indented, and the perinean part - contracted, narrow, and irregular, the cows are middling. Cows - of this class, according to size, give from three or four to - ten quarts per day. - - “The fourth class is composed of bad cows. No veins are to - be seen either on the perineum or the udder, while those of - the belly are very slightly developed, and the mirrors are - ordinarily small. These cows give only a few quarts of milk a - day, and dry up a short time after calving. - - “Mr. C. L. Flint, in his work on ‘Milch Cows,’ says:— - - “These classifications, adopted by Pabst, Magne, and - others, appear to be far more simple and satisfactory than - the more complicated classification of Guenon. Without - pretending to judge with accuracy of the quantity, the - quality, or the duration which a particular size or form - of the mirror will indicate, they give to Guenon the full - credit of his important discovery, as a new and valuable - element in forming our judgment of the milking qualities - of a cow, and simply assert, with respect to the duration - of the flow of milk, that the mirror that indicates the - greatest quantity will also indicate the longest duration. - - “My own attention was called to Guenon’s method of judging - cows some eight or ten years ago, and since that time I - have examined many hundreds, with a view to ascertain the - correctness of its main features, inquiring, at the same - time, after the views and opinions of the best breeders - and judges of stock, with regard to their experience and - judgment of its merits; and the result of my observations - has been that cows with the most perfectly developed - milk-mirrors or escutcheons are, with rare exceptions, the - best milkers of their breed, and that cows with small and - slightly developed mirrors are, in the majority of cases, - bad milkers. - - “I say the best milkers of _their breed_, for I do - not believe that precisely the same sized and formed - milk-mirrors on a Hereford, or a Devon and an Ayrshire, or - a native, will indicate anything like the same or equal - milking properties. It will not do, in my opinion, to - disregard the general and well-known characteristics of the - breed, and rely wholly on the milk-mirror; but I think it - may be safely said that, as a general rule, the best marked - Hereford will turn out to be the best milker among the - Herefords, all of which are poor milkers; the best marked - Devon, the best among the Devons; and the best marked - Ayrshire, the best among the Ayrshires; that is, it will - not do to compare two animals of entirely distinct breeds - by the milk-mirrors alone, without regard to the fixed - habits and education, so to speak, of the breed or family - to which they belong.” - - “In my own herd of Ayrshire cows, the largest milkers have - the best escutcheons, and these cows have, in most cases, - transmitted these marks to their descendants. On the other - hand, the cows with medium or poor escutcheons have rarely - transmitted to their calves better ones; but, generally, of the - same or lower class than the dams. - - “BULLS.—Guenon’s second and hardly less important discovery - was that the bull had the same marks as the cow, only somewhat - shorter and narrower. Guenon bestows upon these marks the same - name, ‘milk-mirror,’ which may be justified, in as far as the - bull has greater influence upon the sustaining or obtaining of - an abundant yield of milk, as well as the improvement of the - breed. - - “SOME TESTIMONY.—Mr. L. A. Hansen, of Bay St. Louis, writes, in - a letter to the _Country Gentleman_: - - “I served my apprenticeship for three years on a dairy - farm with two hundred cows, performing all the labor - appertaining to a farm, the same as one of the hired men. - After this, for twenty years, I had dairies of from eighty - to one hundred and seventy cows. Living in the best dairy - country then known, and our butter commanding the very - highest market prices in London, England, (taking the - premium at a butter exhibition in London,) we considered it - the best policy to buy our cows instead of raising them, - and I consequently had to purchase from twenty to thirty - cows every year. Having adopted the Guenon system as a - helping guide in my purchases, I necessarily examined more - than a hundred cows annually, besides having under daily - observation my own cows and those of the neighboring dairy - farms. Thus, I had continual practice through a number of - years. The classifications of the professor, mentioned in - my former article, were, with very rare exceptions, right. - In the first two classes, they did not fail once; in the - lower classes, more frequently; but as the lower classes, - with their sub-division, are of no importance to the - dairyman—only the two first being fit for a dairy—the study - of them becomes unnecessary, and it is of little avail if - they are minutely correct. - - “As nothing in this world is perfect, we cannot reasonably - expect the Guenon system to be without defects; but, as - already stated above, the imperfection is to be looked for - in that part which is immaterial for practical application. - Under all circumstances, _as far as my experience goes, - the Guenon theory will always remain a valuable guide in - selecting milk cows_.” - - “Mr. L. S. Hardin writes, in a prize essay: - - “Very few, if any, modern writers upon cattle have accepted - the complicated theory of Guenon, while no two of them - agree as to the extent in value of the escutcheon. As - a point of beauty, it should certainly be cultivated - in the herd. As to its practical value for indicating - the milking qualities of the cow, my experience is that - a finely-developed escutcheon is rarely seen on a poor - milker, while many excellent milkers have very small or - no escutcheons at all. In other words, its presence is a - good sign, while its absence is not necessarily a cause - for distrust. Milk-veins, as an indication for milking - capacity, are of about the same value as the escutcheon.” - - “The editor of the _Jersey Bulletin_, in commenting on this, - says: - - “We should be very glad to know of a cow, worthy to be - called an ‘excellent milker’—duration of the flow after - becoming pregnant being one of the tests—which has no - escutcheon at all, or a very small one. As at present - advised, we don’t believe she exists. Most old cow men - would say that, if the escutcheon is as valuable an - indication as the milk-veins, too much effort can hardly be - made to extend knowledge concerning it.” - - “Henry Tanner, professor of agriculture, Queen’s College, - Birmingham, England, says, in a volume of prize essays of the - Highland and Agricultural Society: - - “Some attention has also been given, within a few years, - to a discovery, made by Mons. Guenon, respecting ‘the - escutcheon,’ as it is termed. Like many other persons, - he was carried beyond the boundary of discretion in his - speculations, and thus his valuable observations were for - a time lost in the mist with which he enveloped them. - Sufficient is already known of its value, at least, to lead - us to the conclusion that it is worthy of more general - knowledge. - - “A very extended observation has proved that, other - conditions being equal, the modification of form presented - by the escutcheon will lead to an estimation, not only of - the quantity of milk which the animal will produce, but - also of the time during which the cow will keep up the - supply of milk. - - “Without going into detail upon this point, I may briefly - state that the larger the extent of the escutcheon, - the greater is the promise of milk, and also of its - continuance, even after the cow is again in calf. A cow - may have a small escutcheon, and yet be a good milker; but - observation leads to the conclusion that, if she possessed - a more fully developed escutcheon, she would have been a - better milker. It may be considered a point of merit, not - as deciding whether or not the cow is a good milker, but - rather as an additional indication which may be taken into - consideration in conjunction with other characteristic - points. It is also desirable, in estimating the extent of - the escutcheon, to make full allowance for the folds in - the skin; otherwise, a large escutcheon may be taken for a - small one. Besides the escutcheon, there are tufts of hair - (epis) which have a certain degree of value when seen upon - the udder of the cow.” - - “I presume there are many men who, although perhaps not caring - a pin for an escutcheon, yet consider themselves fully capable - of selecting a good milk cow. Now, although ignoring the - escutcheon in their judgment, are they not apt, in selecting - an ideal cow of any particular milk breed, to find a good - escutcheon developed of one class or another? - - “Perhaps it may be asked, if the Guenon system is a true one, - why are not the Short-Horns a great milk breed, for in them we - often find very large and perfect escutcheons? - - “This question may be answered as follows: The Short-Horns - were originally a good milking breed; but, having been - made particularly a beef breed, the milking propensity or - mammary system has in most families been changed or bred out. - Notwithstanding this change, they may retain the escutcheon, - not as a mark of quality, but as one of the characteristic - marks of the breed. - - “All farmers are aware that a first-class milk cow may, by - injudicious feed and treatment, especially as regards milking, - become a second-class animal. Now, such a system, carried out - generation after generation, must certainly degenerate a milk - breed, however good their marks and quality. - - “Among the Short-Horns, probably the best milkers have good - escutcheons; but an Ayrshire cow, with an inferior escutcheon, - might be found to give more milk than a Short-Horn with a - superior escutcheon, simply because one breed has been bred - especially for beef, the other especially for milk. - - “To show how breeding for a purpose through many generations - may ultimately change qualities, let us compare the Short-Horns - with the Dutch or Holsteins. The early Short-Horns, or the - Teeswater breed, as it was called, was of Dutch origin, or - was certainly formed by crossing the native cattle of England - with stock imported from Holland. This breed was originally - considered remarkable for its milking qualities. - - “The Dutch breed, bred for generations for the especial purpose - of milk, is to-day noted for large milkers, and among the cows - may be found extraordinarily developed escutcheons. - - “The following extract, from a translation from the French of - Magne on milk cows, is _apropos_, as showing the difference - between characteristics of breeds and qualities of the animals: - - “A long, fine head, narrow towards the horns, and a slender - chest are given by most writers as characteristics of a - good milk cow. Now, in Flemish, Danish, Dutch, and Brittany - cows the fineness of head and chest is a characteristic - of these races and not the indication of particularly - developed milking qualities, being met with alike in the - good and bad milkers of those races; whilst in some of - the Swiss breeds, and especially in those of St. Gervais, - nearly all the cows, whether good or indifferent, possess - a large head and heavy chest. The farmers of Ariege, while - showing us some remarkably good cows, drew our attention - to their strength of chest, ampleness of the dewlap, and - the volume of the head: these characteristics of race they - mistake for qualities, observing them in their best cows. - On the other hand, it is to be remarked that cows with fine - heads are often inferior milkers. If fineness of head were - a true proof of mammillary activity, would not the cows of - the Durham breed be amongst the best dairy animals in the - world? This characteristic cannot, therefore, be considered - absolutely appreciable, as much depends on the race to - which a cow may belong. It is indicative of milk only, - because it is a remarkable point in those races which have - produced milk cows. Thus a characteristic of race has been - mistaken for a sign of particular qualities.” - - “If, then, we should regard the escutcheon, as well as a fine - head, one of the characteristics common in the Short-Horn, - it is not necessary to consider it as an indication of any - particularly developed quality. Although probably the best - milkers would have this sign, yet it might be regarded as - a latent sign of milking qualities which had been bred out - by disuse. The only fair way to judge of the value of the - escutcheon in determining milking qualities, is to consider its - influence in the different breeds separately, not comparing - one breed with another. In judging grade cows, characteristics - and blood must have a certain influence on the judgment. The - general type of the animal must be considered. - - “In the Ayrshire cow, we must regard the escutcheon, not as a - special characteristic of the breed, but as one of the signs - denoting quality. - - “If the time should come when it has become so universal a sign - of quality as to be considered a characteristic of the breed, - then we shall have approached much nearer perfection than at - present. - - “Admitting that the escutcheon theory is a failure, or at least - that it has failed as a test-mark of milk, have we any other - mark or series of marks that have invariably given better - results? - - “Magne says, that in Flanders, a cow is considered a good - milker, ‘especially when towards the middle of the spine the - apophyses (or projections) are separated or scattered so as - to leave a space between of about two finger-breadths,’ for - the reason that, when the spine is thus formed, the haunches - are better spread, and the thighs and croup larger. The other - members of the body are also better developed, the basin is - ampler, and the organs placed in this cavity, as well as the - udder, are more voluminous. - - “Now, would our dairymen consider this a more certain - indication of milk, than a good escutcheon? - - “Without regarding the escutcheon as an infallible sign of - quality and quantity of milk, I believe it to be one of the - best indications of milk, that nature has provided; but in the - use of this system, we must consider:— - - 1. The breed. - 2. The age. - 3. The feed. - 4. The treatment (present and past.) - 5. The health. - - “A good, not to say a thorough, understanding of the Guenon - system, cannot be obtained by casual observation, but only by - the most painstaking examination of many animals, extending - over a long period of time.” - - -Objections to the System and to the Report of the Commission. - -M. Guenon in his Treatise on Milk Cows, does not give any positive -reasons why the escutcheon is indicative of the yield. He rested content -with the fact, that he had proved it so before many learned men, and -risked his reputation upon publishing the facts. The system as far as we -have been able to trace it, has always been verified by those who have -_thoroughly studied it, and tested it by extended practice according to -the rules of Guenon_. The principal cavilers against it, either admit -they have not constantly pursued it, or show by their writings their lack -of sufficient knowledge of it. The report of the Pennsylvania commission -has incited several to write against the system. The principal paper -produced was one read before a meeting of the State Board of Agriculture, -by Eastburn Reeder, and which he had reprinted in several papers. Of -this essay, it is sufficient to say, he showed he had not studied nor -practiced the system thoroughly, and because he could not understand it -and got befogged, he quoted a large mass of scientific matter to show -the system could not be true. These attempts at argument are so quietly, -but completely, set aside in the essay of Prof. D. E. Salmon, D. V. M., -on Contested Dairy Questions, quoted below, that we shall not discuss -them further. For we cannot any more tell _absolutely and positively_ why -the escutcheon reveals what it does, than we can tell why a _black_ cow -eating _green_ grass, converts _red_ blood into _white_ milk, than we can -tell _why_ the green grass grows. In both questions at issue, we have -certain facts and theories to guide our reason and judgment about them, -but we know nothing _positive_, and because it is so, Mr. Reeder and Mr. -Hardin won’t believe it is so or can be so. - -In addition to what Mons. Magne, the eminent French veterinarian, one of -the most celebrated medical professors in France has written, Professor -Arnold, of Rochester says, when indorsing what Magne writes: - - “The size of the escutcheon is regarded as the measure of the - quantity of blood supplied to the milk-producing vessels, and - are evidence of their capability of elaborating milk. In the - same way, the veins take up the blood, and carry it back in the - milk veins which pass through the bag and along the belly, and - enter the body through one or more holes, on their way to the - heart. The size of these milk veins, and the holes where they - enter the body, vary with the escutcheon, and like it, give - evidence of the quantity of venous blood passing away, from and - through the udder, and they have the same significance with - reference to quantity, as the supply of arterial blood and the - size of the escutcheon.” - -Mr. Reeder also quotes the weights of cattle given by Guenon, and -triumphantly exclaims, whoever saw such small cows in this country? -Guenon distinctly quotes the weights, as net dead weight, or the animal -deprived of its head and horns, its hide, entrails, and feet, and gives -the excellent reason for it when he says: “If I had made the calculations -for the animal on the hoof, the figures given by me would present a -great difference, which would increase according to the amount of fat, -sometimes to double the weight.” Unfortunately, Mr. Reeder did not -know enough of Guenon’s facts to be aware of this clear statement, and -supposed the weights were live weight. - -Again, he says the commission did not examine the stock correctly. _He_ -would have looked at an animal, decided what escutcheon it had, or “to -which class and order she belongs, and then append the figures of Guenon -as the result. Any other mode of proceeding is not testing the Guenon -system.” Here again his lack of knowledge of the system is shown; it -would be exceedingly unjust to the reputation of Guenon, as he distinctly -declares the size, the age, the breed, the treatment, the season, the -period of gestation, &c., shall be fully considered. It is the judgment -of just such men passed upon the system, which have tended to throw any -doubt upon the merit of Guenon’s assertions. What would be thought of the -judgment of such a person, if told by a physician to administer three -things to a patient, and he gave but one, and the patient died, and he -excused himself by saying, “you told me to give him medicine, and I gave -it.” - -Then Mr. Reeder denies the value of the system for pointing out the best -_feeders_. The cow which gives the most butter, and which this system -will readily point out, will fatten the most rapidly when dried off; for -the butyraceous particles, which go to make the butter, will be diverted -from the milk and turn to fat on the animal. - -Mr. Reeder objects to the report of the commission, that they “in some -cases failed to classify cows,” and “made incorrect classifications,” -and “in some cases gave different results from Guenon,” and lastly “the -terms employed to denote quantity, quality, and duration, are too vague, -indefinite, and unsatisfactory.” In all these objections, Mr. R., it will -be readily seen by any practicer of the system, shows his utter ignorance -of the mode of applying it. - -Guenon says it is sometimes impossible to properly classify an animal, -owing to the effects of a cross, or some freak of nature. In such cases -they may be judged according to the escutcheon it the nearest resembles. -This the commission did, but of course could not classify them. - -His judgment as to “incorrect classifications” we must pass by as of no -account, he not being any more capable of that than the commission. - -The same may be said of “giving different results from Guenon.” That is -entirely a matter of judgment. Guenon says, judge of the cow by various -things and then the result will approximate the amount stated to each -escutcheon. Mr. Reeder says the amount set down to each escutcheon is -inflexible. We prefer to follow the skill of Guenon and not the ignorance -of Reeder, as it was Guenon we were appointed to test. - -Finally, he objects to the terms employed to denote the significance -of the escutcheon. The great difficulty of the commission was to find -herds of which an accurate test of each animal had been made and kept. -We believe not one farmer in one hundred thousand has such a record. Yet -the commission are expected by such “infallible” advocates as Mr. R. to -tell the exact character of each cow, and that record is to be set down -alongside of the inaccurate record of the owner; and if they vary at all, -the commission are the ones at fault. The very terms Mr. R. objects to -were employed by us by special agreement with the owners, because they -hesitated to say how many quarts or pounds each of their cows gave. But -where there were such careful farmers as W. M. Large, M. Eastburn, J. -Pyle, and M. Conard, who gave quarts, and the commission gave quarts, we -would invite attention to the comparative reports as the best answer. -And even in Mr. R.’s own case we ask comparison, for the reason why the -commission are on most of his cows one or two quarts higher is easily -accounted for, because we did not learn until after the examination that -he was generally ranked by his neighbors a poor feeder, which would -certainly make the difference. In the cases of such fine herds as those -of S. J. Sharpless, Thomas M. Harvey, Thomas Gawthrop, and H. Preston, -&c., the accounts were highly satisfactory to their owners and confirmed -them in the merits of the system. For the same reasons we object to _his_ -test of “the system in other herds” as any proof of the merits of Guenon, -for it was his interpretation of the escutcheons that is given, and it -would be very unfair to judge Guenon as interpreted by one who is not an -expert. - -Mr. Hardin has written much against the system, but containing very -little argument, and no valid objection. We will endeavor to sift out of -the mass, any points made: - -He thought there should be one “non-believer” on the commission, so as -to “make a fair and disinterested report.” What possible use he may have -been is a mystery, except to cavil at what perhaps he did not understand. -The commission simply put down what they interpreted the escutcheons -to indicate, and the owner stated what he knew of his stock. The two -accounts were brought together and compared. What more a non-believer -could have done, we are at a loss to conceive. - -His process of examination was laid down thus: “To take down in writing -_before you see the cows_, the owners’ and milkers’ opinions of all the -cows to be tested.” “Make the owners and milkers, _out of hearing of each -other_, tell you the name of the cow, her age, how much milk she gives -when fresh, how much milk she gives a year, is her milk rich or poor; -have you ever tested the milk by measure, or otherwise to determine the -amount or its richness; what breed is she?” “Get a non-believer to make -pencil sketches of each escutcheon.” “The Governor to appoint two more on -the committee who are not believers.” - -Now, having laid out this programme, he does not say what was to be -done with it. The inference was to be drawn, we suppose, that the many -escutcheons were to be engraved, and the public were to draw their -conclusions from them and the reports given by the owners and milkers, -and see how Guenon would stand the test. And what were the believing or -non-believing commissioners to do? Supervise the taking down of all this? -How, at once, this shows Mr. Hardin to know little or nothing of the -system! Like Mr. Reeder, he did not know that Guenon assigns many other -things to be thought of to form a correct opinion! Was it more proof to -be told by the owner all that any one could know about the cow, and then -say that corresponds with the escutcheon? Or did it put the system to a -severer test, to say to the owner, don’t tell me a word, and then proceed -to tell him all about a cow you never saw, simply from examining her -escutcheon? In one case, you are assisted to define the escutcheon by the -knowledge given you. In the other case, you define the cow’s character by -only the knowledge you can get from the escutcheon. No better proof can -be given of Mr. Hardin’s lack of practical knowledge of the system. - -Another objection he makes, and repeats several times, as being a -very strong one with him, is, why did not Guenon, and why do not the -commissioners, go to work and buy up all the best cows and sell them at -a profit, and thus get very rich. His cry is, why don’t they make plenty -of money out of it, if it is so valuable? Simply, because neither of them -are in that business, or care to be. But Mr. Harvey, a manager of the -Delaware county almshouse, in one year from taking this position, changed -the cows there, and increased the yield twofold from the same number of -cows, and has bought and sold all the steers and cows on his large farm -for many years solely by this system, and _has_ grown wealthy. - -He says in another article “feeling the modesty that naturally attaches -itself to benighted ignorance,” he “started out in the city in search of -some one who was learned on these subjects.” He found “a professor in -our medical institute,” “one of our most learned physicians,” and they -proceed together to canvass Professors Magne and Arnold’s theories and -facts about the formation of the escutcheon. The result of two such wise -heads (or of “benighted ignorance”) coming together, was that neither -of them ever heard of Professor Magne, and that his dictum was “opposed -to all the teachings of physiology.” The learned professor knowing as -much about a cow as he did of physiology. And it is such stuff as this -which forms the arguments of Mr. Hardin. Professor Salmon in his essay on -Contested Dairy Questions effectually settles these “learned” men. - -We have devoted enough space to a writer, who finds it so easy to tear -down, but is never able to build up, a doubting Thomas, whose only mode -of judging a cow, he says is a crumple horn, a large udder, and to test -the milk every Monday for one year. What an amount of money the farmers -of America would lose annually if they followed his rules, and what an -amount they would save by following Guenon’s rules! - -The following valuable essay is from the _Country Gentleman_ of August 7, -1879: - - Contested Dairy Questions. - - By D. E. SALMON, _D. V. M._ - - Several of our prominent dairy writers have been lately - discussing the more complicated questions of their department - in a very energetic and decided, if not in a scrupulously exact - manner. Now, if these questions are worth the time and space - necessary for their presentation at length, they are certainly - of sufficient importance to receive candid and perfectly - truthful treatment; and, though these writers may not have - intended to give wrong impressions, their teachings can hardly - be considered, in several respects, as representing the present - condition of knowledge on these points. - - MAGNE’S THEORY OF THE ESCUTCHEON.—In Mr. Eastburn Reeder’s - essay on the escutcheon—which is a valuable paper, though - marred in the above respects—there is an attempt at scientific - argument in order to ridicule the accepted value of the - milk-mirror; and the assumed facts on which this argument is - based, are presented in such a positive manner that they will - probably be accepted, without further investigation, by the - majority of readers unless contested at once. The writer has - hesitated to do this in the hope that it would be done by some - one else; but the truth is of too much consequence to allow the - matter to pass entirely without notice. - - The first point to which I will call attention is the attempt - to dispute Magne’s opinion that the hair turns in the direction - in which the arteries ramify, and that the reversed hair on - the udder and adjacent parts indicates the termination of the - arteries which supply the udder with blood. When these arteries - are large, he holds, they extend through the udder upward and - onward, ramifying on the skin beyond the udder, and giving the - hair the peculiar appearance which distinguishes it from the - rest of the surface. If these arteries are very small, they are - not likely to extend much beyond the udder, and, hence, form a - small escutcheon; consequently, a small escutcheon indicates a - feeble supply of blood, and little material to make milk of. - - Now how is this combatted? The first argument is that “when Mr. - Hardin showed this paragraph to one of the most learned medical - professors at Louisville, Kentucky, he at once wanted to know - who this Magne was, and declared his name unknown in the annals - of medical science.” What are we to think of such a statement - as that? Magne—member of the French Academy of Medicine, - formerly director of the Alfort Veterinary School and professor - of Lyons—unknown in the annals of medicine! - - We are then asked if the arteries are not the same in all - cows, and are told that we might as well expect more bones or - muscles as more arteries. If Mr. Reeder will turn to Chauveau’s - Anatomy—one of the best authorities in the world—he will find, - in general remarks on arteries, the following statement, which - I translate, not having the English edition: “Arteries very - often present variations in their deposition, which the surgeon - should keep in mind. These variations ordinarily concern the - number, the point of origin, and the volume of the vessels.” - And if he will go through the list of arteries, he will find - examples given of each of these variations. - - Again, he asks, “how is it that the ramification of the - arterial circulation _causes_ the hair to grow in one direction - on one part of the cow’s body, and in the opposite on other - parts?” Not a very difficult question, if we admit that - arteries have such an effect, for they certainly do not all - ramify in the same direction. - - In a revised edition of the essay, subsequently published, - some important points were added. Here we are told that - “the arteries supplying the udder with blood are called the - _mammary_ arteries, and their ramification _does not extend - beyond the outer surface of the udder_. Further down the - _aorta_, or main artery, another pair of arteries branches off, - called the _femoral_ arteries. These supply the muscles of the - thigh, or what we know as the _rounds of beef_, with blood, - and ramify upon the portion of the escutcheon lying between - them. Still further down, another pair of arteries, called the - _gluteal_ arteries, leave the _aorta_, and are distributed - through the pelvic region, and ramify upon the extreme upper - portion of the escutcheon. Here we have at least three distinct - systems of arteries ramifying upon the escutcheon, and _two_ of - them most certainly have no connection with the milk secretion - whatever.” - - Without attempting to point out _all_ the errors of this - description, we will once more refer to Chauveau to settle the - more important points. The reader will find in that work that - the _femoral_ arteries have a branch called the _pre-pubic_, - which in turn has a branch called the _external pudic_, from - which the _mammary_ artery branches. It will also be found - that the mammary artery “sends several divisions to the - tissue of the udder, and is prolonged between the thighs by a - perineal branch, which terminates in the inferior commissure - of the vulva, after having furnished glandular and _cutaneous_ - divisions.” Turning to the description of the gluteal arteries, - we find that they ramify in the gluteal muscles, which are at - a considerable distance from the perineum, and that nothing is - said of their going to the last named part. - - Here, then, is complete and positive refutation of these - arguments—not by mere statements of my own, but by the words of - a standard work, of world-wide reputation, on the anatomy of - these animals. Magne’s _facts_ are correct, then, whether his - inferences are or not. _The same artery that supplies the udder - with blood supplies the skin on which the escutcheon is formed; - and, more than this, the artery ramifies in the direction - in which the hair of the escutcheon grows._ Is there any - connection between the two for all that? Who knows? A point or - two to show that such a connection is not beyond the possible - may still be in place. - - Erasmus Wilson, who has made a specialty of the skin and its - diseases, shows that the direction of the hairs on the anterior - surface of the human body is, commencing at a point near the - arm-pit, downwards and slightly inwards towards the umbilicus, - and that below this point the direction is upwards and inwards; - so that the umbilicus “is the center of convergence of four - streams,” as he expresses it. - - Now this disposition, complicated though it is, certainly - resembles that of the arteries—the branches from the _axillary_ - artery passing downwards and inwards, while the _epigastric_ - arteries branch from the _femorals_ near the groin, and have - a direction upwards and inwards. On the neck, the direction - of the hair is upwards and backwards; in front of the ear, it - is downwards and forwards; behind the ear, it is backwards—in - each case following the arterial ramifications. In addition, - Tisserant and others in France, who stand high as authorities, - admit that the escutcheon continues to increase in relative - surface till the second or third milking—that is, till the - development of the udder, and, consequently, of the vessels - supplying it have reached their highest point. - - In some cases, it must be confessed, the correspondence in - question apparently does not exist, but rather the opposite; - and as the mammary artery has substantially the same - distribution with horses as with cattle, we cannot see why the - former should not be as plainly marked as the latter, if the - direction of the hair depends on the direction of the arteries. - - But, it may be asked, in what possible manner could the one - condition influence the other? It must be remembered that - physiology is still a growing science, and that there are - many things yet to learn, so that it is still pardonable to - confess ignorance. We know, however, that the cavity in the - skin surrounding the hair (hair follicle) is set in an oblique - direction, as well as the hair that emerges from it; the - papilla at the bottom of this cavity must also be inclined, - and it is this that, in all probability, decides the direction - of the hair, as the growth of this takes place by additions - of cells from the surface of the papilla. Now, each papilla, - or elevation, has a vascular loop, or, as some say, a minute - artery and vein, and one can easily imagine how the direction - of this minute artery might influence the direction of the - papillary summit, and, consequently, of the hair that grows - from it. - - I do not say that this is the proper explanation, but I suggest - it as one way in which the correspondence might be accounted - for. I do say, however, that the evidence brought to bear on - this point by Mr. Reeder can have no influence in deciding the - question, for the reason I have given. - - Dr. Henry Stewart, the noted scientific and practical farmer - and writer, said lately; “I have for some time past been - studying the nature of the escutcheon physiogically and - anatomically.” And he has “recently discovered a still more - satisfactory connection between the milking capacity of a cow - and the development of the escutcheon.” - - “The milk-vein is an important mark of the deep-milking cow. - But it is not the veins, but the arteries, which supply blood - to the system, either for the production of tissue or the - secretion of the milk. And yet the veins are important because - they bear a direct relation to the arteries, being the return - channels for the blood after it has fulfilled its functions; - and so the larger supply of blood conveyed by the arteries - requiring a vein of large capacity to return it, this vein is - an ultimate indication of the vigor of the circulation of the - lacteal organs. The main artery which supplies these organs - is the subcutaneous abdominal [what Mr. S. says is commonly - called the milk-vein.] This important artery supplies a large - part of the posterior portion of the system, furnishing blood - to the genital organs and the skin covering these and the - adjacent parts. The subcutaneous abdominal artery is one of the - two branches of the external pudic artery in the female, the - other being the mammary artery. This last is very voluminous - and distributes several main branches to the mammary glands - and tissue, and also by a prolongation between the thighs, - supplies the inferior commissure of the vulva and gives off - many smaller branches, which spread into a network among the - glandular tissue and the cutaneous structure. Here is the close - connection, then, between the skin of the posterior part of the - cow, from the lower point of the vulva down between the thighs - and around the udder, and the udder itself. The same artery - supplies all this portion of the skin, furnishes the subaceous - glands and the hair follicles, and the whole cutaneous - structure, and the hair also with blood, and also provides - for the demands of the milk-secreting organs. A vigorous - circulation through a voluminous arterial system ... gives a - relatively vigorous milk secretion, and, as well, a growth of - hair, which curls and forms the well-known peculiar structure - of the escutcheon.” - - - - -C. L. SHARPLESS ON THE ESCUTCHEON. - - -We extract from our book on “The Jersey, Guernsey, and Alderney Cow,” -some remarks on the escutcheon, by Charles L. Sharpless, of Philadelphia. -We consider him one of the best judges, a most intelligent breeder, -and he has paid the highest price ever given for a Jersey cow in this -country. The portraits of Duchess, Rosa, Black Bess, Tiberia, and the -bull, Comet of M., bear out our assertion. - - “There is no point in judging a cow so little understood as - the escutcheon. The conclusion of almost every one is, that - her escutcheon is good, if there be a broad band of up-running - hair from the udder to the vulva, and around it—see Fig. 1. - These cows, with the broad vertical escutcheon, are nearly - always parallel cows; that is, with bodies long, but not large, - and with the under line parallel with the back. Their thighs - are thin, and the thigh escutcheon shows on the inside of the - thigh, rather than on its rear. - - “Next comes the wedge-shaped cow, with the body shorter, but - very large, deep in the flank, and very capacious. This form - does not usually exhibit the broad vertical escutcheon, running - up to the vulva, but with a broader thigh may exhibit a thigh - escutcheon, which is preferable to the other, thus—see Fig. 2. - - “In both vertical and thigh mirrors, where the hair runs down, - intruding on the udder, (as low as above the dotted lines,) as - in Figs. 3 and 4, it damages the escutcheon. If you find a cow - with the hair all running down, and between the thighs—that is, - with no up-running hair—stamp her as a cipher for milk-yielding. - - “The artist has made the udders to Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4 the - same size, while in reality they will vary according to the - escutcheon. - - “There are times when the udder of a cow, with an escutcheon - like Fig. 4, will be enlarged by non-milking, for the purpose - of deception. It is always safer to judge by the escutcheon, - rather than by the large size of the udder. - - “The escutcheons of the best cows—those yielding the most and - continuing the longest—will be found to be those which conform - to Fig. 2. [Mr. S. alludes to the selvage: one of the best, and - common among the best cows. H.] - - “The vertical escutcheon of Fig. 1, would not injure it; but if - that ornamental feature has to be at the expense of the thigh - escutcheon, Fig. 2 is best as it is. - - “Whenever an escutcheon is accompanied by a curl on each - hind-quarter of the udder, it indicates a yield of the highest - order.... - - “So far we have noticed only the rear escutcheon, or that - which represents the two hind-quarters of the udder. The two - front-quarters are just as important, and should be capacious, - and run well forward under the body—see A. If the udder, - in front, be concave, or cut up as in B, indicating small - capacity, it represents reduced yield. - - “This front or level escutcheon is distinctly marked in the - young heifer or bull, and can be seen by laying the animal on - its back. The udder hair under the body all runs backward, - commencing at the forward line of the escutcheon—see dotted - lines in Figs. 6, 7, 8. This dividing line is very perceptible, - from the fact that the hair in front of it all runs forward - towards the head of the animal, while the escutcheon, or udder - hair, all runs backward over the forward quarters of the udder, - around and beyond the teats, and ceases at the markings of the - rear escutcheon, on and between the thighs. - - [Illustration: Fig. 1.] - - [Illustration: Fig. 2.] - - [Illustration: Fig. 3.] - - [Illustration: Fig. 4.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: Fig. 6. LOTTIE STARR.—10 mos. old.] - - [Illustration: Fig. 7. SYLVA—10 mos. old.] - - [Illustration: Fig. 8. COLUMBUS.—10 mos. old.] - - “The breadth and extent forward of this front escutcheon, - indicates the capacity in the mature animal, of the front - quarters of her udder. In some cases this front escutcheon - will be found of twice the extent that it is in others, and is - evidence of that much more yield. The dimensions on Figs. 6, 7, - 8, are actual measurements—the first two of heifers, and the - last of a bull. If Fig. 7 represents four quarts as the yield - per day of the front quarters, Fig. 6 will represent eight, - thus, if the rear yield is the same, say four quarts in each - cow, the total yield of Fig. 6 will be twelve quarts, while - that of Fig. 7 is but eight. This examination enables one to - see the size of the teats and their distance apart, and to test - the looseness and softness of the udder skin. It is marked - precisely the same in bulls, see Fig. 8, and can be easily - examined at any age between one and ten months. - - “Udders of all shapes hold milk, and some homely ones hold - a large quantity. B, C, D, and E, at a glance explain their - deficiencies, both of shape, lack of capacity, and bad style of - teats. In udder A, we have the perfect shape.... - - “Many think that the escutcheon of the bull is of but little - moment, so that he is a good-looker. So far is this from being - the case, that a bull, with a mirror like Fig. 4. or worse, - will stamp his escutcheon on, and to that extent damage his - daughters, out of cows with escutcheons as choice as Fig. 2. - In this way the daughters of some of the best cows come very - ordinary, while, if you use a bull marked like Fig. 2, he will - make poor escutcheons better, and will improve the best. His - injury or benefit will be doubled, according to the escutcheon - markings under his body in front of his scrotum. Hence the - importance of the dam of a bull being unexceptionable in her - udder and escutcheon. Her qualities, inherited by her son, will - be transmitted to his daughters. - -[Mr. Sharpless’ bull Comet of M. is one of the finest Jersey bulls -we ever saw, and his escutcheon is unexceptionable, being a perfect -curveline, the one most commonly found on bulls.] - - “While careful as to escutcheons, we must not neglect the - other essential features of a good cow—the buckskin hide, the - rich-colored skin, and the fine bone. Let the hair be soft and - thickly set, and let the skin be mellow. This latter quality is - easily determined by grasping between the thumb and forefinger - the skin at the rear of the ribs, or the double thickness at - the base of the flank that joins the stifle joint to the body, - or that on the inside of the rump-bone at the setting-on of - the tail. Let the teats be well apart; let them yield a full - and free stream, and be large enough to fill the hand without - the necessity in milking of pulling them between the thumb - and forefingers. And let us ever keep in mind that the large - yielder must be well fed.” - -Those who condemn Jersey cows as small yielders of milk and butter, -should listen to the story of “Rosa” as told by her owner, C. L. -Sharpless. She is five years old, is solid creamy fawn, and, combined -with great volume and bone, she is neat in the head and neck, and with -fine legs. Her dam was a small mouse-colored cow, and her sire’s dam a -small fawn-colored, neither of which would give over twelve quarts. - - “We found we were making a good deal of butter, and as ‘Rosa’ - looked superbly, we determined to test her butter quality. We - fed her per day twenty pounds of hay, eight quarts of meal, and - four quarts of carrots. The meal was a mixture of good wheat - bran and cornmeal, in the proportion of four bushels of the - former to one bushel of the latter. Her yield the first day was - sixteen quarts, the second day fifteen and a half quarts, the - third day sixteen quarts, and the next morning eight quarts; - being in all seven milkings, or half the week. Her milk was - kept separate; was skimmed after standing thirty-six hours, and - made six and three fourths pounds of butter, or thirteen and a - half pounds for the week. - - “As you place Rosa and Duchess side by side there are some - points of agreement and of difference that are of interest to - notice. They are both wedge-shaped, with large body—Duchess - the more bony, but Rosa with the greater rear volume, (broader - hips, &c.) They both have neat heads and necks, and fine bone. - Duchess is, in winter, smoke-color, with brilliant white, but - not with black points. She has yellow hoofs and skin, and - her udder is rich yellow. Rosa has yellow hoofs, and yellow - inside her ears, but a pale skin and udder, and would be - called a butter cow inferior to Duchess, and yet she has just - proved herself one half pound greater. The color of it is the - deepest—no coloring matter being used. This upsets the theory - that a yellow skin is essential for deep-colored butter. - Perhaps a safer way to put it is, that though a rich yellow - skin is evidence of butter quality, yet equally good quality - may come from a pale skin, provided the cow has yellow inside - her ears. - - “Again, as to vertical or rear escutcheons both these cows - exhibit, the broad part diminishes as it rises, until, when - within six to nine inches of the vulva, it is reduced to the - breadth of not over an inch wide. Thus they agree in their rear - escutcheons, and they agree also in udders of great capacity, - these being deep and broad, and running well forward under the - body. - - “There is a point on which they differ. The hair on Duchess - is soft and furry as a mole; that of Rosa is fairly fine, but - still hair. - - “So that in a word one can say soft hair, a large escutcheon, - and a yellow skin are desirable, but there may be choice cows - not conspicuous, for either. - - “To show how we sometimes let our best animals slip, I will add - that when Rosa was a heifer I was tempted to part with her for - what seemed a great price—$500. In about two weeks she had a - heifer calf, for which her owner was offered $150. When three - years old she had a second heifer, which he sold for $180; - and when four years old she had a third heifer calf, which - he sold for $100. He then sold his place and all his stock, - and I bought her at public sale for $375 for her beauty. Her - pale skin deceived me as to her butter quality, and her, as I - thought, deficient escutcheon misled me as to her large yield. - She now, as a five-year old, has her fourth calf, which is a - bull, and some two months old. - - “In giving above her yield, I gave also her feed. Such is her - constitution and appetite that I think she would have eaten - half as much more, and in that way her yield might have been - very much increased. It was good enough as it was, particularly - as there have been choice cows so forced that, though the - premium was won, the cow was lost. The winter yield, on dry - feed, of sixteen quarts is considered equivalent to eighteen on - grass.” - -[Illustration: ROSA.—Imported Jersey, belonging to C. L. Sharpless.] - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF THE CLASSES AND ORDERS. - -Prepared by W. P. HAZARD, _Secretary of the Pennsylvania Guenon -Commission_. - - -In the following descriptions of the ten classes, and their sub-division -into six orders each, we give the quantity as stated, for a large-sized -cow. Not thinking it worth while to enter so minutely into his -sub-divisions of high, medium, and low cows. For instance, to class one, -order one, he gives to the high cow twenty-four litres, which is about -equal to our twenty-four quarts here; the litre being exactly two and one -eighth wine pints. To the medium cow he gives nineteen quarts, and to -the low cow, fourteen quarts, per day. The size of his high cow is five -hundred and fifty to six hundred and fifty pounds, _dressed weight_; the -medium, three hundred and twenty-five to four hundred and fifty pounds -and the low, one hundred and ten to two hundred and twenty-five pounds. -As most of our cows will range with the high cows, we have adopted the -scale suitable to the size, only the reader who practices the system must -keep in mind that the larger and more developed the cow, the more she -will be likely to give than the cow of smaller size. - - -First Class. The Flanders Cow. - -Cows with this escutcheon are the most seldom found, except among the -most abundant milkers. In the first order they give twenty quarts per -day, in the height of their flow; that is to say, from the time they -have calved until they are pregnant again. Then they diminish, little by -little, until their next calving. It is best to dry them off from four to -six weeks before calving, to give them a needed rest, and it improves the -calf. - -[Illustration] - -Cows of the first class have a soft udder, with fine hair on it, rising -until it blends with similar hair growing upward on the thighs, above -the hock, and widening on the thick part of the thigh, then narrowing, -like in the engraving, until it reaches the vulva, and being about two -inches on each side of it. The inner parts of the thigh, and the vertical -mirror are usually of a yellowish or nankeen color, with dark spots on -them, from which can be detached the dandruff. There are two ovals on the -udder, of fine short hair. - -[Illustration] - -The second order of the first class are similar to the first, but the -escutcheon is smaller; and on the right side of the vulva is a tuft -of descending hair about two and one half inches long and one and one -half inches broad, and there is but one oval on the udder. They yield -eighteen quarts of milk for a period of eight months. - -[Illustration] - -The third order of the first class is still smaller, and not quite so -decided in shape. It has also a semi-circular tuft below the vulva of -small size, of descending hair, rather shining and of brighter color. -There is either only one oval on the udder, or generally none. - -Cows of the third order yield sixteen quarts, and milk for six months. - -[Illustration] - -The fourth order of the first class, besides being still smaller, has -narrower thigh escutcheons, and lower down; also the tuft under the -vulva is quite long, about five or six inches, which sometimes make the -vertical escutcheon terminate in a fork. This tuft has more lustre and is -whiter than the hair around it. There is also a thigh tuft of half oval -shape on the right of the escutcheon, about five inches high. - -Cows of the fourth order yield twelve quarts a day, and milk five months. - -[Illustration] - -The Bastard Flanders have two marks which distinguish them: 1. Some have -on the vertical escutcheon an oval tuft, about the middle of it; this -tuft has descending hair, is about three inches long and two inches wide, -and the lustre of the hair makes it appear as if it was whiter than that -around it. The larger the oval the sooner the milk will fail, and the -smaller it is the longer will she milk. 2. Other Bastards of this class -are distinguished by the ascending and descending hair interfering with -each other on the outlines of the vertical escutcheon, looking feathery, -or bristling like the beard of wheat. The skin is fine and reddish, but -there is no dandruff. The larger the escutcheon, and the finer the hair, -the more abundant the milk; but when the hair is coarse, long, and thin, -the yield is small. Both kinds of Bastards of this class have every other -appearance of the best cows. And all Bastards of the first classes have -the two ovals on the udder. - - -Second Class. Left Flanders. - -[Illustration] - -The cows of this class are very similar to those of the first class, -though their yield is rather less. The vertical escutcheon is entirely to -the left of the vulva, and the thigh escutcheon on the right is broader -than that on the left. By comparison with the first class, these will be -seen to be very similar, but in each order smaller; therefore, it will -not be necessary to describe them separately, but simply to state the -yield. Cows of the first order of the second class will yield eighteen -quarts, and milk eight months. - -[Illustration] - -The second order of the second class have the lip-shaped tuft to the left -of the vulva, and have one oval on the left of the udder. Cows of this -order give sixteen quarts, and milk seven months. - -[Illustration] - -The third order has the same shaped escutcheon, but more contracted, -and the lip-shaped tuft is larger and whiter. Cows of this order give -fourteen quarts, and milk six months. - -[Illustration] - -The fourth order has two invasions of the thigh escutcheon by the -down-growing hair, a semi-oval one on the right, and a triangular one on -the left. These always indicate a reduced quantity of milk. - -Cows of the fourth order give ten quarts, and milk five months. - -[Illustration] - -The escutcheon of the Bastard Left Flanders is known by this peculiarity. -The developments are larger and more irregular on the top of the -vertical escutcheon, and to the left of the vulva; on the right is the -ischiatic tuft, quite large, from which the hair is diverted in an almost -horizontal direction. - - -Third Class.—Selvage. - -The escutcheon of this class commences above the hock, runs up on the -thighs quite high, thence it descends somewhat from both sides to the -vertical portion, which rises, gradually narrowing to the vulva. - -[Illustration] - -The first order of the third class has an udder with soft skin, and fine -downy hair, which, as well as the thighs, are of a yellow or nankeen cast -of color. There are two ovals on the udder. Cows of the first order give -nineteen quarts, and milk eight months, and often will milk nine months, -not going dry unless made to. - -[Illustration] - -The second order is similar to the first, only of reduced size; it has -a tuft to the left of the vulva; and only one oval on the udder on the -left side; the hair of the escutcheon is generally more glossy than that -around it. Cows of the second order give seventeen quarts, and milk seven -months. - -[Illustration] - -The third order escutcheon curves downward on each side of the vertical -mirror, which rises narrowing to a point at the vulva; to the right and -left of the vulva are tufts, the one on the left being the longest; on -the left of the udder is sometimes an oval. Cows of the third order give -fifteen quarts, and milk six months. - -[Illustration] - -The escutcheon of the fourth order is of similar shape, but still -smaller; but the tuft on left of the vulva is much longer than on the -right, and there is no oval on the udder. - -Cows of the fourth order give twelve quarts, and milk five months. - -[Illustration] - -The bastards of the third class have two tufts, one on the right, and one -on the left of the vulva, about four to five inches long, and one and one -half inches wide. The smaller they are, and the finer the hair on them, -the less rapid is the loss of milk. But if they are large and have coarse -hair, and are pointed at each end, they prove the milk to be poor and -serous, and the cow will fail rapidly. - - -The Fourth Class. Curveline. - -[Illustration] - -The Curveline cows are very plenty, and are of a very good grade, -approaching the first class. The escutcheon is broader than the last -two classes, in the upper part. Their skin is of delicate texture, and -nankeen shade of color on the escutcheon. The higher and broader the -curved line rises toward the vulva, which it never reaches, the better -it is. There are two ovals on the udder. Cows of the first order of the -fourth class give 19 quarts, and milk eight months, and sometimes up to -their next calf. - -[Illustration] - -The second order have the same shape escutcheon, but more contracted. -There is but one, and sometimes no oval on the udder. On the left of the -vulva is a small tuft. - -Cows of the second order give seventeen quarts, and milk seven months. - -[Illustration] - -The third order has a smaller escutcheon, with two tufts by the vulva, -the left longer than the right, about four inches by one inch wide. -Sometimes an oval on the left side of the udder. - -Cows of the third order give fifteen quarts, and milk six months. - -[Illustration] - -The fourth order has a much smaller escutcheon, reaching just above -the udder. The two tufts are larger alongside the vulva, and the hairs -bristle to each side. On the right, the down-growing hair intrudes -somewhat upon the escutcheon. - -Cows of the fourth order give twelve quarts, and milk five months. - -[Illustration] - -The Bastards of the fourth class have a fine appearance of escutcheon, -but they are known by the tufts alongside the vulva. If they have coarse -bristly hair, and of large size, say four to five inches long, and one -and a half in width, they indicate a rapid loss of milk as soon as -pregnant, particularly if they are pointed at each end. - - -The Fifth Class. The Bicorn. - -The escutcheons of this class in the vertical portion end below the vulva -in an indented shape, presenting the appearance of two upright horns. -Their udders are of a saffron color, delicate, with fine, soft hair, and -have much dandruff. - -[Illustration] - -The first order has two tufts of small size along the vulva, and two -ovals on the udder. They give seventeen quarts, and milk eight months. - -[Illustration] - -The second order are similar to the first, only smaller escutcheons, the -vulva tufts are longer, and there is but one oval on the udder, on the -left. The right horn of the escutcheon is smaller than the left one. - -Cows of the second order give fifteen quarts, and milk seven months. - -[Illustration] - -The third order have similar escutcheons to the last, but smaller, while -the vulva tufts are larger, there are no ovals, and there is an invasion -of the descending hair on the right side. The right is two inches shorter -than the left. - -Cows of the third order give thirteen quarts, and milk six months. - -[Illustration] - -The fourth order have the same shaped escutcheon, but smaller, with two -tufts alongside the vulva, larger than those on the last. On the right of -the escutcheon is a triangular cut in the shape, made by encroachments of -the down-growing hair. - -Cows of the fourth order give ten quarts, and milk five months. - -[Illustration] - -The Bastards of the fifth class have the full escutcheon of the first -or second orders, but with two large tufts alongside the vulva, which, -according to their size, and more or less pointed shape, and fine or -coarse hair, indicate the more or less stoppage of the flow of milk. - - -The Sixth Class. Double Selvage. - -The escutcheons of Double Selvage cows differ from those of Selvage, or -the third class, in that the escutcheon is marked in its whole length by -a strip of hair descending and dividing it into two equal portions. It -is bordered in its whole length and at the extremity by a double line of -ascending hair, which extends the escutcheon up to the vulva. Otherwise -it is like the selvage escutcheon. - -[Illustration] - -The first order cows have a fine udder, soft, and covered with a silky -down; and its skin is yellowish or nankeen. Cows of the first order give -eighteen quarts, and milk full eight months. - -[Illustration] - -The second order have a similar escutcheon, but smaller, and the -separating strip ends higher up. Cows of the second order give sixteen -quarts, and milk seven months. - -[Illustration] - -The third order have a still more reduced escutcheon, the descending -strip terminating at the udder. - -Cows of the third order give fourteen quarts, and milk six months. - -[Illustration] - -The fourth order have an escutcheon more broken in appearance, the two -side lines of the selvage terminate half way to the vulva, and end off in -lines of a feathery appearance, the hair is coarser and more furry. - -Cows of the fourth order give ten quarts, and milk five months. - -[Illustration] - -Bastards of the sixth class have the escutcheon similar to the first -class, but the selvage lines terminate on each side of the vulva in tufts -of coarse and bristly hair; the larger and coarser they are, the sooner -the milk will fail. - - -The Seventh Class. Demijohn. - -[Illustration] - -The first order of this class has the skin of the escutcheon of yellowish -color. The udder is fine, and covered with a silky down to the inside of -the thighs; and the dandruff is soft and oily to the touch. The shape -is similar to the selvage somewhat, only the vertical mirror rises -broader and straighter, and ends half way up to the vulva, cut square -off. The broader and higher this part is, the better the escutcheon. The -escutcheon is not so high up on the thighs as the previous classes. There -are two ovals on the udder, and two small tufts of fine hair alongside -the vulva. - -Cows of the first order give seventeen quarts, and milk eight months. - -[Illustration] - -The second order have the escutcheon lower down and, of course, smaller -in every way. There are two tufts alongside the vulva, the left one as -large as in the first order, (two and a half inches,) the right one only -half as long. There is one oval on the left of the udder. - -Cows of the second order give fifteen quarts, and milk seven months. - -[Illustration] - -The third order escutcheon is of different shape, the lines converging -downwards from the vertical mirror, which is short, and cut off square. -The right side frequently has a curved line from the descending hair -invading it. The vulva tufts are longer than in the second order. - -Cows of the third order give thirteen quarts, and milk six months. - -[Illustration] - -The fourth order has the escutcheon still smaller. The tufts alongside -the vulva are not so plain, but the hair is coarse and bristly. There is -a triangular invasion on the right of the escutcheon. - -Cows of the fourth order give ten quarts and milk five months. - -[Illustration] - -The Bastards of this class have a good escutcheon, but the tufts are -large and of coarse, bristly hair, and will fail according to the size. - - -The Eighth Class. Square Escutcheon. - -[Illustration] - -The first order of this class have the same yellowish color on the -escutcheon as other first orders; the udder is flexible, covered with a -short, fine down. The escutcheon is much of the shape of the Demijohns, -but the vertical, as it rises, branches square off to the left, and -ascends, straight and narrow, to the left side of the vulva. There are -two ovals on the udder. The more the square approaches the vulva, and the -finer the hair, the greater quantity is there of milk. Cows of the first -order give seventeen quarts, and milk eight months. - -The second order have a similar escutcheon, only smaller in every way. -They have two ovals on the udder, and a small tuft to the right of the -vulva. - -[Illustration] - -Cows of the second order give fifteen quarts, and milk seven months. - -[Illustration] - -The third order have the escutcheon still smaller; the lines curving -downward at the corners; one oval on the udder, and the tuft to the right -of the vulva, larger and of coarser hair. - -Cows of the third order give thirteen quarts, and milk six months. - -[Illustration] - -The fourth order have the escutcheon much smaller, the square is much -lower, and the upper part of it is formed of bristly hair, and feathery -looking; as is also the tuft to the right. On the right side of the -escutcheon is an invasion of triangular shape. - -Cows of the fourth order give ten quarts, and milk five months. - -[Illustration] - -The Bastards of the eighth class are distinguished from those of the -first order by the tuft on the right, which is of coarse and bristly -hair, and the square terminates also in the same hair. - - -The Ninth Class. Limousines. - -The escutcheons of this class, in ascending toward the vulva, do so in -the shape of a spire, but stop short about half way. - -[Illustration] - -The first order has the escutcheon of yellowish color, with flexible -udder, covered with hair downy and silky. The shape is the same as the -seventh and eighth class, except that the vertical escutcheon ends in a -sharp point, like a spire or arrow head. There are tufts along each side -of the vulva, and two ovals on the udder. - -Cows of the first order give fifteen quarts, and milk eight months. - -[Illustration] - -The second order is similar in the escutcheon, but smaller, with but one -oval on the udder, and the vulva tufts larger, the left being longer than -the right. - -Cows of the second order give thirteen quarts, and milk seven months. - -[Illustration] - -The third order is again smaller; the corners rounded downward; the tufts -larger; no oval on the udder. - -Cows of the third order give ten quarts, and milk six months. - -[Illustration] - -The fourth order same shape as the last, but still smaller and more -rounding. The vulva tufts are of bristly hair, and the left one is seven -inches long. - -Cows of the fourth order give eight quarts, and milk five months. - -[Illustration] - -The Bastards of the ninth class have a good escutcheon, but are -distinguished by the large tufts of coarse, bristly hair alongside the -vulva. - - -The Tenth Class.—Horizontal. - -[Illustration] - -The first order have a dandruff of yellowish color; the hair is short, -fine, and silky; the escutcheon is lower down from the vulva than the -other classes, and is cut off by a horizontal line. There are two ovals -on the udder; and two tufts, about three and one half inches long, on the -sides of the vulva. - -Cows of the first order give thirteen quarts, and milk eight months. - -[Illustration] - -The second order has a smaller escutcheon; the vulva tufts are larger, -the right shorter than the left; there is but one udder oval; in several -of the orders of this class there is a small streak of ascending hair -directly below the vulva. - -Cows of the second order give ten quarts, and milk seven months. - -[Illustration] - -The third order have still smaller escutcheons; larger vulva tufts, the -one on the left of bristling hair, four to five inches in length. The -descending hair encroaches on the escutcheon on the right in a triangular -shape. - -Cows of the third order give eight quarts, and milk six months. - -[Illustration] - -The fourth order have still smaller escutcheons; larger and coarser vulva -tufts; and an invasion on the escutcheon on the right in triangular -shape, and on the left of semi-circular shape. - -Cows of the fourth order give seven quarts, and milk five months. - -[Illustration] - -The bastards of the tenth class have the escutcheons large and good -shaped; but are distinguished by the tufts alongside the vulva, these -tell how long she will milk, by their size and the grade of the hair on -them. - - -Effects of Crossing two Escutcheons. - -CROSS BETWEEN THE SELVAGE AND LEFT FLANDERS.—The cows bearing this -character are easily recognizable in certain breeds, and notably on those -of the north-east of France. - -[Illustration] - -CROSS BETWEEN THE BICORN AND SELVAGE.—The _Epi_, or tuft, which I termed -_jonctif_, or mesian tuft, and which is seen adhering under the vulva, -is a favorable sign, and can be met with in those classes where the -escutcheon does not reach as high as the vulva. - -[Illustration] - -Cows which bear one or the other of these two escutcheons, are generally -good milkers, and preserve their milk as well as cows of the first order -of each class. These are the new escutcheons alluded to in Guenon’s -introduction, showing the effect of crossing. - - - - -ESCUTCHEONS ON BULLS. - - -Guenon applied his discovery to bulls to great advantage. He found that -bulls belonged to the same classes as cows, and had escutcheons similar, -but much smaller; these extend from the testicles upward toward the anus. -The importance of having a good bull becomes apparent when we reflect -that he “gets” from fifty to one hundred, annually, while the cow is -impregnated but once in the year. The escutcheons of the progeny of a cow -with good escutcheon will be much improved if the cow is coupled with a -bull well marked, and particularly if his escutcheon is the same as that -of the cow. Better have the two of different breeds, but of similar or -good escutcheons, than to have the bull with inferior escutcheon. - -Of course, the higher up the escutcheon extends on a bull, and the -broader it is, the better it is, but we must not look for bulls to be -so well-marked as cows are, for they never are. To distinguish the -bastard bulls from the good ones, observe if there are any streaks of -descending hair, and mixing so as to be bristly. This indication will be -a certain one in proportion to the size of the blemish, and as that is in -proportion to the whole escutcheon. - -Guenon says: After having described, as I have done, all the classes of -cows, and taught to recognize the bastards, I pass to the characteristic -signs of the bulls re-producers, which can also be divided into orders -and classes; the signs are the same as for the females, but they are much -more restricted and of less extent. - -With the males the escutcheon commences on the inside below the hams and -extends as far as the middle of the posterior surface of the leg, and -extends sometimes even to the anus of the superior orders in certain -classes. - -Like that of cows, the escutcheon of bulls is modified by tufts. - -The bulls whose escutcheons are similar in their form and size to cows of -the first order, possess a great ability for procreating good milk cows, -those on the contrary whose escutcheons are but little developed, produce -only those of poor yield. - -A bull will be well marked, and a good reproducer when there is no -interruption of descending hair in the ascending hair on the escutcheon; -when the shape of the escutcheon is of large dimensions in proportion to -the size of the animal, and it is covered with very fine hair. - -The bulls of which the escutcheon is small and covered with coarse hair -and irregular on the sides procreate bad milk cows, which give serous -milk. - -[Illustration: Escutcheon of Guernsey Bull RADLEY. - -No. 209, A. G. H. B.] - -All interruptions in the ascending hair of the escutcheon by -encroachments of the descending hair on the right or left, in the lower -part of the thigh, indicate for their get a lower grade, and at a glance -the inferiority of the milk production. - -The yellow or nankeen color of the skin of the escutcheon is always a -favorable sign. - -The good reproducing bull will prove fecund until ten or fifteen years of -age, but it is a rare exception. - -Any one may be grossly deceived if he judges only by the appearance or -the shape of the prolific qualities of a bull. Experience or observation -alone can show that he has maintained his early ability. - -A vigorous bull, well fed, can serve one or more cows each day, but it -is of great importance that he shall not commence to serve until he is -fifteen or eighteen months old, otherwise he will be speedily exhausted -and deformed. The improving mark of his cross and his vigor will be -speedily shortened. - -When the bull has attained the age of two and a half or three years, -the form alters, the hind-quarters become attenuated, the front quarter -becomes much enlarged, his neck enlarges and thickens, &c. - -About this time, whether he is castrated or whether he is “twisted,” he -preserves always the altered form of the bull, and is less sought for -work, and in less request for butchering. - -When the operations of castration and twisting are done too late, the -animal has less predisposition to fatten; his flesh is harder and -tougher; he is, however, in appearance in the same conditions of age, of -quality, and of nourishment, as those castrated earlier. - -Often bulls, whose character is docile and gentle, become wild and -furious when they are used to serve. - -In certain regions, to tame them, they put a ring of iron in their nose; -in others, where the good use of these rings is not known, they are -obliged to castrate or twist them. This operation suffices, generally, to -control their passion; but, if not, they are sent to the butcher. - - -Classification of Bull Reproducers. - -There are for bulls, as for cows, ten classes or families; each class -sub-divided into several orders, and each order comprises three grades, -high, medium, and low. - -I only admit, in each class, three orders. If one wishes to proceed in -the application with more rigor, he will follow the sub-divisions of the -classification of the cows. I will designate the three orders of each -class by the denominations of good, medium, and bad. - -The signs indicating the qualities which render the bull likely to beget -good milk cows are placed, like those of the female, on the posterior -parts. They start from the bag, and rise up to the anus, covering, also, -the genital parts, and the scrotum. - -With bulls, the escutcheons start from the anterior part of the bag, -extending inside, and upon the hams, projecting on the thighs; from -there, the curved lines, obtuse or acute, following the class, joining to -the right or the left under the anus. - -The escutcheon, in all its extent, is shown by the fineness of the hair, -and the skin; by the color, more or less yellow, of the epidermis, and of -the particles of dandruff which can be detached. - -The characteristic secondary signs of the females will also be found in -the males. - -Bulls, like cows, have four and, sometimes, six false teats, which are -found before the bag, in the direction of the navel. These teats are -small and short. - -Starting from the bag, one notices to the right and the left of the -stomach two veins resembling the two milk veins of cows. They are -prolonged to and pass a little in the direction of the navel, and -terminate in a small cavity. - -Independent of the characteristic signs indicated above, the bull -re-producers should unite all the essential conditions which in each -locality constitute the type of the pure race. These conditions are: - -1. The color of the hide preferred in that country. - -2. A size proportioned to the race that they are to continue. A shape and -a frame usually accepted. - -3. To be of the first order in each class, easily showing the power of -transmitting milking qualities. - -4. Aptitude for fattening. - -5. To be good for work. - -6. To have a docile and patient character. - -The evils of conformation, like the good qualities, are transmitted -generally by the act of generation. If it does not have the ability to do -this, one should quickly correct it. - -Here the bovine race has been much neglected in all these respects. A -judicious choice, and a scrupulous attention is not always prevalent in -selecting a breeding animal; thus it results in a fatal re-generation, to -which it is time to put a stop. - -Before giving the distinctive characteristics of the ten classes of -bulls, it will be useful to mention those classes which are oftener met -in French and foreign races; and also those which are more rare. - -The classes which are most distributed, and which present the greatest -number of bulls, are in all races these three classes: 1. The -Curved-line; 2. The Limousine; 3. The Horizontal. - -The classes on the contrary, which present but a very small number of -subjects are in the following order: - - 4. Demijohn. - 5. Bicorne. - 6. Square-cut. - 7. Selvage. - 8. Left Flanders. - 9. Double Selvage. - 10. Flanders. - -[Illustration: GUERNSEY BULL RADLEY, No. 209. - -PROPERTY OF S. C. KENT, WEST GROVE, PA.] - -The reason one finds so few good breeding bulls belonging to the first -class, is first, the small number of such animals compared to that -of cows; and next, the lack of knowledge of the best ones to keep. -Oftentimes for want of this knowledge, the best bulls were castrated for -oxen or for fattening, thus by chance, the poorest are often kept. - -The best individuals have generally at birth, all the qualities which -characterize a superior animal. They are easily kept and fattened, for -the reason that their mother has much milk, and are soon ready for the -butcher. Inferior animals, on account of a smaller supply of milk, are -thin, and often malicious, of little value, and remain oftener in the -hands of the owner. Thus are sacrificed the good bulls, and the bad are -kept. Therefore, always select the choicest when they are young, to -improve the race. - -It will thus be seen, Guenon divided his bulls into three classes: The -good, the mediocre, and the bad. He also divided them into three sizes: -The high, the medium, and the low. But he makes no difference between the -three sizes of bulls in his description of the escutcheon. He describes -each one of the three principal orders, leaving to the practitioner to -determine the intermediate degrees between the good and the mediocre, and -between the mediocre and the bad. - -We do not repeat his descriptions, as they are based upon those of the -cows of the same classes, and the engravings tell the whole story. We -reproduce the engravings of the good and mediocre. But very occasionally -is one of the “rare” ones observed, but he says the Curved-line is the -most usual, then the Limousine, and lastly the Horizontal. What we -give is quite sufficient for all practical purposes. We advise all to -carefully select their breeding animal, which will, in most cases, be -from among what he calls the “mediocre.” - -[Illustration: _Class I.—Flanders Bull._] - -[Illustration: _Class II.—Left Flanders Bull._] - -[Illustration: _Class III.—Selvage Bulls._] - -[Illustration: _Class IV.—Curveline Bulls._] - -[Illustration: _Class V.—Bicorn Bulls._] - -[Illustration: _Class VI.—Double Selvage Bulls._] - -[Illustration: _Class VII.—Demijohn Bulls._] - -[Illustration: _Class VIII.—Square Bulls._] - -[Illustration: _Class IX.—Limousine Bulls._] - - - - -REPORT OF THE PENNSYLVANIA GUENON COMMISSION. - - -At the annual meeting of the Board held January 2, 1878, it was - -“_Resolved_, That the president of the Board (His Excellency Governor -John F. Hartranft) be authorized and requested to appoint a commission of -experts, who shall inquire into and report upon the reliability of the -Guenon or escutcheon theory for selecting milking stock; said report to -be made to the secretary of the Board on or before the 1st of November -next.” - -In accordance with this request, His Excellency Governor Hartranft issued -the following commission: - - - COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, - EXECUTIVE CHAMBER, HARRISBURG, _April 24, 1878_. - - To GEORGE BLIGHT, Esq., _of the city of Philadelphia_; CHALKLEY - HARVEY, Esq., _of the county of Delaware_, and WILLIS P. - HAZARD, Esq., _of the county of Chester_: - - GENTLEMEN: I have the honor to inform you that you have been - duly appointed a committee by the State Board of Agriculture to - investigate and test “The Guenon Milk Escutcheon Theory,” and - report the result thereof to the secretary of said Board. - - JNO. F. HARTRANFT, - _Governor and President of the Board_. - - - _November 1, 1878._ - - To the Honorable JNO. F. HARTRANFT, - _Governor and President of the Board of Agriculture_: - - YOUR EXCELLENCY: In compliance with the commission tendered us, - we beg leave most respectfully to report that we have visited a - number of herds and have examined two hundred cows, the result - of which is herewith submitted. - - Having performed to the best of our ability the duty assigned - us, we beg leave to be discharged from further consideration of - the question. - - Respectfully yours, - - GEORGE BLIGHT, _Philadelphia_, - CHALKLEY HARVEY, _Chad’s Ford_, - WILLIS P. HAZARD, _West Chester_. - -The Pennsylvania Guenon Commission having been appointed “to investigate -and test the Guenon or Milk Escutcheon theory, and report the result -thereof,” respectfully report that they have examined two hundred -cows, heifers, and bulls, and the result of their examinations has -been to convince themselves and others of the merits of the system, of -its exceeding value to the practical farmer; and they believe that if -generally followed for twenty years, the value of the neat cattle of the -State would be increased vastly, the amount of milk and butter produced -would be much larger, and the quality of both articles better, while the -quality of the meat would be improved. Having believed in and practised -the system for many years, they would add that their recent extended and -careful examinations and contact with a number of owners of all grades of -stock, has tended to confirm them more thoroughly in their belief. As an -adjunct to previous knowledge to assist purchasers or breeders of cattle -in getting or raising the best, and weeding out the poorest, they think -it is worthy of being acquired by every farmer. And they would recommend -their fellow farmers not to be dismayed at the apparent difficulties -to be surmounted in obtaining a knowledge of the system, as it is only -absolutely necessary to acquire a knowledge of the first four orders -of each class, and a few other points, to practically apply it, as all -animals below those grades are not worthy of being kept. Any intelligent -man can readily master the system, and soon become proficient in it by -practice. This knowledge, applied with the tests heretofore usually used, -will enable any one to become a good judge of cattle. - -The manner of making up their account of each animal is to examine the -escutcheon and the udder, from which they place her in the class and -order nearest to those delineated by Guenon, and then estimate the -quantity, quality, and time that she will milk. These estimates must be, -of course, only _approximate_, as they are based upon the indications of -the escutcheon, the size of the cow, and her probable condition. As it -is readily seen that where estimates are based upon what the cow should -do _within three months of her being fresh_, it would be impossible to -always grade the exact value of all the cows in a herd, each of which is -at a different period of gestation, or in a different condition or state -of health, and where also the cow is affected by the way in which she is -fed and cared for, by the season, by the state of the temperature, and -other circumstances. The estimates are based upon what the commission -thinks the cow would do when all the conditions are favorable to her -development, and where she is properly fed and cared for. A record is -made by the commission on the spot. An account of the qualities of each -head is drawn up by the owner. Each is made at separate times, and -without the knowledge of the other party. Then the two accounts are -copied off into parallel columns for comparison. If the accounts agree in -seventy-five per cent. out of one hundred, it certainly must be presumed -the system has sufficient value to make it worthy of adoption by all -farmers and breeders. As every farmer knows the yield is much influenced -by the feed, the care, the exposure, and the treatment of the cows; -therefore, a certain amount of allowance must be made, for these various -things will so alter matters, that no one can tell to a quart, or a pound -of butter, or to the week in time of milking. In fact, every farmer knows -neither the owner himself, nor his man, can tell to a quart how much -his cow or cows actually give, unless a daily record is kept every day -of every year. For even if he does keep such a record, he will find the -various circumstances named above affecting the quantities in his record. -Therefore the earnest seeker after truth, comparing the statements -made in the two columns, must not expect the two to tally without some -variations. The true spirit with which he must examine these statements, -will suggest itself in the question: Is this a system by which I can -judge of the value and quantities of a cow correctly? Is this a system -that will tell me the points of a cow, good or bad, more correctly than -by any other method? Let the candid inquirer weigh these statements, -and think if he knows of any method by which he can go into a herd and -surely pick out the best cows, and leave the poor ones to those who judge -not by this system. Every farmer has his own mode of judging, but take -the shrewdest and most practiced, can he avoid often the bastards? What -the commission find they can do, is that in a large majority of the -percentage of cases, they will give a good estimate of the qualities of -any animal. Their opinions of the time a cow will go, is based upon what -they think should be the treatment of all cows, viz.: that every cow -should have a rest of from four to six weeks, at least. - -[Illustration: JERSEY COW NIOBE, H. R. 99.—Owned by Samuel J. Sharpless, -Philadelphia. - -Was awarded First Prize as the BEST Cow at the Centennial, 1876.] - - -The Commission at Barney’s Farm. - -The members of the Guenon commission, visited the farm of John B. Barney, -on the 9th of May, 1878, and examined twelve cows, mostly Grade Durhams, -Grade Jerseys, and farm stock, and they were uniformly successful in -judging of said stock, with some difference of opinion on two of them. - - “I was present at the examination of twelve cows of my herd, - and think the committee were so uniformly successful in - judging of the merits of the different cows, with such slight - variations of opinion between us, as to increase my belief in - the Guenon system being of great advantage to the farmers in - selecting stock. - - JOHN B. BARNEY. - _Chadd’s Ford, Chester county_.” - - _May 16, 1878._ - - -The Commission at Sharpless’ Farm. - -The commission visited the fine farm and herd of Jersey cows of Samuel -J. Sharpless, at Street Road station, West Chester railroad, May 10. -Present. Messrs. Harvey, Blight, Hazard, and Thomas J. Edge. - - SAM’L J. SHARPLESS’ HERD OF |SAM’L J. SHARPLESS’ HERD AS - JERSEYS, AS REPORTED BY E. J. | REPORTED UPON BY GUENON - DURNALL, HERDSMAN FOR S. J. S.,| COMMISSION OF THE STATE, - MAY 10, 1878. | MAY 10, 1878. - | - _No. 1._—Seven years. |_No. 1._—Curveline cow, second order. - Quantity, about 12 quarts | Quantity, if 14 quarts, doing well. - a day. | - Quality, medium. | Quality, good. - Milks about 10 months. | Will milk ten months out of twelve. - | - _No. 2._—Thirteen years. |_No. 2._—Flanders cow, third order. - Quantity, best. Gives 24 quarts| Quantity, 16 quarts first three - 3 months after calving. | months. - Quality, second rate. Has made | Quality, third rate. - 11¼ pounds in a week. | - Milks full up to time, except | Dry two months. - when she had twin calves. | - | - _No. 3._—Eleven years. |_No. 3._—Flanders cow, third order. - Quantity, medium. | Quantity, 12 quarts; three months. - Quality, best. | Quality, very good and rich. - Would go to her time. | Dry six weeks. - | - _No. 4._—Eight years. |_No. 4._—Flanders cow, second order. - Quantity, medium. | Quantity, 14 quarts. - Quality, good; makes about 10 | Quality, very fine. - pounds. | - Up to her time. | Well up to her time. - | - _No. 5._—Imported. Eleven years. |_No. 5._—Selvage cow, first order. - Quantity, about 17 to 18 | Quantity, best; about 18 quarts. - quarts a day. | - Quality, best; makes 11 pounds | Quality, no question. - per week. | - Up to her time. | Milks up to her time. - | - _No. 6._—Ten years. |_No. 6._—Flanders cow, first order. - Quantity, second rate. | Superior milker. - Quality, medium. | Quality, second class. - About two months short of her | Milks up to her time; say six weeks. - time. | - | - _No. 7._—Two years old. Had only |_No. 7._—Curveline cow, second order. - first calf. | - Quantity, medium. | Quantity, medium. - Quality, good. | Quality, too young for quality; say - | good. - Not fairly tested for time. | Time, too young for test. - | - _No. 8._—Four years. |_No. 8._—Selvage cow, second order. - Quantity, medium. | Quantity, medium. - Quality, first class. | Quality, good. - Up to calving. | Up to her time; say six weeks. - | - _No. 9._—From Niobe Third. Three |_No. 9._—Flanders cow, second order. - years. | - Quantity, first rate. | Quantity, first class. - Quality, first rate. | Quality, first class. - Up to her time. | Well up to her time. - | - _No. 10._—Imported. Four years. |_No. 10._—Decided to pass her. - Had first calf at Centennial,| - in October, and made in seven| - days, 9 pounds 10 ounces. | - Quantity, about 16 quarts. | - Quality, excellent. | - Up to time. Has been milking | - two years. | - | - _No. 11._—Ten years. |_No. 11._—Horizontal cow. - Quantity, second highest of | Quantity, first-class. - herd; best. | - Quality, second class. Makes | Quality, inferior. - about 10 pounds. | - Full up to her time. | Milk up to eight months. - | - _No. 12._—Four years. |_No. 12._—Flanders cow, third order. - Quantity, second rate. | Quantity, light. - Quality, second rate; about 7 | Quality, third class. - pounds. | - Milks to three months of her | Three months short of her time. - time. | - | - _No. 13._—Six years. |_No. 13._—Flanders cow, number two - | order. - Quantity, number one. | Quantity, second class. - Quality, number one. | Quality, first class. - Full up to time. | Up to her time. - At seven months from calf | - gives 16 quarts. | - | - _No. 14._—Five years. |_No. 14._—Flanders cow, first order. - Quantity, promises fair. | Quantity, good. - Quality, good. | Quality, fair. - | Within a month of her time. - | - _No. 15._—Four years. Of Niobe |_No. 15._—Flanders cow, second order. - stock, the poorest. | - Quantity, third rate; 6 quarts.| Quantity, about 12 quarts. - Quality, good; second rate. | Quality, not very fine. - Up to her time. | - Dropped her calf. | - | - _No. 16._—Quantity, number one. |_No. 16._—Selvage cow, first order. - Quality, number one. | First class every way. - Up to her time. | - | - _No. 17._—First calf. |_No. 17._—Flanders cow, second order. - Quantity, number one. | Quantity and quality, fair. - Quality, number one. | - -The commission and Mr. Durnall agree as to the best cow, selected from -the first six on this list—on the one side by the marks, and on the other -from his knowledge. - - “Having compared the annexed account of the qualities of - the seventeen cows of my herd, examined by the State Guenon - Commission, with the originals of the accounts as given by both - parties at separate times, and taken down upon the spot, I - believe it to be a true and faithful transcript of the original - record of the examination. - - SAMUEL J. SHARPLESS.” - - PHILADELPHIA, _May 20, 1878_. - - “I was present at the examination of Mr. Sharpless’ herd - of Jerseys, made on the 10th of May by the State Guenon - Commission, and having examined the accounts of the herd given - by me, as hereto annexed, with the original entries of those - given by me, and also the accounts of the commission, with - the original written opinions, do certify that the annexed - are faithful transcripts of the records made by each party at - separate times, and that the statements were unknown to each - other. - - E. J. DURNALL, - _Herdsman for Samuel J. Sharpless_.” - - LENAPE FARM, _May 20, 1878_. - - -The Commission at Strode’s Farm. - -The members of the Guenon Commission visited the dairy farm of Marshall -Strode & Son, who have a large butter factory, and are celebrated for -their first-class butter, and they examined seventeen head of grade dairy -stock, and according to the testimony of Mr. Strode, who accompanied them -in their examination, were successful in judging according to the Guenon -system, fifteen cows out of seventeen examined. Viewed May 10. - -Present, Messrs. Harvey, Blight, Hazard, and Edge. - - “Having been present when the members of the Guenon Commission - examined seventeen of our herd, and having witnessed the - accuracy with which they determined the quality of the stock - inspected, we bear testimony to the fact that their judgment - was correct, according to our experience with the cows, in - fifteen cases out of seventeen, and even in these two they were - partially successful. And we are more confirmed in our previous - belief in the value of the system, as we never buy a cow for a - good one that is not well marked. We run a dairy of seventy-one - cows. - - Yours truly, - - MARSHALL STRODE & SONS.” - - EAST BRADFORD, _May 15, 1878_. - - -Examination of Thomas M. Harvey’s Stock of Jerseys and Guernseys, May 11, -1878. - - In this examination two cows which had already been examined - and reported upon by the commission were, without their - knowledge, afterwards brought up for another examination, in - which their opinion as recorded, agreed almost exactly with the - one previously recorded, thus affording a strong proof of the - value of the system. See reports of No. 1, Betsy, and Nos. 4 - and 20, Beauty. (Secretary of Board of Agriculture.) - -This herd is one of the finest in the State. The cows are kept in good -condition, and being well fed, the yield is very large per head. Their -product is first class butter, and should bring the highest price in the -market. - -The commission examined, in addition to the twenty-five cows on this -list, Mr. Harvey’s Guernsey imported bull “Sir Champion,” which is -thoroughly well marked; perhaps, the best marked bull in the country. The -value of his get is, therefore, very decided. It shows most conclusively -the importance of a bull from good milking stock, and that he should have -a good escutcheon. The importance of a good sire to stamp his qualities -upon his descendants was conclusively proved by Mr. Harvey’s younger -stock. The commission examined a young bull of seven months age, which -was as perfectly and beautifully marked as his sire, and as nearly the -same shape escutcheon as his sire’s as could possibly be. Mr. Harvey has -since sold him for $100, to Colonel R. M. Hoe. - -[Illustration: Escutcheon of Imported Guernsey Bull “Sir Champion.”] - -Nos. 9½ and 9¾ prove also the gain to a herd from a well marked bull. -These were yearlings of Champion’s get. No. 9½ was a great improvement -upon the mother, No. 9, Carrie, of this list. - -In the statements of the commission as to quantity, they have not -mentioned the number of quarts, as the amounts given by most of this herd -are superior to the generality, even of Guernseys; and, owing to good -selection and careful handling by their owner, the commission judge that -the number of quarts would be larger than usual. - - STOCK OF THOMAS M. HARVEY. |STOCK OF THOMAS M. HARVEY. OPINION - THOMAS M. HARVEY’S STATEMENT. | OF THE GUENON COMMISSION. - | - _No. 1._—BETSEY. |_No. 1._—BETSEY.—Jersey. Curveline, - | No. 1. - Quality, medium. | Quality, first rate. - Quantity, 17 quarts. | Quantity, first rate. - Never dry. | Time of milking; up to her time. - | Second examination confirmed. - | - _No. 2._—NANCY. |_No. 2._—NANCY.—Guernsey. Flanders - | No. 2. - Quality, first rate. | Quality, first rate. - Quantity, 16 quarts. | Quantity, first rate. - Will milk up to calving. | Six weeks. - | - _No. 3._—CLAUDE. |_No. 3._—CLAUDE.—Guernsey. Curveline, - | 3d. - Quality, first rate. | Quality, first-class for rich milk. - Quantity, at first, 18 quarts; | Quantity, not large. - but at six months, 8 quarts. | - Not inclined to go dry | Dry three months. - altogether. | - | - _No. 4._—BEAUTY.—(Worth.) |_No. 4._—BEAUTY.—(Worth.) Curveline, - | 1st. - Quality, first rate. | Quality, first class. - Quantity, 20 quarts. | Quantity, large. - Almost impossible to dry off. | Close to time. - | Rëexamined—See report No. 20. - | - _No. 5._—ZILLA. |_No. 5._—ZILLA.—Guernsey grade. - | Imperfect Selvage of low order. - | Irregularly marked. - Quality, medium.* | - Quantity, 18 quarts. | - Never dry. | Will milk well for few months only. - | A good shaped cow. - | - _No. 6._—CHERRY. |_No. 6._—CHERRY.—Half Jersey. - Quality, good. | Good milk. - Quantity, 24 quarts. | Milks profusely, and keeps herself - Will milk on. | thin on account of it. - | - _No. 7._—ECHO. |_No. 7._—ECHO.—Grade, Jersey. Selvage, - | 2d. - Quality, medium. | Quality, medium. - Quantity, 20 quarts. | Quantity, medium. - Does not go dry. | Milks up pretty well. - | - _No. 8._—MINNA.—Guernsey. |_No. 8._—MINNA.—Guernsey. Curveline, - | 2d. - Quality, first rate. | Quality, good. - Quantity, 17 quarts. | Quantity, good milker until within - Not inclined to dry. | two months of calving. - | - _No. 9._—CARRIE. |_No. 9._—CARRIE.—Strangely and - | imperfectly marked. - Quality, first rate. | Quality, good. - Quantity, 10 quarts. | Quantity, poor. - Will go dry two months. | Dry up soon. - | - _No. 10._—GENTLE.—Jersey. |_No. 10._—GENTLE.—Jersey. Selvage, 1. - Quality, first rate. | Quality, first rate. - Quantity, 20 quarts. | Quantity, large - Dry two months. | Dry six weeks. - | - _No. 11._—MARY.—Grade, Durham. |_No. 11._—MARY.—Grade, Durham. - | Flanders, 1. - Quality, medium. | Quality, first class. - Quantity, 18 quarts. | Quantity, good. - Dry two months. | Dry six weeks. - | - _No. 12._—EUGENIE.—Jersey. |_No. 12._—EUGENIE.—Jersey. Curveline, - | 2d. - Quality, medium.* | Quality, first rate. - Quantity, 18 quarts. | Quantity, large. - Does not dry. | Dry two months. - | - _No. 13._—VICTORIA.—Guernsey. |_No. 13._—VICTORIA.—Guernsey. Selvage. - Quality, medium.* | Quality, medium. - Quantity, 20 quarts. | Quantity, good while she milks. - No drying. | Dry two months. - | - _No. 14._—JENNIE. |_No. 14._—JENNIE. Ordinary stock. - Quality, good. | Quality, not very rich, but good. - Quantity, 20 quarts. | Quantity, good. - One month dry. | Dry two months. - | - _No. 15._—MAGGIE, 2d.—Young. |_No. 15._—MAGGIE, 2d.—Guernsey. - | Flanders, 3d. - Quality, medium.* | Quality, very good. - Quantity, 10 quarts. | Quantity, medium and continuous. - Dry two months. | Dry two months. - | - _No. 16._—ROCKET. |_No. 16._—ROCKET.—Grade, Jersey. - | Curveline, 2d. - Quality, medium. | Quality, rich. - Quantity, 15, 20, to 25 quarts;| Quantity, good. - variable. | - Dry three months. | Dry two months. - | - _No. 17._—AMY. |_No. 17._—AMY.—Kentucky Short-Horn. - Quality, good.* | Quality, medium. - Quantity, 14 quarts. | Quantity, poor. - Ten weeks dry. | Dry three months. - | - _No. 18._—COMLY. |_No. 18._—COMLY.—Guernsey. Selvage, 3d. - Quality, first rate. | Quality, first rate. - Quantity, 15 quarts. | Quantity, good and continuous. - Dry two months. | Dry six weeks. - | - _No. 19._—KITTY. |_No. 19._—KITTY.—Guernsey and Jersey - | grades. Bicorn, 2d. - Quality, first rate. | Quality, first class. - Quantity, 16 quarts. | Quantity, first class. - Dry six weeks. | Milks well up. - | - _No. 20._—BEAUTY. |_No. 20._—BEAUTY.—Guernsey. Curveline, - | 1st. - | Quality, first class. - | Quantity, first class. Milks well up. - Second examination. | This is the second examination. - See No. 4. | See No. 4. - | - _No. 21._—ROSETTA.—Guernsey, |_No. 21._—ROSETTA.—Guernsey, imported. - imported. | Flanders. - Quality, first rate.* | Quality, excellent. - Quantity, 18 quarts. | Quantity, fair milker. - Does not go dry. | Dry two months. - | - _No. 22._—DUCHESS.—Guernsey. |_No. 22._—DUCHESS.—Guernsey, imported. - | Curveline, 2d. - Quality, first rate. | Quality, medium. - Quantity, 20 quarts. | Quantity, large. - Don’t go dry. | Dry two months. - | - _No. 23._—BRIDGET.—Guernsey |_No. 23._—BRIDGET. Guernsey grade. - grade. | Selvage, 4th. - Quality, first rate. | Quality, good. - Quantity, 14 to 18 quarts. | Quantity, poor. - Fails when pregnant. Does not | Dry three months or ten weeks. - dry altogether. | - | - _No. 24._—FANCY.—Guernsey. |_No. 24._—FANCY.—Guernsey. Selvage. - Quality, medium. | Quality, medium. - Quantity, 16 quarts, and fails | Quantity, poor. - fast. | - Dry three months. | Dry two months. - | - _No. 25._—DAFFY.—Grade, Durham. |_No. 25._—DAFFY.—Grade, Durham. - | Flanders, 1st. - Quality, medium. | Quality, good. - Quantity, 22 quarts. | Quantity, about 24 quarts. - Does not dry. | Milks her full time. - -In the above account will be noticed a few with the mark * which Mr. -Harvey said indicates that the amount of milk given and the quality was -largely increased by extra feeding. - - “I was present at the examination of our herd of Guernseys, - Jerseys, and grades, by the Guenon Commission, on the eleventh - of fifth month, 1878, and I have examined their report and - compared it with the originals written on the spot, (the - contents of which were before now unknown to me,) and I - testify to the annexed report being an accurate copy of the - opinions recorded by them at the time of examination. The - statements made by me were handed to members of the commission - on twenty-first instant, and are as nearly accurate as my own - knowledge, and that of the persons who had the immediate care - of the herd, and an interest in the proceeds of the dairy, - could make them. - - THOS. M. HARVEY.” - - WEST GROVE, _27th of 5th month, 1878_. - - “Having had the immediate care of the herd of Thomas M. Harvey, - and an interest in the proceeds of the dairy for six years, and - being well acquainted with the merits of each member of the - herd, I can certify that the statements we have made to the - Guenon Commission are correct to the best of our knowledge and - belief, and were made more than a week after the commission - had recorded their opinions; which opinions were unknown to - us until the present time. I have also compared the record of - opinions herewith with the originals, and find them to be a - correct transcript of them. - - CLARKSON MOORE.” - - “Having had the immediate care of the herd within alluded to, - and an interest in the proceeds thereof for the past eleven - months, I can certify that I united with Clarkson Moore in - making the statement relative to the quality and productiveness - of the cows examined by the Guenon commission. I was from home - when they were here, and knew nothing of their opinions when we - made up our statement. - - ZEBEDEE HAINES.” - - _Fifth month, 28th, 1878._ - - “I was present on Saturday, March 11, 1878, at the farm of - Thomas M. Harvey, when the examination of that portion of - his herd was made by the Guenon Commission, from Nos. 10 to - 25, inclusive, of their report. I have compared the original - recorded opinions of the commission with the report herewith, - and find the latter correct. - - N. J. SHARPLES, - _President of the Experimental Farm Club_.” - - -Examination of William M. Large’s Herd, Chestnut Grove, Doylestown, Bucks -County. - -The commission, as represented by George Blight and Willis P. Hazard, -visited the beautiful farm of William M. Large, on the afternoon of May -31—on a very rainy, unpleasant day, and making the examination of stock -a very difficult duty. The stock is a valuable one of thorough-bred and -grade Short-Horns and is well fed and otherwise well cared for. - - WM. M. LARGE’S ACCOUNT OF HIS |OPINIONS OF THE STATE GUENON - HERD. | COMMISSION. - | - _No. 1._—VICTORIA. |_No. 1._—VICTORIA.—Short-Horn. - | Flanders, first order. - Quantity, 18 quarts. | Quantity, about eighteen quarts. - Never tried her on butter but | Quality, good. - once, then made 10¾ pounds. | - Goes dry two months to ten | Up to her time—say one month. - weeks. | - | - _No. 2._—JOSEPHINE. |_No. 2._—JOSEPHINE.—Thorough-bred - The Doylestown Agricultural | Short-Horn. Flanders, second order. - Society offered a premium of | - $25 for the cow that yielded | - the most butter; and also $25| - for the cow that gave the | - most milk. The largest yield | - for a single week 16 pounds | - 3 ounces. Was tried five | - times during the year, two | - months apart; taking the | - average of the five | - consecutive trials, would | - make a trifle over 500 | - pounds. Awarded the first | - premium for butter, and | - second for milk. | - Lost the record of pounds of | Quantity, eighteen quarts. - milk. | Quality, very good. - Dry about one month. | About one month dry. - | - _No. 3._—FANNY FERN. |_No. 3._—FANNY FERN.—Flanders, first - | order. - Quantity, nineteen quarts. | Quantity, twenty quarts. - Quality, never tried her butter| Quality, first rate. - production. | - Goes dry five or six weeks. | About up to time, (one month.) - | - _No. 4._—LETTIE. |_No. 4._—LETTIE.—Selvage, fifth order. - Quantity nine quarts. | Quantity, eight quarts. - Quality, never tried her butter| Quality, second rate. - qualities, but her milk is | - rich and good. | - Goes dry about three months. | Dry four months. - | - _No. 5._—NORAH. |_No. 5._—NORAH.—Flanders, imperfect. - Quantity, fresh, gives | Quantity, eighteen quarts. - seventeen quarts; holds to | - it well. | - Quality, has made 10 pounds | Quality, good. - butter in a week. | - Goes dry about two months. | Dry three months. - | - _No. 6._—LUCY. |_No. 6._—LUCY.—Flanders, fourth. - Quantity, thirteen quarts. | Quantity, fourteen quarts. - Quality, a less number of | Quality, good, very. - pounds will make a pound of | - butter than most of my other | - cows; think her milk extra | - good. | - Dry some two months. | Dry three months. - | - _No. 7._—BERNICE. |_No. 7._—BERNICE.—Flanders, second. - Quantity, when fresh, about | Quantity, twelve quarts. - twelve quarts. | - Quality, never tried her | Quality, good. - butter production. | - Goes dry some three months, and| Time, eight months out of twelve. - has the credit of being the | - poorest cow in the herd. | - | - _No. 8._—JOSEPHINE 2d.—First |_No. 8._—JOSEPHINE 2d.—Curveline, - calf. | third. - Quantity, first calf, eleven | Quantity, ten to twelve quarts. - quarts. | - Quality, never weighed her milk| Quality, rich. - or tried her butter | - production. | - Cannot tell how long she will | Goes to two months of her time. - go dry. | - | - _No. 9._—JUDITH. |_No. 9._—JUDITH.—Flanders, first. - Quantity, seventeen quarts. | Quantity, eighteen quarts. - Quality, on a trial after her | Quality, good. - first calf was taken away, | - made 2 ounces less than 8 | - pounds of butter, done up in | - lumps for market. | - Goes dry six or seven weeks. | Well up to her time (one month or - | six weeks.) - - “Having been present at the examination of my herd of - Short-Horns, by the State Guenon Commission, May 31, 1878, I - certify this report is a correct copy of the original records - made on the spot, and at separate times; neither party having - knowledge of the other’s accounts. - - WILLIAM M. LARGE.” - - CHESTNUT GROVE, _7th month, 3d, 1878_. - - -Report of the Examination of the Stock of Eastburn Reeder, of Rabbit Run -Stock Farm, New Hope, Bucks County, Pa. - -The commission visited the farm of Eastburn Reeder on Saturday, June 1, -and examined his stock of Jersey and Guernsey breeds in presence of the -proprietor and a number of members of the Solebury Farmers’ Club. Mr. -Reeder’s account of his herd had been drawn up and placed in the hands of -J. S. Williams, Esquire, secretary of the Solebury Farmers’ Club, some -ten days before the visit of the commission, and is printed herewith. - -The commission was represented by George Blight and Willis P. Hazard, and -part of the time by Captain J. C. Morris, of Susquehanna county, at the -request of Thomas J. Edge, secretary of the State Board. - -Mr. Reeder, not having made in his report any statements of the quality -of the milk, except as regards the yield in butter, has sent the -commission the following condensed statement of what each cow gave on May -20: - - No. 1, Belle, 10 quarts. - No. 2, Topsy, 14 ” - No. 3, Firefly, 12 ” - No. 4, Isabelle, 8 ” - No. 5, Marian, 14 ” - No. 6, Urania, 12 ” - No. 7, Florentia, 10 ” - No. 8, Paunacussing, 8 ” - No. 9, Lady Delaware, 6 ” - -- - Total for nine cows, 94 ” - == - Yield of the herd, May 20, 94 quarts. - Yield of the herd in seven days, 658 ” - Butter in seven days, 67 pounds. - Quantity of milk to one pound of butter, 9 55/67 qts. - -This statement of the number of quarts required to make a pound of -butter from Jersey and Guernsey stock, it will be seen, carries out the -conclusions of the commission, who estimated the quality of this herd, -as well fed and not too long milked stock of these breeds should give a -pound of butter to every nine quarts of milk. - - “Having been present at the examination of my herd by the State - Guenon Commission, on Saturday, June 1, 1878, and having since - examined their report by the original record made on the spot - by them, and compared it with my account of the herd, handed to - Mr. J. S. Williams, May 21, or more than one week before they - made the examination, I do certify that the accompanying report - is correct and true. - - EASTBURN REEDER, - _New Hope, Bucks county, Pa._” - - RABBIT RUN FARM, _June 15, 1878_. - - “I certify that Eastburn Reeder handed me his account of his - herd ten days before the examination was made by the State - Guenon Commission; that I was present with others at the - examination; that the two reports were compared in the presence - of a number, shortly after the examination, and were generally - satisfactory; and that I have now examined the accompanying - reports by the two original records, made at separate times as - above mentioned, and have found them correct and true copies of - said original records. - - J. S. WILLIAMS, - _Secretary of the Solebury Farmers’ Club_.” - - _June 15, 1878._ - - -Examination of Eastburn Reeder’s Herd. - - ACCOUNTS OF THE HERD BY EASTBURN |OPINIONS OF THE HERD BY THE GUENON - REEDER. | COMMISSION. - | - _No. 1._—BELL.—Age, 12 years. |_No. 1._—BELL.—Grade, Alderney. - Grade, Alderney. Calved | Flanders, 2d. - November 10, 1877. | - Greatest yield when fresh, 16 | Quantity, 18 to 20 quarts. - quarts per day. Yield May 20,| - 1878, 10 quarts per day. | - Butter, 8 pounds in seven | - days. | - Tried February, 1875. | Quality, fair. - Milks to one month of calving. | Dry three to four months. - | - _No. 2._—TOPSY.—Age, 10 years. |_No. 2._—TOPSY.—Guernsey. Curveline, - Guernsey. Calved March 9, | 2d. - 1878. | - Greatest yield when fresh, 18 | Quantity, 16 to 18 quarts. - quarts. Yield May 20, 1878, | - 14 quarts. Made 12 pounds in | - seven days. | - Tried June, 1872. | Quality, first rate. - Goes dry three months before | Dry two months. - calving. | - | - _No. 3._—FIREFLY, (1133.)—Age, |_No. 3._—FIREFLY.—Jersey thorough-bred. - 8 years. Jersey. Calved | Demijohn, 2d. Daughter of Niobe, - October 28, 1877. | 3d. - Greatest yield when fresh, 14 | Quantity, 12 to 14 quarts. - quarts. Yield May 20, 1878, | - 12 quarts. Averaged 6 pounds | - butter for forty weeks, from | - Sept. 1, 1872, to June 8, | - 1873. Greatest yield of | - butter in any one week since,| - 10½ pounds. | - | Quality, medium. - Never goes dry; has been milked| Dry two months. - regularly since August 27, | - 1872. | - | - _No. 4._—ISABELLE, (1935.)—Age, |_No. 4._—ISABELLE.—Jersey thorough-bred - 6 years. Jersey. Calved | Flanders, 3d. - September 19, 1877. | - Greatest yield when fresh, 12 | Quantity, 16 quarts. - quarts. Yield May 20, 1878, | - 8 quarts. Made 9 pounds | - butter in seven days. | - Tried October, 1877. | Quality, first rate. - Milks to one month of calving. | Dry one month. - | - _No. 5._—MARIAN.—Age, 6 years. |_No. 5._—MARIAN.—Guernsey. Curveline, - Guernsey. Calved February 15,| 3d. - 1878. | - Greatest yield when fresh, | Quantity, 16 quarts. - 14 quarts. Yield May 20, 14 | - quarts. | - Butter never been tested. | Quality, first rate. - Milks to within one month of | Dry two months to three months. - calving. | - | - _No. 6._—URANIA, (2793.)—Age, |_No. 6._—URANIA.—Jersey thorough-bred. - 5 years. Jersey. Calved | Selvage, 2d. - January 30, 1878. | - Greatest yield when fresh, | Quantity, 14 quarts. - 12 quarts. Yield May 20, 12 | - quarts. | - Butter never been tested. | Quality, second rate. - Milks to one month of calving. | Dry one month. - | - _No. 7._—FLORENTIA, (3518.)—Age, |_No. 7._—FLORENTIA.—Jersey - 4 years. Jersey. Calved | thorough-bred. Curveline, 2d. - January 1, 1878. | - Greatest yield, 10 quarts. | Quantity, 12 quarts. - Yield May 20, 10 quarts. | - Butter never been tested. | Quality, second rate. - Milks to one month of calving. | Dry one month. - | - _No. 8._—PAUNACUSSING, |_No. 8._—PAUNACUSSING.—Jersey - (5050.)—Age, 2 years. Jersey.| thorough-bred. Selvage, 2d. - Calved October 30, 1877. | - Yield, May 21, 1878, 8 quarts. | Quantity, 12 quarts. - | Quality, medium. - Duration yet to be ascertained.| Dry two months, probably. - | - _No. 9._—LADY DELAWARE, |_No. 9._—LADY DELAWARE.—Jersey - (5051.)—Age, 2 years. | thorough-bred. Flanders, 3d. - Thorough-bred Jersey. Calved | - January 3, 1878. | - Yield May 21, 1878, 6 quarts. | Quantity, only milks out of two - | teats. - | Quality, medium. - Duration yet to be ascertained.| Dry three months, probably. - - -Examination of Moses Eastburn’s Cow, Beauty. - - ACCOUNT OF MOSES EASTBURN. |OPINIONS OF THE COMMISSION. - | - COW, BEAUTY.—Age, 9 years. |BEAUTY.—Jersey. Curveline, 2d. - Calved March 20, 1878. | - Greatest yield of milk per day | Quantity, 18 quarts. - about 17 or 18 quarts. Yield | - May 24, 1878, 16 quarts. | - Duration of yield of milk, | - ten months. | - Quality of milk, 9 quarts to | Quality, first class. - make a pound of butter. | - Butter made in eight and a | - half months, 302½ pounds. | - | Time, well up to her time. - - “This is to certify that I was present at the examination of my - cow, Beauty, this first of sixth month, 1878, by the committee - to test the Guenon system, and find their report to correspond - with the within statement. - - MOSES EASTBURN.” - - SOLEBURY, BUCKS COUNTY. - - -Examination of Colonel James Young’s Herd, at Middletown. - -The Commission visited the large farms of Colonel James Young, near -Middletown, and examined thirty-seven head of cows and heifers, among -which were some of the finest Jersey cows in the State. His whole stock -is well-fed and cared for, and are in fine condition. He supplies -Middletown with the best of milk. Colonel Young does not keep a record -of the performances of his cows, and the commission were therefore -obliged to examine the cows, and after making their record, to compare -it, item by item of each cow separately, with the knowledge of them had -by his very intelligent dairy-woman, who has charge of the cows and the -milk, and knows their characters as milk and butter producers well; also -has a record of the times of calving of all the cows. The estimates of -the commission agreed with hers, on all the hundred and eleven points, -except nine points, and where they differed, that difference was in two -cases on the quality, and in the other cases on the time. The commission -attribute their unanimity on this herd, to the careful selection and -breeding of Colonel Young, to his good feeding, and the excellent care -that the animals have. These points constantly looked after, maintain the -excellence of the herd, and as a consequence the escutcheons correspond, -for, as the colonel says, “he never saw a good escutcheon without being -on a good animal, and never saw a good animal without a good escutcheon.” - - - MIDDLETOWN, _November 1, 1878_. - - “We were present when the commission visited our farms, and - examined the stock, and we think they judged rightly of it, in - nearly every case—we should say within five per cent. of being - entirely correct. - - We have examined the account to be printed with the original - record, and find it to be correct and corresponding. - - JAMES YOUNG, - JAMES S. YOUNG.” - - -Examination of the Herd of William Calder, Esq., Harrisburg. - -The commission visited one of the farms of William Calder, near -Harrisburg. This gentleman has seven farms, containing nine hundred -acres, and keeps a variety of stock. On the farm visited, near the -reservoir, the commission examined eight head of grade stock, in very -good order, on good September pasturage. The dairyman, a very intelligent -man, had no record of the exact quantity and quality of the stock, but, -as he milked them himself, a knowledge of their general qualities; and -upon hearing the decision of the commission upon each cow, assented to -the character given of all of them, except on two points: on one as to -yield, and on another as to time. It was pleasing to notice the surprise -and delight expressed by him at the exhibition, of entire strangers to -the herd, of such accurate knowledge of them as the system showed it -could give. And he determined to acquire it forthwith. - -The commission saw a very fine black grade cow, with the calf by her side -a perfect specimen of the Belted stock, though sired by a thorough-bred -Jersey bull—to be accounted for only by the fact that the cow had been -served by a Belted bull the third time before this one. - - -Examination of Several Herds near West Grove, Blanketed and Unblanketed, -under the Supervision of a Committee of the Experimental Farm Club. - -It had been stated by some that the commission used the ordinary means of -judging of the value of cows, in addition to the Guenon tests. This was, -of course, entirely denied by the commission; and as it was repeated in -the public print, the commission, to settle the matter in the minds of -candid men, offered to have any number of cows blanketed, so that only -their posteriors could be seen, and then judge of their escutcheons, -provided a committee should be present at the examination, view it -closely, and give a report. Thus pressed, the challenge was accepted, and -there was appointed a committee of five of some of the best farmers and -dairymen residing near the Experimental farm. It was also understood that -any could attend who wished to, and on the day of the examination three -of the committee were present, as well as a number of other farmers. The -commission examined the first five in the stable, blanketed, then two -unblanketed, then two blanketed, and the remaining four unblanketed. The -report of this committee is appended herewith. The cows were examined on -a farm of Thomas Gawthrop, near West Grove. Afterward a number of cows -were examined on several farms in the neighborhood, in the presence of -the committee. No longer time was required to form an opinion on the -blanketed cows than on the others, and the comparative results can be -judged from the accompanying tables. - -The commission met them on the day appointed, at the farm of Thomas -Gawthrop, and in the presence of the committee (three being present,) and -of others, examined seven cows blanketed, and would have examined more, -but the committee said it was useless, as they could see, and had full -faith that only the escutcheon was considered by the commission. On this -farm thirteen head were examined, and the results are herewith given. All -then adjourned to the farms of Mark Hughes, Howard Preston, and Everard -Conard, and examined other stock in the presence of the committee. The -committee’s report will be found annexed, thus setting to rest the charge -that the commission were examining by any other than the Guenon test. - - THOMAS GAWTHROP’S ACCOUNT OF COWS|THE GUENON COMMISSION’S ACCOUNT OF - EXAMINED AT THOMAS GAWTHROP’S | COWS EXAMINED AT THOMAS GAWTHROP’S - FARM, SEPTEMBER 20. | FARM, SEPTEMBER 20. - | - _No. 1._—VICTORIA.—Grade, Jersey |_No. 1._—VICTORIA.*—Grade, Jersey and - and Durham. | Durham. Eight years. - Quantity, first. | Quantity, first. - Quality, first. | Quality, first. - A first-class butter cow, and | Up to her time. - milks well up to time. | - | - _No. 2._—CECIL.—Grade, Jersey. |_No. 2._—CECIL.* - Quantity, first. | Quantity, first. - Quality, first. First-class | Quality, first. - for butter. | - Milks up to time. | Short eight weeks. - | - _No. 3._—NELLIE. |_No. 3._—NELLIE.*—Demijohn, 1. - Quantity, second. | Quantity, second. - Quality, second. | Quality, first. - Dry from ten to twelve weeks. | Short eight weeks. - | - _No. 4._—LUCY.—Recently |_No. 4._—LUCY.*—Flanders, 2d. - purchased. | - Yields three months from | Quantity, second. - calving thirteen quarts. | - Quality, first. | Quality, first. - | Up to her time. - | - _No. 5._—LILY.—Grade, Jersey. |_No. 5._—LILY.*—Grade, Jersey. - | Flanders, 2d. - Quantity, second. | Quantity, second. - Quality, first. | Quality, first. - Milks up to time. | Dry four to six weeks. - | - _No. 6._—BEAUTY.—Jersey. |_No. 6._—BEAUTY.—Jersey. Five years - | old. - Yields fourteen quarts per day.| Quantity, third. - Quality, first. | Quality, second. - Milks to within eight weeks of | Dry two months. - calving. | - | - _No. 7._—DARBY.—Jersey. |_No. 7._—DARBY.—Jersey. Flanders, 2d. - Quantity, fourteen quarts per | Quantity, second. - day. | - Quality, first. | Quality, first. - Almost impossible to turn dry, | Dry four weeks. - though never excelling in | - quantity. | - | - _No. 8._—STAR.—Grade, three |_No. 8._—STAR.†—Grade, three quarter - quarter Jersey. | Jersey. Flanders, 3d. - Yield with first calf from | Quantity, second. - twelve to fourteen quarts | - per day, and milks well up | - to time. | - Quality, first class. | Quality, first. - | Dry six weeks. - | Her Jersey blood helps to overcome - | some blemishes on her escutcheon. - | - _No. 9._—NORAH. |_No. 9._—NORAH.†—Grade. - Quantity, first, | Quantity, first. - Quality, first. | Quality, first. - Dry from eight to ten weeks. | Up to her time. - | - _No. 10._—SALLIE.‡ |_No. 10._—SALLIE.—Grade. Twelve years. - | Flanders, 2d. - Quantity, second. | Quantity, 2d. - Quality, second. | Quality, second. - Goes dry eight weeks. | Up to her time. - | - _No. 11._—DIDO.‡—Grade. |_No. 11._—DIDO.—Grade. Left Flanders. - Quantity, twenty quarts. | Quantity, first. - Second in quality. | Quality, second. - Dry from eight to twelve weeks.| Dry three months. - | - _No. 12_.—MOLLY.‡ |_No. 12._—MOLLY. Imperfect Flanders. - Yields about sixteen quarts | Quantity, second. - per day. | - Second-class quality. | Quality, second. - Dry from eight to twelve weeks.| Dry ten weeks. - | - _No. 13._ WHITEFACE‡ |_No. 13._—WHITEFACE.—Grade. Curveline, - | 3d. - Second-class in quantity, | Quantity, third. - fifteen quarts per day. | - Second quality. | Quality, second. - Dry about ten weeks. | Dry ten weeks. - -* These five cows were so blanketed, as to show only the escutcheon. - -† These cows were also blanketed. - -‡ The last four animals were not blanketed, but were driven up and -examined by the commission without any apparent reference to any marks, -except the escutcheon. T. G. - - MARK HUGHES’ ACCOUNT OF HIS COWS,|COMMISSION’S ACCOUNT OF MARK - SEPTEMBER 20. | HUGHES’ COWS. - | - _No. 1._—LACTE. |_No. 1._—LACTE.—Jersey thorough-bred. - | Flanders, second. - Do not know the quantity of | Quantity and quality, first rate. - milk and butter per week, but| - gives very rich milk, and | - milks up to calving. | Milks close to calving. - | - _No. 2._ LAURA. |_No. 2._—LAURA.—Jersey thorough-bred. - | Demijohn, 1st. - Quantity, twenty-four quarts | Quantity, first rate. - milk per day. | - Quality, sixteen pounds butter | Quality, first class. - per week. | - Has never been dry; begins to | Milks up to calving. - increase in milk about three | - weeks before calving, and | - cannot be turned dry. | - | - _No. 3._—TOPSY. |_No. 3._—TOPSY.—Grade, Jersey. Ten - | years. Curveline, 1st. - Quantity, twenty quarts milk | Quantity and quality, first rate. - per day. | - Quality, makes thirteen pounds | - butter per week. | - Will milk up to calving. | Milks up to calving. - - HOWARD PRESTON’S ACCOUNT OF HIS |GUENON COMMISSION’S ACCOUNT OF - COWS. | HOWARD PRESTON’S COWS, SEPTEMBER 20. - | - _No. 1._—Grade Durham. |_No. 1._—Flanders, 2d.—Grade Durham. - Quantity, second. | Quantity, second. - Quality, second. | Quality, second. - Milks up to her time. | Up to time. - | - _No. 2._—Grade Durham. |_No. 2._—Left Flanders.—Grade Durham. - Quantity, second. | Quantity, second. - Quality, second. | Quality, second. - Dry ten weeks. | Dry two months. - | - _No. 3._—Common stock. |_No. 3._—Grade stock.—Imperfect - | Flanders. - Quantity, second. | Quantity, third. - Quality, second. | Quality, second. - Dry eight to ten weeks. | Dry eight weeks. - | - _No. 4._—Grade Durham. |_No. 4._—Grade Durham.—Selvage, 2d. - Quantity, third, | Quantity, second. - Quality, second. | Quality, second. - Dry ten weeks. | Dry ten weeks. - | - _No. 5._—Common stock. |_No. 5._—Native stock.—Flanders, 3d. - Quantity, second. | Quantity, second. - Quality, second. | Quality, third. - Dry three months. | Dry three months. - | - _No. 6._—Grade Durham. |_No. 6._—Grade Durham.—Flanders, 3d. - Quantity, second. | Quantity, third. - Quality, second. | Quality, third. - Dry eight weeks. | Dry six to eight weeks. - | - _No. 7._—Grade Durham. |_No. 7._—Grade Durham.—Bicorn, 3d. - Quantity, second. | Quantity, third. - Quality, third. | Quality, third. - Dry ten weeks. | Dry six to eight weeks. - | - _No. 8._—NELLY.—Grade Jersey. |_No. 8._—NELLY.—Grade Jersey.—Flandrine - | a Gauche. - Quantity, second. | Quantity, second. - Quality, second. | Quality, second. - Dry eight weeks. | Time, eight weeks. - | - _No. 9._—JESSIE.—Grade Jersey. |_No. 9._—JESSIE.—Grade Jersey.—Selvage. - Quantity, second. | Quantity, second. - Quality, second. | Quality, first. - Milks up to time. | Up to time. - | - _No. 10._—POLLY.—Grade Jersey. |_No. 10._—POLLY.—Grade - | Jersey.—Flanders, 2d. - Quantity, first. | Quantity, second. - Quality, first. | Quality, second. - Milks up to her time. | Up to time. - | - _No. 11._—LILY.—Common stock. |_No. 11._—LILY.—Native stock.—Flanders, - | 2d. - Quantity, first. | Quantity, first. - Quality, first. | Quality, first. - Dry eight weeks. | Dry four to six weeks. - - _No. 12._—BLUSH.—Grade Jersey |_No. 12._—BLUSH.—Grade Jersey. - | Curveline, 2d. - Quantity, first. | Quantity, second. - Quality, first. | Quantity, second. - Dry six weeks. | Dry six weeks. - | - _No. 13._—TOPSY.—Grade Jersey. |_No. 13._—TOPSY.—Imperfect - | Curveline.—Grade Jersey. - Quantity, second. | Quantity, third. - Quality, second. | Quality, second. - Dry three months. | Dry three months. - | - _No. 14._—BONNIE.—Common stock. |_No. 14._—BONNIE.—Flanders, 1st.—Native - | stock. - Quantity, first. | Quantity, first. - Quality, first. | Quality, second. - Milks up to her time. | Up to her time. - | - _No. 15._—DAISY.—Common stock |_No. 15._—DAISY.—Flanders, 3d.—Native - | stock. - Quantity, third. | Quantity, third. - Quality, second. | Quality, second. - Dry three months or more. | Dry six weeks. - | - _No. 16._—KATIE.—Common stock. |_No. 16._—KATIE.—Flanders, 2d.—Native - | stock. - Quantity, third. | Quantity, second. - Quality, second. | Quality, second. - Dry six weeks. | Dry four to six weeks. - - JOSEPH PYLE’S STATEMENT OF HIS |GUENON COMMISSION’S ACCOUNT OF - COWS: | JOSEPH PYLE’S COWS: - | - _No. 1._—FAWN. |_No. 1._—RED GRADE COW—8 - | years.—Flanders, 2. - Quantity, 10 to 15 quarts. | Quantity, 14 or 15 quarts. - Quality, very rich milk. | Quality, second. - Dry from four to six weeks. | Dry about ten weeks. - | - _No. 2._—FANCY. |_No. 2._—FANCY.—Guernsey. Flanders, 3. - Quantity, 16 to 18 quarts. | Quantity, 18 quarts when fresh, and - | will begin to reduce and stop - | two months short of her time. - Quality, milk very good | Quality, first. - quality. | - Falls off sooner than most | Will go two months dry. - cows, and will go dry eight | - weeks. | - -This cow had been previously examined, May 11, at Thos. M. Harvey’s farm. -Mr. Harvey had since sold her to Mr. Pyle. The following are the two -statements at that time: - - T. M. HARVEY: |GUENON COMMISSION: - | - Quality, medium. | Quality, medium. - Quantity, 16 quarts and fails | Quantity, poor. - fast. | - Dry three months. | Dry two months. - - -COMMISSION’S ACCOUNT OF MILTON E. CONARD’S COWS: - - _No. 1._—LILY.—Grade, Guernsey. Bicorn, 1. - Quantity, about 20 quarts. - Quality, first. - Milks up to her time. - - _No. 2._—FLOYD.—Flanders, 1. - Quantity, 18 quarts. - Quality, very good. - Milks up to her time. - - This is a very correct description of my cows, Lily and Floyd. - - M. E. CONARD. - - The above examination of our herds of cows, some of which were - covered by a large blanket, completely excluding from view - every part of the animal except the escutcheon and back part of - udder, subjected the commission to the severest test that could - be applied; and agreeing, as their estimate of quality and - quantity does, with our previously written reports, leads us to - think that in the hands of experts it would be a valuable aid - in judging the quality of dairy stock. - - THOMAS GAWTHROP, - EVERARD CONARD, - HOWARD PRESTON, - MARK HUGHES, - _Committee_. - - WEST GROVE, _11 month 7, 1878_. - - The undersigned having been present at the examination of - Thomas Gawthrop’s herd of dairy cows, by the Guenon commission, - on the 2d day of 9 month, 1878, am free to say that, although - most of the cows were blanketed from horns to tail, their - estimate, in a great majority of them, very nearly corresponded - with the owners account previously prepared. - - M. E. CONARD. - - WEST GROVE, PA., _11 month 7, 1878_. - - Joseph Pyle would have signed had he been present at the - examination. Expresses confidence in the system. - - T. G. - - -Examination of J. & J. Darlington’s Cows, October 2d. - -The commission visited the herds of Messrs. J. & J. Darlington, October -2, at Darlington station, on Westchester road, Delaware county. These -gentlemen make the finest butter and get the largest price in the market. -Their dairy is admirably arranged. They have farms of four hundred and -eighty acres, and have a herd of one hundred and sixty-seven cows. They -had selected about a fair sample of the herd in two lots of cows. The -first lot, from No. 9 to 33, was on one farm, and those numbered from 1 -to 14 on the other farm. These gentlemen kept no test of the quality of -any cow’s milk, and have no exact record of the quantity given by any -cow; but as they are experienced dairymen, and thoroughly practical men, -they knew about what each cow was giving in milk, and about its general -quality, and sufficient to pronounce the grade of each cow, whether -first, second, or third class. Therefore, in their record they do not -give the exact record, as the committee would have desired, so as to -compare with their own estimates, but they give the general qualities -of the cow, and the two records must be compared from that stand point. -Another matter must be taken into consideration. The Messrs. Darlington -are liberal feeders, which accounts partly for their rich, tasty butter, -and tends to make their cows do full work. A standard of quarts for -first, second, and third class, upon which to estimate the qualities of -the cows, was agreed upon between the commission and Messrs. Darlington. - - J. & J. DARLINGTON’S ACCOUNT. |GUENON COMMISSION’S ACCOUNT. - | - _No. 9._— |_No. 9._—Grade Durham.—Bicorn, second. - Quantity, first. | Quantity, second. - Time, six to eight weeks. | Quality, second. - First-class cow. | Time, four to six weeks. - | - _No. 61._— |_No. 61._—Grade Durham.—Imperfect - | Flanders, third. - Quantity, second. | Quantity, second class. - Time, six to eight weeks. | Quality, second class. - Second class cow. | Time, two months. - | - _No. 4._— |_No. 4._—Grade Durham.—Flanders, third. - Quantity, third. | Quantity, third. - Time, four to six weeks. | Quality, second. - Third class cow. | Dry one month. - | - _No. 1._— |_No. 1._—Grade Durham.—Flanders, sec’d. - Quantity, first. | Quantity, second. - Time, four to six weeks. | Quality, second. - First-class cow. | Up to her time. - | - _No. 41._— |_No. 41._—Grade Durham.—Flanders. - Quantity, first. | Quantity, first. - Time, four to six weeks. | Quality, second. - First-class cow. | Time, six weeks to two months. - | - _No. 22._— |_No. 22._—Grade Durham.—Flanders, 2d. - Quantity, first. | Quantity, first. - Time, four to six weeks. | Quality, first. - First-class cow. | Up to time, say four to six weeks. - | - _No. 6._— |_No. 6._—Grade Durham.—Imperfect - Quantity, third. | Flanders. - Time, six to eight weeks. | Quantity, third. - Third class cow. | Quality, second. - | Dry eight to ten weeks. - | - _No. 7._— |_No. 7._—Grade.—Flanders, with bastard - Quantity, second. | marks. - Time, eight to ten weeks. | Quantity, second. - Second class cow. | Quality, second. - | Up to her time, six weeks. - | Reëxamined, and shows bastard marks. - | - _No. 67._— |_No. 67._—Grade Durham.—Imperfect - Quantity, first. | Flanders. - Time, four to six weeks. | Quantity, first. - First-class cow. | Quality, second. - | Dry eight weeks. - | - _No. 19._— |_No. 19._—Grade.—Selvage, third. - Quantity, third. | Quantity, third. - Time, two to three weeks. | Quality, second. - Third class cow. | Dry eight weeks. - | - _No. 32._— |_No. 32._—Durham.—Flanders, third, - Quantity, third. | partly bastard. - Time, two to three weeks. | Quantity, second. - Third class cow. | Quality, second. - | Dry eight weeks. - | - _No. 1._— |_No. 1._—Grade.—Flanders, third. - Agrees with the commission. | Quantity, second. - Second class cow. | Quality, second. - Dry about two months. | Dry two months. - | - _No. 2._— |_No. 2._—Grade.—Flanders, second. - Agrees with commission. | Quantity, first. - First-class cow. | Quality, first. - Dry four to six weeks. | Dry four to six weeks. - | - _No. 3._— |_No. 3._—Grade.—Imperfect Flanders. - Second class cow. | Quantity, first. - Dry about six weeks. | Quality, first. - | Dry six weeks. - | - _No. 4._— |_No. 4._—Grade.—Flanders, second. - Agrees with committee. | Quantity, second. - Second class cow. | Quality, second. - Large milker, but fails too | - soon. | - Dry from six to eight weeks. | Dry six to eight weeks. - | - _No. 5._— |_No. 5._—Grade, Durham. - Large milker. | Quantity, second. - First-class. | Quality, second. - Dry six to eight weeks. | Dry eight to ten weeks. - | - _No. 6._— |_No. 6._—Grade.—Horizontal, first. - Agrees with committee. | Quantity, second. - Second class. | Quality, second. - Dry three to four weeks. | Dry four to six weeks. - | - _No. 7._— |_No. 7._—Grade.—Curveline, second. - First-class in every respect. | Quantity, second. - Best in the herd. | Quality, third. - Dry four to eight weeks. | Dry four to six weeks. - | - _No. 8._— |_No. 8._—Grade, Durham.—Horizontal, - | first. - Agrees with committee. | Quantity, second. - Good second class. | Quality, second. - Dry four to six weeks. | Dry four to six weeks. - | - _No. 9._— |_No. 9._—Grade.—Flanders, a Gauche. - First-class. | Quantity, second. - Dry four to six weeks. | Quality, second. - | Dry six weeks. - | - _No. 10._— |_No. 10._—Grade.—Flanders, second. - Agrees with commission’s. | Quantity, second. - Second class. | Quality, second. - Dry six to eight weeks. | Dry six weeks. - | - _No. 11._— |_No. 11._—Grade.—Double selvage.—Some - First-class. | bastard marks. - Dry about eight weeks. | Quantity, second. - | Quality, second. - | Dry ten to twelve weeks. - | - _No. 12._— |_No. 12._—Grade.—Imperfect Flanders. - Agrees with commission’s. | Quantity, first. - First-class. | Quality, second. - Dry six to eight weeks. | Dry six weeks. - | - _No. 13._— |_No. 13._—Grade, Durham.—Flanders, - | third. - Agrees with commission. | Quantity, third. - Third class. | Quality, third. - Dry four to six weeks. | Dry six to eight weeks. - | - _No. 14._— |_No. 14._—Grade.—Flanders, second. - Agrees with commission. | Quantity, first. - First-class. | Quality, second. - Dry two to three weeks. | Up to her time. - - We were present at the examination of our stock by the - Pennsylvania Guenon Commission, on October 2d, and have - examined the accounts here rendered, with the original written - opinions, and find them to correspond. The accounts were given - by both parties without either knowing anything of the accounts - of the other. - - (Signed) J. & J. DARLINGTON. - -Having given the results of their work, the commission would now leave -the further solution of the problem to the practical dairymen of the -State. They, of course, expect that not only their report, but also the -correctness of the system, will be criticised; but if this criticism is -conducted with a spirit of fairness, and with a view to obtain the truth, -they fully believe the result will be favorable. - -By direction of the commission. - - WILLIS P. HAZARD, - _Secretary_. - - - - -ADDENDA. - - -The appointment of a commission by Governor Hartranft, in 1878, to -investigate and verify the theories of M. Guenon in judging and selecting -milch cows, has resulted in much good to the agricultural community. The -members of that commission, including Mr. George Blight, who acted upon -a similar committee in 1853, thoroughly imbued with the accuracy of the -system and the desire to extend its usefulness, have continued to explain -this mode of selecting cows whenever an opportunity offered. This has -been very frequent, and many hundred cows have been examined in public, -and the system explained in every section of the country. - -It is fortunate that all other modes of judging cows do not militate -against M. Guenon’s views; they give the judge only a more certain mode, -and, if he has had much practice, a nearly infallible one. There are some -points which are in full unison with Guenon’s views, but do not appear in -his work, and may be spoken of as follows: - -1st. All bovine animals have on the skin of the back a _quirl in the -hair_, which seems to be a sort of dividing line or point between the -hair on the front of the animal and that on the hinder portion. This -should be found in the center of the ridge of the animal, that is, -equi-distant from the head as from the root of the tail, and should be -well defined, but of short fine hair. Frequently it is to be seen on the -shoulder; when there, coarse hair is generally the accompaniment, and -with that, a thick or tough skin, and no great milking qualities, or if -much milk is given, it is not for a long time, nor is the milk of rich -quality. The heaviest milkers have this mark, usually on the middle of -the back, and the richest, with short fine hair. In short, the nearer the -middle of the back, and the smaller the quirl and the finer the hair, -the most generally will the cow be the better milker and of the richest -quality. This mark Mr. Blight and myself have been testing for a long -time, and we feel now that we can recommend it as a very good additional -point to judge from. - -2d. The tail should be long and squarely placed on the animal at the -root, and of thin fine quality, with a good curly or corkscrew switch, -and the bone of the tail should extend fully down to the knee and as -much below it as possible. The horns should be small, waxy, and crumpled -inwards and downwards a little. If they are long, they should be thin and -sometimes rather flat. - -3d. Bulls; the same remarks apply to these. Their hind legs should -resemble, as much as possible, those of the cow, with great length -between the hoof and the first joint; this indicates their aptitude to -beget heifer calves and good milkers. - -4th. On raising calves, proper nourishment should be given; if stinted, -the inferior parts develop to the injury of the better; the head and -horns will be out of proportion to the rest of the body. - - -The Breeding and Value of well-selected Butter Cows. - -We have frequently endeavored to show that one of the most important -advantages of Guenon’s system is, that it enables every owner of cows -to tell the good from the bad cows, and that by weeding out the poor -ones, and raising the tone of his herd, he will increase his profits, -and if every farmer in the State will do the same, the increased value -of all herds, and the increased results in profits, would amount to many -millions yearly. - -Pertinent to this subject, Mr. J. H. Walker, of Worcester, Massachusetts, -the owner of a very choice herd of Jerseys, embracing members of the -Alphea, Victor, and Pansy families, has prepared an article on the -BREEDING AND VALUE OF BUTTER COWS, which proves, by tables showing the -net results of good and bad cows, the theory that good cows will pay -better than poor ones as an investment. We digest his remarks as follows: - -In New England, a pound of butter can be made for less money than a pound -and a half of beef, taking the animals at birth or beginning with animals -two years old. - -Taking any good herd of Jersey cows, old and young, from the time the -heifers first come in milk, and it will average to make two thirds as -many pounds of butter per annum as any person in New England can make in -pounds of beef, on any herd of any breed. - -The beef is worth six to nine cents, and the butter from twenty to forty -cents. - -Furthermore, every farmer should know what the difference is in the -actual value of the different cows he owns, rating their value upon the -money he gets for their product. - -An ordinary cow will make about two hundred pounds of butter a year. -The tables are intended to show what the difference is in the value of -different cows for producing butter, taking as a basis the payment of -thirty dollars for a cow that will make two hundred pounds of butter per -annum, and for different amounts up to six hundred pounds per annum, -assuming that the cow will die at twelve years of age. The interest -upon the first cost of the cow, and on her product for each year, is -compounded at the rate of six per cent. per annum, up to the day it is -assumed the cow will die, taking no account of the value of the stock -bred from her. - -As long as every business is done upon the basis of interest on -investments, we must treat the question of values as applied to cows on -that basis. This is the only way to accurately prove the difference in -value between one cow and another. - - -Table A. - -If the cow cost thirty dollars, the keeping per annum twenty-five -dollars, and the butter sells for twenty-five cents a pound, the -_profits_ on the cows will be as follows, viz: - - Paying $30 00 for a 200 pound cow, he will get in ten years, $170 00 - ” 189 97 ” 300 ” ” ” 235 03 - ” 348 86 ” 400 ” ” ” 299 89 - ” 504 39 ” 500 ” ” ” 363 11 - ” 671 61 ” 600 ” ” ” 428 39 - - -Table B. - -_Including interest_ on all items, a farmer will make on each cow as -follows, (made on a basis of twenty-five cents a pound for butter, and -twenty-five dollars a year for keeping,) viz: - - Paying $30 00 for a 200 pound cow, he will get in ten years, $195 73 - ” 125 00 ” 300 ” ” ” 313 06 - ” 250 00 ” 400 ” ” ” 374 15 - ” 350 00 ” 500 ” ” ” 474 52 - ” 450 00 ” 600 ” ” ” 595 91 - - -Table C. - -Reckoning the annual cost of keeping at thirty-five dollars, and butter -at thirty cents a pound, _reckoning interest_ on her cost, and on all -receipts from her, a farmer will make on each cow as follows, viz: - - Paying $30 00 for a 200 pound cow, he will get in ten years, $182 87 - ” 125 00 ” 300 ” ” ” 354 78 - ” 250 00 ” 400 ” ” ” 483 49 - ” 350 00 ” 500 ” ” ” 654 17 - ” 450 00 ” 600 ” ” ” 811 59 - - -Table D. - -On an annual cost of keeping of fifty dollars, and price of butter at -thirty-five cents: - - Paying $30 00 for a 200 pound cow, he will get in ten years, $95 76 - ” 125 00 ” 300 ” ” ” 318 39 - ” 250 00 ” 400 ” ” ” 507 46 - ” 350 00 ” 500 ” ” ” 744 20 - ” 450 00 ” 600 ” ” ” 960 90 - -Assuming that each cow, costing at two years old the price named in -the tables, will die at twelve years old, the actual value of cows to -practical farmers, making annually the different amounts of butter named, -is shown. - -They show what the cow will make in the ten years, and also what a farmer -can afford to pay for each cow making the different amounts of butter -named. They show the different amounts the farmer, who buys one of each -of the cows named, paying the prices named for each of the five, will -make on each, provided no interest is reckoned on the price paid for the -cow, or on the butter made from her, during ten years. - -These figures are certainly startling to any one who has not taken the -trouble to examine this subject, much more so to the farmer who never -figures carefully, and does exactly as his father did before him, without -regard to the altered circumstances that surround him. - -The farmer who shakes his head wisely at his more enterprising neighbor, -and insists that cows making as much butter as is mentioned in these five -tables do not live and never did, should know that the thorough-bred -Jersey cows, Jersey Belle of Scituate, of the Victor family, made 705 -pounds of butter in twelve consecutive months; that Eurotas, of the -Alphia family, made 778 pounds of butter between November 12, 1879, -and October 15, 1880, and dropped a heifer calf on November 4, 1880; -that Pansy, sired by Living Storm, dam Dolly 2d, sired by Emperor 2d, -made in her four year old form 574 pounds of butter in one year; that -imported Flora made 511 pounds of butter in fifty weeks; that Countess -made 16 pounds of butter on grass only, when fourteen years old. These -well-established facts no intelligent, fair-minded man now disputes, -and it is confidently believed that many more Jerseys will make as much -butter as have any of those mentioned. - -The question which at once suggests itself to farmers who are not -satisfied with their present animals, is that of capital. The answer is, -“admitting the above figures to be correct, I have no capital to pay -the high prices demanded for the best Jersey cows, and I must therefore -forego that improvement of my herd, which I know I ought to make.” Let us -see if this is so. - -By any process of reasoning, the “bull is half the herd.” Each cow -contributes to one calf each year half its qualities. The bull -contributes to every calf produced in the herd half its qualities. Some -horse-breeders will talk only of the excellences of the stallion. Some -farmers will talk only of the excellences of the cows. Both are mistaken. -The sire and the dam, each contribute to their offspring, on the -average, exactly the same proportion of their excellences or defects. - -Some bulls are so powerfully organized as to be able to stamp their -qualities, good or bad, on nearly every one of their progeny, as are some -cows; but these are the rare exceptions. Each contribute the same, as -a rule. No scientific investigator of the breeding problem, or careful -breeder, would any sooner select the offspring of a 600 pound butter cow, -got by a bull from a 200 pound butter family, than he would a heifer got -by a full brother to the 600 pound butter cow from a full sister to the -200 pound butter bull. - -Using a bull from a 400 pound butter family, on heifers from a 200 pound -butter family, is just as likely to produce heifers that will make from -two hundred to four hundred pounds of butter annually, averaging a yield -of three hundred pounds; as the using of a bull from a 200 pound butter -family on cows of a 400 pound butter family, would be to reduce the yield -of some of the heifers to two hundred pounds, and the average to three -hundred pounds. The increasing the butter yield of the heifers from a -herd of cows one half by using a bull on them from a family or breed that -make twice as much, or the reverse, can be relied upon as certainly as -any expected result in the most uncertain of all business, namely: that -of breeding. - -If these statements are correct, what had a farmer better pay for a bull -from a 400 pound butter family, to use on his herd of ten 200 pound -butter cows, rather than use a bull from a 200 pound butter family? - -It may be said that the keeping would cost more, because the higher bred -product must be kept better. There is some truth in this, but the better -keeping would affect favorably the poorer animals as well, and whatever -the extra feed would cost, it would carry the value of the average yield -as much above the figures we are making, as the extra feed would cost. - -The ten 200 pound butter cows, in ten years would pay a profit of $1,957 -30. If the ten cows bred from them, by using the 400 pound butter bull, -would make half as much again butter at the same cost, the general -product would be increased by one half, and leave the sum to be deducted -for keeping the same, for if the two year old 200 pound butter heifer -could be raised for $30, so could the better bred one. The profit on -each of them, deducting $54 18, cost of cow, will be $484 64—on the ten, -$4,846 40, and on the 200 pound butter cows, the profits would be $1,957 -30. The advantages reaped by the farmer who has the product for ten years -of heifers bred by using the better bull, will be $2,889 10 more than on -the 200 pound butter cows. - -If he paid for his bull $1,500, and the bull and all his cows died at -twelve years old, the farmer would be as well off as he would have been -to have used the 200 pound butter bull. - -But there is no necessity of paying $1,500 for a 400 pound butter -bull. One hundred dollars will buy a Jersey bull, six weeks old, from -a 400 pound butter family, and he will be old enough to use in twelve -months. The $100 paid for him, at six per cent. compound interest, -would amount to $191 61, in eleven years. The profit on ten butter cows -making three hundred pounds over the ten cows making two hundred pounds -in ten years, being $2,800, by deducting the $191 61 for the bull that -produced them, (counting nothing for the 200 pound butter bull, for he -is good-for-nothing,) the actual advantage reaped by the farmer with -intelligence and enterprise enough to secure the better bull, in the ten -years after his heifers come in, is over $2,500 on the butter alone. The -animals are counted of no value when twelve years old, as the price got -for those living beyond that age would average to pay only for the losses -caused by accident to animals before reaching that age. These figures -take no account of the skim-milk or buttermilk, for they are nearly -the same in either case, and will pay the taxes and for the care of the -animals; but there is one very important source of profit that is not -reckoned, and that is the extra value of the progeny, which is shown by -the following table, to be $17,424 48. - -There must be no mistake made in procuring a Jersey bull calf. - -Although, as a breed, they are twice to three times as valuable for -butter as common cows, yet any farmer who buys or uses a Jersey bull, -because he is a Jersey bull, will sorely repent his venture. - -Buy a bull only from the very best families of Jerseys. They are cheaper -than the gift of an average good one. - -The idea that it costs more to keep Jersey cows than common cows, or that -Jersey cows will not take on flesh, for beef, as readily as other breeds, -is true in one view, and very erroneous in another and more correct one. - -What a Jersey eats, beyond a limited amount, increases the quantity and -richness of her milk, not her flesh, and the amount of flesh she carries -is proportionally less for any extra feed, because it does not make -flesh, but increases the butter globules in her milk. Again, any other -breed can be readily dried off at any time, and being dry, or giving but -little milk, and that of poor quality, they readily take on flesh, but a -good Jersey is “dried off” with great difficulty, and herein she greatly -excels all other breeds. Hundreds of Jerseys, milking twelve to sixteen -quarts at their flush, hold out so evenly, that they will give many more -quarts of milk, and of double the richness, in a year, than eighteen to -twenty-four quart cows, of other families, that are dry several months of -the year. - -It is the experience of every breeder of Jerseys that, _being dry_, they -will take on flesh as fast, with a given quantity and quality of feed, as -other breeds, not exclusively beef producers. - -They are not good for beef, simply because they are good for butter. - -From Jersey cows, a farmer in New England can make a pound of butter -worth thirty-five cents, with a less quantity of food than they now use -to make a pound and one half of beef worth nine cents. - -If farmers think there is some error in these statements, they will, -like sensible men whose prosperity depends upon the result, sit down and -figure out the results for themselves. - -Those who talk loudest against them, will hold on to a cow in their herd -that has a little Jersey blood in her; and if they put a price on her, it -will be from half as much again, to double that of the finer formed cow -standing beside her, guiltless of having any Jersey blood in her veins. - -If there is an animal to be had any better than the bull any one is now -using, it ought to be secured at once. So with cows, but by all means -change at once for a better, any bull, however good. - -It is not claimed for any of the tables herewith presented, that they -show absolutely the value of any cow to any farmer, but only that they -are relatively correct. Every man who consults them, must make his own -adjustments as to cost and receipts on any cow he owns. It is clear, that -adding a very little to the cost of keeping, and deducting a very little -from the price of butter, will show that any 200 pound butter cow brings -her owner in debt, each year. Again, there are probably hundreds of cows -kept for the dairy, that will not make two hundred pounds of butter in -one year on the same feed Jersey Belle of Scituate, had when she made -seven hundred and five pounds of butter in one year. It may be said -that no allowance is made for any accidents to which a cow is liable—to -abort, to have a calf die at birth, to injury, &c., and the thought is -present that the loss on the poorer animal is not so much, in that case, -as on the better; but the better is no more liable to such a case, and -the loss is nearly the same proportionally. But it is still true, that -the nearer to absolute worthlessness animals are, the less the loss, -relatively and absolutely, their owner suffers in their injury. Better -remember, however, that “blessed be nothing” is not the ejaculation of -the healthful, the enterprising, and the successful, but of desperate -disease, incapacity, or idleness. - - -Table E. - -Showing the value of the progeny of a herd of 32 cows, that each make -300 pounds of butter annually, at the expiration of ten years, together -with the value of the butter the progeny will have made during the ten -years. Also showing the same on a herd of 32 cows, each making 200 pounds -of butter annually. No account is taken of the bull calves, for they are -worth nothing. No one can afford to use a bull, however good, if one is -to be had that is any better. - - ================================================================ - || 200 POUND BUTTER HERD. | - -------+-----------+----------++----------+--------+-----------+ - On |The | Coming ||Value of |Value of|Total value| - January|original | in milk ||butter |heifers |of the | - 1st, |herd of | at 2, ||at the |at end |heifers | - of the |32 will | will make||end of ten|of ten |and their | - year— |drop— | butter— ||years. |years. |product. | - -------+-----------+----------++----------+--------+-----------+ - 1881 |16 heifers,| 8 years, ||$3,174 46 | $160 | $3,334 46 | - 1882 |16 ” | 7 ” || 2,724 54 | 160 | 2,884 54 | - 1883 |16 ” | 6 ” || 2,247 04 | 320 | 2,567 04 | - 1884 |16 ” | 5 ” || 1,740 32 | 480 | 2,220 32 | - 1885 |16 ” | 4 ” || 1,202 72 | 480 | 1,682 72 | - 1886 |16 ” | 3 ” || 632 32 | 480 | 1,112 32 | - 1887 |16 ” | 2 ” || 208 64 | 480 | 688 64 | - 1888 |16 ” | 1 ” || | 480 | 480 00 | - 1889 |16 ” | yearling,|| | 288 | 288 00 | - 1890 |16 ” | calf, || | 96 | 96 00 | - ---------------------------------------------------------------- - Product of the Second Generation. - ---------------------------------------------------------------- - 1883 | 8 heifers,| 6 years, ||$1,122 52 | 160 | $1,283 54 | - 1884 | 8 ” | 5 ” || 870 16 | 240 | 1,110 16 | - 1885 | 8 ” | 4 ” || 601 36 | 240 | 841 36 | - 1886 | 8 ” | 3 ” || 316 16 | 240 | 556 16 | - 1887 | 8 ” | 2 ” || 104 32 | 240 | 344 32 | - 1888 | 8 ” | 1 ” || | 240 | 240 00 | - 1889 | 8 ” | yearling,|| | 144 | 144 00 | - 1890 | 8 ” | calf, || | 48 | 48 00 | - ---------------------------------------------------------------- - Product of the Third Generation. - ---------------------------------------------------------------- - 1885 | 4 heifers,| 4 years, || $300 68 | 120 | $420 68 | - 1886 | 4 ” | 3 ” || 158 08 | 120 | 278 08 | - 1887 | 4 ” | 2 ” || 52 16 | 120 | 172 16 | - 1888 | 4 ” | 1 ” || | 120 | 120 00 | - 1889 | 4 ” | yearling,|| | 72 | 72 00 | - 1890 | 4 ” | calf, || | 24 | 24 00 | - ---------------------------------------------------------------- - Product of the Fourth Generation. - ---------------------------------------------------------------- - 1887 | 2 heifers,| 2 years, || $26 08 | 60 | $86 08 | - 1888 | 2 ” | 1 ” || | 60 | 60 00 | - 1889 | 2 ” | yearling,|| | 36 | 36 00 | - 1890 | 2 ” | calf, || | 12 | 12 00 | - ---------------------------------------------------------------- - Product of the Fifth Generation. - ---------------------------------------------------------------- - 1889 | 1 heifer, | yearling,|| | 18 | 18 00 | - 1890 | 1 ” | calf, || | 6 | 6 00 | - ================================================================ - Total value of progeny from herd of 32 in 10 years, $21,226 58 - - Value of progeny, $663 33 on each 200 pound cow. - - =============================================================== - || 300 POUND BUTTER HERD. - -------+-----------+----------++----------+--------+----------- - On |The | Coming ||Value of |Value of|Total value - January|original | in milk ||butter |heifers |of the - 1st, |herd of | at 2, ||at the |at end |heifers - of the |32 will | will make||end of ten|of ten |and their - year— |drop— | butter— ||years. |years. |product. - -------+-----------+----------++----------+--------+----------- - 1881 |16 heifers,| 8 years, ||$6,973 12 | $1,216 | $8,189 12 - 1882 |16 ” | 7 ” || 6,073 12 | 1,824 | 7,897 12 - 1883 |16 ” | 6 ” || 5,117 92 | 2,432 | 7,549 92 - 1884 |16 ” | 5 ” || 4,104 32 | 3,040 | 7,144 32 - 1885 |16 ” | 4 ” || 3,029 12 | 3,040 | 6,069 12 - 1886 |16 ” | 3 ” || 1,888 32 | 3,040 | 4,928 32 - 1887 |16 ” | 2 ” || 980 48 | 3,040 | 4,020 48 - 1888 |16 ” | 1 ” || 340 32 | 3,040 | 3,380 32 - 1889 |16 ” | yearling,|| | 2,000 | 2,000 00 - 1890 |16 ” | calf, || | 960 | 960 00 - --------------------------------------------------------------- - Product of the Second Generation. - --------------------------------------------------------------- - 1883 | 8 heifers,| 6 years, ||$2,558 96 | 1,216 | $3,774 96 - 1884 | 8 ” | 5 ” || 2,052 16 | 1,520 | 3,572 16 - 1885 | 8 ” | 4 ” || 1,514 56 | 1,520 | 3,034 56 - 1886 | 8 ” | 3 ” || 944 16 | 1,520 | 2,464 16 - 1887 | 8 ” | 2 ” || 490 24 | 1,520 | 2,010 24 - 1888 | 8 ” | 1 ” || 170 16 | 1,520 | 1,690 16 - 1889 | 8 ” | yearling,|| | 1,000 | 1,000 00 - 1890 | 8 ” | calf, || | 480 | 480 00 - --------------------------------------------------------------- - Product of the Third Generation. - --------------------------------------------------------------- - 1885 | 4 heifers,| 4 years, || $757 28 | 760 | $1,517 28 - 1886 | 4 ” | 3 ” || 472 08 | 760 | 1,232 08 - 1887 | 4 ” | 2 ” || 245 12 | 760 | 1,005 12 - 1888 | 4 ” | 1 ” || 85 08 | 760 | 845 08 - 1889 | 4 ” | yearling,|| | 500 | 500 00 - 1890 | 4 ” | calf, || | 240 | 240 00 - --------------------------------------------------------------- - Product of the Fourth Generation. - --------------------------------------------------------------- - 1887 | 2 heifers,| 2 years, || $122 56 | 380 | $502 56 - 1888 | 2 ” | 1 ” || 42 54 | 380 | 422 54 - 1889 | 2 ” | yearling,|| | 250 | 250 00 - 1890 | 2 ” | calf, || | 120 | 120 00 - --------------------------------------------------------------- - Product of the Fifth Generation. - --------------------------------------------------------------- - 1889 | 1 heifer, | yearling,|| | 125 | 125 00 - 1890 | 1 ” | calf, || | 60 | 60 00 - =============================================================== - Total value of progeny from herd of 32 in 10 years, $76,984 62 - - Value of progeny, $2,405 77 on each 300 pound cow. - - - - -NOTICES OF THE PRESS. - - -“The whole system is very clearly laid down, so that any one, by practice -and study, may learn from this work how to use it. The arguments for and -against are also set forth, with proofs of the value of the system. Our -dairymen would do well to study the subject and be able to guess as well -as the members of the commission on the value of the cows examined by -them.”—_American Dairymen._ - -“In itself, the system is very simple, and, with care, easily understood; -and, taking into consideration its great importance, should be studied -and acquired by all who are directly or indirectly interested in farming, -and as so many opportunities are offering to obtain a practical knowledge -of the method, there can be no excuse for ignorance any longer. The -system of judging the value of cows has become so thoroughly arranged -that with a little practice, enough can be learned from it in a short -time to serve any one making use of it, and thereby avoiding loss. - -“The bulls are found marked with corresponding designs, as far as the sex -permits, which indicate unerringly their good and poor qualities; and -thus by a wise use of the knowledge acquired through the Guenon method, -stock breeders can judiciously, and with almost certainty, select their -cattle for the purposes in view, either for milking, butter-making, -or beef, according to their desire, for all these results follow its -teachings.”—_State Fair Daily._ - -“Mr. Hazard has given us a most interesting work upon a system that -has gained the respect and consideration of thinking farmers the world -over.”—_Farm and Fireside, Springfield, Ohio._ - -“Mr. Hazard is, no doubt, the best posted supporter of the system in this -country, and may be regarded as authority. If his recommendations for -the selection of dairy stock are worthless then the whole Guenon system -may be condemned as being utterly fallacious. His book deserves careful -attention from intelligent farmers.”—_Bucks County Intelligencer._ - -“In a majority of cases, the marks have been reliable, and this should -incite all dairy folks to know what is said about it.”—_Meehan’s -Gardner’s Monthly._ - -“It embraces a sketch of Guenon, and the progress of his discovery; -extracts from his preface explaining his views; an explanation of his -system of escutcheon marks; descriptions of the various escutcheons and -their indications of value and quantity, and directions how to apply them -in practice, together with the report of the commission of which the -author served as secretary. Nearly one hundred illustrations are given, -those of the escutcheons being photographed from the drawings in Guenon’s -last revised edition.”—_Country Gentleman and Cultivator._ - -“Remarkable as was M. Guenon’s method, and although his discoveries were -duly made known in this country, this is the first time that his methods -have been compiled for practical use. By the use of this little handbook, -there can be no doubt, but that farmers and stock raisers would save a -vast amount of money. The explanations are simple and easily followed, -the numerous illustrations serving to elucidate the text.”—_Boston -Evening Traveler._ - -“Beginning with a little sketch of the method of the birth of the system -in Guenon’s mind, the author goes on in a clear and concise manner to -explain by plain language and appropriate drawings, the various so -called ‘milk mirrors’ and their values, being properly understood, -as aids in selecting good dairy stock. The various opinions of those -adverse to the ‘theory’ are fairly discussed, and the reports of various -agricultural societies which have from time to time investigated it -are given, together with the report of the Pennsylvania commission. -Taken altogether, Mr. Hazard has succeeded in making a very readable, -interesting and valuable book, and one which, whatever may or may not -be the preconceived ideas of its reader, cannot fail to interest and -instruct him upon a subject which should be far better understood amongst -farmers generally, than it at present is.”—_New England Homestead._ - -“A very valuable pamphlet. Mr. Hazard has devoted great attention and -study to the subject, with a view of rendering the system popular, and we -happen to know that his work is largely appreciated, especially by the -farmers of New England, from the number of orders received for the book. -The discovery made by Mr. Guenon, and the practical principles founded on -it are invaluable, and the saving to the country by its general knowledge -will be very great. The State of Pennsylvania, in 1878, appointed a -commission to test the system and report on it. Mr. Hazard was a member -of the commission, and has added the results of much study and research. -He has been invited to lecture and present the subject at the annual -meeting of the Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture, at Greenfield, -and has many invitations and engagements in other places.”—_Massachusetts -Ploughman._ - -“This volume embraces all the essential matters in Guenon’s treatise. -It is really a valuable contribution to dairy literature.”—_Southern -Cultivator._ - -“Every farmer should study Guenon.”—_Farm Journal._ - -“Dairymen and stock raisers should send for a copy.”—_Rural Nebraska._ - - - - -EXTRACTS FROM THE MUCH LARGER NOTICES OF THE WORK. - - -HOW TO SELECT COWS; OR, THE GUENON SYSTEM EXPLAINED. By _Willis P. -Hazard_. In no way is the march of improvement in agriculture more -decided than in the new discoveries and new methods of developing its -resources. It is owing to these that America is now the granary of the -world, and, as years roll by, if the developments of the next decade -are as great in proportion as the last ones, no matter how extensive -the foreign demand, there will be an ample supply at still lower prices -than at the present. No branch of agricultural interests has changed -so much and received such an impetus, especially within the last five -years, as the dairy. Entire new modes of making butter and cheese and -of setting milk have largely taken place of the old ones. Competition -in making dairy products becomes keener each year, and every process by -which the labor can be lessened, or the products be cheapened, meets with -recompense. - -The first step, however, is in the selection of good stock, for by it the -product of the herd is increased from twenty-five to thirty-three per -cent., and, therefore, the profits must be immensely greater. The old -plan of our forefathers of judging of the value of a cow by a crumpled -horn and a large bag is now set aside by recent discoveries. The most -important and most reliable one is that of Mons. François Guenon, of -Libourne, France. After a series of experiments he was convinced there -were outward marks in the hair which were an indication of the yield and -quality of all cows. Patiently for many years he labored at forming his -discoveries into a system, with classes and orders of each variation. -He was finally rewarded by the approval of all the leading agricultural -societies in France, and by that government with a pension of three -thousand francs. - -The work of Guenon was partially translated and published in this country -years ago, but it was his first crude effort, and it presented the new -science in so crude a form as rather to dismay the learner than to -invite him to master it. Last year the State of Pennsylvania appointed -a commission of three well-known agriculturists and experts to test the -system and report upon it. That report was printed and published to the -extent of twenty-five thousand copies, which but partially supplied the -demand. Messrs. Blight, Harvey, and Hazard examined the escutcheons of -two hundred cows, and interpreted them as regards the quantity, quality, -and time of the yield of each animal. Alongside of their statements the -knowledge of the owner of each cow was printed, and it is truly wonderful -how accurately the character of each cow is given by these gentlemen who -had never seen the cattle before. The gist of their report was that the -system was invaluable and worthy of adoption by every farmer, and such -adoption would add millions of value to the improved herds of the country. - -Upon the publication of this report, discussions took place in the -leading agricultural journals, and thus has been created a demand for -more easily to be acquired knowledge upon the whole subject. Willis P. -Hazard, the secretary of the commission, has prepared a complete treatise -upon Guenon’s system, and it has been just issued in a cheap form, for -wide circulation. - -Mr. Hazard in his book gives a sketch of the life of M. Guenon and -the progress of his system, and then fully explains it, so that in -this simplified form any one can quickly learn all the points so as -to readily apply it. The opinions of others, both pro and con, are -introduced, argued, and answered, so that in this volume one gets a full -history and account of the system, and its practical application is made -easy. There is a profusion of engravings, photographed from Guenon’s -designs, which thoroughly elucidate the text and render it a valuable -handbook which no farmer can afford to do without, and which amateur -agriculturists will find a most interesting development of a wonderful -discovery.—_Philadelphia Inquirer._ - -“A gentleman well known among the dairymen, and who was appointed by the -Governor of Pennsylvania to investigate the value and practicability of -the Guenon system. He was induced to undertake the explanation of the -system, which he has very ably performed in this volume. The low price -at which it is offered should induce every one even in the smallest -manner engaged in breeding or management of cows to procure a copy of -it.”—_American Farmer, Baltimore._ - -“At the New York State fair, in September, 1879, Mr. Hazard applied -the Guenon system to a large number of cows of different breeds on -exhibition, and told the amount of milk each gave, as indicated by the -escutcheon theory. A committee, with Col. F. D. Curtis as chairman, was -appointed to accompany him, and they state in their report that he was -generally accurate, not varying in any instance more than two quarts in -stating the daily average yield, and in most cases giving the amount -exactly, and also the time the cows would give milk. He made his estimate -on the average daily yield for the first three months after calving, -on liberal feed. In one or two instances he over rated the cows, but -generally where there was any difference he was under the amount stated -by the owners. Mr. Hazard takes into consideration in his estimates the -size of the cow and her whole contour, as well as the character of the -skin. His round of observation is first the shape of the escutcheon, -then the milk veins and quality of the skin. He offered to have the cows -blanketed and then tell their milking capacity, but this was not done. -It is fair to say that he judges mainly by the escutcheon. The tests -attracted a large circle of breeders, who were greatly interested on -account of the novelty and general accuracy.”—_Col. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll -have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using -this ebook. - - - -Title: How to Select Cows - or, The Guenon system simplified, explained, and practically applied - -Author: Willis Pope Hazard - -Illustrator: François Guenon - -Release Date: August 4, 2020 [EBook #62852] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW TO SELECT COWS *** - - - - -Produced by Charlene Taylor, Bryan Ness and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_1"></a>[1]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> -<img src="images/illus1.jpg" width="400" height="425" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">FRANCIS GUENON.</p> -</div> - -<hr /> - -<h1>HOW TO SELECT COWS;<br /> -<span class="smaller">OR</span><br /> -THE GUENON SYSTEM<br /> -<span class="smaller">SIMPLIFIED, EXPLAINED, AND PRACTICALLY APPLIED.</span></h1> - -<p class="titlepage"><span class="smaller">BY</span><br /> -WILLIS P. HAZARD,<br /> -<span class="smaller"><i>Secretary of the Pennsylvania Guenon Commission; President of the Chad’s Ford -Farmers’ Club; a Vice-President of the American Dairyman’s Association; -Lecturer upon Agriculture at the Delaware State College, &c., -&c.; Author of Treatises “On the Jersey, Guernsey, and -Alderney Cow,” and “On Butter and Butter-making;” -“The Annals of Philadelphia,” &c.</i></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter titlepage" style="width: 400px;"> -<img src="images/tp-cow.jpg" width="400" height="250" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="titlepage smaller">WITH NEARLY 100 ILLUSTRATIONS<br /> -<i>Photographed from Guenon’s engravings.</i></p> - -<p class="titlepage">PHILADELPHIA:<br /> -J. M. STODDART & CO., 1018 Chestnut Street.<br /> -1882</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_2"></a>[2]</span></p> - -<p class="titlepage smaller"><span class="smcap">Copyrighted<br /> -According to Act of Congress</span><br /> -1879.</p> - -<hr /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_3"></a>[3]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">PREFACE.</h2> - -</div> - -<p>The want has long been felt for a hand book which would simplify and -explain the invaluable discovery of Guenon, to enable any one to select -good stock. There can be no doubt if this discovery is made to be easily -acquired, that millions of dollars would be saved to the community by the -improvement of herds and a consequent reduction in the price of bovine -products, on account of the increased yield and the lower cost of raising it.</p> - -<p>The State of Pennsylvania, in 1878, appointed a commission to test the -system and report upon it. As a member of that commission, we found -there was with many a superficial knowledge of the subject, with others -enough acquaintance with the system to destroy their faith in it, and with -nearly all a desire to obtain sufficient practical knowledge of the system -to enable them to judge understandingly and to practice it.</p> - -<p>With a view to fill these wants, we have undertaken the explanation of -the system in the following pages to enable all to fill up their measure of -knowledge of the system, so that the superficial shall become thorough, -the doubting acquire new faith, and all see its merits <i>the more they practice -and apply it</i>.</p> - -<p>We have accordingly given a sketch of M. Guenon and the progress of -his discovery; some extracts from his preface explaining his views; an -explanation of his system of escutcheon marks; a description of the various -escutcheons and their indications of value and quantity, and directions -how to practically apply them, together with the report of the Pennsylvania -Guenon Commission.</p> - -<p>Believing that we have thus presented a comprehensive view of this discovery, -we trust every one into whose hands this work may come, will -patiently, book in hand, go into the farm-yard and judge of the value of -his stock by the rules here set forth, compare the results with his individual -knowledge of his stock, and fairly estimate the value of the system.</p> - -<p>The illustrations of the escutcheons are photographed from Guenon’s -drawings in his last revised edition.</p> - -<p class="right">WILLIS P. HAZARD.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Maple Knoll, West Chester, Pa.</span>, <i>September, 1879</i>.</p> - -<hr /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4"></a>[4]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">LECTURES ON THE GUENON SYSTEM.</h2> - -</div> - -<p>The author of this work having been invited to lecture a number of -times before agricultural societies, and being constantly in receipt of letters -of inquiry about repeating his lectures, takes this public opportunity -to announce that he will make arrangements to repeat his lecture on the -Guenon system, illustrated with a series of large drawings. Correspondence -is solicited with officers of agricultural societies, granges, agricultural -fairs, colleges, farmers’ clubs, and dairymen’s associations. His principal -object being to disseminate widely a knowledge of a system of such great -value to his brother farmers, the terms will be satisfactory.</p> - -<p>At each lecture practical illustrations and instruction is given in the -barn-yard or field. Address him at</p> - -<p class="center">WEST CHESTER,<br /> -<span class="smcap">Chester County,<br /> -Pennsylvania</span>.</p> - -<h3>LECTURE UPON THE CHANNEL ISLANDS, -THEIR PEOPLE, AND THE CATTLE.</h3> - -<p>The author having recently spent several months in Guernsey and Jersey -for the purpose of studying the habits of the people, viewing the scenery, -and acquiring a knowledge of the agriculture, and the breeding of their -cattle, has embodied the results of his visits in a lecture, which he is now -prepared to deliver before agricultural and other associations.</p> - -<h3>LECTURES UPON AGRICULTURE.</h3> - -<p>The author having been appointed Lecturer upon Agriculture to the -Delaware State College, at Newark, Del., will repeat all or part of the -course to farmers’ institutes, colleges, schools, &c. The lectures are popular -in character, and not too scientific for general comprehension.</p> - -<hr /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5"></a>[5]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">GUENON’S INTRODUCTION TO HIS NEW REVISED EDITION.</h2> - -</div> - -<p>Error is propagated with the rapidity of lightning; before it every obstacle -disappears, and popular favor seems to welcome it. Truth, on the -contrary, is received with indifference, often even with doubt, suspicion, -and distrust. Indeed, how often have we not seen the author of a discovery -which, having been accepted and realized ought to have advanced -the public good and increased the general welfare, come into contact with -the hatred, the ignorance, and the envy, and thus become the laughter of -fools and the jest of the wise. To some the inventor seemed without good -sense; to others an ignoramus. Too feeble to struggle against all, he -died broken hearted, and left to his powerful antagonists the glory of -having, perhaps for ages, buried his discovery, and to those who bring to -perfection cities and fields the deprivation of a good up to that time unknown.</p> - -<p>If more happy than those martyrs for a new idea, I should reach, at last, -that which concerns me, after twelve years of incessant struggles, to cause -the truth to appear to the eyes of all, I should have nothing more to desire. -Nothing would remain for me, except to bless the generous hearts -which shall have aided me in triumphing over routine and error; then on -quitting this world, only to bequeath the worthy men who have so bravely -encouraged and seconded my efforts, the task of simplifying my discovery, -and rendering my method popular to cause the analytical knowledge of -cattle to penetrate even into the most obscure hamlet, and while dividing -thus with me the glory of having done this good, their names will be held -in grateful remembrance by future generations; such has been the idea -which has guided every moment of my life, all the efforts of my mind.</p> - -<p>For nearly twelve years, since I have given my method to the public, -through a first edition of my “Treatise on Milch Cows,” the savants and -the practitioners have been greatly prepossessed with it. When they have -seen me make a successful application before them of my system, by a -single inspection of animals which I saw for the first time, they have -expressed a lively surprise.</p> - -<p>In the vegetable kingdom, skillful nurserymen have distinguished more -than eighty different orders of pears of summer, of autumn, and of winter; -each of these orders has its distinctive characteristics, as many for the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6"></a>[6]</span> -shape and the taste of the fruit, as for the time of ripening. And when a -tree-grower or an amateur is sufficiently skillful, he distinguishes marvelously -all these species one from another by a single inspection, and at -whatever time of year it may be. He knows equally well what exposure -it is necessary to give to each of them to obtain exquisite fruits.</p> - -<p>My first studies had been directed toward arboriculture. I have practiced -with my father during many years. My principal occupation was -the cutting of trees, grafts, both splits and bandages, and by studying -vegetables, I had acquired the idea of and an insight into classifications.</p> - -<p>I was better prepared thus for my work of classifying the bovine race, -a work which no one had ever tried, either theoretically or practically.</p> - -<p>My classification of the characteristic signs, embraces all the races of -France and other countries, without distinction of sex or age.</p> - -<p>Unknown, up to this day, although they have always existed, these -signs have escaped all the world, even the sagacity of the most celebrated -painters, as well as that of veterinary doctors of the highest reputations of -all times.</p> - -<p>The appearance of my method should mark an era, for it opposes and -overturns all the prejudiced routines according to which people have -practiced up to this time.</p> - -<p>It opens a new era in an art in its infancy, in a science whose first principles -even were unknown. I should then expound it with the greatest -detail.</p> - -<p>This method is of the greatest simplicity, whatever has been possible -to be said of it, and whoever will become thoroughly familiar with the -escutcheon of the first order of each class, will be able to judge of all.</p> - -<p>Escutcheons are ten in number. They extend, according to their class, -from the centre of the four teats to the level of the upper extremity of -the vulva, and may extend in breadth from the middle of the hinder surface -of one leg, to the middle of the hinder surface of the other. By their -form or configuration, escutcheons characterize and distinguish the ten -families which together constitute my classification. Behold, then, to -what is reduced, in reality, this pretended immense complication.</p> - -<p>A special figure, placed at the end of each class, serves to indicate mongrel -animals.</p> - -<p>Each of the <i>classes</i> or families is characterized by an escutcheon of -fixed form, always similar to itself, while one does not get out of that -class or that family, but variable in the dimensions of its surface. That -dimension or that surface should be estimated by square centimeters, but -that would be too complicated for the practical man; since it depends on -the size of the individual, it is estimated by the limits of the escutcheon -placed on the hinder part of the animal. The extreme limits are the -hams, the interior surface of the legs and vulva. The surface of the escutcheon, -of which the extent varies, has permitted me to divide each class -or family into <i>six orders</i>, for each one of which I assign, in taking account -of the shape, the quantity, the continuation, and the quality of the milk.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7"></a>[7]</span></p> - -<p>The escutcheon of the first order is the most developed; is also the best -marked. The escutcheon of each of the five other orders is similar in -form to that of the first order. It is, in some sort, only a proportionate -reduction—a diminutive. It is the escutcheon of the first order, with the -dimensions reduced or brought within less extended limits, reaching no -longer the hock nor longer covering the interior of the thighs, nor yet -reaching up to the vulva, remaining consequently at a distance greater or -less from these boundaries.</p> - -<p>I have added to this new edition—</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>1st. Two new classes, sub-divided also into six orders, (the Left Flanders -and the Double Selvage.)</p> - -<p>2d. Two varieties of escutcheons, having some similarity with the others.</p> - -<p>3d. Finally, the classification of the bull.</p> - -</div> - -<p>These three additions, unpublished until now, complete and generalize -the system of characteristic signs, by which one can prove the absolute and -relative superiority or inferiority of each individual of the race.</p> - -<p>These new forms of escutcheons were known to me at the time of the -publication of my first issue, and which I had already announced; but -they occurred so rarely in the races which were familiar to me, that I -thought they were not worth publishing.</p> - -<p>But, now, since I have traveled so much, not only in France, but in foreign -countries, I have convinced myself that these classes occur much -more commonly in certain races than I had thought at first. I have felt -the necessity of putting them in my method, and have given them their -proper place.</p> - -<p>In respect to the two new varieties of escutcheons, they are like an appendix -to the classification, and characterize the product of crossing between -different classes.</p> - -<p>To state precisely their signification and to value their corresponding -milk product, it is necessary to compare these escutcheons with the order -of the class to which they are the most analogous.</p> - -<p>When I shall have described the different families of true cows, as well -as their division into orders, the yield or the quantity of milk, their butyraceous -qualities, and the greater or less period of its duration of yield -during gestation, I will pass to the bastard cows, which, though perfectly -similar in form and color to others, differ essentially from them, for they -lose their milk as soon as they are pregnant.</p> - -<p>This close resemblance is a source of errors to the most practiced judges.</p> - -<p>Thus have I wished in the description of classification, to point out precisely -the distinctive signs by the aid of which one can easily recognize -them. After the study of bastard cows, comes the chapter of bull re-productors. -I have made plain, that in the classifications of bulls, I have reduced -to three the numbers of orders of each class, in order to bring the -application of the method to the most simple expression. The first will -comprehend all the bulls, the good re-producers; the second, the re-producers<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8"></a>[8]</span> -of middling quality; the third, the bad re-producers. I mean by -bad, those in which fails the ability for the transmission of the lactiferous -qualities. As one sees, the characteristic signs with the males, as with -the females, have a significant value of the highest importance. With the -bull, they portray the re-productive qualities, and with the cows the lactiferous -qualities. The observers who will apply my system of one kind, -as rigorously for the males as for the females, will observe in the passage -of one order to the other, the same scale of proportion that this established -in the classification of the cows. Although the classification bears -more on the lactiferous or re-productive properties than on the others, it -is important to take in consideration all the other qualities that the individuals -can and ought to possess to be of an irreproachable organization.</p> - -<p>The cows of the first and second order of each class, in all the races, -will always give in the same country, a greater abundance of milk than -those of inferior orders. To recognize the lactiferous produce of cows, -whatever may be their class or the locality that they inhabit, it suffices -simply to know the quality of the food which makes the habitual nourishment -of the cows in the place where they are kept.</p> - -<p>In following in his appreciation, the degree of superiority or of inferiority -of the escutcheon, one will judge close upon the daily quantity of -milk that all the cows of the same country are apt to give, for one will -know then in what proportion all the figures of the classification should -be modified. A milk cow ought to be neither too fat nor too lean, to give -her maximum of milk. All confinements in a period of thinness is prejudicial -to the habitual produce. Even when the animal would have recovered -her strength, she will not recuperate so as to restore the quantity of her -milk; that can take place only after a year, and by means of a new calf. -A great milk cow, whatever may be her aptness for fattening, and her condition -of fat at the time of calving, becomes thin about fifteen or twenty -days after calving; the time of her rut is therefore less near than that of -a poor milk cow, because her vital forces are weaker. Witness the quantity -of her yield, which is only that of a cow of medium product.</p> - -<p>One can compare a milch cow to a fruit tree, which gives more fruit this -year than the next. When the sap of the tree carries vigor to the development -of the fruit, the growth of the wood remains nearly stationary. When, -on the contrary, the tree gives but little fruit, the sap turns to the profit -of the wood, to give, after a repose of several years, a greater quantity of -fruit, and to continue thus by alternative successions.</p> - -<p>It is the same with the cow, for it is seldom that her produce keeps the -same during three consecutive years, for the reason that, when the nourishment -absorbed by her turns to the profit of the milk, the milk is more -abundant; when, on the contrary, the nourishment goes to fat, the milk -diminishes.</p> - -<p>The variations in the milk quantity should be justly attributed to the -influence of atmospheric circumstances of the seasons, which react on the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9"></a>[9]</span> -quality of hay and fodder in augmenting or diminishing the nutritive juices -of the food.</p> - -<p>Cows which are fed in good pastures surpass the product which I have -assigned to their class and their order, while those which are in poor and -wet pastures have necessarily inferior produce, unless the latter have in -the stable nourishing food, more abundant and more succulent than they -are able to get for themselves out of doors.</p> - -<p>If, for example, the well-fed cows, or those grazing on rich pasture -lands, should give as much as twenty to twenty-five quarts of milk per -day; these same cows, taken and fed on poor pasture, will give only about -ten or twelve quarts.</p> - -<p>If, on the contrary, one takes the cows raised on a poor soil, transfers -them to rich pastures, the milk produce of these same cows will be superior -to that they gave in their original lands.</p> - -<p>My readers should well understand that in the valuations of my classifications -that I have not pretended to assign a rigorous and absolute amount. -I have been only able to give an approximate figure to each class and to -each order, adopting the medium limit of the ordinary amount of the different -breeds of various localities.</p> - -<p>The atmosphere, the care, and the different foods of each country, all -these different things exercise upon the animal, an influence favorable or -unfavorable, according to the nature of the soil.</p> - -<p>There are many other circumstances which should be considered, and -which would disturb the harmony of the figures of my valuation and the -normal quantity. Such are, for example, the case of sickness, accidents, -&c. That is the reason I have adopted, in determining the quantity of -cows of each order, a medium figure, such as is shown in the classification.</p> - -<p>I will also observe, relative to those animals to which I assign approximate -weight in the course of this work, that, following the customs of commerce, -of sale, and of butchers, this weight is dead weight, the animal being -deprived of the skin, intestines, head, feet, &c.</p> - -<p>If, contrary to custom, I had acted otherwise, and had made the calculation -for the animal on the hoof, the figures given by me would present a -great difference, which would increase according to the amount of fat, sometimes -to double the weight.</p> - -<p>The discovery which I have made of the value of the escutcheon is designated -by the contrary direction of the hair, and which had escaped the attention -of every one, even those most interested in gaining the knowledge -of it. It is necessary also to avow the effect produced by the change of -direction of the hair is not glaring on the animal. It is merely a difference -of luster, and the gloss on the surface of the escutcheon and the part of -the skin surrounding it. The hair of the escutcheon is finer, shorter, more -furry, and more silky. Its appearance, at the first glance, makes one think -this part of the animal has been shaved. Compared with the ordinary -hair, the skin of the udder appears to be more designed to be quicker seen -on the part where appears the escutcheon.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10"></a>[10]</span></p> - -<p>All animals of the bovine species, without excepting even wild animals, -are marked with an escutcheon, large, small, or medium, regular or irregular. -Their characteristic sign is transmitted with the generating germ.</p> - -<p>I have not thought it necessary to say much on that portion of the -escutcheon which extends on the stomach of the beast towards the navel. -This addition has been thought useless. Enough is shown of the escutcheon -when she is standing.</p> - -<p>In order to see well the escutcheons with all the fullness which my -sketches give them, it must be supposed that the udder of each cow is seen -at its greatest plenitude of milk, such as would separate the hind legs to -the greatest extent. In this way the escutcheon is seen as if the entire -skin of the animal was placed flat, or as if the envelope of the milk bearing -apparatus formed a plain surface, on which are drawn the elevations, -the depressions, and all that is not visible to the eye, without the aid of -hands or of movement of the cow, both that which is hidden at the further -side and in the folds of the udder and of the thighs of the animal on -foot.</p> - -<p>In order to examine and to distinguish perfectly the escutcheon, one -should place himself behind the animal and make it advance some steps, -in such manner that the movements which it makes in walking should -show, one after another, the parts which one needs to see.</p> - -<p>One can also, in passing the nails over the space occupied by the escutcheon -and leading the hand downward from above, in a manner contrary -to the rising hair, and ruffling it, recognize without difficulty its form and -its extent.</p> - -<p>Theoretical explanations are always abstract and diffuse in their development. -My method may at first appear difficult and complicated, which, -indeed, pretended savans have chosen to affirm. Nevertheless it is not so, -and in order to comprehend it, it is sufficient to study it. It is with this -as with everything else, to know it is necessary to study and to practice.</p> - -<p>The beautiful art which I am about to explain to agriculturists is most -easily acquired. Its technical dictionary is composed only of certain -words, of which the readers should, first of all, know perfectly the precise -signification.</p> - -<p>These words are <i>Escutcheons, Epis or Tufts ascending</i>, and <i>Epis or -Tufts</i> descending. After he knows perfectly the different forms and the -importance of these characteristic signs, he will know the whole subject as -well as I do myself.</p> - -<p>The Epis or Tuft, as one will see, participates with the escutcheon in the -distinction of the orders—it multiplies the sub-divisions. It seems at the -same time to complicate my method and to render it less accessible; but -I have not felt myself at liberty to omit it, since it has an incontestible -and important value.</p> - -<p>If, among certain animals, the form and extent of characteristic signs -are not exactly those of the drawings, but a sort of intermediate between<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11"></a>[11]</span> -the characteristic signs of two classes, he who applies the method should -approximate them to the drawing of the classification from which they -differ the least, and from that deduce the probable value.</p> - -<p>To render my work perfectly clear, I had to enter into the developments -very much in detail. Nevertheless, so extensive are these details that I -believe I have given neither too many nor too few, and have confined myself -simply within the limits of the possible, the indispensible and the -useful.</p> - -<p>And now, whoever my opponents may be, I proclaim boldly and without -fear, that the escutcheon is the only incontestible characteristic sign -that can enable one to discern, by simple inspection, the aptitude for milk -production of each animal.</p> - -<p>All animals of the bovine species in good state of health, to which no -accident has happened, and whose escutcheons are of the first orders of each -class, will manifest always, and without exception, as much for the production -of milk as for generative ability.</p> - -<p>Beauty of form, to my thinking, represents but an ideal, and although -one ought to take it into consideration, it is a simple accessory without -value of its own, when the question is that of the production of milk.</p> - -<p>May I have been able to justify by this work the fruit of the experience -of my whole life, the honor done me by many agricultural societies in admitting -me to their membership, and by the government which has shared -the expense of this new edition, with the twofold purpose of encouraging -my efforts and facilitating the propagation of my method.</p> - -<hr /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12"></a>[12]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">GUENON’S METHOD OF JUDGING OF THE VALUE OF STOCK.</h2> - -</div> - -<p>Fifty years ago there was dawning upon the world the first ray of a great -discovery. A star was rising in the agricultural world, which was about to -shed new light, and like many other valuable discoveries, it was made by -one among the lowly, and partly by chance. The author of this new discovery -has said, “Error flies with the rapidity of lightning, all obstacles -vanish before it. Truth, on the contrary, is admitted coldly, often even -with doubt, suspicion, and distrust.” It is owing partly to this, partly to -the fact that this new light was given to the world when the mind of -farmers were not ready to <i>receive</i> new ideas of progress as they now seek -them, and much to the fact that it was the invention of a foreigner described -in a foreign tongue. True a translation of it was made through the -medium of an American monthly magazine of agriculture; but it was one -of limited circulation. At that time the number of periodicals devoted -to that interest was few, and such new and important questions were not -thoroughly discussed and the knowledge of them placed in every farm-house -in the land, as it is at the present day. Shortly after the appearance of -M. Guenon’s treatise in the magazine, it was reprinted in book form, and -received the large circulation of sixty-five thousand copies, between that -time and now, and the book most probably sells better to-day than it did -then. By many who procured that book the subject was studied, and advantage -taken of its revelations, being stored away in the reader’s mind -for actual practice. By the great majority it was read, but not studied; -driven from it by the apparent complications of the system and the two -hundred sub-divisions of it; by many, perhaps, it was attempted to be put -into practice, but without their having given the subject that close investigation -which was needed to prove the system correct. It was mostly by -this class of persons, because the system was not found to be infallible, -that it was denounced and given up, even by men otherwise intelligent; -as if anything human could be infallible. Thus it is that by the ignorant -its revelations were received with incredulity, and by many of the intelligent -with doubt; but to the earnest seekers after practical information, it -has unfolded a mine of wealth, and they have proved the system by continuous -experience, and found it to be the most reliable mode of judging -of the value of every member of the bovine species.</p> - -<p>It was a happy thought that suggested itself to the Pennsylvania State -Board of Agriculture, to have the system tested by uninterested parties. -But extremely difficult, it was, to obtain persons to make the test. For -those to whom application was made declined it on various grounds, -principally because, as Guenon himself has stated in his latest edition,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13"></a>[13]</span> -many pretended savans would endeavor to throw ridicule upon it; many -others would identify the gentlemen making the tests with it, as if it was -their system that they were testing; while not a few still more narrow-minded, -would think they were trying to humbug them. Thus it was -difficult to fill the places, which offered neither honor nor profit.</p> - -<p>It will be seen, by these extracts, that the Governor appointed three -experts to test the system. This they did in the summer of 1878, examining -two hundred cows, jotting down their opinion of the yield, quality, -and time of each of them, and afterwards printing them alongside of the -reports of their owners, so that the public could form their own estimate -of the results of the examinations of the commission. They are here -reprinted, to show how it was carried out. Particular attention is called -to the examinations <i>of the blanketed cows</i> in Thomas Gawthrop’s herd.</p> - -<h3>On M. Guenon and his System.</h3> - -<p>It is proper we should inquire into M. Guenon, and the origin and development -of his system.</p> - -<p>Monsieur François Guenon, a husbandman of Libourne, in France, was -the son of a gardener, and followed for sometime his ancestor’s trade. He -seems to have had a mind above those in his position. As we look at his -portrait, he appears to have a clear eye, a cool head, great determination, -firmness of character, a well-balanced mind, and with it all, a vigor of -constitution which buoys him up, and enables him to over-ride obstacles. -He says himself, he was of an observant turn of mind, fond of comparing -things, and deducing consequences from what he learned by observation -and comparison, particularly from the Book of Nature. Young, -ardent and healthy, with the vivacity of his race, he felt himself destined -for better things than those a gardener’s life would insure him. What -wonder then that his eye was keen to see, his mind to grasp and analyze -any new turn of thought that chance might throw in his way.</p> - -<p>Like most self-made men, who have made their mark in life’s pilgrimage, -he set himself to work to improve himself—to acquire that which would -expand his mind, and fit it to receive any new inspiration, and be able to -develop it. He studied the works of the best writers on botany and agriculture; -and applied his knowledge by following up all the ramifications -of the vegetable kingdom, and studied their external signs, that distinguish -the different sorts, and ascertained their qualities and productiveness.</p> - -<p>In France, they have few fences, and the cattle of a neighborhood are -driven to the grazing ground, and herded together, and, in turn, members -of each or several families, (the younger portion,) are put to watch that -the cattle do not stray out of bounds. Such companionship with their -stock makes the owners fond of them, and they are treated as pets, and -become very docile. When young Guenon was about fourteen years of -age, he would drive their cow to graze. His cow he was very fond of, and -could identify her among any number. She was a good milker.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14"></a>[14]</span></p> - -<h3>The Escutcheon or Mirror.</h3> - -<p>In his authorized account of the discovery and perfection of his system, -Guenon uses the following language: “When fourteen years of age, I used, -according to country custom, to drive our only cow to the grazing ground. -I was very fond of her, and could have identified her among ever so many. -One day as I was whiling away the time in cleaning and scratching my old -companion, I noticed that a sort of bran or dandruff detached itself in considerable -quantities from certain spots on her hind parts, formed by the -meeting of the hair as it grew in opposite directions, which spots I have -since called <i>ears</i>, from the resemblance they often bear to the bearded ears -or heads of wheat or rye. This first attracted my attention, and I recollected -having heard my grandfather say that it was probable that there were external -marks on cows whereby their good qualities or their defects might -be known—just as we judge of the vital force of a plant and its qualities -by means of its leaves and lines in its skin. Reflecting on the subject, I -arrived at the conclusion that if in the vegetable kingdom there exists external -signs, whereby the good and the bad qualities of a plant can be positively -known, there ought to exist in the animal, or its kingdom, also, marks -whereby we may judge, by inspecting an animal, of its qualities, good and -bad, and I thought I had discovered one of these signs. I sought the -bearded ears or quirls, and scratched those spots in quest of dandruff, the -abundance or scarcity of this being what first engaged my attention. Every -new cow was compared with my own as a standard, and her superiority, -equality, or inferiority determined in my own mind. In the course of the -comparisons thus instituted by me, with reference to the dandruff alone, -which was at first the only thing that governed me, I had occasion to remark -that great diversities existed among cows in respect to the shape of -the bearded ears (quirls) which produced the dandruff. This suggested a -new train of reflection and observation, which resulted in my becoming -convinced that these <i>shapes</i> were the signs by which to distinguish cows, -and to know the good and bad qualities of every individual among them.”</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> -<img src="images/illus2.jpg" width="600" height="400" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">Imported Jersey Cow BLACK BESS.</p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> -<img src="images/illus3.jpg" width="600" height="400" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">Imported Jersey Cow TIBERIA.</p> -<p class="caption">Belonging to C. L. Sharpless, Philadelphia.</p> -</div> - -<p>In his original plan, Guenon divided these different shapes into eight -classes, each of which was sub-divided into eight orders. As he progressed -in his investigations, he afterwards added two more classes, and reduced -the orders to six in each class. These he supposed would cover all cases -which might come up for examination. He also divided cows into three -grades, which, in accordance with their <i>size</i>, he styled high, low, and medium. -From this it will be noted that Guenon, in classifying cows, was -governed first by the class, second by the order in the class, and finally by -their size. These <i>classes</i> he divided and named as follows:</p> - -<table summary="Guenon’s classes"> - <tr> - <td>1st</td> - <td>class,</td> - <td>or</td> - <td>Flanders.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>2d</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>Left Flanders.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>3d</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>Selvage.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>4th</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>Curveline.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>5th</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>Bicorn.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>6th</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>Double Selvage.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>7th</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>Demijohn.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>8th</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>Square Escutcheon.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>9th</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>Limousine.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>10th</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td>Horizontal.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>The ten orders in each of these classes were simply designated by their -appropriate numerals. Each <i>class</i> was better than the succeeding one, and -each <i>order</i> better than the following one of the <i>same</i> class, but might be -better than the preceding order of the <i>next</i> class.</p> - -<p>Of this seeming multiplicity of classes, orders, and sizes, Chalkley Harvey, -one of the commission appointed to test the system, writes thus:</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>“Now this may seem somewhat discouraging to your readers, but with all due respect -to Guenon, to whom all honor and praise should be accorded for his brilliant<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15"></a>[15]</span> -discovery, I think that it may be so simplified that every farmer, dairyman, and dealer -can learn it all in a short time, and may find the study quite interesting. I began it -laboriously, supposing that a mastery of all the details was necessary to make it of any -use, but more than twenty years of constant application in practice has simplified it to -my mind, and has added a little, I think, to the original discovery. The substance of -Guenon’s discovery is that the milking qualities of any cow, of any breed, are indicated -by an outward sign that all may see and easily understand. The hair on a cow, as on -other animals, grows downward on the hind-quarters, but there is an exception to this -rule on the back part of the udder, where it usually grows upward. The first lesson -for a beginner is to notice this fact. Let him stand behind a quiet cow, and rub the -hair on the udder both ways until he sees or feels just what I mean. Guenon called -the surface that is covered by this upward growth the escutcheon; others have called -it the milk-mirror; but this is no improvement in any respect, and I shall name it as -Guenon did, for there is no real objection to that name, and there is serious objection -to making confusion by calling the same thing by different names. The escutcheon, -then, is that surface on the cow’s udder where the hair grows upward. But it is not -confined to the udder, it extends upward above the udder, often to the vulva, and outward -upon the thighs on both sides of the udder. (See Flanders cow, class first, order -first.) These escutcheons are different in size, in shape, and in quality, (quality -means the quality of the skin, and of the hair growing on it,) and these differences indicate -the different milking qualities of the cows, including quantity and quality of -milk, and the length of time they will give milk after being with calf. On the edges -of the escutcheon where the upward and the downward growths of hair meet, a feather is -formed, and this is most conspicuous on the back part of the thighs where escutcheons -extend that wide. If the hair is long, as it generally is in winter time, the observer -can define the limits of the escutcheon better by applying his hand, and smoothing the -hair to its natural place. He will now perceive that the hair on the escutcheon is -shorter and softer than elsewhere, as well as turned upward in its growth, and sometimes -nearly resembles fur.</p> - -<p>“Let us now particularly consider the shapes and sizes of these escutcheons. There -is one general shape to which they conform, and that is that they are wider below than -above, and at or near the top of the udder they narrow in abruptly; some continue up -as far as the vulva, and even above it, and others but a little distance above the udder. -The size and shape of this upper part of the escutcheon is of less importance than -that of the lower part, but both must be considered—the larger the escutcheon the -better. All great milkers have very large escutcheons. In large ones the upturned -growth often begins on the belly, in front of the udder, extends along between the -teats and up the back part of the udder, over the whole width. Indeed, the udder -is not wide enough for it, and it encroaches on the thighs, where we may find the -hair having an upward growth on them, inside next the udder, beginning not far above -the hock joints, and running up as high as the wide part of the escutcheon extends -up the thighs, and which often terminates with corresponding curls in the hair at -the outlines, and the higher up and wider these are apart the better. Though the -extension of the escutcheon to the front part of the udder on the belly has been mentioned, -that is not a matter of practical interest in ordinary cases. All that needs to -be studied is plain to be seen by standing behind the cow. When the escutcheon is -small, it does not reach the thighs, and often does not cover the whole of the back -part of the udder. These differences in size can be distinguished at the first lesson -taken in the cow-yard, and when that has been done, the next thing is to consider -their shapes. A good escutcheon is symmetrical. The feathers on the two thighs are -at equal distance from the middle line of the body, and extend up to equal heights -on the back parts of the thighs. A broad and high escutcheon, (speaking now only of -the lower broad part of it,) that is <i>alike on both sides</i>, certainly indicates a superior -milker. There is nearly always another sign accompanying such an escutcheon, and -that is one or two <i>ovals</i> just above the hind teats, on which a <i>fine</i> coat of hair grows -downward. These may be large or small, may be one or two, and may be alike in -size, or unlike, but they are always good signs. Two are better than one, and the -larger and more uniform they are the better; they are almost always present on large -and symmetrical escutcheons. No escutcheon is ever first class if it has not one or -both, and one, at least, of good size. What constitutes ‘good size’ will be better -learned by a few observations than can be taught by inches, and I want to leave something -to the ingenuity of the learner, to make the study interesting.</p> - -<p>“Now, let us consider the shape and size of that part of the escutcheon which I have -spoken of as the upper part; that is, the narrow portion that has its base on the top of -the lower and wider portions, and runs up toward the vulva. Sometimes, though very -rarely, this does not exist at all. Sometimes it is broad, and extends all the way up, -with perfect symmetry. Sometimes it terminates in a curved line, at a greater or less -distance up; and, indeed, it may be seen of almost any shape. As a sign of excellence, -the larger and more symmetrical it is, the better—but a good <i>lower</i> part of the -escutcheon is the main thing, and that, as a sign, can hardly be vitiated by any imperfection -of the upper part. When the lower part is very good, there is usually uniformity -in the part. A poor escutcheon is one that is small, or that is imperfect in -form.”</p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16"></a>[16]</span></p> - -<h3>The Progress of His System.</h3> - -<p>With his mind keenly alive to the pursuit of his investigations, he soon -perceived the difference in the shape of these quirls or marks in the hair. -We can imagine how, when he saw any cow with the same escutcheon as -his own had, he would eagerly and closely question the owner, and then -make his comparisons and deductions. Then, again, when he would see -variations from his cow’s escutcheon, whether larger or smaller, though of -similar shape, how he would study them over! When he would ask of the -owner such questions, directed by his knowledge of the cow’s marks, the -owner would stare, and think how the lad could know so well of <i>his</i> cow. -And then his secret exultation when the answers showed him that he had -judged aright! We can imagine this young enthusiast going on, from step -to step, filling up his leisure with his acquisitions of his new theory, which -was becoming fact, and growing into a system.</p> - -<p>From his first step of discovering the dandruff, its scarcity or abundance, -to his noticing the great diversity existing among cows as to the shape of -the bearded ears or quirls, and being convinced these shapes were the signs -by which to distinguish cows, and then to make sure that the same mark -might always be relied upon as a positive sign of the same perfection or -defect; were all steps in the discovery that engrossed his whole mind. He -gave up his trade, traveled about, visiting cattle markets, fairs, and stables. -Conversing and cross-questioning all whom he could; fixing the results in -his mind, and getting the classification shaped out. He talked with farmers, -dealers, and veterinary men, ascertained their modes of judging of the -points of an animal, and found they were all by their own favorite signs -and marks. One looked to the udder, the horns, the hide, or the shape; -others to the hair, the veins, or something else; but none judged by the -signs which he had found out. All were uncertain. The most the best -judges could do would be to guess rightly, perhaps, three times out of five, -but none could tell how long a cow would milk. Perfecting his judgment -he would visit the same places and the same cows several times in a year, -to see how nature was operating upon the animals, and their changes of -character in the different periods of gestation, their treatment and food.</p> - -<p>Of course, he soon began to put his theories to practical value, and he -dealt in cattle on his own account. This brought before him cattle from -Holland, Switzerland, Brittany, and other countries. This improved his -opportunities by proving to him that, no matter what country gave them -birth, all individuals possessing the same marks belonged to the same class -and the same orders; in short, that nature acted through uniform laws.</p> - -<h3>Imperfections and Tufts.</h3> - -<p>Variations would arise, from crossing two animals with different escutcheons, -from some defect in marking at the birth, from lack of development, -or from those freaks that nature sometimes plays. They always prove -stumbling-blocks in forming the judgment on some animals, and furnish -texts to the opponents of the system.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17"></a>[17]</span></p> - -<p>As Guenon continued his examinations, he found that his classes did not -afford a place for all animals, or rather that there were occasionally to be -found cows whose escutcheons while apparently belonging to one of these -classes, had at the same time, certain distinguished features which he -styled imperfect escutcheons. These Mr. Hazard, the secretary of the -commission, described as follows:</p> - -<p>“The perfect escutcheon of each Class is the one which is in Order No. 1. -All variations from this are rated lower in the scale; these variations may -consist of a smaller size, therefore, the escutcheon would not be so broad -or high upon the thighs, nor so broad upon the vertical portion; they may -consist of the lack of ovals, which would place them below the first order; -they may consist of blemishes, which are tufts of hair growing alongside -of the vulva, or below it; or they may consist of strongly marked imperfections, -which may be cuts or slices taken out of the escutcheon; or, coarse, -harsh, wiry hair on the back and upper part of the udder. Finally, they -may be so decided as to place the animal among the bastards.”</p> - -<p>Of the tufts, Guenon says all tufts encroaching on the escutcheon diminish -its value, except the oval ones on the udder; that is to say, they indicate -a diminished aptitude for yielding milk. The size and location of -these tufts make the animals descend one or more orders in the classification. -It is, therefore, important to attend to all the patches of descending -hairs which lessen the size of the escutcheon, whether these occur in -the middle of it or form indentations on the sides. These indentations, -partly concealed by the folds of the skin, are sometimes perceived with -difficulty. Many cows, which at first glance appear to be well-marked, on -close examination display their deficiencies, and want of this scrutiny -often causes mistakes in estimating the value of cows, and thus the system -suffers.</p> - -<p>Guenon says the cause of the defects, as exhibited by the tufts on the -thighs, is that the veins situated beneath, on either side of the belly, have -a peculiarity; that they are contracted, and there is a small opening for it -where it pierces the abdominal muscles.</p> - -<p>Sometimes there is an intermingling of two forms of escutcheons. This -depends upon the crossing between a cow of one class and a bull of another. -This is one of the difficulties to be encountered in precisely estimating -the value of the animal.</p> - -<p>Guenon classified the seven tufts, into two kinds: Those on which the -hair ascends, and those on which it descends. Those with ascending hairs -are simply traces which encroach on the descending hair outside the escutcheon, -either on one side or beneath the vulva. Those with the descending -hair are on the escutcheon, and are five in number.</p> - -<p>1. <i>Epi ovale</i>, oval tuft. These are situated on the udder, like those on -class one, two, three, four, order first. They are good signs, if of descending -fine hair, small, and regular. They are mostly seen on only the best -cows, though occasionally to be met with in some of the lower orders.</p> - -<p>2. <i>Epi fessard</i>, ischiatic tuft. These are found on the vertical escutcheon -on one or both sides of the vulva, as in class four, five, orders two, three, -four; and very conspicuously in the bastards of class three, four, five, six. -They are of ascending hair, and never seen in first class cows, but in most -others to a limited extent.</p> - -<p>3. <i>Epi babin</i>, lip-shaped tuft. This is only seen as a sign of deterioration -in the two first classes; it is made by descending hairs, and is a defect -for milking qualities. It is like a string hanging over the top of the vulva, -and making its outline a little below it on each side. It is seldom seen.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18"></a>[18]</span></p> - -<p>4. <i>Epi vulvé</i>, vulvan tuft. This is also a deteriorating sign; is a tuft of -descending hair directly under the vulva, as in class one, orders three and -four.</p> - -<p>5. <i>Epi batard</i>, perinæal tuft. This is always a bad mark, as it exists -on otherwise good marked cows, and indicates a diminution of milk, as -soon as the cow becomes pregnant. It is seen on class one, bastard. A -cow is to be looked upon with suspicion that has this mark largely developed.</p> - -<p>6. <i>Epi cuissard</i>, thigh tufts. These are diminutions of the escutcheon -by encroachment of descending hair, and denote a diminishing of the -quantity of milk, proportionate to their extent. See class one and two, -order four.</p> - -<p>7. <i>Epi jonctif</i>, mesian tuft. The mesian or dart-like tuft, with soft silky -ascending hair, is rarely seen, and only in those classes in which the escutcheon -does not ascend to the vulva. It is like a V hanging beneath -the vulva, and is not fully represented in the plates, though class ten, order -two, shows it somewhat.</p> - -<p>In these observations among cows, not only during their work as members -of the commission, but also in preceding examinations, Messrs. -Blight, Harvey, and Hazard noticed a series of marks, which they have -denominated <i>thigh ovals</i>. The plate showing the escutcheon of Mr. Hazard’s -Jersey cow furnishes one of the best illustration of these marks yet -met with by the commission. Where the vertical escutcheon joins and -widens out into the thigh escutcheon, there is usually a dip of a curved -shape more or less in extent. In the plate above alluded to these thigh -ovals descend nearly to the base of the udder. In their careful examination -of more than two hundred cows, the commission always found these -marks only on good cows.</p> - -<p>In his examinations Guenon found cows of apparently each class with -certain variations in their markings which distinguished them and prevented -their incorporation into any class, and, yet the similarity gives -them a claim in their particular class. In all cases he claims to have noted -that cows thus marked would milk as well as other members of their class, -until they were got with calf, but as soon as this was accomplished, the -quantity of milk fell off rapidly. The commission claim it is this style -of marking which is most likely to deceive the superficial or amateur investigators, -and that these have caused the assertion that a poor cow may -be well marked, when in reality, if properly understood, she was not well -marked. This class of cows Guenon styled <i>Bastards</i>, and he practically -assigned to them a distinctive or seventh <i>order</i> in each class.</p> - -<p>In 1822, Guenon seems to have first reduced his system to a classified -basis, and from that time until 1828 he appears to have given it much of -his time and attention. Having, as he deemed, sufficiently arranged and -tested his system, he, in 1828, applied to the academy of Bordeaux for a -public test of the correctness of his mode of judging of cows and their -milking value.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> -<img src="images/illus4.jpg" width="400" height="600" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">Escutcheon of ROSIE.</p> -<p class="caption">Thorough-bred Jersey Cow, belonging to Willis P. Hazard.</p> -</div> - -<p>The following, from the proceedings of the academy, shows that Guenon -did not make his system common property. The minutes of the academy, -under date of June 3, 1828, contains the following record: “Mr. Francis -Guenon, of Libourne, possessor of a method which he deems infallible for -judging, by mere visual examination, of the goodness of milch cows, and -the quantity of milk which each can yield, has solicited the Academy to -cause the efficaciousness of this method to be tested by repeated experiments. -The case presented by this request was one of a secret method<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19"></a>[19]</span> -of judging, which the possessor was not willing to reveal. On the other -hand, it seemed difficult to admit that the external sign, whatever it might -be, by which Mr. Guenon judges, could always bear a proportional relation -to the quantity of milk yielded by a cow. Nevertheless, the academy -deemed it proper to appoint a committee charged with making the examination. -Trials have been made with care, and under precautions necessary for -precluding all collusion. The cows used for the purpose belonged to three -different herds, and amounted to thirty in number, and the result has been -to establish, to the satisfaction of the committee, that Mr. Guenon really -possesses great sagacity in this line. So long, however, as his method shall -be kept secret, it cannot be judged of, nor rewarded by, the academy. Governed -by these considerations, the academy, having ascertained from Mr. -Guenon that he is willing to submit to every test that may be proposed, and -to disclose his secret, upon receiving a just indemnity, has referred him to -the prefect, and has engaged to recommend him to the favorable notice of -that magistrate, who is ever disposed to promote all that tends to improve it.”</p> - -<p>From 1822 to 1827, it would seem that Guenon perfected and studied -his system, but it does not seem to have come promptly before the public, -until the agricultural society of Bordeaux took upon itself a careful investigation -of the whole system. From the detailed report of this committee, -appointed by this society to test the knowledge of Guenon, we take -the following as illustrating, not only the results reached by them, but also -the manner of conducting the examination:</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>“Every cow subjected to examination was separated from the rest. What Mr. Guenon -had to say in regard to her was taken down in writing by one of the committee; -and immediately after, the proprietor, who had kept at a distance, was interrogated, -and such questions put to him as would tend to confirm or disprove the judgment -pronounced by Mr. Guenon. In this way we have examined, in a most careful manner—note -being taken of every fact and every observation made by any one present—upward -of sixty cows and heifers, and we are bound to declare that every statement -made by Mr. Guenon, with respect to each of them, whether it regarded the quantity -of milk, or the time during which the cow continued to give milk after being got with -calf, or finally, the quality of the milk as being more or less creamy or serous, were -confirmed, and its accuracy established. The only discrepancies which occurred, were -some slight differences in regard to the <i>quantity</i> of milk, but these we afterward -fully satisfied ourselves were caused entirely by the food of the animal being more or -less abundant.</p> - -<p>“The result of this first test seems conclusive, but they acquire new force from those -of a second trial in which the method was subjected to another test through M. Guenon -and his brother. Your committee, availing themselves of the presence of the latter, -caused the same cows to be examined by the two brothers, but separately, so that after -a cow had been inspected, and her qualities as indicated by the signs in question had -been pronounced upon by one of the brothers, he was made to withdraw; then the -other brother, who had been kept aloof, was called up, and desired to state the qualities -of the same animal. This mode of proceeding could not fail to give rise to difference, -to contradiction even, between the judgments of the two brothers, unless their -method was a positive and sure one. Well, gentlemen, we must say it, this last test -was absolutely decisive. Not only did the judgment of the two brothers accord perfectly -together, but they were in perfect accordance also with all that was said by the -proprietors in regard to the qualities, good or bad, of every animal subject to this examination.”</p> - -</div> - -<p>On the 26th of May, 1837, a similar test was made by the agricultural -society of Aurillac, whose committee, in their report, use the following language:</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>“Each cow was examined separately by M. Guenon, who wrote his notes upon her, -and delivered the paper closed to one of us. Immediately after, another member of -the committee questioned the owner of the cow, or the person in charge of her, in regard -to her daily yield of milk, its quality, and the time during which she continued -to give milk after being got with calf. The answers were taken down in writing, and -then compared with the notes written by M. Guenon. They were generally found to -accord, and proved to the satisfaction of your committee and of every one present, all -of whom attended with lively interest to these proceedings, that M. Guenon possesses -great sagacity in judging of cattle, and that his method rests upon a sure foundation.”</p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20"></a>[20]</span></p> - -<p>The Bordeaux committee added: “To the proprietors and to the lookers-on, -all this was very surprising for the examinations were as quickly made -as the results were certain. As to ourselves to whom the method was no -longer a secret, it was with renewed interest and astonishment that we -viewed the accuracy of the results. <i>This system we do not fear to say is -infallible.</i> We only regretted the whole society was not present.”</p> - -<p>The committee further reported that Mr. Guenon had, after more than -twenty years observations and researches, discovered certain natural and -positive signs that were proof against all error, while the writers and professors -who have particularly occupied themselves with the bovine race, -can only indicate some vague signs for judging of the fitness of cows for -secreting milk. That this method is valuable, whether it tells the yield of -milk only, or indicates the improvement of breeds, which are liable to deterioration -from mismanagement in crossing, and that it is applicable not -to full-grown animals alone, but also to calves at as early an age as three -months. Thus it affords a sure means of forming a judgment of full-grown -animals, about which we might be misled on account of their form and -their parentage, and secures the improvement of herds by enabling us to -dispose of those calves which will not repay the cost of rearing them. We -shall thus no longer rear calves at great expense for two or three years -that should have been consigned to the butcher, nor sell calves that would -pay best to rear. If this system is pursued, only cows and bulls of best quality -will be kept, and in very few years how great will be the improvement -of our herds, and largely increased the cheapest and best of all foods, -milk, and the production of butter and cheese.</p> - -<p>The committee of the Agricultural Society of Bordeaux, therefore, decreed -Mr. Guenon a gold medal, made him a member of the society, -ordered fifty copies of his work, and distributed one thousand copies of -their full report among all the agricultural societies of France.</p> - -<p>The next public test Mr. Guenon submitted his system to, was that by the -Agricultural Society of Aurillac, and that society reported that Mr. Guenon -examined the herd of their president, of one hundred cows, from which -were selected designedly, the best, the moderately good, and the most indifferent -of the establishment. Upon each, Mr. Guenon pronounced with -precision, and his decisions corresponded almost invariably with the statements -of the persons in charge. The only variations were very slight -ones, in regard to the quantity given. But this herd was fed unusually -high, and Guenon was totally unaccustomed to the usages of the country -in feeding cattle, and this caused him to pronounce the yield a little less -than it really was. A proof of his system, for he declares the yield will -vary according to the feed and management, which all observant farmers -know to be the case. Mr. Guenon examined some of the cows a second -time, and also the calves, and those calves he assigned to the first orders -the cowherds said were from their best cows, that gave a great deal of -milk.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21"></a>[21]</span></p> - -<p>The notes of his reëxaminations corresponded exactly with his first -statements. The committee therefore awarded Mr. Guenon a gold medal, -made him a corresponding member, subscribed for twenty-five copies of -his book for each of the sub-societies, and distributed their report through -all the agricultural channels of France.</p> - -<p>With these testimonials, the highest that could be procured in France, -Mr. Guenon went on with the publication of his book, which had a wide -circulation in every department of France. And he was finally granted a -pension for life of three thousand francs a year by the French government, -after the National Assembly’s committee on agriculture had given -the system a thorough test. In the presence of fifty of the most eminent -agriculturists, M. Guenon made his examinations, and judged correctly -of all but one of the quantity, of all but one of the time, and of all of the -quality; and the committee reported the results were altogether conclusive, -and that his discovery had reached to the dignity of a science. They also -declared the daily production of milk in France might be increased by -several millions of pints daily, and that the abundance and quality of milk -in the dams must contribute largely to the improvement of the progeny. -They voted him the pension, and invited him to deliver lectures in the -different veterinary, agricultural, and normal schools of the kingdom, and -before the different agricultural societies, as “the speediest and best means -of spreading the knowledge of this discovery,” and “to repair the time lost -in ridicule, doubt, or indifference—the inevitable preface to all under-takings -beneficial to humanity.”</p> - -<p>In the foregoing account of Mr. Francis Guenon, it will be seen that, by -his indomitable perseverance in perfecting his system or method, he raised -himself from the ranks of a poor gardener’s boy to the position of a great -benefactor, and was presented with various medals and decorations, and a -large sum of money voted to him. Surely, such a brilliant position must -have been won entirely by merit, for he had neither means nor influence -to advance him into notice.</p> - -<h3>Of the Ovals.</h3> - -<p>The ovals on the udder are spoken of by Guenon, and our experience -is that they are always indicative of a good yield; particularly, when they -are uniform in size and position, and of fine, soft hair, descending on the -udder. But there is another set of marks, which the Pennsylvania Guenon -Commission have denominated thigh ovals, which are an invariable indication -of a good cow, particularly when she is otherwise well-marked. Of -these, Guenon does not speak. Eusebius H. Townsend and Chalkley -Harvey were the first to call attention to them, and Charles L. Sharpless -has written of them. Our own cow, which took the premium over all the -Jersey cows, at the fall exhibition, in 1878, of the Chester County Agricultural -Society, has them most extraordinarily developed. As she is a -very thorough example of this marking, we have had the likeness made of -her escutcheon, and request the reader’s attention to it.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22"></a>[22]</span></p> - -<h3>Of the Bastards.</h3> - -<p>Guenon denominates those cows which give milk, much or little, so long -as they are not got with calf; but, when impregnated, begin to fall off in -their milk. The term he uses is <i>batard</i>, which means, in English, bastard, -spurious, of a mixed breed, mongrel. We should have preferred to call -them spurious cows, as the term bastard does not exactly express the -meaning we apply to that word; but, as it has before been translated -bastard, and is so known by many, we retain it.</p> - -<p>The bastards are often the best looking cows; have finely developed -escutcheons, and many give a great deal of milk, some poor quality and -some rich; but, as soon as they are pregnant, they go dry very soon, or -fall off rapidly in their milk, while others give very little milk at all. -From their fine show, they deceive a great many, and Guenon cautions -buyers, as the most skillful will make mistakes. He has, however, given -a series of drawings, by which they can generally be discovered.</p> - -<p>These bastards mostly conceive well, and the first time they are put to -the bull, they vary in the quality of milk they give like other cows. The -flow of milk is at its height during the first eight days after calving, though -of bad quality. It then diminishes a little, and keeps on at about the same -yield until she conceives again, when it diminishes again, more or less -rapidly.</p> - -<p>To discover a bastard, consult the engravings which are given to each -class. To the first class, the Flanders, there are two kinds. The first, -which is the most common, has on each edge of the vertical escutcheon, a -feathery appearance, and where this is strongly marked by the down- and -up-growing hairs meeting, and they interlock and stand out from the skin, -and, besides, are harsh and wiry, and generally shiny, glistening, and looking -of lighter color, <i>beware of them</i>. The harsher, coarser they are, the -shorter time will the cow milk after getting with calf. The second kind -of bastards among the Flanders will have an oval on the <i>vertical</i> escutcheon, -generally near the middle part, of about two to three inches in -length, by one and a half to two inches wide, on which will be found coarse -wiry hair, and the harsher it is, and the larger the oval is, the sooner the -cow will cease to milk. It may often be discovered by the glistening appearance -of the hair on it.</p> - -<p>On all the other classes, the bastard marks consist of two oval patches -of hair, one on each side of the vulva; and the larger they are, the more -pointed in shape, and the coarser and more wiry the hair on them, the -sooner the cow will cease to milk.</p> - -<p>The importance of learning the bastard marks is very great, as the -buyer can safely avoid them, and leave them to those less skilled. While -he may buy the less showy looking cow for much less money, and get a -better animal than the unskilled man will obtain even for the higher price.</p> - -<p>All animals are more readily judged correctly, and the system can be -learned more easily, in summer than in winter, both on old and young; for<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_23"></a>[23]</span> -then the winter coat of hair is off, and the hair is shorter, and the escutcheon -is more easily perceived. The skin, also, is more natural and soft, -and the hair is usually not so harsh to the feel; and the cows are cleaner, -and all marks or blemishes more quickly seen.</p> - -<h3>How to Apply the System Practically.</h3> - -<p>We will now proceed to apply the foregoing rules and hints practically. -In doing so, we may repeat some that has been before said, but it will only -impress it the stronger in the mind of the learner.</p> - -<p>This classification embraced all the kinds of cows known to Guenon, -each individual escutcheon corresponding with one of the orders of those -classes. The <i>class</i>, the <i>order</i> and the <i>size</i> of an animal indicate her yield -of milk, and this will always be found to correspond with her escutcheon. -Every cow has an escutcheon which can be recognized, and according as -it is free from blemish or imperfection, just in that degree does she approach -perfection in her class.</p> - -<p>Guenon, in the last edition of his work, has altered and simplified his -classification somewhat, for he divided it into ten <span class="allsmcap">CLASSES</span>, and six <span class="allsmcap">ORDERS</span> -to each class. He maintained his three grades of size. But our experience -shows that the cows in this country do not vary so much in size as they -probably do in France, for there they have the little Brittany cow, which -is very small but good, and, of course, they have also cows as large as our -Durhams or the Holsteins. Only this, bear in mind, that cows, as a general -rule, all other things being equal, will vary in their yield somewhat -according to their size; and in judging cows apply that rule, for it is part -of Guenon’s system, and they will vary in the quality according to the -breed. Well, then, for practical purposes, we need only study sixty <i>escutcheons</i>, -that is ten different shapes called <i>Classes</i>, and six grades to -each of those shapes, more or less perfect, which are called <i>Orders</i>. To -these must be added ten more for a <i>Bastard</i> to each class. And it is -really necessary to study perfectly only the first four orders of each class -and the <i>Bastard</i> marks, as it is not worth while to purchase or pay much -attention to any cows lower in the scale than the fourth order of any class. -And to simplify it still more, you will notice the thigh escutcheons of the -first orders have all nearly the same shovel shape, so that by remembering -this you need only study the vertical portions to readily place the animals -in their proper class.</p> - -<h3>The Escutcheon.</h3> - -<p>The escutcheon was so-called, we presume, from its similarity to the -shape of a shield or escutcheon, and on a first-class cow it will be very -like it, and somewhat like a round-pointed shovel. On this escutcheon, -the hair will generally be of a different color from that bordering it, most -generally rather darker, always shorter, and more nearly resembling fur. -This difference in color is produced by the UP-growing hair contrasting -with the DOWN-growing surrounding it. The hair of the escutcheon should<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_24"></a>[24]</span> -be short, soft, and fine; and the skin very soft, like a kid glove, thin, and -oleaginous. And if the cow gives good rich milk, this skin will be of a -rich, golden, or nankeen hue. Often where you handle a skin of this character -the hands will feel oily, and soiled with rich dandruff.</p> - -<h3>The Shape of the Escutcheon.</h3> - -<p>The Escutcheon varies in shape, and Guenon named his ten classes from -their shapes.</p> - -<p>The first class, he called Flandrine or Flanders, because it is the best, -and he named it from the best cows he knew, those from Flanders, or the -Flemish breed, and they had more of this shaped escutcheon than any -other breed; a quiet but sure proof of the truth of his system.</p> - -<p>The second class he called Flandrine à gauche, because although it had -the Flanders shape, it was on the <i>left</i> flank, he called it therefore the -Left Flanders.</p> - -<p>The third class are the Lisière, or The Selvage, from its appearance to -a selvage, or binding of a piece of cloth.</p> - -<p>The fourth class are the Courbe-Ligne, or the Curveline, because their -escutcheon is lozenge-shaped, formed by a curved line which sides to the -right and left, and rises to about five or six centimeters from the vulva.</p> - -<p>The fifth class he denominated Bicorne, or the Bicorn cow, because the -upper part of this escutcheon forks in two horns.</p> - -<p>The sixth class, Double-Lisière, or Double Selvage, has an entirely arbitrary -name, and it is an odd freak of nature.</p> - -<p>The seventh class is called Poitevine, or Demijohn, from a fancied resemblance -to some kinds of demijohns.</p> - -<p>The eighth class is Equerrine, or Square-Escutcheon, as it is square at -the upward part.</p> - -<p>The ninth class is the Limousine, as it was on a cow from that Province -that Guenon first saw this shaped escutcheon.</p> - -<p>The tenth class is called Carrésine, or Horizontal, because the upward -part of the escutcheon is cut off squarely by a horizontal line.</p> - -<p>To each of the above ten <span class="smcap">Classes</span>, Guenon has placed six <span class="smcap">Orders</span>, -which are variations of the escutcheon, formed by a reduced size and by -various imperfections. If the reader will remember always, that the first -class is better than the second class, and the second class better than the -third class, and so on down the scale, to the end of the classes, he will -have gained the first step in acquiring the system. Then the next point -to remember is similar, that is, that the first <i>order</i> of every <i>class</i> is better -than the second order of that class, and so on down the scale of the orders, -until the sixth. Then he must learn the different shapes; first, the -characteristic shape of each class, as represented by the first order of that -class, and connect with this, in his mind, the number of quarts a first-class -cow, in good feed and condition, should give, as represented by that escutcheon, -in her full flow of milk. Then he can next learn the variations<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_25"></a>[25]</span> -in size and shape from this pattern escutcheon, and that will enable him to -tell which order of her class to put her in, and that will then inform him -what quantity of milk she will give, and how long she will give it when -with calf. And we repeat here, it is necessary only to acquire the knowledge -of the first three or four orders of each of the ten classes, as if the -cow examined does not come within those orders, she is not worth examining -further nor keeping longer, nor certainly worth purchasing. Then -the learner must next acquire a knowledge of the distinguishing marks -which point out a Bastard cow, for an account of which marks, see under -that head.</p> - -<p>Now all of this knowledge must, to put it into profit practically, be supplemented -by the careful examination of the hair and the skin, of the escutcheon, -and the udder: of the hair, whether it is short, fine, soft, and -furry; of the skin, whether it is soft and close-grained like a kid glove, -thin, oleaginous, and yellow or golden. For if the hair is harsh, and long, -particularly on the back part of the udder, it will shorten the time of -giving milk, and indicates a poorer quality. The more oily or greasy to -the feeling the skin of the udder and the perineum is, the more it indicates -good quality and richness of milk, for the oil or fat is there, showing it is -in the nature of that animal to give butyraceous milk. So with the color -of the skin, if it is golden it is indicative of rich milk, and the majority -think it will make a finer colored butter. There is one point more in -judging by the escutcheon, and that is its size and position, and the general -rule is, the higher up it is on the thighs, and the broader it is on the -thighs, together with the higher and broader it is on the perineum, even -up to the vulva, then the better it is. Then remember the escutcheon has -two principal parts, called the thigh escutcheon and the vertical escutcheon; -the thigh escutcheon extends over the udder and the thighs; and the vertical -is over the perineum or that part of the posterior which extends from -the udder up to the tail and above the vulva.</p> - -<p>If the thigh escutcheon is high and broad, therefore very large, and extends -far outward on to the thighs, it indicates a large flow of milk. If the -vertical or upper part is broad and smooth, it indicates a prolonged flow of -milk.</p> - -<p>If the thigh or lower portion of the escutcheon is narrow, the flow will -be proportionally small. If the vertical or upper part is narrow and -irregular, it is unfavorable to a prolonged flow.</p> - -<p>Chalkley Harvey says further of these marks: “Imperfections, that is -blemishes of form, occur in considerable variety on both large and small -escutcheons. They are all certain evidence of a diminished value of the -cow as a milker. A small and imperfect escutcheon on a good cow, is -something I have never yet seen. Any want of symmetry in the form of -an escutcheon is an imperfection. The two sides should be alike. A small -but perfect escutcheon may be better than a larger one that is imperfect. -A very good one is both large and perfect.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_26"></a>[26]</span></p> - -<p>“Thus far we have considered the escutcheon in reference to its form -and size alone, and may now say, that the quantity of milk depends on -these, but its quality is indicated by other signs, which we find to a great -extent in the same place. It is too well known to require any assertion, -that some cows give a large quantity of very poor milk, and others an -equally large quantity of rich milk. It is equally well known that some -cows give but little milk, though they yield a good quantity of butter; -and I repeat, that the signs indicative of these differences of quality are -found in the escutcheon, and they are easily recognized. If the skin in the -escutcheon is soft and oily, and particularly if it is of a rich yellow color, -(though this is more easily seen by examining the end of the tail,) suggestive -of “gilt edged” butter, that cow will give good milk. In such cases -we will find her hair soft and short. There may be some long hairs, too, -but the undergrowth will be as mentioned, and often has almost the quality -of fur. But if, on the other hand, the skin is white and dry, and the -hair thin and harsh, the cow gives poor milk. If her escutcheon is large -and symmetrical, she may give a large quantity of poor milk. The form -and size of the escutcheon indicate <i>quantity</i>, the skin and hair indicate -<i>quality</i>. These signs are true also as applied to bulls, being in such cases -a proper guide in the selection of animals to breed milkers from. My own -experience and observation, which has been considerable in the matter, -convinces me that cows inherit their milking qualities more from their -sires than from their dams; and it is probable that many who have been -disappointed in heifers raised from some favorite milkers, will be disposed -to agree with me. If this be true, then the Guenon method has an application -that must prove valuable to those who breed cows for dairy purposes. -Another interesting fact is, that we can discover all the signs on -a calf, and are thereby enabled to select with much certainty those that are -fit for the dairy, and to reject those that would be only a disappointment, -if raised for that purpose. Of course, a very small cow, with ever so good -an escutcheon, cannot be expected to give a very large quantity of milk, -and might be inferior in that respect to one having a less perfect one, -where the animal is of greater size. But in such cases, the small cow would -give much more in proportion to the cost of keeping. In all cases, therefore, -the size should be taken into account.</p> - -<p>“There is a sign that may be mentioned here, (though it does not properly -belong to the Guenon system,) which is a very certain evidence that -a cow will give a large quantity of milk, though it expresses nothing in relation -to quality. It is the large size of the vein running forward from -the udder, on the belly, and just under the skin. This is called the milk -vein, and when it is very large and crooked, and enters the abdomen -through a hole that will allow the entrance of a man’s finger, it is, I repeat, -a sign that the cow will yield a large quantity of milk.</p> - -<p>“The time that a cow will continue to milk after she is with calf, varies -in different cases—some ceasing almost as soon as pregnant, and others<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_27"></a>[27]</span> -milking up to calving. Generally the best milkers milk the longest. Hence -it follows, that a good escutcheon usually indicates continued flow as well -as large quantity. Those escutcheons that are not large at the base, but -that run up to the vulva symmetrical all the way, and pretty wide, indicate -a yield of milk up to the time of calving.”</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> -<img src="images/illus5.jpg" width="600" height="400" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">A PERFECT COW—DUCHESS—Imported Jersey, belonging to Chas. L. Sharpless.</p> -</div> - -<h3>Our Mode of Judging Stock.</h3> - -<p>The beauty of the Guenon system is, that <i>it is an aid to all other modes -of selecting stock</i>, and therefore, it gives a decided advantage to the person -who understands it over the one who does not. For instance, let two -buyers go into a herd, and let them be equal judges of stock, one of them -will be very apt to buy a bastard, while the other one would very positively -leave her alone, simply because the latter has a knowledge of the best and -surest mode of all modes of judging stock. And this knowledge does not -prevent him from using his half a dozen other modes of deciding its merits, -but aids them. So, too, in selecting a bull for a propagator, the believer -in Guenon will select one with a good escutcheon and a fine skin, while the -other will decide almost entirely by the form. And so with calves, the -one who selects calves by the Guenon marks will be pretty sure to have a -dairy of productive cows, while the other will have to dispose of some -unprofitable ones. The one makes money, because he is working intelligently -with every light of science, while the other is only <i>guessing</i> pretty -well.</p> - -<p>We first look at a cow from the front, and see that she widens as she -gets back to her hips, or is wedge-shaped. Next we look at her side, and -we again see that she rises on her back and descends on the belly as she -goes back to the tail, or in other words she is wedge-shaped, too, from -this point of view. These two looks at her have enabled us to see that she -has a feminine appearance; that her head is small and neat in proportion -to her body, with a waxy small horn, a mild but large eye, a broad muzzle, -and that it is well set on her neck; that she has a good chest, and large -deep paunch, with large full ribs, fuller below and joined to a rather high -back bone; that is to say she has not the breadth of back we look for in a -beef animal. If the chine is double, it indicates a cow above the average; if -the chine is single, sometimes we can lay our three fingers in three depressions -in it at about the middle of it, showing that she is a loose rangy cow, -and fitted for her work. Now we will look at her udder and see that it -runs forward as level as possible to the belly, and that it is large, with -four good-sized, well-shaped teats slightly strutting from each quarter. -Now we gently approach her, and pat her to gain her confidence, and get -a chance to feel her hide, her milk veins, and examine her escutcheon. If -we find her skin is thin, soft, and greasy, with short fine hair, with rather -a furry nature, and showing the skin yellow under it; that her udder and her -perineum have soft thin skin, with very short furry hair; that her milk veins -are large, zig-zag, and knotty, entering the body with good-sized holes,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_28"></a>[28]</span> -and particularly if this vein is double, extending and ramifying over the -udder well back in prominent veins, and if the veins extend over the perineum, -we may then, with great confidence, look for a large well-shaped and -formed escutcheon, marked first class, order first, by an oval on each side -of the back of the udder, and perhaps two thigh ovals or dips where the -vertical escutcheon rises from the broad or thigh escutcheon; and just to -finish and find all points corroborating, we will look on the vertical escutcheon -for some spots of oily lemon colored dandruff, and at the end of her -neat, lightly made tail to find some large yellow pieces of dandruff. We -don’t like to see it dry and brown; and as we step back from her, we -just give a parting look to see that her hips are rather large, bony, somewhat -drooping, that her capacious udder has room to project between her -legs.</p> - -<p>Then, we feel sure that a loose, open made cow, rather pointed, or sharp -and well-defined, and the contrary of what we would look for in a flesh or -beef producing animal; with a skin mellow and yellow, covered with soft, -fine hair, and the nearer it comes to the quality and color of a first class -Guernsey or Jersey cow, breeds which have for hundreds of years been -bred for butter making, then we repeat we know she must be a good, rich -milker and butter maker; for we never saw a thick, hard skin cow, with -coarse, long hair, that was a good butter maker, or fit for anything but -giving poor milk, <i>if</i> a strong milker.</p> - -<p>Our preference is for a medium sized cow, one that will dress five hundred -and fifty or six hundred pounds; and, as far as our observation goes, -a Jersey sire, with an Ayrshire dam, is the best cross for a milk and butter -cow, and the most profitable for the amount of food consumed; though -a Jersey or Guernsey sire to the milking stock of Durhams, or a Holstein, -or a large yielding native cow, will produce a better cow for butter than -the mother was.</p> - -<p>To get thorough practice in valuing the escutcheon, take this book in -hand, and go into your dairy-yard; compare the escutcheon of each cow -with her picture in this book; see what it calls for time and quantity, and -then thoroughly test your cow; don’t guess at it, as most farmers do; and -make your own comparisons. Remember the size and class of the escutcheon -will give you <i>the quantity and time</i>; the skin and hair will give -you <i>the quality</i>; and always remembering the size of the cow, and of what -breed she is, for they must qualify your opinion somewhat.</p> - -<h3>Opinions of the System.</h3> - -<p>A writer in the <i>Country Gentleman</i> of July 17, 1879, S. Hoxie, of Whitestown, -New York, so thoroughly expresses our experience and convictions, -that we are led to quote it:</p> - -<p>“The writer has been acquainted with ‘the escutcheon theory’ ever since -about 1850. During this time he has been a practical dairyman in central -New York. At first he approached the study of the escutcheon as a doubter.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_29"></a>[29]</span> -It seemed to him an absolute absurdity to claim a connection between the -growing of the hair and the production of milk, two functions so entirely -different.</p> - -<p>“At first he examined the herd of cows which he helped milk every night -and morning, and was surprised to meet with so many proofs of the truth -of the theory. He then observed it upon other herds, and finally extended -his observations to various breeds under various circumstances. He was -at last compelled to come to the final conclusion that the theory, in the -main, was true, but that other points and conditions of the animal must -be understood in order invariably to reach a correct judgment:</p> - -<p>“1. The breed modifies the quantity and quality of milk production. -This is so manifestly true that it needs no argument. A particular order -and class of escutcheon indicates a different quantity and a different quality -of milk on a Jersey than it indicates on an Ayrshire cow.</p> - -<p>“2. The condition of care and feed to which different families of the -same breed have been accustomed during long periods modify milk production, -and must be taken into consideration. For instance, certain families -of Short-Horns have been cared for and fed through several generations -with the sole view of beef production; other families have been trained to -milk production. Escutcheons upon the former indicate far less quantity -of milk than upon the latter. Thus some families with very fine escutcheons -give very little milk. The escutcheons in such cases no doubt indicate an -original capacity that a few generations of proper treatment might awaken -and develop.</p> - -<p>“3. The capacity and health of the digestive organs modifies the quantity, -and we also think the quality, of milk production. Cows with large, -healthy digestive organs will eat and properly digest more food, and give -good return at the pail, than one with opposite conditions of the digestive -organs. The former may sometimes give the larger quantity of milk, -though, indeed, possessed of the poorer escutcheon.</p> - -<p>“4. The activity of the nervous system materially affects milk production. -This is often seen when the animal is unduly excited. The quiet dispositioned -cow that attends to feeding, and is not disturbed by any excitement -in the herd or in the surrounding fields, may have the poorer escutcheon, -yet give larger quantities of milk than the extremely excitable cow, with -the better escutcheon.</p> - -<p>“Other conditions will suggest themselves to the observing and reflecting -man, that materially affect the quantity and quality of milk production.</p> - -<p>“These modifying conditions do not disturb the true theory of the escutcheon. -<i>Other things being equal, the escutcheon is indicative of the -quantity and quality of milk.</i> Many are misled in estimating the value -of the escutcheon, because they have not the patience or the capacity to -observe the varying conditions. The escutcheon is of immense practical -value. It is easily seen the conditions of flesh do not change it, and animals -of all ages, above three months, may be examined by it, and their<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_30"></a>[30]</span> -milking qualities determined with a good degree of accuracy. Other -things being equal, the animal with the better escutcheon will invariably -make the butter maker. During nearly thirty years of observation, the -writer never observed a first class cow that had a poor escutcheon. The -escutcheon must be of great value to those who are breeding, and endeavouring -to improve thorough-bred cattle of the various milking breeds. -It offers a test that may be applied before milking age, and it may be applied -to males as well as females. <i>Though the pedigree is ever so long, -and though it contains many good ancestors, the animal should be rejected -from the breeding herd, unless it has a good escutcheon.</i>”</p> - -<p>“One of the Farmers,” a regular correspondent of the <i>American Agriculturist</i>, -writes in the number for November, 1878:</p> - -<p>“<span class="smcap">The Value of the Guenon Milk Mirror.</span>—Taken with a good udder -and milk-veins, good digestive functions, and capacity for food, good health -and thrift, the Guenon milk mirror is a valuable indication of both the -quantity and duration of the flow of milk. This seems to be demonstrated by -the experience of thousands who have given the subject careful study, and -I have never yet met the man who ridiculed it, and called it “folly,” who -was able intelligently even to outline the prominent types. The number of -calves which do well or ill as milkers, very nearly as indicated by their -milk mirrors, is so large, that one of the principal practical uses to which -a knowledge of the Guenon system can be applied is in selecting calves to -raise, and, of course, to those who buy cows, it comes equally well in use.”</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">The American Association of Breeders of Dutch Friesian Cattle</span>, -composed of some of the most practical and intelligent farmers of the dairy -region of central New York, have adopted a new set of rules for entry into -registry in their Herd Book, wisely making the performance at the pail one -of the necessary requirements. Thus, for a period of not more than twelve -months from date of calving, the cow under 2½ years of age must give 6,000 -lbs. of milk; over 2½, and under 3½, 7,000 lbs; over 3½, and under 4½, 8,000 -lbs; over 4½, 9,000 lbs; also, rule 8: No animal shall be admitted to registry -unless of the “milk form,” or of the “combined milk and beef form,” -of medium or of large size, without coarseness, and if a female, having a -well developed escutcheon, not below the 4th order of the 1st class, the 3d -orders of the 2d, 3d 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th classes, the 2d order of the -9th class, or the 1st order of the 10th class of the Pennsylvania Commission. -With such a record, and with such marks, no one need take the -trouble to see the stock, but may safely order it, knowing exactly what -they are to receive.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_31"></a>[31]</span></p> - -<p>George E. Waring, junior, says:</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>“If the escutcheon teaches anything it teaches <i>the duration of the flow -of milk</i>. This is its great value in connection with the Jerseys—a race -of small, rich, and <i>persistent</i> milkers. It does indicate quantity, it is true, -but not Dutch quantity, nor Ayrshire quantity; only <i>Jersey</i> quantity, -which is quite another affair. It indicates, in at least equal degree, the -continuance of the flow of milk. Indeed, this is the great value of Guenon’s -discovery. It is easy to judge of the <i>present</i> flow of milk in the -case of any given cow, but, so far as I know, there is nothing but the escutcheon -to tell us how long she will continue to milk after getting with -calf. If she has a <i>first class</i> escutcheon, I think we are safe in believing -that she will hold out well in her milking. If she has a very defective -escutcheon, we may depend on her to fall away very rapidly when a few -months gone, and to shut down entirely three or four months before calving.”</p> - -</div> - -<p>From an exhaustive and admirable treatise on the Ayrshire breed, by -John D. W. French, of North Andover, Mass., we make the following extracts -from his remarks on the Guenon system:</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>“Pabst, a German farmer of large experience, with a view to simplify -the method of Guenon, and render it of greater practical value, made five -divisions, or classes:—</p> - -<ul> -<li>1. Very good, or extraordinary.</li> -<li>2. Good, or good middling.</li> -<li>3. Middling, and little below middling.</li> -<li>4. Small.</li> -<li>5. Very bad milkers.</li> -</ul> - -<p>“Magne, the French writer, made a still further simplification, by making -four classes instead of five:—</p> - -<ul> -<li>1. The very good.</li> -<li>2. The good.</li> -<li>3. The medium.</li> -<li>4. The bad.</li> -</ul> - -<p>“In the first class he places cows, both parts of whose milk-mirror, the -mammary and the perinean, are large, continuous, uniform, covering at -least a great part of the perineum, the udder, the inner surface of the -thighs, and extending more or less out upon the legs with no interruptions, -or, if any, small ones, oval in form, and situated on the posterior face of -the udder. Cows of this class are very rare. They give, even when small -in size, from ten to fourteen quarts per day, and the largest size from -eighteen to twenty-six quarts a day, and even more. They continue in -milk for a long period.</p> - -<p>“The second class is that of good cows, and to this belong the best -commonly found in the market. They have the mammary part of the -milk-mirror well developed, but the perinean part contracted or wholly -wanting. Small cows of this class give from seven to ten or eleven quarts -a day, and the largest from thirteen to seventeen quarts.</p> - -<p>“The third class consists of middling cows. When the milk-mirror -really presents only the lower or mammary part slightly developed or indented, -and the perinean part contracted, narrow, and irregular, the cows -are middling. Cows of this class, according to size, give from three or -four to ten quarts per day.</p> - -<p>“The fourth class is composed of bad cows. No veins are to be seen -either on the perineum or the udder, while those of the belly are very -slightly developed, and the mirrors are ordinarily small. These cows give -only a few quarts of milk a day, and dry up a short time after calving.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_32"></a>[32]</span></p> - -<p>“Mr. C. L. Flint, in his work on ‘Milch Cows,’ says:—</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>“These classifications, adopted by Pabst, Magne, and others, appear to be far more -simple and satisfactory than the more complicated classification of Guenon. Without -pretending to judge with accuracy of the quantity, the quality, or the duration which -a particular size or form of the mirror will indicate, they give to Guenon the full credit -of his important discovery, as a new and valuable element in forming our judgment -of the milking qualities of a cow, and simply assert, with respect to the duration of -the flow of milk, that the mirror that indicates the greatest quantity will also indicate -the longest duration.</p> - -<p>“My own attention was called to Guenon’s method of judging cows some eight or -ten years ago, and since that time I have examined many hundreds, with a view to ascertain -the correctness of its main features, inquiring, at the same time, after the views -and opinions of the best breeders and judges of stock, with regard to their experience -and judgment of its merits; and the result of my observations has been that cows -with the most perfectly developed milk-mirrors or escutcheons are, with rare exceptions, -the best milkers of their breed, and that cows with small and slightly developed -mirrors are, in the majority of cases, bad milkers.</p> - -<p>“I say the best milkers of <i>their breed</i>, for I do not believe that precisely the same -sized and formed milk-mirrors on a Hereford, or a Devon and an Ayrshire, or a native, -will indicate anything like the same or equal milking properties. It will not do, in -my opinion, to disregard the general and well-known characteristics of the breed, and -rely wholly on the milk-mirror; but I think it may be safely said that, as a general -rule, the best marked Hereford will turn out to be the best milker among the Herefords, -all of which are poor milkers; the best marked Devon, the best among the Devons; -and the best marked Ayrshire, the best among the Ayrshires; that is, it will -not do to compare two animals of entirely distinct breeds by the milk-mirrors alone, -without regard to the fixed habits and education, so to speak, of the breed or family -to which they belong.”</p> - -</div> - -<p>“In my own herd of Ayrshire cows, the largest milkers have the best -escutcheons, and these cows have, in most cases, transmitted these marks -to their descendants. On the other hand, the cows with medium or poor -escutcheons have rarely transmitted to their calves better ones; but, generally, -of the same or lower class than the dams.</p> - -<p>“<span class="smcap">Bulls.</span>—Guenon’s second and hardly less important discovery was -that the bull had the same marks as the cow, only somewhat shorter and -narrower. Guenon bestows upon these marks the same name, ‘milk-mirror,’ -which may be justified, in as far as the bull has greater influence -upon the sustaining or obtaining of an abundant yield of milk, as well as -the improvement of the breed.</p> - -<p>“<span class="smcap">Some Testimony.</span>—Mr. L. A. Hansen, of Bay St. Louis, writes, in a -letter to the <i>Country Gentleman</i>:</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>“I served my apprenticeship for three years on a dairy farm with two hundred cows, -performing all the labor appertaining to a farm, the same as one of the hired men. -After this, for twenty years, I had dairies of from eighty to one hundred and seventy -cows. Living in the best dairy country then known, and our butter commanding the -very highest market prices in London, England, (taking the premium at a butter exhibition -in London,) we considered it the best policy to buy our cows instead of raising -them, and I consequently had to purchase from twenty to thirty cows every year. -Having adopted the Guenon system as a helping guide in my purchases, I necessarily -examined more than a hundred cows annually, besides having under daily observation -my own cows and those of the neighboring dairy farms. Thus, I had continual -practice through a number of years. The classifications of the professor, mentioned -in my former article, were, with very rare exceptions, right. In the first two classes, -they did not fail once; in the lower classes, more frequently; but as the lower classes, -with their sub-division, are of no importance to the dairyman—only the two first being -fit for a dairy—the study of them becomes unnecessary, and it is of little avail if they -are minutely correct.</p> - -<p>“As nothing in this world is perfect, we cannot reasonably expect the Guenon system -to be without defects; but, as already stated above, the imperfection is to be -looked for in that part which is immaterial for practical application. Under all circumstances, -<i>as far as my experience goes, the Guenon theory will always remain a -valuable guide in selecting milk cows</i>.”</p> - -</div> - -<p>“Mr. L. S. Hardin writes, in a prize essay:</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>“Very few, if any, modern writers upon cattle have accepted the complicated -theory of Guenon, while no two of them agree as to the extent in value of the escutcheon. -As a point of beauty, it should certainly be cultivated in the herd. As to its<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_33"></a>[33]</span> -practical value for indicating the milking qualities of the cow, my experience is that a -finely-developed escutcheon is rarely seen on a poor milker, while many excellent -milkers have very small or no escutcheons at all. In other words, its presence is a -good sign, while its absence is not necessarily a cause for distrust. Milk-veins, as an -indication for milking capacity, are of about the same value as the escutcheon.”</p> - -</div> - -<p>“The editor of the <i>Jersey Bulletin</i>, in commenting on this, says:</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>“We should be very glad to know of a cow, worthy to be called an ‘excellent milker’—duration -of the flow after becoming pregnant being one of the tests—which has no escutcheon -at all, or a very small one. As at present advised, we don’t believe she exists. -Most old cow men would say that, if the escutcheon is as valuable an indication -as the milk-veins, too much effort can hardly be made to extend knowledge concerning -it.”</p> - -</div> - -<p>“Henry Tanner, professor of agriculture, Queen’s College, Birmingham, -England, says, in a volume of prize essays of the Highland and Agricultural -Society:</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>“Some attention has also been given, within a few years, to a discovery, made by -Mons. Guenon, respecting ‘the escutcheon,’ as it is termed. Like many other persons, -he was carried beyond the boundary of discretion in his speculations, and thus his -valuable observations were for a time lost in the mist with which he enveloped them. -Sufficient is already known of its value, at least, to lead us to the conclusion that it is -worthy of more general knowledge.</p> - -<p>“A very extended observation has proved that, other conditions being equal, the -modification of form presented by the escutcheon will lead to an estimation, not only -of the quantity of milk which the animal will produce, but also of the time during -which the cow will keep up the supply of milk.</p> - -<p>“Without going into detail upon this point, I may briefly state that the larger the -extent of the escutcheon, the greater is the promise of milk, and also of its continuance, -even after the cow is again in calf. A cow may have a small escutcheon, and yet -be a good milker; but observation leads to the conclusion that, if she possessed a more -fully developed escutcheon, she would have been a better milker. It may be considered -a point of merit, not as deciding whether or not the cow is a good milker, but -rather as an additional indication which may be taken into consideration in conjunction -with other characteristic points. It is also desirable, in estimating the extent of the -escutcheon, to make full allowance for the folds in the skin; otherwise, a large escutcheon -may be taken for a small one. Besides the escutcheon, there are tufts of hair (epis) -which have a certain degree of value when seen upon the udder of the cow.”</p> - -</div> - -<p>“I presume there are many men who, although perhaps not caring a pin -for an escutcheon, yet consider themselves fully capable of selecting a good -milk cow. Now, although ignoring the escutcheon in their judgment, are -they not apt, in selecting an ideal cow of any particular milk breed, to -find a good escutcheon developed of one class or another?</p> - -<p>“Perhaps it may be asked, if the Guenon system is a true one, why are -not the Short-Horns a great milk breed, for in them we often find very large -and perfect escutcheons?</p> - -<p>“This question may be answered as follows: The Short-Horns were originally -a good milking breed; but, having been made particularly a beef -breed, the milking propensity or mammary system has in most families -been changed or bred out. Notwithstanding this change, they may retain -the escutcheon, not as a mark of quality, but as one of the characteristic -marks of the breed.</p> - -<p>“All farmers are aware that a first-class milk cow may, by injudicious -feed and treatment, especially as regards milking, become a second-class -animal. Now, such a system, carried out generation after generation, must -certainly degenerate a milk breed, however good their marks and quality.</p> - -<p>“Among the Short-Horns, probably the best milkers have good escutcheons; -but an Ayrshire cow, with an inferior escutcheon, might be found -to give more milk than a Short-Horn with a superior escutcheon, simply -because one breed has been bred especially for beef, the other especially -for milk.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_34"></a>[34]</span></p> - -<p>“To show how breeding for a purpose through many generations may -ultimately change qualities, let us compare the Short-Horns with the Dutch -or Holsteins. The early Short-Horns, or the Teeswater breed, as it was -called, was of Dutch origin, or was certainly formed by crossing the native -cattle of England with stock imported from Holland. This breed was -originally considered remarkable for its milking qualities.</p> - -<p>“The Dutch breed, bred for generations for the especial purpose of milk, -is to-day noted for large milkers, and among the cows may be found extraordinarily -developed escutcheons.</p> - -<p>“The following extract, from a translation from the French of Magne -on milk cows, is <i>apropos</i>, as showing the difference between characteristics -of breeds and qualities of the animals:</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>“A long, fine head, narrow towards the horns, and a slender chest are given by most -writers as characteristics of a good milk cow. Now, in Flemish, Danish, Dutch, and -Brittany cows the fineness of head and chest is a characteristic of these races and not -the indication of particularly developed milking qualities, being met with alike in the -good and bad milkers of those races; whilst in some of the Swiss breeds, and especially -in those of St. Gervais, nearly all the cows, whether good or indifferent, possess a large -head and heavy chest. The farmers of Ariege, while showing us some remarkably -good cows, drew our attention to their strength of chest, ampleness of the dewlap, and -the volume of the head: these characteristics of race they mistake for qualities, observing -them in their best cows. On the other hand, it is to be remarked that cows with -fine heads are often inferior milkers. If fineness of head were a true proof of mammillary -activity, would not the cows of the Durham breed be amongst the best dairy -animals in the world? This characteristic cannot, therefore, be considered absolutely -appreciable, as much depends on the race to which a cow may belong. It is indicative -of milk only, because it is a remarkable point in those races which have produced -milk cows. Thus a characteristic of race has been mistaken for a sign of particular -qualities.”</p> - -</div> - -<p>“If, then, we should regard the escutcheon, as well as a fine head, one -of the characteristics common in the Short-Horn, it is not necessary to -consider it as an indication of any particularly developed quality. Although -probably the best milkers would have this sign, yet it might be regarded -as a latent sign of milking qualities which had been bred out by disuse. -The only fair way to judge of the value of the escutcheon in determining -milking qualities, is to consider its influence in the different breeds separately, -not comparing one breed with another. In judging grade cows, -characteristics and blood must have a certain influence on the judgment. -The general type of the animal must be considered.</p> - -<p>“In the Ayrshire cow, we must regard the escutcheon, not as a special -characteristic of the breed, but as one of the signs denoting quality.</p> - -<p>“If the time should come when it has become so universal a sign of -quality as to be considered a characteristic of the breed, then we shall have -approached much nearer perfection than at present.</p> - -<p>“Admitting that the escutcheon theory is a failure, or at least that it has -failed as a test-mark of milk, have we any other mark or series of marks -that have invariably given better results?</p> - -<p>“Magne says, that in Flanders, a cow is considered a good milker, ‘especially -when towards the middle of the spine the apophyses (or projections) -are separated or scattered so as to leave a space between of about -two finger-breadths,’ for the reason that, when the spine is thus formed, -the haunches are better spread, and the thighs and croup larger. The -other members of the body are also better developed, the basin is ampler, -and the organs placed in this cavity, as well as the udder, are more voluminous.</p> - -<p>“Now, would our dairymen consider this a more certain indication of -milk, than a good escutcheon?</p> - -<p>“Without regarding the escutcheon as an infallible sign of quality and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_35"></a>[35]</span> -quantity of milk, I believe it to be one of the best indications of milk, that -nature has provided; but in the use of this system, we must consider:—</p> - -<ul> -<li>1. The breed.</li> -<li>2. The age.</li> -<li>3. The feed.</li> -<li>4. The treatment (present and past.)</li> -<li>5. The health.</li> -</ul> - -<p>“A good, not to say a thorough, understanding of the Guenon system, -cannot be obtained by casual observation, but only by the most painstaking -examination of many animals, extending over a long period of time.”</p> - -</div> - -<h3>Objections to the System and to the Report of the Commission.</h3> - -<p>M. Guenon in his Treatise on Milk Cows, does not give any positive -reasons why the escutcheon is indicative of the yield. He rested content -with the fact, that he had proved it so before many learned men, and risked -his reputation upon publishing the facts. The system as far as we have -been able to trace it, has always been verified by those who have <i>thoroughly -studied it, and tested it by extended practice according to the rules of Guenon</i>. -The principal cavilers against it, either admit they have not constantly -pursued it, or show by their writings their lack of sufficient knowledge -of it. The report of the Pennsylvania commission has incited several -to write against the system. The principal paper produced was one read -before a meeting of the State Board of Agriculture, by Eastburn Reeder, -and which he had reprinted in several papers. Of this essay, it is sufficient -to say, he showed he had not studied nor practiced the system thoroughly, -and because he could not understand it and got befogged, he -quoted a large mass of scientific matter to show the system could not be -true. These attempts at argument are so quietly, but completely, set aside -in the essay of Prof. D. E. Salmon, D. V. M., on Contested Dairy Questions, -quoted below, that we shall not discuss them further. For we cannot -any more tell <i>absolutely and positively</i> why the escutcheon reveals -what it does, than we can tell why a <i>black</i> cow eating <i>green</i> grass, converts -<i>red</i> blood into <i>white</i> milk, than we can tell <i>why</i> the green grass grows. In -both questions at issue, we have certain facts and theories to guide our -reason and judgment about them, but we know nothing <i>positive</i>, and because -it is so, Mr. Reeder and Mr. Hardin won’t believe it is so or can be so.</p> - -<p>In addition to what Mons. Magne, the eminent French veterinarian, -one of the most celebrated medical professors in France has written, Professor -Arnold, of Rochester says, when indorsing what Magne writes:</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>“The size of the escutcheon is regarded as the measure of the quantity -of blood supplied to the milk-producing vessels, and are evidence of their -capability of elaborating milk. In the same way, the veins take up the -blood, and carry it back in the milk veins which pass through the bag and -along the belly, and enter the body through one or more holes, on their -way to the heart. The size of these milk veins, and the holes where they -enter the body, vary with the escutcheon, and like it, give evidence of the -quantity of venous blood passing away, from and through the udder, and -they have the same significance with reference to quantity, as the supply -of arterial blood and the size of the escutcheon.”</p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_36"></a>[36]</span></p> - -<p>Mr. Reeder also quotes the weights of cattle given by Guenon, and triumphantly -exclaims, whoever saw such small cows in this country? Guenon -distinctly quotes the weights, as net dead weight, or the animal deprived -of its head and horns, its hide, entrails, and feet, and gives the excellent -reason for it when he says: “If I had made the calculations for -the animal on the hoof, the figures given by me would present a great difference, -which would increase according to the amount of fat, sometimes -to double the weight.” Unfortunately, Mr. Reeder did not know enough -of Guenon’s facts to be aware of this clear statement, and supposed the -weights were live weight.</p> - -<p>Again, he says the commission did not examine the stock correctly. -<i>He</i> would have looked at an animal, decided what escutcheon it had, or -“to which class and order she belongs, and then append the figures of -Guenon as the result. Any other mode of proceeding is not testing the -Guenon system.” Here again his lack of knowledge of the system is -shown; it would be exceedingly unjust to the reputation of Guenon, as he -distinctly declares the size, the age, the breed, the treatment, the season, -the period of gestation, &c., shall be fully considered. It is the judgment -of just such men passed upon the system, which have tended to throw any -doubt upon the merit of Guenon’s assertions. What would be thought of -the judgment of such a person, if told by a physician to administer three -things to a patient, and he gave but one, and the patient died, and he excused -himself by saying, “you told me to give him medicine, and I gave it.”</p> - -<p>Then Mr. Reeder denies the value of the system for pointing out the -best <i>feeders</i>. The cow which gives the most butter, and which this system -will readily point out, will fatten the most rapidly when dried off; for -the butyraceous particles, which go to make the butter, will be diverted -from the milk and turn to fat on the animal.</p> - -<p>Mr. Reeder objects to the report of the commission, that they “in some -cases failed to classify cows,” and “made incorrect classifications,” and -“in some cases gave different results from Guenon,” and lastly “the terms -employed to denote quantity, quality, and duration, are too vague, indefinite, -and unsatisfactory.” In all these objections, Mr. R., it will be readily -seen by any practicer of the system, shows his utter ignorance of the mode -of applying it.</p> - -<p>Guenon says it is sometimes impossible to properly classify an animal, -owing to the effects of a cross, or some freak of nature. In such cases -they may be judged according to the escutcheon it the nearest resembles. -This the commission did, but of course could not classify them.</p> - -<p>His judgment as to “incorrect classifications” we must pass by as of no -account, he not being any more capable of that than the commission.</p> - -<p>The same may be said of “giving different results from Guenon.” That -is entirely a matter of judgment. Guenon says, judge of the cow by various -things and then the result will approximate the amount stated to each -escutcheon. Mr. Reeder says the amount set down to each escutcheon is<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_37"></a>[37]</span> -inflexible. We prefer to follow the skill of Guenon and not the ignorance -of Reeder, as it was Guenon we were appointed to test.</p> - -<p>Finally, he objects to the terms employed to denote the significance of -the escutcheon. The great difficulty of the commission was to find herds -of which an accurate test of each animal had been made and kept. We -believe not one farmer in one hundred thousand has such a record. Yet -the commission are expected by such “infallible” advocates as Mr. R. to -tell the exact character of each cow, and that record is to be set down -alongside of the inaccurate record of the owner; and if they vary at all, -the commission are the ones at fault. The very terms Mr. R. objects to -were employed by us by special agreement with the owners, because they -hesitated to say how many quarts or pounds each of their cows gave. But -where there were such careful farmers as W. M. Large, M. Eastburn, J. -Pyle, and M. Conard, who gave quarts, and the commission gave quarts, -we would invite attention to the comparative reports as the best answer. -And even in Mr. R.’s own case we ask comparison, for the reason why the -commission are on most of his cows one or two quarts higher is easily accounted -for, because we did not learn until after the examination that he -was generally ranked by his neighbors a poor feeder, which would certainly -make the difference. In the cases of such fine herds as those of S. -J. Sharpless, Thomas M. Harvey, Thomas Gawthrop, and H. Preston, &c., -the accounts were highly satisfactory to their owners and confirmed them -in the merits of the system. For the same reasons we object to <i>his</i> test -of “the system in other herds” as any proof of the merits of Guenon, for -it was his interpretation of the escutcheons that is given, and it would be -very unfair to judge Guenon as interpreted by one who is not an expert.</p> - -<p>Mr. Hardin has written much against the system, but containing very -little argument, and no valid objection. We will endeavor to sift out of -the mass, any points made:</p> - -<p>He thought there should be one “non-believer” on the commission, so -as to “make a fair and disinterested report.” What possible use he may -have been is a mystery, except to cavil at what perhaps he did not understand. -The commission simply put down what they interpreted the escutcheons -to indicate, and the owner stated what he knew of his stock. The -two accounts were brought together and compared. What more a non-believer -could have done, we are at a loss to conceive.</p> - -<p>His process of examination was laid down thus: “To take down in -writing <i>before you see the cows</i>, the owners’ and milkers’ opinions of all -the cows to be tested.” “Make the owners and milkers, <i>out of hearing of -each other</i>, tell you the name of the cow, her age, how much milk she gives -when fresh, how much milk she gives a year, is her milk rich or poor; have -you ever tested the milk by measure, or otherwise to determine the amount -or its richness; what breed is she?” “Get a non-believer to make pencil -sketches of each escutcheon.” “The Governor to appoint two more on the -committee who are not believers.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_38"></a>[38]</span></p> - -<p>Now, having laid out this programme, he does not say what was to be -done with it. The inference was to be drawn, we suppose, that the many -escutcheons were to be engraved, and the public were to draw their conclusions -from them and the reports given by the owners and milkers, and -see how Guenon would stand the test. And what were the believing or -non-believing commissioners to do? Supervise the taking down of all -this? How, at once, this shows Mr. Hardin to know little or nothing of -the system! Like Mr. Reeder, he did not know that Guenon assigns many -other things to be thought of to form a correct opinion! Was it more -proof to be told by the owner all that any one could know about the cow, -and then say that corresponds with the escutcheon? Or did it put the -system to a severer test, to say to the owner, don’t tell me a word, and -then proceed to tell him all about a cow you never saw, simply from examining -her escutcheon? In one case, you are assisted to define the escutcheon -by the knowledge given you. In the other case, you define the cow’s -character by only the knowledge you can get from the escutcheon. No -better proof can be given of Mr. Hardin’s lack of practical knowledge -of the system.</p> - -<p>Another objection he makes, and repeats several times, as being a very -strong one with him, is, why did not Guenon, and why do not the commissioners, -go to work and buy up all the best cows and sell them at a profit, -and thus get very rich. His cry is, why don’t they make plenty of money -out of it, if it is so valuable? Simply, because neither of them are in that -business, or care to be. But Mr. Harvey, a manager of the Delaware -county almshouse, in one year from taking this position, changed the -cows there, and increased the yield twofold from the same number of cows, -and has bought and sold all the steers and cows on his large farm for many -years solely by this system, and <i>has</i> grown wealthy.</p> - -<p>He says in another article “feeling the modesty that naturally attaches -itself to benighted ignorance,” he “started out in the city in search of some -one who was learned on these subjects.” He found “a professor in our -medical institute,” “one of our most learned physicians,” and they proceed -together to canvass Professors Magne and Arnold’s theories and facts -about the formation of the escutcheon. The result of two such wise heads -(or of “benighted ignorance”) coming together, was that neither of them -ever heard of Professor Magne, and that his dictum was “opposed to all -the teachings of physiology.” The learned professor knowing as much -about a cow as he did of physiology. And it is such stuff as this which -forms the arguments of Mr. Hardin. Professor Salmon in his essay on -Contested Dairy Questions effectually settles these “learned” men.</p> - -<p>We have devoted enough space to a writer, who finds it so easy to tear -down, but is never able to build up, a doubting Thomas, whose only mode -of judging a cow, he says is a crumple horn, a large udder, and to test -the milk every Monday for one year. What an amount of money the -farmers of America would lose annually if they followed his rules, and -what an amount they would save by following Guenon’s rules!</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_39"></a>[39]</span></p> - -<p>The following valuable essay is from the <i>Country Gentleman</i> of August -7, 1879:</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p class="center">Contested Dairy Questions.</p> - -<p class="center">By <span class="smcap">D. E. Salmon</span>, <i>D. V. M.</i></p> - -<p>Several of our prominent dairy writers have been lately discussing the -more complicated questions of their department in a very energetic and -decided, if not in a scrupulously exact manner. Now, if these questions -are worth the time and space necessary for their presentation at length, -they are certainly of sufficient importance to receive candid and perfectly -truthful treatment; and, though these writers may not have intended to -give wrong impressions, their teachings can hardly be considered, in several -respects, as representing the present condition of knowledge on these -points.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Magne’s Theory of the Escutcheon.</span>—In Mr. Eastburn Reeder’s essay -on the escutcheon—which is a valuable paper, though marred in the above -respects—there is an attempt at scientific argument in order to ridicule -the accepted value of the milk-mirror; and the assumed facts on which -this argument is based, are presented in such a positive manner that they -will probably be accepted, without further investigation, by the majority -of readers unless contested at once. The writer has hesitated to do this -in the hope that it would be done by some one else; but the truth is of -too much consequence to allow the matter to pass entirely without notice.</p> - -<p>The first point to which I will call attention is the attempt to dispute -Magne’s opinion that the hair turns in the direction in which the arteries -ramify, and that the reversed hair on the udder and adjacent parts indicates -the termination of the arteries which supply the udder with blood. -When these arteries are large, he holds, they extend through the udder -upward and onward, ramifying on the skin beyond the udder, and giving -the hair the peculiar appearance which distinguishes it from the rest of the -surface. If these arteries are very small, they are not likely to extend -much beyond the udder, and, hence, form a small escutcheon; consequently, -a small escutcheon indicates a feeble supply of blood, and little material to -make milk of.</p> - -<p>Now how is this combatted? The first argument is that “when Mr. -Hardin showed this paragraph to one of the most learned medical professors -at Louisville, Kentucky, he at once wanted to know who this Magne -was, and declared his name unknown in the annals of medical science.” -What are we to think of such a statement as that? Magne—member of -the French Academy of Medicine, formerly director of the Alfort Veterinary -School and professor of Lyons—unknown in the annals of medicine!</p> - -<p>We are then asked if the arteries are not the same in all cows, and are -told that we might as well expect more bones or muscles as more arteries. -If Mr. Reeder will turn to Chauveau’s Anatomy—one of the best authorities -in the world—he will find, in general remarks on arteries, the following -statement, which I translate, not having the English edition: “Arteries -very often present variations in their deposition, which the surgeon -should keep in mind. These variations ordinarily concern the number, -the point of origin, and the volume of the vessels.” And if he will go -through the list of arteries, he will find examples given of each of these -variations.</p> - -<p>Again, he asks, “how is it that the ramification of the arterial circulation -<i>causes</i> the hair to grow in one direction on one part of the cow’s body, -and in the opposite on other parts?” Not a very difficult question, if we -admit that arteries have such an effect, for they certainly do not all ramify -in the same direction.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_40"></a>[40]</span></p> - -<p>In a revised edition of the essay, subsequently published, some important -points were added. Here we are told that “the arteries supplying -the udder with blood are called the <i>mammary</i> arteries, and their ramification -<i>does not extend beyond the outer surface of the udder</i>. Further down -the <i>aorta</i>, or main artery, another pair of arteries branches off, called the -<i>femoral</i> arteries. These supply the muscles of the thigh, or what we know -as the <i>rounds of beef</i>, with blood, and ramify upon the portion of the escutcheon -lying between them. Still further down, another pair of arteries, -called the <i>gluteal</i> arteries, leave the <i>aorta</i>, and are distributed through -the pelvic region, and ramify upon the extreme upper portion of the escutcheon. -Here we have at least three distinct systems of arteries ramifying -upon the escutcheon, and <i>two</i> of them most certainly have no connection -with the milk secretion whatever.”</p> - -<p>Without attempting to point out <i>all</i> the errors of this description, we -will once more refer to Chauveau to settle the more important points. -The reader will find in that work that the <i>femoral</i> arteries have a branch -called the <i>pre-pubic</i>, which in turn has a branch called the <i>external pudic</i>, -from which the <i>mammary</i> artery branches. It will also be found that the -mammary artery “sends several divisions to the tissue of the udder, and -is prolonged between the thighs by a perineal branch, which terminates in -the inferior commissure of the vulva, after having furnished glandular and -<i>cutaneous</i> divisions.” Turning to the description of the gluteal arteries, -we find that they ramify in the gluteal muscles, which are at a considerable -distance from the perineum, and that nothing is said of their going -to the last named part.</p> - -<p>Here, then, is complete and positive refutation of these arguments—not -by mere statements of my own, but by the words of a standard work, of -world-wide reputation, on the anatomy of these animals. Magne’s <i>facts</i> -are correct, then, whether his inferences are or not. <i>The same artery that -supplies the udder with blood supplies the skin on which the escutcheon is -formed; and, more than this, the artery ramifies in the direction in which -the hair of the escutcheon grows.</i> Is there any connection between the -two for all that? Who knows? A point or two to show that such a connection -is not beyond the possible may still be in place.</p> - -<p>Erasmus Wilson, who has made a specialty of the skin and its diseases, -shows that the direction of the hairs on the anterior surface of the human -body is, commencing at a point near the arm-pit, downwards and slightly -inwards towards the umbilicus, and that below this point the direction is -upwards and inwards; so that the umbilicus “is the center of convergence -of four streams,” as he expresses it.</p> - -<p>Now this disposition, complicated though it is, certainly resembles that -of the arteries—the branches from the <i>axillary</i> artery passing downwards -and inwards, while the <i>epigastric</i> arteries branch from the <i>femorals</i> near -the groin, and have a direction upwards and inwards. On the neck, the -direction of the hair is upwards and backwards; in front of the ear, it is -downwards and forwards; behind the ear, it is backwards—in each case -following the arterial ramifications. In addition, Tisserant and others in -France, who stand high as authorities, admit that the escutcheon continues -to increase in relative surface till the second or third milking—that is, -till the development of the udder, and, consequently, of the vessels supplying -it have reached their highest point.</p> - -<p>In some cases, it must be confessed, the correspondence in question apparently -does not exist, but rather the opposite; and as the mammary artery -has substantially the same distribution with horses as with cattle, we<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_41"></a>[41]</span> -cannot see why the former should not be as plainly marked as the latter, -if the direction of the hair depends on the direction of the arteries.</p> - -<p>But, it may be asked, in what possible manner could the one condition -influence the other? It must be remembered that physiology is still a growing -science, and that there are many things yet to learn, so that it is still -pardonable to confess ignorance. We know, however, that the cavity in -the skin surrounding the hair (hair follicle) is set in an oblique direction, -as well as the hair that emerges from it; the papilla at the bottom of this -cavity must also be inclined, and it is this that, in all probability, decides -the direction of the hair, as the growth of this takes place by additions of -cells from the surface of the papilla. Now, each papilla, or elevation, has -a vascular loop, or, as some say, a minute artery and vein, and one can -easily imagine how the direction of this minute artery might influence the -direction of the papillary summit, and, consequently, of the hair that grows -from it.</p> - -<p>I do not say that this is the proper explanation, but I suggest it as one -way in which the correspondence might be accounted for. I do say, however, -that the evidence brought to bear on this point by Mr. Reeder can -have no influence in deciding the question, for the reason I have given.</p> - -<p>Dr. Henry Stewart, the noted scientific and practical farmer and writer, -said lately; “I have for some time past been studying the nature of the -escutcheon physiogically and anatomically.” And he has “recently discovered -a still more satisfactory connection between the milking capacity -of a cow and the development of the escutcheon.”</p> - -<p>“The milk-vein is an important mark of the deep-milking cow. But it -is not the veins, but the arteries, which supply blood to the system, either -for the production of tissue or the secretion of the milk. And yet the veins -are important because they bear a direct relation to the arteries, being the -return channels for the blood after it has fulfilled its functions; and so the -larger supply of blood conveyed by the arteries requiring a vein of large -capacity to return it, this vein is an ultimate indication of the vigor of the -circulation of the lacteal organs. The main artery which supplies these -organs is the subcutaneous abdominal [what Mr. S. says is commonly called -the milk-vein.] This important artery supplies a large part of the posterior -portion of the system, furnishing blood to the genital organs and the skin -covering these and the adjacent parts. The subcutaneous abdominal artery -is one of the two branches of the external pudic artery in the female, the -other being the mammary artery. This last is very voluminous and distributes -several main branches to the mammary glands and tissue, and also -by a prolongation between the thighs, supplies the inferior commissure of -the vulva and gives off many smaller branches, which spread into a network -among the glandular tissue and the cutaneous structure. Here is the -close connection, then, between the skin of the posterior part of the cow, -from the lower point of the vulva down between the thighs and around the -udder, and the udder itself. The same artery supplies all this portion of -the skin, furnishes the subaceous glands and the hair follicles, and the whole -cutaneous structure, and the hair also with blood, and also provides for the -demands of the milk-secreting organs. A vigorous circulation through a -voluminous arterial system ... gives a relatively vigorous milk -secretion, and, as well, a growth of hair, which curls and forms the well-known -peculiar structure of the escutcheon.”</p> - -</div> - -<hr /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_42"></a>[42]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">C. L. SHARPLESS ON THE ESCUTCHEON.</h2> - -</div> - -<p>We extract from our book on “The Jersey, Guernsey, and Alderney -Cow,” some remarks on the escutcheon, by Charles L. Sharpless, of Philadelphia. -We consider him one of the best judges, a most intelligent -breeder, and he has paid the highest price ever given for a Jersey cow in -this country. The portraits of Duchess, Rosa, Black Bess, Tiberia, and -the bull, Comet of M., bear out our assertion.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>“There is no point in judging a cow so little understood as the escutcheon. -The conclusion of almost every one is, that her escutcheon is good, -if there be a broad band of up-running hair from the udder to the vulva, -and around it—see Fig. 1. These cows, with the broad vertical escutcheon, -are nearly always parallel cows; that is, with bodies long, but not -large, and with the under line parallel with the back. Their thighs are -thin, and the thigh escutcheon shows on the inside of the thigh, rather -than on its rear.</p> - -<p>“Next comes the wedge-shaped cow, with the body shorter, but very -large, deep in the flank, and very capacious. This form does not usually -exhibit the broad vertical escutcheon, running up to the vulva, but with -a broader thigh may exhibit a thigh escutcheon, which is preferable to the -other, thus—see Fig. 2.</p> - -<p>“In both vertical and thigh mirrors, where the hair runs down, intruding -on the udder, (as low as above the dotted lines,) as in Figs. 3 and 4, it -damages the escutcheon. If you find a cow with the hair all running down, -and between the thighs—that is, with no up-running hair—stamp her as a -cipher for milk-yielding.</p> - -<p>“The artist has made the udders to Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4 the same size, while -in reality they will vary according to the escutcheon.</p> - -<p>“There are times when the udder of a cow, with an escutcheon like Fig. -4, will be enlarged by non-milking, for the purpose of deception. It is -always safer to judge by the escutcheon, rather than by the large size of -the udder.</p> - -<p>“The escutcheons of the best cows—those yielding the most and continuing -the longest—will be found to be those which conform to Fig. 2. -[Mr. S. alludes to the selvage: one of the best, and common among the -best cows. H.]</p> - -<p>“The vertical escutcheon of Fig. 1, would not injure it; but if that ornamental -feature has to be at the expense of the thigh escutcheon, Fig. 2 -is best as it is.</p> - -<p>“Whenever an escutcheon is accompanied by a curl on each hind-quarter -of the udder, it indicates a yield of the highest order....</p> - -<p>“So far we have noticed only the rear escutcheon, or that which represents -the two hind-quarters of the udder. The two front-quarters are -just as important, and should be capacious, and run well forward under -the body—see A. If the udder, in front, be concave, or cut up as in B, -indicating small capacity, it represents reduced yield.</p> - -<p>“This front or level escutcheon is distinctly marked in the young heifer -or bull, and can be seen by laying the animal on its back. The udder -hair under the body all runs backward, commencing at the forward line -of the escutcheon—see dotted lines in Figs. 6, 7, 8. This dividing line is -very perceptible, from the fact that the hair in front of it all runs forward -towards the head of the animal, while the escutcheon, or udder hair, all -runs backward over the forward quarters of the udder, around and beyond -the teats, and ceases at the markings of the rear escutcheon, on and between -the thighs.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;"> -<img src="images/illus6.jpg" width="350" height="500" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">Fig. 1.</p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;"> -<img src="images/illus7.jpg" width="350" height="500" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">Fig. 2.</p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;"> -<img src="images/illus8.jpg" width="350" height="500" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">Fig. 3.</p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;"> -<img src="images/illus9.jpg" width="350" height="500" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">Fig. 4.</p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/illus10.jpg" width="500" height="300" alt="" /> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/illus11.jpg" width="500" height="350" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">Fig. 6. LOTTIE STARR.—10 mos. old.</p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/illus12.jpg" width="500" height="350" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">Fig. 7. SYLVA—10 mos. old.</p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/illus13.jpg" width="500" height="350" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">Fig. 8. COLUMBUS.—10 mos. old.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_43"></a>[43]</span></p> - -<p>“The breadth and extent forward of this front escutcheon, indicates the -capacity in the mature animal, of the front quarters of her udder. In -some cases this front escutcheon will be found of twice the extent that it -is in others, and is evidence of that much more yield. The dimensions -on Figs. 6, 7, 8, are actual measurements—the first two of heifers, and the -last of a bull. If Fig. 7 represents four quarts as the yield per day of the -front quarters, Fig. 6 will represent eight, thus, if the rear yield is the -same, say four quarts in each cow, the total yield of Fig. 6 will be twelve -quarts, while that of Fig. 7 is but eight. This examination enables one -to see the size of the teats and their distance apart, and to test the looseness -and softness of the udder skin. It is marked precisely the same in -bulls, see Fig. 8, and can be easily examined at any age between one and -ten months.</p> - -<p>“Udders of all shapes hold milk, and some homely ones hold a large -quantity. B, C, D, and E, at a glance explain their deficiencies, both of -shape, lack of capacity, and bad style of teats. In udder A, we have the -perfect shape....</p> - -<p>“Many think that the escutcheon of the bull is of but little moment, so -that he is a good-looker. So far is this from being the case, that a bull, -with a mirror like Fig. 4. or worse, will stamp his escutcheon on, and to -that extent damage his daughters, out of cows with escutcheons as choice -as Fig. 2. In this way the daughters of some of the best cows come very -ordinary, while, if you use a bull marked like Fig. 2, he will make poor -escutcheons better, and will improve the best. His injury or benefit will -be doubled, according to the escutcheon markings under his body in front -of his scrotum. Hence the importance of the dam of a bull being unexceptionable -in her udder and escutcheon. Her qualities, inherited by her -son, will be transmitted to his daughters.</p> - -</div> - -<p>[Mr. Sharpless’ bull Comet of M. is one of the finest Jersey bulls we -ever saw, and his escutcheon is unexceptionable, being a perfect curveline, -the one most commonly found on bulls.]</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>“While careful as to escutcheons, we must not neglect the other essential -features of a good cow—the buckskin hide, the rich-colored skin, and the -fine bone. Let the hair be soft and thickly set, and let the skin be mellow. -This latter quality is easily determined by grasping between the thumb -and forefinger the skin at the rear of the ribs, or the double thickness at -the base of the flank that joins the stifle joint to the body, or that on the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_44"></a>[44]</span> -inside of the rump-bone at the setting-on of the tail. Let the teats be -well apart; let them yield a full and free stream, and be large enough to -fill the hand without the necessity in milking of pulling them between the -thumb and forefingers. And let us ever keep in mind that the large yielder -must be well fed.”</p> - -</div> - -<p>Those who condemn Jersey cows as small yielders of milk and butter, -should listen to the story of “Rosa” as told by her owner, C. L. Sharpless. -She is five years old, is solid creamy fawn, and, combined with great volume -and bone, she is neat in the head and neck, and with fine legs. Her -dam was a small mouse-colored cow, and her sire’s dam a small fawn-colored, -neither of which would give over twelve quarts.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>“We found we were making a good deal of butter, and as ‘Rosa’ looked -superbly, we determined to test her butter quality. We fed her per day -twenty pounds of hay, eight quarts of meal, and four quarts of carrots. -The meal was a mixture of good wheat bran and cornmeal, in the proportion -of four bushels of the former to one bushel of the latter. Her yield -the first day was sixteen quarts, the second day fifteen and a half quarts, -the third day sixteen quarts, and the next morning eight quarts; being in -all seven milkings, or half the week. Her milk was kept separate; was -skimmed after standing thirty-six hours, and made six and three fourths -pounds of butter, or thirteen and a half pounds for the week.</p> - -<p>“As you place Rosa and Duchess side by side there are some points of -agreement and of difference that are of interest to notice. They are both -wedge-shaped, with large body—Duchess the more bony, but Rosa with -the greater rear volume, (broader hips, &c.) They both have neat heads -and necks, and fine bone. Duchess is, in winter, smoke-color, with brilliant -white, but not with black points. She has yellow hoofs and skin, -and her udder is rich yellow. Rosa has yellow hoofs, and yellow inside -her ears, but a pale skin and udder, and would be called a butter cow inferior -to Duchess, and yet she has just proved herself one half pound -greater. The color of it is the deepest—no coloring matter being used. -This upsets the theory that a yellow skin is essential for deep-colored -butter. Perhaps a safer way to put it is, that though a rich yellow skin -is evidence of butter quality, yet equally good quality may come from a -pale skin, provided the cow has yellow inside her ears.</p> - -<p>“Again, as to vertical or rear escutcheons both these cows exhibit, the -broad part diminishes as it rises, until, when within six to nine inches of the -vulva, it is reduced to the breadth of not over an inch wide. Thus they -agree in their rear escutcheons, and they agree also in udders of great capacity, -these being deep and broad, and running well forward under the -body.</p> - -<p>“There is a point on which they differ. The hair on Duchess is soft and -furry as a mole; that of Rosa is fairly fine, but still hair.</p> - -<p>“So that in a word one can say soft hair, a large escutcheon, and a yellow -skin are desirable, but there may be choice cows not conspicuous, for either.</p> - -<p>“To show how we sometimes let our best animals slip, I will add that -when Rosa was a heifer I was tempted to part with her for what seemed a -great price—$500. In about two weeks she had a heifer calf, for which -her owner was offered $150. When three years old she had a second -heifer, which he sold for $180; and when four years old she had a third -heifer calf, which he sold for $100. He then sold his place and all his -stock, and I bought her at public sale for $375 for her beauty. Her pale -skin deceived me as to her butter quality, and her, as I thought, deficient<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_45"></a>[45]</span> -escutcheon misled me as to her large yield. She now, as a five-year old, -has her fourth calf, which is a bull, and some two months old.</p> - -<p>“In giving above her yield, I gave also her feed. Such is her constitution -and appetite that I think she would have eaten half as much more, -and in that way her yield might have been very much increased. It was -good enough as it was, particularly as there have been choice cows so -forced that, though the premium was won, the cow was lost. The winter -yield, on dry feed, of sixteen quarts is considered equivalent to eighteen -on grass.”</p> - -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> -<img src="images/illus14.jpg" width="600" height="400" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">ROSA.—Imported Jersey, belonging to C. L. Sharpless.</p> -</div> - -<hr /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_46"></a>[46]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">DESCRIPTION OF THE CLASSES AND ORDERS.<br /> -<span class="smaller">Prepared by <span class="smcap">W. P. Hazard</span>, <i>Secretary of the Pennsylvania Guenon Commission</i>.</span></h2> - -</div> - -<p>In the following descriptions of the ten classes, and their sub-division -into six orders each, we give the quantity as stated, for a large-sized cow. -Not thinking it worth while to enter so minutely into his sub-divisions of -high, medium, and low cows. For instance, to class one, order one, he -gives to the high cow twenty-four litres, which is about equal to our twenty-four -quarts here; the litre being exactly two and one eighth wine pints. -To the medium cow he gives nineteen quarts, and to the low cow, fourteen -quarts, per day. The size of his high cow is five hundred and fifty to six -hundred and fifty pounds, <i>dressed weight</i>; the medium, three hundred and -twenty-five to four hundred and fifty pounds and the low, one hundred -and ten to two hundred and twenty-five pounds. As most of our cows -will range with the high cows, we have adopted the scale suitable to the -size, only the reader who practices the system must keep in mind that the -larger and more developed the cow, the more she will be likely to give than -the cow of smaller size.</p> - -<h3>First Class. The Flanders Cow.</h3> - -<p>Cows with this escutcheon -are the most -seldom found, except -among the most abundant -milkers. In the -first order they give -twenty quarts per day, -in the height of their -flow; that is to say, -from the time they have -calved until they are -pregnant again. Then -they diminish, little by -little, until their next -calving. It is best to -dry them off from four -to six weeks before -calving, to give them a -needed rest, and it improves -the calf.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"> -<img src="images/illus15.jpg" width="300" height="260" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>Cows of the first class have a soft udder, with fine hair on it, rising until -it blends with similar hair growing upward on the thighs, above the hock, -and widening on the thick part of the thigh, -then narrowing, like in the engraving, until -it reaches the vulva, and being about two -inches on each side of it. The inner -parts of the thigh, and the vertical mirror -are usually of a yellowish or nankeen -color, with dark spots on them, from which -can be detached the dandruff. There are -two ovals on the udder, of fine short hair.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> -<img src="images/illus16.jpg" width="200" height="215" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The second order of the first class are -similar to the first, but the escutcheon is -smaller; and on the right side of the vulva is -a tuft of descending hair about two and one -half inches long and one and one half inches -broad, and there is but one oval on the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_47"></a>[47]</span> -udder. They yield eighteen quarts of milk -for a period of eight months.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> -<img src="images/illus17.jpg" width="200" height="215" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The third order of the first class is -still smaller, and not quite so decided in -shape. It has also a semi-circular tuft below -the vulva of small size, of descending -hair, rather shining and of brighter color. -There is either only one oval on the udder, -or generally none.</p> - -<p>Cows of the third order yield sixteen -quarts, and milk for six months.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> -<img src="images/illus18.jpg" width="200" height="215" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The fourth -order of the -first class, -besides being still smaller, has narrower -thigh escutcheons, and lower down; also the -tuft under the vulva is quite long, about five -or six inches, which sometimes make the vertical -escutcheon terminate in a fork. This -tuft has more lustre and is whiter than the -hair around it. There is also a thigh tuft of -half oval shape on the right of the escutcheon, -about five inches high.</p> - -<p>Cows of the fourth order yield twelve -quarts a day, and milk five months.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> -<img src="images/illus19.jpg" width="200" height="215" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The Bastard Flanders have two marks -which distinguish them: 1. Some have on the -vertical escutcheon an oval tuft, about the -middle of it; this tuft has descending hair, -is about three inches long and two inches -wide, and the lustre of the hair makes it appear -as if it was whiter than that around it. -The larger the oval the sooner the milk will -fail, and the smaller it is the longer will she -milk. 2. Other Bastards of this class are -distinguished by the ascending and descending -hair interfering with each other on the -outlines of the vertical escutcheon, looking -feathery, or bristling like the beard of wheat. -The skin is fine and reddish, but there is no -dandruff. The larger the escutcheon, and the finer the hair, the more -abundant the milk; but when the hair is coarse, long, and thin, the yield -is small. Both kinds of Bastards of this class have every other appearance -of the best cows. And all Bastards of the first classes have the two ovals -on the udder.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_48"></a>[48]</span></p> - -<h3>Second Class. Left Flanders.</h3> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"> -<img src="images/illus20.jpg" width="300" height="260" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The cows of this class -are very similar to those of -the first class, though their -yield is rather less. The -vertical escutcheon is entirely -to the left of the vulva, -and the thigh escutcheon -on the right is broader -than that on the left. By -comparison with the first -class, these will be seen to -be very similar, but in each -order smaller; therefore, it -will not be necessary to describe -them separately, but -simply to state the yield. -Cows of the first order of -the second class will yield -eighteen quarts, and milk -eight months.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> -<img src="images/illus21.jpg" width="200" height="215" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The second order of the second class have -the lip-shaped tuft to the left of the vulva, -and have one oval on the left of the udder. -Cows of this order give sixteen quarts, and -milk seven months.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> -<img src="images/illus22.jpg" width="200" height="215" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The third order -has the -same shaped -escutcheon, -but more contracted, -and -the lip-shaped -tuft is larger -and whiter. -Cows of this order give fourteen quarts, and -milk six months.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> -<img src="images/illus23.jpg" width="200" height="215" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The fourth -order has two -invasions of -the thigh escutcheon -by the down-growing hair, a semi-oval -one on the right, and a triangular one on -the left. These always indicate a reduced -quantity of milk.</p> - -<p>Cows of the fourth order give ten quarts, -and milk five months.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_49"></a>[49]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> -<img src="images/illus24.jpg" width="200" height="215" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The escutcheon of the Bastard Left Flanders -is known by this peculiarity. The developments -are larger and more irregular -on the top of the vertical escutcheon, and to -the left of the vulva; on the right is the -ischiatic tuft, quite large, from which the -hair is diverted in an almost horizontal direction.</p> - -<h3>Third Class.—Selvage.</h3> - -<p>The escutcheon of this -class commences above -the hock, runs up on the -thighs quite high, thence -it descends somewhat -from both sides to the -vertical portion, which -rises, gradually narrowing -to the vulva.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"> -<img src="images/illus25.jpg" width="300" height="260" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The first order of the -third class has an udder -with soft skin, and fine -downy hair, which, as -well as the thighs, are of -a yellow or nankeen cast -of color. There are two -ovals on the udder. Cows -of the first order give -nineteen quarts, and milk -eight months, and often will milk nine months, -not going dry unless made to.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> -<img src="images/illus26.jpg" width="200" height="215" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The second order is similar to the first, -only of reduced size; it has a tuft to the left -of the vulva; and only one oval on the udder -on the left side; the hair of the escutcheon -is generally more glossy than that around it. -Cows of the second order give seventeen -quarts, and milk seven months.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_50"></a>[50]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> -<img src="images/illus27.jpg" width="200" height="215" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The third order escutcheon curves downward -on each side of the vertical mirror, -which rises narrowing to a point at the -vulva; to the right and left of the vulva are -tufts, the one on the left being the longest; -on the left of the udder is sometimes an oval. -Cows of the third order give fifteen quarts, -and milk six months.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> -<img src="images/illus28.jpg" width="200" height="215" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The escutcheon -of the -fourth order -is of similar -shape, but -still smaller; -but the tuft on left of the vulva is much -longer than on the right, and there is no -oval on the udder.</p> - -<p>Cows of the fourth order give twelve -quarts, and -milk five -months.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> -<img src="images/illus29.jpg" width="200" height="215" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The bastards of the third class have two -tufts, one on the right, and one on the left of -the vulva, about four to five inches long, and -one and one half inches wide. The smaller -they are, and the finer the hair on them, the -less rapid is the loss of milk. But if they -are large and have coarse hair, and are pointed -at each end, they prove the milk to be poor -and serous, and the cow will fail rapidly.</p> - -<h3>The Fourth Class. Curveline.</h3> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"> -<img src="images/illus30.jpg" width="300" height="260" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The Curveline cows are -very plenty, and are of a -very good grade, approaching -the first class. -The escutcheon is broader -than the last two classes, -in the upper part. Their -skin is of delicate texture, -and nankeen shade of color -on the escutcheon. The -higher and broader the -curved line rises toward -the vulva, which it never -reaches, the better it is. -There are two ovals on the -udder. Cows of the first order -of the fourth class give -19 quarts, and milk eight -months, and sometimes up -to their next calf.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_51"></a>[51]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> -<img src="images/illus31.jpg" width="200" height="215" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The second order have the same shape -escutcheon, but more contracted. There -is but one, and sometimes no oval on the -udder. On the left of the vulva is a small -tuft.</p> - -<p>Cows of the second order give seventeen -quarts, and milk seven months.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> -<img src="images/illus32.jpg" width="200" height="215" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The third -order has a -smaller escutcheon, -with two -tufts by the -vulva, the -left longer -than the right, about four inches by one -inch wide. Sometimes an oval on the left -side of the udder.</p> - -<p>Cows of the third order give fifteen -quarts, and milk six months.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> -<img src="images/illus33.jpg" width="200" height="215" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The fourth order has a much smaller escutcheon, -reaching just above the udder. -The two tufts are larger alongside the -vulva, and the hairs bristle to each side. -On the right, the down-growing hair intrudes -somewhat upon the escutcheon.</p> - -<p>Cows of the fourth order give twelve -quarts, and milk five months.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> -<img src="images/illus34.jpg" width="200" height="215" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The Bastards -of the -fourth class -have a fine -appearance -of escutcheon, -but they are known by the tufts alongside -the vulva. If they have coarse bristly -hair, and of large size, say four to five -inches long, and one and a half in width, -they indicate a rapid loss of milk as soon -as pregnant, particularly if they are pointed -at each end.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_52"></a>[52]</span></p> - -<h3>The Fifth Class. The Bicorn.</h3> - -<p>The escutcheons of this -class in the vertical portion -end below the vulva -in an indented shape, presenting -the appearance of -two upright horns. Their -udders are of a saffron -color, delicate, with fine, -soft hair, and have much -dandruff.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"> -<img src="images/illus35.jpg" width="300" height="260" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The first order has two -tufts of small size along -the vulva, and two ovals -on the udder. They give -seventeen quarts, and -milk eight months.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> -<img src="images/illus36.jpg" width="200" height="215" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The second order are similar to the first, -only smaller escutcheons, the vulva tufts -are longer, and there is but one oval on -the udder, on the left. The right horn of -the escutcheon is smaller than the left one.</p> - -<p>Cows of the second order give fifteen -quarts, and milk seven months.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> -<img src="images/illus37.jpg" width="200" height="215" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The third -order have -similar escutcheons -to the last, -but smaller, -while the -vulva tufts -are larger, there are no ovals, and there is -an invasion of the descending hair on the -right side. The right is two inches shorter -than the -left.</p> - -<p>Cows of -the third -order give thirteen quarts, and milk six -months.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> -<img src="images/illus38.jpg" width="200" height="215" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The fourth order have the same shaped -escutcheon, but smaller, with two tufts -alongside the vulva, larger than those on -the last. On the right of the escutcheon -is a triangular cut in the shape, made by -encroachments of the down-growing hair.</p> - -<p>Cows of the fourth order give ten quarts, -and milk five months.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_53"></a>[53]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> -<img src="images/illus39.jpg" width="200" height="215" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The Bastards of the fifth class have the -full escutcheon of the first or second orders, -but with two large tufts alongside the -vulva, which, according to their size, and -more or less pointed shape, and fine or -coarse hair, indicate the more or less stoppage -of the flow of milk.</p> - -<h3>The Sixth Class. Double Selvage.</h3> - -<p>The escutcheons of -Double Selvage cows differ -from those of Selvage, -or the third class, in that -the escutcheon is marked -in its whole length by a -strip of hair descending -and dividing it into two -equal portions. It is -bordered in its whole -length and at the extremity -by a double line of ascending -hair, which extends -the escutcheon up -to the vulva. Otherwise -it is like the selvage escutcheon.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"> -<img src="images/illus40.jpg" width="300" height="260" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The first order cows -have a fine udder, soft, -and covered with a silky -down; and its skin is yellowish or nankeen. -Cows of the first order give eighteen -quarts, and milk full eight months.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> -<img src="images/illus41.jpg" width="200" height="215" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The second order have a similar escutcheon, -but smaller, and the separating strip -ends higher up. Cows of the second order -give sixteen -quarts, and -milk seven -months.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> -<img src="images/illus42.jpg" width="200" height="215" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The third -order have a -still more -reduced escutcheon, -the descending strip terminating -at the udder.</p> - -<p>Cows of the third order give fourteen -quarts, and milk six months.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_54"></a>[54]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> -<img src="images/illus43.jpg" width="200" height="215" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The fourth order have an escutcheon -more broken in appearance, the two side -lines of the selvage terminate half way to the -vulva, and end off in lines of a feathery appearance, -the hair is coarser and more furry.</p> - -<p>Cows of the fourth order give ten quarts, -and milk -five months.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> -<img src="images/illus44.jpg" width="200" height="215" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>Bastards -of the sixth -class have -the escutcheon -similar -to the first -class, but the -selvage lines terminate on each side of the -vulva in tufts of coarse and bristly hair; -the larger and coarser they are, the sooner -the milk will fail.</p> - -<h3>The Seventh Class. Demijohn.</h3> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"> -<img src="images/illus45.jpg" width="300" height="260" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The first order of this -class has the skin of the -escutcheon of yellowish -color. The udder is fine, -and covered with a silky -down to the inside of the -thighs; and the dandruff -is soft and oily to the touch. -The shape is similar to the -selvage somewhat, only -the vertical mirror rises -broader and straighter, -and ends half way up to -the vulva, cut square off. -The broader and higher -this part is, the better the -escutcheon. The escutcheon -is not so high up on -the thighs as the previous -classes. There are two ovals on the udder, -and two small tufts of fine hair alongside the -vulva.</p> - -<p>Cows of the first order give seventeen quarts, -and milk eight months.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> -<img src="images/illus46.jpg" width="200" height="215" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The second order have the escutcheon lower -down and, of course, smaller in every way. -There are two tufts alongside the vulva, the -left one as large as in the first order, (two -and a half inches,) the right one only half as -long. There is one oval on the left of the -udder.</p> - -<p>Cows of the second order give fifteen quarts, -and milk seven months.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_55"></a>[55]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> -<img src="images/illus47.jpg" width="200" height="215" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The third order escutcheon is of different -shape, the lines converging downwards from -the vertical mirror, which is short, and cut -off square. The right side frequently has a -curved line from the descending hair invading -it. The vulva tufts are longer than in -the second order.</p> - -<p>Cows of the third order give thirteen -quarts, and milk six months.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> -<img src="images/illus48.jpg" width="200" height="215" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The fourth -order has the -escutcheon -still smaller. -The tufts -alongside the vulva are not so plain, but -the hair is coarse and bristly. There is a -triangular invasion on the right of the escutcheon.</p> - -<p>Cows of the -fourth order -give ten quarts -and milk five -months.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> -<img src="images/illus49.jpg" width="200" height="215" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The Bastards of this class have a good -escutcheon, but the tufts are large and of -coarse, bristly hair, and will fail according -to the size.</p> - -<h3>The Eighth Class. Square Escutcheon.</h3> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"> -<img src="images/illus50.jpg" width="300" height="260" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The first order of this -class have the same yellowish -color on the escutcheon -as other first -orders; the udder is -flexible, covered with a -short, fine down. The -escutcheon is much of -the shape of the Demijohns, -but the vertical, -as it rises, branches -square off to the left, -and ascends, straight -and narrow, to the left -side of the vulva. There -are two ovals on the -udder. The more the -square approaches the -vulva, and the finer the -hair, the greater quantity<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_56"></a>[56]</span> -is there of milk. Cows of the first order give seventeen quarts, and -milk eight months.</p> - -<p>The second order have a similar escutcheon, -only smaller in every way. They have -two ovals on the udder, and a small tuft to -the right of the vulva.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> -<img src="images/illus51.jpg" width="200" height="215" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>Cows of the second order give fifteen quarts, -and milk seven months.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> -<img src="images/illus52.jpg" width="200" height="215" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The third order -have the escutcheon -still -smaller; the lines -curving downward -at the corners; -one oval -on the udder, and -the tuft to the -right of the vulva, larger and of coarser hair.</p> - -<p>Cows of the third order give thirteen -quarts, and milk -six months.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> -<img src="images/illus53.jpg" width="200" height="215" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The fourth order -have the escutcheon -much smaller, the square is much -lower, and the upper part of it is formed of -bristly hair, and feathery looking; as is also -the tuft to the right. On the right side of -the escutcheon is an invasion of triangular -shape.</p> - -<p>Cows of the fourth order give ten quarts, -and milk five months.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> -<img src="images/illus54.jpg" width="200" height="215" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The Bastards -of the eighth -class are distinguished from those of the first -order by the tuft on the right, which is of -coarse and bristly hair, and the square terminates -also in the same hair.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_57"></a>[57]</span></p> - -<h3>The Ninth Class. Limousines.</h3> - -<p>The escutcheons of this -class, in ascending toward -the vulva, do so in the -shape of a spire, but stop -short about half way.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"> -<img src="images/illus55.jpg" width="300" height="260" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The first order has the -escutcheon of yellowish -color, with flexible udder, -covered with hair -downy and silky. The -shape is the same as the -seventh and eighth class, -except that the vertical -escutcheon ends in a -sharp point, like a spire -or arrow head. There are -tufts along each side of -the vulva, and two ovals -on the udder.</p> - -<p>Cows of the first order give fifteen quarts, and milk eight months.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> -<img src="images/illus56.jpg" width="200" height="215" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The second order is similar in the escutcheon, -but smaller, with but one oval on the -udder, and the vulva tufts larger, the left being -longer than the right.</p> - -<p>Cows of the second order give thirteen -quarts, and milk seven months.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> -<img src="images/illus57.jpg" width="200" height="215" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The third order -is again -smaller; the corners -rounded -downward; the -tufts larger; no -oval on the udder.</p> - -<p>Cows of the third order give ten quarts, -and milk six months.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> -<img src="images/illus58.jpg" width="200" height="215" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The fourth -order same -shape as the -last, but still smaller and more rounding. -The vulva tufts are of bristly hair, and -the left one is seven inches long.</p> - -<p>Cows of the fourth order give eight -quarts, and milk five months.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_58"></a>[58]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> -<img src="images/illus59.jpg" width="200" height="215" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The Bastards of the ninth class have a -good escutcheon, but are distinguished by -the large tufts of coarse, bristly hair alongside -the vulva.</p> - -<h3>The Tenth Class.—Horizontal.</h3> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"> -<img src="images/illus60.jpg" width="300" height="260" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The first order have a -dandruff of yellowish -color; the hair is short, -fine, and silky; the escutcheon -is lower down -from the vulva than the -other classes, and is cut -off by a horizontal line. -There are two ovals on -the udder; and two tufts, -about three and one half -inches long, on the sides -of the vulva.</p> - -<p>Cows of the first order -give thirteen quarts, and -milk eight months.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> -<img src="images/illus61.jpg" width="200" height="215" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The second order has a smaller escutcheon; -the vulva tufts are larger, the right shorter -than the left; there is but one udder oval; -in several of the orders of this class there is -a small streak of ascending hair directly below -the vulva.</p> - -<p>Cows of the second order give ten quarts, -and milk seven -months.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> -<img src="images/illus62.jpg" width="200" height="215" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The third order -have still -smaller escutcheons; -larger vulva -tufts, the one on the left of bristling hair, -four to five inches in length. The descending -hair encroaches on the escutcheon on the -right in a triangular shape.</p> - -<p>Cows of the third order give eight quarts, -and milk six months.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_59"></a>[59]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> -<img src="images/illus63.jpg" width="200" height="215" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The fourth order have still smaller escutcheons; -larger and coarser vulva tufts; and an -invasion on the escutcheon on the right in -triangular shape, and on the left of semi-circular -shape.</p> - -<p>Cows of the fourth order give seven quarts, -and milk five months.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> -<img src="images/illus64.jpg" width="200" height="215" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The bastards -of the tenth -class have the -escutcheons -large and good -shaped; but are -distinguished -by the tufts alongside the vulva, these tell -how long she will milk, by their size and -the grade of the hair on them.</p> - -<h3>Effects of Crossing two Escutcheons.</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Cross between the Selvage and Left Flanders.</span>—The -cows bearing this character are easily recognizable -in certain breeds, and notably on those of the -north-east of France.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> -<img src="images/illus65.jpg" width="200" height="260" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Cross between the Bicorn and -Selvage.</span>—The <i>Epi</i>, or tuft, which -I termed <i>jonctif</i>, or mesian tuft, and -which is seen adhering under the -vulva, is a favorable sign, and can -be met with in those classes where the escutcheon -does not reach as high as the vulva.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> -<img src="images/illus66.jpg" width="200" height="260" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>Cows which bear one or the other of these two escutcheons, -are generally good milkers, and preserve -their milk as well as cows of the first order of each -class. These are the new escutcheons alluded to in -Guenon’s introduction, showing the effect of crossing.</p> - -<hr /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_60"></a>[60]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">ESCUTCHEONS ON BULLS.</h2> - -</div> - -<p>Guenon applied his discovery to bulls to great advantage. He found -that bulls belonged to the same classes as cows, and had escutcheons similar, -but much smaller; these extend from the testicles upward toward the -anus. The importance of having a good bull becomes apparent when we -reflect that he “gets” from fifty to one hundred, annually, while the cow -is impregnated but once in the year. The escutcheons of the progeny of a -cow with good escutcheon will be much improved if the cow is coupled -with a bull well marked, and particularly if his escutcheon is the same as -that of the cow. Better have the two of different breeds, but of similar or -good escutcheons, than to have the bull with inferior escutcheon.</p> - -<p>Of course, the higher up the escutcheon extends on a bull, and the broader -it is, the better it is, but we must not look for bulls to be so well-marked -as cows are, for they never are. To distinguish the bastard bulls from the -good ones, observe if there are any streaks of descending hair, and mixing -so as to be bristly. This indication will be a certain one in proportion to -the size of the blemish, and as that is in proportion to the whole escutcheon.</p> - -<p>Guenon says: After having described, as I have done, all the classes of -cows, and taught to recognize the bastards, I pass to the characteristic -signs of the bulls re-producers, which can also be divided into orders and -classes; the signs are the same as for the females, but they are much more -restricted and of less extent.</p> - -<p>With the males the escutcheon commences on the inside below the hams -and extends as far as the middle of the posterior surface of the leg, and -extends sometimes even to the anus of the superior orders in certain -classes.</p> - -<p>Like that of cows, the escutcheon of bulls is modified by tufts.</p> - -<p>The bulls whose escutcheons are similar in their form and size to cows -of the first order, possess a great ability for procreating good milk cows, -those on the contrary whose escutcheons are but little developed, produce -only those of poor yield.</p> - -<p>A bull will be well marked, and a good reproducer when there is no interruption -of descending hair in the ascending hair on the escutcheon; -when the shape of the escutcheon is of large dimensions in proportion to -the size of the animal, and it is covered with very fine hair.</p> - -<p>The bulls of which the escutcheon is small and covered with coarse hair -and irregular on the sides procreate bad milk cows, which give serous -milk.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> -<img src="images/illus67.jpg" width="400" height="500" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">Escutcheon of Guernsey Bull RADLEY.</p> -<p class="caption">No. 209, A. G. H. B.</p> -</div> - -<p>All interruptions in the ascending hair of the escutcheon by encroachments<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_61"></a>[61]</span> -of the descending hair on the right or left, in the lower part of the -thigh, indicate for their get a lower grade, and at a glance the inferiority of -the milk production.</p> - -<p>The yellow or nankeen color of the skin of the escutcheon is always a -favorable sign.</p> - -<p>The good reproducing bull will prove fecund until ten or fifteen years of -age, but it is a rare exception.</p> - -<p>Any one may be grossly deceived if he judges only by the appearance -or the shape of the prolific qualities of a bull. Experience or observation -alone can show that he has maintained his early ability.</p> - -<p>A vigorous bull, well fed, can serve one or more cows each day, but it -is of great importance that he shall not commence to serve until he is fifteen -or eighteen months old, otherwise he will be speedily exhausted and -deformed. The improving mark of his cross and his vigor will be speedily -shortened.</p> - -<p>When the bull has attained the age of two and a half or three years, -the form alters, the hind-quarters become attenuated, the front quarter becomes -much enlarged, his neck enlarges and thickens, &c.</p> - -<p>About this time, whether he is castrated or whether he is “twisted,” he -preserves always the altered form of the bull, and is less sought for work, -and in less request for butchering.</p> - -<p>When the operations of castration and twisting are done too late, the -animal has less predisposition to fatten; his flesh is harder and tougher; -he is, however, in appearance in the same conditions of age, of quality, -and of nourishment, as those castrated earlier.</p> - -<p>Often bulls, whose character is docile and gentle, become wild and furious -when they are used to serve.</p> - -<p>In certain regions, to tame them, they put a ring of iron in their nose; -in others, where the good use of these rings is not known, they are obliged -to castrate or twist them. This operation suffices, generally, to control -their passion; but, if not, they are sent to the butcher.</p> - -<h3>Classification of Bull Reproducers.</h3> - -<p>There are for bulls, as for cows, ten classes or families; each class sub-divided -into several orders, and each order comprises three grades, high, -medium, and low.</p> - -<p>I only admit, in each class, three orders. If one wishes to proceed in -the application with more rigor, he will follow the sub-divisions of the -classification of the cows. I will designate the three orders of each class -by the denominations of good, medium, and bad.</p> - -<p>The signs indicating the qualities which render the bull likely to beget -good milk cows are placed, like those of the female, on the posterior parts. -They start from the bag, and rise up to the anus, covering, also, the genital -parts, and the scrotum.</p> - -<p>With bulls, the escutcheons start from the anterior part of the bag, extending<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_62"></a>[62]</span> -inside, and upon the hams, projecting on the thighs; from there, -the curved lines, obtuse or acute, following the class, joining to the right -or the left under the anus.</p> - -<p>The escutcheon, in all its extent, is shown by the fineness of the hair, -and the skin; by the color, more or less yellow, of the epidermis, and of -the particles of dandruff which can be detached.</p> - -<p>The characteristic secondary signs of the females will also be found in -the males.</p> - -<p>Bulls, like cows, have four and, sometimes, six false teats, which are -found before the bag, in the direction of the navel. These teats are small -and short.</p> - -<p>Starting from the bag, one notices to the right and the left of the stomach -two veins resembling the two milk veins of cows. They are prolonged to -and pass a little in the direction of the navel, and terminate in a small -cavity.</p> - -<p>Independent of the characteristic signs indicated above, the bull re-producers -should unite all the essential conditions which in each locality constitute -the type of the pure race. These conditions are:</p> - -<p>1. The color of the hide preferred in that country.</p> - -<p>2. A size proportioned to the race that they are to continue. A shape -and a frame usually accepted.</p> - -<p>3. To be of the first order in each class, easily showing the power of -transmitting milking qualities.</p> - -<p>4. Aptitude for fattening.</p> - -<p>5. To be good for work.</p> - -<p>6. To have a docile and patient character.</p> - -<p>The evils of conformation, like the good qualities, are transmitted generally -by the act of generation. If it does not have the ability to do this, -one should quickly correct it.</p> - -<p>Here the bovine race has been much neglected in all these respects. A -judicious choice, and a scrupulous attention is not always prevalent in selecting -a breeding animal; thus it results in a fatal re-generation, to which -it is time to put a stop.</p> - -<p>Before giving the distinctive characteristics of the ten classes of bulls, -it will be useful to mention those classes which are oftener met in French -and foreign races; and also those which are more rare.</p> - -<p>The classes which are most distributed, and which present the greatest -number of bulls, are in all races these three classes: 1. The Curved-line; -2. The Limousine; 3. The Horizontal.</p> - -<p>The classes on the contrary, which present but a very small number of -subjects are in the following order:</p> - -<ul> -<li>4. Demijohn.</li> -<li>5. Bicorne.</li> -<li>6. Square-cut.</li> -<li>7. Selvage.</li> -<li>8. Left Flanders.</li> -<li>9. Double Selvage.</li> -<li>10. Flanders.</li> -</ul> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> -<img src="images/illus68.jpg" width="600" height="450" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">GUERNSEY BULL RADLEY, No. 209.</p> -<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Property of S. C. Kent, West Grove, Pa.</span></p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_63"></a>[63]</span></p> - -<p>The reason one finds so few good breeding bulls belonging to the first -class, is first, the small number of such animals compared to that of cows; -and next, the lack of knowledge of the best ones to keep. Oftentimes for -want of this knowledge, the best bulls were castrated for oxen or for fattening, -thus by chance, the poorest are often kept.</p> - -<p>The best individuals have generally at birth, all the qualities which -characterize a superior animal. They are easily kept and fattened, for the -reason that their mother has much milk, and are soon ready for the butcher. -Inferior animals, on account of a smaller supply of milk, are thin, and -often malicious, of little value, and remain oftener in the hands of the -owner. Thus are sacrificed the good bulls, and the bad are kept. Therefore, -always select the choicest when they are young, to improve the race.</p> - -<p>It will thus be seen, Guenon divided his bulls into three classes: The -good, the mediocre, and the bad. He also divided them into three sizes: -The high, the medium, and the low. But he makes no difference between -the three sizes of bulls in his description of the escutcheon. He describes -each one of the three principal orders, leaving to the practitioner to determine -the intermediate degrees between the good and the mediocre, and -between the mediocre and the bad.</p> - -<p>We do not repeat his descriptions, as they are based upon those of the -cows of the same classes, and the engravings tell the whole story. We reproduce -the engravings of the good and mediocre. But very occasionally -is one of the “rare” ones observed, but he says the Curved-line is the most -usual, then the Limousine, and lastly the Horizontal. What we give is -quite sufficient for all practical purposes. We advise all to carefully select -their breeding animal, which will, in most cases, be from among what -he calls the “mediocre.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_64"></a>[64]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/illus69.jpg" width="500" height="260" alt="" /> -<p class="caption"><i>Class I.—Flanders Bull.</i></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/illus70.jpg" width="500" height="260" alt="" /> -<p class="caption"><i>Class II.—Left Flanders Bull.</i></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/illus71.jpg" width="500" height="260" alt="" /> -<p class="caption"><i>Class III.—Selvage Bulls.</i></p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_65"></a>[65]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/illus72.jpg" width="500" height="260" alt="" /> -<p class="caption"><i>Class IV.—Curveline Bulls.</i></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/illus73.jpg" width="500" height="260" alt="" /> -<p class="caption"><i>Class V.—Bicorn Bulls.</i></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/illus74.jpg" width="500" height="260" alt="" /> -<p class="caption"><i>Class VI.—Double Selvage Bulls.</i></p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_66"></a>[66]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/illus75.jpg" width="500" height="260" alt="" /> -<p class="caption"><i>Class VII.—Demijohn Bulls.</i></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/illus76.jpg" width="500" height="260" alt="" /> -<p class="caption"><i>Class VIII.—Square Bulls.</i></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/illus77.jpg" width="500" height="260" alt="" /> -<p class="caption"><i>Class IX.—Limousine Bulls.</i></p> -</div> - -<hr /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_67"></a>[67]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">REPORT OF THE PENNSYLVANIA GUENON COMMISSION.</h2> - -</div> - -<p>At the annual meeting of the Board held January 2, 1878, it was</p> - -<p>“<i>Resolved</i>, That the president of the Board (His Excellency Governor -John F. Hartranft) be authorized and requested to appoint a commission -of experts, who shall inquire into and report upon the reliability of the -Guenon or escutcheon theory for selecting milking stock; said report to -be made to the secretary of the Board on or before the 1st of November -next.”</p> - -<p>In accordance with this request, His Excellency Governor Hartranft -issued the following commission:</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,<br /> -Executive Chamber, Harrisburg</span>, <i>April 24, 1878</i>.</p> - -<p class="noindent">To <span class="smcap">George Blight</span>, Esq., <i>of the city of Philadelphia</i>; <span class="smcap">Chalkley Harvey</span>, -Esq., <i>of the county of Delaware</i>, and <span class="smcap">Willis P. Hazard</span>, Esq., <i>of the -county of Chester</i>:</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Gentlemen</span>: I have the honor to inform you that you have been duly -appointed a committee by the State Board of Agriculture to investigate -and test “The Guenon Milk Escutcheon Theory,” and report the result -thereof to the secretary of said Board.</p> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Jno. F. Hartranft</span>,<br /> -<i>Governor and President of the Board</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p class="right"><i>November 1, 1878.</i></p> - -<p class="noindent">To the Honorable <span class="smcap">Jno. F. Hartranft</span>, -<i>Governor and President of the Board of Agriculture</i>:</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Your Excellency</span>: In compliance with the commission tendered us, -we beg leave most respectfully to report that we have visited a number of -herds and have examined two hundred cows, the result of which is herewith -submitted.</p> - -<p>Having performed to the best of our ability the duty assigned us, we -beg leave to be discharged from further consideration of the question.</p> - -<p class="center">Respectfully yours,</p> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">George Blight</span>, <i>Philadelphia</i>,<br /> -<span class="smcap">Chalkley Harvey</span>, <i>Chad’s Ford</i>,<br /> -<span class="smcap">Willis P. Hazard</span>, <i>West Chester</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<p>The Pennsylvania Guenon Commission having been appointed “to investigate -and test the Guenon or Milk Escutcheon theory, and report the -result thereof,” respectfully report that they have examined two hundred -cows, heifers, and bulls, and the result of their examinations has been to -convince themselves and others of the merits of the system, of its exceeding -value to the practical farmer; and they believe that if generally followed -for twenty years, the value of the neat cattle of the State would be -increased vastly, the amount of milk and butter produced would be much -larger, and the quality of both articles better, while the quality of the -meat would be improved. Having believed in and practised the system<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_68"></a>[68]</span> -for many years, they would add that their recent extended and careful examinations -and contact with a number of owners of all grades of stock, -has tended to confirm them more thoroughly in their belief. As an adjunct -to previous knowledge to assist purchasers or breeders of cattle in -getting or raising the best, and weeding out the poorest, they think it is -worthy of being acquired by every farmer. And they would recommend -their fellow farmers not to be dismayed at the apparent difficulties to be -surmounted in obtaining a knowledge of the system, as it is only absolutely -necessary to acquire a knowledge of the first four orders of each -class, and a few other points, to practically apply it, as all animals below -those grades are not worthy of being kept. Any intelligent man can -readily master the system, and soon become proficient in it by practice. -This knowledge, applied with the tests heretofore usually used, will enable -any one to become a good judge of cattle.</p> - -<p>The manner of making up their account of each animal is to examine -the escutcheon and the udder, from which they place her in the class and -order nearest to those delineated by Guenon, and then estimate the quantity, -quality, and time that she will milk. These estimates must be, of course, -only <i>approximate</i>, as they are based upon the indications of the escutcheon, -the size of the cow, and her probable condition. As it is readily seen -that where estimates are based upon what the cow should do <i>within three -months of her being fresh</i>, it would be impossible to always grade the -exact value of all the cows in a herd, each of which is at a different period -of gestation, or in a different condition or state of health, and where also -the cow is affected by the way in which she is fed and cared for, by the -season, by the state of the temperature, and other circumstances. The -estimates are based upon what the commission thinks the cow would do -when all the conditions are favorable to her development, and where she -is properly fed and cared for. A record is made by the commission on -the spot. An account of the qualities of each head is drawn up by the -owner. Each is made at separate times, and without the knowledge of the -other party. Then the two accounts are copied off into parallel columns -for comparison. If the accounts agree in seventy-five per cent. out of one -hundred, it certainly must be presumed the system has sufficient value to -make it worthy of adoption by all farmers and breeders. As every farmer -knows the yield is much influenced by the feed, the care, the exposure, -and the treatment of the cows; therefore, a certain amount of allowance -must be made, for these various things will so alter matters, that no one -can tell to a quart, or a pound of butter, or to the week in time of milking. -In fact, every farmer knows neither the owner himself, nor his man, can -tell to a quart how much his cow or cows actually give, unless a daily -record is kept every day of every year. For even if he does keep such a -record, he will find the various circumstances named above affecting the -quantities in his record. Therefore the earnest seeker after truth, comparing -the statements made in the two columns, must not expect the two -to tally without some variations. The true spirit with which he must examine -these statements, will suggest itself in the question: Is this a system -by which I can judge of the value and quantities of a cow correctly? -Is this a system that will tell me the points of a cow, good or bad, more -correctly than by any other method? Let the candid inquirer weigh these -statements, and think if he knows of any method by which he can go into -a herd and surely pick out the best cows, and leave the poor ones to those -who judge not by this system. Every farmer has his own mode of judging, -but take the shrewdest and most practiced, can he avoid often the -bastards? What the commission find they can do, is that in a large<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_69"></a>[69]</span> -majority of the percentage of cases, they will give a good estimate of the -qualities of any animal. Their opinions of the time a cow will go, is -based upon what they think should be the treatment of all cows, viz.: that -every cow should have a rest of from four to six weeks, at least.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> -<img src="images/illus78.jpg" width="600" height="400" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">JERSEY COW NIOBE, H. R. 99.—Owned by Samuel J. Sharpless, Philadelphia.</p> -<p class="caption">Was awarded First Prize as the BEST Cow at the Centennial, 1876.</p> -</div> - -<h3>The Commission at Barney’s Farm.</h3> - -<p>The members of the Guenon commission, visited the farm of John B. -Barney, on the 9th of May, 1878, and examined twelve cows, mostly Grade -Durhams, Grade Jerseys, and farm stock, and they were uniformly successful -in judging of said stock, with some difference of opinion on two of -them.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>“I was present at the examination of twelve cows of my herd, and think the committee -were so uniformly successful in judging of the merits of the different cows, -with such slight variations of opinion between us, as to increase my belief in the Guenon -system being of great advantage to the farmers in selecting stock.</p> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">John B. Barney</span>.<br /> -<i>Chadd’s Ford, Chester county</i>.”</p> - -<p><i>May 16, 1878.</i></p> - -</div> - -<h3>The Commission at Sharpless’ Farm.</h3> - -<p>The commission visited the fine farm and herd of Jersey cows of Samuel -J. Sharpless, at Street Road station, West Chester railroad, May 10. -Present. Messrs. Harvey, Blight, Hazard, and Thomas J. Edge.</p> - -<table class="cow-table" summary="Commission’s account of Samuel J. Sharpless’s cows"> - <tr> - <th><span class="smcap">Sam’l J. Sharpless’ Herd of Jerseys, as Reported by E. J. Durnall, Herdsman for S. J. S., May 10, 1878.</span></th> - <th><span class="smcap">Sam’l J. Sharpless’ Herd as Reported upon by Guenon Commission of the State, May 10, 1878.</span></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 1.</i>—Seven years.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 1.</i>—Curveline cow, second order.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, about 12 quarts a day.</td> - <td>Quantity, if 14 quarts, doing well.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, medium.</td> - <td>Quality, good.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Milks about 10 months.</td> - <td>Will milk ten months out of twelve.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 2.</i>—Thirteen years.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 2.</i>—Flanders cow, third order.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, best. Gives 24 quarts 3 months after calving.</td> - <td>Quantity, 16 quarts first three months.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, second rate. Has made 11¼ pounds in a week.</td> - <td>Quality, third rate.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Milks full up to time, except when she had twin calves.</td> - <td>Dry two months.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 3.</i>—Eleven years.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 3.</i>—Flanders cow, third order.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, medium.</td> - <td>Quantity, 12 quarts; three months.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, best.</td> - <td>Quality, very good and rich.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Would go to her time.</td> - <td>Dry six weeks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 4.</i>—Eight years.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 4.</i>—Flanders cow, second order.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, medium.</td> - <td>Quantity, 14 quarts.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, good; makes about 10 pounds.</td> - <td>Quality, very fine.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Up to her time.</td> - <td>Well up to her time.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 5.</i>—Imported. Eleven years.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 5.</i>—Selvage cow, first order.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, about 17 to 18 quarts a day.</td> - <td>Quantity, best; about 18 quarts.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, best; makes 11 pounds per week.</td> - <td>Quality, no question.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Up to her time.</td> - <td>Milks up to her time.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 6.</i>—Ten years.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 6.</i>—Flanders cow, first order.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, second rate.</td> - <td>Superior milker.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, medium.</td> - <td>Quality, second class.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>About two months short of her time.</td> - <td>Milks up to her time; say six weeks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 7.</i>—Two years old. Had only first calf.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 7.</i>—Curveline cow, second order.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, medium.</td> - <td>Quantity, medium.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, good.</td> - <td>Quality, too young for quality; say good.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Not fairly tested for time.</td> - <td>Time, too young for test.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 8.</i>—Four years.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 8.</i>—Selvage cow, second order.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, medium.</td> - <td>Quantity, medium.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, first class.</td> - <td>Quality, good.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Up to calving.</td> - <td>Up to her time; say six weeks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 9.</i>—From Niobe Third. Three years.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 9.</i>—Flanders cow, second order.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, first rate.</td> - <td>Quantity, first class.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, first rate.</td> - <td>Quality, first class.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Up to her time.</td> - <td>Well up to her time.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_70"></a>[70]</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 10.</i>—Imported. Four years. Had first calf at Centennial, in October, and made in seven days, 9 pounds 10 ounces.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 10.</i>—Decided to pass her.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, about 16 quarts.</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, excellent.</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Up to time. Has been milking two years.</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 11.</i>—Ten years.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 11.</i>—Horizontal cow.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, second highest of herd; best.</td> - <td>Quantity, first-class.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, second class. Makes about 10 pounds.</td> - <td>Quality, inferior.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Full up to her time.</td> - <td>Milk up to eight months.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 12.</i>—Four years.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 12.</i>—Flanders cow, third order.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, second rate.</td> - <td>Quantity, light.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, second rate; about 7 pounds.</td> - <td>Quality, third class.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Milks to three months of her time.</td> - <td>Three months short of her time.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 13.</i>—Six years.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 13.</i>—Flanders cow, number two order.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, number one.</td> - <td>Quantity, second class.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, number one.</td> - <td>Quality, first class.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Full up to time.</td> - <td>Up to her time.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>At seven months from calf gives 16 quarts.</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 14.</i>—Five years.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 14.</i>—Flanders cow, first order.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, promises fair.</td> - <td>Quantity, good.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, good.</td> - <td>Quality, fair.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Within a month of her time.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 15.</i>—Four years. Of Niobe stock, the poorest.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 15.</i>—Flanders cow, second order.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, third rate; 6 quarts.</td> - <td>Quantity, about 12 quarts.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, good; second rate.</td> - <td>Quality, not very fine.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Up to her time.</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dropped her calf.</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 16.</i>—Quantity, number one.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 16.</i>—Selvage cow, first order.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, number one.</td> - <td>First class every way.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Up to her time.</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 17.</i>—First calf.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 17.</i>—Flanders cow, second order.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, number one.</td> - <td>Quantity and quality, fair.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, number one.</td> - <td></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>The commission and Mr. Durnall agree as to the best cow, selected -from the first six on this list—on the one side by the marks, and on the -other from his knowledge.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>“Having compared the annexed account of the qualities of the seventeen cows of my -herd, examined by the State Guenon Commission, with the originals of the accounts as -given by both parties at separate times, and taken down upon the spot, I believe it to -be a true and faithful transcript of the original record of the examination.</p> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Samuel J. Sharpless.</span>”</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Philadelphia</span>, <i>May 20, 1878</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>“I was present at the examination of Mr. Sharpless’ herd of Jerseys, made on the -10th of May by the State Guenon Commission, and having examined the accounts of -the herd given by me, as hereto annexed, with the original entries of those given by -me, and also the accounts of the commission, with the original written opinions, do -certify that the annexed are faithful transcripts of the records made by each party at -separate times, and that the statements were unknown to each other.</p> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">E. J. Durnall</span>,<br /> -<i>Herdsman for Samuel J. Sharpless</i>.”</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Lenape Farm</span>, <i>May 20, 1878</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<h3>The Commission at Strode’s Farm.</h3> - -<p>The members of the Guenon Commission visited the dairy farm of Marshall -Strode & Son, who have a large butter factory, and are celebrated -for their first-class butter, and they examined seventeen head of grade -dairy stock, and according to the testimony of Mr. Strode, who accompanied -them in their examination, were successful in judging according to -the Guenon system, fifteen cows out of seventeen examined. Viewed -May 10.</p> - -<p>Present, Messrs. Harvey, Blight, Hazard, and Edge.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_71"></a>[71]</span></p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>“Having been present when the members of the Guenon Commission examined -seventeen of our herd, and having witnessed the accuracy with which they determined -the quality of the stock inspected, we bear testimony to the fact that their judgment -was correct, according to our experience with the cows, in fifteen cases out of seventeen, -and even in these two they were partially successful. And we are more confirmed -in our previous belief in the value of the system, as we never buy a cow for a -good one that is not well marked. We run a dairy of seventy-one cows.</p> - -<p class="center">Yours truly,</p> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Marshall Strode & Sons</span>.”</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">East Bradford</span>, <i>May 15, 1878</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<h3>Examination of Thomas M. Harvey’s Stock of Jerseys and Guernseys, May -11, 1878.</h3> - -<div class="smaller"> - -<p>In this examination two cows which had already been examined and reported upon -by the commission were, without their knowledge, afterwards brought up for another -examination, in which their opinion as recorded, agreed almost exactly with the one -previously recorded, thus affording a strong proof of the value of the system. See -reports of No. 1, Betsy, and Nos. 4 and 20, Beauty. (Secretary of Board of Agriculture.)</p> - -</div> - -<p>This herd is one of the finest in the State. The cows are kept in good -condition, and being well fed, the yield is very large per head. Their product -is first class butter, and should bring the highest price in the market.</p> - -<p>The commission examined, in addition -to the twenty-five cows on this -list, Mr. Harvey’s Guernsey imported -bull “Sir Champion,” which is thoroughly -well marked; perhaps, the -best marked bull in the country. The -value of his get is, therefore, very -decided. It shows most conclusively -the importance of a bull from good -milking stock, and that he should -have a good escutcheon. The importance -of a good sire to stamp his -qualities upon his descendants was -conclusively proved by Mr. Harvey’s -younger stock. The commission examined -a young bull of seven months -age, which was as perfectly and beautifully -marked as his sire, and as -nearly the same shape escutcheon as -his sire’s as could possibly be. Mr. -Harvey has since sold him for $100, -to Colonel R. M. Hoe.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px;"> -<img src="images/illus79.jpg" width="250" height="500" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">Escutcheon of Imported Guernsey Bull “Sir Champion.”</p> -</div> - -<p>Nos. 9½ and 9¾ prove also the gain -to a herd from a well marked bull. -These were yearlings of Champion’s -get. No. 9½ was a great improvement -upon the mother, No. 9, Carrie, -of this list.</p> - -<p>In the statements of the commission -as to quantity, they have not -mentioned the number of quarts, as -the amounts given by most of this -herd are superior to the generality, -even of Guernseys; and, owing to -good selection and careful handling -by their owner, the commission judge that the number of quarts would be -larger than usual.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_72"></a>[72]</span></p> - -<table class="cow-table" summary="Commission’s account of Thomas M. Harvey’s cows"> - <tr> - <th><span class="smcap">Stock of Thomas M. Harvey. Thomas M. Harvey’s Statement.</span></th> - <th><span class="smcap">Stock of Thomas M. Harvey. Opinion of the Guenon Commission.</span></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 1.</i>—<span class="smcap">Betsey.</span></td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 1.</i>—<span class="smcap">Betsey.</span>—Jersey. Curveline, No. 1.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, medium.</td> - <td>Quality, first rate.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, 17 quarts.</td> - <td>Quantity, first rate.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Never dry.</td> - <td>Time of milking; up to her time.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Second examination confirmed.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 2.</i>—<span class="smcap">Nancy.</span></td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 2.</i>—<span class="smcap">Nancy.</span>—Guernsey. Flanders No. 2.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, first rate.</td> - <td>Quality, first rate.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, 16 quarts.</td> - <td>Quantity, first rate.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Will milk up to calving.</td> - <td>Six weeks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 3.</i>—<span class="smcap">Claude.</span></td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 3.</i>—<span class="smcap">Claude.</span>—Guernsey. Curveline, 3d.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, first rate.</td> - <td>Quality, first-class for rich milk.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, at first, 18 quarts; but at six months, 8 quarts.</td> - <td>Quantity, not large.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Not inclined to go dry altogether.</td> - <td>Dry three months.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 4.</i>—<span class="smcap">Beauty.</span>—(Worth.)</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 4.</i>—<span class="smcap">Beauty.</span>—(Worth.) Curveline, 1st.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, first rate.</td> - <td>Quality, first class.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, 20 quarts.</td> - <td>Quantity, large.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Almost impossible to dry off.</td> - <td>Close to time.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Rëexamined—See report No. 20.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 5.</i>—<span class="smcap">Zilla.</span></td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 5.</i>—<span class="smcap">Zilla.</span>—Guernsey grade. Imperfect Selvage of low order. Irregularly marked.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, medium.*</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, 18 quarts.</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Never dry.</td> - <td>Will milk well for few months only.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>A good shaped cow.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 6.</i>—<span class="smcap">Cherry.</span></td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 6.</i>—<span class="smcap">Cherry.</span>—Half Jersey.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, good.</td> - <td>Good milk.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, 24 quarts.</td> - <td>Milks profusely, and keeps herself thin on account of it.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Will milk on.</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 7.</i>—<span class="smcap">Echo.</span></td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 7.</i>—<span class="smcap">Echo.</span>—Grade, Jersey. Selvage, 2d.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, medium.</td> - <td>Quality, medium.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, 20 quarts.</td> - <td>Quantity, medium.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Does not go dry.</td> - <td>Milks up pretty well.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 8.</i>—<span class="smcap">Minna.</span>—Guernsey.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 8.</i>—<span class="smcap">Minna.</span>—Guernsey. Curveline, 2d.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, first rate.</td> - <td>Quality, good.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, 17 quarts.</td> - <td>Quantity, good milker until within two months of calving.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Not inclined to dry.</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 9.</i>—<span class="smcap">Carrie.</span></td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 9.</i>—<span class="smcap">Carrie.</span>—Strangely and imperfectly marked.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, first rate.</td> - <td>Quality, good.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, 10 quarts.</td> - <td>Quantity, poor.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Will go dry two months.</td> - <td>Dry up soon.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 10.</i>—<span class="smcap">Gentle.</span>—Jersey.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 10.</i>—<span class="smcap">Gentle.</span>—Jersey. Selvage, 1.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, first rate.</td> - <td>Quality, first rate.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, 20 quarts.</td> - <td>Quantity, large</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dry two months.</td> - <td>Dry six weeks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 11.</i>—<span class="smcap">Mary.</span>—Grade, Durham.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 11.</i>—<span class="smcap">Mary.</span>—Grade, Durham. Flanders, 1.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, medium.</td> - <td>Quality, first class.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, 18 quarts.</td> - <td>Quantity, good.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dry two months.</td> - <td>Dry six weeks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 12.</i>—<span class="smcap">Eugenie.</span>—Jersey.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 12.</i>—<span class="smcap">Eugenie.</span>—Jersey. Curveline, 2d.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, medium.*</td> - <td>Quality, first rate.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, 18 quarts.</td> - <td>Quantity, large.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Does not dry.</td> - <td>Dry two months.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 13.</i>—<span class="smcap">Victoria.</span>—Guernsey.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 13.</i>—<span class="smcap">Victoria.</span>—Guernsey. Selvage.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, medium.*</td> - <td>Quality, medium.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, 20 quarts.</td> - <td>Quantity, good while she milks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>No drying.</td> - <td>Dry two months.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 14.</i>—<span class="smcap">Jennie.</span></td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 14.</i>—<span class="smcap">Jennie.</span> Ordinary stock.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, good.</td> - <td>Quality, not very rich, but good.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, 20 quarts.</td> - <td>Quantity, good.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>One month dry.</td> - <td>Dry two months.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_73"></a>[73]</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 15.</i>—<span class="smcap">Maggie</span>, 2d.—Young.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 15.</i>—<span class="smcap">Maggie</span>, 2d.—Guernsey. Flanders, 3d.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, medium.*</td> - <td>Quality, very good.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, 10 quarts.</td> - <td>Quantity, medium and continuous.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dry two months.</td> - <td>Dry two months.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 16.</i>—<span class="smcap">Rocket.</span></td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 16.</i>—<span class="smcap">Rocket.</span>—Grade, Jersey. Curveline, 2d.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, medium.</td> - <td>Quality, rich.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, 15, 20, to 25 quarts; variable.</td> - <td>Quantity, good.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dry three months.</td> - <td>Dry two months.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 17.</i>—<span class="smcap">Amy.</span></td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 17.</i>—<span class="smcap">Amy.</span>—Kentucky Short-Horn.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, good.*</td> - <td>Quality, medium.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, 14 quarts.</td> - <td>Quantity, poor.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Ten weeks dry.</td> - <td>Dry three months.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 18.</i>—<span class="smcap">Comly.</span></td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 18.</i>—<span class="smcap">Comly.</span>—Guernsey. Selvage, 3d.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, first rate.</td> - <td>Quality, first rate.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, 15 quarts.</td> - <td>Quantity, good and continuous.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dry two months.</td> - <td>Dry six weeks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 19.</i>—<span class="smcap">Kitty.</span></td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 19.</i>—<span class="smcap">Kitty.</span>—Guernsey and Jersey grades. Bicorn, 2d.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, first rate.</td> - <td>Quality, first class.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, 16 quarts.</td> - <td>Quantity, first class.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dry six weeks.</td> - <td>Milks well up.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 20.</i>—<span class="smcap">Beauty.</span></td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 20.</i>—<span class="smcap">Beauty.</span>—Guernsey. Curveline, 1st.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Quality, first class.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Quantity, first class. Milks well up.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Second examination.</td> - <td>This is the second examination.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>See No. 4.</td> - <td>See No. 4.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 21.</i>—<span class="smcap">Rosetta.</span>—Guernsey, imported.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 21.</i>—<span class="smcap">Rosetta.</span>—Guernsey, imported. Flanders.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, first rate.*</td> - <td>Quality, excellent.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, 18 quarts.</td> - <td>Quantity, fair milker.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Does not go dry.</td> - <td>Dry two months.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 22.</i>—<span class="smcap">Duchess.</span>—Guernsey.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 22.</i>—<span class="smcap">Duchess.</span>—Guernsey, imported. Curveline, 2d.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, first rate.</td> - <td>Quality, medium.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, 20 quarts.</td> - <td>Quantity, large.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Don’t go dry.</td> - <td>Dry two months.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 23.</i>—<span class="smcap">Bridget.</span>—Guernsey grade.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 23.</i>—<span class="smcap">Bridget.</span> Guernsey grade. Selvage, 4th.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, first rate.</td> - <td>Quality, good.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, 14 to 18 quarts.</td> - <td>Quantity, poor.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Fails when pregnant. Does not dry altogether.</td> - <td>Dry three months or ten weeks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 24.</i>—<span class="smcap">Fancy.</span>—Guernsey.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 24.</i>—<span class="smcap">Fancy.</span>—Guernsey. Selvage.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, medium.</td> - <td>Quality, medium.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, 16 quarts, and fails fast.</td> - <td>Quantity, poor.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dry three months.</td> - <td>Dry two months.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 25.</i>—<span class="smcap">Daffy.</span>—Grade, Durham.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 25.</i>—<span class="smcap">Daffy.</span>—Grade, Durham. Flanders, 1st.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, medium.</td> - <td>Quality, good.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, 22 quarts.</td> - <td>Quantity, about 24 quarts.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Does not dry.</td> - <td>Milks her full time.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>In the above account will be noticed a few with the mark * which Mr. Harvey said indicates that the -amount of milk given and the quality was largely increased by extra feeding.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>“I was present at the examination of our herd of Guernseys, Jerseys, and grades, by -the Guenon Commission, on the eleventh of fifth month, 1878, and I have examined -their report and compared it with the originals written on the spot, (the contents of -which were before now unknown to me,) and I testify to the annexed report being an -accurate copy of the opinions recorded by them at the time of examination. The -statements made by me were handed to members of the commission on twenty-first -instant, and are as nearly accurate as my own knowledge, and that of the persons who -had the immediate care of the herd, and an interest in the proceeds of the dairy, could -make them.</p> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Thos. M. Harvey.</span>”</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">West Grove</span>, <i>27th of 5th month, 1878</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>“Having had the immediate care of the herd of Thomas M. Harvey, and an interest -in the proceeds of the dairy for six years, and being well acquainted with the merits -of each member of the herd, I can certify that the statements we have made to the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_74"></a>[74]</span> -Guenon Commission are correct to the best of our knowledge and belief, and were -made more than a week after the commission had recorded their opinions; which -opinions were unknown to us until the present time. I have also compared the record -of opinions herewith with the originals, and find them to be a correct transcript of -them.</p> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Clarkson Moore.</span>”</p> - -</div> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>“Having had the immediate care of the herd within alluded to, and an interest in the -proceeds thereof for the past eleven months, I can certify that I united with Clarkson -Moore in making the statement relative to the quality and productiveness of the cows -examined by the Guenon commission. I was from home when they were here, and -knew nothing of their opinions when we made up our statement.</p> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Zebedee Haines.</span>”</p> - -<p><i>Fifth month, 28th, 1878.</i></p> - -</div> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>“I was present on Saturday, March 11, 1878, at the farm of Thomas M. Harvey, when -the examination of that portion of his herd was made by the Guenon Commission, -from Nos. 10 to 25, inclusive, of their report. I have compared the original recorded -opinions of the commission with the report herewith, and find the latter correct.</p> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">N. J. Sharples</span>,<br /> -<i>President of the Experimental Farm Club</i>.”</p> - -</div> - -<h3>Examination of William M. Large’s Herd, Chestnut Grove, Doylestown, -Bucks County.</h3> - -<p>The commission, as represented by George Blight and Willis P. Hazard, -visited the beautiful farm of William M. Large, on the afternoon of May -31—on a very rainy, unpleasant day, and making the examination of stock -a very difficult duty. The stock is a valuable one of thorough-bred and -grade Short-Horns and is well fed and otherwise well cared for.</p> - -<table class="cow-table" summary="Commission’s account of William M. Large’s cows"> - <tr> - <th><span class="smcap">Wm. M. Large’s Account of his Herd.</span></th> - <th><span class="smcap">Opinions of the State Guenon Commission.</span></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 1.</i>—<span class="smcap">Victoria.</span></td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 1.</i>—<span class="smcap">Victoria.</span>—Short-Horn. Flanders, first order.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, 18 quarts.</td> - <td>Quantity, about eighteen quarts.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Never tried her on butter but once, then made 10¾ pounds.</td> - <td>Quality, good.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Goes dry two months to ten weeks.</td> - <td>Up to her time—say one month.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 2.</i>—<span class="smcap">Josephine.</span></td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 2.</i>—<span class="smcap">Josephine.</span>—Thorough-bred Short-Horn. Flanders, second order.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>The Doylestown Agricultural Society offered a premium of $25 for the cow that yielded the most butter; and also $25 for the cow that gave the most milk. The largest yield for a single week 16 pounds 3 ounces. Was tried five times during the year, two months apart; taking the average of the five consecutive trials, would make a trifle over 500 pounds. Awarded the first premium for butter, and second for milk.</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Lost the record of pounds of milk.</td> - <td>Quantity, eighteen quarts.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Quality, very good.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dry about one month.</td> - <td>About one month dry.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 3.</i>—<span class="smcap">Fanny Fern.</span></td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 3.</i>—<span class="smcap">Fanny Fern.</span>—Flanders, first order.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, nineteen quarts.</td> - <td>Quantity, twenty quarts.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, never tried her butter production.</td> - <td>Quality, first rate.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Goes dry five or six weeks.</td> - <td>About up to time, (one month.)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 4.</i>—<span class="smcap">Lettie.</span></td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 4.</i>—<span class="smcap">Lettie.</span>—Selvage, fifth order.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity nine quarts.</td> - <td>Quantity, eight quarts.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, never tried her butter qualities, but her milk is rich and good.</td> - <td>Quality, second rate.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Goes dry about three months.</td> - <td>Dry four months.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 5.</i>—<span class="smcap">Norah.</span></td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 5.</i>—<span class="smcap">Norah.</span>—Flanders, imperfect.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, fresh, gives seventeen quarts; holds to it well.</td> - <td>Quantity, eighteen quarts.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, has made 10 pounds butter in a week.</td> - <td>Quality, good.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Goes dry about two months.</td> - <td>Dry three months.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_75"></a>[75]</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 6.</i>—<span class="smcap">Lucy.</span></td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 6.</i>—<span class="smcap">Lucy.</span>—Flanders, fourth.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, thirteen quarts.</td> - <td>Quantity, fourteen quarts.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, a less number of pounds will make a pound of butter than most of my other cows; think her milk extra good.</td> - <td>Quality, good, very.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dry some two months.</td> - <td>Dry three months.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 7.</i>—<span class="smcap">Bernice.</span></td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 7.</i>—<span class="smcap">Bernice.</span>—Flanders, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, when fresh, about twelve quarts.</td> - <td>Quantity, twelve quarts.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, never tried her butter production.</td> - <td>Quality, good.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Goes dry some three months, and has the credit of being the poorest cow in the herd.</td> - <td>Time, eight months out of twelve.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 8.</i>—<span class="smcap">Josephine</span> 2d.—First calf.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 8.</i>—<span class="smcap">Josephine</span> 2d.—Curveline, third.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, first calf, eleven quarts.</td> - <td>Quantity, ten to twelve quarts.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, never weighed her milk or tried her butter production.</td> - <td>Quality, rich.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Cannot tell how long she will go dry.</td> - <td>Goes to two months of her time.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 9.</i>—<span class="smcap">Judith.</span></td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 9.</i>—<span class="smcap">Judith.</span>—Flanders, first.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, seventeen quarts.</td> - <td>Quantity, eighteen quarts.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, on a trial after her first calf was taken away, made 2 ounces less than 8 pounds of butter, done up in lumps for market.</td> - <td>Quality, good.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Goes dry six or seven weeks.</td> - <td>Well up to her time (one month or six weeks.)</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>“Having been present at the examination of my herd of Short-Horns, by the State Guenon -Commission, May 31, 1878, I certify this report is a correct copy of the original -records made on the spot, and at separate times; neither party having knowledge of -the other’s accounts.</p> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">William M. Large.</span>”</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Chestnut Grove</span>, <i>7th month, 3d, 1878</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<h3>Report of the Examination of the Stock of Eastburn Reeder, of Rabbit Run -Stock Farm, New Hope, Bucks County, Pa.</h3> - -<p>The commission visited the farm of Eastburn Reeder on Saturday, -June 1, and examined his stock of Jersey and Guernsey breeds in presence -of the proprietor and a number of members of the Solebury Farmers’ -Club. Mr. Reeder’s account of his herd had been drawn up and placed in -the hands of J. S. Williams, Esquire, secretary of the Solebury Farmers’ -Club, some ten days before the visit of the commission, and is printed -herewith.</p> - -<p>The commission was represented by George Blight and Willis P. Hazard, -and part of the time by Captain J. C. Morris, of Susquehanna county, -at the request of Thomas J. Edge, secretary of the State Board.</p> - -<p>Mr. Reeder, not having made in his report any statements of the quality -of the milk, except as regards the yield in butter, has sent the commission -the following condensed statement of what each cow gave on May 20:</p> - -<table summary="Yield of Mr. Reeder’s cows"> - <tr> - <td>No. 1, Belle,</td> - <td class="tdr">10</td> - <td>quarts.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>No. 2, Topsy,</td> - <td class="tdr">14</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>No. 3, Firefly,</td> - <td class="tdr">12</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>No. 4, Isabelle,</td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>No. 5, Marian,</td> - <td class="tdr">14</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>No. 6, Urania,</td> - <td class="tdr">12</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>No. 7, Florentia,</td> - <td class="tdr">10</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>No. 8, Paunacussing,</td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>No. 9, Lady Delaware,</td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Total for nine cows,</td> - <td class="tdr total">94</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr class="tp"> - <td>Yield of the herd, May 20,</td> - <td class="tdr">94</td> - <td>quarts.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Yield of the herd in seven days,</td> - <td class="tdr">658</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Butter in seven days,</td> - <td class="tdr">67</td> - <td>pounds.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity of milk to one pound of butter,</td> - <td colspan="2">9 <sup>55</sup>/<sub>67</sub> qts.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>This statement of the number of quarts required to make a pound of -butter from Jersey and Guernsey stock, it will be seen, carries out the conclusions -of the commission, who estimated the quality of this herd, as<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_76"></a>[76]</span> -well fed and not too long milked stock of these breeds should give a pound -of butter to every nine quarts of milk.</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>“Having been present at the examination of my herd by the State Guenon Commission, -on Saturday, June 1, 1878, and having since examined their report by the original -record made on the spot by them, and compared it with my account of the herd, -handed to Mr. J. S. Williams, May 21, or more than one week before they made the -examination, I do certify that the accompanying report is correct and true.</p> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Eastburn Reeder</span>,<br /> -<i>New Hope, Bucks county, Pa.</i>”</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Rabbit Run Farm</span>, <i>June 15, 1878</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>“I certify that Eastburn Reeder handed me his account of his herd ten days before -the examination was made by the State Guenon Commission; that I was present with -others at the examination; that the two reports were compared in the presence of a -number, shortly after the examination, and were generally satisfactory; and that I -have now examined the accompanying reports by the two original records, made at -separate times as above mentioned, and have found them correct and true copies of -said original records.</p> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">J. S. Williams</span>,<br /> -<i>Secretary of the Solebury Farmers’ Club</i>.”</p> - -<p><i>June 15, 1878.</i></p> - -</div> - -<h3>Examination of Eastburn Reeder’s Herd.</h3> - -<table class="cow-table" summary="Commission’s account of Eastburn Reeder’s cows"> - <tr> - <th><span class="smcap">Accounts of the Herd by Eastburn Reeder.</span></th> - <th><span class="smcap">Opinions of the Herd by the Guenon Commission.</span></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 1.</i>—<span class="smcap">Bell.</span>—Age, 12 years. Grade, Alderney. Calved November 10, 1877.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 1.</i>—<span class="smcap">Bell.</span>—Grade, Alderney. Flanders, 2d.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Greatest yield when fresh, 16 quarts per day. Yield May 20, 1878, 10 quarts per day. Butter, 8 pounds in seven days.</td> - <td>Quantity, 18 to 20 quarts.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Tried February, 1875.</td> - <td>Quality, fair.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Milks to one month of calving.</td> - <td>Dry three to four months.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 2.</i>—<span class="smcap">Topsy.</span>—Age, 10 years. Guernsey. Calved March 9, 1878.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 2.</i>—<span class="smcap">Topsy.</span>—Guernsey. Curveline, 2d.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Greatest yield when fresh, 18 quarts. Yield May 20, 1878, 14 quarts. Made 12 pounds in seven days.</td> - <td>Quantity, 16 to 18 quarts.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Tried June, 1872.</td> - <td>Quality, first rate.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Goes dry three months before calving.</td> - <td>Dry two months.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 3.</i>—<span class="smcap">Firefly</span>, (1133.)—Age, 8 years. Jersey. Calved October 28, 1877.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 3.</i>—<span class="smcap">Firefly.</span>—Jersey thorough-bred. Demijohn, 2d. Daughter of Niobe, 3d.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Greatest yield when fresh, 14 quarts. Yield May 20, 1878, 12 quarts. Averaged 6 pounds butter for forty weeks, from Sept. 1, 1872, to June 8, 1873. Greatest yield of butter in any one week since, 10½ pounds.</td> - <td>Quantity, 12 to 14 quarts.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Quality, medium.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Never goes dry; has been milked regularly since August 27, 1872.</td> - <td>Dry two months.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 4.</i>—<span class="smcap">Isabelle</span>, (1935.)—Age, 6 years. Jersey. Calved September 19, 1877.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 4.</i>—<span class="smcap">Isabelle.</span>—Jersey thorough-bred Flanders, 3d.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Greatest yield when fresh, 12 quarts. Yield May 20, 1878, 8 quarts. Made 9 pounds butter in seven days.</td> - <td>Quantity, 16 quarts.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Tried October, 1877.</td> - <td>Quality, first rate.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Milks to one month of calving.</td> - <td>Dry one month.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 5.</i>—<span class="smcap">Marian.</span>—Age, 6 years. Guernsey. Calved February 15, 1878.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 5.</i>—<span class="smcap">Marian.</span>—Guernsey. Curveline, 3d.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Greatest yield when fresh, 14 quarts. Yield May 20, 14 quarts.</td> - <td>Quantity, 16 quarts.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Butter never been tested.</td> - <td>Quality, first rate.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Milks to within one month of calving.</td> - <td>Dry two months to three months.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 6.</i>—<span class="smcap">Urania</span>, (2793.)—Age, 5 years. Jersey. Calved January 30, 1878.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 6.</i>—<span class="smcap">Urania.</span>—Jersey thorough-bred. Selvage, 2d.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Greatest yield when fresh, 12 quarts. Yield May 20, 12 quarts.</td> - <td>Quantity, 14 quarts.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Butter never been tested.</td> - <td>Quality, second rate.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Milks to one month of calving.</td> - <td>Dry one month.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_77"></a>[77]</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 7.</i>—<span class="smcap">Florentia</span>, (3518.)—Age, 4 years. Jersey. Calved January 1, 1878.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 7.</i>—<span class="smcap">Florentia.</span>—Jersey thorough-bred. Curveline, 2d.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Greatest yield, 10 quarts. Yield May 20, 10 quarts.</td> - <td>Quantity, 12 quarts.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Butter never been tested.</td> - <td>Quality, second rate.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Milks to one month of calving.</td> - <td>Dry one month.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 8.</i>—<span class="smcap">Paunacussing</span>, (5050.)—Age, 2 years. Jersey. Calved October 30, 1877.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 8.</i>—<span class="smcap">Paunacussing.</span>—Jersey thorough-bred. Selvage, 2d.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Yield, May 21, 1878, 8 quarts.</td> - <td>Quantity, 12 quarts.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Quality, medium.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Duration yet to be ascertained.</td> - <td>Dry two months, probably.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 9.</i>—<span class="smcap">Lady Delaware</span>, (5051.)—Age, 2 years. Thorough-bred Jersey. Calved January 3, 1878.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 9.</i>—<span class="smcap">Lady Delaware.</span>—Jersey thorough-bred. Flanders, 3d.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Yield May 21, 1878, 6 quarts.</td> - <td>Quantity, only milks out of two teats.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Quality, medium.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Duration yet to be ascertained.</td> - <td>Dry three months, probably.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<h3>Examination of Moses Eastburn’s Cow, Beauty.</h3> - -<table class="cow-table" summary="Commission’s account of Moses Eastburn’s cow Beauty"> - <tr> - <th><span class="smcap">Account of Moses Eastburn.</span></th> - <th><span class="smcap">Opinions of the Commission.</span></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><span class="smcap">Cow, Beauty.</span>—Age, 9 years. Calved March 20, 1878.</td> - <td><span class="smcap">Beauty.</span>—Jersey. Curveline, 2d.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Greatest yield of milk per day about 17 or 18 quarts. Yield May 24, 1878, 16 quarts. Duration of yield of milk, ten months.</td> - <td>Quantity, 18 quarts.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality of milk, 9 quarts to make a pound of butter. Butter made in eight and a half months, 302½ pounds.</td> - <td>Quality, first class.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Time, well up to her time.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>“This is to certify that I was present at the examination of my cow, Beauty, this first -of sixth month, 1878, by the committee to test the Guenon system, and find their report -to correspond with the within statement.</p> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Moses Eastburn.</span>”</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Solebury, Bucks county.</span></p> - -</div> - -<h3>Examination of Colonel James Young’s Herd, at Middletown.</h3> - -<p>The Commission visited the large farms of Colonel James Young, near -Middletown, and examined thirty-seven head of cows and heifers, among -which were some of the finest Jersey cows in the State. His whole stock -is well-fed and cared for, and are in fine condition. He supplies Middletown -with the best of milk. Colonel Young does not keep a record of -the performances of his cows, and the commission were therefore obliged -to examine the cows, and after making their record, to compare it, item -by item of each cow separately, with the knowledge of them had by his -very intelligent dairy-woman, who has charge of the cows and the milk, -and knows their characters as milk and butter producers well; also has a -record of the times of calving of all the cows. The estimates of the commission -agreed with hers, on all the hundred and eleven points, except -nine points, and where they differed, that difference was in two cases on -the quality, and in the other cases on the time. The commission attribute -their unanimity on this herd, to the careful selection and breeding -of Colonel Young, to his good feeding, and the excellent care that the animals -have. These points constantly looked after, maintain the excellence -of the herd, and as a consequence the escutcheons correspond, for, as the -colonel says, “he never saw a good escutcheon without being on a good -animal, and never saw a good animal without a good escutcheon.”</p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Middletown</span>, <i>November 1, 1878</i>.</p> - -<p>“We were present when the commission visited our farms, and examined the stock, -and we think they judged rightly of it, in nearly every case—we should say within -five per cent. of being entirely correct.</p> - -<p>We have examined the account to be printed with the original record, and find it to -be correct and corresponding.</p> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">James Young</span>,<br /> -<span class="smcap">James S. Young</span>.”</p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_78"></a>[78]</span></p> - -<h3>Examination of the Herd of William Calder, Esq., Harrisburg.</h3> - -<p>The commission visited one of the farms of William Calder, near Harrisburg. -This gentleman has seven farms, containing nine hundred acres, -and keeps a variety of stock. On the farm visited, near the reservoir, the -commission examined eight head of grade stock, in very good order, on -good September pasturage. The dairyman, a very intelligent man, had -no record of the exact quantity and quality of the stock, but, as he -milked them himself, a knowledge of their general qualities; and upon -hearing the decision of the commission upon each cow, assented to the -character given of all of them, except on two points: on one as to yield, -and on another as to time. It was pleasing to notice the surprise and delight -expressed by him at the exhibition, of entire strangers to the herd, -of such accurate knowledge of them as the system showed it could give. -And he determined to acquire it forthwith.</p> - -<p>The commission saw a very fine black grade cow, with the calf by her -side a perfect specimen of the Belted stock, though sired by a thorough-bred -Jersey bull—to be accounted for only by the fact that the cow had -been served by a Belted bull the third time before this one.</p> - -<h3>Examination of Several Herds near West Grove, Blanketed and Unblanketed, -under the Supervision of a Committee of the Experimental Farm -Club.</h3> - -<p>It had been stated by some that the commission used the ordinary means -of judging of the value of cows, in addition to the Guenon tests. This was, -of course, entirely denied by the commission; and as it was repeated in -the public print, the commission, to settle the matter in the minds of candid -men, offered to have any number of cows blanketed, so that only their -posteriors could be seen, and then judge of their escutcheons, provided a -committee should be present at the examination, view it closely, and give -a report. Thus pressed, the challenge was accepted, and there was appointed -a committee of five of some of the best farmers and dairymen -residing near the Experimental farm. It was also understood that any -could attend who wished to, and on the day of the examination three -of the committee were present, as well as a number of other farmers. The -commission examined the first five in the stable, blanketed, then two -unblanketed, then two blanketed, and the remaining four unblanketed. -The report of this committee is appended herewith. The cows were examined -on a farm of Thomas Gawthrop, near West Grove. Afterward a -number of cows were examined on several farms in the neighborhood, in -the presence of the committee. No longer time was required to form an -opinion on the blanketed cows than on the others, and the comparative -results can be judged from the accompanying tables.</p> - -<p>The commission met them on the day appointed, at the farm of Thomas -Gawthrop, and in the presence of the committee (three being present,) -and of others, examined seven cows blanketed, and would have examined -more, but the committee said it was useless, as they could see, and had -full faith that only the escutcheon was considered by the commission. On -this farm thirteen head were examined, and the results are herewith given. -All then adjourned to the farms of Mark Hughes, Howard Preston, and -Everard Conard, and examined other stock in the presence of the committee. -The committee’s report will be found annexed, thus setting to rest -the charge that the commission were examining by any other than the -Guenon test.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_79"></a>[79]</span></p> - -<table class="cow-table" summary="Commission’s account of Thomas Gawthrop’s cows"> - <tr> - <th><span class="smcap">Thomas Gawthrop’s account of Cows Examined at Thomas Gawthrop’s Farm, September 20.</span></th> - <th><span class="smcap">The Guenon Commission’s Account of Cows Examined at Thomas Gawthrop’s Farm, September 20.</span></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 1.</i>—<span class="smcap">Victoria.</span>—Grade, Jersey and Durham.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 1.</i>—<span class="smcap">Victoria.</span>*—Grade, Jersey and Durham. Eight years.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, first.</td> - <td>Quantity, first.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, first.</td> - <td>Quality, first.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>A first-class butter cow, and milks well up to time.</td> - <td>Up to her time.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 2.</i>—<span class="smcap">Cecil.</span>—Grade, Jersey.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 2.</i>—<span class="smcap">Cecil.</span>*</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, first.</td> - <td>Quantity, first.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, first. First-class for butter.</td> - <td>Quality, first.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Milks up to time.</td> - <td>Short eight weeks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 3.</i>—<span class="smcap">Nellie.</span></td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 3.</i>—<span class="smcap">Nellie.</span>*—Demijohn, 1.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, second.</td> - <td>Quantity, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, second.</td> - <td>Quality, first.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dry from ten to twelve weeks.</td> - <td>Short eight weeks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 4.</i>—<span class="smcap">Lucy.</span>—Recently purchased.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 4.</i>—<span class="smcap">Lucy.</span>*—Flanders, 2d.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Yields three months from calving thirteen quarts.</td> - <td>Quantity, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, first.</td> - <td>Quality, first.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Up to her time.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 5.</i>—<span class="smcap">Lily.</span>—Grade, Jersey.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 5.</i>—<span class="smcap">Lily.</span>*—Grade, Jersey. Flanders, 2d.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, second.</td> - <td>Quantity, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, first.</td> - <td>Quality, first.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Milks up to time.</td> - <td>Dry four to six weeks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 6.</i>—<span class="smcap">Beauty.</span>—Jersey.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 6.</i>—<span class="smcap">Beauty.</span>—Jersey. Five years old.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Yields fourteen quarts per day.</td> - <td>Quantity, third.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, first.</td> - <td>Quality, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Milks to within eight weeks of calving.</td> - <td>Dry two months.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 7.</i>—<span class="smcap">Darby.</span>—Jersey.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 7.</i>—<span class="smcap">Darby.</span>—Jersey. Flanders, 2d.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, fourteen quarts per day.</td> - <td>Quantity, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, first.</td> - <td>Quality, first.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Almost impossible to turn dry, though never excelling in quantity.</td> - <td>Dry four weeks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 8.</i>—<span class="smcap">Star.</span>—Grade, three quarter Jersey.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 8.</i>—<span class="smcap">Star.</span>†—Grade, three quarter Jersey.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Flanders, 3d.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Yield with first calf from twelve to fourteen quarts per day, and milks well up to time.</td> - <td>Quantity, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, first class.</td> - <td>Quality, first.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Dry six weeks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Her Jersey blood helps to overcome some blemishes on her escutcheon.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 9.</i>—<span class="smcap">Norah.</span></td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 9.</i>—<span class="smcap">Norah.</span>†—Grade.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, first,</td> - <td>Quantity, first.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, first.</td> - <td>Quality, first.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dry from eight to ten weeks.</td> - <td>Up to her time.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 10.</i>—<span class="smcap">Sallie.</span>‡</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 10.</i>—<span class="smcap">Sallie.</span>—Grade. Twelve years. Flanders, 2d.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, second.</td> - <td>Quantity, 2d.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, second.</td> - <td>Quality, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Goes dry eight weeks.</td> - <td>Up to her time.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 11.</i>—<span class="smcap">Dido.</span>‡—Grade.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 11.</i>—<span class="smcap">Dido.</span>—Grade. Left Flanders.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, twenty quarts.</td> - <td>Quantity, first.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Second in quality.</td> - <td>Quality, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dry from eight to twelve weeks.</td> - <td>Dry three months.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 12</i>.—<span class="smcap">Molly.</span>‡</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 12.</i>—<span class="smcap">Molly.</span> Imperfect Flanders.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Yields about sixteen quarts per day.</td> - <td>Quantity, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Second-class quality.</td> - <td>Quality, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dry from eight to twelve weeks.</td> - <td>Dry ten weeks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 13.</i> <span class="smcap">Whiteface</span>‡</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 13.</i>—<span class="smcap">Whiteface.</span>—Grade. Curveline, 3d.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Second-class in quantity, fifteen quarts per day.</td> - <td>Quantity, third.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Second quality.</td> - <td>Quality, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dry about ten weeks.</td> - <td>Dry ten weeks.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>* These five cows were so blanketed, as to show only the escutcheon.</p> - -<p>† These cows were also blanketed.</p> - -<p>‡ The last four animals were not blanketed, but were driven up and examined by the commission -without any apparent reference to any marks, except the escutcheon. T. G.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_80"></a>[80]</span></p> - -<table class="cow-table" summary="Commission’s account of Mark Hughes’ cows"> - <tr> - <th><span class="smcap">Mark Hughes’ Account of his Cows, September 20.</span></th> - <th><span class="smcap">Commission’s Account of Mark Hughes’ Cows.</span></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 1.</i>—<span class="smcap">Lacte.</span></td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 1.</i>—<span class="smcap">Lacte.</span>—Jersey thorough-bred. Flanders, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Do not know the quantity of milk and butter per week, but gives very rich milk, and milks up to calving.</td> - <td>Quantity and quality, first rate. Milks close to calving.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 2.</i> <span class="smcap">Laura.</span></td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 2.</i>—<span class="smcap">Laura.</span>—Jersey thorough-bred. Demijohn, 1st.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, twenty-four quarts milk per day.</td> - <td>Quantity, first rate.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, sixteen pounds butter per week.</td> - <td>Quality, first class.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Has never been dry; begins to increase in milk about three weeks before calving, and cannot be turned dry.</td> - <td>Milks up to calving.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 3.</i>—<span class="smcap">Topsy.</span></td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 3.</i>—<span class="smcap">Topsy.</span>—Grade, Jersey. Ten years. Curveline, 1st.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, twenty quarts milk per day.</td> - <td>Quantity and quality, first rate.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, makes thirteen pounds butter per week.</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Will milk up to calving.</td> - <td>Milks up to calving.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<table class="cow-table" summary="Commission’s account of Howard Preston’s cows"> - <tr> - <th><span class="smcap">Howard Preston’s Account of His Cows.</span></th> - <th><span class="smcap">Guenon Commission’s Account of Howard Preston’s Cows, September 20.</span></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 1.</i>—Grade Durham.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 1.</i>—Flanders, 2d.—Grade Durham.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, second.</td> - <td>Quantity, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, second.</td> - <td>Quality, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Milks up to her time.</td> - <td>Up to time.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 2.</i>—Grade Durham.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 2.</i>—Left Flanders.—Grade Durham.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, second.</td> - <td>Quantity, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, second.</td> - <td>Quality, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dry ten weeks.</td> - <td>Dry two months.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 3.</i>—Common stock.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 3.</i>—Grade stock.—Imperfect Flanders.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, second.</td> - <td>Quantity, third.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, second.</td> - <td>Quality, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dry eight to ten weeks.</td> - <td>Dry eight weeks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 4.</i>—Grade Durham.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 4.</i>—Grade Durham.—Selvage, 2d.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, third,</td> - <td>Quantity, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, second.</td> - <td>Quality, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dry ten weeks.</td> - <td>Dry ten weeks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 5.</i>—Common stock.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 5.</i>—Native stock.—Flanders, 3d.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, second.</td> - <td>Quantity, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, second.</td> - <td>Quality, third.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dry three months.</td> - <td>Dry three months.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 6.</i>—Grade Durham.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 6.</i>—Grade Durham.—Flanders, 3d.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, second.</td> - <td>Quantity, third.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, second.</td> - <td>Quality, third.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dry eight weeks.</td> - <td>Dry six to eight weeks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 7.</i>—Grade Durham.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 7.</i>—Grade Durham.—Bicorn, 3d.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, second.</td> - <td>Quantity, third.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, third.</td> - <td>Quality, third.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dry ten weeks.</td> - <td>Dry six to eight weeks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 8.</i>—<span class="smcap">Nelly.</span>—Grade Jersey.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 8.</i>—<span class="smcap">Nelly.</span>—Grade Jersey.—Flandrine</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>a Gauche.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, second.</td> - <td>Quantity, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, second.</td> - <td>Quality, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dry eight weeks.</td> - <td>Time, eight weeks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 9.</i>—<span class="smcap">Jessie.</span>—Grade Jersey.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 9.</i>—<span class="smcap">Jessie.</span>—Grade Jersey.—Selvage.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, second.</td> - <td>Quantity, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, second.</td> - <td>Quality, first.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Milks up to time.</td> - <td>Up to time.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 10.</i>—<span class="smcap">Polly.</span>—Grade Jersey.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 10.</i>—<span class="smcap">Polly.</span>—Grade Jersey.—Flanders, 2d.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, first.</td> - <td>Quantity, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, first.</td> - <td>Quality, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Milks up to her time.</td> - <td>Up to time.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 11.</i>—<span class="smcap">Lily.</span>—Common stock.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 11.</i>—<span class="smcap">Lily.</span>—Native stock.—Flanders, 2d.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, first.</td> - <td>Quantity, first.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, first.</td> - <td>Quality, first.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dry eight weeks.</td> - <td>Dry four to six weeks.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_81"></a>[81]</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 12.</i>—<span class="smcap">Blush.</span>—Grade Jersey</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 12.</i>—<span class="smcap">Blush.</span>—Grade Jersey. Curveline, 2d.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, first.</td> - <td>Quantity, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, first.</td> - <td>Quantity, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dry six weeks.</td> - <td>Dry six weeks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 13.</i>—<span class="smcap">Topsy.</span>—Grade Jersey.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 13.</i>—<span class="smcap">Topsy.</span>—Imperfect Curveline.—Grade Jersey.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, second.</td> - <td>Quantity, third.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, second.</td> - <td>Quality, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dry three months.</td> - <td>Dry three months.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 14.</i>—<span class="smcap">Bonnie.</span>—Common stock.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 14.</i>—<span class="smcap">Bonnie.</span>—Flanders, 1st.—Native stock.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, first.</td> - <td>Quantity, first.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, first.</td> - <td>Quality, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Milks up to her time.</td> - <td>Up to her time.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 15.</i>—<span class="smcap">Daisy.</span>—Common stock</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 15.</i>—<span class="smcap">Daisy.</span>—Flanders, 3d.—Native stock.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, third.</td> - <td>Quantity, third.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, second.</td> - <td>Quality, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dry three months or more.</td> - <td>Dry six weeks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 16.</i>—<span class="smcap">Katie.</span>—Common stock.</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 16.</i>—<span class="smcap">Katie.</span>—Flanders, 2d.—Native stock.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, third.</td> - <td>Quantity, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, second.</td> - <td>Quality, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dry six weeks.</td> - <td>Dry four to six weeks.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<table class="cow-table" summary="Commission’s account of Joseph Pyle’s cows"> - <tr> - <th><span class="smcap">Joseph Pyle’s Statement of his Cows</span>:</th> - <th><span class="smcap">Guenon Commission’s Account of Joseph Pyle’s Cows</span>:</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 1.</i>—<span class="smcap">Fawn.</span></td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 1.</i>—<span class="smcap">Red Grade Cow</span>—8 years.—Flanders, 2.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, 10 to 15 quarts.</td> - <td>Quantity, 14 or 15 quarts.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, very rich milk.</td> - <td>Quality, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dry from four to six weeks.</td> - <td>Dry about ten weeks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 2.</i>—<span class="smcap">Fancy.</span></td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 2.</i>—<span class="smcap">Fancy.</span>—Guernsey. Flanders, 3.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, 16 to 18 quarts.</td> - <td>Quantity, 18 quarts when fresh, and will begin to reduce and stop two months short of her time.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, milk very good quality.</td> - <td>Quality, first.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Falls off sooner than most cows, and will go dry eight weeks.</td> - <td>Will go two months dry.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>This cow had been previously examined, May 11, at Thos. M. Harvey’s -farm. Mr. Harvey had since sold her to Mr. Pyle. The following are the -two statements at that time:</p> - -<table class="cow-table" summary="Fancy the cow"> - <tr> - <th><span class="smcap">T. M. Harvey</span>:</th> - <th><span class="smcap">Guenon Commission</span>:</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, medium.</td> - <td>Quality, medium.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, 16 quarts and fails fast.</td> - <td>Quantity, poor.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dry three months.</td> - <td>Dry two months.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<h3><span class="smcap">Commission’s Account of Milton E. Conard’s Cows</span>:</h3> - -<table class="cow-table" summary="Commission’s account of Milton E. Conard’s cows"> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 1.</i>—<span class="smcap">Lily.</span>—Grade, Guernsey. Bicorn, 1.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, about 20 quarts.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, first.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Milks up to her time.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 2.</i>—<span class="smcap">Floyd.</span>—Flanders, 1.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, 18 quarts.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quality, very good.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Milks up to her time.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>This is a very correct description of my cows, Lily and Floyd.</p> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">M. E. Conard.</span></p> - -</div> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>The above examination of our herds of cows, some of which were covered by a large -blanket, completely excluding from view every part of the animal except the escutcheon -and back part of udder, subjected the commission to the severest test that could -be applied; and agreeing, as their estimate of quality and quantity does, with our previously -written reports, leads us to think that in the hands of experts it would be a -valuable aid in judging the quality of dairy stock.</p> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Thomas Gawthrop</span>,<br /> -<span class="smcap">Everard Conard</span>,<br /> -<span class="smcap">Howard Preston</span>,<br /> -<span class="smcap">Mark Hughes</span>,<br /> -<i>Committee</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">West Grove</span>, <i>11 month 7, 1878</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_82"></a>[82]</span></p> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>The undersigned having been present at the examination of Thomas Gawthrop’s -herd of dairy cows, by the Guenon commission, on the 2d day of 9 month, 1878, am -free to say that, although most of the cows were blanketed from horns to tail, their estimate, -in a great majority of them, very nearly corresponded with the owners account -previously prepared.</p> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">M. E. Conard.</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">West Grove, Pa.</span>, <i>11 month 7, 1878</i>.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Joseph Pyle would have signed had he been present at the examination. Expresses -confidence in the system.</p> - -<p class="right">T. G.</p> - -</div> - -<h3>Examination of J. & J. Darlington’s Cows, October 2d.</h3> - -<p>The commission visited the herds of Messrs. J. & J. Darlington, October -2, at Darlington station, on Westchester road, Delaware county. These -gentlemen make the finest butter and get the largest price in the market. -Their dairy is admirably arranged. They have farms of four hundred -and eighty acres, and have a herd of one hundred and sixty-seven cows. -They had selected about a fair sample of the herd in two lots of cows. -The first lot, from No. 9 to 33, was on one farm, and those numbered from -1 to 14 on the other farm. These gentlemen kept no test of the quality -of any cow’s milk, and have no exact record of the quantity given by any -cow; but as they are experienced dairymen, and thoroughly practical -men, they knew about what each cow was giving in milk, and about its -general quality, and sufficient to pronounce the grade of each cow, whether -first, second, or third class. Therefore, in their record they do not give -the exact record, as the committee would have desired, so as to compare -with their own estimates, but they give the general qualities of the cow, -and the two records must be compared from that stand point. Another -matter must be taken into consideration. The Messrs. Darlington are -liberal feeders, which accounts partly for their rich, tasty butter, and tends -to make their cows do full work. A standard of quarts for first, second, -and third class, upon which to estimate the qualities of the cows, was agreed -upon between the commission and Messrs. Darlington.</p> - -<table class="cow-table" summary="Commission’s account of J. and J. Darlington’s cows"> - <tr> - <th><span class="smcap">J. & J. Darlington’s Account.</span></th> - <th><span class="smcap">Guenon Commission’s Account.</span></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 9.</i>—</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 9.</i>—Grade Durham.—Bicorn, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, first.</td> - <td>Quantity, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Time, six to eight weeks.</td> - <td>Quality, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>First-class cow.</td> - <td>Time, four to six weeks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 61.</i>—</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 61.</i>—Grade Durham.—Imperfect Flanders, third.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, second.</td> - <td>Quantity, second class.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Time, six to eight weeks.</td> - <td>Quality, second class.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Second class cow.</td> - <td>Time, two months.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 4.</i>—</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 4.</i>—Grade Durham.—Flanders, third.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, third.</td> - <td>Quantity, third.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Time, four to six weeks.</td> - <td>Quality, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Third class cow.</td> - <td>Dry one month.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 1.</i>—</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 1.</i>—Grade Durham.—Flanders, sec’d.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, first.</td> - <td>Quantity, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Time, four to six weeks.</td> - <td>Quality, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>First-class cow.</td> - <td>Up to her time.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 41.</i>—</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 41.</i>—Grade Durham.—Flanders.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, first.</td> - <td>Quantity, first.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Time, four to six weeks.</td> - <td>Quality, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>First-class cow.</td> - <td>Time, six weeks to two months.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 22.</i>—</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 22.</i>—Grade Durham.—Flanders, 2d.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, first.</td> - <td>Quantity, first.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Time, four to six weeks.</td> - <td>Quality, first.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>First-class cow.</td> - <td>Up to time, say four to six weeks.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_83"></a>[83]</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 6.</i>—</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 6.</i>—Grade Durham.—Imperfect</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, third.</td> - <td>Flanders.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Time, six to eight weeks.</td> - <td>Quantity, third.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Third class cow.</td> - <td>Quality, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Dry eight to ten weeks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 7.</i>—</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 7.</i>—Grade.—Flanders, with bastard marks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, second.</td> - <td>Quantity, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Time, eight to ten weeks.</td> - <td>Quality, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Second class cow.</td> - <td>Up to her time, six weeks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Reëxamined, and shows bastard marks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 67.</i>—</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 67.</i>—Grade Durham.—Imperfect Flanders.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, first.</td> - <td>Quantity, first.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Time, four to six weeks.</td> - <td>Quality, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>First-class cow.</td> - <td>Dry eight weeks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 19.</i>—</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 19.</i>—Grade.—Selvage, third.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, third.</td> - <td>Quantity, third.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Time, two to three weeks.</td> - <td>Quality, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Third class cow.</td> - <td>Dry eight weeks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 32.</i>—</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 32.</i>—Durham.—Flanders, third, partly bastard.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Quantity, third.</td> - <td>Quantity, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Time, two to three weeks.</td> - <td>Quality, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Third class cow.</td> - <td>Dry eight weeks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 1.</i>—</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 1.</i>—Grade.—Flanders, third.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Agrees with the commission.</td> - <td>Quantity, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Second class cow.</td> - <td>Quality, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dry about two months.</td> - <td>Dry two months.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 2.</i>—</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 2.</i>—Grade.—Flanders, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Agrees with commission.</td> - <td>Quantity, first.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>First-class cow.</td> - <td>Quality, first.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dry four to six weeks.</td> - <td>Dry four to six weeks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 3.</i>—</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 3.</i>—Grade.—Imperfect Flanders.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Second class cow.</td> - <td>Quantity, first.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dry about six weeks.</td> - <td>Quality, first.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Dry six weeks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 4.</i>—</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 4.</i>—Grade.—Flanders, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Agrees with committee.</td> - <td>Quantity, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Second class cow.</td> - <td>Quality, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Large milker, but fails too soon.</td> - <td></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dry from six to eight weeks.</td> - <td>Dry six to eight weeks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 5.</i>—</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 5.</i>—Grade, Durham.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Large milker.</td> - <td>Quantity, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>First-class.</td> - <td>Quality, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dry six to eight weeks.</td> - <td>Dry eight to ten weeks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 6.</i>—</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 6.</i>—Grade.—Horizontal, first.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Agrees with committee.</td> - <td>Quantity, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Second class.</td> - <td>Quality, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dry three to four weeks.</td> - <td>Dry four to six weeks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 7.</i>—</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 7.</i>—Grade.—Curveline, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>First-class in every respect.</td> - <td>Quantity, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Best in the herd.</td> - <td>Quality, third.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dry four to eight weeks.</td> - <td>Dry four to six weeks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 8.</i>—</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 8.</i>—Grade, Durham.—Horizontal, first.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Agrees with committee.</td> - <td>Quantity, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Good second class.</td> - <td>Quality, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dry four to six weeks.</td> - <td>Dry four to six weeks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 9.</i>—</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 9.</i>—Grade.—Flanders, a Gauche.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>First-class.</td> - <td>Quantity, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dry four to six weeks.</td> - <td>Quality, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Dry six weeks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 10.</i>—</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 10.</i>—Grade.—Flanders, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Agrees with commission’s.</td> - <td>Quantity, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Second class.</td> - <td>Quality, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dry six to eight weeks.</td> - <td>Dry six weeks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 11.</i>—</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 11.</i>—Grade.—Double selvage.—Some bastard marks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>First-class.</td> - <td>Quantity, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dry about eight weeks.</td> - <td>Quality, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td>Dry ten to twelve weeks.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_84"></a>[84]</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 12.</i>—</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 12.</i>—Grade.—Imperfect Flanders.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Agrees with commission’s.</td> - <td>Quantity, first.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>First-class.</td> - <td>Quality, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dry six to eight weeks.</td> - <td>Dry six weeks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 13.</i>—</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 13.</i>—Grade, Durham.—Flanders, third.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Agrees with commission.</td> - <td>Quantity, third.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Third class.</td> - <td>Quality, third.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dry four to six weeks.</td> - <td>Dry six to eight weeks.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 14.</i>—</td> - <td class="cow"><i>No. 14.</i>—Grade.—Flanders, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Agrees with commission.</td> - <td>Quantity, first.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>First-class.</td> - <td>Quality, second.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Dry two to three weeks.</td> - <td>Up to her time.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>We were present at the examination of our stock by the Pennsylvania Guenon Commission, -on October 2d, and have examined the accounts here rendered, with the original -written opinions, and find them to correspond. The accounts were given by both -parties without either knowing anything of the accounts of the other.</p> - -<p class="right">(Signed) <span class="smcap">J. & J. Darlington</span>.</p> - -</div> - -<p>Having given the results of their work, the commission would now leave -the further solution of the problem to the practical dairymen of the State. -They, of course, expect that not only their report, but also the correctness -of the system, will be criticised; but if this criticism is conducted with a -spirit of fairness, and with a view to obtain the truth, they fully believe -the result will be favorable.</p> - -<p>By direction of the commission.</p> - -<p class="right">WILLIS P. HAZARD,<br /> -<i>Secretary</i>.</p> - -<hr /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_85"></a>[85]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">ADDENDA.</h2> - -</div> - -<p>The appointment of a commission by Governor Hartranft, in 1878, to investigate -and verify the theories of M. Guenon in judging and selecting -milch cows, has resulted in much good to the agricultural community. The -members of that commission, including Mr. George Blight, who acted upon -a similar committee in 1853, thoroughly imbued with the accuracy of the -system and the desire to extend its usefulness, have continued to explain -this mode of selecting cows whenever an opportunity offered. This has -been very frequent, and many hundred cows have been examined in public, -and the system explained in every section of the country.</p> - -<p>It is fortunate that all other modes of judging cows do not militate -against M. Guenon’s views; they give the judge only a more certain mode, -and, if he has had much practice, a nearly infallible one. There are some -points which are in full unison with Guenon’s views, but do not appear in his -work, and may be spoken of as follows:</p> - -<p>1st. All bovine animals have on the skin of the back a <i>quirl in the hair</i>, -which seems to be a sort of dividing line or point between the hair on the -front of the animal and that on the hinder portion. This should be found -in the center of the ridge of the animal, that is, equi-distant from the head -as from the root of the tail, and should be well defined, but of short fine -hair. Frequently it is to be seen on the shoulder; when there, coarse hair -is generally the accompaniment, and with that, a thick or tough skin, and -no great milking qualities, or if much milk is given, it is not for a long time, -nor is the milk of rich quality. The heaviest milkers have this mark, usually -on the middle of the back, and the richest, with short fine hair. In -short, the nearer the middle of the back, and the smaller the quirl and the -finer the hair, the most generally will the cow be the better milker and of -the richest quality. This mark Mr. Blight and myself have been testing for -a long time, and we feel now that we can recommend it as a very good additional -point to judge from.</p> - -<p>2d. The tail should be long and squarely placed on the animal at the root, -and of thin fine quality, with a good curly or corkscrew switch, and the -bone of the tail should extend fully down to the knee and as much below -it as possible. The horns should be small, waxy, and crumpled inwards and -downwards a little. If they are long, they should be thin and sometimes -rather flat.</p> - -<p>3d. Bulls; the same remarks apply to these. Their hind legs should resemble, -as much as possible, those of the cow, with great length between -the hoof and the first joint; this indicates their aptitude to beget heifer -calves and good milkers.</p> - -<p>4th. On raising calves, proper nourishment should be given; if stinted, -the inferior parts develop to the injury of the better; the head and horns -will be out of proportion to the rest of the body.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_86"></a>[86]</span></p> - -<h3>The Breeding and Value of well-selected Butter Cows.</h3> - -<p>We have frequently endeavored to show that one of the most important -advantages of Guenon’s system is, that it enables every owner of cows to -tell the good from the bad cows, and that by weeding out the poor ones, -and raising the tone of his herd, he will increase his profits, and if every -farmer in the State will do the same, the increased value of all herds, and -the increased results in profits, would amount to many millions yearly.</p> - -<p>Pertinent to this subject, Mr. J. H. Walker, of Worcester, Massachusetts, -the owner of a very choice herd of Jerseys, embracing members of -the Alphea, Victor, and Pansy families, has prepared an article on the -<span class="smcap">Breeding and Value of Butter Cows</span>, which proves, by tables showing -the net results of good and bad cows, the theory that good cows will pay -better than poor ones as an investment. We digest his remarks as follows:</p> - -<p>In New England, a pound of butter can be made for less money than a -pound and a half of beef, taking the animals at birth or beginning with -animals two years old.</p> - -<p>Taking any good herd of Jersey cows, old and young, from the time the -heifers first come in milk, and it will average to make two thirds as many -pounds of butter per annum as any person in New England can make in -pounds of beef, on any herd of any breed.</p> - -<p>The beef is worth six to nine cents, and the butter from twenty to forty -cents.</p> - -<p>Furthermore, every farmer should know what the difference is in the -actual value of the different cows he owns, rating their value upon the -money he gets for their product.</p> - -<p>An ordinary cow will make about two hundred pounds of butter a year. -The tables are intended to show what the difference is in the value of different -cows for producing butter, taking as a basis the payment of thirty -dollars for a cow that will make two hundred pounds of butter per annum, -and for different amounts up to six hundred pounds per annum, assuming -that the cow will die at twelve years of age. The interest upon the first -cost of the cow, and on her product for each year, is compounded at the -rate of six per cent. per annum, up to the day it is assumed the cow will -die, taking no account of the value of the stock bred from her.</p> - -<p>As long as every business is done upon the basis of interest on investments, -we must treat the question of values as applied to cows on that -basis. This is the only way to accurately prove the difference in value between -one cow and another.</p> - -<h3>Table A.</h3> - -<p>If the cow cost thirty dollars, the keeping per annum twenty-five dollars, -and the butter sells for twenty-five cents a pound, the <i>profits</i> on the cows -will be as follows, viz:</p> - -<table summary="Profit on cows"> - <tr> - <td>Paying</td> - <td class="tdr">$30 00</td> - <td>for a</td> - <td class="tdr">200</td> - <td>pound cow,</td> - <td>he will get</td> - <td>in ten years,</td> - <td class="tdr">$170 00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">189 97</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">300</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">235 03</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">348 86</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">400</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">299 89</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">504 39</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">500</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">363 11</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">671 61</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">600</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">428 39</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<h3>Table B.</h3> - -<p><i>Including interest</i> on all items, a farmer will make on each cow as follows, -(made on a basis of twenty-five cents a pound for butter, and twenty-five -dollars a year for keeping,) viz:</p> - -<table summary="Profit on cows"> - <tr> - <td>Paying</td> - <td class="tdr">$30 00</td> - <td>for a</td> - <td class="tdr">200</td> - <td>pound cow,</td> - <td>he will get</td> - <td>in ten years,</td> - <td class="tdr">$195 73</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">125 00</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">300</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">313 06</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">250 00</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">400</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">374 15</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">350 00</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">500</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">474 52</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">450 00</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">600</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">595 91</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_87"></a>[87]</span></p> - -<h3>Table C.</h3> - -<p>Reckoning the annual cost of keeping at thirty-five dollars, and butter -at thirty cents a pound, <i>reckoning interest</i> on her cost, and on all receipts -from her, a farmer will make on each cow as follows, viz:</p> - -<table summary="Profit on cows"> - <tr> - <td>Paying</td> - <td class="tdr">$30 00</td> - <td>for a</td> - <td class="tdr">200</td> - <td>pound cow,</td> - <td>he will get</td> - <td>in ten years,</td> - <td class="tdr">$182 87</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">125 00</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">300</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">354 78</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">250 00</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">400</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">483 49</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">350 00</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">500</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">654 17</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">450 00</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">600</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">811 59</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<h3>Table D.</h3> - -<p>On an annual cost of keeping of fifty dollars, and price of butter at thirty-five -cents:</p> - -<table summary="Profit on cows"> - <tr> - <td>Paying</td> - <td class="tdr">$30 00</td> - <td>for a</td> - <td class="tdr">200</td> - <td>pound cow,</td> - <td>he will get</td> - <td>in ten years,</td> - <td class="tdr">$95 76</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">125 00</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">300</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">318 39</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">250 00</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">400</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">507 46</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">350 00</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">500</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">744 20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">450 00</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">600</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdr">960 90</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>Assuming that each cow, costing at two years old the price named in the -tables, will die at twelve years old, the actual value of cows to practical -farmers, making annually the different amounts of butter named, is shown.</p> - -<p>They show what the cow will make in the ten years, and also what a -farmer can afford to pay for each cow making the different amounts of -butter named. They show the different amounts the farmer, who buys one -of each of the cows named, paying the prices named for each of the five, -will make on each, provided no interest is reckoned on the price paid for the -cow, or on the butter made from her, during ten years.</p> - -<p>These figures are certainly startling to any one who has not taken the -trouble to examine this subject, much more so to the farmer who never -figures carefully, and does exactly as his father did before him, without regard -to the altered circumstances that surround him.</p> - -<p>The farmer who shakes his head wisely at his more enterprising neighbor, -and insists that cows making as much butter as is mentioned in these five -tables do not live and never did, should know that the thorough-bred Jersey -cows, Jersey Belle of Scituate, of the Victor family, made 705 pounds of -butter in twelve consecutive months; that Eurotas, of the Alphia family, -made 778 pounds of butter between November 12, 1879, and October 15, -1880, and dropped a heifer calf on November 4, 1880; that Pansy, sired -by Living Storm, dam Dolly 2d, sired by Emperor 2d, made in her four -year old form 574 pounds of butter in one year; that imported Flora made -511 pounds of butter in fifty weeks; that Countess made 16 pounds of -butter on grass only, when fourteen years old. These well-established -facts no intelligent, fair-minded man now disputes, and it is confidently believed -that many more Jerseys will make as much butter as have any of -those mentioned.</p> - -<p>The question which at once suggests itself to farmers who are not satisfied -with their present animals, is that of capital. The answer is, “admitting -the above figures to be correct, I have no capital to pay the high prices -demanded for the best Jersey cows, and I must therefore forego that improvement -of my herd, which I know I ought to make.” Let us see if -this is so.</p> - -<p>By any process of reasoning, the “bull is half the herd.” Each cow contributes -to one calf each year half its qualities. The bull contributes to -every calf produced in the herd half its qualities. Some horse-breeders -will talk only of the excellences of the stallion. Some farmers will talk -only of the excellences of the cows. Both are mistaken. The sire and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_88"></a>[88]</span> -the dam, each contribute to their offspring, on the average, exactly the -same proportion of their excellences or defects.</p> - -<p>Some bulls are so powerfully organized as to be able to stamp their qualities, -good or bad, on nearly every one of their progeny, as are some cows; -but these are the rare exceptions. Each contribute the same, as a rule. No -scientific investigator of the breeding problem, or careful breeder, would -any sooner select the offspring of a 600 pound butter cow, got by a bull -from a 200 pound butter family, than he would a heifer got by a full brother -to the 600 pound butter cow from a full sister to the 200 pound butter bull.</p> - -<p>Using a bull from a 400 pound butter family, on heifers from a 200 pound -butter family, is just as likely to produce heifers that will make from two -hundred to four hundred pounds of butter annually, averaging a yield of -three hundred pounds; as the using of a bull from a 200 pound butter -family on cows of a 400 pound butter family, would be to reduce the yield -of some of the heifers to two hundred pounds, and the average to three -hundred pounds. The increasing the butter yield of the heifers from a herd -of cows one half by using a bull on them from a family or breed that make -twice as much, or the reverse, can be relied upon as certainly as any expected -result in the most uncertain of all business, namely: that of breeding.</p> - -<p>If these statements are correct, what had a farmer better pay for a bull -from a 400 pound butter family, to use on his herd of ten 200 pound butter -cows, rather than use a bull from a 200 pound butter family?</p> - -<p>It may be said that the keeping would cost more, because the higher bred -product must be kept better. There is some truth in this, but the better -keeping would affect favorably the poorer animals as well, and whatever -the extra feed would cost, it would carry the value of the average yield as -much above the figures we are making, as the extra feed would cost.</p> - -<p>The ten 200 pound butter cows, in ten years would pay a profit of -$1,957 30. If the ten cows bred from them, by using the 400 pound butter -bull, would make half as much again butter at the same cost, the general -product would be increased by one half, and leave the sum to be deducted -for keeping the same, for if the two year old 200 pound butter heifer could be -raised for $30, so could the better bred one. The profit on each of them, -deducting $54 18, cost of cow, will be $484 64—on the ten, $4,846 40, and -on the 200 pound butter cows, the profits would be $1,957 30. The advantages -reaped by the farmer who has the product for ten years of heifers -bred by using the better bull, will be $2,889 10 more than on the 200 pound -butter cows.</p> - -<p>If he paid for his bull $1,500, and the bull and all his cows died at twelve -years old, the farmer would be as well off as he would have been to have -used the 200 pound butter bull.</p> - -<p>But there is no necessity of paying $1,500 for a 400 pound butter bull. -One hundred dollars will buy a Jersey bull, six weeks old, from a 400 pound -butter family, and he will be old enough to use in twelve months. The -$100 paid for him, at six per cent. compound interest, would amount to -$191 61, in eleven years. The profit on ten butter cows making three hundred -pounds over the ten cows making two hundred pounds in ten years, being -$2,800, by deducting the $191 61 for the bull that produced them, (counting -nothing for the 200 pound butter bull, for he is good-for-nothing,) the actual -advantage reaped by the farmer with intelligence and enterprise enough -to secure the better bull, in the ten years after his heifers come in, is over -$2,500 on the butter alone. The animals are counted of no value when twelve -years old, as the price got for those living beyond that age would average to -pay only for the losses caused by accident to animals before reaching that age. -These figures take no account of the skim-milk or buttermilk, for they are<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_89"></a>[89]</span> -nearly the same in either case, and will pay the taxes and for the care of -the animals; but there is one very important source of profit that is not -reckoned, and that is the extra value of the progeny, which is shown by the -following table, to be $17,424 48.</p> - -<p>There must be no mistake made in procuring a Jersey bull calf.</p> - -<p>Although, as a breed, they are twice to three times as valuable for butter -as common cows, yet any farmer who buys or uses a Jersey bull, because -he is a Jersey bull, will sorely repent his venture.</p> - -<p>Buy a bull only from the very best families of Jerseys. They are cheaper -than the gift of an average good one.</p> - -<p>The idea that it costs more to keep Jersey cows than common cows, or -that Jersey cows will not take on flesh, for beef, as readily as other breeds, -is true in one view, and very erroneous in another and more correct one.</p> - -<p>What a Jersey eats, beyond a limited amount, increases the quantity and -richness of her milk, not her flesh, and the amount of flesh she carries is -proportionally less for any extra feed, because it does not make flesh, but -increases the butter globules in her milk. Again, any other breed can be -readily dried off at any time, and being dry, or giving but little milk, and -that of poor quality, they readily take on flesh, but a good Jersey is “dried -off” with great difficulty, and herein she greatly excels all other breeds. -Hundreds of Jerseys, milking twelve to sixteen quarts at their flush, hold -out so evenly, that they will give many more quarts of milk, and of double -the richness, in a year, than eighteen to twenty-four quart cows, of other -families, that are dry several months of the year.</p> - -<p>It is the experience of every breeder of Jerseys that, <i>being dry</i>, they will -take on flesh as fast, with a given quantity and quality of feed, as other -breeds, not exclusively beef producers.</p> - -<p>They are not good for beef, simply because they are good for butter.</p> - -<p>From Jersey cows, a farmer in New England can make a pound of butter -worth thirty-five cents, with a less quantity of food than they now use to -make a pound and one half of beef worth nine cents.</p> - -<p>If farmers think there is some error in these statements, they will, like -sensible men whose prosperity depends upon the result, sit down and figure -out the results for themselves.</p> - -<p>Those who talk loudest against them, will hold on to a cow in their herd -that has a little Jersey blood in her; and if they put a price on her, it will -be from half as much again, to double that of the finer formed cow standing -beside her, guiltless of having any Jersey blood in her veins.</p> - -<p>If there is an animal to be had any better than the bull any one is now -using, it ought to be secured at once. So with cows, but by all means change -at once for a better, any bull, however good.</p> - -<p>It is not claimed for any of the tables herewith presented, that they show -absolutely the value of any cow to any farmer, but only that they are relatively -correct. Every man who consults them, must make his own adjustments -as to cost and receipts on any cow he owns. It is clear, that adding -a very little to the cost of keeping, and deducting a very little from the -price of butter, will show that any 200 pound butter cow brings her owner -in debt, each year. Again, there are probably hundreds of cows kept for -the dairy, that will not make two hundred pounds of butter in one year on -the same feed Jersey Belle of Scituate, had when she made seven hundred -and five pounds of butter in one year. It may be said that no allowance -is made for any accidents to which a cow is liable—to abort, to have a calf -die at birth, to injury, &c., and the thought is present that the loss on the -poorer animal is not so much, in that case, as on the better; but the better -is no more liable to such a case, and the loss is nearly the same proportionally.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_90"></a>[90]</span> -But it is still true, that the nearer to absolute worthlessness animals -are, the less the loss, relatively and absolutely, their owner suffers in their -injury. Better remember, however, that “blessed be nothing” is not the -ejaculation of the healthful, the enterprising, and the successful, but of desperate -disease, incapacity, or idleness.</p> - -<h3>Table E.</h3> - -<p>Showing the value of the progeny of a herd of 32 cows, that each make -300 pounds of butter annually, at the expiration of ten years, together with -the value of the butter the progeny will have made during the ten years. -Also showing the same on a herd of 32 cows, each making 200 pounds of -butter annually. No account is taken of the bull calves, for they are -worth nothing. No one can afford to use a bull, however good, if one is -to be had that is any better.</p> - -<table class="table-e"> - <tr> - <th colspan="3" class="b0"></th> - <th colspan="3" class="b2">200 POUND BUTTER HERD.</th> - <th colspan="3" class="b2">300 POUND BUTTER HERD.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <th class="b0">On January 1st, of the year—</th> - <th>The original herd of 32 will drop—</th> - <th>Coming in milk at 2, will make butter—</th> - <th class="b2">Value of butter at the end of ten years.</th> - <th>Value of heifers at end of ten years.</th> - <th>Total value of the heifers and their product.</th> - <th class="b2">Value of butter at the end of ten years.</th> - <th>Value of heifers at end of ten years.</th> - <th>Total value of the heifers and their product.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="b0">1881</td> - <td>16 heifers,</td> - <td>8 years,</td> - <td class="tdr b2">$3,174 46</td> - <td class="tdr">$160</td> - <td class="tdr">$3,334 46</td> - <td class="tdr b2">$6,973 12</td> - <td class="tdr">$1,216</td> - <td class="tdr">$8,189 12</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="b0">1882</td> - <td>16 <span class="ditto">”</span></td> - <td>7 <span class="ditto">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr b2">2,724 54</td> - <td class="tdr">160</td> - <td class="tdr">2,884 54</td> - <td class="tdr b2">6,073 12</td> - <td class="tdr">1,824</td> - <td class="tdr">7,897 12</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="b0">1883</td> - <td>16 <span class="ditto">”</span></td> - <td>6 <span class="ditto">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr b2">2,247 04</td> - <td class="tdr">320</td> - <td class="tdr">2,567 04</td> - <td class="tdr b2">5,117 92</td> - <td class="tdr">2,432</td> - <td class="tdr">7,549 92</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="b0">1884</td> - <td>16 <span class="ditto">”</span></td> - <td>5 <span class="ditto">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr b2">1,740 32</td> - <td class="tdr">480</td> - <td class="tdr">2,220 32</td> - <td class="tdr b2">4,104 32</td> - <td class="tdr">3,040</td> - <td class="tdr">7,144 32</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="b0">1885</td> - <td>16 <span class="ditto">”</span></td> - <td>4 <span class="ditto">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr b2">1,202 72</td> - <td class="tdr">480</td> - <td class="tdr">1,682 72</td> - <td class="tdr b2">3,029 12</td> - <td class="tdr">3,040</td> - <td class="tdr">6,069 12</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="b0">1886</td> - <td>16 <span class="ditto">”</span></td> - <td>3 <span class="ditto">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr b2">632 32</td> - <td class="tdr">480</td> - <td class="tdr">1,112 32</td> - <td class="tdr b2">1,888 32</td> - <td class="tdr">3,040</td> - <td class="tdr">4,928 32</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="b0">1887</td> - <td>16 <span class="ditto">”</span></td> - <td>2 <span class="ditto">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr b2">208 64</td> - <td class="tdr">480</td> - <td class="tdr">688 64</td> - <td class="tdr b2">980 48</td> - <td class="tdr">3,040</td> - <td class="tdr">4,020 48</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="b0">1888</td> - <td>16 <span class="ditto">”</span></td> - <td>1 <span class="ditto">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr b2"></td> - <td class="tdr">480</td> - <td class="tdr">480 00</td> - <td class="tdr b2">340 32</td> - <td class="tdr">3,040</td> - <td class="tdr">3,380 32</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="b0">1889</td> - <td>16 <span class="ditto">”</span></td> - <td>yearling,</td> - <td class="tdr b2"></td> - <td class="tdr">288</td> - <td class="tdr">288 00</td> - <td class="tdr b2"></td> - <td class="tdr">2,000</td> - <td class="tdr">2,000 00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="b0">1890</td> - <td>16 <span class="ditto">”</span></td> - <td>calf,</td> - <td class="tdr b2"></td> - <td class="tdr">96</td> - <td class="tdr">96 00</td> - <td class="tdr b2"></td> - <td class="tdr">960</td> - <td class="tdr">960 00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="9" class="b0">Product of the Second Generation.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="b0">1883</td> - <td>8 heifers,</td> - <td>6 years,</td> - <td class="tdr b2">$1,122 52</td> - <td class="tdr">160</td> - <td class="tdr">$1,283 54</td> - <td class="tdr b2">$2,558 96</td> - <td class="tdr">1,216</td> - <td class="tdr">$3,774 96</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="b0">1884</td> - <td>8 <span class="ditto">”</span></td> - <td>5 <span class="ditto">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr b2">870 16</td> - <td class="tdr">240</td> - <td class="tdr">1,110 16</td> - <td class="tdr b2">2,052 16</td> - <td class="tdr">1,520</td> - <td class="tdr">3,572 16</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="b0">1885</td> - <td>8 <span class="ditto">”</span></td> - <td>4 <span class="ditto">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr b2">601 36</td> - <td class="tdr">240</td> - <td class="tdr">841 36</td> - <td class="tdr b2">1,514 56</td> - <td class="tdr">1,520</td> - <td class="tdr">3,034 56</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="b0">1886</td> - <td>8 <span class="ditto">”</span></td> - <td>3 <span class="ditto">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr b2">316 16</td> - <td class="tdr">240</td> - <td class="tdr">556 16</td> - <td class="tdr b2">944 16</td> - <td class="tdr">1,520</td> - <td class="tdr">2,464 16</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="b0">1887</td> - <td>8 <span class="ditto">”</span></td> - <td>2 <span class="ditto">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr b2">104 32</td> - <td class="tdr">240</td> - <td class="tdr">344 32</td> - <td class="tdr b2">490 24</td> - <td class="tdr">1,520</td> - <td class="tdr">2,010 24</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="b0">1888</td> - <td>8 <span class="ditto">”</span></td> - <td>1 <span class="ditto">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr b2"></td> - <td class="tdr">240</td> - <td class="tdr">240 00</td> - <td class="tdr b2">170 16</td> - <td class="tdr">1,520</td> - <td class="tdr">1,690 16</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="b0">1889</td> - <td>8 <span class="ditto">”</span></td> - <td>yearling,</td> - <td class="tdr b2"></td> - <td class="tdr">144</td> - <td class="tdr">144 00</td> - <td class="tdr b2"></td> - <td class="tdr">1,000</td> - <td class="tdr">1,000 00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="b0">1890</td> - <td>8 <span class="ditto">”</span></td> - <td>calf,</td> - <td class="tdr b2"></td> - <td class="tdr">48</td> - <td class="tdr">48 00</td> - <td class="tdr b2"></td> - <td class="tdr">480</td> - <td class="tdr">480 00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="9" class="b0">Product of the Third Generation.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="b0">1885</td> - <td>4 heifers,</td> - <td>4 years,</td> - <td class="tdr b2">$300 68</td> - <td class="tdr">120</td> - <td class="tdr">$420 68</td> - <td class="tdr b2">$757 28</td> - <td class="tdr">760</td> - <td class="tdr">$1,517 28</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="b0">1886</td> - <td>4 <span class="ditto">”</span></td> - <td>3 <span class="ditto">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr b2">158 08</td> - <td class="tdr">120</td> - <td class="tdr">278 08</td> - <td class="tdr b2">472 08</td> - <td class="tdr">760</td> - <td class="tdr">1,232 08</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="b0">1887</td> - <td>4 <span class="ditto">”</span></td> - <td>2 <span class="ditto">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr b2">52 16</td> - <td class="tdr">120</td> - <td class="tdr">172 16</td> - <td class="tdr b2">245 12</td> - <td class="tdr">760</td> - <td class="tdr">1,005 12</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="b0">1888</td> - <td>4 <span class="ditto">”</span></td> - <td>1 <span class="ditto">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr b2"></td> - <td class="tdr">120</td> - <td class="tdr">120 00</td> - <td class="tdr b2">85 08</td> - <td class="tdr">760</td> - <td class="tdr">845 08</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="b0">1889</td> - <td>4 <span class="ditto">”</span></td> - <td>yearling,</td> - <td class="tdr b2"></td> - <td class="tdr">72</td> - <td class="tdr">72 00</td> - <td class="tdr b2"></td> - <td class="tdr">500</td> - <td class="tdr">500 00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="b0">1890</td> - <td>4 <span class="ditto">”</span></td> - <td>calf,</td> - <td class="tdr b2"></td> - <td class="tdr">24</td> - <td class="tdr">24 00</td> - <td class="tdr b2"></td> - <td class="tdr">240</td> - <td class="tdr">240 00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="9" class="b0">Product of the Fourth Generation.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="b0">1887</td> - <td>2 heifers,</td> - <td>2 years,</td> - <td class="tdr b2">$26 08</td> - <td class="tdr">60</td> - <td class="tdr">$86 08</td> - <td class="tdr b2">$122 56</td> - <td class="tdr">380</td> - <td class="tdr">$502 56</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="b0">1888</td> - <td>2 <span class="ditto">”</span></td> - <td>1 <span class="ditto">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr b2"></td> - <td class="tdr">60</td> - <td class="tdr">60 00</td> - <td class="tdr b2">42 54</td> - <td class="tdr">380</td> - <td class="tdr">422 54</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="b0">1889</td> - <td>2 <span class="ditto">”</span></td> - <td>yearling,</td> - <td class="tdr b2"></td> - <td class="tdr">36</td> - <td class="tdr">36 00</td> - <td class="tdr b2"></td> - <td class="tdr">250</td> - <td class="tdr">250 00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="b0">1890</td> - <td>2 <span class="ditto">”</span></td> - <td>calf,</td> - <td class="tdr b2"></td> - <td class="tdr">12</td> - <td class="tdr">12 00</td> - <td class="tdr b2"></td> - <td class="tdr">120</td> - <td class="tdr">120 00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <th colspan="9" class="b0">Product of the Fifth Generation.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="b0">1889</td> - <td>1 heifer,</td> - <td>yearling,</td> - <td class="tdr b2"></td> - <td class="tdr">18</td> - <td class="tdr">18 00</td> - <td class="tdr b2"></td> - <td class="tdr">125</td> - <td class="tdr">125 00</td> - </tr> - <tr class="end"> - <td class="b0">1890</td> - <td>1 <span class="ditto">”</span></td> - <td>calf,</td> - <td class="tdr b2"></td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td class="tdr">6 00</td> - <td class="tdr b2"></td> - <td class="tdr">60</td> - <td class="tdr">60 00</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="5" class="b0">Total value of progeny from herd of 32 in 10 years,</td> - <td class="b0">$21,226 58</td> - <td class="b0"></td> - <td class="b0"></td> - <td class="b0">$76,984 62</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="9" class="b0 center">Value of progeny, $2,405 77 on each 300 pound cow.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="9" class="b0 center">Value of progeny, $663 33 on each 200 pound cow.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<hr /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak">NOTICES OF THE PRESS.</h2> - -</div> - -<p>“The whole system is very clearly laid down, so that any one, by practice and study, -may learn from this work how to use it. The arguments for and against are also set -forth, with proofs of the value of the system. Our dairymen would do well to study -the subject and be able to guess as well as the members of the commission on the -value of the cows examined by them.”—<i>American Dairymen.</i></p> - -<p>“In itself, the system is very simple, and, with care, easily understood; and, taking -into consideration its great importance, should be studied and acquired by all who are -directly or indirectly interested in farming, and as so many opportunities are offering -to obtain a practical knowledge of the method, there can be no excuse for ignorance any -longer. The system of judging the value of cows has become so thoroughly arranged -that with a little practice, enough can be learned from it in a short time to serve any -one making use of it, and thereby avoiding loss.</p> - -<p>“The bulls are found marked with corresponding designs, as far as the sex permits, -which indicate unerringly their good and poor qualities; and thus by a wise use of -the knowledge acquired through the Guenon method, stock breeders can judiciously, -and with almost certainty, select their cattle for the purposes in view, either for milking, -butter-making, or beef, according to their desire, for all these results follow its -teachings.”—<i>State Fair Daily.</i></p> - -<p>“Mr. Hazard has given us a most interesting work upon a system that has gained -the respect and consideration of thinking farmers the world over.”—<i>Farm and Fireside, -Springfield, Ohio.</i></p> - -<p>“Mr. Hazard is, no doubt, the best posted supporter of the system in this country, -and may be regarded as authority. If his recommendations for the selection of dairy -stock are worthless then the whole Guenon system may be condemned as being utterly -fallacious. His book deserves careful attention from intelligent farmers.”—<i>Bucks -County Intelligencer.</i></p> - -<p>“In a majority of cases, the marks have been reliable, and this should incite all dairy -folks to know what is said about it.”—<i>Meehan’s Gardner’s Monthly.</i></p> - -<p>“It embraces a sketch of Guenon, and the progress of his discovery; extracts from -his preface explaining his views; an explanation of his system of escutcheon marks; -descriptions of the various escutcheons and their indications of value and quantity, -and directions how to apply them in practice, together with the report of the commission -of which the author served as secretary. Nearly one hundred illustrations are -given, those of the escutcheons being photographed from the drawings in Guenon’s -last revised edition.”—<i>Country Gentleman and Cultivator.</i></p> - -<p>“Remarkable as was M. Guenon’s method, and although his discoveries were duly -made known in this country, this is the first time that his methods have been compiled -for practical use. By the use of this little handbook, there can be no doubt, but that -farmers and stock raisers would save a vast amount of money. The explanations are -simple and easily followed, the numerous illustrations serving to elucidate the text.”—<i>Boston -Evening Traveler.</i></p> - -<p>“Beginning with a little sketch of the method of the birth of the system in Guenon’s -mind, the author goes on in a clear and concise manner to explain by plain language -and appropriate drawings, the various so called ‘milk mirrors’ and their values, being -properly understood, as aids in selecting good dairy stock. The various opinions of -those adverse to the ‘theory’ are fairly discussed, and the reports of various agricultural -societies which have from time to time investigated it are given, together with -the report of the Pennsylvania commission. Taken altogether, Mr. Hazard has succeeded -in making a very readable, interesting and valuable book, and one which, -whatever may or may not be the preconceived ideas of its reader, cannot fail to interest -and instruct him upon a subject which should be far better understood amongst farmers -generally, than it at present is.”—<i>New England Homestead.</i></p> - -<p>“A very valuable pamphlet. Mr. Hazard has devoted great attention and study to -the subject, with a view of rendering the system popular, and we happen to know -that his work is largely appreciated, especially by the farmers of New England, from -the number of orders received for the book. The discovery made by Mr. Guenon, -and the practical principles founded on it are invaluable, and the saving to the country -by its general knowledge will be very great. The State of Pennsylvania, in 1878, appointed -a commission to test the system and report on it. Mr. Hazard was a member -of the commission, and has added the results of much study and research. He has been -invited to lecture and present the subject at the annual meeting of the Massachusetts -State Board of Agriculture, at Greenfield, and has many invitations and engagements -in other places.”—<i>Massachusetts Ploughman.</i></p> - -<p>“This volume embraces all the essential matters in Guenon’s treatise. It is really a -valuable contribution to dairy literature.”—<i>Southern Cultivator.</i></p> - -<p>“Every farmer should study Guenon.”—<i>Farm Journal.</i></p> - -<p>“Dairymen and stock raisers should send for a copy.”—<i>Rural Nebraska.</i></p> - -<hr /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak">EXTRACTS FROM THE MUCH LARGER NOTICES OF THE WORK.</h2> - -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">How to Select Cows; or, the Guenon System Explained.</span> By <i>Willis P. Hazard</i>. -In no way is the march of improvement in agriculture more decided than in the -new discoveries and new methods of developing its resources. It is owing to these that -America is now the granary of the world, and, as years roll by, if the developments -of the next decade are as great in proportion as the last ones, no matter how extensive -the foreign demand, there will be an ample supply at still lower prices than at the -present. No branch of agricultural interests has changed so much and received such -an impetus, especially within the last five years, as the dairy. Entire new modes of -making butter and cheese and of setting milk have largely taken place of the old ones. -Competition in making dairy products becomes keener each year, and every process -by which the labor can be lessened, or the products be cheapened, meets with recompense.</p> - -<p>The first step, however, is in the selection of good stock, for by it the product of the -herd is increased from twenty-five to thirty-three per cent., and, therefore, the profits -must be immensely greater. The old plan of our forefathers of judging of the value -of a cow by a crumpled horn and a large bag is now set aside by recent discoveries. -The most important and most reliable one is that of Mons. François Guenon, of Libourne, -France. After a series of experiments he was convinced there were outward -marks in the hair which were an indication of the yield and quality of all cows. -Patiently for many years he labored at forming his discoveries into a system, with -classes and orders of each variation. He was finally rewarded by the approval of all -the leading agricultural societies in France, and by that government with a pension -of three thousand francs.</p> - -<p>The work of Guenon was partially translated and published in this country years -ago, but it was his first crude effort, and it presented the new science in so crude a -form as rather to dismay the learner than to invite him to master it. Last year the -State of Pennsylvania appointed a commission of three well-known agriculturists and -experts to test the system and report upon it. That report was printed and published -to the extent of twenty-five thousand copies, which but partially supplied the demand. -Messrs. Blight, Harvey, and Hazard examined the escutcheons of two hundred cows, -and interpreted them as regards the quantity, quality, and time of the yield of each -animal. Alongside of their statements the knowledge of the owner of each cow was -printed, and it is truly wonderful how accurately the character of each cow is given -by these gentlemen who had never seen the cattle before. The gist of their report -was that the system was invaluable and worthy of adoption by every farmer, and such -adoption would add millions of value to the improved herds of the country.</p> - -<p>Upon the publication of this report, discussions took place in the leading agricultural -journals, and thus has been created a demand for more easily to be acquired -knowledge upon the whole subject. Willis P. Hazard, the secretary of the commission, -has prepared a complete treatise upon Guenon’s system, and it has been just -issued in a cheap form, for wide circulation.</p> - -<p>Mr. Hazard in his book gives a sketch of the life of M. Guenon and the progress of -his system, and then fully explains it, so that in this simplified form any one can -quickly learn all the points so as to readily apply it. The opinions of others, both pro -and con, are introduced, argued, and answered, so that in this volume one gets a full -history and account of the system, and its practical application is made easy. There -is a profusion of engravings, photographed from Guenon’s designs, which thoroughly -elucidate the text and render it a valuable handbook which no farmer can afford to do -without, and which amateur agriculturists will find a most interesting development of -a wonderful discovery.—<i>Philadelphia Inquirer.</i></p> - -<p>“A gentleman well known among the dairymen, and who was appointed by the -Governor of Pennsylvania to investigate the value and practicability of the Guenon -system. He was induced to undertake the explanation of the system, which he has -very ably performed in this volume. The low price at which it is offered should induce -every one even in the smallest manner engaged in breeding or management of -cows to procure a copy of it.”—<i>American Farmer, Baltimore.</i></p> - -<p>“At the New York State fair, in September, 1879, Mr. Hazard applied the Guenon -system to a large number of cows of different breeds on exhibition, and told the -amount of milk each gave, as indicated by the escutcheon theory. A committee, with -Col. F. D. Curtis as chairman, was appointed to accompany him, and they state in their -report that he was generally accurate, not varying in any instance more than two quarts -in stating the daily average yield, and in most cases giving the amount exactly, and -also the time the cows would give milk. He made his estimate on the average daily -yield for the first three months after calving, on liberal feed. In one or two instances -he over rated the cows, but generally where there was any difference he was under -the amount stated by the owners. Mr. Hazard takes into consideration in his estimates -the size of the cow and her whole contour, as well as the character of the skin. His -round of observation is first the shape of the escutcheon, then the milk veins and -quality of the skin. He offered to have the cows blanketed and then tell their milking -capacity, but this was not done. It is fair to say that he judges mainly by the -escutcheon. The tests attracted a large circle of breeders, who were greatly interested -on account of the novelty and general accuracy.”—<i>Col. Curtis in New York Tribune.</i></p> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's How to Select Cows, by Willis Pope Hazard - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW TO SELECT COWS *** - -***** This file should be named 62852-h.htm or 62852-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/2/8/5/62852/ - -Produced by Charlene Taylor, Bryan Ness and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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