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} -dl.pcap { font-family:sans-serif; font-size:80%; } -span.attr { font-size:80%; font-family:sans-serif; } -span.pn { display:inline-block; width:4.7em; text-align:left; margin-left:0; text-indent:0; } -</style> -</head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Big Bend National Park, by W. Ray Scott - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Big Bend National Park - Land of Dramatic Contrasts and Scenic Grandeur - -Author: W. Ray Scott - -Release Date: July 15, 2020 [EBook #62658] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BIG BEND NATIONAL PARK *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -</pre> - -<div id="cover" class="img"> -<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Big Bend National Park: Land of Dramatic Contrasts and Scenic Grandeur" width="500" height="782" /> -</div> -<div class="box"> -<h1><span class="ss">Big Bend -<br />National Park -<br /><span class="smallest">Land of</span> -<br /><span class="smaller">Dramatic Contrasts</span> -<br /><span class="smallest">and</span> -<br /><span class="smaller">Scenic Grandeur</span></span></h1> -</div> -<p class="center"><span class="ss">Story and Photography -<br />by -<br />W. RAY SCOTT</span></p> -<p class="center"><span class="ss">Published by -<br />NATIONAL PARK CONCESSIONS, INC.</span></p> -<p class="center smaller"><span class="ss">Copyrighted 1950 by National Park Concessions, Inc.</span></p> -<table class="center"> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="2"><i>National Parks</i></th></tr> -<tr><td class="l">ACADIA </td><td class="r">MAINE</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">BIG BEND </td><td class="r">TEXAS</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">BRYCE CANYON </td><td class="r">UTAH</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">CARLSBAD CAVERNS </td><td class="r">NEW MEXICO</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">CRATER LAKE </td><td class="r">OREGON</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">EVERGLADES </td><td class="r">FLORIDA</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">GLACIER </td><td class="r">MONTANA</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">GRAND CANYON </td><td class="r">ARIZONA</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">GRAND TETON </td><td class="r">WYOMING</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS </td><td class="r">NORTH CAROLINA & TENNESSEE</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">HAWAII </td><td class="r">HAWAII</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">HOT SPRINGS </td><td class="r">ARKANSAS</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">ISLE ROYALE </td><td class="r">MICHIGAN</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">KINGS CANYON </td><td class="r">CALIFORNIA</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">LASSEN VOLCANIC </td><td class="r">CALIFORNIA</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">MAMMOTH CAVE </td><td class="r">KENTUCKY</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">MESA VERDE </td><td class="r">COLORADO</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">MOUNT McKINLEY </td><td class="r">ALASKA</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">MOUNT RAINIER </td><td class="r">WASHINGTON</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">OLYMPIC </td><td class="r">WASHINGTON</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">PLATT </td><td class="r">OKLAHOMA</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">ROCKY MOUNTAIN </td><td class="r">COLORADO</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">SEQUOIA </td><td class="r">CALIFORNIA</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">SHENANDOAH </td><td class="r">VIRGINIA</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">VIRGIN ISLANDS </td><td class="r">VIRGIN ISLANDS</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">WIND CAVE </td><td class="r">SOUTH DAKOTA</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">YELLOWSTONE </td><td class="r">WYOMING-MONTANA-IDAHO</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">YOSEMITE </td><td class="r">CALIFORNIA</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">ZION </td><td class="r">UTAH</td></tr> -</table> -<div class="pb" id="Page_2">2</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p02.jpg" alt="Decorated capital" width="100" height="105" /> -</div> -<p>Southwestern Texas, along the Big Bend of the Rio Grande, -one of the last scenic frontiers of America is located in a remote -and unspoiled setting. Vast stretches of plains and range land, -interspersed with numerous outcroppings of buttresses and ridges, -end abruptly against a mass of mountains near the Mexican border. -Etched and carved by the master hand of “Erosion” giant arroyos -and imposing gorges are spread through the area in wild abandon. -Towering, jagged peaks of the Chisos Mountains merge with the -desert, plains and valleys in Big Bend National Park to create a -kaleidoscopic pattern of dramatic contrasts and striking grandeur.</p> -<p>The northern approach to Big Bend is through Marathon. Leaving -U. S. Highway 90 from this point, the Park boundary at Persimmon -Gap is about forty miles over State Road 51. The Big -Bend area is about 330 miles west of San Antonio and 220 miles -southeast of El Paso. Alpine, the western gateway to Big Bend is -118 miles from the Basin of the Chisos Mountains, in the center -of the Park.</p> -<p>Embraced in the gigantic curve of the Rio Grande, the Park lies -just across the river from Old Mexico, where many geological features -have a profound influence on the scenic aspects of this area. On -the east, majestically rising above the Boquillas Canyon, the Sierra -del Carmen Range provides a picturesque backdrop for the mesquite -and cactus covered plains. Two other canyons complete the international -features on the south and west. At the southernmost -boundary of the Park, and almost inaccessible, is the rugged Mariscal -Canyon, where the Rio Grande has carved its tortuous channel -through more than seven miles of limestone rock. Precipitous walls -of this abyss are almost sixteen hundred and fifty feet in height. -The most imposing and the most easily accessible of the three canyons -is the Santa Elena, along the western boundary of Big Bend.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_3">3</div> -<div class="img" id="fig1"> -<img src="images/p02a.jpg" alt="" width="752" height="1000" /> -<p class="pcap">SANTA ELENA CANYON—The majestic grandeur of the Big Bend area is emphasized -by the towering walls of the Santa Elena Canyon. Here, where the Rio Grande -emerges from the winding gorge, Mexico appears at the left, the United States on -the right.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_4">4</div> -<p>Here, a deep gash in the mesa de Anguila and Sierra Ponce marks -the course of the river for eighteen miles. Through millions of years, -the silt and gravel laden waters have continued their endless task -of grinding away the limestone bit by bit until now the walls of -the canyon rise perpendicularly more than fifteen hundred feet -above the waters of the river.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig2"> -<img src="images/p03.jpg" alt="" width="699" height="758" /> -<p class="pcap">BOQUILLAS, MEXICO AND SIERRA DEL CARMEN RANGE—The Village of Boquillas -is located in a picturesque setting along the Rio Grande and at the base of the -Sierra del Carmen Range.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_5">5</div> -<div class="img" id="fig3"> -<img src="images/p03a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="677" /> -<p class="pcap">SIERRA DEL CARMEN RANGE—One of the outstanding scenic features of the eastern -section of Big Bend National Park is Mexico’s picturesque Sierra del Carmen Range, -which exceeds 8,000 feet in elevation.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_6">6</div> -<div class="img" id="fig4"> -<img src="images/p04.jpg" alt="" width="697" height="749" /> -<p class="pcap">SPIRES AND PINNACLES IN THE GRAPEVINE HILLS—Erosion, like a master sculptor, -has carved many weird and grotesque forms throughout the Big Bend area.</p> -</div> -<p>The geological story of Big Bend is vividly revealed in the rock -strata, the spires, buttresses, erosive remnants, arroyos and canyons. -The entire Big Bend area was submerged by an ocean millions of -years ago. Sediments of sand, mud and lime deposited on the floor -of the sea later hardened into rock. Common to all oceans, various -types of aquatic life abounded in these waters, many of which were -fossilized in the forming of the rock. Igneous action within the -earth’s interior caused an uplifting of the surface and receding of -the ocean waters. It was during this period that giant trees grew -and later became petrified. (Evidence may be noted on the Tornillo -Flats.) Swamp and shoreline vegetation provided food for the -dinosaurs during this period. As the igneous action increased, -molten rock was deposited in some sections and mountains were -<span class="pb" id="Page_7">7</span> -formed along the lines of greatest pressure. This newly formed -rock was soft and highly susceptible to the processes of erosion, -which gradually broke down the softer portions of the mountains, -making deposits in the valleys and lowlands.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig5"> -<img src="images/p04a.jpg" alt="" width="756" height="700" /> -<p class="pcap">ROCK FORMATIONS IN THE GRAPEVINE HILLS—Fantastic shapes have been created -by erosive action in the Big Bend National Park. Here, the massive boulders form a -frame for the mountains in the distance.</p> -</div> -<p>Evidence of the tremendous force of erosion is very pronounced -throughout the Big Bend National Park. Here nature has carved -<span class="pb" id="Page_8">8</span> -a cross section out of the earth leaving the rocks of various geological -eras etched in bold relief. The Big Bend country reveals -to the novice a greater understanding of the geological evolution -through which the earth has passed. Scientists, who have searched -the arroyos, buttresses and canyons, have obtained vital information -and substantiating facts which have contributed to the knowledge -and advancement of the science of geology.</p> -<p>Climatic conditions throughout the Big Bend region are mild -and arid. Here again, in this land of contrasts, it is possible to -experience a variation of temperatures and weather conditions. -During the hottest part of the summer the high altitudes of the -Chisos Mountains remain moderate and cool, while the temperatures -are much higher along the lower plains, the desert and river -valleys. The annual rainfall is light, varying from 8 to 20 inches. -Although there is some snow and freezing weather in the mountains -during the winter months, extreme temperatures normally -are of short duration. In other sections of the Park the temperatures -rarely drop below freezing. Throughout the winter the temperatures -are mild along the Rio Grande.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_9">9</div> -<div class="img" id="fig6"> -<img src="images/p05.jpg" alt="" width="700" height="768" /> -<p class="pcap">ARROYO—Arroyos dip below the plains in appalling vistas of sand and desert -wasteland revealing the continuous processes of erosion. The foothills of the Chisos -Mountains are in the distance.</p> -</div> -<p>Outstanding in natural phenomena the scenic features of Big -Bend National Park comprise a variety of spectacular attractions. -In addition to the canyons of the Rio Grande, numerous colorful -arroyos dip below the plains in appalling vistas of sand, rock and -scrub vegetation of the desert. Buttresses push their towering -masses into the azure sky, revealing a graphic account of endless -battles with the elements. The uncovered strata opens the book -of geologic history. High in the Chisos Mountains, majestically -reigning over the Basin, Casa Grande, an erosive remnant of rhyolite, -rises 7,300 feet above sea level. This massive monolith is a -conspicuous landmark, photogenic in its moods of shifting lights -and shadows. Climaxing the mountain scenery are the outstanding -vistas that unfold from the South Rim of the Chisos Mountains. -From this lofty plateau, more than 7,000 feet above sea level and -a mile above the sprawling valley of the Rio Grande, the extensive -awe-inspiring view reaches far into Old Mexico. To the east, blue -and purple in the distance, ranges of the Sierra del Carmen and -Sierra Fronterisa pose in their grandeur. More than a hundred -miles to the south the distant Sierra Madres form the horizon line -in Mexico and the Mesa de Anguila forms a sharp outline to the -west. Dropping sheer from the South Rim, precipitous cliffs slope -into the Lower Chisos, more than 1,000 feet below the rim.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_10">10</div> -<div class="img" id="fig7"> -<img src="images/p06.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="505" /> -<p class="pcap">TULE MOUNTAIN—Erosion has carved innumerable -spires and buttresses out of Big Bend’s igneous rock.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_12">12</div> -<div class="img" id="fig8"> -<img src="images/p07.jpg" alt="" width="584" height="800" /> -<p class="pcap">WEST FACE OF THE SOUTH RIM—Dynamic and spectacular, the view from the South -Rim of the Chisos Mountains reaches across the Rio Grande and far into Old Mexico.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_13">13</div> -<div class="img" id="fig9"> -<img src="images/p07a.jpg" alt="" width="574" height="794" /> -<p class="pcap">THE SOUTH RIM OF THE CHISOS MOUNTAINS—Looking west along the face of the -South Rim where perpendicular cliffs drop more than 1,000 feet to the lower Chisos. -The Rio Grande valley is in the middle distance.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_14">14</div> -<div class="img" id="fig10"> -<img src="images/p08.jpg" alt="" width="718" height="700" /> -<p class="pcap">SOUTH RIM VISTA—One of the most spectacular views in Big Bend National Park -is the amazing expanse that unfolds from the South Rim of the Chisos Mountains. -In the middle distance is the Rio Grande—and Mexico beyond.</p> -</div> -<p>Among the lesser peaks of the Chisos Mountains, many of the -names are closely related to resemblance or legendary origin. Crown -Mountain, Pummel Peak and Mule Ear Peaks are formed in the -image of their namesakes. Legends of a lost silver mine center -around Lost Mine Peak, supposed to be the scene of mining operations -by the early Spanish explorers. Historical episodes of the -<span class="pb" id="Page_15">15</span> -Spanish Conquistadors, legendary stories of the Apache Indians -and the drama of bandits, rustlers and Texas rangers of the Wild -West, have all made a definite contribution toward the fascination -of the Big Bend country.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig11"> -<img src="images/p08a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="671" /> -<p class="pcap">PUMMEL PEAK—From the plains, Pummel Peak in the Chisos Mountains, rises to -form the replica of a massive saddle.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_16">16</div> -<div class="img" id="fig12"> -<img src="images/p09.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="414" /> -<p class="pcap">ANTELOPE—The natural habitat of the antelope is -along the grassy slopes of Big Bend’s foothills, -while mule deer roam the plains and the flag tail -deer live in the higher elevations of the mountains.</p> -</div> -<p>The Chisos Mountains have been classed as a biological island -due to their isolation from other mountain groups or ranges. While -the Chisos are erroneously considered as the southern extremity of -the Rocky Mountains they are widely separated by a vast expanse -of desert and plains. This factor has influenced the types of wildlife -that are prevalent in this area and many species are more -closely related to the Sierra Madres in Mexico than to the environs -of the Rockies. The flagtail deer, mountain lion and black bear -are found at the higher elevations in the Chisos Mountains, while -mule deer, antelope and javalina frequent the foothills and plains. -Due to excessive hunting before Big Bend was established as a -National Park, antelope and big horn sheep had completely disappeared -<span class="pb" id="Page_17">17</span> -from the area. Antelope have been restocked in recent -years and are gradually on the increase. Along the Rio Grande -beaver and badger comprise the principal types of wildlife. Many -rare species of birds found in Big Bend include the Colima warbler, -aplomade falcon, Inca dove, white-necked raven and golden eagle. -More common types are the orioles, tanagers, cardinals, hummingbirds, -thrashers and wrens.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_18">18</div> -<div class="img" id="fig13"> -<img src="images/p10.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="683" /> -<p class="pcap">THE GOLDEN EAGLE—Rocky spires and crags in the high elevations of the Chisos -Mountains provide an ideal setting for the Golden Eagle.</p> -</div> -<p>Vegetation in Big Bend National Park has been influenced by -climatic conditions as well as the various elevations above sea level. -These factors, contributing to species and types of plant communities, -have provided for four separate groups—desert, foothills, -mountains and river valley types. Many of the desert plants are -typical of the vegetation of the desert and plains throughout the -southwest. Some of the more common varieties include mesquite, -petaya (or strawberry cactus), sotol, yucca, lechiguilla, prickly pear -and cholla cactus. In the foothills and along the mountain slopes, -<span class="pb" id="Page_19">19</span> -pinion and juniper trees as well as maguey and lesser plants, comprise -the principal vegetation. Ponderosa pine and Douglas fir are -the dominant types of forest trees found in the ravines and canyons -of the higher mountains. Near the South Rim trees are sparse -and many are dwarfed and twisted as a result of the continuous -battle for survival. The trees and plants along the Rio Grande -reflect the influence of moisture—cottonwoods, willows and cane -reeds being common to this area.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig14"> -<img src="images/p10a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="631" /> -<p class="pcap">BIG BEND VEGETATION—Typical vegetation of the Big Bend area includes ocotillo, -yucca, cactus, and mesquite.</p> -</div> -<p>The early history of the Big Bend country is linked with Indian -legends and stories of the Spanish Conquistadors. In 1530 Cabeza -de Vaca traveled through Big Bend during his expedition and exploration -of the southwest. In his report on the area near the Rio -Grande he mentioned the beans and melons that grew along the -river valleys.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_20">20</div> -<div class="img" id="fig15"> -<img src="images/p11.jpg" alt="" width="588" height="800" /> -<p class="pcap">YUCCA OR SPANISH DAGGER—The yucca grows throughout the lower elevations -of Big Bend National Park. During the spring blossoming season, the yucca exhibits -a rare floral display in Dagger Flats.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_21">21</div> -<div class="img" id="fig16"> -<img src="images/p11a.jpg" alt="" width="591" height="800" /> -<p class="pcap">MAGUEY OR CENTURY PLANT—The golden yellow blossoms of the Century Plant -make their appearance during late spring and early summer. This is one of the -typical plants of the Big Bend area.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_22">22</div> -<div class="img" id="fig17"> -<img src="images/p12.jpg" alt="" width="781" height="698" /> -<p class="pcap">LOST MINE PEAK—As the road to the Basin winds up through Green Gulch, colorful -peaks rise majestically on all sides. The summit of Lost Mine Peak, which is 7,000 -feet in elevation, is reached by a trail from the Basin.</p> -</div> -<p>For many years Indians of the Apache and Comanche tribes lived -and traveled through the Big Bend. They sought the seclusion and -protection of the Chisos Mountains after raids in the United States -and Mexico. The fighting Comanches of the Great Plains traveled -through what is now a part of the National Park, enroute to Mexico -where they raided and pillaged the ranches. The park entrance -road now follows closely the route of the historic “Comanche -Trail” through Big Bend.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_23">23</div> -<div class="img" id="fig18"> -<img src="images/p12a.jpg" alt="" width="585" height="800" /> -<p class="pcap">EMORY PEAK—With an elevation of 7,835 feet above sea level, Emory Peak is the -highest mountain in Big Bend National Park. One of the dominating features of -the Basin, Emory Peak was named for Major Emory.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_24">24</div> -<div class="img" id="fig19"> -<img src="images/p13.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="543" /> -<p class="pcap">THE WINDOW—From the Basin of the Chisos Mountains, the “Window” provides the -only vista of the lower plains. Unique and colorful rock formations may be observed -along the trail to the “Window.”</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_26">26</div> -<div class="img" id="fig20"> -<img src="images/p14.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="670" /> -<p class="pcap">SANTA ELENA CANYON—The Rio Grande has carved its channel for eighteen miles -through the Mesa de Anguila and Sierra Ponce. Here at the river’s exit, the walls -of the canyon rise 1,500 feet above the Rio Grande.</p> -</div> -<p>Legendary stories of the Apache Indians and of lost silver mines -are prevalent in the Big Bend region. A popular legend of Spanish -and Mexican origin is related to Lost Mine Peak. More than one -hundred years ago, when Texas was a part of Mexico, a prison was -located at San Vincente, on the south side of the Rio Grande. On -many occasions the prisoners were assigned to work in a mine -located in the Chisos Mountains. None of the prisoners ever returned -to San Vincente as those persons in command did not intend -to divulge the location of the mine. To this day Mexicans like to -<span class="pb" id="Page_27">27</span> -relate that on Easter Sunday morning, if a person will stand in the -doorway of the San Vicente Mission and wait for the sun to rise, -the first rays of the sun will strike a cave in the side of Lost Mine -Peak, indicating the location of the mine. Many investigations and -diligent searches for the mine have been unsuccessful, and Lost -Mine Peak retains the secret of this legend in mute repose. Another -phase of the lost mine story is that the miners were about -to be attacked by a hostile band of Indians and blasted the opening -of the mine, which was covered by an avalanche of igneous -rock. The group of miners were pursued and killed by the Indians, -carrying with them the secret of the mine’s location.</p> -<p>Following the early explorations of Cabeza de Vaca, the history -of the Big Bend region is linked with Spanish Missionaries and the -settlers and ranchers who began to push westward in the 1800’s. -The Big Bend area was surveyed by Major W. H. Emory of the -International Boundary Survey Commission of the United States -and Mexico in 1852. Emory Peak, with an elevation of 7,835 feet, -the highest in the Park, was named for Major Emory.</p> -<p>A later episode of historical significance is associated with the -expedition of Lt. Echols in 1859-1860. Lt. Echols was sent from -Fort Stockton to locate a site for an Army post in the Big Bend -area, near the Comanche War Trail. During this expedition, in -which camels were used to test their value in the desert southwest, -Lt. Echols traveled along the Comanche Trail through an extensive -section of the Park. In his report, which was published in Messages -and Documents, Lt. Echols described his visit to the Santa Elena -Canyon. He selected a site for a post near Castolon and reported -favorably on the use of camels in the southwest.</p> -<p>After the Civil War settlers moved farther into the southwest -and ranching became the principal industry throughout western -Texas. The Southern Pacific Railroad, in keeping apace with this -western movement, reached the present site of Alpine in 1882. -Alpine was settled in 1883 and Marathon in 1886.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_28">28</div> -<div class="img" id="fig21"> -<img src="images/p15.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="425" /> -<p class="pcap">GREEN GULCH—Visitors entering the basin, follow -the road up Green Gulch. Rock outcroppings -include Casa Grande of upper left and erosive -spires of Pulliam Mountain on the upper right.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_29">29</div> -<p>Following this period, southwestern Texas passed through an -era of cattle rustling, bandits and outlaws, with much of the activity -centering around the Big Bend country. Texas rangers wrote vivid -pages in this phase of Texas history, which was truly the “Wild -West.” Graphic accounts of the daring and bravery which these -men portrayed in establishing law and order has been dramatized -in hundreds of stories and motion pictures.</p> -<p>The epic events of the “Old West” have contributed extensively -to the popularity of the western cowboy, who might well be placed -in the Hall of Fame with other American immortals.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_30">30</div> -<div class="img" id="fig22"> -<img src="images/p16.jpg" alt="" width="768" height="523" /> -<p class="pcap">THE CHISOS MOUNTAINS—At a distance of ten miles across the plains, the Chisos -Mountains form a bold outline against the sky. This mountain group reaches an -elevation of 7,835 feet above sea level.</p> -</div> -<p>The story of Big Bend’s development into a National Park reflects -the interest and enthusiasm of the people of Texas. It was through -the diligent effort and unselfish action of these people that this -new Park has been set aside by the Congress of the United States -for the preservation of its many natural features and the enjoyment -of the people.</p> -<p>In 1933, through legislative action by the state of Texas, parts -of the Big Bend area became Texas Canyons State Park. Later the -same year another bill was passed which created Big Bend State -Park.</p> -<p>Congressman R. E. Thomason in 1934 introduced a bill to establish -a National Park in the Big Bend country. In 1935 Senator -Morris Sheppard suggested in a letter to President Franklin D. -Roosevelt, the establishment of an International Park along the -Texas-Mexican border. A copy of this letter was sent to the Secretary -<span class="pb" id="Page_31">31</span> -of the Interior for study and a report which was favorable -to the International Park idea. The establishment of Big Bend -National Park was authorized by Act of Congress June 20, 1935.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig23"> -<img src="images/p16a.jpg" alt="" width="722" height="700" /> -<p class="pcap">SPIRES OF PULLIAM MOUNTAIN—Spires and rock formations jut skyward, revealing -unique patterns of light and shadows. Pulliam Mountain is one of the dominant -features of the Basin.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_32">32</div> -<div class="img" id="fig24"> -<img src="images/p17.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="470" /> -<p class="pcap">THE BASIN FROM LOST MINE PEAK—A magnificent -panorama of mountains and plains unfolds from -Lost Mine Peak. At the upper left is Casa Grande -and Bailey Mountain is at the upper-right center.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_33">33</div> -<p>The Fort Worth Star-Telegram announced in July, 1937 a campaign -to raise $1,000,000 by public subscription to purchase lands -for the proposed Big Bend National Park. The next year, in May, -1938, Governor James V. Allred appointed an executive committee -to work out plans for collecting $1,000,000 with which to acquire -the lands for the Park. Later that year, when the Big Bend Park -Association was organized, Amon G. Carter, of the Fort Worth -Star-Telegram, was named President of the organization.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_34">34</div> -<p>The Texas Legislature passed a bill in 1941 which provided for -$1,500,000 to purchase lands for the Big Bend National Park. In -February, 1944, the Governor of Texas, Coke R. Stevenson, gave -the Deed of Cession to Amon G. Carter with instructions to give -it to the proper officials in Washington, D. C. In June, 1944, Amon -G. Carter delivered the Deed of Cession to the President of the -United States, and the Secretary of the Interior accepted the deed -to Big Bend lands on June 12, 1944, establishing Big Bend as the -27th National Park.</p> -<p>Today, the Big Bend visitor travels through the Park near the -Old Comanche Trail. South of Persimmon Gap the Park road dips -into an expansive plain, which is traversed by Tornillo Creek and -the Tornillo Flats. Many miles beyond a hazy blue ridge marks -the outline of the Chisos Range.</p> -<p>From the winding road across the flat, the bold profile of -the mountains becomes more pronounced; then the serpentine -roadway climbs into Green Gulch, where towering, craggy peaks -rise to imposing heights. Ascending to an elevation of 6,000 feet -at the pass, the road then slopes down into the Basin, where -the Mountain Cottages, Dining Room, Store and Service Station -provide accommodations for Big Bend visitors. The facilities, which -are located at an elevation of 5,400 feet above sea level, are open -throughout the year. Temperatures in the Basin are pleasingly -comfortable during the spring, summer and fall and cold weather -is rarely experienced during the winter. The Basin, completely -surrounded by the rugged peaks of the Chisos Mountains, is in the -center of the natural phenomena of the Park.</p> -<p>Innumerable attractions beckon the Big Bend traveler to new -adventures. The wide expanse of the plains, towering spires and -monoliths of the mountains, erosive arroyos, canyons and valleys -of the Rio Grande have classed Big Bend National Park as a land -<span class="pb" id="Page_35">35</span> -of rugged beauty, amazing contrasts and unique natural features. -The shifting of the light and shadows paints a constantly changing -picture of this scenic grandeur, which is accessible by automobile, -horseback or hiking along the trails.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig25"> -<img src="images/p18.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="646" /> -<p class="pcap">THE CHISOS MOUNTAINS—The plains gradually slope up into hills that end against -the Chisos Mountains. Just left of center is Casa Grande and the profile of Chief -Alsate is at the upper right.</p> -</div> -<p>Some of the most spectacular features are accessible only by -trail trips, either horseback or on foot. Interesting short trips may -be made to the “Window” or juniper Flat. The trail to the “Window” -leads down into Oak Canyon, where towering cliffs of Vernon -Bailey Peak and Ward Mountains rise like majestic sentinels above -the picturesque canyon. From Juniper Flat, the entire Basin appears -like a gigantic amphitheater, enclosed by mountains of the Chisos -<span class="pb" id="Page_36">36</span> -range. The Corral is conveniently located to the guest facilities -in the Basin where saddle horses, under competent guides, are -available for either short rides or for all-day trips to the South -Rim of the Chisos Mountains. The South Rim Trail leads to the -higher elevations of the Park. The Rim, itself, is 7,000 feet above -sea level and is the climax of Big Bend’s scenic panoramas. The -trail skirts the South Rim for a mile, then loops back along the -West Rim. From this lofty vantage point the tremendous sweep -of distance is spell-binding in its magnitude.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig26"> -<img src="images/p19.jpg" alt="" width="720" height="700" /> -<p class="pcap">GREEN GULCH—Interesting lights and shadows are created by the rock outcroppings -in Green Gulch. The road to the Basin winds through this gap in the mountains.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_37">37</div> -<p>Scenic trips to many of the outstanding features of the park may -be made by automobile. One of the most popular points of interest -is the Santa Elena Canyon, about 40 miles from the Basin. The -road to the canyon passes through a variety of terrain, skirting the -Chisos Mountains on the north and west. Barren desert wasteland, -colorful arroyos and buttresses dominate the landscape in this area. -Gravel covered plains, once the bed of an ancient sea, are dotted -with cactus and other typical species of southwest vegetation.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig27"> -<img src="images/p19a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="675" /> -<p class="pcap">MOUNTAIN COTTAGES IN THE CHISOS BASIN—The Cottages and other accommodations, -located at an elevation of 5,400 feet, are completely surrounded by towering -mountains. Emory Peak, at the upper right, is the highest in the park.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_38">38</div> -<div class="img" id="fig28"> -<img src="images/p20.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="677" /> -<p class="pcap">CHISOS MOUNTAINS COTTAGES AND CASA GRANDE—The Mountain Cottages are -located high in the Chisos Basin at an elevation of 5,400 feet above sea level. Casa -Grande, towering more than 2,000 feet above the cottages is one of the outstanding -mountains of the park.</p> -</div> -<p>From a distance of ten miles, the Santa Elena Canyon forms a -purple “V” in the Mesa de Anguila and Sierra Ponce. The approach -to the canyon becomes more striking with each receding mile, until -the sheer cliffs of the yawning gorge rise majestically above the -waters of the river. Since it is possible to drive within a few hundred -feet of the canyon, this is an ideal trip for all-age groups. -Picnic lunches are enjoyable on the sand bars along the Rio Grande -or under the shade of the cottonwood trees near the canyon. This -spectacular attraction provides an interesting all day outing and -scenic trip from the Basin.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_39">39</div> -<div class="img" id="fig29"> -<img src="images/p20a.jpg" alt="" width="700" height="766" /> -<p class="pcap">THE RIO GRANDE—The Big Bend of the Rio Grande provides the Southern boundary -of Big Bend National Park. Within the park boundary, the river courses through -three spectacular canyons: Santa Elena, Mariscal and Boquillas.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_40">40</div> -<div class="img" id="fig30"> -<img src="images/p21.jpg" alt="" width="587" height="800" /> -<p class="pcap">OAK CREEK CANYON—The trail to the “Window” descends into this chasm where -the towering mountain masses dwarf the figures of men.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_41">41</div> -<div class="img" id="fig31"> -<img src="images/p21a.jpg" alt="" width="603" height="800" /> -<p class="pcap">PINNACLES AND CANYONS OF PULLIAM MOUNTAIN—Many unique and interesting -rock formations have been created by the erosive action on Pulliam Mountain.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_42">42</div> -<div class="img" id="fig32"> -<img src="images/p22.jpg" alt="" width="719" height="700" /> -<p class="pcap">CORRAL—Located in the center of the Chisos Basin, the corral depicts a true western -atmosphere. Saddle horses are available for short rides or all day trips into the -mountains.</p> -</div> -<p>Boquillas, located in the eastern section of the park, is also -accessible by automobile. The Rio Grande area retains much of -<span class="pb" id="Page_43">43</span> -the frontier atmosphere of Texas and Mexico. Farther east near -the Boquillas Canyon, Mexico’s Sierra del Carmen Range stands -bold and magnificent, one of the most beautiful and inspiring -sights of the Park.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig33"> -<img src="images/p22a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="698" /> -<p class="pcap">PANORAMA FROM THE SOUTH RIM—Sheer perpendicular cliffs drop more than 1,000 -feet from the Rim, sloping into the foothills of the Lower Chisos. Beyond the Rio -Grande, in the middle distance, lies the varied terrain of Mexico.</p> -</div> -<p>Numerous evening activities provide fun and entertainment for -the Park visitor. National Park Service Naturalist and Rangers -interpret the natural features and historical background of Big -Bend around a campfire circle or in the ranger station.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_44">44</div> -<div class="img" id="fig34"> -<img src="images/p23.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="809" /> -<p class="pcap">SANTA ELENA CANYON—Perpendicular walls of the Canyon rise more than 1500 -feet above the Rio Grande. Mexico is on the left, the United States on the right.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_45">45</div> -<p>Far removed from the conventional world, there is a certain -friendliness of the Big Bend country that depicts an atmosphere -of the old frontier. Devoid of any pretentions, the community -high in the Chisos Mountains greets the traveler with the genuine -hospitality of the southwest, where informality is the keynote to -pleasant living.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig35"> -<img src="images/p23a.jpg" alt="" width="796" height="666" /> -<p class="pcap">From the Lost Mine Peak Trail ridges and valleys unfold in a striking panorama -of mountain scenery.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_46">46</div> -<div class="img" id="fig36"> -<img src="images/p24.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="574" /> -<p class="pcap">TRAIL RIDERS AT THE SOUTH RIM—Climaxing the scenery along the South Rim Trail -is the spectacular vista from the Rim itself. In the distance, the Sierra del Carmen -range is visible in Mexico.</p> -</div> -<p>In Big Bend National Park nature rules supreme. Untamed -mountains and canyons flaunt a challenge to the adventuresome -traveler. Undefiled and unblemished by the annals of time, Big -Bend retains its scenic treasures for those who would prospect -on the “Last Frontier.”</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_47">47</div> -<div class="img" id="fig37"> -<img src="images/p24a.jpg" alt="" width="718" height="700" /> -<p class="pcap">BOQUILLAS RANGER STATION—In the southeastern section of Big Bend National -Park, the Boquillas Ranger Station is located near the Rio Grande. The Chisos -Mountains form the horizon line in the distance.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_48">48</div> -<div class="img" id="fig38"> -<img src="images/p25.jpg" alt="" width="733" height="700" /> -<p class="pcap">CASTELLAN PEAK—Colorful strata reveals various phases of geology in the eroded -remnants throughout the Big Bend area.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_49">49</div> -<div class="img" id="fig39"> -<img src="images/p25a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="855" /> -<p class="pcap">BIG BEND NATIONAL PARK -<br />TEXAS</p> -</div> -<dl class="undent pcap"><dt>PARK ENTRANCE</dt> -<dd>SANTIAGO MTS</dd> -<dd>SIERRA DEL CARMEN</dd> -<dd>PERSIMMON GAP</dd> -<dd><i>TO MARATHON</i> 19 MILES</dd> -<dd><i>TO PARK HEADQUARTERS</i> 29 MILES</dd> -<dd>ROSILLOS MTS</dd> -<dd>DAGGER FLAT</dd> -<dd>GRAPEVINE HILLS</dd> -<dt>PARK ENTRANCE</dt> -<dd>LANTAS</dd> -<dd>TERLINGUA</dd> -<dd><i>TO ALPINE</i> 81 MILES</dd> -<dd>MAVERICK</dd> -<dd>TO CAMPGROUND 13 MILES</dd> -<dd><i>TO BASIN ROAD</i> 19 MILES</dd> -<dt>{BASIN ROAD CUTOFF}</dt> -<dd><i>TO PARK HEADQUARTERS</i> 3 MILES</dd> -<dd><i>TO THE BASIN AREA</i> 7 MILES</dd> -<dt>THE BASIN AREA</dt> -<dd>CHISOS MOUNTAINS</dd> -<dd>FOOD, LODGING</dd> -<dd>CAMPGROUND</dd> -<dt>PARK HEADQUARTERS</dt> -<dd><i>TO BOQUILLAS</i> 20 MILES</dd> -<dd>PANTHER JUNCTION</dd> -<dt>RIO GRANDE RIVER</dt> -<dd>MESA DE ANGUILA</dd> -<dd>SANTA ELENA CANYON</dd> -<dd>CASTOLON</dd> -<dd>RIO BRAVO DEL NORTE</dd> -<dd>TORNILLO CREEK</dd> -<dd>BOQUILLAS</dd> -<dd>BOQUILLAS CANYON</dd> -<dd>MARISCAL MT</dd> -<dd>MARISCAL CANYON</dd> -<dd>TALLEY MT</dd> -<dd>CHILCOTAL MT</dd> -<dd>SAN VICENTE</dd> -<dt>{KEY}</dt> -<dd>Ranger Station</dd> -<dd>Paved Road</dd> -<dd>Improved Road</dd> -<dd>Park Boundary</dd> -<dt>MEXICO</dt> -<dd>The International Boundary is at the Rio Grande</dd></dl> -<h2>Transcriber’s Notes</h2> -<ul> -<li>Silently corrected a few typos.</li> -<li>Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.</li> -<li>In the text versions only, text in <i>italics</i> is delimited by _underscores_.</li> -</ul> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Big Bend National Park, by W. 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