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diff --git a/old/62656-0.txt b/old/62656-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 697a589..0000000 --- a/old/62656-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2935 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of William Penn, by Hugo Oertel - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: William Penn - Life Stories for Young People - -Author: Hugo Oertel - -Release Date: July 15, 2020 [EBook #62656] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WILLIAM PENN *** - - - - -Produced by D A Alexander, Stephen Hutcheson, and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net -(This file was produced from images generously made -available by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - [Illustration: _WILLIAM PENN_] - - _Life Stories for Young People_ - - - - - WILLIAM PENN - - - _Translated from the German of - Hugo Oertel_ - - BY - GEORGE P. UPTON - _Translator of “Memories,” “Immensee,” etc._ - - WITH FOUR ILLUSTRATIONS - - [Illustration: A. C. McCLURG & CO.] - - CHICAGO - A. C. MCCLURG & CO. - 1911 - - Copyright - A. C. McClurg & Co. - 1911 - Published September, 1911 - - THE · PLIMPTON · PRESS - [W · D · O] - NORWOOD · MASS · U · S · A - - - - - Translator’s Preface - - -The life of William Penn is one which cannot be too closely studied by -American youth, and the German author of this little volume has told its -story in most attractive style. Not one of the early settlers of the -United States had loftier purpose in view, more exalted ambition, or -nobler character. The brotherhood of man was his guiding principle, and -in seeking to carry out his purpose he displayed resolute courage, -inflexible honesty, and the highest, noblest, and most beautiful traits -of character. He encountered numerous obstacles in his great -mission—imprisonment and persecution at home, slanders and calumnies of -his enemies, intrigues of those who were envious of his success, -domestic sorrows, and at last, and most deplorable of all, the -ingratitude of the colonists as the settlement grew, and in some cases -their enmity. It is a shining example of his lofty character and fair -dealing that the Indians, who were always jealous of white men and -suspicious of their designs, remained his stanch friends to the end, for -he never broke faith with them. His closing days were sad ones, and he -died in comparative seclusion, but his name will always be preserved by -that of the great commonwealth which bears it and his principles by the -name of the metropolis which signifies them. This world would be a -better one if there were more William Penns in it. - - G. P. U. - -Chicago, _July, 1911_ - - - - - Contents - - - Chapter Page - I William Penn’s Father—Childhood of Penn—Expulsion from Oxford - for his Religious Views—Travels on the Continent 11 - II The Plague and its Results—Penn as a Soldier—His Religious - Struggle—Becomes a Quaker—Imprisonment for Attending - Meetings—Death of his Father 24 - III Penn’s Third Imprisonment—His Happy Marriage—Fresh - Persecutions—Visits to Germany—Quaker Emigration 36 - IV The Popish Plot—Settlement of Virginia—The Royal Cession to - Penn—Christening of Pennsylvania—Outlines of Penn’s - Constitution 48 - V Description of Penn’s Domain—Negotiations with the Indians by - Penn’s Agent—Death of Penn’s Mother—Final Instructions - to his Family—Departure of the “Welcome” 60 - VI Penn’s Arrival—The Founding of Philadelphia—First General - Assembly—Building of the “Blue Anchor”—The First School - and Printing Press 72 - VII The Indian Conference—Signing of the Treaty—Penn Returns to - England to Defend his Rights against Lord - Baltimore—Accession of James the Second—His Dethronement - and Accession of William the Third 84 - VIII Penn Tried for Treason and Acquitted—Withdrawal of Penn’s - Charter—Death of his Wife and Son—Second - Marriage—Journey to America—Penn’s Home—Attempts to - Correct Abuses—Returns to England and Encounters Fresh - Dangers—Penn in the Debtors’ Prison—Ingratitude of the - Colonists 96 - IX Death of his Dissolute Son William—Penn’s Last Illness and - Mental Decline—His Death and Will 109 - Appendix 113 - - - - - Illustrations - - - Page - William Penn _Frontispiece_ - The Duel 22 - Penn and the Indians 82 - The Conference 84 - - - - - William Penn - - - - - Chapter I - William Penn’s Father—Childhood of Penn—Expulsion from Oxford for his - Religious Views—Travels on the Continent - - -William Penn was descended from an old English family which, as early as -the beginning of the fifteenth century, had settled in the county of -Buckinghamshire in the southern part of England, and of which a branch -seems later to have moved to the neighboring county of Wiltshire, for in -a church in the town of Mintye there is a tablet recording the death of -a William Penn in 1591. It was a grandson and namesake of this William -Penn, and the father of our hero, however, who first made the family -name distinguished. Brought up as a sailor by his father, the captain of -a merchantman, with whom he visited not only the principal ports of -Spain and Portugal, but also the distant shores of Asia Minor, he -afterward entered the service of the government and so distinguished -himself that in his twentieth year he was made a captain in the royal -navy. In 1643 he married Margaret Jasper, the clever and beautiful -daughter of a Rotterdam merchant, and from this time his sole ambition -was to make a name for himself and elevate his family to a rank they had -not hitherto enjoyed. In this he succeeded, partly by policy, but also -unquestionably by natural ability; for although the name of Penn is -scarcely enrolled among England’s greatest naval heroes, yet at the -early age of twenty-three he had been made a rear-admiral, and two years -later was advanced to the rank of vice-admiral—this too at a time when -advancement in the English navy could only be obtained by real merit and -valuable service. - -Penn’s father was also shrewd enough to take advantage of circumstances -and turn them to his profit. Although at heart a royalist, he did not -scruple to go over to the revolutionists when it became evident that the -monarchy must succumb to the power of the justly incensed people and -Parliament; and when the head of Charles the First had fallen under the -executioner’s axe and Oliver Cromwell had seized the reins of -government, Admiral Penn was prompt to offer his homage. Cromwell on his -part may have had some justifiable doubts as to the sincerity of this -allegiance, but knowing Penn to be an ambitious man of the world, he -felt reasonably sure of winning him over completely to the side of the -Commonwealth by consulting his interests. He had need of such men just -then, for the alliance between England and Holland, which he was -endeavoring to bring about, had just been frustrated by the passage by -Parliament of the Navigation Act of 1651, requiring that foreign -merchandise should be brought to England on English vessels only. This -was a direct blow at the flourishing trade hitherto carried on by the -Dutch with English ports, and a war with Holland was inevitable. As this -must of necessity be a naval war, Cromwell was quite ready to accept the -services of so able and experienced an officer as William Penn. The -young admiral fully justified the Protector’s confidence, for it was -largely owing to his valor that the war, during which ten great naval -battles were fought, ended in complete victory for the English. - -Scarcely less distinguished were his services in the subsequent war with -Spain, when he was given the task of destroying that country’s -sovereignty in the West Indies. He conquered the island of Jamaica, -which was added to England’s possessions, but was unable to retrieve an -unsuccessful attempt of the land forces assisting him to capture the -neighboring island of Hispaniola. He had been shrewd enough to make -terms with Cromwell before sailing for the West Indies. In compensation -for the damages inflicted on his Irish property during the civil war he -was granted an indemnity, besides the promise of a valuable estate in -Ireland, and the assurance of protection for his family during his -absence. It was well for Penn that he did so, for on his return he was -summarily deprived of his office and cast into prison—ostensibly for his -failure to conquer Hispaniola. The real reason, however, for this action -on the part of Cromwell was doubtless due to his knowledge of certain -double dealing on the part of Penn, who, shrewdly foreseeing that the -English Commonwealth was destined to be short-lived and that on the -death of Cromwell the son of the murdered King would doubtless be -restored to the throne, had secretly entered into communication with -this prince, then living at Cologne on the Rhine, and placed at his -disposition the entire fleet under his command. The offer had been -declined, it is true, Charles at that time being unable to avail himself -of it, but it had reached the ears of Cromwell, who took this means of -punishing the admiral’s disloyalty. - -That our hero should have been the child of such a father proves the -fallacy of the saying, “The apple never falls far from the tree.” His -mother, fortunately, was of a very different and far nobler stamp. She -seems to have felt no regret at her son’s religious turn of mind, for -later, when the father, enraged at his association with the despised -Quakers, turned him out of doors, she secretly sympathized with the -outcast and supplied him with money. - -This son, our William Penn, was born in London on the fourteenth of -October, 1644, as his father was floating down the Thames in the -battleship of which he had just been placed in command. For his early -education he was indebted entirely to his mother, his father’s -profession keeping him away from home most of the time. From what is -known of her, this must have been of a kind firmly to implant in the -child’s heart the seeds of piety, for such a development of spirituality -can only be ascribed to impressions received in childhood. William was -only eleven at the time of his father’s disgrace, but old enough to -understand and share his mother’s distress at the misfortune which fell -like a dark shadow across his youthful gayety. Even then the boy may -have realized how little real happiness is to be found in a worldly -career, and how poor are they whose whole thoughts are centred on the -things of this life. - -The admiral’s imprisonment did not last long, however. A petition for -pardon having been sent to the Protector, he was released and retired -with his family to bury his blighted ambitions on the Irish estate near -Cork which he had received as a reward for his achievements in the war -with Holland. Two more children had been born to them in the meantime, a -daughter, Margaret, and a second son, who was named Richard. Here, amid -the pleasures and occupations of a country life to which he devoted -himself with the greatest zest and enjoyment, young William grew into a -slender but stalwart youth. When it became time to consider his higher -education, for which there were no suitable opportunities at home, it -was decided to send him to Oxford—a plan which was deferred for a time, -however, owing to an event which was of more concern to Admiral Penn -than his son’s education, since it opened fresh fields for his ambition. - -This was the death of Oliver Cromwell on September 3, 1658. The news -revived Penn’s still cherished plans for assisting in the restoration of -Charles the Second, thereby laying the foundation of a new and brilliant -career at the court of the young King, whose favor he had already -propitiated by his offer of the fleet. These schemes he did not dare to -put into immediate execution for fear of involving himself in fresh -troubles, the parliamentary party still being in power and Cromwell’s -son Richard chosen as his successor. But no sooner had the latter, -realizing his inability to guide affairs with his father’s strong hand, -resigned the honor conferred upon him, no sooner was it announced that -Parliament had received a message from Charles the Second and was -favorably inclined toward his restoration to the throne, than the -aspiring admiral lost not a moment in hastening over to Holland to be -among the first to offer homage to the new King. - -The knighthood which he received from that grateful monarch served only -as a spur to still greater zeal in his interests, to which he devoted -himself with such success that he not only won over the navy to the -royal cause by his influence with its officers, but having accomplished -his election to Parliament, was thus able to assist in the decision to -recall the exiled sovereign. Again he was among the first to carry this -news to Holland, thereby establishing himself still more firmly in the -King’s favor. Not till these affairs were settled and a brilliant future -assured for himself and his family did Sir William find time to think of -his son, who was accordingly sent to Christ Church, Oxford. - -The young man must have soon discovered the deficiencies of his previous -education and realized that he was far behind other students of his own -age, but he applied himself to his studies with such diligence that he -made rapid progress and earned the entire approbation of his -instructors, while his amiability and kindness of heart, as well as his -skill in all sorts of manly sports, made him no less popular with his -fellow students. But skilful oarsman, sure shot, and good athlete as he -was, he never lost sight of the deeper things of life. Indefatigably as -he devoted himself to acquiring not only a thorough knowledge of the -classics, but also of several modern languages, so that he was able to -converse in French, German, Dutch, and Italian, he showed an even -greater fondness for the study of religion. He was especially interested -in the writings of the Puritans, which were spread broadcast at this -time, glowing with Christian zeal and denouncing the efforts made by the -court to introduce Catholic forms and ceremonies into divine worship in -the universities as well as elsewhere. Feeling it a matter of conscience -to protest against these innovations, Penn, with a number of his fellow -students, reluctantly determined to resist the orders of the King, with -whom his father stood in such high favor, but whose dissolute life could -win neither respect nor loyalty from the earnest and high-minded youth. - -About this time there appeared at Oxford a man whom William had already -seen as a child and who even then made a deep impression on him. This -was Thomas Loe, a follower of Fox, the Quaker whose teachings he was -endeavoring to spread throughout the country. He had visited Ireland for -this purpose and, doubtless at the suggestion of Sir William’s pious -lady, was asked to hold a meeting at their house. The eleven-year-old -William never forgot the effect produced by this sermon. Even his -father, not usually susceptible to religious feeling, was moved to -tears, and the boy thought what a wonderful place the world would be if -all were Quakers. - -Now that this same Thomas Loe had come to Oxford, what could be more -natural than that the young zealot, already roused to opposition and -imbued with Puritan ideas, should attend these Quaker meetings with -companions of a like mind? Strengthened in his childish impressions and -convinced that divine truth was embodied in Loe’s teachings, Penn and -his friends refused to attend the established form of service, with its -ceremonies, for which they openly expressed their abhorrence and -contempt. He was called to account and punished by the college -authorities for this and for attending the Quaker meetings, but it only -added fuel to the flame. Indignant at this so-called violation of their -principles, against the injustice of which they felt it a sacred duty to -rebel, they began to hold meetings among themselves for devotional -exercises, and only awaited a pretext for open revolt. This was soon -furnished by an order from the King prescribing the wearing of -collegiate gowns by the students. The young reformers not only refused -to wear them, but even went so far as to attack those who did and tear -the objectionable garments off from them by force—a proceeding which -naturally led to their expulsion after an official examination, during -which Penn had spoken boldly and unreservedly in his own and his -companions’ defence. - -The effect of this on the worldly and ambitious father may easily be -imagined. He had looked to his eldest son, on whom he had built such -high hopes, to carry on his aspiring schemes after his own death, and -totally unable to comprehend how a mere youth could be so carried away -by religious enthusiasm, the disgrace of William’s expulsion from the -university was a bitter blow to his pride. It was but a cold reception -therefore that the young man met with on his return to the paternal -roof. For a long time his father refused even to see him, and when he -did it was only to overwhelm him with the bitterest reproaches. He -sternly commanded him to abandon his absurd religious beliefs and break -off all communication with his Oxford associates, and when William -respectfully but firmly refused to do this until he should be convinced -of their absurdity, the admiral, accustomed as an officer to absolute -obedience, flew into such a passion that he seized his cane and ordered -his degenerate son out of the house. - -On calmer reflection, however, he became convinced of the uselessness of -such severity, for William, he discovered, though moping about, dejected -and unhappy, was still keeping up a lively correspondence with his -Quaker friends, so he resolved to try other methods. Knowing by -experience the power of worldly pleasures to divert the mind of youth -and drown serious thought in the intoxication of the senses, he -determined to resort to this dangerous remedy for his son, whose ideas -of life, to his mind, needed a radical change. He therefore arranged for -William to join a party of young gentlemen of rank who were about to set -out on a tour of the continent, first visiting France and its gay -capital, reckoning shrewdly that constant association with young -companions so little in sympathy with Quaker ideas and habits would soon -convert his son to other views. Or if this perhaps did not fully -accomplish the purpose, the allurements of Paris, where King Louis the -Fourteenth and his brilliant court set such an example of luxury and -licentiousness, could not fail to complete the cure. - -Little to young Penn’s taste as was this journey, and especially the -society in which he was to make it, he did not care to renew his -father’s scarcely cooled anger by opposing it, nor was life at home -under existing circumstances especially pleasant or comfortable. He -yielded therefore without protest to his father’s wishes and set out for -Paris with the companions chosen for him, well provided with letters of -introduction which would admit him to the highest circles of French -society. - -The correctness of the admiral’s judgment proved well founded, and the -associations into which he had thrown his son only too well fitted to -work the desired change. In spite of his inward resistance young Penn -found himself drawn into a whirl of gayety and pleasure for which he -soon grew to have more and more fondness and which left him no time for -serious thought. He was presented to the King and became a welcome and -frequent guest at that dissolute court. The life of license and luxury -by which he was surrounded and against which he had almost ceased to -struggle failed, however, entirely to subdue his better nature, as the -following incident will show. - -Returning late one evening from some gathering wearing a sword, as -French custom demanded, his way was suddenly stopped by a masked man who -ordered him to draw his sword, demanding satisfaction for an injury. In -vain Penn protested his innocence of any offence and his ignorance even -of the identity of his accuser, but the latter insisted that he should -fight, declaring Penn had insulted him by not returning his greeting. -The discussion soon attracted a number of auditors, and under penalty of -being dubbed a coward by refusing to cross swords with his adversary, -Penn was obliged to yield. But if, as is not unlikely, the whole affair -was planned by his comrades to force him to use arms, a practice -forbidden among the Quakers, the youth who undertook the role of -challenger was playing rather a dangerous game; for among his other -acquirements Penn had thoroughly mastered the art of fencing and quickly -succeeded in disarming his adversary. Instead of pursuing his advantage, -however, as the laws of duelling permitted, the spectators were -astonished to see him return the rapier with a courtly bow to his -discomfited foe and silently withdraw. He might yield to the prevailing -custom so far as to draw his sword, but his conscience would not permit -him to shed human blood. - - [Illustration: _THE DUEL_] - -It was with the greatest satisfaction that Sir William learned of the -change that had been wrought in his son, and to make it yet more -permanent and effectual he ordered him to remain abroad, extending his -travels to other countries. He was now in a position to afford this, as -through the favor of the King’s brother, the Duke of York, he had -received an important and lucrative post in the admiralty, but he would -gladly have made any sacrifice to have his son return the kind of man he -wished him to be. But the father’s hopes ran too high. Although -outwardly become a man of the world, William had by no means lost all -serious purpose in the vortex of Parisian life, for he spent some time -at Saumur, on the Loire, attracted thither by the fame of Moses -Amyrault, a divine, under whose teaching he remained for some time and -of whom he became a zealous adherent. From there, by his father’s -orders, he travelled through various parts of France and then turned his -steps toward Italy in order to become as familiar with the language as -he already had with French, and to cultivate his taste in art by a study -of the rich treasures of that country. - - - - - Chapter II - The Plague and its Results—Penn as a Soldier—His Religious - Struggle—Becomes a Quaker—Imprisonment for Attending Meetings—Death of - his Father - - -In 1664 another war broke out between England and Holland, owing to the -refusal of the latter to allow the existence of English colonies on the -coast of Guinea, where the Dutch had hitherto enjoyed the exclusive -trade. Admiral de Ruyter was ordered to destroy these settlements and a -declaration of war followed. The Duke of York, then Lord High Admiral of -England, believing the services of his friend Admiral Penn indispensable -at such a juncture, appointed him to the command of his own flagship -with the title of Great Commander. This compelled Sir William to recall -young Penn to take charge of the family affairs during his absence. -Rumors of Louis the Fourteenth’s favorable disposition toward the Dutch -also made him fear for his son’s safety in France. The change wrought in -William by his two years’ absence could not fail to delight the admiral. -The seriousness of mind which had formerly led him to avoid all worldly -pleasures had vanished and was replaced by a youthful vivacity of manner -and a ready wit in conversation that were most charming. In appearance -too he had improved greatly, having grown into a tall and handsome man, -his face marked by an expression of singular sweetness and gentleness, -yet full of intelligence and resolution. - -To prevent any return to his former habits, his father took pains to -keep him surrounded by companions of rank and wealth and amid the -associations of a court little behind that of France in the matter of -license and extravagance. He also had him entered at Lincoln’s Inn as a -student of law, a knowledge of which would be indispensable in the lofty -position to which he aspired for his son and heir. And why should not -these hopes of future distinction be realized? Was he not in high favor -not only with the King, but also with the Duke of York, who must succeed -to the throne on the death of Charles? Nevertheless, the admiral must -still have had doubts as to the permanence of this unexpected and most -welcome change, for when he sailed with the Duke of York in March, 1665, -he took William with him, feeling it safest, no doubt, to keep him for a -time under his own eye and away from all temptation to relapse into his -old ways. These prudent calculations were soon upset, however, for three -weeks later, when the first engagement with the Dutch fleet took place, -young Penn was sent back by the Duke of York with despatches to the King -announcing the victory. As the bearer of these tidings he was naturally -made welcome at court and remained in London, continuing his law -studies. - -Then came the plague, which broke out in London with such violence as to -terrify even the most worldly and force upon them the thought of death. -Persons seemingly in perfect health would suddenly fall dead in the -streets, as many as ten thousand deaths occurring in a single day. All -who were able to escape fled from the city, while those who could not -get away shut themselves up in their houses, scarcely venturing forth to -obtain even the necessities of life. The terrible scenes which met the -eye at every turn quickly banished William’s newly acquired worldliness -and turned his thoughts once more to serious things. Religious questions -absorbed his whole mind and became of far greater importance to him than -those of law, with which he should have been occupying himself. - -Sir William observed this new change with alarm and displeasure on his -return with the fleet, and even more so when his services were rewarded -by the King not only by large additions to his Irish estates, but also -by promises of still higher preferment in the future. Of what use would -these honors be if the son who was to inherit them insisted on embracing -a vocation that utterly unfitted him for such a position? Again he cast -about for a remedy that should prove as effectual as the sojourn in -France had been, and this time he sent his son to the Duke of Ormond, -Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, whose court, though a gay and brilliant one, -was not so profligate as those at Paris and London. The admiral had -overlooked one fact, however, in his choice of residence for his son; -namely, that there were many Quakers in Ireland. - -The letters which he carried procured young Penn an instant welcome to -court circles in Dublin, where his attractive person and his cleverness -soon made him popular. Again he found himself plunged into a whirl of -gayety and pleasure, to which he abandoned himself the more readily as -it involved no especial reproach of conscience. Soon after his arrival -he volunteered to join an expedition commanded by the Duke’s son, Lord -Arran, to reduce some mutinous troops to obedience, and bore himself -with so much coolness and courage that the viceroy wrote to Sir William -expressing his satisfaction with young Penn’s conduct and proposing that -he should embrace a military career, for which he seemed so well -adapted. Greatly to William’s disappointment, however, the admiral -refused his consent, having other plans for the future. There was also -work for him now wherein he could utilize his knowledge of law, some -question having arisen as to the title of the large estates recently -granted the admiral by Charles the Second. The matter having to be -settled by law, William was intrusted by his father with the trial of -the case, which he succeeded in winning. - -One day while at Cork, near which his father’s property was situated, he -recognized in a shopkeeper of whom he was making some purchases one of -the women who had been present at that never-to-be-forgotten meeting -held at his father’s house by Thomas Loe. Much pleased at thus -discovering an old acquaintance, the conversation naturally turned to -religious subjects, and on William’s expressing the wish that he might -again see and hear the famous preacher, the Quakeress informed him that -Loe was then living in Cork and would hold one of his usual meetings the -following day. It is needless to say that young Penn was present on that -occasion and his Oxford experience was repeated. Loe’s sermon seemed -aimed directly at him, for it was on “the faith that overcometh the -world and the faith that is overcome by the world.” As the first part of -the sermon, wherein the preacher depicted with glowing enthusiasm the -splendid fruits of that faith that overcometh, awoke in the young man’s -heart memories of the true peace and happiness that had been his so long -as he had remained true to his beliefs, so the second part, dealing with -the faith that succumbs to worldly temptations, fell like blows upon his -conscience. Bitter remorse for his frivolous life of the last few years -overwhelmed him, and Loe, to whom he presented himself at the close of -the meeting, perceiving his state of mind, did not fail to strengthen -the effect of his discourse by the most solemn exhortations. - -For a time filial duty and worldly ambition struggled against the voice -of awakened conscience, but the latter finally triumphed. Penn now -became a regular attendant at the Quaker meetings and belonged, in heart -at least, to the persecuted sect. In September, 1667, while present at -one of these meetings, usually held with as much secrecy as possible, in -order to avoid the jeers of the rabble, the place was suddenly invaded -by order of the mayor and all the participants arrested. Finding the son -of so distinguished a personage as Sir William Penn among the prisoners, -the astonished official offered to release him at once if he would -promise not to repeat the offence, but Penn refused to enjoy any -advantages over his companions and went with them to prison. While there -he wrote to the Earl of Orrery, complaining of the injustice of his -imprisonment, since the practice of religious worship could be called -neither a criminal offence nor a disturbance of the peace. On receipt of -this letter an order was given for his immediate release, but the report -that he had joined the Quakers quickly spread, calling forth both -derision and indignation among his friends at court. - -When this rumor reached the admiral, who feared nothing so much as -ridicule, he promptly ordered his son to join him in London. Finding him -still in the dress of a gentleman with sword and plume, he felt somewhat -reassured and began to hope that after all he might have been -misinformed, but the next day, when he took William to task for keeping -his hat on in his presence, the youth frankly confessed that he had -become a Quaker. Threats and arguments proving alike useless, the -admiral then gave him an hour’s time to consider whether he would not at -least remove his hat before the King and the Duke of York, that his -future prospects and position at court might not be ruined. But -William’s resolution had been fully matured during his imprisonment at -Cork, and his conversion was a serious matter of conscience. He was -forced to admit to himself therefore that such a concession would be a -violation of his principles, and announced at the end of the time that -it would be impossible for him to comply with his father’s wishes. At -this the admiral’s hitherto restrained anger burst all bounds. -Infuriated because all his plans and ambitions for the future were -baffled by what seemed to him a mere notion, he heaped abuse and -reproaches on his son and finally ordered him from the house with -threats of disinheritance. - -This was a severe test of Penn’s religious convictions. Not only was he -passionately devoted to his mother, on whose sympathy and support he -could always count, but he also had the deepest respect and regard for -his father, in spite of their widely different views, but his conscience -demanded the sacrifice and he made it, leaving his home and all his -former associations. Now that the die was cast he laid aside his worldly -dress and openly professed himself as belonging to the Friends, as they -were called, who welcomed him with open arms. It would have fared ill -with him, however, accustomed as he was to a life of affluence and ease, -had it not been for his mother, who provided him with money from time to -time as she found an opportunity. - -It was not long, however, before the admiral relented, owing chiefly to -her efforts in his behalf, and allowed him to return home, though still -refusing to see or hold any communication with him. It must indeed have -been a crushing blow to the proud and ambitious man of the world to have -his son and heir travelling about the country as a poor preacher, for it -was about this time, 1668, that William first began to preach. He also -utilized his learning and talents by writing in defence of the new -doctrines he had embraced. One of these publications, entitled “The -Sandy Foundation Shaken,” attracted much attention. In it he cleverly -attempted to prove that certain fundamental doctrines of the established -church were contrary to Scripture—a heresy for which the Bishop of -London had him imprisoned. Indeed his malicious enemies went so far as -to claim that Penn had dropped a letter at the time of his arrest, -written by himself and containing treasonable matter, but although his -innocence on this point was soon established, he was forced, -nevertheless, to remain for nine months in the Tower. Even the King, to -whom Sir William appealed on his son’s behalf, did not dare to intervene -for fear of increasing the suspicion, in which he already stood, of -being an enemy to the church. All he could do was to send the court -chaplain to visit Penn and urge him to make amends to the irate Bishop, -who was determined he should publicly retract his published statements -or end his days in prison. But this the young enthusiast refused to do, -replying with the spirit of a martyr that his prison should be his grave -before he would renounce his just opinions; that for his conscience he -was responsible to no man. - -This period of enforced idleness was by no means wasted, however. While -at the Tower he wrote “No Cross, No Crown,” perhaps the best known and -most popular of all his works, wherein for his own consolation as well -as that of his persecuted brethren he explained the need for all true -Christians to bear the cross. Another, called “Innocence with her Open -Face,” further expounded certain disputed passages in the Holy Book that -had shared his imprisonment. The manly firmness and courage with which -Penn bore his long confinement without allowing his newly adopted -beliefs to be shaken forced universal respect and sympathy and even -softened his father’s wrath at last. The admiral himself had been having -troubles. False accusations made against him by his enemies had so -preyed on his mind that his health had given way, and he had been forced -to resign his post in the admiralty and retire to private life. He -visited his son several times in prison, and his appeals to the Duke of -York finally secured William’s release, without the recantation demanded -by the Bishop. Further residence in London at that time being -undesirable, however, he went back to his father’s estate in Ireland. -Here he labored unceasingly for the liberation of his friends in Cork, -who were still languishing in prison, and at last had the joy of seeing -his efforts crowned with success by securing their pardon from the Duke -of Ormond. - -At the end of eight months he returned again to England at the wish of -his father, whose rapidly failing health made him long for his eldest -son. He had fully relented toward him by this time and a complete -reconciliation now took place, greatly to the joy of all parties. But -the year 1670, which brought this happiness to Penn, was also one of -trial for him, owing to the revival of the law against dissenters, as -all who differed from the doctrines of the established church were -called, declaring assemblies of more than five persons for religious -purposes unlawful and making offenders punishable by heavy fines or even -banishment. Among the thousands thus deprived of liberty and property, -being at the mercy of the meanest informer, one of the first to suffer -was William Penn. - -On the fourteenth of August, 1670, the Quakers found their usual place -of meeting in London closed and occupied by soldiery. When Penn arrived -on the scene with his friend William Mead he attempted to address the -assembled crowd, urging them to disperse quietly and offer no -resistance, which would be quite useless. But as soon as he began to -speak both he and Mead were arrested and taken to prison by warrants -from the mayor of London for having attended a proscribed meeting and -furthermore caused a disturbance of the peace. The prisoners were tried -before a jury on September third. Although the three witnesses brought -against them could produce no testimony to confirm the charge, Penn -voluntarily confessed that he had intended to preach and claimed it as a -sacred right. In spite of all the indignities and abuse permitted by the -court, he pleaded his cause so stoutly and so eloquently that the jury -pronounced a verdict of not guilty. This was far from pleasing to the -judges, who were bent on having Penn punished, so the jury were sent -back to reconsider, and when they persisted were locked up for two days -without food or water and threatened with starvation unless a verdict -were reached which could be accepted by the court. Even this proving -ineffectual they were fined for their obstinacy, and refusing to pay -these fines were sent to prison, while Penn and his friend Mead, instead -of being released, were still kept in confinement for refusing to pay a -fine which had been arbitrarily imposed on them for contempt of court. - -The admiral, however, whose approaching end made him more and more -anxious to have his son at liberty, sent privately and paid both fines, -thus securing the release of both prisoners. Penn found his father -greatly changed. The once proud and ambitious man had experienced the -hollowness of worldly things and longed for death. “I am weary of the -world,” he said to William shortly before his death. “I would not live -over another day of my life even if it were possible to bring back the -past. Its temptations are more terrible than death.” He charged his -children, all of whom were gathered about him, “Let nothing tempt you to -wrong your conscience; thus shall you find an inward peace that will -prove a blessing when evil days befall.” - -He talked much with William, who doubtless did not fail to impress upon -his dying father the comfort of a firm religious faith, and before he -died expressed his entire approval of the simple form of worship adopted -by his eldest and favorite son. Sir William died on the sixteenth of -September, 1670. Shortly before the end he sent messages to the King and -to the Duke of York with the dying request that they would act as -guardians to his son, whom he foresaw would stand greatly in need of -friends and protectors in the trials to which his faith would expose -him. Wealth he would not lack, for the admiral left an estate yielding -an annual income of about fifteen hundred pounds, besides a claim on the -royal exchequer for fifteen thousand pounds, which sum he had loaned at -various times to the King and his brother. - - - - - Chapter III - Penn’s Third Imprisonment—His Happy Marriage—Fresh Persecutions—Visits - to Germany—Quaker Emigration - - -After his father’s death Penn became more absorbed than ever in his -chosen mission of spreading the gospel as interpreted by Fox, which -seemed to him the only true form of religion. The restraint he had -hitherto felt obliged to impose on himself in this respect, out of -deference to his father’s prejudices, was now no longer necessary and he -was free to follow the dictates of his soul. But he was soon to suffer -the consequences of having drawn upon himself the displeasure of the -court by his bold defence during the recent trial, and still more by a -pamphlet issued soon after his father’s death in which he fearlessly -denounced the unjust and arbitrary action of the judges not only toward -the accused, but also toward the jury. Just before the new year of 1671 -Penn was again arrested on the charge of having held unlawful meetings -and was sentenced to six months’ imprisonment at Newgate, during which -time he wrote several important works, chiefly urging the necessity of -liberty of conscience in England. - -After his release Penn made a journey to Holland and Germany, whither -many of the Quakers had fled to escape the continual persecutions to -which they were subjected in their own country. Others had crossed the -ocean to seek in America an abode where they could live without -hinderance according to their convictions, and the letters written by -these drew large numbers to this land of promise; for in spite of the -hardships of the voyage thither, the emigrants drew such glowing -pictures of the beauty and fertility of the country and the happiness of -enjoying religious worship undisturbed as could not fail to appeal to -their unfortunate brethren so sorely in need of this blessing. - -During his travels Penn had seen many of these letters and heard the -subject of emigration freely discussed, and gradually he formed a plan -which indeed had been the dream of his youth, although there had then -seemed no prospect of its ever being realized. This plan, however, was -forced into the background for a time by an event of more personal -importance; namely, his betrothal to Guglielma Maria Springett, daughter -of Sir William Springett of Sussex, who had greatly distinguished -himself as a colonel in the parliamentary army and died during the civil -wars at an early age. His widow and her three children, of whom Guli, -the youngest, was born shortly after her father’s death, had retired to -the village of Chalfont in Buckinghamshire, where she afterward married -Isaac Pennington, one of the most prominent of the early Quakers. It was -while visiting Friend Pennington at his home in Chalfont that Penn met -and fell in love with the charming Guli, who willingly consented to -bestow her hand on this stalwart young friend of her stepfather, whose -belief she shared. The marriage took place in 1672 and proved one of -lasting happiness on both sides. Conjugal bliss did not divert Penn from -his sacred calling, however, for we find him soon on his travels again, -with his faithful Guli, who accompanied him everywhere until the birth -of their first child made it no longer possible. This was a son, to whom -they gave the name of Springett, for his grandfather. But even the joys -of fatherhood could not confine Penn to his home, now doubly happy. He -travelled about the country constantly, either alone or with other -distinguished Friends, and was so active both as a preacher and as a -writer that he soon became known as the “sword” of the society. - -The year 1673 brought fresh persecutions to the Quakers through the -passage by Parliament of the so-called Test Act, excluding all -dissenters from holding office of any kind under the crown, which King -Charles had been forced to sign, much against his will, since it also -applied to Catholics. As the Quakers were looked upon as among the worst -enemies of the established church, not only on account of their extreme -candor and boldness, but also for their contempt of all outward forms of -worship, their day of trial was not long delayed. George Fox was one of -the first victims, and in order to secure his release Penn once more -made his appearance at court after an interval of five years. His -guardian and protector, the Duke of York, received him most graciously, -reproached him for his long absence, and promised to use his influence -with the King in Fox’s behalf. He also agreed to do all in his power to -put an end to the oppressive persecution of the Friends, and dismissed -Penn with the assurance that he would be glad to see him at any time or -be of any service to him. The promised intercession, however, was either -forgotten or without avail, for the merciless enactments against -dissenters of all kinds continued as before and filled all the prisons -in the country. Little wonder that their thoughts turned to emigration, -in which some of their brethren had already taken refuge. For -deep-rooted as is the Englishman’s attachment to his native land, even -patriotism must yield to that inborn love of freedom and the higher -demand of the spirit for liberty of conscience. - -To Penn especially this idea appealed with irresistible force now that -he had at last given up hope of ever securing these rights in England. -But whither? Not in Holland or Germany was to be found the longed-for -freedom. Refugees in those countries were scarcely less oppressed and -persecuted than at home. It was across the sea that Penn’s thoughts -flew, to the silent primeval forests of the New World, where no -tyrannical power yet held sway; where every man was the builder of his -own fortune and the master of his destiny, unfettered by iron-bound laws -and customs; where a still virgin Nature, adorned with all the charms of -a favored clime, invited to direct communion with the Creator of all -things and inspired a peace of mind impossible to secure elsewhere. -There was the place to found the commonwealth of which he had dreamed. -All that as a boy he had heard from his father’s lips of that wondrous -new Paradise beyond the seas; all that as a youth with his intense -longing for freedom his fancy had painted of such an ideal community; -all that as a man he had learned from the letters of emigrants who had -already reached this land of promise, all this combined to create an -inspiring vision that ever unfolded fresh beauties to his mind. And -when, in 1676, Penn was unexpectedly brought into actual contact with -this country, no doubt it seemed to him like the finger of God pointing -out to him the land of his dreams. - -In that year Charles the Second, who had already disposed of various -English conquests and possessions in North America, made over to his -brother James, Duke of York, the province of New Netherlands, ceded to -him by the Dutch after their defeat in 1665. This was that fertile tract -of country lying between the Delaware and Connecticut Rivers, where the -Dutch West Indian Trading Company had already made some settlements. The -Duke of York kept only a part of this territory, however; that which was -named for him, New York. The territory between the Hudson and Delaware -Rivers he gave in fee to two noblemen, Lord Berkeley and Sir George -Carteret, the latter of whom, having been formerly governor of the -channel island of Jersey lying off the French coast, called his part New -Jersey. Both these provinces granted full freedom of government and of -belief to all sects—a matter not so much of principle perhaps as of -policy, to attract thither victims of the penal laws in England, for the -greater the number of colonists who settled in these still sparsely -populated territories, the more their value and their revenues would -increase. Nor were these calculations unfounded. Hundreds of Puritans, -among whom were many Quakers, took advantage of this opportunity to seek -new homes, and their industry and perseverance soon brought the land to -a state of most promising productiveness. Finding the care of these -distant possessions burdensome, however, Lord Berkeley sold his share -for a thousand pounds to one Edward Billing through his agent John -Fenwick. Some dispute concerning the matter having arisen between these -two men, both of whom were Quakers, Penn was chosen to settle the -controversy and decided in favor of Fenwick, who had emigrated with a -large party of Friends to the coast of Delaware and founded the town of -Salem. - -Penn’s connection with the American province did not end here. Billing, -having become embarrassed in his affairs, was forced to resign his -interest in the territory to his creditors, who at his request appointed -Penn as one of the administrators. This office, though not altogether -agreeable to him, he felt obliged to accept in the interest of the many -Quakers already settled there; but if his model community were to be -founded there, he must have a free hand and not be hampered by any -regulations or restrictions which might be made by Sir George Carteret -as joint owner of the province of New Jersey. He therefore directed his -efforts to securing a division of the territory, in which he finally -succeeded, Carteret taking the eastern part, while the western, being -sold to the highest bidder for the benefit of Billing’s creditors, came -into the sole possession of the Quakers. - -For this new State of West New Jersey, Penn drew up a constitution, the -chief provision of which was the right of free worship and liberty of -conscience. The legislative power was placed almost entirely in the -hands of the people, to be exercised by chosen representatives, while -all matters of law and justice were intrusted to a judiciary the members -of which were to serve for a period of not more than two years. Copies -of this constitution were printed and widely circulated among the -Quakers, together with a full description of the soil, climate, and -natural products of the new colony. The result was amazing. Penn’s home, -then at Worminghurst in Sussex, was literally besieged by would-be -emigrants seeking for information, in spite of the fact that in these -published pamphlets he had strongly urged that no one should leave his -native land without sufficient cause and not merely from idle curiosity -or love of gain. Two companies were now organized to assist in the work -of emigration. The first ship carried over two hundred and thirty -colonists, and two others soon following, it became necessary to -establish at once a provisional government, consisting of Penn himself -with three other members chosen from the two companies. - -One of the first acts of the settlers, after safe arrival in the New -World, was to arrive at an amicable understanding with the native tribes -by paying them a good price for the land they had occupied or claimed -for their hunting grounds. This was quite a new experience to the -Indians, who had hitherto met with only violence and robbery from the -white men—treatment for which they had usually taken bloody revenge. -They willingly consented, therefore, to bargain with these peaceful -strangers, so different from any they had yet seen. “You are our -brothers,” they declared in their broken English,” and we will live with -you as brothers. There shall be a broad path on which you and we will -travel together. If an Englishman falls asleep on this pathway the -Indian shall go softly by and say, ‘He sleeps, disturb him not!’ The -path shall be made smooth that no foot may stumble upon it.” - -It was no small advantage to these early settlers, struggling against -hardships and privations to make a home in the wilderness, to be at -peace with the natives and have nothing to fear from their enmity. Often -indeed, when threatened with want or danger, they were supplied with the -necessities of life by the grateful Indians, who knew how to value the -friendship and honesty of their new neighbors. - -Thus West New Jersey bade fair to develop into a favorable place for -Penn to found that ideal Commonwealth of which he had so long dreamed. -But in the preoccupations of this new enterprise Penn did not lose sight -of the duties that lay nearest to him. Hearing that the Friends he had -formerly visited in Holland and Germany were anxious to learn from his -own lips of the settlement in New Jersey, he decided to make another -journey to those countries, the more so as it was important to secure -for the new colony as many as possible of the German artisans, who at -that time held a high reputation for skill and industry. - -Penn was also especially desirous of making the acquaintance of a noble -lady whom Robert Barclay had first interested in the Quakers and whose -influence would be of the utmost importance to the members of that -persecuted sect in Germany. This was the Princess Elizabeth of the -Rhine, daughter of the Elector Palatine Frederick the Fifth, afterward -King of Bohemia. She was closely connected with England, her mother -having been a daughter of King James the First, and was deeply -interested, therefore, in all that concerned that country. At this time -she was living at Herford in Westphalia and was distinguished not only -for her learning, but still more for the benevolence and sincere piety -that made her the friend and protectress of all persecuted Christians of -whatever sect. She had learned from Robert Barclay to feel the greatest -respect and admiration for the Quaker form of belief, and much was hoped -from her protection. - -In 1677, therefore, Penn again sailed for Holland with George Fox, -Robert Barclay, and George Keith, all prominent members of the Society -of Friends, in a vessel the captain of which had served under Admiral -Penn. Rotterdam, Leyden, Haarlem, and Amsterdam were visited in -succession and large meetings held, there being many Quakers in each of -these cities. At Amsterdam George Fox was left behind to attend a -general assembly or conclave, where questions of importance to the -Society were to be settled, while Penn and his other two companions went -on to Herford. They were most kindly received by the Princess Elizabeth, -who not only permitted them to hold several public meetings, but also -invited them frequently to her own apartments for religious converse, -owing to which she finally became a member of the sect herself. - -Robert Barclay now returned to Amsterdam to join Fox, but Penn, -accompanied by Keith, who was almost as proficient as himself in the -German language, journeyed on by way of Paderborn and Cassel to -Frankfort-on-the-Main, where Penn preached with great effect, winning -over many influential persons to his own belief. From Frankfort the two -Quaker apostles went up along the Rhine to Griesheim near Worms, where a -small Quaker community had been formed. Here Penn’s plan for founding a -trans-atlantic State for the free worship of their religion was received -with the greatest enthusiasm, and large numbers did indeed afterward -emigrate to New Jersey, where they took an important place in the -colony, being among the first to condemn and abolish the slavery then -existing in America, and established a reputation for German worth and -integrity beyond the seas. - -On his return to Cologne, Penn found a letter from the Princess -Elizabeth urging him to go to Mühlheim to visit the Countess of -Falkenstein, of whose piety she had already told him. In endeavoring to -carry out this request of his royal patroness, however, Penn and his -friend met with a misadventure. At the gates of the castle they -encountered the Countess’ father, a rough, harsh man with small respect -for religion of any sort. He roundly abused them for not taking off -their hats to him, and on learning that they were Quakers, he had them -taken into custody and escorted beyond the boundaries of his estates by -a guard. Here they were left alone in the darkness, at the edge of a -great forest, not knowing where they were or which way to turn. After -much wandering about they finally reached the town of Duisburg, but the -gates were closed and in spite of the lateness of the season they were -forced to remain outside till morning. - -From Amsterdam Penn went to join Fox again at Friesland, improving this -opportunity to make another satisfactory visit to Herford, and parting -from the noble Princess as a warm friend with whom he afterward enjoyed -a frequent correspondence. Not till early in the winter did the four -friends return to England, and the stormy passage, together with his -nocturnal adventure at Duisburg, so affected Penn’s health that for some -time he was obliged to submit himself to the care of his devoted wife, -especially as the importunities of prospective emigrants gave him little -chance to recuperate. - - - - - Chapter IV - The Popish Plot—Settlement of Virginia—The Royal Cession to - Penn—Christening of Pennsylvania—Outlines of Penn’s Constitution - - -The year 1678 seemingly opened with brighter prospects for those who had -suffered so severely in the past for their religious beliefs. The -clearest sighted members of Parliament must have realized the detriment -to England when such numbers of peaceable citizens, blameless in every -respect save for their form of worship, were forced to abandon their -native land, taking with them their possessions and their industries, -and must have realized that such persecutions must end. - -Penn, in spite of being a Quaker, had won the esteem of all classes by -his high character and his ability and enjoyed the confidence of some of -the most influential personages in the kingdom. Hearing of this change -of attitude adopted by Parliament, he laid aside for the time being all -thoughts of his transatlantic commonwealth and gave himself up to the -work of securing recognition of his great principle of liberty of -conscience. Profiting by the favor in which he stood with the Duke of -York, he endeavored to obtain through him the submission to Parliament -of an Act of Toleration. The Duke looked favorably on the plan, but -being himself a member of the Church of Rome, maintained that such a law -should not be restricted to Protestant dissenters only, but apply also -to Catholics. All seemed to be going well and Penn’s efforts bade fair -to be crowned with success, when suddenly an event occurred which -deferred for years the passage of this act and added fresh fuel to the -fires of persecution. This was the invention of the famous Popish Plot -by an infamous wretch named Titus Oates. Formerly a clergyman in the -Anglican Church, he had been deprived of his living because of his -shameful excesses and fled to Spain, where he joined the Jesuits. -Expelled from this order also for improper conduct, he revenged himself -by turning informer and swore to the existence of a conspiracy among the -Jesuits to massacre all the prominent Protestants and establish the -Catholic religion in England. Even the King, for permitting the -persecution of Catholics in his kingdom, was not to be spared, nor the -Duke of York, who was not credited with much real devotion to that -faith. - -It is doubtful whether there ever was any real foundation for this -atrocious charge based by Oates upon letters and papers intrusted to him -by the Jesuits and which he had opened from curiosity. Nevertheless the -story was generally credited in spite of the absurdity of the statements -of such a worthless wretch, and aroused the wildest excitement -throughout the country, in consequence of which the established church, -alarmed for its safety, enforced more rigorously than ever the edicts -against all dissenters. Seeing his hopes of religious freedom in England -once more fading, Penn bent his efforts the more resolutely toward the -establishment of a haven in America. He had long ago decided the -principles by which his new commonwealth was to be governed; namely, the -equality of all men in the eyes of the law, full liberty of conscience -and the free worship of religion, self-government by the people, and the -inviolability of personal liberty as well as of personal property—a form -of government which, if justly and conscientiously carried out, must -create indeed an ideal community such as the world had never yet seen. -Nor was it an impossibility, as was proved by the gratifying success of -the New Jersey colony, where a part of these principles, at least, had -already been put into practice. - -But where was this model State to be founded? It must be on virgin soil, -where no government of any kind already existed, and where the new ideas -could be instituted from the beginning. As the most suitable spot for -this purpose Penn’s glance had fixed upon a tract of land lying west of -New Jersey and north of the royal province of Maryland, which had been -founded in 1632 by a Catholic nobleman, Lord Baltimore, as a refuge for -persecuted members of his own faith, but which also offered liberty to -those of other sects. The only occupants of this territory were a few -scattered Dutch and Swedish settlers, but they were so small in number -and so widely separated that they need scarcely be taken into -consideration as possible obstacles to Penn’s plans after the arrival of -the class of colonists he favored in numbers sufficient to populate this -wide extent of land. For the rest the country was still an unbroken -wilderness, where one could wander for days hearing no sound but the -songs of the countless birds that filled the vast forests. As to the -natives, in spite of their undeniable cruelty and savage cunning when -provoked or wronged, it was quite possible to make friends and allies of -them by kindness and fair treatment, as the New Jersey settlers had -already learned. - -This was the territory of which Penn now determined to secure possession -if possible, a task which promised no great difficulty, as the English -crown claimed sovereignty over all that portion of North America lying -between the thirty-fourth and the forty-fifth degrees north latitude, on -the strength of the discovery of its coast line by English navigators. -King James the First had given a patent for part of these possessions to -an English company, the grant including all the land from the Atlantic -to the Pacific, and some attempt had been made to found colonies and -develop the riches of the country, but later this company was divided -into two, one taking the northern portion, the other the southern. This -latter, called the London Company, lost no time in fitting up a ship -which entered Chesapeake Bay in 1607, sailed up the James River, and -landed its passengers at what was afterward called Jamestown, the first -English colony in America. These colonists were soon followed by others, -and by the year 1621 the settlement had so increased that the London -Company, which had retained the right of ownership, exercised through a -governor, granted a written constitution to the province, which they -named Virginia. In 1624, however, this company, having some disagreement -with King James, was dissolved and Virginia became the property of the -crown. This being followed by the voluntary withdrawal of the parties -owning the northern half of the territory, the tract between the -fortieth and forty-eighth degrees, known as New England, was then deeded -by James to the Plymouth Company, which made no attempt at colonization -itself, but sold land to others, part of which thus came into possession -of the Puritan emigrants. - -In 1639, however, during the reign of Charles the First, their charter -expired and the lands still belonging to them, including what were -afterward the States of Pennsylvania, New York, and New Jersey, again -reverted to the crown. The district lying between the Delaware and -Hudson Rivers had been claimed by the Dutch—Hudson, the English -navigator who discovered it, having been then in the service of Holland; -and here between Delaware Bay and the Connecticut River they had founded -their colony of New Netherlands. In 1655 the adjoining territory on the -west bank of the Delaware, comprising the present State of Delaware and -the southern part of Pennsylvania, had been bought from the Indians by a -Swedish trading company at the instigation of King Gustavus Adolphus and -a settlement founded under the name of New Sweden. Not proving the -commercial success hoped for, this was afterward abandoned. England’s -acquisition of New Netherlands as the prize of her naval victories over -Holland, the formation of the colonies of New York and New Jersey, the -possession of the latter by the Quakers and the drafting of its -constitution by William Penn,—all these have been related in the -preceding chapter. - -The territory which Penn now had in mind, therefore, had belonged to the -crown since the dissolution of the Plymouth Company and was again at the -disposal of the King. As to Penn’s confidence in his ability to obtain -possession of it without difficulty, it will be remembered that he had -inherited from his father a claim of fifteen thousand pounds against the -royal exchequer. As neither the King nor the Duke of York were able to -repay this sum, the unpaid interest on which, during the ten years since -the admiral’s death, amounted to more than a thousand pounds, Penn felt -sure the King would welcome a proposal to cede this tract of land in -America as payment of his claim—certainly a simple method of releasing -himself from this large debt. - -But the affair was not to be so easily settled after all, for the time -was past when the sovereign had absolute power to dispose of crown -possessions as he would, the privy council now having a voice in the -matter, and to obtain their consent was difficult, Penn’s ideas in -regard to the government of this new State being regarded not only as -preposterous, but also as dangerous to itself and to the crown. He was -urged, therefore, by his friends to make no mention of his real purpose -in his petition to the King, lest he be forced to renounce his -long-cherished plan. Although he accepted this prudent advice, there -were still many obstacles to overcome, owing to the difficulty of -defining any exact boundaries in that trackless wilderness and the -precautions necessary to incorporate in the patent all possible security -for the maintenance of crown prerogatives. - -While the matter was still before the council and the result by no means -certain, Penn took advantage of an opportunity which offered itself of -becoming a joint owner of New Jersey, by which, even should his petition -be refused, his plans could still be carried out in that province, if -only on a small scale. Sir George Carteret, tired of his colonial -possessions, offered to sell his ownership, and Penn, with a number of -others, concluded the purchase. Again the public confidence in him and -his enterprises was shown by the haste with which hundreds of families, -especially from Scotland, took advantage of the liberal terms offered to -emigrants in his published prospectus and enrolled their names as future -colonists. At length, after much deliberation, and owing largely to the -influence of the Duke of York, to whom Penn had again applied for -assistance, the council agreed to comply with his proposal, partly also, -perhaps, from the fear that in case they refused Penn might insist upon -the payment of his debt, for which at the moment no means were -available. - -On the twenty-fourth of February, 1681, the King signed the deed -granting to Penn the absolute ownership of all that territory extending -from the Delaware River to Ohio on the west and as far as Lake Erie on -the north, covering an area equal to the whole of England, and the fifth -of March, at a special meeting of the privy council, this patent was -delivered to Penn in the presence of the King. As evidence of His -Majesty’s high good-humor on this occasion, a popular anecdote is told. -As Penn, according to the Quaker custom, neither took off his hat on the -King’s entrance nor made the usual obeisance, Charles quietly removed -his own hat, although it was the royal prerogative to remain covered on -entering an assembly of any kind. To Penn’s astonished query as to the -reason for this unusual proceeding he replied smilingly, “It is the -custom at court for only one person to remain covered.” - -Another proof of the King’s satisfaction at thus being freed from his -indebtedness to Penn was shown in choosing a name for the new province. -Penn at first suggested New Wales, on account of the mountainous -character of the country, but one of the councillors, who was a Welshman -and none too well disposed toward the Friends, objected to the idea of -giving the name of his native land to an American Quaker colony. His new -domain being as thickly wooded as it was hilly, Penn then proposed -Sylvania, which met with general approval, the King, however, insisting -that Penn’s own name should be placed before it, making Pennsylvania or -“Penn’s woodland.” In vain he protested that this would be looked on as -vanity in him. Charles would hear of no denial, declaring good-naturedly -that he would take the whole responsibility on himself. The name of -Pennsylvania was inserted in the patent, and Pennsylvania it remained. - -This document is still in existence, carefully preserved among the State -archives. It is written in old English script on a roll of stout -parchment, each line underscored with red ink and the margins adorned -with drawings, the first page bearing the head of King Charles the -Second. It was a proud and joyful moment for Penn when he received this -deed from the King’s hand, marking the first and most important step -toward the realization of his dreams. “It is a gift from God,” he -declared reverently. “He will bless it and make it the seed of a great -nation.” - -The patent conferred upon the new owner the right to divide the province -into counties and municipalities; to incorporate towns and boroughs; to -make laws with the people’s consent; to impose taxes for public -purposes; to muster troops for the defence of the State, and to execute -the death sentence according to martial law—all on condition that no -laws should be made in opposition to those existing in England, that the -royal impost on all articles of commerce should be lawfully paid and -allegiance to the crown duly observed. In case of failure to comply with -these conditions the King reserved the right to assume control of -Pennsylvania in his own person until he should be indemnified to the -full value of the land. Parliament also reserved the right to impose -taxes on the colonists. By the express desire of the Bishop of London it -was stipulated that should twenty or more of the inhabitants of the -province desire the services of a clergyman of the established church, -he should be permitted to dwell among them unmolested. Lastly, Penn, the -owner, in recognition that the land was held in fee of the English -crown, was to pay an annual tribute to the King of England of two -bear-skins, with the fifth part of all gold and silver found in -Pennsylvania at any time. - -Penn set to work at once upon the task of drawing up a constitution for -his new colony, “with reverence before God and good-will toward men,” as -he states in the introduction to this instrument. The sovereign power -was to be exercised by the governor, Penn himself, jointly with the -citizens of the commonwealth. For legislative purposes a council of -seventy-two was to be chosen by the people, one-third of which number -was to retire at the end of every year and be replaced by others -selected in the same way. This council was to frame laws and superintend -their execution; to maintain the peace and security of the province; to -promote commerce by the building of roads, trading posts, and harbors; -to regulate the finances; to establish schools and courts of justice and -generally do all that should be required to promote the welfare of the -colony. The only prerogative claimed by Penn for himself was that he and -his lawful heirs and successors should remain at the head of this -council and have the right of three votes instead of one. - -In addition to the council of state there was to be an assembly which at -first was to include all free citizens of the State, but later, when -their number became too large, to consist of not more than five hundred -members, to be chosen annually. All laws made by the council must be -submitted for approval or rejection to this assembly, which also had the -right to select candidates for public offices, of whom at least half -must be accepted by the governor. - -These were the outlines of Penn’s masterly scheme of government, to -which were added some forty provisional laws to remain in force until -such time as a council of state could be chosen. These included entire -freedom of religious belief and worship, any molester of which was to be -punished as a disturber of the peace, and the prohibition of all -theatrical performances, games of chance, drinking bouts, sports that -involved bloodshed or the torture of animals—all, in short, that could -encourage cruelty, idleness, or godlessness. Prisoners must work to earn -their support. Thieves must refund double the amount stolen or work in -prison until the sum was made up, and all children above the age of -twelve years must be taught some useful trade or occupation to prevent -idleness. Many of these provisional laws and regulations have remained -permanently in force in Pennsylvania, the council being unable to -substitute anything better, and their wisdom has been amply proved by -the experience of more than two hundred years. - - - - - Chapter V - Description of Penn’s Domain—Negotiations with the Indians by Penn’s -Agent—Death of Penn’s Mother—Final Instructions to his Family—Departure - of the Welcome - - -This newly acquired territory, which was henceforth to absorb all Penn’s -attention, lay to the north of Maryland and west of New Jersey, of which -Penn was now joint owner, reaching from the Delaware River on the east -to the Ohio on the west, and north as far as Lake Erie. The eastern and -western boundaries were well defined by these two rivers, but on the -north and south the lines had yet to be agreed upon with the owners of -the adjoining colonies—no easy matter where the land was largely -primeval forest, untrodden by human foot save for the Indians who -traversed it on their hunting expeditions. The greater part of the tract -was occupied by the various ranges of the Allegheny Mountains, whose -bare rocky peaks offered no very inviting prospect and held out few -hopes as to a favorable climate. But wherever trees could find -nourishment for their roots, dense forests extended, untouched as yet by -any axe, while verdant meadows lined the countless streams that -descended from the mountain heights to empty their waters into the -Allegheny and Susquehanna Rivers which flowed through the middle of the -State. The only outlet to the ocean was through the Delaware River, -which opened into Delaware Bay, where there was a good harbor. - -The climate of the country was a diversified one. While in the mountain -regions the winters were severe, the eastern slopes toward the Atlantic -Ocean, as well as those in the northwest toward the Ohio River and Lake -Erie, enjoyed a temperate climate with often great heat in the summer. -In these regions the soil was rich and fruitful, promising bountiful -returns to the settler after he had once succeeded in clearing the land -and making room for the plough. The forests, almost impenetrable in -places with masses of sumach bushes and climbing vines, furnished almost -every kind of wood already known to the English colonists: cedar, -cypress, pine, and sycamore, as well as the full-blooming tulip tree, -which flourished in sheltered spots. Game of all sorts abounded and the -streams were full of fish. The most delicious grapes and peaches, -chestnuts and mulberries grew wild in protected places, and flowers of -tropical gorgeousness greeted the eyes of astonished settlers. The gold -and silver of which King Charles had been so careful to reserve a share -were not found in the province, but there was plenty of iron and an -inexhaustible supply of the finest coal. Also there were valuable salt -springs, as well as those useful materials, lime, slate, and building -stone. In short, it was a country well fitted to supply every need of -the settler and offering magnificent prospects for the future. - -To be sure, it was inhabited by several tribes of Indians, chief of -which were the Lenni Lennapes in the southern part and the Iroquois in -the northern, but if they were disposed at first to regard with -suspicion this invasion of their domains, they soon found the newcomers -fair and honest in their dealings with them and willing to pay for the -right to settle there, like the New Jersey colonists. Indeed these -semi-savage natives seemed to place little value on the permanent -possession of the land over which they claimed sovereignty. They had no -fixed abiding place, but roamed about at will, settling down for a time -where the hunting was especially good or the streams promised to fill -their nets with fish. So long as they were free to hunt and fish as they -chose and their women had a small piece of open ground in which to -prepare the maize cakes that served them for bread, no hostile attacks -were to be feared from them. - -Penn himself little suspected that he had received an empire in exchange -for his claim against the crown, nor did he realize as long as he lived -the full value of his newly acquired territory. The idea of enriching -himself or his family was as far from his thoughts as it had been close -to his father’s. With him it was purely a question of obtaining a home -for his ideal Commonwealth, and he refused all the offers to purchase -rights of trade there that poured in upon him as soon as the patent had -been granted, even though he was in great need of money at the time and -although the sale of such rights was not only perfectly legitimate, but -no more than any other in his position would have done without -hesitation. One merchant, for instance, offered him six thousand pounds, -besides two and a half per cent of the yearly profits, for the exclusive -right to trade in beaver hats between the Delaware and Susquehanna -Rivers. Penn was resolved that trade in his colony should be no more -restricted than personal liberty or freedom of conscience, and the more -widely his principles of government became known, the larger grew the -number of would-be emigrants who wished to settle there. He soon found -himself so overrun with agents wishing to consult him as to the sale of -lands or the formation of trading companies that he scarcely knew which -way to turn. There was hardly a city in the three kingdoms that did not -send messengers or petitions, while offers came even from Holland and -Germany, where Penn was so well known. - -Emigration companies were also formed for the foundation of settlements -on a larger scale. To one of these, in Frankfort-on-the-Main, Penn -deeded a tract of fifteen thousand acres along the banks of a navigable -river, with three hundred acres in the interior on which to found the -capital of the new State. A trading company in Bristol concluded a -contract for the purchase of twenty thousand acres and set to work at -once to fit out a ship, while in London, Liverpool, and Bristol -emigrants gathered in such numbers that Penn soon had no fear as to the -settlement of his colony. Among these, it is true, were many adventurers -in search of a fortune only, which they hoped to make more quickly and -easily under Penn’s form of government than elsewhere. But by far the -greater number were victims of oppression, seeking to escape the endless -persecutions to which they were subjected at home on account of their -religious opinions, and taking with them little but good resolution and -a pair of useful hands. - -Immediately on receiving the patent Penn despatched his cousin, Colonel -Markham, with three ships to take possession of the new province in his -name, to arrange with Lord Baltimore as to the doubtful boundary lines -on the south, and above all to make friends with the Indians by -concluding a formal treaty with them for the purchase of such lands as -they laid claim to. The kindliness of his nature made it impossible for -him to treat the unfortunate natives as other Europeans had done, -driving them ruthlessly from their own hunting grounds wherever the land -was worth taking possession of and forcing them as far as possible into -slavery. The Spanish explorers especially, in their insatiable thirst -for gold, had even robbed them of all the precious metals and pearls -they had and endeavored by the most shameful cruelty to extort from them -knowledge of the location where they found the gold of which their -ornaments were made. If they offered the slightest resistance or took up -arms to defend themselves or regain their liberty, they were hunted like -wild beasts by bloodhounds trained for that purpose, or fell in heaps -before the murderous bullets against which their arrows were of no -avail. Even the Puritan settlers of New England, who should have -practised the Christian virtues of justice and humanity, were guilty of -many acts of cruelty and treachery toward the red men, with whom they -were perpetually at warfare in consequence. - -Penn hoped, by the use of gentler methods, to win the confidence of the -Indians, who must have already discovered from the New Jersey settlers -that all white men were by no means like those with whom they had first -come in contact. It was necessary, in fact, if his colony were to enjoy -permanent peace and security, and in spite of the ridicule which such -humane ideas was likely to evoke, Markham was charged with the strictest -instructions in this regard. He was a bold and determined man, devoted -to his kinsman Penn, the wisdom and purity of whose ideas he fully -appreciated in spite of his soldierly training. On his arrival in -Pennsylvania he lost no time in concluding a treaty with the chiefs or -sachems of the principal tribes, conveying to Penn for a fixed sum all -lands claimed by them with the solemn assurance in his name that no -settler should ever molest or injure them. The next two ships which came -over from England brought three agents authorized to make further -treaties of peace and friendship, thus strengthening the work begun by -Markham, and also an address written by Penn himself to be read to the -Indians, expressing it as his earnest wish “by their favor and consent, -so to govern the land that they might always live together as friends -and allies.” - -Markham was less fortunate, however, in his negotiations with Lord -Baltimore concerning the doubtful boundary lines, which, if not -definitely fixed, were likely to prove a source of much contention. The -existence of a Quaker colony adjoining his own province was by no means -pleasing to the Catholic nobleman, who, if left to himself, would have -done all in his power to prevent its foundation. The matter was only -settled by the King’s personal interference in Penn’s behalf, and then -only a temporary decision was arrived at, the Duke of York’s influence -having finally to be brought to bear before everything could be arranged -satisfactorily for the future prosperity of the new State. Pennsylvania, -as already mentioned, had but one direct outlet to the Atlantic Ocean. -Should this be cut off or obstructed at any time by enemies, it would be -ruinous to the trade of the colony. Penn therefore determined to acquire -if possible a strip of land forming the west shore of Delaware Bay on -the peninsula extending between Delaware and Chesapeake Bays, the -possession of which was indispensable for the protection of -Pennsylvania’s trading vessels. After much negotiation this was -accomplished with the Duke of York’s aid and the sovereign rights to -this piece of coast granted to Penn and his heirs forever. This removed -the last obstacle to his undisputed possession of the new territory and -its successful development, and he was now free to cross the Atlantic -and assume the government in person. - -Just at this time, however, a great misfortune befell him in the sudden -death of his mother, that tender guardian of his childhood, friend and -mediator of his troubled youth, and devoted sharer of the hopes and -plans of his manhood, whose support and sympathy had never failed him. -So overwhelmed with grief was he by this loss that for a time his health -was seriously affected and it was many weeks before he recovered his -peace of mind. This sad event also added to Penn’s difficulties. Being -unwilling to take his wife and children with him on this first voyage, -he had hoped to leave them under his mother’s wise and experienced -guardianship, in which case he could have parted from them with good -heart, feeling sure that all would be well during his absence. This was -now no longer possible, however, and another anxiety was added to his -load. - -In these days of swift and luxuriously appointed steamships, when the -voyage from Europe to America is so quickly and comfortably made, it -seems strange to think of regarding it with so much anxiety and -apprehension; but in Penn’s time steamships were unknown and travellers -had to depend on clumsy sailing vessels, entirely at the mercy of the -winds, while the passage, now made easily in from five to seven days, -then required at least six weeks, and sometimes, with contrary winds, -double that. And aside from the dangers of such a sea voyage, what -unknown experiences awaited them in that distant land, where homes must -be hewed out from the wilderness, where privation and hardships of every -sort must be endured, where death indeed by Indian tomahawk or knife was -possible at any moment! Under these circumstances even so brave and -resolute a man as William Penn might well feel anxiety over such a -voyage and its outcome. For a time he did think of taking with him the -wife and children from whom he found it so hard to part, that he might -watch over them himself; but the giant task awaiting him beyond the sea -claimed all his mind and strength and he feared the care of a family at -such a time might defeat the whole purpose of his journey, to say -nothing of his dread of exposing them to the dangers and uncertainties -of a life of which he had heard more than enough from those who had -already experienced it. But Penn had firm faith in God and in the -righteousness of a cause which aimed not at personal gain but the bodily -and spiritual welfare of thousands, and which if it succeeded must -result in the creation of a veritable earthly Paradise. He therefore did -all that lay in his power to further it and left the issue in the hands -of Providence. - -Before leaving he made a sort of testament containing his parting -instruction’s to his dear ones, to be kept ever before their eyes. In -this he laid particular stress on the proper education of his children, -who, if all went well, would one day be called to govern the State of -Pennsylvania, and charged his wife to live as economically as possible -in other respects, but to spare nothing to this end. The two sons, -Springett and William, were to be thoroughly grounded in all branches of -knowledge necessary to their future position, especially in agriculture, -shipbuilding, surveying, and navigation. The only daughter, Letty or -Letitia, was to receive also a suitable training in all domestic -affairs. Above all, they were to be taught piety and the fear of God and -to strive with all their strength to attain these virtues. “Let your -hearts be righteous before the Lord and put your trust in Him,” he -concluded; “then no one will have power to harm or injure you.” - -Autumn was already approaching before the _Welcome_, which was to carry -Penn across the ocean, was ready to set sail. It was a fine vessel of -three hundred tons and larger than most ships crossing the Atlantic in -those days, but even its capacity was taxed to the utmost, for more than -a hundred colonists, mostly of the wealthier class, were eager to make -the voyage with the owner of the new province, and each had to carry -sufficient provisions to last possibly for twelve or fourteen weeks. -Even then many who had been accustomed to a life of ease and luxury were -forced to content themselves with scanty rations lest the supply give -out. The quantity of luggage of all sorts required by so many persons -was also no small matter, although no one was allowed to carry any -material for house fittings, such as doors or windows, but Penn himself, -who also took with him a horse. The hold of the ship was full and even -the deck lined with chests and boxes when at last, on the first of -September, 1682, the _Welcome_ was ready to start on her journey. As -soon as Penn had come on board after parting with his family, the anchor -was lifted and the good ship sailed away from Deal, followed by the -prayers and benedictions of thousands. - -It was already late in the season and a dangerous, trying winter voyage -was before them, should the passage prove a long one. The winds were -fair, however, and all promised well, when the alarming discovery was -made that an unmarked and unwelcome guest was on board; namely, the -smallpox, one of the worst diseases that could have broken out, since on -a crowded vessel it was impossible to prevent infection by isolating the -patients. At first the epidemic seemed so mild it was not thought -necessary to turn back, but it gradually grew more and more malignant -and raged to such an extent that for three weeks deaths were of daily -occurrence and more than half of the ship’s company were swept away. -There was no physician of any kind on board, but Penn labored heroically -to relieve the sufferers, placing all his supplies at their disposal, -watching by their bedsides, and endeavoring to banish by the word of God -the deadly fear that accompanies contagious diseases. But it was of no -avail. Day after day death continued to claim its toll. After the -horrors of such an experience, it may be imagined with what joy and -rapture the first sight of the shores of America was hailed by those who -had survived that terrible nine weeks’ voyage. - - - - - Chapter VI - Penn’s Arrival—The Founding of Philadelphia—First General - Assembly—Building of the “Blue Anchor”—The First School and Printing - Press - - -On the twenty-seventh of October the _Welcome_ cast anchor before -Newcastle, a small village on the strip of land granted to Penn by the -Duke of York. News of the arrival of the vessel quickly spread and the -entire population, young and old, regardless of nationality, flocked to -welcome the long-expected governor. English, Scotch, and Irish stood -side by side with the stolid German, the clumsy Hollander, and the -fair-haired Swede, all eager to behold at last the man in whose hands -lay the moulding of their future. The native children of the wilderness -in their strange dress, with high fringed moccasins, an eagle or heron’s -feather thrust through the head band, bow in hand, a quiver of feathered -arrows fastened to the shoulder, also flocked to meet him. Who can say -which gazed with keener interest on the approaching ship flying a great -English flag from her masthead, the white men, who had some idea of what -to expect from the newcomer, or the redskins, who in spite of their -apparently calm indifference must have been inwardly consumed with -curiosity to see what sort of man it was in whose name and by whose -orders they had met with treatment so different from any that had -hitherto been accorded them by white men. Certainly nothing but -good-will could have been read in the noble features and the earnest, -kindly gaze of the dignified-looking man who now disembarked from the -vessel, distinguished only from his companions by the broad blue scarf -he wore. As he stepped ashore on the landing stage and received the -greetings of his cousin, Markham, a deafening shout burst from the -assembled throng. Deeply moved, Penn bowed in acknowledgment of the -tribute, and through the tears that glittered in his eyes shone the -resolve to merit the confidence so spontaneously expressed. - -The following day, after he had somewhat recovered from the long and -trying voyage, a meeting of the people was held in the town-hall and the -legal documents pertaining to the transfer of the tract were read aloud, -after which a deputy of the Duke of York handed to Penn, in the name of -his master, a flask of water and a small basketful of earth in token -that the land had been actually delivered over to him. The new owner -then arose and in his deep rich voice addressed the assembly, which -listened in breathless silence to his words. He told how from early -youth it had been his dream to found somewhere a free State to be -governed by the people, where full liberty of conscience could be -enjoyed and the Christian virtues flourish. He explained the principles -according to which he had drawn up the constitution for Pennsylvania, -and promised that the same laws should be followed in the administration -of this additional territory which had been granted to him, assuring the -people that the chief power should be exercised by himself only until -the new constitution could be put into force, during which time he would -endeavor to wield it to the best of his ability for the public good. -Lastly he retained all existing officials in their positions as proof -that he harbored no prejudices and was disposed to deal fairly in all -particulars. - -When he had finished speaking a rousing cheer testified to the approval -of his audience and he was unanimously urged to retain the governorship -of the new territory, making it a part of Pennsylvania. This he promised -to take into consideration, leaving the matter to be decided at the next -assembly, which was to be held at Upland, a settlement made by the -Swedes in Delaware, and up to this time the most important town in that -region. This was now Penn’s destination, and as he sailed up the -Delaware River his heart must have thrilled with delight at the fresh -beauties revealed by each curve of the winding stream, until at last the -settlement was reached and he stepped ashore on his own dominions, his -Pennsylvania. The spot where Penn first landed is still shown, marked by -a solitary pine tree. - -Here, too, his arrival was hailed with general rejoicing. Those who had -preceded him to America with Markham and done all in their power to -carry out his plans looked anxiously for his coming to better their -situation, which truly was in need of improvement. They had been -received in the most friendly way, it is true, by the Swedish settlers, -who had given them all the assistance possible, but their hospitality -was unable to afford shelter for all. A few, whose means permitted, had -managed to bring over with them enough lumber to build a small house at -once, but the majority were forced to live in tents or huts made from -clay and the branches of trees, neither of which offered much protection -against the severe weather of the winter months. Some had even made use -of the caves hollowed out from the high banks of the Delaware by the -Indians in former times or dug new ones for themselves, finding them a -better shelter than any other available. It was in one of these caves -that the first birth in the settlement occurred, and the child, who was -named John Key, received from Penn the gift of a building site in the -new town he had planned. - -His first care was to establish a permanent location for the colonists -who had come over with him before they should scatter in search of -homes, as the previous ones had done, regardless of any definite plan. -Markham was in favor of using Upland, or Chester as Penn now called it, -as the nucleus of the future city. But Penn had made a better choice, in -which he was supported by Thomas Holme, an experienced surveyor whom he -had sent out from England and who had already thoroughly explored the -surrounding country. A more favorable spot for the location of a great -commercial centre could scarcely have been found than the one thus -selected. It was at the junction of the Schuylkill and Delaware Rivers, -where the high banks of the latter ensured a safe harbor, while near by -Holme had discovered quarries containing an inexhaustible supply of the -finest building stone, which would make the construction of houses a -comparatively simple matter. Penn lost no time in purchasing this land -from the three Swedes to whom it belonged and set to work at once with -the assistance of Thomas Holme to draw up plans for laying out the new -city, which was to receive the name of Philadelphia, signifying -“brotherly love.” This being the ruling principle on which his State was -founded, he wished it to attract thither all who had suffered so -bitterly from the lack of brotherly love in religious matters. Before a -single one of the trees that covered the spot was felled, before a -single foundation stone was laid, the plan of the whole city was already -clear in Penn’s mind and the enterprising Holme began at once to lay out -its streets and public squares. An additional tract of about two square -miles was also purchased, so that these might be of ample width and size -to afford the future inhabitants plenty of space and air, while the -building lots were to be large enough to permit every house to be -surrounded by a garden, thus giving the city the appearance, as Penn -expressed it, of a green country village. - -His next act was to summon a general assembly of the people, at which -were also present delegates from those settlements on Delaware Bay which -were anxious to join Penn’s Commonwealth, a desire which was granted, -the assembly unanimously agreeing to the union of the two territories. -The constitution drawn up by Penn was accepted almost without a change, -and to the forty provisional laws were added twenty-one more, made -necessary by the special requirements of the new State. In three days -the whole work of legislation was completed, a proof of the unanimity of -opinion that existed among these enthusiasts drawn thither by the same -desire, that of finding an asylum where they could live undisturbed in -the enjoyment of their religious convictions. Once this blessing was -secured, they willingly submitted to laws and regulations that may not -have been altogether in accordance with their own ideas, as indeed could -scarcely have been expected among people of so many different -nationalities and traditions. This matter settled, Penn now made a -series of visits to his neighbors the governors of New York, Maryland, -and New Jersey, hoping by a personal interview with Lord Baltimore to -arrive at some settlement of the troublesome boundary question, but -failing in this he returned to his own colony, where there was abundance -of work for him. - -After Penn’s departure from England, hundreds who had hitherto hesitated -decided at once to follow him. During the Spring of 1683 twenty-three -ships came sailing up the Delaware River, filled with colonists for whom -it was necessary to provide quarters that they might lose no time in -making a home for themselves while the favorable season lasted. This -task was made somewhat easier now, as the indefatigable Holme had -already explored the whole State and divided it into counties. In order -that all might have an equal chance, Penn had the land sold at public -auction. Prices were absurdly low, averaging threepence an acre, with an -additional rental of one shilling on every hundred acres, which was to -form a sort of State revenue for the governor. When it is remembered -that Penn had not only paid the English government for the land -originally, even though a comparatively small sum, but had also bought -it again from the Indians, whose right of possession seemed to him far -more well founded than that of the English crown, this rental seems a -poor compensation, and he can hardly be blamed for afterward reserving a -considerable estate for himself and his children, especially as he also -made a handsome provision both for the Duke of York and for his friend -and co-worker George Fox. The colonists now found themselves in the -midst of stirring times, especially in the region of the new town, -Philadelphia. Alloted building sites were cleared of trees and all who -could work were pressed into service to secure as soon as possible a -better shelter against the weather than was afforded by the tents or -temporary huts already erected. Even delicate women unused to manual -labor of any kind helped their fathers or husbands in the fields as they -could, cooked, carried wood and water, and cared for the cows they had -brought with them from England, some even sawing wood or carrying mortar -for building. If strength or courage failed, it was restored and hearts -and hands again strengthened by the singing of some hymn and by the -remembrance of the inestimable blessing which was theirs as a reward of -their labors and sacrifices. - -The first building completed was a block-house twelve feet wide and -twenty-two feet long, called the “Blue Anchor” and forced to serve a -variety of purposes. It was used as a general place of business, and -being on the bank of the river, formed a landing place for vessels, as -well as a tavern. Later it was also used for a post-house, for Penn, -realizing the necessity of some regular means of communication between -Philadelphia and the outlying settlements to the west, soon established -a messenger post service by which news could be sent and received once a -week. Travellers could also be provided with horses if desired. Few -availed themselves of this service at first, it is true, for the rates -were very high; the delivery of a letter from Philadelphia to Trenton -Falls in New Jersey, for example, costing threepence, and ninepence to -Baltimore, Maryland. The “Blue Anchor” soon had companions, however. In -the course of a few months as many as eighty houses had been built and a -regular trade gradually developed. Merchants set up shops supplied with -merchandise such as was constantly arriving by vessel from England. -Trained artisans were now available to do the work that every man had -been hitherto obliged to perform for himself as best he could. The -husbandman betook himself to the hoe and plough wherever there was a -clearing large enough to use them and won such rich harvests from the -virgin soil that it soon became no longer necessary to bring grain from -abroad. - -The interiors of the houses were quite as rude and rough as the -outsides. Once sure of a sound roof to cover them, the settlers were -content with only the barest necessities in the way of household -furniture, whatever luxuries and comforts they may have been accustomed -to in the past. Costly furnishings would have formed indeed a strange -contrast to the rough bark-covered logs that constituted the walls, and -the covering of lime and moss that served as hangings, or the -hard-packed clay that took the place of boards for flooring. A table, a -bench or two, a bed, all hewed by hand with an axe and innocent of saw -or plane, besides a few necessary cooking utensils,—these sufficed for -the needs of the hard-working settlers, who only sought the shelter of a -house when night or stormy weather made work without impossible and the -axe and plough must needs be laid aside. Not until the original -block-houses began to be replaced by stone buildings was any thought -given to interior convenience, but as soon as it became possible to -employ the services of skilled workmen the question of comfort and even -elegance began to be more considered. Nor was this long in coming, for -in less than a year from the time when Penn first landed at Newcastle -there were more than a hundred stone houses erected in Philadelphia, and -two years later the number had increased to six hundred. Penn could with -truth assure his English friends that his American colony was the -largest ever founded on private credit, and this in no spirit of undue -pride or self-applause. “In seven years,” he writes, “with the help of -God and of my noble companions, I will show you a province that shall -rival our neighbors’ growth of forty years.” Nor did he leave any stone -unturned on his part to make good this prophecy. - -One of his chief desires was to provide some means for the education of -the colonists’ children that they might not grow up rude and ignorant—a -state of things most undesirable among a people who were to govern -themselves. This was no easy matter, for the hard-working settler, -struggling to wrest a home from the wilderness, needed the help of his -children as soon as they were old enough to be of any use. He himself -was little disposed after the day’s labors to devote the evenings to -teaching his children, even did his own education warrant it, nor could -he spare the time to send them to a school. Any regular form of tuition, -moreover, could only be possible to those living in Philadelphia. For -those who had settled many miles, sometimes a whole day’s journey to the -westward, it would have been impossible to make paths through the -trackless wilderness for their children, even had there been a school -within reach. - -Nevertheless Penn made every exertion to accomplish this end, and as -early as December, 1683, even before the site of Philadelphia was -entirely cleared of trees, he had a certain Enoch Flower open a school -in a wretched wooden cabin which was divided into two rooms. Instruction -was confined, however, to reading and writing, for the former of which a -charge of four shillings, the latter six shillings, a quarter, was made, -to form a school fund. Arrangements were also made by which the children -of distant settlers could be provided with board and lodging at a cost -of ten pounds a year. This primitive institution was gradually improved -and enlarged till in six years’ time the position of head master was -assumed by Penn’s friend, George Keith. By the efforts of a certain -William Bradford who had come over from England on the _Welcome_, a -printing press was also set up in Philadelphia, the first product of -which, of any note, was a calendar for the year 1687. - -Another of Penn’s special cares was the maintenance of friendly -relations with the Indians, for which Colonel Markham had already paved -the way. He made it a personal duty to win their confidence and to this -end mingled with them as much as possible, roaming about with them -through the forest, wholly unarmed, sharing their meals, and even -joining in the games and sports of the young men, at which he sometimes -displayed skill or agility equal to their own. In this way he also -learned their language and became so familiar with their habits and -manner of thought that it became as easy for him to communicate with -them as if he had been one of themselves. - - [Illustration: _PENN AND THE INDIANS_] - -It was necessary, however, for him to establish peaceful relations with -all the Indian tribes claiming his territory as their hunting grounds, -as well as with those nearer at hand, for the farther the settlers -penetrated into the wilderness the greater was the danger of their being -treated by the Indians as hostile invaders, unless protected by some -agreement. He therefore determined to invite all the tribes to a general -council for the purpose of concluding a solemn treaty of peace and -friendship. - - - - - Chapter VII - The Indian Conference—Signing of the Treaty—Penn Returns to England to - Defend his Rights against Lord Baltimore—Accession of James the - Second—His Dethronement and Accession of William the Third - - -The place chosen by Penn for this conference was a spot which had been -used by the natives from time immemorial for such purposes. It was -called “Sakimaxing,” now Shakamaxon, meaning “Place of the King,” and -was situated on the bank of the Delaware not far from the site of -Philadelphia. The wide-spreading branches of a huge elm, then at least a -hundred and fifty years old, shaded the beautiful spot which commanded a -superb view of the river and the dark woods of the New Jersey shore -beyond. Long before a paleface ever entered these regions the Indians -had assembled here to hold their councils, settle their disputes, and -smoke the pipe of peace, as was their custom. It was here too that -Colonel Markham had first treated with them. - - [Illustration: _THE CONFERENCE_] - -They willingly obeyed the summons of the “great Onas,” as they called -the white chief who had completely won their hearts, while the distant -tribes who had never seen Penn in person were most curious to behold -this paleface of whom they had heard so much and who must be so -different from any other of whom they had ever heard. They arrived in -bands, in their picturesque garb, the skin of some animal or a handwoven -blanket wrapped about the upper part of their bodies, which were marked -with strange signs and painted in the most brilliant colors, their feet -enclosed in leather moccasins, making possible a light and perfectly -noiseless tread, their heads adorned with the huge war bonnets of -many-colored feathers. All the great chiefs were present, among them the -wise old Tamemund, most distinguished of all. Penn, now in the prime of -manhood, was handsomely dressed in European fashion to receive his -Indian friends. The long coat with its rows of shining buttons and lace -ruffles falling from the wrists fitted smoothly over his tall, -well-built frame and half covered the slashed knee breeches. He wore, -according to the custom of the time, a long curled wig on which rested a -plain beaver hat. As he stood there calm and dignified, as became a -great leader, surrounded by a few of his closest friends, among whom was -Colonel Markham, already known to most of the Indians, the kindness and -benevolence that shone in his dark eyes could not but win the confidence -of these simple children of the forest. - -After the pipe of peace had been passed around the circle, Tamemund -arose and placed on his head a sort of crown, or wreath, to which was -attached a small horn. This was to signify that the spot as well as the -company was now consecrated, so to speak, and the conference could -proceed. He then seated himself again, surrounded by the oldest and most -renowned chiefs of tribes, the warriors forming a semi-circle behind -them, while the youths who had not yet attained the dignity of braves -ranged themselves in the background. Tamemund now announced that his -children were ready to listen to the great Onas. - -Slowly and with dignity Penn arose in answer to this summons, and after -letting his keen glance travel lightly over the assembled group, waiting -silent and motionless for his words, he began to speak, using the Lenni -Lennapee dialect, with which he was most familiar, and preserving as far -as possible the figurative language of the Indians. The Great Spirit, so -he declared, who made all men and to whom all good men return after -death, who reads all hearts, knew that he and his children meant well by -their red brothers and sincerely wished to live in peace and concord -with them and to be their friends and to help them in every way -possible. This too was the will of the Great Spirit, that all his people -should be as one family, bearing one another’s burdens and sharing one -another’s sorrows. Thus would he and his children treat their Indian -brothers; musket and sword should be discarded and they should live -together friendly and loyally. In return they hoped for the same pledge -from the redmen, in whose justice and honesty they had the firmest -trust. - -After these introductory words, which were received with repeated signs -of approval from his audience, Penn read aloud the treaty of peace, -drawn up by himself, and explained its various points more in detail. It -stipulated that everything should be free, alike to the palefaces and -their red brothers, and the doors of the one be ever open to the other, -that the children of Onas would listen to no false tales against their -brothers, who on their part must believe no evil of the palefaces, but -each must agree to report to the other anything that should come to his -knowledge which might prove harmful to him. Should any one suffer a real -injury he must not take vengeance himself, but lay the matter before his -chief or Onas, when sentence should be passed by the judgment of twelve -just men; after this the injury must be forgotten as if it had never -occurred. Lastly, this treaty of friendship should be handed down to -their children and be kept sacred so long as water flowed in the rivers -or the sun, moon, and stars shone in the heavens. - -Penn then placed the written treaty on the ground between himself and -the Indian chiefs, who retired to hold a brief consultation, after which -Tamemund answered for his companions that they were satisfied with the -treaty and would keep it in the letter and in the spirit. This was all. -No oaths were taken, no seal set; the simple word of both was -sufficient. It has been said of this treaty made by Penn with the -Indians, in contrast to the many signed and sealed between Christian -peoples only stands alone as the only treaty never sworn to and never -broken. While the other settlers in the New World were perpetually at -warfare with the Indians, and many were slain by them in the most cruel -manner, there was never a drop of blood shed in this manner in the -Quaker colony. The memory of Penn, the great Onas, was cherished by the -natives long after he had left America and even after his death, and -none of his children ever lacked shelter and hospitality from them. Nor -have his countrymen forgotten the service rendered to them by this -treaty with the Indians. When in 1810 the great elm under which it was -concluded was blown down in a terrific storm, Penn’s descendants in -England were sent a block of wood from this famous tree, which, -according to its rings, had attained an age of nearly three hundred -years and the enormous circumference of twenty-four feet. On the spot -where it had stood a simple monument of granite was afterward placed in -memory of that invaluable covenant to which Pennsylvania was so largely -indebted for its quick and prosperous development. - -The original constitution drawn up by Penn proving in some respects no -longer adapted to existing conditions in the colony, it was subjected to -some changes, though the fundamental principles were retained unaltered. -The government was now placed entirely in the hands of the people, to be -exercised through their deputies, and a council also chosen by them, -Penn resigning all share in the administration. “My aim,” he wrote one -of his friends, “is to leave no power to my successors by which any -single individual may work harm to or interfere with the welfare of the -whole country.” How much this was appreciated is shown by the passage of -a resolution by the government to impose a tax on certain articles for -Penn’s benefit. He refused to accept it, however, although he might have -done so with a clear conscience, as it was well known that he had spent -over twenty thousand pounds at various times in paying the Indians for -the land they had given up, but in which they still retained the right -to hunt and fish. On the thirtieth of March, 1683, the newly revised -constitution was accepted, signed by Penn, and then submitted to the -English government for approval. - -At this time Penn was much interested in the progress of a house which -was being built for him under Markham’s supervision at a place afterward -known as Pennsburg, which was to be his family mansion when he brought -his wife and children out from England. Anxious as he was, however, that -all about it should be according to his wishes, the troublesome boundary -dispute called him away to Newcastle, where it was hoped the matter -might be finally settled. But no agreement was reached and Lord -Baltimore soon afterward sailed for England to lay his claims before the -King. Reluctant as he was to leave America, and necessary as his -presence was there at that time, Penn realized, therefore, that in order -to protect his own rights he would be forced to follow the same course -and carry his case to England likewise. This decision was hastened by -the arrival of letters from home informing him not only of the dangerous -illness of his wife, but also of the outbreak of fresh persecutions -against all dissenters, and especially the Quakers. The Friends wrote -urging his return and beseeching him to use his influence at court once -more in their favor, as he had so often done in the past. Moreover, his -enemies had circulated various calumnies against him which could only be -refuted by himself in person. - -There seemed no choice left him. He must put the Atlantic Ocean between -him and his province, for which he had labored so zealously and so -successfully for more than a year and a half. But before he sailed he -once more summoned the Indian chiefs to bid them farewell and urge them -even more strongly than before to keep faith with him and observe their -treaty with his “children.” During his absence the business of -government was entrusted to a few chosen citizens on whom he could -depend to carry out his ideas and principles. How hard it was for him to -leave in spite of his anxiety to be at the bedside of his sick wife, and -how much at heart he had the welfare of his province, is shown by the -fact that even after he had boarded the ship he took time before it -sailed to write a parting letter of instructions to his deputies, urging -them to maintain the peace he had striven so hard to establish and -invoking the blessing of God on the new settlement. - -The return voyage was a more prosperous one than the last, and in June, -1684, Penn landed safely on his native shores again. The anxiety he had -suffered during the voyage as to his wife’s illness fortunately proved -groundless, for he found her quite restored to health, thus leaving -nothing to mar the joy of reunion with his family. He did not long enjoy -this happiness, however, for his first care was to secure some -settlement of his dispute with Lord Baltimore. He hastened to London, -therefore, after a few days, to present himself at court, where he was -most graciously received both by the King and the Duke of York, who -assured him that the matter should be promptly adjusted in all fairness. -The King falling ill soon after this, however, the subject was again -deferred and Lord Baltimore determined to take advantage of the -situation by possessing himself of the disputed territory. He sent word, -therefore, to his agents in America to seize it by force, ejecting all -settlers who refused to acknowledge his sovereignty or to pay the tax -imposed by him. Nothing but the threat made by the government of -Pennsylvania of an immediate complaint to the King prevented the -execution of this order, the result of which interference was that in -addition to the malicious charges already heaped upon Penn by his -enemies it was said that this apostle of peace had done his best to -kindle a civil war in America. - -On the sixth of February, 1685, King Charles the Second died and his -brother the Duke of York succeeded to the throne as James the Second. -The time now seemed ripe for Penn to pave the way for the establishment -in England of that liberty of conscience for which he had already made -so many sacrifices and secured so successful a home across the sea. The -new King had always been opposed to the religious persecutions that had -existed during his brother’s reign and Penn looked with confidence for -some manifestation of these sentiments now that James was on the throne. -Nor was he disappointed. In response to a petition addressed to the new -sovereign by Penn, an order was immediately issued suspending all -penalties against religious offenders and releasing those who were -imprisoned for such reasons, among whom were more than twelve hundred -Quakers alone. But the mere exercise of the royal right of pardon by no -means satisfied Penn. His aim was to secure universal liberty of -conscience in England by the passage of a law which should guarantee -this, and through the favor he enjoyed with the King he still hoped to -bring it about. In order to be near at hand, therefore, he removed his -residence from Worminghurst to London, that he might lose no opportunity -of exerting his influence with James, nor did the fact of his being -accused of having secretly joined the Catholic religion to please the -King deter him in the least, accustomed as he was to all sorts of -calumny. - -The political intrigues in which James the Second was continually -involved, and which finally led to another revolution, Penn was careful -to avoid, and he would gladly have exchanged the turmoil of court life -for his peaceful transatlantic colony had not a feeling of duty to the -cause he had undertaken urged him to remain where he might be of some -use. He spent much time at court and was held in high regard by the -King, who permitted him to say many things that no other could have -ventured with impunity. This was well known and Penn’s house was -constantly besieged with petitioners seeking to profit by his influence -with the King. Yet firm as was Penn’s confidence in James’ good faith, -he could not blind himself to the ever-increasing distrust and -dissatisfaction with which his subjects regarded him. Not only did he -openly practise the rites of his religion, having a magnificent chapel -built near the palace for the observance of Catholic worship, but he -also instituted several monastic orders, while the Jesuits were -permitted such influence at court that it was generally feared an -attempt would be made to introduce that religion as the state form of -worship. This suspicion was still further increased when in March, 1687, -the King summarily abolished all penal laws against dissenters, -including the so-called Test Act, which permitted none but members of -the established church to hold public office of any kind. As this act -had been originally framed for the express purpose of excluding -Catholics from the government, its abolition naturally was regarded with -alarm. - -Rejoiced as Penn was at the repeal of the hated laws against dissenters, -he felt it his duty to warn the King against showing such open favor -toward Catholicism, urging him at the same time to secure the authority -of Parliament for these reforms. But James heeded neither the warning -nor the appeal and insisted on the exercise of absolute power without -reference to Parliament. Fearing lest the abolition of some of the -fundamental national laws might follow in the same arbitrary manner, a -storm of protest followed and a general revolt seemed imminent. Many -eyes had already been turned toward the King’s son-in-law, Prince -William of Orange, as a possible successor to the English throne, and at -this crisis the Prince, being even then in communication with the -malcontents in England, was approached with offers as to the -dethronement of James, offers which he had no scruples in accepting. - -On the fifth of November, 1688, he accordingly landed on the English -coast with a well-armed force and was hailed with general acclamations, -the troops hastily collected by the King for his own defence also -deserting to his standard. On hearing this news James fled from London, -thinking to escape to France, but being discovered on his way to the -coast he was advised by his friends to return to London. At the approach -of the Prince of Orange, however, he again fled, and this time succeeded -in reaching the shores of France in safety, where he was willingly given -shelter by his friend Louis the Fourteenth. - -On the twenty-second of January, 1689, the throne of England was -declared vacant by Parliament and the Prince of Orange proclaimed King, -as William the Third, on subscribing to a law regulating the -prerogatives of the crown as well as the State and depriving the -sovereign of those rights which James had so arbitrarily exercised of -abolishing laws on his own absolute authority or of interfering with -their execution. - - - - - Chapter VIII -Penn Tried for Treason and Acquitted—Withdrawal of Penn’s Charter—Death - of his Wife and Son—Second Marriage—Journey to America—Penn’s -Home—Attempts to Correct Abuses—Returns to England and Encounters Fresh - Dangers—Penn in the Debtors’ Prison—Ingratitude of the Colonists - - -The flight of King James was the signal for the departure of his friends -and favorites also, but Penn refused to leave the country in spite of -urgent entreaties from all sides to do so. Calm in the consciousness -that he had done nothing which was not for the honor and welfare of -England, he persisted in this determination even when the houses of many -who were supposed to favor the fugitive King were burned by the -populace. When called upon by the council, which had assumed the reins -of government, to explain his relations with James, he declared simply -that his life had been devoted to the service of his country and the -Protestant religion, that the King had been his father’s friend and his -own guardian, and that while he had always shown him the respect and -obedience due from a subject, he had done nothing and should do nothing -inconsistent with his duty to God and his country. - -On this frank declaration he was allowed to go free, after giving a bond -of six thousand pounds, until his public trial should take place, at -which he was later acquitted. In spite of this, however, he was twice -again tried for treason, in one case even being accused of complicity in -a plot to restore James the Second to the throne, but his innocence was -so clearly proved and his frank simplicity made so favorable an -impression on his judges and on the King as well, that in both cases he -was fully exonerated and discharged from custody. Owing to his being -still under suspicion, however, and secretly watched, he was doubtless -warned to remain out of sight for a time, for except for some works of -his which were published at this period, even his friends saw nothing of -him for a space of two years. The passage of a law framed by the new -King acknowledging the existence of dissenters and forbidding their -persecution in future rejoiced Penn greatly, even though the Test Act -still remained in force and only members of the established church could -enjoy the full rights of citizenship. But other matters had arisen in -the meantime that caused him great uneasiness. - -War between France and England again seemed inevitable, in which case -the North American States would be placed in a position of great danger, -the French having established such friendly relations with the Indians -that an alliance between them must be expected. Under these -circumstances it seemed absolutely necessary for Penn to carry out the -plan he had long had in mind of returning to Pennsylvania to protect the -rights he had earned by such labor and sacrifice. An unforeseen event, -however, interfered for a time with this intention, for on the tenth of -March, 1692, a royal decree was issued placing both Pennsylvania and New -Jersey under the military command of a Colonel Fletcher, who was to -defend them against the hostile tribes of Indians already on the -war-path. It came about in this way. The North American provinces, -already grown or growing into States, having been made practically -independent either by gift or purchase during the preceding reigns, King -William determined to unite them again with the English crown and -thereby provide himself with part of the force he needed for the war -with France. As the Quakers of Pennsylvania had shown no great haste to -offer allegiance to the new sovereign, Penn’s enemies had taken -advantage of this fact to urge the withdrawal of his charter, and while -Penn himself had no doubt that this arbitrary measure would be revoked -in the course of time, and felt convinced that the money he had spent in -purchasing the land from the Indians, almost his entire fortune, must -constitute an indubitable claim to the province, still the blow was a -hard one and he found himself in a by no means encouraging situation. -Added to this were family cares and anxieties, both his wife and eldest -son being seriously ill at the time. - -Amid these troubles he was only sustained by his faith in God and in the -ultimate triumph of right, a faith which was justified after some delay -by the restoration to him of his American province, the King, however, -reserving the right to defend it until the end of the war, a condition -to which Penn, being a Quaker, could conscientiously make no objection. - -Penn’s greatest anxiety now was to return to America, but he was still -detained in England by the condition of his oldest son, who had -developed consumption. Shortly before this he had experienced the bitter -sorrow of losing Guli, his beloved wife, who for twenty-one years had -been the joy of his life. Being unable consequently to leave England he -arranged by permission of the government to send a few trustworthy -representatives to Pennsylvania to protect his rights while he remained -to care for his sick son. After an illness of two years Springett died, -February 10, 1696, and the heartbroken father exclaimed: “I have lost in -him all that a father can lose in a son.” - -Penn was now left in sole care of his two remaining children, Letty and -William, the latter of whom, resembling his grandfather more than his -father in character, needed judicious control. It was this fact chiefly -that induced Penn, then nearly fifty years old, to marry again. At the -beginning of the year 1696 he was united to Hannah Callowhill of -Bristol, a sensible, pious woman, who presented him with six children -and outlived him several years. Still Penn found himself unable to go -back to Pennsylvania, which he had not seen for thirteen years. For -neither his wife nor his daughter Letty, now grown to womanhood, could -make up their minds to follow him to America and leave their native -land, perhaps forever. As little would his son William listen even to -the idea of exchanging the pleasures he enjoyed at home for the monotony -of life in Pennsylvania. - -By the year 1699, however, the English government had received so many -complaints of mismanagement on the part of Markham and Penn’s other -representatives there that Penn, fearing he might again be in danger of -losing his province, decided to make the move to America at any cost, -especially as the French war had been brought to a close by the Peace of -Ryswick and the usual peaceful conditions might be expected again to -exist in Pennsylvania. Under these circumstances his wife and daughter -abandoned their opposition to the plan, but young William still refusing -to leave England, the family were forced to sail without him. Owing to -contrary winds, the passage this time was a very long one, lasting fully -three months, a fortunate occurrence as it proved, notwithstanding -general complaints, for they thereby escaped an epidemic of some -malignant fever which had caused great loss of life in Philadelphia. - -Penn’s return to his province after an absence of fifteen years was -hailed with universal rejoicing, and now that he had brought his family -with him it was hoped he would remain to watch over the people who had -so long been deprived of his fatherly care. It must indeed have been a -temptation to Penn to settle down here in peace for the rest of his -days, for his Pennsburg had now grown into a most beautiful estate. The -land chosen for it by himself and Markham was superbly situated and -protected against any kind of attack by the Delaware River, which almost -entirely surrounded it, affording at the same time a delicious coolness -that made it comfortable even in the intense heat of summer. The house, -which was built overlooking the river, was sixty feet in length by forty -in depth and was surrounded with magnificent gardens, which were Penn’s -special delight. Beyond these stretched a fine park, left for the most -part in its natural wildness and filled with huge trees whose -interlacing branches formed a canopy overhead, while here and there were -artfully planned nooks and bits of fine landscape gardening. The lower -story of the stately mansion was almost entirely taken up by a great -hall capable of accommodating the largest assemblies, while the upper -contained the living rooms, the windows of which commanded a charming -view across the river to the wooded shores of New Jersey. The extensive -outbuildings included a fine stable, for Penn was a great lover of -horses, and on the water before the house was moored a charming pleasure -yacht for excursions on the river. Penn’s wife and daughter were equally -pleased with this delightful home, and as the master of the house was -fond of having guests and willingly permitted all innocent forms of -amusement, they found little reason to regret the change to which they -had found it so hard to reconcile themselves. - -Penn himself, however, had little time to devote to pleasure, for much -and difficult work awaited him. First of all it was necessary to rectify -the evils which had given rise to so much complaint, chief of which was -the introduction of contraband trade. He soon found that by no means all -the inhabitants of his colony shared his disinterestedness or his -loftiness of purpose. He met with especial opposition in his efforts to -better the condition of the negro slaves. This traffic in human beings -had continued to flourish ever since his first visit to America, for at -that time its infamy was not recognized. The blacks were looked upon as -creatures little above the brutes, to buy and sell whom was perfectly -legitimate. In the first constitution drawn up by him, Penn had inserted -an article stipulating that negro servants should be freed after -fourteen years of service, provided they gave their former masters -two-thirds of all they produced from the land assigned to them, failing -which they were to return to servitude. This did not prevent the -continuation of slavery, however, the legality or illegality of which -being regarded as a question which no reasonable man need trouble -himself about. The German settlers from the Rhine Palatinate were the -only ones to protest against it, and they indeed left no stone unturned -to secure support and recognition for their cause. Penn’s attempts to -introduce a law for the benefit of the negroes therefore met with such -strong opposition from the assembly that he was forced to abandon his -benevolent plans until a more favorable opportunity should occur. He -kept no slaves himself, preferring to hire those of his neighbors when -he needed their services. - -The Indians were overjoyed at the return of the great Onas, who -immediately renewed the old friendly relations with them. They had -faithfully observed the treaty concluded in 1682 and had fared so well -in consequence that other tribes which had then held aloof were now -eager to join the alliance, to which Penn gladly agreed, as it would add -in no small degree to the safety of his province. After this ceremony -had been performed in the manner already described, Penn entertained his -new allies in the great hall of his mansion, while they returned the -hospitality by performing some of their wild dances upon the lawn for -their host and his family. - -Penn continued to labor unceasingly for the welfare not only of his own, -but also of the neighboring provinces for two years, when once more he -was interrupted by the arrival of bad news from England. This was the -introduction of a bill into Parliament bringing all proprietary -governments under the control of the crown, and it was with difficulty -that Penn’s friends succeeded in having the hearing deferred until he -could return from America. His presence in England therefore seemed -indispensable at this juncture and the assembly of Pennsylvania urged -him to lose no time. All necessary measures of government were hastily -arranged and some alterations made in the constitution, but already it -had become painfully evident that the representatives of the people were -seeking their own advantage only and paying little heed to the interests -of the man to whom they owed so much. They even refused to furnish the -means for his journey to England, though it was undertaken entirely at -their behest and in their interest, and Penn was forced to depend on -raising the necessary money during his stay in London by the sale of -some of his lands. - -His wife and daughter were glad enough to return to England. The novelty -and excitement of the new life had worn away by this time and they -hastened as much as possible the preparations for departure. The -Indians, on the contrary, were bitterly disappointed when they heard -that the great Onas was to leave them again so soon. They came from near -and far to bid him farewell and were only consoled by the assurance that -during his absence the same justice and friendship should be shown them, -to insure which Penn made both the council and his deputy, Colonel -Hamilton, personally responsible. As a parting gift he presented the -city of Philadelphia with a deed of grant for the land on which it -stood, and after promising to send his son out at once, that he might -become familiar with the nature and needs of the country over which he -might one day claim ownership, Penn left the shores of America, never to -return. - -On his arrival in England, toward the end of 1701, he found the -situation by no means so bad as he had feared. It had been merely a plot -on the part of his enemies to deprive him of his ownership of -Pennsylvania without any indemnification. Upon Penn’s proving that he -had relinquished a claim on ten thousand pounds against the crown in -exchange for his patent, which document had been drawn up in the proper -legal form; that besides this he had acquired undisputed possession of -the land by subsequent purchase from the Indians; and finally, that the -interest on that ten thousand pounds had by this time increased it to -more than double that sum, which must lawfully be paid to him if he were -deprived of his province, even King William was forced to recognize the -justice of his cause and the proposed bill was abandoned, never to be -revived again. - -Penn had not neglected to fulfil his promise to the Pennsylvanians and -immediately after his arrival had ordered his son to leave as soon as -possible for Philadelphia; but it was with great reluctance that he did -so, for during his father’s absence the pleasure-loving youth had -abandoned himself to every form of dissipation, to the great detriment -not only of his health, but of his pocket. To send him out to America -alone without restraint or guardianship of any kind meant merely a -continuation of his dissolute career, with perhaps ruin and disgrace to -the honorable name he bore. Nor was the young man any better pleased -with the idea, and it was not till his father had opened his eyes to the -seriousness of the situation and agreed to pay his debts that he yielded -and promised to go without further protest. Before he sailed Penn wrote -to some of the Friends in Philadelphia begging them to watch over his -son with fatherly care and solicitude. All seemed to go well at first -with young William. He troubled himself little, to be sure, as to the -province or its affairs, preferring rather to spend his time in hunting -and fishing; but the evil spirit in him soon broke out afresh, and he -plunged once more into a life of wild excess, defying all the laws of -the country, and after he had succeeded in squandering huge sums of -money and making himself thoroughly detested, he went back to England, -unbidden and unregretted. - -The payment of these new debts contracted by his son caused Penn great -financial embarrassment, which was still further increased by the -unexpected and extortionate demands of a creditor. This was the -successor of his former advocate and man of business, who at the time of -Penn’s first journey to America had advanced him the sum of twenty-eight -hundred pounds in exchange for which and ostensibly as a mere matter of -form he had induced his unsuspecting client to sign a bond pledging the -whole province of Pennsylvania as security. Now without any warning an -account of fourteen thousand pounds was sent in to Penn with the threat -that an attachment would be served if this sum were not immediately -paid. After investigating this fraudulent account, he declared himself -willing to settle for some four thousand pounds, all to which the -creditor was justly entitled. This the latter refused to accept, -however, and the owner of Pennsylvania was forced to go to a debtors’ -prison as the assembly of that colony refused to make him any advances -or even pay the revenues owing to him. In this emergency Penn offered -for the sum of twenty thousand pounds to sell his whole province to -Queen Anne, who, as the second daughter of the dethroned King James the -Second, had succeeded to the throne on the death of William the Third, -in 1702. She refused to take it, however, and at length he managed by -great effort to raise between seven and eight thousand pounds, with -which his false creditor finally agreed to content himself, Penn thereby -procuring release. - -The long confinement had so seriously affected Penn’s health that he now -decided to leave London and moved with his family to Brentford, some -eight miles distant, where he devoted himself entirely to his former -vocation of preaching the gospel throughout the country and conducting -meetings for his Quaker brethren. The increasing infirmities of age, -however, soon put an end to these journeyings, Penn having now reached -the age of sixty-five, and in 1710, therefore, he retired to Rushcombe -in Buckinghamshire, where he remained until his death. - -From there he addressed a communication to the settlers in Pennsylvania, -reproaching them for the ingratitude with which they had rewarded his -labors and sacrifices in their behalf. His last journey to England had -been taken solely in their interests to prevent the absorption of that -province by the crown, in which case their existing constitution would -have been abolished. He had made every effort to accomplish this -purpose, in spite of their indifference, with the result that he had -become impoverished while they had grown rich; while they, thanks to his -foresight and perseverance, were in possession of an empire, liberty, -and power, and he, for their sake and because of their avarice, had been -forced to languish in a debtors’ prison. He was forced to conclude, -therefore, that it was their wish to sever the old relations hitherto -existing between them and himself, in which case, if they would signify -their desire by the choice of a successor, he would then know how to -act. - -This letter did not fail to impress the conscience-stricken -Pennsylvanians. At the popular election which shortly followed a new -assembly was chosen in place of the one that had proved so ungrateful to -their benefactor, and it was no small consolation to Penn, broken as he -was by trouble and ill health, that this new assembly unanimously agreed -on the passage of resolutions that filled him with hope for the future -of the province. - - - - - Chapter IX - Death of his Dissolute Son William—Penn’s Last Illness and Mental - Decline—His Death and Will - - -The younger William Penn meanwhile had gone from bad to worse, to the -bitter disappointment of his father, who after the untimely death of his -first-born had placed all his hopes on this unworthy son. After having -entirely estranged his family by his excesses, he entered the army in -defiance of his father’s principles, but resigned soon after when an -opening offered for election to Parliament. Failing to accomplish this, -however, he abandoned his wife and children and went to the continent, -where he led a life of riotous adventure in the various capitals till -his death in 1720. - -It may have been the arrival of some distressing news about this -degenerate son that led to the apoplectic stroke with which Penn was -seized early in the year 1712 and which in his feeble state of health -was a serious matter, although he rallied for a time sufficiently to be -able to occupy himself with colonial affairs. The question of slavery -was much on his mind. He had become more and more convinced of its -inhumanity and sinfulness and had great hopes of securing its abolition, -as the untiring efforts of the German settlers had secured the passage -of a law forbidding the importation of any more slaves. - -This first stroke, however, was soon followed by two more which left him -a wreck physically and mentally. The devoted care of his wife and -children helped to avert any immediate danger to his life, but the -brilliant mind was hopelessly shattered. He became like a child, serene -and peaceful fortunately, playing about the house or garden most of the -time with his own young children and those of his son, whom with their -deserted mother he had taken into his own home at Rushcombe. -Occasionally there would be lucid moments when he was able to converse -intelligently, and then the placid smile would vanish from his lips at -the sight of his wife’s care-worn face and the realization of the -burdens she had to bear not only in the management of family affairs, -but also to keep up the extensive correspondence required by colonial -matters. - -In this condition Penn lived on for five long years, sometimes able to -recognize his old friends when they came to see him and even exchange a -few intelligible words with them, but toward the end the power both of -speech and memory failed him. On the thirtieth of May, 1718, he passed -away quietly and peacefully at the age of seventy-four, after a life of -ceaseless devotion to the service of God and the welfare of humanity. - -In a will made while still in full possession of his mental faculties, -Penn left the following directions: His son William, having already -squandered the money left him by his deceased mother as her family -inheritance, was debarred from any share in the estate, the English -property, yielding at that time an annual revenue of some fifteen -hundred pounds, passing to his children instead. To each of the -grandchildren, as well as his daughter Letty, he bequeathed ten thousand -acres of the best land still unsold in Pennsylvania, and after disposing -of enough more of this land to pay the expenses of his burial, the -remainder was to be divided among his five children by his second wife, -Hannah Callowhill, who was made executor with an annuity of three -hundred pounds. The management of his colonial affairs he entrusted to -his two friends the Earls of Oxford and Pawlett, with orders to dispose -of his right of possession on the most favorable terms possible, either -to the English crown or elsewhere, the proceeds to be invested for the -benefit of these children. - -Penn had arranged his worldly affairs with his usual wisdom and -foresight. While it might appear by the terms of the will that he had -shown a preference for his son William’s children by leaving them the -English property with its assured returns, his own receiving only the -doubtful American possessions which of late had yielded a revenue of -little more than five hundred pounds a year, yet as a matter of fact it -was quite the reverse; for during the twenty years of peace and -prosperity that followed the French and Indian war the value of the -colonial property increased enormously. In 1797 the government of -Pennsylvania paid the descendants of William Penn the sum of one hundred -and thirty thousand pounds for their rights of ownership, exclusive of -all personal properties, as well as back-standing payments and rents due -from the sale of lands left them by the founder of the State; while in -England they also received the additional sum of five hundred thousand -pounds voted by Parliament as indemnity for the losses suffered by him. - -The body of William Penn was laid to rest beside those of his first wife -and their eldest son in the quiet churchyard of the village of Jordan in -Buckinghamshire. Hundreds came from far and near to pay their last -respects to the noble Quaker, and it needed not the eulogies pronounced -over his grave to proclaim to the world that a great and good man had -passed away. - - - - - APPENDIX - - -The following is a chronological statement of the more important events -in William Penn’s life: - - 1644 Birth - 1658 Death of Oliver Cromwell - 1659 Penn enters Oxford - 1660 Expulsion from Oxford - 1660 Visits Germany - 1664 War between England and Holland - 1665 Penn in the naval service - 1667 Adopts the Quaker faith - 1668 Begins preaching - 1670 Penn’s arrest - 1672 Marriage - 1673 Fresh Quaker persecutions - 1677 Visits Holland - 1681 Royal cession of land to Penn - 1682 Penn goes to America - 1682 Founding of Philadelphia - 1682 Treaty made with the Indians - 1683 The new constitution accepted - 1684 Penn returns to England - 1685 Death of Charles the Second - 1688 Dethronement of James - 1696 Second marriage - 1699 Penn returns to America - 1701 Penn goes back to England - 1702 Penn imprisoned for debt - 1710 Penn retires to private life - 1718 Death of William Penn - - - - - LIFE STORIES FOR YOUNG PEOPLE - - _Translated from the German by_ - GEORGE P. UPTON - - 36 Volumes Now Ready - - - _American Explorers_ - - Columbus - Pizarro - Cortes - Eric the Red and Leif the Lucky, and Other Pre-Columbian Discoveries - of America - - _Historical and Biographical_ - - Washington - Franklin - Penn - Maximilian - Barbarossa - William of Orange - Maria Theresa - The Maid of Orleans - Frederick the Great - The Little Dauphin - Herman and Thusnelda - The Swiss Heroes - Marie Antoinette’s Youth - The Duke of Brittany - Louise, Queen of Prussia - The Youth of the Great Elector - Emperor William First - Elizabeth, Empress of Austria - Charlemagne - Prince Eugene - Eugénie, Empress of the French - Queen Maria Sophia of Naples - - _Musical Biography_ - - Beethoven - Mozart - Johann Sebastian Bach - Joseph Haydn - - _Legendary_ - - Frithjof Saga - Gudrun - The Nibelungs - William Tell - Arnold of Winkelried - Undine - - Illustrated. Each 50 cents _net_ - A. C. 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