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diff --git a/old/62782.txt b/old/62782.txt deleted file mode 100644 index f15ad5f..0000000 --- a/old/62782.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1885 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of USDA Farmers' Bulletin No. 820, by H. S. Coe - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: USDA Farmers' Bulletin No. 820 - Sweet Clover: Utilization - -Author: H. S. Coe - -Release Date: July 28, 2020 [EBook #62782] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK USDA FARMERS' BULLETIN NO. 820 *** - - - - -Produced by Tom Cosmas from images provided by USDA through -The Internet Archive. - - - - - - - - - -Transcriber Note - -Text emphasis is denoted as _Italic_. - - - - - SWEET CLOVER: UTILIZATION - - - H. S. COE - - Assistant Agronomist, Forage-Crop Investigations - - [Illustration] - - - FARMERS' BULLETIN 820 - UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE - - - Contribution from the Bureau of Plant Industry - - WM. A. TAYLOR, Chief - - - - Washington, D. C. May 1917 - - WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1917 - - -SWEET CLOVER may be utilized for feeding purposes, as pasturage, hay, -or ensilage. With the possible exception of alfalfa on fertile soil, -sweet clover, when properly handled, will furnish as much nutritious -pasturage from early spring until late fall as any other legume. It -seldom causes bloat. - -Stock may refuse to eat sweet clover at first, but this distaste can be -overcome by keeping them on a field of young plants for a few days. - -As cattle crave dry roughage when pasturing on sweet clover, they -should have access to it. Straw answers this purpose very well. - -An acre of sweet clover ordinarily will support 20 to 30 sholes. - -On account of the succulent growth, it is often difficult, in humid -climates, to cure the first crop of the second season into a good -quality of hay. - -When seeded without a nurse crop, one cutting of hay may be obtained -the first year in the North and two or three cullings in the South. -Two cuttings are often obtained in the South after grain harvest. The -second year a cutting of hay and a seed crop usually are harvested. - -Sweet clover should never be permitted to show flower buds before it -is cut for hay. It is very important that the first crop of the second -season be cut so high that a new growth will develop. When the plants -have made a growth of 36 to 40 inches it may be necessary to leave the -stubble 10 to 12 inches high. - -In cutting the first crop of the second season it is a good plan to -have extension shoe soles made for the mower, so that a high stubble -may be left. In some sections of the country sweet clover as a silage -plant is gaining in favor rapidly. - -This crop has given excellent results as a feed for cattle and sheep. -Experiments show that it compares favorably with alfalfa. - -Sweet clover has proved to be a profitable soil-improving crop. The -large, deep roots add much humus to the soil and improve the aeration -and drainage. As a rule, the yield of crops following sweet clover is -increased materially. - -Being a biennial, this crop lends itself readily to short rotations. - -Sweet clover is a valuable honey plant, in that in all sections of the -country it secretes an abundance of nectar. - -This bulletin discusses only, the utilization of sweet clover. A -discussion of the growing of the crop may be found in Farmers' Bulletin -797. - - - - -SWEET CLOVER: UTILIZATION.[1] - -[1] The growing of this crop has been discussed in a previous -publication, Farmers' Bulletin 797, entitled "Sweet Clover; Growing the -Crop." - - - - -CONTENTS. - - - Page. - - General statement of the uses of sweet clover 3 - - Sweet clover as a pasture crop 4 - - Sweet clover hay 10 - - Sweet clover as a silage crop 20 - - Sweet clover as a soiling crop 22 - - Sweet clover as a feed 23 - - Sweet clover as a soil-improving crop 28 - - Sweet clover in rotations 31 - - Sweet clover as a honey plant 32 - - - - -GENERAL STATEMENT OF THE USES OF SWEET CLOVER. - - -The utilization of sweet clover as a feed for all classes of live stock -has increased rapidly in many parts of the country, owing primarily to -the excellent results obtained by many farmers who have used this plant -for pasturage or hay, and also to the fact that feeding and digestion -experiments conducted by agricultural experiment stations show that it -is practically equal to alfalfa and red clover as a feed. - -As a pasture plant, sweet clover is superior to red clover, and -possibly alfalfa, as it seldom causes bloat, will grow on poor soils, -and is drought resistant. The favorable results obtained from the -utilization of this crop for pasturage have done much to promote -its culture in many parts of the United States. On account of the -succulent, somewhat stemmy growth of the first crop the second year, -difficulty is often experienced in curing the hay in humid sections, as -it is necessary to cut it at a time when weather conditions are likely -to be unfavorable. When properly cured the hay is relished by stock. - -At the present time sweet clover is used to only a limited extent for -silage, but its use for this purpose should increase rapidly, as the -results thus far obtained have been very satisfactory. - -In addition to the value of sweet clover as a feed, it is one of the -best soil-improving crops adapted to short rotations which can be -grown. When cut for hay, the stubble and roots remain in the soil, and -when pastured, the uneaten parts of the plants, as well as the manure -made while animals are on pasture, are added to the soil and benefit -the succeeding crops. In addition to humus, sweet clover, in common -with all legumes, adds nitrogen to the soil. This crop is grown in many -sections of the country primarily to improve soils, and the benefits -derived from it when handled in this manner have justified its use, as -the yields of succeeding crops usually are increased materially. - -The different species of sweet clover are excellent honey plants, as -they produce nectar over a long period in all sections of the United -States. - -[Illustration: Fig. 1.--Cattle pasturing on sweet clover.] - - - - - -SWEET CLOVER AS A PASTURE CROP. - - -With the possible exception of alfalfa on fertile soils, no other -leguminous crop will furnish as much nutritious pasturage from early -spring until late fall as sweet clover when it is properly handled. -Live stock which have never been fed sweet clover may refuse to eat -it at first, but this distaste is easily overcome by turning them on -the pasture in the spring, as soon as the plants start growth (fig. -1). Many cases are on record where stock have preferred sweet clover -to other forage plants. The fact that it may be pastured earlier in -the spring than many forage plants and that it thrives throughout -the hot summer months makes it a valuable addition to the pastures -on many farms. Sweet clover is an especially valuable forage plant -for poor soils where other crops make but little growth, and it is -upon such soils that thousands of acres of this crop are furnishing -annually abundant pasturage for all kinds of live stock. In many -portions of the Middle West, where the conditions are similar to those -of southeastern Kansas, it bids fair to solve the serious pasturage -problems. Native pastures which will no longer provide more than a -scant living for a mature steer on 4 or 5 acres, when properly seeded -to sweet clover will produce sufficient forage to carry at least one -animal to the acre throughout the season. In addition to this, a crop -of hay or a seed crop may be harvested from a portion of the land when -it is so fenced that the stock may be confined to certain parts of -the field at specific times. Land which is too rough or too depleted -for cultivation, or permanent pastures which have become thin and -weedy, may be improved greatly by drilling in, after disking, a few -pounds of sweet-clover seed per acre. Not only will the sweet clover -add considerably to the quality and quantity of the pasturage but -the growth of the grasses will be improved by the addition of large -quantities of humus and nitrogen to the soil. - -Sweet clover has proved to be an excellent pasture crop on many of the -best farms in the North-Central States. In this part of the country it -may be seeded alone and pastured from the middle or latter part of June -until frost, or it may be sown with grain and pastured after harvest. - -When sweet clover has been seeded two years in succession on separate -fields, the field sown the first year may be pastured until the middle -of June, when the stock should be turned on the spring seeding. When -handled in this manner excellent pasturage is provided throughout the -summer, and a hay or seed crop may be harvested from the field seeded -the previous season. - -Some of the best pastures in Iowa consist of a mixture of Kentucky -bluegrass, timothy, and sweet clover. On a farm observed near Delmar, -Iowa, stock is pastured on meadows containing this mixture from the -first part of April to the middle of June. From this time until the -first part of September the stock is kept on one-half to two-thirds the -total pasture acreage. The remainder of the pasture land is permitted -to mature a seed crop. After the seed crop is harvested the stock -again is turned on this acreage, where they feed on the grasses and -first-year sweet-clover plants until cold weather. The seed which -shatters when the crop is cut is usually sufficient to reseed the -pastures. By handling his pasture land in this manner, the owner of the -farm has always had an abundance of pasture and at the same time has -obtained each year a crop of 2 to 4 bushels of recleaned seed to the -acre from one-third to one-half of his pasture land. This system has -been in operation on one field for 20 years and not until the last two -year's has bluegrass showed a tendency to crowd out the sweet clover. -It is essential that sufficient stock be kept on the pastures to keep -the plants eaten rather closely, so that at all times there will be an -abundance of fresh shoots. - -Whenever the first crop of the second year is not needed for hay or -silage it can be used for no better purpose than pasturage. In fact, -it is better to pasture the fields until the middle of June, as this -affords one of the most economical and profitable ways of handling the -first crop. In addition to its value for pasture, grazing induces the -plants to send out many young shoots close to the ground, so that when -the plants are permitted to mature seed a much larger number of stalks -are formed than would be the case if the first crop were cut for hay. -The hay crop is likely to be cut so close to the ground that the plants -will be killed, whereas but little danger of killing the plants arises -from close pasturing early in the season. Excellent stands of sweet -clover will produce an abundance of pasturage for two to three mature -steers per acre from early spring to the middle of June. - -Cattle which are pasturing on sweet clover alone crave dry feed. Straw -has been found to satisfy this desire and straw or hay should be -present in the meadow at all times, After stock are removed from the -field it is an excellent plan to go over it with a mower, setting the -cutter bar so as to leave the stubble 6 to 8 inches high. This will -even up the stand, so that the plants will ripen seed at approximately -the same date. - -Experiments by many farmers in the Middle West show that sweet clover -is an excellent pasture for dairy cattle. When cows are turned on -sweet clover from grass pastures the flow of milk is increased and its -quality improved. Other conditions being normal, this increase in milk -production will continue throughout the summer, as the plants produce -an abundance of green forage during the hot, dry months when grass -pastures are unproductive. If pastures are handled properly they will -carry at least one milk cow to the acre during the summer months. - -In many parts of the country sweet clover has proved to be an excellent -pasturage crop for hogs. When it is utilized for this purpose it -usually is seeded alone and pastured for two seasons. The hogs may be -turned on the field the first year as soon as the plants have made a -6-inch growth. From this time until late fall an abundance of forage -is produced, as pasturing induces the plants to send out many tender, -succulent branches. Pasturing the second season may begin as soon as -growth starts in the spring. If the field is not closely grazed the -second season it is advisable to clip it occasionally, leaving an -8-inch stubble, so as to produce a more succulent growth. - -An acre of sweet-clover pasture ordinarily will support 20 to 30 shotes -in addition to furnishing a tight cutting of hay (fig. 2). For the best -growth of the hogs, they should be fed each day 2 pounds of grain per -hundredweight of the stock. Hogs are very fond of sweet clover roots -and should be ringed before being turned on the pasture. The tendency -to root may generally be overcome by adding some protein to the grain -ration. Meat meal serves this purpose very well. - -The Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station conducted an interesting -pasturing experiment with spring pigs in 1910, In this experiment, pigs -weighing approximately 38 pounds each were pastured for a period of -141 days on two plats of red clover, a plat of Dwarf Essex rape, and a -plat of yellow biennial sweet clover. The pigs pasturing on each plat -received a ration of ear corn. The ration given to the pigs on one plat -of red clover and on that of rape was supplemented with meat meal to -the extent of one-tenth of the ear corn ration. The feed given to the -pigs pasturing on sweet clover was supplemented with meat meal at the -same rate during only the last 57 days of the test. The red clover was -seeded in 1908 and reseeded in 1909, so that the plat contained a very -good stand of plants at least one year old. The sweet clover was seeded -in the spring of 1910, while the rape was sown on April 4, 1910, in -24-inch rows. The pigs were turned on the forage plats on June 22. - -[Illustration: Fig. 2.--Hogs pasturing on sweet clover.] - -The results of this experiment, as presented in Table I, show that -sweet clover carried more pigs to the acre and produced cheaper gains -and a greater net profit per acre than either red clover or rape. To -judge from the date of seeding of the plants tested, it was to be -expected that the pigs pasturing on the sweet clover would not gain -as rapidly at first as those pasturing on the other forage plants, -as the growth of the sweet clover at this time was undoubtedly much -less than that of the other crops. This assumption is borne out by the -results given for the first 84 days of the test. During this period -the pigs on the rape made a net gain of $11.55 per acre and those on -the red clover $6.86 per acre more than those on the sweet clover. In -these computations corn was valued at 50 cents per bushel and hogs at -$6 per hundredweight. During the latter part of the experiment there -was but a scant growth of red clover on the plats, while the sweet -clover produced an abundance of forage, and during this period of the -experiment the pigs pasturing on sweet clover made a net gain of $10.14 -per acre more than those pasturing on red clover and $17.41 per acre -more than those pasturing on rape. (Table I.) The difference in net -profits probably would have been greater had white sweet clover been -used instead of yellow sweet clover, as it makes a larger growth and -contains approximately the same ratio of food elements. - -Table I.--Relative merits of Dwarf Essex rape, red clover, and yellow -sweet clover when pastured by spring pigs for 141 days, June 22 to -November 10, 1910. - - ---------------------------+------+-------+-------+--------+---------------+--------+------- - | | | | |Supplementary | | - | | | | |feed required | Total | Net - | | | | | for 100 | cost |profit - | |Initial| Total |Average |pounds of gain.| of 100 | per - |Number| weight| gain, | daily +-------+-------+ pounds |acre.[3] - Forage tested, plat area, | of | per | all | gain |Shelled| Meat | of | - and ration. | hogs.| hog. | hogs. |per hog.| corn. | Meal. |gain.[2]| - ---------------------------+------+-------+-------+--------+-------+-------+--------+-------- - | |Pounds.|Pounds.| Pounds.|Pounds.|Pounds.| | - Rape (Dwarf Essex, 0.9 | | | | | | | | - acre), and ear corn[4] | | | | | | | | - plus one-tenth meat meal.| 18 | 37.8 |2,801.7| 1.10 | 292.5 | 33.99 | $3.79 | ...... - Reduced to acre basis. | 20 | .... |3,113.0| .... | ..... | ..... | ..... | $88.64 - | | | | | | | | - Clover (medium red, 0.8 | | | | | | | | - acre) and ear corn | | | | | | | | - alone[4]. | 15 | 39.0 |1,790.0| .84 | 370.6 | None. | 3.71 | ...... - Reduced to acre basis. | 18.75| .... |2,237.5| .... | ..... | ..... | ..... | 51.20 - | | | | | | | | - Clover (medium red, 0.8 | | | | | | | | - acre) and ear corn[4] | | | | | | | | - plus one-tenth meat meal.| 15 | 39.0 |2,394.0| 1.13 | 299.3 | 34.77 | 3.84 | ...... - Reduced to acre basis. | 18.75| .... |2,992.5| .... | ..... | ..... | ..... | 64.55 - | | | | | | | | - Sweet clover[5] (yellow | | | | | | | | - biennial, 0.8 acre) and | | | | | | | | - ear corn[4] plus | | | | | | | | - one-tenth meat meal. | 18 | 37.8 |2,594.0| 1.02 | 313.6 | 24.70 | 3.70 | ...... - Reduced to acre basis. | 22.60| .... |3,242.5| .... | ..... | ..... | ..... | 74.50 - ---------------------------+------+-------+-------+--------+-------+-------+--------+--------- - -[2] Corn valued at 50 cents per bushel, meat meal at $2.50 per -hundredweight. - -[3] Hogs valued at $6 per hundredweight. - -[4] During the first 84 days of the test, practically two-thirds of the -time, a limited ration of corn was given, while during the last 57 days -the pigs received a full feed. - -[5] The pigs pasturing on sweet clover received meat meal only during -the last 57 days of the experiment. - -An experiment reported by the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment -Station shows that a mixture of rape and sweet clover makes an -exceptionally fine pasture for hogs. In this experiment the mixture -of rape and sweet clover produced more pasturage than alfalfa and was -preferred to alfalfa by the hogs. It was seeded at the rate of 6 pounds -of Dwarf Essex rape and 10 pounds of sweet clover to the acre. - -Sheep relish sweet clover and make rapid gains when pastured on it. -Care must be taken to see that pastures are not overstocked with sheep, -as they are likely to eat the plants so close to the ground as to kill -them. This is especially true the first year, before the plants have -formed crown buds. Yellow biennial sweet clover probably would not -suffer from this cause as much as the white species, because the plants -make a more prostrate growth and are not likely to be eaten so closely -to the ground. - -Horses and mules do well on sweet-clover pastures. On account of the -high protein content sweet clover provides excellent pasturage for -young stock. No cases of slobbering have been noted with horses. - - -TAINTING MILK AND BUTTER. - -Milk may be tainted occasionally when cows are pasturing on sweet -clover. However, the large majority of farmers who pasture sweet -clover on an extensive scale report very little or no trouble. The -flavor imparted to milk at times is not disliked by all people, as -some state that it is agreeable and does not harm the market value of -dairy products in the least. This trouble is experienced for the most -part in the early spring. The tainting of milk may be avoided by taking -the cows off the pasture two hours before milking and keeping them off -until after milking the following morning. - - -BLOATING. - -Unlike the true clovers and alfalfa, sweet clover seldom causes bloat; -in fact, with the exception of the summer of 1915, only a few authentic -cases of bloat have thus far been recorded in sections where large -acreages are pastured with cattle and sheep. A number of cases of bloat -wore reported in Iowa during the abnormally wet season of 1915. No -satisfactory explanation for this comparative freedom from bloating -has been offered. It is held by some that the coumarin in the plants -prevents bloating, but this has not been established experimentally. - - -TREATMENT FOR BLOAT. - -_Cattle._--If the case of bloat is not extreme, it may be sufficient to -drive the animals at a walk for a quarter or half an hour. In urgent -cases the gas must be allowed to escape without delay, and this is -best accomplished by the use of the trocar. In selecting the place for -using the trocar, the highest point of the distended flank equally -distant from the last rib and the point of the hip must be chosen. -Here an incision about three-fourths of an inch long should be made -with a knife through the skin, and then the sharp point of the trocar, -being directed downward, inward, and slightly forward, is thrust into -the paunch. The sheath of the trocar should be left in the paunch as -long as any gas continues to issue from it. In the absence of a trocar -an incision may be made with a small-bladed knife and a quill used to -permit the gas to escape. Care must be taken to see that the quill does -not work down out of sight into the incision. - -Another remedy consists in tying a large bit, the diameter of a -pitchfork handle, in the mouth, so that a piece of rubber tubing may -be passed through the mouth to the first stomach to allow the gas to -escape. - -When the animal is not distressed and the swelling of the flank is not -great, or when the most distressing condition has been removed by the -use of the trocar, it is best to administer internal medicine. Two -ounces of aromatic spirits of ammonia should be given every half hour -in a quart of cold water, or half an ounce of chlorid of lime may be -dissolved in a pint of tepid water and the dose repeated every half -hour until the bloating has subsided.[6] - -[6] See "Diseases of Cattle," a special report of the Bureau of Animal -Industry. - -For acute bloating the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station -recommends 1 quart of a 1-1/2 per cent solution of formalin, followed -by placing a wooden block in the animal's mouth and by gentle exercise -if the animal can be gotten up. - -_Sheep._--Gas may be removed quickly from bloated sheep by using a -small trocar. The seat of the operation is on the most prominent -portion of the left flank. - - - - -SWEET-CLOVER HAY. - - -When sweet-clover hay is cut at the right time and cured properly it -is eaten readily by all classes of live stock. As the hay is rich in -protein, growing stock make gains on it comparable to the gains of -those fed on alfalfa. The quantity and quality of the milk produced -when the hay is fed to cows are approximately the same as when other -legumes are used. Hay which is cut the first year is fine stemmed and -leafy and resembles alfalfa in general appearance. Unless it is cut at -the proper time the second year, it will be stemmy and unpalatable. -Feeding experiments show that it contains practically as much -digestible protein as alfalfa and more than red clover, but the hay is -not as palatable as red clover or alfalfa when the plants are permitted -to become coarse and woody. When sweet clover is seeded in the spring -without a nurse crop in the northern and western sections of the United -States, a cutting of hay may be obtained the same autumn. When it is -seeded with a nurse crop in these regions, the rainfall during the -late summer and early fall will largely determine whether the plants -will make sufficient growth to be cut for hay. On fertile, well-limed -soils in the East, in the eastern North-Central States, in Iowa, and -in eastern Kansas a cutting of hay is commonly obtained after grain -harvest when the rainfall is normal or above normal. In many sections -of the country two, and at times three, cuttings of hay may be obtained -the second year (fig. 3). - -In the South two, and sometimes three, cuttings may be obtained the -first year if the seeding is done without a nurse crop. When the seed -is sown in the spring with oats, two cuttings may be secured after oat -harvest. Three cuttings may be obtained the second year, although it is -the common practice to cut the first crop for hay and the second crop -for seed. - - - - -YIELDS OF SWEET-CLOVER HAY. - - -The total yields of sweet clover per acre for the season are usually -less than those of alfalfa except in the semiarid unirrigated portions -of the country. Sweet clover ordinarily yields more to the acre than -any of the true clovers. - -[Illustration: Fig. 3.--Cutting sweet clover for hay in western Kansas.] - -When the seed is sown in the spring in the North without a nurse crop, -yields of 1 to 3 tons of hay of good quality may be expected the -following autumn, The Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station -obtained 2,700 pounds of hay per acre in the fall from spring seeding, -while the United States Department of Agriculture obtained 3,000 pounds -of hay per acre in August from May seeding in Maryland. Yields of 1 -to 2 tons, and occasionally 3 tons, have been obtained in Michigan, -Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, the Dakotas, and other States. In Illinois, -Iowa, and Kansas yields of 1 to 1-1/2 tons are often obtained after -grain harvest when weather conditions are favorable. - -The first crop the second season yields 1-1/2 to 3 tons of hay to the -acre in the northern and western sections of the United States. The -second crop of the second season will yield from three-fourths to 1-1/2 -tons to the acre, although this crop usually is cut for seed. - -When sweet clover is seeded in the South without a nurse crop on fairly -fertile soil that is not acid, three cuttings of hay, averaging at -least a ton to the cutting, may be secured the year of seeding. When -the seed is sown in the early spring on winter grain, two cuttings, -yielding at least 1 ton to the cutting, may be obtained. The first crop -the second season yields on an average 1-1/2 to 3 tons of hay to the -acre. In 1903 the Alabama Canebrake Station obtained 2-1/2 tons of hay -after oat harvest and a total yield of 3 tons per acre from the same -field in 1904. - - -TIME TO CUT SWEET CLOVER FOR HAY. - -The first season's growth of sweet clover does not usually get coarse -and woody and therefore may be cut when it shows its maximum growth in -the fall, In regions where more than one crop may be obtained the first -season, the first crop should be cut when the plants have made about a -30-inch growth. - -The proper time to cut the first crop the second season will vary -considerably in different localities, depending very much upon the -rainfall, the temperature, and the fertility of the soil. In no event -should the plants be permitted to show flower buds or to become woody. -In the semiarid sections of the country sweet clover does not grow as -rapidly as in more humid regions. Neither do the plants grow as rapidly -on poor soils as upon fertile soils. In the drier sections the best -results usually are obtained by cutting the first crop when the plants -have made a growth of 24 to 30 inches. On fertile, well-limed soils in -many sections of the country a very rapid growth is made in the spring, -and often the plants will not show flower buds until they are about -5 feet high. On such soils it is very essential that the first crop -be cut when the plants have made no more growth than 30 to 32 inches -if hay is desired which is not stemmy and if a second growth is to be -expected. - - -HEIGHT OF STUBBLE TO BE LEFT WHEN CUTTING FOR HAY. - -It is not necessary to leave more than an ordinary stubble when cutting -the sweet-clover hay crop in the fall of the year of seeding. A stubble -4 or 6 inches in height, however, will serve to hold drifting snow and -undoubtedly will be of some help in protecting the plants from winter -injury. While sweet clover without question is more hardy than red -clover, usually more or less winterkilling occurs, and any protection -which may be afforded during cold weather will be of considerable -benefit. - -While the first crop in the second year comes from the crown buds, the -new branches which produce the second crop of the second year come from -the buds formed in the axils of the leaves on the lower portions of the -stalks which constitute the first crop, as shown in figure 4. These -branches usually commence growth when the plants are about 24 inches -high. In fields where the stand is heavy and where the lower portions -of the plants are densely shaded, these shoots are soon killed from -lack of necessary light. (Figs. 4 and 5.) The branches which are -first to appear and which are first to be killed are those closest to -the ground. It is therefore very important when cutting this crop to -cut the plants high enough from the ground to leave on the stubble a -sufficient number of buds and young branches to produce a second crop. - -[Illustration: Fig. 4.--Sweet-clover plants, showing the direct -relation that exists between the thickness of stand, the time of -cutting, and the height at which the stubble must be cut if a second -crop is to be expected. The plant at the left was cut 10 day later than -the plant at the right. Note the height at which it was necessary to -cut this plant so that a second crop would develop and also the scars -on the stubble where young shoots had started earlier and were killed -from lack of sunlight. When the stand is thin the young shoots will -survive, as they did on the plant at the right, even though the field -is cut at a later date.] - -Examination of hundreds of acres of sweet clover in different sections -of the United States during the summers of 1915 and 1916 showed that -the stand on at least 50 per cent of the fields was partly or entirely -killed by cutting the first crop the second season too close to the -ground. A direct relation exists between the thickness of the stand, -the height of the plants, and the height at which the stubble should -be cut if a second crop is to be harvested. It is very essential to -examine the fields carefully before mowing, so as to determine the -height at which the plants should be cut in order to leave at least one -healthy bud or young branch on each stub. In fact, the stand should -be cut several inches above the young shoots or buds, the stubble may -die back from 1 to 3 inches if the plants are cut during damp or rainy -weather. - -[Illustration: Fig. 5.--Stubble of sweet clover collected in fields -where 90 per cent of the plants had been killed by cutting too closely -to the ground. The heavy stands in these fields were not cut until the -plants had made a growth of 36 to 40 inches. Note the scars on the -stubble where young shoots started, but died from lack of light.] - -When fields of sweet clover contain only a medium-heavy stand and when -the plants have made no more than a 30-inch growth, a 5 to 6 inch -stubble usually will be sufficient to insure a second crop, but where -fields contain heavy stands--15 to 25 plants to the square foot--it -may be necessary to leave an 8-inch stubble. In many fields examined -in northern Illinois in June, 1916, heavy stands had been permitted to -make a growth of 36 to 40 inches before cutting. In a number of these -fields a very large percentage of the plants were killed when an 8 -to 12 inch stubble was left. (See fig. 5.) A careful examination of -such fields showed that the young branches had started on the lower -portions of the stalks and had died from lack of light before cutting. -In semiarid regions, where the plants do not make as rapid growth as in -humid sections, they may, as a rule, be clipped somewhat closer to the -ground without injury. - -On account of the difference in the growth that sweet clover makes -on different types of soil and on account of the difference in the -thickness of the stand obtained in different fields, it is impossible -to give any definite rule as to the proper height to cut the first crop. - -[Illustration: Fig. 6.--Shoe sole to be placed on the inner shoe of the -mower, so that a high stubble may be left when mowing sweet clover: -_A_, End view of the back part of the sole; _B_, side view of the sole, -showing general shape; _C_, shape of the front end of the pole when -it is to be used on mowers having shoes of the type used on Deering -machines; _D_, forward end of the sole represented in _B_. The toward -end of the sole shown in _B_ and _D_ should be made for machines having -shoes of the type used on McCormick mowers.] - -MOWER CHANGES FOR CUTTING SWEET CLOVER. - -It is good practice to replace the shoe soles of the mower with higher -adjustable soles, so that a stubble up to 12 inches in height may be -left when cutting sweet clover, Shoe soles such as are shown in figures -6 and 7 may be made on any farm provided with a blacksmith's forge, -or they can be made at any blacksmith shop at a cost which should not -exceed $2.50. Preferably they should be of strap iron, about one-fourth -of an inch thick and 2 inches wide; however, old pieces of iron or -steel which may be found on the farm will serve the purpose. - -[Illustration: Fig. 7.--Shoe sole to be Used on the outer shoe of the -mower, so that a high stubble may be left when cutting sweet clover; -_A_, End view of the back part of the sole; _B_, side view of the sole, -showing general shape; _C_, forward end of the sole to be used on -certain Deering machines; _D_, end view of the front part of sole shown -in _B_.] - -Then these soles are to be placed on machines that have shoes of the -type used on the Deering mower, the forward 8 inches of the sole for -the inner shoe should be tapered gradually to a blunt point and bent -in such a manner that it will hook into the slot in the shoe. (Fig. 6, -_C_.) When the soles are to be placed on mowers having shoes of the -type used on McCormick machines, the forward 8 inches of the sole for -the inner shoe should be tapered gradually to about 1 inch in width, -bent forward so that it will fit against that portion of the shoe where -it is to be bolted, and have a hole of the proper size bored for the -bolt three-fourths of an inch from the end. (Fig. 6, _B_ and _D_.) The -bottom of the sole should be rounded, so as to run smoothly on the -ground when the cutter bar is raised to cut at different heights. The -back portion of the sole should be upright and should have holes bored -in it, so that it may be set for the cutter bar to rest at different -heights from the ground. Preferably the lower hole of the upright -should be located so that when the bolt in the shoe is run through it -the cutter bar will be 6 inches from the ground. It should be long -enough to permit four or five holes, 1 inch apart, to be bored above -the lower one. (Fig. 6, _A_.) - -With some makes of machines it is not advisable to raise the cutter bar -higher than 10 inches from the ground, but when this is true the cutter -bar may be tipped upward, so that a 12-inch stubble is left. - -The forward end of the shoe sole to be used on the outer shoe should -be tapered gradually to 1 inch from the end. The forward inch should -be one-fourth of an inch in width and bent slightly upward and inward, -so that a hook will be formed to fit into the slot in the front end of -the shoe. (Fig. 7, _B_.) The rest of the sole should curved, so that -it will run smoothly on the ground when the cutter bar is set to cut -at different heights. The upright which is bolted to the sole should -preferably be made of three-eighths by 1 inch material and should -have six holes, 1 inch apart, bored in it, so that the outer end of -the cutter bar may be raised to the same height as the inner end. On -practically all standard makes of mowers the outer shoe sole hooks into -the shoe instead of bolting to it, as is the case with the inner sole -on some machines. A wheel is used in place of a shoe sole on the outer -end of the cutter bar on some machines. When this is the case, the -upright to which this wheel is attached should be lengthened. On other -machines the forward end of the sole hooks into a slot in the shoe in -the same manner as the inner sole. In this event the front end of the -sole should be bent slightly upward and outward. (Fig. 7, _C_.) - -Before shoe soles are made for any mower a careful examination should -be made of the shoes to determine the exact size required and the -manner in which they should be attached to the forward ends of the -shoes. - - -CURING AND HANDLING SWEET-CLOVER HAY. - -One of the greatest difficulties in curing sweet clover is the fact -that the plants usually are ready to be cut for hay at a time of -the year when weather conditions are likely to be unfavorable for -haymaking. Little trouble is experienced in curing this crop in the -drier sections of the country where the methods used for alfalfa are -employed. The curing of sweet clover is more difficult than the curing -of either red clover or alfalfa, as the leaves are very apt to shatter -before the stems are cured. Every possible means should be employed to -save the leaves, as these constitute the best part of the hay. (See -Table II.) - -Table II.--Average analyses of the leaves of four samples of well-cured -white sweet-clover hay. - -[Analyses made by the Bureau of Chemistry.] - ---------+------------------------------------------------------------- - | Constituents (per cent). - +----------+-------+---------+---------+-------+-------------- -Samples.| Moisture.| Ash. | Ether | Protein.| Crude | Nitrogen-free - | | | extract.| | fiber.| extract. ---------+----------+-------+---------+---------+-------+-------------- - | | | | | | -Leaves. | 8.70 | 10.92 | 3.09 | 28.20 | 9.28 | 39.78 -Stems. | 8.70 | 8.08 | .70 | 10.16 | 39.45 | 33.06 - | | | | | | ---------+----------+-------+---------+---------+-------+-------------- - -The hay collected for the above analyses represented the first cutting -the second season. The plants had made a 30 to 36 inch growth at the -time of cutting. It will be seen that the protein content of the leaves -is almost three times as great as that of the stems. - -In the drier sections of the country or when the first crop of the year -of seeding is cut for hay in the North-Central States the mower may be -started in the morning as soon as the dew is off. The hay should remain -in the swath until the following day, or until it is well wilted, when -it should be raked into small windrows. After remaining in the windrows -for a day it may be placed in small cocks to cure. Cocks made from hay -which has dried to this stage will not shed water well and therefore -should be covered if it is likely to rain. It is important that the -cocks be made small enough to be thrown on the rack entire, as many -leaves will be lost if it is necessary to tear them apart. - -[Illustration: Fig. 8.--Sweat clover curing in the cock.] - -When sweet clover is permitted to dry in the swath, a large percentage -of the leaves will be lost in windrowing and loading unless handled -with the utmost care. Hay in this condition should never be raked while -perfectly dry and brittle, but should be raked into the windrow in the -early morning or in the evening, when it is slightly damp from dew. It -may then be hauled to the barn or stack after remaining in the windrow -for a day. - -One of the most successful methods for handling sweet-clover hay, -especially in regions where rains are likely to occur at haying time, -is to permit the plants to remain in the swath until they are well -wilted or just before the leaves begin to cure. The hay should then -be raked into windrows and cocked at once (fig. 8). The cocks should -be made as high and as narrow as possible, as this will permit better -ventilation. In curing, the cocks will shrink from one-third to -one-half of their original size. It may take from 10 days to 2 weeks to -cure sweet clover by this method, but when well cured all the leaves -will be intact and the hay will have an excellent color and aroma. When -sweet clover is cocked at this time the leaves will cure flat and in -such a manner that the cocks will readily shed water during heavy rains -(fig. 9). - -[Illustration: Fig. 9.--A cock of sweet-clover hay which has cured in -excellent condition and retained all of its leaves.] - -When sweet-clover hay is to be stacked it is highly desirable that some -sort of foundation be made for the stack, so as to prevent the loss -of the hay which otherwise would be on the ground. Several feet of -straw or grass are often used for this purpose, but still better is a -foundation of rails, posts, or boards placed in such a manner that air -may circulate under the stack. - -A cover should be provided for the stacks, either in the form of -a roof, a canvas, or long green grass. If none of these means is -practicable a topping of perfectly green sweet clover will cure with -the leaves flat and will turn water nicely. - -It is well known that hay made from either red clover or alfalfa will -often undergo spontaneous combustion if put into the barn with too -much external moisture upon it. No instances of spontaneous combustion -in sweet-clover hay have been noted, but this may be due to the fact -that comparatively little sweet-clover hay is stored in barns. The same -precautions, therefore, should be taken with sweet-clover hay as with -red clover or alfalfa. - - - - -SWEET CLOVER AS A SILAGE CROP. - - -In some sections of the country sweet clover is gaining in favor as a -silage crop, either alone or in mixtures with other plants. The silage -made from this plant will keep better than that made from most legumes, -as it does not become slimy, as is so often the case with red clover or -alfalfa silage. It produces a palatable feed, which should contain more -protein than well-matured corn silage. - -[Illustration: Fig. 10.--Filling the silo with sweet clover.] - -When sweet clover makes sufficient growth after grain harvest, or when -seeded alone, it is not necessary to cut it for silage until fall. At -this time it may be run into the silo alone or in mixture with corn. -Excellent results have been obtained by placing alternate loads of corn -and sweet clover in the silo. (Fig. 10.) - -When the first crop the second season is not needed for pasturage, -ensiling may prove to be the most economical and profitable way of -handling it, as it is necessary to cut this crop for hay at a time of -the year when the weather conditions in humid regions are very likely -to be unfavorable for haymaking. The large percentage of leaves which -usually are lost from shattering when harvesting the hay will be saved -when the crop is run into the silo. - -The first crop the second season will produce approximately two-thirds -as much silage to the acre as corn when it is cut at the time it should -be cut for hay. The second crop may then be harvested for seed. When -sweet clover is handled in this manner, approximately two-thirds of the -total corn acreage which would be cut for silage may be permitted to -mature, as the first crop of sweet clover will replace the corn silage, -while the seed crop ordinarily will bring as much per acre as the corn. -In addition to this, the roots and stubble will add large quantities of -vegetable matter to the soil. - -Some farmers do not cut sweet clover for silage until it is in full -bloom. When this is done, 10 to 12 tons of silage will be obtained per -acre, but the plants will be killed by the mowing. - -[Illustration: Fig. 11.--Cutting sweet clover with a grain binder for -silage.] - -When the green plants are ensiled, the crop preferably should be cut -with a grain binder. (See illustration on title-page and fig. 11.) This -will solve the difficulty of cutting a high stubble and will at the -same time bind the plants so that they may be run through the silage -cutter without difficulty. Green plants, and especially the first -crop of the second season, contain too much moisture to be run into -the silo immediately after cutting. In some cases quantities of juice -have been pressed out of the bottom of the silo, and as a result the -silage settled considerably. Analyses of the juice from one silo showed -that it contained 0.23 per cent protein and 2 per cent carbohydrates. -This loss of juice may be overcome by permitting the bundles to remain -in the field just as they come from the binder until the plants are -wilted thoroughly. Straw or corn stover may be placed in the bottom of -the silo to absorb some of the juice. If the plants contain too much -moisture it may be a good plan to mix some corn stover with the sweet -clover as it is run into the silo. - -Several silos in Illinois have been filled with sweet-clover straw. -When this is done it is necessary to add sufficient water to moisten -the dry stems. These stems become soft in a short time and ensile -in good condition. When the seed crop is thrashed with either a -grain separator or a clover huller the stems are broken and crushed -sufficiently to render it unnecessary to run them through a silage -cutter. Care must be taken when ensiling the straw to add sufficient -water, if molding is to be avoided. It will probably be necessary -to add water at the blower and also at the top of the silo. It is -essential to tramp the straw thoroughly, so as to exclude as much air -as possible. After the silo is filled it should be covered with a layer -of green plants and thoroughly soaked with water. - -Table III gives analyses of several sample of sweet-clover silage as -compared to corn silage. - - - -Table III.--_Composition of sweet-clover silage and well-matured corn -silage._ - - ---------------+---------+--------------------------------------------- - | | Constituents (per cent). - | +------+------+--------+----------------+----- - Kind of | | | | | Carbohydrates. | - | Number |Water.| Ash. | Crude +------+---------+ - silage. | of | | |protein.| |Nitrogen-| Fat. - |analyses.| | | |Fiber.| free | - | | | | | | extract.| - ---------------+---------+------+------+--------+------+---------+----- - | | | | | | | - White sweet | | | | | | | - clover; | | | | | | | - First year's | | | | | | | - growth[7] | 1 | 73.7 | 1.73 | 3.17 | 20.8 | 0.65 - First crop, | | | | | | | - second | | | | | | | - season[2] | 1 | 73.7 | 2.57 | 2.05 | 8.06 | 12.32 | 1.27 - Straw[8] | 3 | 73.7 | 1.19 | 2.70 |13.59 | 8.33 | .50 - Corn, well | | | | | | | - matured[9] | 121 | 73.7 | 1.70 | 2.10 | 6.30 | 15.40 | .80 - | | | | | | | - ---------------+---------+------+------+--------+------+---------+----- - -[7] Analysed by the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station. - -[8] Analysed by the Bureau of Chemistry. - -[9] Analyses compiled by Henry and Morrison. - -As shown in Table III the analyses of the first and second years' -growth of sweet clover compare favorably in food elements with corn -silage. It is to be expected that the silage made from the sweet clover -straw would contain less protein and carbohydrates than that made from -the entire plants, as most of the leaves shatter from sweet clover -before the seed crop is cut. Considerable protein and carbohydrates -were lost from the silage made from the first crop the second season, -as the plants were run into the silo as soon as they were cut. Much -juice was pressed from the bottom of this silo. An analysis of this -juice is given on page 21. - - - - -SWEET CLOVER AS A SOILING CROP. - - -As a soiling crop sweet clover has been used to only a very limited -extent. The amperage yields of green matter vary from 6 to 15 tons per -acre, The season for soiling may commence when the plants are 12 to -15 inches high and continue until flower buds appear. An area of such -a size that the plants may be cut every four or five weeks should be -selected. The plants should not be cut closer to the ground than 4 -inches during the first part of the season and 9 to 12 inches during -the latter part of the season. On account of the high protein content -and the large amount of forage produced on a relatively small area, -sweet clover may profitably be fed in this manner when more desirable -soiling crops are not to be had. - - - - -SWEET CLOVER AS A FEED. - - -PALATABILITY OF SWEET CLOVER. - -The woody growth of sweet clover as it reaches maturity and the bitter -taste due to coumarin have been the principal causes for live stock -refusing to eat it at first. On this account many farmers have assumed -it to be worthless as a feed. It is a fact that stock seldom eat the -hard, woody stems of mature plants, but it is true also that stock -eat sparingly of the coarse, fibrous growth of such legumes as red or -mammoth clover when they have been permitted to mature and have lost -much of their palatability. All kinds of stock will eat green sweet -clover before it becomes woody, or hay which has been cut at the proper -time and well cured, after they have become accustomed to it. Many -cases are on record in which cattle have refused alfalfa or red clover -when sweet clover was accessible. Milch cows have been known to refuse -a ration of alfalfa hay when given to them for the first time. Western -range cattle which have never been fed corn very often refuse to eat -corn fodder, or even corn, for a short time, and instances have come -under observation in which they ate the dried husks and left the corn -uneaten. When these cattle were turned on green grass the following -spring they browsed on the dead grass of the preceding season's growth, -which, presumably more closely resembled the grass to which they were -accustomed. Such preliminary observations should never be taken as -final, even when they represent the results of careful investigators. -When cowpeas were first introduced into certain sections of this -country much trouble was experienced in getting stock to eat the vines, -either when cured into hay or made into ensilage. This difficulty, -however, was soon overcome. - -It is very true that stock which have never been pastured on sweet -clover or fed on the hay must become accustomed to it before they will -eat it, but the fact that sweet clover is now being fed to stock in -nearly every State indicates that the distaste for it can be overcome -easily and successfully. As sweet clover usually starts growth earlier -in the spring than other forage plants and as the early growth -presumably contains less coumarin than older plants, stock seldom -refuse to eat it at this time. Properly cured hay is seldom refused by -stock, especially if it is sprinkled with salt water when the animals -are salt hungry. - - -COMPOSITION OF SWEET CLOVER. - -Sweet clover, like most legumes, contains a relatively high percentage -of protein, thus making it a source of that valuable constituent of -feeds needed for growing stock and for the production of milk. Table -IV shows the relative composition and digestibility of sweet clover as -compared to some other feeds. - - - -Table IV.--Composition and digestibility of sweet clover compared with -that of other forage crops. - -AVERAGE PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF SWEET CLOVER AND OTHER FORAGE CROPS. - - -----------------+---------+-------------------------------------------- - | | Constituents (per cent). - | +------+-----+--------+----------------+----- - | | | | |Carbohydrates. | - | Number | | | +------+---------+ - Kinds of forage. | of |Water.| Ash.| Crude | |Nitrogen-| Fat. - |analyses.| | |protein.|Fiber.| free | - | | | | | extract.| - -----------------+---------+------+-----+--------+------+---------+----- - | | | | | | | - Green crop: | | | | | | | - Sweet clover[10]| 18 | 75.6 | 2.1 | 4.4 | 7.0 | 10.2 | 0.7 - Alfalfa[10] | 143 | 74.7 | 2.4 | 4.5 | 7.0 | 10.4 | 1.0 - Red Clover[10] | 85 | 73.8 | 2.1 | 4.1 | 7.3 | 11.7 | 1.0 - | | | | | | | - Hay (moisture- | | | | | | | - free basis): | | | | | | | - White sweet | | | | | | | - clover[11] | 37 | .... | 8.2 | 17.6 | 28.2 | 43.0 | 3.0 - Yellow sweet | | | | | | | - clover[11] | 3 | .... | 6.4 | 15.8 | 35.6 | 39.0 | 2.6 - Alfalfa[11] | 211 | .... | 9.6 | 17.4 | 29.8 | 40.3 | 2.9 - Red clover[11] | 99 | .... | 7.0 | 15.6 | 27.7 | 44.9 | 3.9 - Timothy[11] | 194 | .... | 6.2 | 8.2 | 32.5 | 49.9 | 3.2 - -----------------+---------+------+-----+--------+------+---------+----- - -DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS OF SWEET CLOVER AND OTHER FORAGE CROPS WHEN FED TO -SHEEP.[12] - - ----------------+----------+---------------------------------+--------- - | | Digestible nutrients in 100 | - | | pounds of air-dried hay. |Nutritive - |Dry matter+--------+--------+-------+-------+ratio.[13] - Kinds of forage.| in 100 |Protein.|Carbohy-| Fat. | Dry | - | pounds. | | drates.| |matter.| - ----------------+----------+--------+--------+-------+-------+--------- - | | | | | | - White sweet- | | | | | | - clover hay | 92.2 | 11.88 | 36.68 | 0.49 | 56.12 | 1:3.2 - Pea hay | 93.1 | 11.24 | 48.55 | .71 | 62.5 | 1:4.5 - Alfalfa hay | 92.2 | 11.73 | 42.38 | .72 | 60.90 | 1:3.8 - (second cutting)| | | | | | - ----------------+----------+--------+--------+-------+-------+--------- - -[10] Analyses taken from Henry and Morrison's "Foods and Feeding." - -[11] Analyses compiled by the Bureau of Chemistry. - -[12] Experiments conducted by the Wyoming Agricultural Experiment -Station. - -[13] The nutritive ratio is the ratio which exists between the -digestible crude protein and the combined digestible carbohydrates and -fat. - -Table IV shows that the percentage composition of both green and cured -sweet clover compares favorably with that of alfalfa and red clover. - -Perhaps the most interesting point shown in this table is that the -fiber content of white sweet clover, whether green or cured into hay, -is no greater than that of alfalfa. It is understood, however, that -the plants collected for these analyses were taken when they were -at the proper stage for curing into hay. Table IV also shows that -the digestible nutrients of sweet clover when fed to sheep compare -favorably with alfalfa. It was stated that the sweet-clover hay used -for this experiment was stemmy and that it had not been cut until it -had become woody. The pea hay had passed the best stage for cutting -when it was harvested, while the alfalfa hay was in excellent condition. - -In a feeding experiment with sheep conducted by two students at -the Iowa State College it was found that the protein digested in -sweet-clover feed alone was 69 per cent and that the addition of -corn to the hay ration increased the digestibility of sweet clover -to 82 per cent. Alfalfa and red clover showed similar increases of -the digestibility of the protein content when corn was added to the -ration. The percentage of digestibility figured for the protein in -the corn was the average of a number of digestion experiments. The -probability is that the digestibility of the corn was also increased -by the presence of the hay in the ration, so that not all the increase -in the digestibility should be credited to the hay constituents of the -different rations. - - -FEEDING EXPERIMENTS WITH SWEET CLOVER. - -Few agricultural experiment stations have carried on definite feeding -experiments to determine the value of sweet clover compared with other -feeds. - -The South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station reported an experiment -in which lambs were fed on sweet-clover hay in comparison with alfalfa, -pea-vine, and prairie hay. In this experiment the lambs made a better -gain at a less cost when fed sweet-clover hay than when fed pea-vine -hay, but not as large a gain as when fed alfalfa hay. The results of -this experiment are shown in Table V. - -Table V.--Feeding experiment with lambs in South Dakota, showing the -comparative value of different kinds of hay as roughage. - -[Grain ration consists of oats and corn in all cases; roughage varies.] - - --------------+-------+--------+----------------+---------------+------- - | | | Average weight.|Required for 1 | - | | | |pound of gain. |Average - | | +--------+-------+-------+-------+ daily - | Number|Duration| | | | | gain - Roughage fed.| of |of test.|At be- |At end.|Grain. | Hay. | per - | lambs.| |ginning.| | | | head. - --------------+-------+--------+--------+-------+-------+-------+------- - | | | | | | | - | | Days. |Pounds. |Pounds.|Pounds.|Pounds.|Pounds. - Prairie hay | 16 | 67 | 83.6 | 107.9 | 5.09 | 2.35 | 0.36 - Pea-vine hay | 10 | 67 | 83.6 | 107.3 | 5.40 | 3.15 | .35 - Alfalfa hay | 5 | 67 | 81.4 | 119.4 | 3.36 | 3.02 | .56 - Sweet-clover | 10 | 67 | 84.7 | 113.6 | 4.42 | 3.19 | .43 - hay | | | | | | | - --------------+-------+--------+--------+-------+-------+-------+------- - -The Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station also performed an, -interesting experiment with lambs. A number of pens of 10 to 40 -lambs each were fed different mixtures of feeds for 14 weeks. Those -receiving sweet-clover hay, corn, and a small amount of oil meal -made an average gain of 30.7 pounds per head, as compared with 20.3 -pounds for those receiving native-grass hay, oats, and oil meal. Those -receiving alfalfa hay and corn made a gain of more than 34 pounds per -head. The results obtained with four pens of lambs in this experiment -are given in Table VI. - - - -Table VI.--Results of feeding tests of lambs in Wyoming covering 14 -weeks. - - -------------+------+-------+----------------------------------------------- - | | | Required for 100 pounds of gain. - | | +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------- - | |Average|Sweet- | | | | | - |Number| gain |clover |Native |Alfalfa| Corn. | Oats. | Oil - Ration. | of | per | hay. | hay. | hay. | | | meal. - |lambs.| head. | | | | | | - -------------+------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------- - Sweet-clover | |Pounds.|Pounds.|Pounds.|Pounds.|Pounds.|Pounds.|Pounds. - hay, corn, | | | | | | | | - and oil meal| | | | | | | | - (old process)| 10 | 30.7 | 637.5 | ..... | ..... | 293.2 | ..... | 20.5 - | | | | | | | | - Native-grass | | | | | | | | - hay, oats, | | | | | | | | - and oil meal| | | | | | | | - (old process)| 40 | 20.3 | ..... | 606.7 | ..... | ..... | 460.5 | 25.0 - | | | | | | | | - Alfalfa hay | | | | | | | | - and corn | 10 | 34.4 | ..... | ..... | 557.5 | 261.6 | ..... | ..... - | | | | | | | | - Do | 40 | 34.3 | ..... | ..... | 557.3 | 286.5 | ..... | ..... - | | | | | | | | - -------------+------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------- - -The sweet-clover hay used in this experiment was described as stemmy -and more than a year old; yet it was eaten up clean by the lambs. - -The South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station conducted an -experiment in which steers were fed corn silage and various kinds of -hay, including sweet clover. The steers which were fed corn silage and -sweet-clover hay made an average daily gain of 2.45 pounds, at a cost -of $4.34 per hundred pounds of gain, whereas the steers which were -fed corn silage and red-clover hay made an average daily gain of 2.29 -pounds, at a cost of $4.55 per hundred. The steers that were fed corn -silage and alfalfa hay made an average daily gain of 2.49 pounds, at -a cost of $4.30 per hundred. In computing the cost of the gains, corn -silage was valued at $3 per ton, alfalfa, red-clover, and sweet-clover -hay at $10 per ton, and prairie hay at $6 per ton. The results of -this experiment, as given in Table VII, show that sweet-clover hay is -practically equal to red-clover and alfalfa and greatly superior to -prairie hay for roughage for steers. - -Table VII.--Feeding experiments with steers in South Dakota, showing -the value of sweet-clover hay as compared with some other kinds of hay. - -[Corn silage fed in all cases; kind of hay varies.] - - ------------+-------+--------+----------------+-------+---------------+------ - | | |Average weight. | |Feed per pound | Cost - | | +--------+-------+ | of gain. | per - |Number | | At | |Average+-------+-------+ 100 - | of |Duration| begin- | At | daily | | |pounds - Roughage. |steers.|of test.| ning. | end. | gain. |Silage.| Hay. | of - | | | | | | | | gain. - ------------+-------+--------+--------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------ - | | Days. | Pounds.|Pounds.|Pounds.|Pounds.|Pounds.| - Red-clover | | | | | | | | - hay | 4 | 91 | 775 | 983 | 2.29 | 25 | 1.5 | $4.55 - | | | | | | | | - Sweet- | | | | | | | | - clover hay| 4 | 91 | 774 | 997 | 2.45 | 23 | 1.5 | 4.34 - | | | | | | | | - Alfalfa | 4 | 91 | 775 | 1,005 | 2.49 | 23 | 1.6 | 4.30 - | | | | | | | | - Prairie | 4 | 91 | 769 | 951 | 2.01 | 29 | 1.5 | 4.79 - hay | | | | | | | | - ------------+-------+--------+--------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------ - -The results of these various experiments are being duplicated every -year by many feeders. Each year in the Middle West and Northwest many -cattle that bring high prices are being fed with no other roughage than -sweet-clover hay. Steers which have been pastured entirely on sweet -clover have brought in the Chicago market $1 per hundredweight more -than ordinary grass-pastured stock marketed from the same locality and -at the same time. - -Excellent results were obtained in Lee County, Ill., from feeding -steers sweet-clover silage made from plants which had matured a -seed crop. For this experiment 91 head of steers 2 and 3 years old, -averaging 1,008 pounds per head, were purchased at the Kansas City -stock yards on November 16, 1915, at a cost of $6.30 per hundred. -These steers were shipped to a farm at Steward and immediately turned -on 120 acres of cornstalks. They were fed nothing in addition to the -cornstalks until January 14, 1916, when they were put into the feed -lot. While they were not weighed when turned into the feed lot, the -owner of the steers stated that in his estimation they had gained -but little, if any. During the 60 days these steers were in the feed -lot they were fed 25 bushels of snapped corn twice a day and as much -sweet-clover silage as they would eat. These animals had access to -sweet-clover straw during the first part of the feeding period, but -after this was consumed they had only oat straw as roughage. At the -end of the feeding period they were sold on the Chicago market at the -average price of $8.25 per hundred, netting approximately $30 per head. -The average weight of these steers in the Chicago yards was 1,177 -pounds, 169 pounds more than when purchased in Kansas City. - -A most remarkable feature of this experiment is the fact that the -steers were fed almost entirely material which would have been -considered of little value by the average farmer. The corn which was -fed tested 44 per cent moisture at the Rochelle, Ill., elevator, and 20 -cents per bushel was the best price offered for it. - -Presumably on account of wet weather during the fall of 1915, the -sweet-clover seed crop was a failure in that section; in fact, the crop -had been cut for seed and part had been thrashed before it was decided -that the seed yield was not sufficient to pay for the thrashing. The -remainder of the crop was then run into the silo and fed to the steers. -The leaves fall and the stems of this plant become hard and woody as -the seed matures. The crop therefore would have been worthless for -feed had it not been placed in the silo. As a rule, stock readily eat -sweet-clover straw when the stems are broken and crushed by the hulling -machines. The sweet-clover straw which was used as roughage during the -first part of the feeding period was from that part of the seed crop -which had been thrashed. - -An interesting feeding experiment was conducted on a farm at Rochelle, -Ill. On September 7, 1913, 29 head of 2-year-old steers, averaging -836 pounds, were turned on 40 acres of sweet clover which had been -seeded that spring with barley. These animals were pastured on the -sweet clover until November 1 without additional feed. During this time -they made exceptionally large gains. From November 1 to December 11, -28 head of these steers had access to an 80-acre field of cornstalks. -On December 11 they were put into the feed lot. During the time these -steers were on the cornstalks they barely held their gain, but during -the first 30 days they were in the feed lot they made an average daily -gain of almost 3 pounds. In this period they received 215 bushels of -corn-and-cob meal and 16-3/4 tons of silage made from the first-year -growth of sweet clover. During the next 30 days they received 388 -bushels of corn-and-cob meal and much less sweet-clover, silage. -During this time they made an average daily gain of 2 pounds. When the -corn-and-cob meal ration was increased the steers ate less silage. -These cattle dressed 55-1/8 per cent at a Chicago packing house. - - - - -SWEET CLOVER AS A SOIL-IMPROVING CROP. - - -Unlike many legumes, sweet clover will make a good growth on soils too -depleted in humus for profitable crop production. In addition to its -ability to grow and to produce a considerable quantity of forage on -such soils, it will add much humus to them. The extensive root systems -do much toward breaking up the subsoil, thereby providing better -aeration and drainage. The effect of the large, deep roots in opening -up the subsoil and providing better drainage is often very noticeable -in the spring, as the land upon which sweet clover has grown for -several years will be in a condition to plow earlier than the adjacent -fields where it has not been grown. The roots are often one-eighth of -an inch in diameter at a depth of 3 feet, and they decay in five to -eight weeks after the plants die. (Figs. 12 and 13.) The holes made by -the roots are left partly filled with a fibrous substance which permits -rapid drainage. Sandy soils are benefited materially by the addition -of humus and nitrogen, while hardpan often is broken up so completely -that alfalfa or other crops will readily grow on the land. The roots -add much organic matter to the layers of soil below the usual depth of -plowing, while those in the surface soil, together with the stubble -and stems, when the crop is plowed under, add more humus than possibly -any other legume which may be grown in short rotations. Not only does -this crop add organic matter to the soil, but in common with other -legumes it has the power of fixing atmospheric nitrogen by means of the -nitrogen-gathering bacteria in the nodules on the roots. - -[Illustration: Fig. 12.--A portion of a root of sweet clover, collected -30 days after the seed crop had been cut. The cortex was so decayed -that it remained in the ground when the root was removed. Note that the -pith has largely disappeared and that the half-rotten central cylinder -is all that remains.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 13.--The same root shown in figure 12 after being -crushed between the thumb and forefinger. Illustrating how rapidly -sweet-clover roots decay after the plants die. The holes left in the -ground by the rapid decay of the roots facilitate drainage.] - -The ability of sweet clover to reclaim abandoned, run-down land has -been demonstrated in northern Kentucky and in Alabama. In these regions -many farms were so depleted in nitrogen and humus by continuous -cropping with nonleguminous crops that profitable yields could be -obtained no longer, Through the use of this crop many of these farms -have been brought back to a fair state of fertility. Tests at the -Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station show that the increased yield -of corn following sweet clover which had occupied the land for two -years was 6-3/4 bushels per acre. The cotton grown on the land the -second year showed an increase of 56 pounds per acre. The combined -value of the increased yields of corn and cotton for the two years was -estimated at $9.75. The total yield of hay for the two preceding years -was 6.8 tons per acre. In another experiment at this station cotton was -planted on land that had grown sweet clover the two previous years and -on land that had received an application of 18 tons of stable manure -per acre. The sweet-clover plat produced 280 pounds of seed cotton the -first year and 120 pounds of seed cotton the second year more than the -plat which received the heavy application of manure. - -Land on which sweet clover had been grown for four years at the Ohio -Agricultural Experiment Station yielded 26.9 bushels of wheat per acre -as compared with 18.6 bushels on the check plat. Sweet clover was -seeded at the Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station in the spring -of 1912. One cutting of hay was removed that year and the following -spring the field was plowed and planted to corn. The corn yielded -58.8 bushels per acre as compared with 41.1 bushels per acre for an -adjoining plat where rye was turned under. A number of tests have been -conducted in southeastern Kansas which show clearly the value of sweet -clover as a soil-improving crop for that section. The yield of wheat -has been increased as much as 7 bushels per acre and that of corn as -much as 22 bushels per acre by plowing under the second-year growth of -clover. - -Annual yellow sweet clover is rapidly gaining in favor as a -green-manure crop for orchards in the Southwest. In Arizona two plats -seeded in October and plowed under in April yielded, respectively, 16 -and 17 tons of green matter to the acre. At the Arizona Agricultural -Experiment Station annual yellow sweet clover, lupines, and alfalfa -were tested as green-manure crops for orchards. In this experiment the -sweet clover clearly showed its superiority to lupines or alfalfa for -this purpose, as it yielded from 21 to 26 tons of green matter per -acre, whereas the highest yield for the lupines was 10 tons and for the -alfalfa 15 tons per acre. - -The use of annual sweet clover as a green-manure crop in southern -California has increased very rapidly in recent years, and this -increased use apparently has been justified by the results obtained -with it. One of the most interesting green-manure tests thus far noted -was conducted at the California Citrus Experiment Station. In this -experiment nine legume plats and eight nonlegume plats alternated -with each other. The 4-year average weight of green matter produced -on the sweet-clover plat was 14-3/4 tons per acre, whereas the 5-year -average weight of green matter produced by common vetch and Canada -field peas was 12 tons and 9 tons, respectively, per acre. On one -series of these plats corn was planted in rotation with the clover. -The average yield of shelled corn for four years was 46 bushels to -the acre on the sweet-clover plat, as compared with 35 bushels to the -acre on the common-vetch plat and 40 bushels per acre on the field-pea -plat. One barley plat receiving each year an application of 1,080 -pounds of nitrate of soda gave an average yield of 41 bushels per acre. -The 2-year average yield of potatoes following sweet clover was 252 -bushels per acre, as compared with 171 bushels following common vetch -and 234 bushels following field peas. Sweet clover has proved to be an -excellent plant to grow in rotation with sugar beets, as the 2-year -average for the beets following it was 19.8 tons per acre, as compared -with 15.3 tons following common vetch, and 17.6 tons following field -peas. - -Annual yellow sweet clover makes a profitable growth only in the South -and Southwest and therefore should not be planted in any other section -of the country. - -In those sections of the United States where the soils are low in humus -it is to be strongly recommended that sweet clover be grown for green -manure. This method is being practiced in some sections of the country -with excellent results. - -It should be remembered that sweet clover will not make a satisfactory -growth on acid soils and that it is very essential to provide -inoculation if the soil is not inoculated already. - - - - -SWEET CLOVER IN ROTATIONS. - - -As sweet clover is a biennial plant, it lends itself readily to short -rotations. It may be seeded in the spring on winter grain or with -spring grain, the same as red clover. It will produce at least as -much pasturage the following fall as red clover, and in some parts of -the country a cutting of hay may be obtained after the grain harvest. -The following year the plants will produce two cuttings of hay or one -cutting of hay and a seed crop. In some sections of the United States -this plant is replacing red clover in rotations, as it will succeed on -poorer soils than red clover and will add much more humus to the soil. -It will withstand drought better than either red clover or alfalfa, -and on this account its use in rotations may be extended into drier -sections. As a rule the beneficial effect of sweet clover on the -subsequent crops is more marked than that of other legumes. This is -especially true with corn, and whenever possible corn should follow -sweet clover in rotations. Root crops also are benefited by its use in -rotations, as the large deep roots of sweet clover open up the soil. - - - - -SWEET CLOVER AS A HONEY PLANT. - - -A number of the leading honey plants fail to secrete nectar in part of -the territory in which they are found, but white sweet clover ranks as -a valuable source of nectar wherever found in sufficient quantity in -the United States. The period of nectar secretion usually follows that -of white and alsike clovers in the Northern States, and consequently -comes at a time when the colonies are strong enough to get the full -benefit of the secretion. The honey from white sweet clover is light in -color, with a slight green tint, the flavor being mild and suggestive -of vanilla. The characteristic flavor and color of the honey seem to -be less marked during a rapid secretion of nectar, In the irrigated -portions of the West honey from white sweet clover is often mixed with -that from alfalfa. - -Beekeepers have long recognized the value of sweet clover as a source -of nectar, and for years tons of seed have been sold annually by -dealers in beekeepers' supplies. It has never been found profitable -to cultivate any plant solely for nectar, and those beekeepers who -were primarily interested in the plant for bee forage have scattered -the seed chiefly in waste places and along railroad embankments and -roadsides. A number of beekeepers who were also engaged in general -farming have for years utilized the plant for forage, and they were -among the earliest to grow the plant for seed, so as to be able to -supply their fellow beekeepers. Sweet clover to-day is almost the -only plant which beekeepers seek to increase in waste lands in their -localities. - -The yield of nectar from sweet clover is heavy, and a number of -beekeepers now market this honey in carload lots. Sweet clover is -utilized for honey especially in Kentucky, in Iowa, and in Colorado and -adjacent States. In Alabama and Mississippi a number of beekeepers are -harvesting large crops chiefly from this source. The color and flavor -make this plant suitable for either comb or extracted honey. - -Yellow sweet clover is perhaps as valuable for nectar as white sweet -clover, but beekeepers have paid less attention to it. This is probably -due to the fact that the blooming period of the yellow species often -coincides with that of white and alsike clover, making it less valuable -to the beekeeper. In sections where the quantity of white and alsike -clover is limited and it is desired to plant sweet clover for bee -pasturage, a mixture of the white and yellow species is recommended, as -the yellow species will bloom from 10 to 14 days earlier than the white. - -Wherever any of the species of sweet clover are cultivated, either -for forage or for seed, beekeeping is to be recommended as a valuable -source of additional income, and such locations are especially suitable -for extensive commercial beekeeping. - - - * * * * * - - -Transcriber Note - - -Minor typos may have been corrected. Illustrations may have been moved -to avoid splitting paragraphs. Many of the Tables have labels which are -displayed as italics; but due to space limitations in the text-only -version, the italicization was ignored. - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's USDA Farmers' Bulletin No. 820, by H. S. 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