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diff --git a/old/62651-0.txt b/old/62651-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index e5d87a7..0000000 --- a/old/62651-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2282 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Morristown National Historical Park, A -Military Capital of the American Revol, by Melvin J. Weig - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Morristown National Historical Park, A Military Capital of the American Revolution - National Park Service Historical Handbook Series, No. 7 - -Author: Melvin J. Weig - -Contributor: Vera B. Craig - -Release Date: July 15, 2020 [EBook #62651] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MORRISTOWN NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - - - - MORRISTOWN - NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK - _A Military Capital of the American Revolution_ - - - [Illustration: {candlestick and letter}] - - _by Melvin J. Weig, with assistance from Vera B. Craig_ - - NATIONAL PARK SERVICE HISTORICAL HANDBOOK SERIES No. 7 - WASHINGTON 25, D. C., 1950 - - [Illustration: {DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR · March 3, 1949}] - - UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR - Oscar L. Chapman, _Secretary_ - - NATIONAL PARK SERVICE - Newton B. Drury, _Director_ - - - _HISTORICAL HANDBOOK NUMBER SEVEN_ - - This publication is one of a series of handbooks describing the - historical and archeological areas in the National Park System - administered by the National Park Service of the United States - Department of the Interior. It is printed by the Government Printing - Office and may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, - Washington 25, D. C. Price 20¢. - - - - - _Contents_ - - - _Page_ - THE FIRST WINTER ENCAMPMENT IN MORRIS COUNTY 1 - Situation: January 1777 1 - From Princeton to Morristown 2 - The New Base of American Operations 3 - Winter Quarters for Officers and Men 5 - Instability of the Army 6 - Food and Clothing Shortages 7 - Recruitment Gets Under Way 7 - Sickness and Death 8 - Washington Tightens His Grip on New Jersey 9 - The Prospect Brightens 10 - End of the 1777 Encampment 11 - JOCKEY HOLLOW: THE “HARD” WINTER OF 1779-80 11 - Intermission: War in Deadlock 11 - Morristown Again Becomes the Military Capital 12 - Building the “Log-house city” 12 - Terrible Severity of the Winter 16 - Lack of Adequate Clothing 17 - Shortage of Provisions and Forage 17 - Money Troubles and Their Consequences 18 - Guarding the Lines 18 - The Staten Island Expedition 19 - Sidelights on the Pattern of Army Life 22 - Luzerne and Miralles 23 - The Committee at Headquarters 24 - Lafayette Brings Good News 24 - Two Battles End the 1779-80 Encampment 25 - JANUARY 1781: THE STORY OF TWO MUTINIES 27 - THE NEW JERSEY BRIGADE ENCAMPMENT OF 1781-82 29 - GUIDE TO THE AREA 29 - HOW TO REACH THE PARK 42 - ESTABLISHMENT AND ADMINISTRATION 42 - VISITOR FACILITIES 43 - RELATED AREAS 44 - - [Illustration: “_Washington Receiving a Salute on the Field of - Trenton._” From the engraving by William Holl (1865), after the - painting by John Faed.] - - [Illustration: {Ford Mansion}] - -During two critical winters of the Revolutionary War, 1777 and 1779-80, -the rolling countryside in and around Morristown, N. J., sheltered the -main encampments of the American Continental Army and served as the -headquarters of its famed Commander in Chief, George Washington. Patriot -troops were also quartered in this vicinity on many other occasions. -Here Washington reorganized his weary and depleted forces almost within -sight of strong British lines at New York. Here came Lafayette with -welcome news of the second French expedition sent to aid the Americans. -And here was developed, in the face of bitter cold, hunger, hardship, -and disease, the Nation’s will to independence and freedom. Thus for a -time this small New Jersey village became the military capital of the -United States, the testing ground of a great people in its heroic fight -for “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.” - - - - - _The First Winter Encampment in Morris County_ - - -SITUATION: JANUARY 1777. - -Sir William Howe had been mistaken. Near the middle of December 1776, as -Commander in Chief of His Majesty’s army in America, he believed the -rebellion of Great Britain’s trans-Atlantic colonies crushed beyond hope -of revival. “Mr.” Washington’s troops had been driven from New York, -pursued through New Jersey, and forced at last to cross the Delaware -River into Pennsylvania. The British had captured Maj. Gen. Charles Lee, -the only American general they thought possessed real ability. Some -mopping up might be necessary in the spring, but the arduous work of -conquest was over. Howe could spend a comfortable winter in New York, -and Lord Cornwallis, the British second in command, might sail for -England and home. - -Then suddenly, with whirlwind effect, these pleasant reveries were swept -away in the roar of American gunfire at Trenton in the cold, gray dawn -of December 26, and at Princeton on January 3. Outgeneraled, bewildered, -and half in panic, the British forces pulled back to New Brunswick. Now -they were 60 miles from their objective at Philadelphia, instead of 19. -Worst of all, they had been maneuvered into this ignominious retreat by -a “Tatterde-mallion” army one-sixth the size of their own, and they were -on the defensive. “We have been boxed about in Jersey,” lamented one of -Howe’s officers, “as if we had no feelings.” George Washington with his -valiant comrades in arms had weathered the dark crisis. For the time -being at least, the Revolution was saved. - - -FROM PRINCETON TO MORRISTOWN. - -Washington’s original plan at the beginning of this lightninglike -campaign was to capture New Brunswick, where he might have destroyed all -the British stores and magazines, “taken (as we have since learnt) their -Military Chest containing 70,000 £ and put an end to the War.” But -Cornwallis, in Trenton, had heard the cannon sounding at Princeton that -morning of January 3, and, just as the Americans were leaving the town, -the van of the British Army came in sight. By that time the patriot -forces were nearly exhausted, many of the men having been without any -rest for 2 nights and a day. The 600 or 800 fresh troops required for a -successful assault on New Brunswick were not at hand. Washington held a -hurried conference with his officers, who advised against attempting too -much. Then, destroying the bridge over the Millstone River immediately -east of Kingston, the Continentals turned north and marched to Somerset -Court House (now Millstone), where they arrived between dusk and 11 -o’clock that night. - -Washington marched his men to Pluckemin the next day, rested them over -Sunday, January 5, and on the Monday following continued on northward -into Morristown. There the troops arrived, noted an American officer, -“at 5 P. M. and encamped in the woods, the snow covering the ground.” -Thus began the first main encampment of the Continental Army in Morris -County. - - [Illustration: _The Ford Powder Mill, built by Col. Jacob Ford, Jr., - in 1776._] - - [Illustration: _The Old Morris County Courthouse of Revolutionary - War times._] - - [Illustration: _The Ford Mansion, shelter for Delaware troops in - 1777 and occupied as Washington’s headquarters during the terrible - winter of 1779-80._] - - -THE NEW BASE OF AMERICAN OPERATIONS. - -A letter dated May 12, 1777, described the Morristown of that day as “a -very Clever little village, situated in a most beautiful vally at the -foot of 5 mountains.” Farming was the mainstay of its people, some 250 -in number and largely of New England stock, but nearby ironworks were -already enriching a few families and employing more and more laborers. -Among the 50 or 60 buildings in Morristown, the most important seem to -have been the Arnold Tavern, the Presbyterian and Baptist Churches, and -the Morris County Courthouse and Jail, all located on an open “Green” -from which streets radiated in several directions. There were also a few -sawmills, gristmills, and a powder mill, the last built on the Whippany -River, in 1776, by Col. Jacob Ford, Jr., commander of the Eastern -Battalion, Morris County Militia. Colonel Ford’s dwelling house, then -only a few years old, was undoubtedly the handsomest in the village. - -Washington’s immediate reasons for bringing his troops to Morristown -were that it appeared to be the place “best calculated of any in this -Quarter, to accomodate and refresh them,” and that he knew not how to -obtain covering for the men elsewhere. He must have been impressed also -with the demonstrated loyalty of Morris County to the patriot cause, -even in those dreary, anxious weeks of late 1776 when its militia helped -considerably to stave off attempted enemy incursions directly westward -from the vicinity of New York. Finally, there were already at Morristown -three Continental regiments previously ordered down from Fort -Ticonderoga, and union with these would strengthen the forces under his -personal command. - - [Illustration: _The Arnold Tavern, where Washington reputedly stayed - in 1777._] - -Even so, Washington hoped at first to move again before long, and it was -only as circumstances forced him to remain in this small New Jersey -community that its advantages as a base for American military operations -became fully apparent. From here he could virtually control an extensive -agricultural country, cutting off its produce from the British and using -it instead to sustain the Continental Army. In the mountainous region -northwest of Morristown were many forges and furnaces, such as those at -Hibernia, Mount Hope, Ringwood, and Charlottenburg, from which needed -iron supplies might be obtained. The position was also difficult for an -enemy to attack. Directly eastward, on either side of the main road -approach from Bottle Hill (now Madison), large swamp areas guarded the -town. Still further east, almost midway between Morristown and the -Jersey shore, lay the protecting barriers of Long Hill, and the First -and Second Watchung Mountains. Their parallel ridges stretched out for -more than 30 miles, like a huge earthwork, from the Raritan River on the -south toward the northern boundary of the State, whence they were -continued by the Ramapos to the Hudson Highlands. In addition to all -this, the village was nearly equidistant from Newark, Perth Amboy, and -New Brunswick, the main British posts in New Jersey, so that any enemy -movement could be met by an American counterblow, either from -Washington’s own outposts or from the center of his defensive-offensive -web at Morristown itself. A position better suited to all the Commander -in Chief’s purposes, either in that winter of 1777 or in the later -1779-80 encampment period, would have been hard to find. - - [Illustration: _Morristown and RELATED AMERICAN OUTPOSTS in the - REVOLUTIONARY WAR_] - - N. Y. - Newburgh - ▲◍Fishkill - ▲New Windsor - ▲Fort Constitution - ◍West Point - ◍Continental Village - ▲Peekskill - Galloway’s in the Clove - ▲Fort Montgomery - ▲King’s Ferry - ◍Verplanck’s Point - ◍Stony Point - Haverstraw - ◍Kakiat - HARLEM HEIGHTS II - WHITE PLAINS III - Valentine’s Hill - King’s Bridge - Fort Lee - NEW YORK - _BRITISH HDQRS._ - Brooklyn - LONG ISLAND I - CONN. - N. J. - ◍Ringwood Iron Works - ▲Ramapo - Charlottenburg Iron Works - ▲◍Paramus - ▲Pompton - Hibernia Furnace - Mt. Hope Furnace - ◍Rockaway - Boonton - ▲Succasunna Plains - ◍Crane’s Mills - MORRISTOWN - _AMERICAN HDQRS._ - Bottle Hill - ▲Chatham - Easton - ◍SPRINGFIELD VI & VII - ◍Newark - Vealtown - Connecticut Farms - Baskingridge - ▲Scotch Plains - ◍Pluckemin - ▲◍Elizabethtown - ▲◍Westfield - ◍Rahway - ▲Raritan - ▲Quibbletown - ▲Woodbridge - ▲Middlebrook - ▲Bound Brook - ◍Perth Amboy - ▲Somerset Court House - ◍New Brunswick - Coryell’s Ferry - ▲◍PRINCETON V - ▲◍TRENTON IV - ▲◍Allentown - Bordentown - Cooper’s Ferry - PA. - McKonkey’s Ferry - Newtown - ▲Bristol - ◍Burlington - ▲◍PHILADELPHIA - ▲AMERICAN OUTPOSTS IN 1777 - ◍AMERICAN OUTPOSTS IN 1779-80 - OTHER IMPORTANT LOCALITIES - REVOLUTIONARY WAR ROADS - MAJOR BATTLES - I LONG ISLAND—AUGUST 27, 1776 - II HARLEM HEIGHTS—SEPTEMBER 16, 1776 - III WHITE PLAINS—OCTOBER 23, 1776 - IV TRENTON—DECEMBER 25, 1776 - V PRINCETON—JANUARY 5, 1777 - VI & VII SPRINGFIELD—JUNE 7 & 23, 1780 - _DESIGNED BY M. J. WEIG_ · _DRAWN BY V. B. CRAIG_ · - - -WINTER QUARTERS FOR OFFICERS AND MEN. - -Local tradition has it that upon arriving in Morristown, on January 6, -Washington went to the Arnold Tavern, and that his headquarters remained -there all through the 1777 encampment period. Maj. Gen. Nathanael Greene -lodged for a time “at Mr. Hoffman’s,—a very good-natured, doubtful -gentleman.” Captain Rodney and his men were quartered at Colonel Ford’s -“elegant” house until about mid-January, when they left for Delaware and -home. Brig. Gen. Anthony Wayne, on rejoining Washington in the spring of -1777, is said to have stayed at the homestead of Deacon Ephraim Sayre, -in Bottle Hill. It has been stated that other officers, and a large -number of private soldiers as well, were given shelter in Morristown or -nearby villages by the Ely, Smith, Beach, Tuttle, Richards, Kitchell, -and Thompson families. - -According to the Reverend Samuel L. Tuttle, a local historian writing in -1871, there was also a campground for the troops about 3 miles southeast -of Morristown on what were then the farms of John Easton and Isaac -Pierson, in the valley of Loantaka Brook. Tuttle obtained his -information from one Silas Brookfield and other eyewitnesses of the -Revolutionary scene, who claimed that the troops built a village of log -huts at that location. It is highly curious that not one of Washington’s -published letters or orders refers to such buildings, nor are they -mentioned in any other contemporary written records studied to date. - - -INSTABILITY OF THE ARMY. - -However the troops were sheltered, it was not long before the army which -had fought at Trenton and Princeton began to melt away. Deplorable -health conditions, lack of proper clothing, insufficient pay to meet -rising living costs, and many other instances of neglect had discouraged -the soldiery all through the 1776 campaign. The volunteer militiamen -were particularly dissatisfied. Some troops were just plain homesick, -and nearly all had already served beyond their original or emergency -terms of enlistment. They had little desire for another round of hard -military life. - - [Illustration: _Maj. Gen. Nathanael Greene._] - - [Illustration: _Brig. Gen. Anthony Wayne._] - -Washington described his situation along this line in a letter of -January 19 addressed to the President of Congress: “The fluctuating -state of an Army, composed Chiefly of Militia, bids fair to reduce us to -the Situation in which we were some little time ago, that is, of scarce -having any Army at all, except Reinforcements speedily arrive. One of -the Battalions from the City of Philadelphia goes home to day, and the -other two only remain a few days longer upon Courtesy. The time, for -which a County Brigade under Genl. Mifflin came out, is expired, and -they stay from day to day, by dint of Solicitation. Their Numbers much -reduced by desertions. We have about Eight hundred of the Eastern -Continental Troops remaining, of twelve or fourteen hundred who at first -agreed to stay, part engaged to the last of this Month and part to the -middle of next. The five Virginia Regts. are reduced to a handful of -Men, as is Col Hand’s, Smallwood’s, and the German Battalion. A few days -ago, Genl Warner arrived, with about seven hundred Massachusetts Militia -engaged to the 15th [of] March. Thus, you have a Sketch of our present -Army, with which we are obliged to keep up Appearances, before an Enemy -already double to us in Numbers.” - - -FOOD AND CLOTHING SHORTAGES. - -Meanwhile, as the Commander in Chief noted in another letter of nearly -the same date, his few remaining troops were “absolutely perishing” for -want of clothing, “Marching over Frost and Snow, many without a Shoe, -Stocking or Blanket.” Nor, due to certain inefficiencies in the supply -services, was the food situation any better. “The Cry of want of -Provisions come to me from every Quarter,” Washington stormed angrily on -February 22 to Matthew Irwin, a Deputy Commissary of Issues: “Gen. -Maxwell writes word that his People are starving; Gen. Johnston, of -Maryland, yesterday inform’d me, that his People could draw none; this -difficulty I understand prevails also at Chatham! What Sir is the -meaning of this? and why were you so desirous of excluding others from -this business when you are unable to accomplish it yourself? Consider, I -beseech you, the consequences of this neglect, and exert yourself to -remove the Evil.” Even in May, near the end of the 1777 encampment, -there was an acute shortage of food. - - -RECRUITMENT GETS UNDER WAY. - -In this situation, Washington wrought mightily to “new model” the -American fighting forces. Late in 1776, heeding at last his pressing -argument for longer enlistments, Congress had called upon the States to -raise 88 Continental battalions, and had also authorized recruitment of -16 “additional battalions” of infantry, 3,000 light horse, three -regiments of artillery, and a corps of engineers. A magnificent dream of -an army 75,000 strong! Washington knew, however, that it was more than -“to say Presto begone, and every thing is done.” Very early that winter -he sent many of his general officers into their own States to hurry on -the new levies. Night and day, too, he was in correspondence with anyone -who might help in the cause, writing prodigiously. Still the business -lagged painfully. “I have repeatedly wrote to all the recruiting -Officers, to forward on their Men, as fast as they could arm and cloath -them,” the Commander in Chief advised Congress on January 26, “but they -are so extremely averse to turning out of comfortable Quarters, that I -cannot get a Man to come near me, tho’ I hear from all parts, that the -recruiting Service goes on with great Success.” For nearly 3 months -more, as events turned out, he had to depend for support on ephemeral -militia units, “here to-day, gone to-morrow.” April 5 found him still -wondering if he would ever get the new army assembled. - - -SICKNESS AND DEATH. - -But the patriot cup of woe was not yet filled, and there was still -another evil to fight. This was smallpox, which together with dysentery, -rheumatism, and assorted “fevers” had victimized hundreds of American -troops in 1776. Now the dread disease threatened to run like wildfire -through the whole army, old and new recruits alike. - -Medical knowledge of that day offered but one real hope of saving the -Continental forces from this “greatest of all calamities,” namely, to -communicate a mild form of smallpox by inoculation to every soldier who -had not yet been touched by the contagion, thus immunizing him against -its more virulent effects “when taken in the natural way.” Washington -was convinced of this by the time he arrived at Morristown on January 6. -He therefore ordered Dr. Nathaniel Bond to prepare at once for handling -the business of mass inoculation in northern New Jersey, and instructed -Dr. William Shippen, Jr., to inoculate without delay both the American -troops then in Philadelphia and the recruits “that shall come in, as -fast as they arrive.” During the next 3 months, similar instructions or -suggestions were sent to officers and civil authorities connected with -recruitment in New York, New Jersey, New England, Pennsylvania, and -Virginia. - -Undertaken secretly at first, the bold project was soon going full swing -throughout Morristown and surrounding villages. Inoculation centers were -set up in private houses, with guards placed over them to prevent -“natural” spread of the infection. The troops went through the treatment -in several “divisions,” at intervals of 5 or 6 days. Washington waxed -enthusiastic as the experiment progressed. “Innoculation at Philadelphia -and in this Neighbourhood has been attended with amazing Success,” he -wrote to the Governor of Connecticut, “and I have not the least doubt -but your Troops will meet the same.” As of March 14, however, about -1,000 soldiers and their attendants were still incapacitated in -Morristown and vicinity, leaving but 2,000 others as the army’s total -effective strength in New Jersey. A blow struck by Sir William Howe at -that time might have been disastrous for the Americans. Fortunately, it -never came. - -The episode was not without its tragic side, however. Since smallpox in -any form was highly contagious, civilians in the whole countryside near -the camp also had to be inoculated along with the army. Some local -people, and a small number of soldiers as well, contracted the disease -naturally before the project got under way, or perhaps refused -submission to the treatment. Isolation hospitals for these unfortunates -were established in the Presbyterian and Baptist Churches at Morristown, -and in the Presbyterian Church at Hanover. The patients died like flies. -In the congregation of the Morristown Presbyterian Church alone, no less -than 68 deaths from smallpox were recorded in 1777. Those who survived -the ordeal were almost always pockmarked by it. - - [Illustration: _Sketches of the Baptist Church_ (above) _and the - Presbyterian Church_ (below) _at Morristown, both used as smallpox - hospitals in 1777_.] - - [Illustration: {Presbyterian Church at Morristown}] - - -WASHINGTON TIGHTENS HIS GRIP ON NEW JERSEY. - -Running the gauntlet of these and other problems, all at the same time, -was discouraging for Washington, to say the least. Few generals have -ever been more skilled, however, in ferreting out their opportunities, -or in making better use of them. Nearly on a par with his remarkable -victories at Trenton and Princeton was the way in which he reasserted -patriot control over most of New Jersey during the winter and spring of -1777, excepting only the immediate neighborhood of New Brunswick and -Perth Amboy. Even there, as time went on, the American pressure became -more or less constant. - -Stationing bodies of several hundred light troops at Princeton, Bound -Brook, Elizabethtown, and other outlying posts, the Commander in Chief -inaugurated from the beginning what might be termed a “scorched earth” -policy. First came an order, on January 11, “to collect all the Beef, -Pork, Flour, Spirituous Liquors, &c. &c. not necessary for the -Subsistence of the Inhabitants, in all the parts of East Jersey, lying -below the Road leading from Brunswick to Trenton.” This was followed, on -February 3, by instructions for removing out of enemy reach “all the -Horses, Waggons, and fat Cattle” his generals could lay their hands on. -Payment for these items was to be guaranteed, but they might be taken by -force from Tories and others who refused to sell. Washington likewise -ordered the incessant hampering of all enemy attempts to obtain food and -forage. “I would not suffer a man to stir beyond their Lines,” he wrote -to Col. Joseph Reed, “nor suffer them to have the least Intercourse with -the Country.” - -Conditions being what they were, the success with which these orders -were carried into effect is astounding. Gradually, more provisions found -their way to Morristown. On the other hand, hardly an enemy foraging -party could leave its own camp without being set upon by the Americans. -Newspapers, letters, and diaries of the period are filled with accounts -of recurrent clashes between detachments of the two armies, some -involving several thousand men. There were no great casualties on either -side, but the Continentals seldom came off second-best. “Amboy and -Brunswick,” wrote one historian, “were in a manner besieged.” Both enemy -troops and horses grew sickly from want of fresh food, and many of them -died before spring. In New York itself, where Sir William Howe kept -headquarters, all kinds of provisions became “extremely dear” in price. -Firewood was equally scarce in city and camp. - -Thus, by enterprise and daring expedients, Washington greatly -discomfited the British Army, reduced still further its waning influence -in New Jersey, and simultaneously maintained his own small force in -action, preventing the men’s minds from yielding to despondence. - - -THE PROSPECT BRIGHTENS. - -As spring advanced and roads became more passable, the new Continental -levies finally began to come in. “The thin trickle became a rivulet, -then a clear stream, though never a flood.” By May 20, Washington had in -New Jersey 38 regiments with a total of 8,188 men. Five additional -regiments were listed, but showed no returns at that time. Moreover, -this new army was on a fairly substantial footing, the enlistments being -either for 3 years, or for the duration of the war. There was also an -abundance of arms and ammunition, including 1,000 barrels of powder, -11,000 gunflints, and 22,000 muskets sent over from France. “From the -present information,” wrote Maj. Gen. Henry Knox to his wife, “it -appears that America will have much more reason to hope for a successful -campaign the ensuing summer than she had the last.” - -Now, with the prospects thus brightening, there might be something of a -brief social season to relieve the strain of hard work. Martha -Washington had arrived at headquarters on March 15, and other American -officers looked forward to being joined by their wives. An intimate word -picture of the Commander in Chief in his lighter moods was drawn by one -such camp visitor, Mrs. Martha Daingerfield Bland, in a letter written -to her sister-in-law from Morristown on May 12: “Now let me speak of -_our_ Noble & Agreeable Commander (for he Commands both sexes....) We -visit them [the Washingtons] twice or three times a week by particular -invitation—Ev’ry day frequently from Inclination, he is Generally busy -in the fore noon—but from dinner til night he is free for all Company -his Worthy Lady seemes to be in perfect felicity while she is by the -side of her _old Man_ as she Calls him, We often make partys on Horse -backe the Genl his Lady, Miss Livingstons & his aid de Camps ... at -Which time General Washington throws of[f] the Hero—& takes up the -chatty agreeable Companion—he can be down right impudent some times—such -impudence, Fanny, as you & I like....” - - -END OF THE 1777 ENCAMPMENT. - -General Howe had meanwhile determined, as early as April 2, to embark on -another major attempt to capture Philadelphia, this time by sea -approach. He apparently kept his own counsel, however, and up to the -last minute neither the American nor the British Army knew his real -intentions. The garrisons at Perth Amboy and New Brunswick left their -cramped winter quarters for encampments in the open soon after the -middle of May. This colored reports that Howe was about to attack -Morristown, or that, while his main force advanced by land towards -Philadelphia, a band of Loyalists would march from Bergen into Sussex -County to aid a rising of the Tories there. - -Made uneasy by these and other British movements, Washington decided -that the time had come to leave Morristown. On May 28, therefore, -leaving behind a small detachment to guard what military stores were -still in the village, he accordingly moved the Continental Army to -Middlebrook Valley, behind the first Watchung Mountain a short distance -north of Bound Brook, and only 8 miles from New Brunswick. This was a -natural position from which the Americans could both defy attack and -threaten any overland expedition the enemy might make. Such was the -relationship of the two armies as the curtain went up on the ensuing -summer campaign. The encampment of 1777 at Morristown had drawn to a -close. - - - - - _Jockey Hollow: the “Hard” Winter of 1779-80_ - - -INTERMISSION: WAR IN DEADLOCK. - -Nearly two and a half years passed by before the main body of the -Continental Army again returned to Morristown. During that interval the -British both captured and abandoned Philadelphia, Burgoyne’s Army -surrendered to the Americans at Saratoga, and France and Spain entered -the conflict against Great Britain. Washington’s soldiers had stood up -under fire on numerous occasions, besides weathering the winter -encampment periods at Valley Forge in 1777-78, and at Middlebrook in -1778-79. On the other hand, the financial affairs of the young United -States had gone from bad to worse. Hoped-for benefits from the French -Alliance had not yet materialized, and the 3-year enlistments in the -Continental Army had only 4 or 5 months more to run before their -expiration. Moreover, while the military scales somewhat balanced in the -North, the enemy held Savannah, and there were rumors that Sir Henry -Clinton, Howe’s successor, would soon leave New York by sea to attack -Charleston. With the final issue still in doubt, America approached what -was destined to be the hardest winter of the Revolutionary War. - - -MORRISTOWN AGAIN BECOMES THE MILITARY CAPITAL. - -Such was the general condition of affairs when, on November 30, -Washington informed Nathanael Greene, then Quartermaster General, that -he had finally decided “upon the position back of Mr. Kembles,” about 3 -miles southwest of Morristown, for the next winter encampment of the -Continental forces under his immediate command. As he later wrote to the -President of Congress, this was the nearest place available “compatible -with our security which could also supply water and wood for covering -and fuel.” - -The site thus chosen lay in a somewhat mountainous section of Morris -County known as Jockey Hollow, and included portions of the “plantation” -owned by Peter Kemble, Esq., and the farms of Henry Wick and Joshua -Guerin. Some of the American brigades being already collected at nearby -posts, Greene at once sent word to their commanders of Washington’s -decision: “The ground I think will be pretty dry; I shall have the whole -of it laid off this day; you will therefore order the troops to march -immediately; or if you think it more convenient tomorrow morning. It -will be well to send a small detachment from each Regiment to take -possession of their ground. You will also order on your brigade quarter -master to draw the tools for each brigade and to get a plan for hutting -which they will find made out at my quarters.” - -Simultaneously with this instruction, which was dated December 1, -Washington himself arrived in Morristown, during a “very severe storm of -hail & snow all day.” He promptly established his headquarters at the -Ford Mansion, presumably at the invitation of Mrs. Theodosia Ford, widow -of Col. Jacob Ford, Jr., who was then living in the house with her four -children. Morristown had again become the American military capital. - - -BUILDING THE “LOG-HOUSE CITY.” - -Events now moved swiftly. Many of the American troops reached Morristown -during the first week of December, and the rest arrived before the end -of that month. Estimates vary as to their total effective strength, but -it was probably not under 10,000 men, nor over 12,000, at that -particular time. Eight infantry brigades—Hand’s, New York, 1st and 2d -Maryland, 1st and 2d Connecticut, and 1st and 2d Pennsylvania—took up -compactly arranged positions in Jockey Hollow proper. Two additional -brigades, also of infantry, were assigned to campgrounds nearby: Stark’s -Brigade on the east slope of Mount Kemble, and the New Jersey Brigade at -“Eyre’s Forge,” on the Passaic River, somewhat less than a mile further -southwest. Knox’s Artillery Brigade took post about a mile west of -Morristown, on the main road to Mendham, and there also the Artillery -Park of the army was established. The Commander in Chief’s Guard -occupied ground directly opposite the Ford Mansion. All the positions -noted are shown exactly on excellent maps of the period prepared by -Robert Erskine, Washington’s Geographer General, and by Capt. Bichet de -Rochefontaine, a French engineer. A brigade of Virginia troops was -included in original plans for the encampment, but it was ordered -southward soon after arriving at Morristown, and played no major part in -the story here related. - - [Illustration: _Map of Morristown prepared by Robert Erskine, F. R. - S., Geographer General of the Continental Army, dated December 17, - 1779._ Courtesy of the New York Historical Society.] - - _N^o 105. - Survey of Morristown— - by the chain only_ - - [Illustration: _Position of the Continental Army at Jockey Hollow in - the winter of 1779-80._ Drawn by Capt. Bichet de Rochefontaine, a - French engineer.] - -As they arrived in camp, the soldiers pitched their tents on the frozen -ground. Then work was begun at once on building log huts for more secure -shelter from the elements. This was a tremendous undertaking. There was -oak, walnut, and chestnut timber at hand, but the winter had set in -early with severe snowstorms and bitter cold. Dr. James Thacher, a -surgeon in Stark’s Brigade, testified that “notwithstanding large fires, -we can scarcely keep from freezing.” Maj. Ebenezer Huntington, of Webb’s -Regiment, wrote that “the men have suffer’d much without shoes and -stockings, and working half leg deep in snow.” In spite of these -handicaps, however, nearly all the private soldiers had moved into their -huts around Christmastime, though some of the officers’ quarters, which -were left till last, remained unfinished until mid-February. A young -Connecticut schoolmaster who visited the camp near the end of December -described it as a “Log-house city,” where his own troops and those of -other States dwelt among the hills “in tabernacles like Israel of old.” -About 600 acres of woodland were cut down in connection with the -project. - -Each brigade camped in the Jockey Hollow neighborhood occupied a -sloping, well-drained hillside area about 320 yards long and 100 yards -in depth, including a parade ground 40 yards deep in front. Above the -parade were the soldiers’ huts, eight in a row and three or four rows -deep for each regiment; beyond those the huts occupied by the captains -and subalterns; and higher still the field officers’ huts. Camp streets -of varying widths separated the hut rows. This arrangement is clearly -shown in a contemporary sketch of the Stark’s Brigade Camp. - - [Illustration: _The “hutting” arrangement for General Stark’s - Brigade, 1779-80._ From an original manuscript once owned by Erskine - Hewitt, of Ringwood, N. J.] - -Logs notched together at the corners and chinked with clay formed the -sides of the huts. Boards, slabs, or hand-split shingles were used to -cover their simple gable roofs, the ridges of which ran parallel to the -camp streets. All the soldiers’ huts, designed to accommodate 12 men -each, were ordered built strictly according to a uniform plan: about 14 -feet wide and 15 or 16 feet long in floor dimensions, and around 6½ feet -high at the eaves, with wooden bunks, a fireplace and chimney at one -end, and a door in the front side. Apparently, windows were not cut in -these huts until spring. The officers’ cabins were generally larger in -size, and individual variation was permitted in their design and -construction. Usually accommodating only two to four officers, they had -two fireplaces and chimneys each, and frequently two or more doors and -windows. Besides these two main types of huts, there were some others -built for hospital, orderly room, and guardhouse purposes. The completed -camp seems to have contained between 1,000 and 1,200 log buildings of -all types combined. - - -TERRIBLE SEVERITY OF THE WINTER. - -Weather conditions when the army arrived at Morristown were but a -foretaste of what was yet to come, and long before all the huts were up, -the elements attacked Washington’s camp with terrible severity. As -things turned out, 1779-80 proved to be the most bitter and prolonged -winter, not only of the Revolutionary War, but of the whole eighteenth -century. - -One observer recorded 4 snows in November, 7 in December, 6 in January, -4 in February, 6 in March, and 1 in April—28 falls altogether, some of -which lasted nearly all day and night. The great storm of January 2-4 -was among the most memorable on record, with high winds which no man -could endure many minutes without danger to his life. “Several marquees -were torn asunder and blown down over the officers’ heads in the night,” -wrote Dr. Thacher, “and some of the soldiers were actually covered while -in their tents, and buried like sheep under the snow.” When this -blizzard finally subsided, the snow lay full 4 feet deep on a level, -drifted in places to 6 feet, filling up the roads, covering the tops of -fences, and making it practically impossible to travel anywhere with -heavy loads. - - [Illustration: _Reconstructions of typical log huts used by the - officers_ (above) _and by soldiers of the line_ (below) _in the - winter encampment of 1779-80_.] - - [Illustration: {Log hut}] - -What made things still worse was the intense, penetrating cold. General -Greene noted that for 6 or 8 days early in January “there has been no -living abroad.” Only on 1 day of that month, as far south as -Philadelphia, did the mercury go above the freezing point. All the -rivers froze solid, including both the Hudson and the Delaware, so that -troops and even large cannon could pass over them. Ice in the Passaic -River formed 3 feet thick, and, as late as February 26, the Hudson above -New York was “full of fixed ice on the banks, and floating ice in the -channel.” The Delaware remained wholly impassable to navigation for 3 -months. “The oldest people now living in this country,” wrote Washington -on March 18, “do not remember so hard a Winter as the one we are now -emerging from.” - - [Illustration: _The Pennsylvania Line campground in 1779-80, with a - hospital hut in the foreground._ From a recent painting in the park - collection.] - - -LACK OF ADEQUATE CLOTHING. - -Not even good soldiers warmly clothed could be expected to endure this -ordeal by weather without some complaint. How much more agonizing, then, -was such a winter for Washington’s men in Jockey Hollow, who were again -poorly clad! A regimental clothier in the Pennsylvania Line referred to -some of the troops being “naked as Lazarus.” By the time their huts were -completed, said an officer in Stark’s Brigade, not more than 50 men of -his regiment could be returned fit for duty, and there was “many a good -Lad with nothing to cover him from his hips to his toes save his -Blanket.” As late as March, when “an immense body of snow” still -remained on the ground, Dr. Thacher wrote that the soldiers were “in a -wretched condition for the want of clothes, blankets and shoes.” - - -SHORTAGE OF PROVISIONS AND FORAGE. - -Still more critical was the lack of food for the men, and forage for the -horses and oxen on which every kind of winter transportation depended. -December 1779 found the troops subsisting on “miserable fresh beef, -without bread, salt, or vegetables.” When the big snows of midwinter -blocked the roads, making it totally impossible for supplies to get -through, the army’s suffering for lack of provisions alone became almost -more than human flesh and blood could bear. Early in January 1780, said -the Commander in Chief, his men sometimes went “5 or Six days together -without bread, at other times as many days without meat, and once or -twice two or three days without either ... at one time the Soldiers eat -every kind of horse food but Hay.” - -Thanks to the magistrates and civilian population of New Jersey, an -appeal from Washington in this urgent crisis brought cheerful, generous -relief. This alone saved the army from starvation, disbandment, or such -desperate, wholesale plundering as must have eventually ruined all -patriot morale. By the end of February, however, the food situation was -once more acute. Wrote General Greene: “Our provisions are in a manner -gone; we have not a ton of hay at command, nor magazines to draw from.” -Periodic food shortages continued to plague the troops during the next -few months. As late as May 9, there was only a 3-days’ supply of meat on -hand, and it was estimated that the flour, if made into bread, could not -last more than 15 or 16 days. Officers and men alike literally lived -from hand to mouth all through the 1779-80 encampment period. - - -MONEY TROUBLES AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES. - -The cause of many difficulties faced by Washington that winter appears -to have been the near chaotic state of American finances. Currency -issued by Congress tumbled headlong in value, until in April-June 1780 -it took $60 worth of “Continental” paper to equal $1 in coin. “Money is -extreme scarce,” wrote General Greene on February 29, “and worth little -when we get it. We have been so poor in camp for a fortnight that we -could not forward the public dispatches for want of cash to support the -expresses.” Civilians who had provisions and other necessaries to sell -would no longer “trust” as they had done before; and without funds, -teams could not be found to bring in supplies from distant magazines. -Reenlistment of veteran troops and recruitment of new levies became -doubly difficult. Even the depreciated money wages of the army were not -punctually paid, being frequently 5 or 6 months in arrears. Dr. Thacher -wailed at length about “the trash which is tendered to requite us for -our sacrifices, for our sufferings and privations, while in the service -of our country.” No wonder that desertions soon increased alarmingly, -and that many officers, no longer able to support families at home, -resigned their commissions in disgust! At the end of May an abortive -mutiny of two Connecticut regiments in Jockey Hollow, though quickly -suppressed, foreshadowed the far more serious outbursts fated to occur -within a year. - - -GUARDING THE LINES. - -Keeping the Continental Army intact under all these conditions was but -part of Washington’s herculean task in 1779-80. Again, as at Morristown -in the winter of 1777, and at Middlebrook in the winter of 1778-79, the -threat of attack by an enemy superior in manpower and equipment hung -constantly over his head. Communications between Philadelphia and the -Hudson Highlands had to be protected, and the northern British Army had -to be prevented from extending its lines, now confined chiefly to New -York and Staten Island, or from obtaining forage and provisions in the -countryside beyond. - -While the main body of American troops was quartered in Jockey Hollow, -certain parts of it, varying in strength from about 200 men to as high -as 2,000, were stationed at Princeton, New Brunswick, Perth Amboy, -Rahway, Westfield, Springfield, Paramus, and similar outposts in New -Jersey. Washington changed the most important of these detachments once -a fortnight at first, but toward the spring of 1780 some units remained -“on the Lines” for much longer periods. Thus Morristown served again as -the vital center of a defensive-offensive web for the northern New -Jersey and southern New York areas. The enemy damaged the outer margins -of that web on several occasions, notably on June 7 and 23, when they -penetrated to Connecticut Farms (now Union) and Springfield, but -Washington’s defenses were never seriously broken, and through all that -winter and spring his position in the Morris County hills remained -relatively undisturbed. - - -THE STATEN ISLAND EXPEDITION. - -Routine duty on the lines was interrupted on January 14-15 by what might -be termed a “commando” raid on Staten Island. This daring expedition, -planned by Washington and undertaken by Maj. Gen. William Alexander, -Lord Stirling, was prepared with the utmost secrecy. Five hundred -sleighs were obtained on pretence of going to the westward for -provisions. On the night of the 14th, loaded with cannon and about 3,000 -troops, these crossed over on the ice from Elizabethtown Point “with a -determination,” to quote Q. M. Joseph Lewis, “to remove all Staten -Island bagg and Baggage to Morris Town.” - -Unfortunately for American hopes, the British learned about the scheme -in time to retire into their posts, where they could defy attack. After -lingering on the island for 24 hours without covering, with the snow 4 -feet deep and the weather extremely cold, Stirling’s force could bring -off only a handful of prisoners and some blankets and stores. What -disturbed Washington most, however, was the disgraceful conduct -displayed by large numbers of New Jersey civilians who joined the -expedition in the guise of militiamen, and who, in spite of Stirling’s -earnest efforts, looted and plundered the Staten Island farmers -indiscriminately. All the stolen property that could be recovered was -returned to the British authorities a few days later, but the harm had -been done. On the night of January 25, the enemy retaliated by burning -the academy at Newark and the courthouse and the meeting house at -Elizabethtown. That exploit also marked the beginning of a new series of -British raids in Essex and Bergen Counties which kept those districts in -considerable uneasiness for several months to come. - - [Illustration: MORRISTOWN NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK - Showing Points of Historic Interest and Visitor Use] - - LEGEND - Park Boundary - Main Tour Route - Historic road for foot travel only - TABLE OF DISTANCES - Total Mileage, Main Tour Route—9 Miles - Headquarters Area to Fort Nonsense Area—1.5 Miles - Fort Nonsense Area to Jockey Hollow Area—3.3 Miles - 1. HISTORICAL MUSEUM. - 2. FORD MANSION, WASHINGTON’S HEADQUARTERS, 1779-80. - 3. SITE OF WASHINGTON’S LIFE GUARD CAMP, 1779-80. - 4. PARK SQUARE (MORRISTOWN GREEN, 1779-80). - 5. SITE OF ARNOLD TAVERN, WASHINGTON’S HEADQUARTERS, 1777. - 6. FORT NONSENSE, 1777 (NOW RECONSTRUCTED). - 7. GUERIN HOUSE (PARK SUPERINTENDENT’S RESIDENCE). - 8. RANGER STATION (INFORMATION POINT). - 9. NEW YORK BRIGADE CAMP, 1779-80. - 10. PICNIC AREA AND REST ROOMS. - 11. NATURE TRAIL. - 12. OLD CAMP ROAD, 1779-80. - 13. FIRST MARYLAND BRIGADE CAMP, 1779-80. - 14. SECOND MARYLAND BRIGADE CAMP, 1779-80. - 15. BETTIN OAK AND FORT HILL. - 16. NEW JERSEY BRIGADE CAMP, 1781-82. - 17. WICK HOUSE, ST. CLAIR’S QUARTERS, 1779-80. - 18. ARMY BURYING GROUND, 1779-80. - 19. RECONSTRUCTED ARMY HOSPITAL HUT, 1779-80. - 20. FIRST PENNSYLVANIA BRIGADE CAMP AND RECONSTRUCTED OFFICERS’ HUT, - 1779-80. - 21. SECOND PENNSYLVANIA BRIGADE CAMP, 1779-80. - 22. GRAND PARADE, 1779-80. - 23. HAND’S BRIGADE CAMP, 1779-80, AND RECONSTRUCTED SOLDIERS’ HUT. - 24. FIRST CONNECTICUT BRIGADE CAMP, 1779-80. - 25. SECOND CONNECTICUT BRIGADE CAMP, 1779-80. - 26. SITE OF KEMBLE HOUSE, WAYNE’S QUARTERS, 1780-81. - 27. STARK’S BRIGADE CAMP, 1779-80. - 28. KNOX ARTILLERY CAMP, 1779-80. - Sept. 1949 NHP-MOR-7001 - - -SIDELIGHTS ON THE PATTERN OF ARMY LIFE. - -Except on rare occasions, such as participation in an occasional public -celebration might afford, the average soldier found camp life at -Morristown hard, unexciting, and often monotonous. Sometimes his whole -existence seemed like an endless round of drill, guard duty, and -“fatigue” assignments, the latter including such unpleasant chores as -burying the “Dead carcases in and about camp.” What little recreation -the line troops could find was largely unorganized and incidental. -Washington proclaimed a holiday from work on St. Patrick’s Day 1780, -which the Pennsylvania Division observed by sharing a hogshead of rum -purchased for that purpose by Col. Francis Johnston, its then commander. -Regulations prohibited gambling and drunkenness, however, and the -prankster who strayed too far from military discipline “paid the piper” -if caught. One soldier, convicted by court martial of “Quitting his -Post, and riding Gen. Maxwell’s Horse,” received 150 lashes on his bare -back. This war was a stern business; men who enlisted as privates in the -Continental Army were not supposed to be looking for amusement. - -The officers were somewhat more fortunate. Most of the generals obtained -furloughs and went home to their families for part of the winter. Others -could escape the tedium of camp life occasionally at least. Writes Lt. -Erkuries Beatty, in a letter dated March 13, 1780: “I got leave of -absence for three Days to go see Aunt Mills and Uncle Read who lives -about 12 Miles from here ... that night Cousin Polly and me set off a -Slaying with a number more young People and had a pretty Clever Kick-up, -the next Day Polly and I went to Uncle Reads who lives about 4 Miles -from Aunts, here I found Aunt Read and two great Bouncing female cousins -and a house full of smaller ones, here we spent the Day very agreeably -Romping with the girls who was exceeding Clever & Sociable.” Almost at -the same time, “the lovely Maria and her amiable sister” were -entertaining Capt. Samuel Shaw, of the 3d Artillery Regiment, at Mount -Hope. “By heavens,” Shaw confidentially informed a fellow officer on -February 29, “the more I know of that charming girl, the better I like -her; every visit serves to confirm my attachment, and _I feel_ myself -gone past recovery.” - -Dancing was another popular diversion among the officers that winter. At -least two balls were held in Morristown by subscription, one on February -23 and the other on March 3. Lieutenant Beatty mentioned attending “two -or three Dances in Morristown,” and also “a Couple of Dances at my -Brother John’s Quarters at Battle [Bottle] Hill.” Many of these events -were lively affairs patronized by a goodly proportion of the fair sex. -Indeed, the energy displayed by “some of the _dear creatures_ in this -quarter” nearly exhausted Captain Shaw, who complained that “three -nights going till after two o’clock have they made us keep it up.” - -But for all such pleasurable excursions, the average Continental officer -had adversities with which to deal. Frequently, he shared the greatest -hardships of his men, and from day to day worked unremittingly to -improve their lot along with his own. Nor must it be forgotten that, -unlike a private, an officer was expected to support and clothe himself -largely from his pay or private means, and that he paid for recreation -out of his own pocket. Sometimes officers were so deficient in clothing -that they could not appear upon parade, much less enjoy visits with the -ladies. Even Washington, at his headquarters in the Ford Mansion, often -lacked necessities for his table, or experienced some other -inconvenience. “I have been at my prest. quarters since the 1st day of -Decr.,” he observed to General Greene on January 22, 1780, “and have not -a Kitchen to Cook a Dinner in, altho’ the Logs have been put together -some considerable time by my own Guard; nor is there a place at this -moment in which a servant can lodge with the smallest degree of comfort. -Eighteen belonging to my family and all Mrs. Fords are crouded together -in her Kitchen and scarce one of them able to speak for the colds they -have caught.” - - -LUZERNE AND MIRALLES. - -Among the most interesting events which took place at Morristown in the -spring of 1780 were those connected with the Chevalier de la Luzerne, -Minister of France, and Don Juan de Miralles, a Spanish grandee who -accompanied him, unofficially, on a visit to the American camp. These -gentlemen arrived at headquarters on April 19, but Miralles became -violently ill immediately afterwards, and it was only Washington’s -distinguished French guest who could participate in the celebrations -that followed during the next few days. - -The highlight of Luzerne’s visit, which occurred on April 24, was -eloquently described by Dr. Thacher: “A field of parade being prepared -under the direction of the Baron Steuben, four battalions of our army -were presented for review, by the French minister, attended by his -Excellency and our general officers. Thirteen cannon, as usual, -announced their arrival in the field.... A large stage was erected in -the field, which was crowded by officers, ladies, and gentlemen of -distinction from the country, among whom were Governor Livingston, of -New Jersey, and his lady. Our troops exhibited a truly military -appearance, and performed the manoeuvres and evolutions in a manner, -which afforded much satisfaction to our Commander in Chief, and they -were honored with the approbation of the French minister, and by all -present.... In the evening, General Washington and the French minister, -attended a ball, provided by our principal officers, at which were -present a numerous collection of ladies and gentlemen, of distinguished -character. Fireworks were also exhibited by the officers of the -artillery.” Next day, amid the music of fifes and drums, and with -another 13-cannon salute, Luzerne inspected the whole Continental Army -encampment. Then he left for Philadelphia, escorted part-way on his -journey by an honor guard which Washington provided. - -Don Juan de Miralles saw nothing of these parades, entertainments, and -reviews. The sickness which had seized him on his arrival at Morristown -was to prove fatal. His condition grew steadily worse as the days -passed, and on April 28 he died. Final obsequies were held late the -following afternoon, and again Dr. Thacher was on hand to describe -events: “I accompanied Dr. Schuyler to head quarters, to attend the -funeral of M. de Miralles.... The top of the coffin was removed, to -display the pomp and grandeur with which the body was decorated. It was -in a splendid full dress, consisting of a scarlet suit, embroidered with -rich gold lace, a three cornered gold laced hat, and a genteel cued wig, -white silk stockings, large diamond shoe and knee buckles, a profusion -of diamond rings decorated the fingers, and from a superb gold watch set -with diamonds, several rich seals were suspended. His Excellency General -Washington, with several other general officers, and members of -Congress, attended the funeral solemnities, and walked as chief -mourners. The other officers of the army, and numerous respectable -citizens, formed a splendid procession, extending about one mile ... the -coffin was borne on the shoulders of four officers of the artillery in -full uniform. Minute guns were fired during the procession, which -greatly increased the solemnity of the occasion. A Spanish priest -performed service at the grave, in the Roman Catholic form. The coffin -was enclosed in a box of plank, and all the profusion of pomp and -grandeur was deposited in the silent grave, in the common burying -ground, near the church at Morristown. A guard is placed at the grave, -lest our soldiers should be tempted to dig for hidden treasure. It is -understood that the corpse is to be removed to Philadelphia.” - - -THE COMMITTEE AT HEADQUARTERS. - -The “members of Congress” mentioned by Dr. Thacher as having attended -Miralles’ funeral were undoubtedly Philip Schuyler, John Mathews, and -Nathaniel Peabody, who had arrived in Morristown only the day before. -These men had been appointed by their colleagues as a “committee at -head-quarters” to examine into the state of the Continental Army, and to -take such steps, in consultation with the Commander in Chief, as might -improve its prospects of winning the war. The committee remained active -until November 1, 1780, and during its life rendered valuable service as -a liaison body between Congress, on the one hand, and headquarters on -the other. Its very first report detailed at length “the almost -inextricable difficulties” in which the committee found American -military affairs involved. The report also stated, in unmistakeably -plain words, what Washington had been saying all along, namely, that -Congress itself would have to act quickly if the situation were to be -saved. - - -LAFAYETTE BRINGS GOOD NEWS. - -Even as Schuyler and his co-workers penned their report, however, good -news was arriving at headquarters. On May 10, 1780, following more than -a year’s absence in his native France, the Marquis de Lafayette came to -Morristown, fortified with word that King Louis XVI had determined to -send a second major armament of ships and men to aid the Americans. This -assistance would prove more beneficial, it was hoped, than the first -French expedition under the Count d’Estaing, which, after failing to -take Newport in the late summer of 1778, had finally sailed away to the -West Indies. Washington’s joy at seeing Lafayette again was doubled by -this welcome information, and the army as a whole shared his feelings. - - [Illustration: _Washington greeting Lafayette on his arrival at - headquarters, May 10, 1780._ From a diorama in the historical - museum.] - -The gallant young Frenchman remained a guest of his “beloved and -respected friend and general” until May 14, when he left for -Philadelphia, carrying with him letters from Washington and Hamilton -informing members of Congress about his work in France. Approximately 6 -days later he returned to Morristown, and from that time forth until the -end of 1780 he continued with the Continental Army in New Jersey and New -York State. - - -TWO BATTLES END THE 1779-80 ENCAMPMENT. - -Early in June there was far less cheerful news. Reports reached camp -that the enemy had taken Charleston, capturing General Lincoln with his -entire army of 5,000 men. Worse still, the British forces under Sir -Henry Clinton’s immediate command would now be released, in all -probability, for military operations in the North. - -This was the dark moment chosen by Lt. Gen. Wilhelm von Knyphausen, then -commanding the enemy forces at New York, for an invasion of New Jersey, -ostensibly to test persistent rumors that war-weariness among the -Americans had reached a point where, suitably encouraged, they might -abandon the struggle for independence. Five thousand British and German -troops accordingly crossed over from Staten Island to Elizabethtown -Point on June 6, and the next morning began advancing toward Morristown. -The first shock of their attack was met by the New Jersey Brigade, then -guarding the American outposts; but as heavy fighting progressed, local -militia came out in swarms to assist in opposing the invader. During the -action, which lasted all day, the enemy burned Connecticut Farms. By -nightfall, Knyphausen had come to within a half mile of Springfield. -Then he retreated, in the midst of a terrific thunderstorm, to -Elizabethtown Point. - -Word of Knyphausen’s crossing from Staten Island reached Washington in -the early morning hours of June 7. There were then but six brigades of -the Continental Army still encamped in Jockey Hollow—Hand’s, Stark’s, -1st and 2d Connecticut, and 1st and 2d Pennsylvania—the two Maryland -Brigades having left for the South on April 17, and the New York Brigade -having marched for the Hudson Highlands between May 29 and 31. The -troops at Morristown, ordered to “march immediately” at 7 a. m., reached -the Short Hills above Springfield that same afternoon. There the -Commander in Chief held them in reserve against any British attempt to -advance further toward Morristown. - -Except for occasional shifts in advanced outposts on both sides, there -was no significant change in this situation for 2 weeks. Knyphausen’s -troops continued at Elizabethtown Point, and the Americans remained at -Springfield. On June 21, however, having learned positively that Sir -Henry Clinton’s forces had reached New York 4 days earlier, Washington -decided that the time had come to leave Morristown as his main base of -operations. Steps were accordingly taken to remove military stores -concentrated in the village to interior points less vulnerable to -immediate attack. Stark’s and the New Jersey Brigades, Maj. Henry Lee’s -Light Horse Troop, and the militia were left at Springfield, under -command of General Greene. The balance of the Continental Army began -moving slowly toward Pompton, but was encamped at Rockaway Bridge when -Washington, having left his headquarters in the Ford Mansion, joined it -on June 23. This dual disposition of the American forces was taken with -a view to protecting the environs of both Morristown and West Point, -either of which might be the next major British objective. - -On June 23, the very day of Washington’s departure from Morristown, the -enemy struck once more. This time, with one column headed by General -Mathew and the other by Knyphausen, they succeeded in getting through -Springfield, where the British burned every building but two. Greene’s -command met the assault with such determination, however, that the -attackers again retreated to their former position. That night they -abandoned Elizabethtown Point and crossed over to Staten Island. Never -again during the Revolutionary War was there to be another major -invasion of New Jersey. - -While this second Battle of Springfield was in progress, Washington -moved the main body of the Continental Army “back towards Morris Town -five or six miles,” where he would be in a better position to defend the -stores remaining there in case the British attack should carry that far. -Then, on June 25, with definite assurance that the enemy had retired to -Staten Island, he put all the troops under marching orders for the -Hudson Highlands. The second encampment at Morristown was ended. - - - - - _January 1781: The Story of Two Mutinies_ - - -Early the next winter, which most of Washington’s forces spent at New -Windsor, on the Hudson River just north of West Point, the New Jersey -Line was assigned to quarters at Pompton. The Pennsylvania Line, -consisting of 10 infantry regiments and one of artillery, repaired and -occupied the log huts built by Hand’s and the 1st Connecticut Brigades -at Jockey Hollow in 1779-80. - -Morale was extremely low at this time among all the Continental troops -stationed in New Jersey. Not only did the Pennsylvanians lack clothing -and blankets, but they were without a drop of rum to fortify themselves -against the piercing cold. Moreover, they had not seen even a paper -dollar in pay for over 12 months. Many of the soldiers also claimed that -their original enlistments “for three years or during the war” entitled -them to discharge at the end of 3 years, or sooner in case the war -terminated earlier, and that the officers, by interpreting their -enlistments to run as long as the war should last, were unjustly holding -them beyond the time agreed upon. Still another cause of irritation was -that latecomers in the Continental Army, especially those from New -England, had been given generous bounties for enlisting, whereas both -the New Jersey and Pennsylvania veterans had already served 3 full years -for a mere shadow of compensation. - -Maj. Gen. Anthony Wayne, then commanding the Pennsylvanians, had known -for a long time that trouble was coming if these grievances were not -soon remedied, and had repeatedly urged the authorities of his State to -do something about them. His entreaties fell on deaf ears. Tired of -pleading, the men at last resorted to mutiny. On the evening of New -Year’s Day 1781, almost the whole Pennsylvania Line turned out by -pre-arrangement, seized the artillery and ammunition, and prepared to -leave the camp. Capt. Adam Bettin was killed, and two other officers -wounded, in vain attempts to restore order. Wayne himself, popular -though he was with both rank and file, could not persuade the mutineers -to lay down their arms. At 11 o’clock that night they marched off toward -Philadelphia with the announced intention of carrying their case direct -to Congress. - -The serious character of this revolt, especially the grave danger that -it might spread rapidly to other parts of the Continental Army, was -fully appreciated by Washington and his principal officers, including -Wayne, who followed and caught up with the mutineers, then voluntarily -accompanied them to Princeton. Meanwhile, the men preserved their own -order, declared they would turn and fight the British should an invasion -of New Jersey be attempted in this crisis, and they handed over to Wayne -two emissaries dispatched by Sir Henry Clinton to lure them into his -lines with lavish promises. This display of loyalty, the firm stand -taken by the mutineers, and at the same time the justness of their -complaints, all had effect on representatives of Congress and the -Pennsylvania State authorities who came to Princeton to negotiate the -whole question. An agreement concluded on January 7 stipulated that -enlistments for 3 years or the duration of the war would be considered -as expiring at the end of the 3d year; that shoes, linen overalls, and -shirts would be issued shortly to the men discharged; and that prompt -action would be taken in the matter of back pay. Commissioners appointed -by Congress went to work at once to settle the details. More than half -the mutineers were released from the army, and the rest furloughed for -several months, as a result of the final settlement. Their main -grievances removed, many of the men later reenlisted for new bounties. -The loss was thus not as great in actuality as had been feared at first. - -Hardly had the Pennsylvania Mutiny subsided when, on January 20, the New -Jersey troops at Pompton also rose in revolt. Although this second -insurrection was a comparatively mild affair, Washington took no chances -with it. Five hundred men under command of Maj. Gen. Robert Howe were -sent to restore order, and early in the morning of January 27, these -forces surrounded the camp at Pompton and forced the mutineers to parade -without arms. Three ringleaders were condemned to be shot by 12 of their -partners in the uprising, but when two had been executed, the third was -pardoned. On February 7 following, Washington ordered the chastened New -Jersey Brigade to Morristown, there to take up quarters “in the Huts, -lately occupied by the Pennsylvanians.” The troops remained so posted -until July 8, 1781, when the Brigade marched for Kingsbridge on the -Hudson. - - [Illustration: _Gen. Anthony Wayne endeavoring to halt the - Pennsylvania mutineers on New Year’s Night 1781._ From a diorama in - the historical museum.] - - - - - _The New Jersey Brigade Encampment of 1781-82_ - - -The last major battles of the Revolutionary War were fought in the -South, ending with the Virginia campaign which resulted in the surrender -at Yorktown, on October 19, 1781, of the British Army commanded by Lord -Cornwallis. Following this event, Washington ordered most of his forces -to return northward. Plans were made to establish the main Continental -Army encampment at Newburgh, N. Y., during the coming winter, but the -New Jersey Brigade was directed to “take Post somewhere in the Vicinity -of Morristown, to cover the Country adjacent, and to secure the -communication between the Delaware and North [Hudson] River.” - -Col. Elias Dayton, soon afterward promoted to brigadier general, was -then in command of the New Jersey Brigade, which at that time consisted -of two regiments with a combined strength of around 700 men. His troops -had arrived at Morristown by December 7, 1781, and they immediately -established themselves in its neighborhood, again using log huts for -quarters. Local tradition gives the position of their encampment as -being in Jockey Hollow, a short distance southeast of the Wick House. -Wherever the exact location, the Brigade remained there until August 29, -1782, when Dayton had orders from Washington to march toward King’s -Ferry. A few of the sick and some regimental baggage were left behind -when the New Jersey troops began their march, but these also were -forwarded in the next 2 weeks. - -This was the last winter encampment of American forces in Morris County -during the Revolutionary War. The period of Morristown’s significance as -a base for Washington’s military operations in that conflict had come to -a close. - - - - - _Guide to the Area_ - - -The following information, supplementing that contained in the narrative -section of this handbook, is furnished as a convenient guide to points -of special interest in and around Morristown National Historical Park. -Numbers and titles in the text correspond to those shown on the Guide -Map (pp. 20-21). Another map (p. 35) shows the bridle paths and foot -trails in the jockey Hollow Area. - - -NO. 1. HISTORICAL MUSEUM. - -Located in the rear of the Ford Mansion (No. 2), at 230 Morris Street, -Morristown, is the historical museum, a fireproof structure erected by -the National Park Service in 1935. In the attractive entrance hall and -four exhibition rooms of this building may be seen military arms and -equipment, important relics of George and Martha Washington, and a large -collection of other objects associated with the story of Morristown in -Revolutionary War times. Here also are located the park administrative -offices, including those of the superintendent, chief clerk, historian, -and museum staff. - - [Illustration: _The historical museum, focal point in telling the - Morristown story._] - - -NO. 2. FORD MANSION, WASHINGTON’S HEADQUARTERS, 1779-80. - -Facing Morris Street where it joins Washington Avenue, is the Ford -Mansion. This structure, a splendid example of late American colonial -architecture, was built about 1772-74 by Col. Jacob Ford, Jr., an -influential citizen, iron manufacturer, powder mill owner, and patriot -soldier of Morristown. Colonel Ford died on January 10, 1777, from -illness contracted during the “Mud Rounds” campaign of late 1776, in -which he rendered valuable service to the American cause as commander of -the Eastern Battalion, Morris County Militia. He was buried with -military honors in the graveyard of the Presbyterian Church at -Morristown. - -The mansion itself served for a brief period in 1777 as quarters for the -Delaware Light Infantry Regiment commanded by Capt. Thomas Rodney. -During the Continental Army encampment of 1779-80, all but two rooms in -the house were occupied by Washington’s official family, which, besides -the Commander in Chief, included his devoted wife, Martha, his -aides-de-camp, and some servants (p. 23). Mrs. Ford’s family consisted -of herself and her four children: Timothy (aged 17), Gabriel (aged 15), -Elizabeth (aged 13), and Jacob, III (aged 8). - -Restoration of the Ford Mansion was begun by the National Park Service -in 1939. Much of the beautiful old furniture now displayed in the -building was there when Washington occupied it. The remaining -furnishings are mostly pieces dating from the Revolutionary War period -or earlier, such as Mrs. Ford and her distinguished guests might have -used. - - -NO. 3. SITE OF WASHINGTON’S LIFE GUARD CAMP, 1779-80. - -Across Morris Street, slightly northeast of the Ford Mansion (No. 2), is -the site occupied in 1779-80 by Washington’s Life Guard (officially, the -Commander in Chief’s Guard). Erskine’s map of Morristown (p. 13) shows -the exact position of some 13 or 14 log huts built by this unit for its -winter quarters. Except for minor changes introduced at some uncertain -date after March 1779, the Guard uniform consisted of a dark blue coat -with buff collar and facings, red vest, fitted buckskin breeches, black -shoes, white bayonet and body belts, black stock and tie for the hair, -and a black cocked hat bound with white tape. The buttons were gilt. - - -NO. 4. PARK SQUARE (MORRISTOWN GREEN). - -Surrounded by the main business district of Morristown is a parklike -area about 2½ acres in size. Here was the old Morristown Green of -eighteenth century times. On the green itself, then crossed by roadways, -stood the Morris County Courthouse and Jail, where both civil and -military prisoners were confined during the Revolutionary War. About a -dozen other buildings faced toward the green, among them the Arnold -Tavern (No. 5), the Presbyterian and Baptist Churches (p. 9), and, in -the winter of 1779-80, a large structure where Continental Army supplies -were stored. Extending from the southwest side of the green was a broad, -open space about 150 feet in depth and 250 feet long. This was often -used for drill and parade purposes by both Continental troops and -militia. - - [Illustration: _The Revolution Room in the historical museum, where - weapons and military equipment of the Revolutionary War period are - displayed._] - - -NO. 5. SITE OF ARNOLD TAVERN, WASHINGTON’S HEADQUARTERS, 1777. - -Facing the northwest side of Morristown Green, about 100 to 150 feet -from the present Washington Street corner, is the site of the Arnold -Tavern, which, according to local tradition, served as Washington’s -headquarters in the winter of 1777 (p. 5). Built some years before the -Revolutionary War, this structure was originally quite pretentious and -handsomely furnished. During the nineteenth century it was converted -into stores, and, in 1886, removed to another part of Morristown. Fire -completed destruction of the building some 25 years later. - - [Illustration: _“Washington’s Inaugural Costume,” a typical exhibit - in the historical museum._] - - -NO. 6. FORT NONSENSE, 1777 (NOW RECONSTRUCTED). - -Continuing from the south end of Court Street is a road leading upward -into the Fort Nonsense Area of the park. There, at the top of a steep -hill (the northern terminus of Mount Kemble), visitors may see a -restored earthwork originally built at Washington’s order in 1777. - -How the name “Fort Nonsense” came into being is unknown. It does not -appear in any available written record before 1833, nor has anyone yet -authenticated the oft-repeated story that the Commander in Chief’s -reason for constructing this work was merely to keep the American troops -occupied and out of mischief. Washington’s real intention is disclosed -by an order of May 28, 1777, issued as the Continental Army moved to -Middlebrook (p. 11). In this he directed Lt. Col. Jeremiah Olney to -remain behind at Morristown, and with his detachment “and the Militia -now here ... Guard the Stores of different kinds ... Strengthen the -Works already begun upon the Hill near this place, and erect such others -as are necessary for the better defending of it, that it may become a -safe retreat in case of Necessity.” Other orders confirm the conclusion -that Fort Nonsense was actually built to serve a very practical purpose. - - [Illustration: _Washington’s living and dining room in the Ford - Mansion, showing the “secretary” desk once used by him as the - American Commander in Chief._] - - [Illustration: _The kitchen in the Ford Mansion, where Washington’s - official “family” and “all Mrs. Fords” tried to keep warm in January - 1780._] - - [Illustration: _“Fort Nonsense,” built in 1777 as a “retreat in case - of Necessity” for troops assigned to guard American military stores - at Morristown._] - -As years passed, the original lines of this earthwork gradually crumbled -away. Their present appearance is the result of research and physical -restoration work completed by the National Park Service in 1937. - - -NO. 7. GUERIN HOUSE (PARK SUPERINTENDENT’S RESIDENCE). - -At the southwest corner of the Jockey Hollow and Sugar Loaf Roads stands -the Guerin House, in which is incorporated some of the original dwelling -owned and occupied in Revolutionary War days by Joshua Guerin, a farmer -and blacksmith of French Huguenot descent. Largely remodeled, the -building now serves as a residence for the park superintendent. It is -not open to visitors. - - -NO. 8. RANGER STATION (INFORMATION POINT). - -About one-quarter of a mile southwest of the Guerin House (No. 7), on -the same side of the Jockey Hollow Road, is the ranger station. Here are -located the office and quarters of the park ranger. Visitors may obtain -free literature and other park information at this point. - - -NO. 9. NEW YORK BRIGADE CAMP, 1779-80. - -About opposite the ranger station (No. 8), parallel to the east side of -the Jockey Hollow Road, is the campsite occupied in 1779-80 by the New -York Brigade under Brig. Gen. James Clinton. In this brigade were the -2d, 3d, 4th, and 5th New York Regiments, with a combined total -enlistment, in December 1779, of 1,267 men. The official uniform of -these troops was blue, faced with buff; the buttons and linings, white. - - [Illustration: TRAIL MAP - _JOCKEY HOLLOW_] - - MORRISTOWN NATIONAL·HISTORICAL·PARK - FOOT TRAILS - HORSE TRAILS - MOTOR ROADS - PARKING AREAS - SUGAR LOAF ROAD ONE WAY - OFFICERS’ HUT - RANGER STATION (INFORMATION) - JOCKEY HOLLOW ROAD - PICNIC AREA - HOSPITAL & BURYING GROUND - WILD FLOWER TRAIL - GLEN TRAIL - PRIVATE - BETTIN OAK - WICK HOUSE-CEMETERY ROAD ONE WAY - WICK HOUSE - SOLDIERS’ HUT - TEMPE WICK ROAD - JERSEY CAMP TRAILS - - -NO. 10. PICNIC AREA AND REST ROOMS. - -Three-eighths of a mile southwest of the New York Brigade campsite (No. -9), on the west side of the Jockey Hollow Road, area picnic area and -rest rooms. Parking facilities are provided close to the road. From that -point a winding foot trail (pp. 20, 35) leads to open places among the -trees where tables and benches are placed for the convenience of -visitors who wish to bring basket lunches. No fires are permitted, -either here or elsewhere in the park. - - -NO. 11. NATURE TRAIL. - -More than 100 species of birds, some 20 species of mammals, and over 300 -species of trees, shrubs, and wildflowers have been observed in Jockey -Hollow at various times of the year. A walk over the Nature Trail (pp. -20, 35), which begins and ends at the Picnic Area (No. 10), affords -opportunity to enjoy seeing many such elements of the park landscape. -The area is a wildlife sanctuary, however, and visitors are reminded -that disturbance of its natural features is prohibited by law (pp. 43 --44). - - -NO. 12. OLD CAMP ROAD, 1779-80. - -Almost opposite the Picnic Area (No. 10), intersecting with the east -side of the Jockey Hollow Road, is what has long been known as the Old -Camp Road (p. 20). This leads across Mount Kemble to the old Basking -Ridge Road, now Mount Kemble Avenue (U. S. Route 202), and to the site -of Jacob Larzeleer’s Tavern, where Brig. Gen. John Stark made his -quarters in 1779-80. Part of the road may have been built as the result -of orders issued to Stark’s and the New York Brigades, on April 25, -1780, to “open a Road between the two encampments.” - - -NO. 13. FIRST MARYLAND BRIGADE CAMP, 1779-80. - -About one-sixth of a mile southwest of the Picnic Area (No. 10), on the -same side of the Jockey Hollow Road and parallel to it, is the campsite -occupied in 1779-80 by the 1st Maryland Brigade under Brig. Gen. William -Smallwood. In this brigade were the 1st, 3d, 5th, and 7th Maryland -Regiments, with a combined total enlistment, in December 1779, of 1,416 -men. The official uniform of these troops was blue, faced with red; the -buttons and linings, white. About the middle of May 1780, following the -departure of the 1st Maryland Brigade on April 17 preceding, soldiers of -the Connecticut Line moved into the log huts erected on this site -(p. 41). - - -NO. 14. SECOND MARYLAND BRIGADE CAMP, 1779-80. - -About three-tenths of a mile southwest of the Picnic Area (No. 10), -paralleling the opposite side of the Jockey Hollow Road, is the campsite -occupied in 1779-80 by the 2d Maryland Brigade under Brig. Gen. Mordecai -Gist. In this brigade were the 2d, 4th, and 6th Maryland Regiments, and -Hall’s Delaware Regiment, with a combined total enlistment, in December -1779, of 1,497 men. The official uniform of these troops was the same as -that of the 1st Maryland Brigade. About the middle of May 1780, -following the departure of the 2d Maryland Brigade on April 17 -preceding, soldiers of the Connecticut Line moved into the log huts -erected on this site (p. 41). - - -NO. 15. BETTIN OAK AND FORT HILL. - -Immediately southwest of the campsite occupied by the 2d Maryland -Brigade in 1779-80 (No. 14), on the same side of the Jockey Hollow Road, -stands the Bettin Oak. Near the base of this old tree is the traditional -grave of Capt. Adam Bettin, who was killed on New Year’s Night 1781, -during the mutiny of the Pennsylvania Line, then encamped nearby under -command of Brig. Gen. Anthony Wayne (pp. 27-28). Defensive works for the -protection of Wayne’s camp were erected on Fort Hill, which rises to the -eastward of this point. Nothing is left of these fortifications today. - - -NO. 16. NEW JERSEY BRIGADE CAMP, 1781-82. - -About 1,200 feet southwest of the point where the Tempe Wick and Jockey -Hollow Roads meet is the traditional campsite occupied in 1781-82 by the -New Jersey Brigade under Brig. Gen. Elias Dayton (p. 29). In this -brigade at that time were the 1st and 2d New Jersey Regiments, with a -combined total enlistment, in April 1782, of around 700 men. The -official uniform of these troops was blue, faced with buff; the buttons -and linings, white. - - -NO. 17. WICK HOUSE, ST. CLAIR’S QUARTERS, 1779-80. - - [Illustration: _The Wick House, built about 1750, and occupied as - quarters by Maj. Gen. Arthur St. Clair in the winter of 1779-80._] - -On the north side of the Tempe Wick Road, about 325 feet west of its -intersection with the Jockey Hollow Road, is the Wick House, which -served in 1779-80 as quarters for Maj. Gen. Arthur St. Clair, then -commander of the Pennsylvania Line encamped in Jockey Hollow -(Nos. 20-21). The building was erected about 1750 by Henry Wick, a -fairly prosperous farmer who had come to Morris County from Long Island -a few years before. Tempe Wick, his youngest daughter, is said to have -concealed her riding horse in a bedroom of the house, in January 1781, -in order to prevent its seizure by the Pennsylvania mutineers -(pp. 27-28). The interior of the building was furnished with period -pieces following its restoration by the National Park Service in 1935. -Efforts have also been made to recreate, as far as possible, the -colonial atmosphere of the farm itself, as reflected in the nearby -garden, barnyard, orchard, and open fields. - - [Illustration: _A corner of the kitchen in the Wick House._] - - [Illustration: _The Wick House garden._] - - -NO. 18. ARMY BURYING GROUND, 1779-80. - -On the south side of the Cemetery-Wick House Road, at the point where it -joins the Grand Parade Road, is the traditional site of the Continental -Army Burying Ground in Jockey Hollow. Here are said to lie the remains -of between 100 and 150 American soldiers who failed to survive the -terrible winter of 1779-80. - - [Illustration: _Army Burying Ground in Jockey Hollow._] - - -NO. 19. RECONSTRUCTED ARMY HOSPITAL HUT, 1779-80. - -Immediately adjacent to the Army Burying Ground (No. 18), visitors may -see a log structure of the type used for hospital purposes while the -Continental Army lay encamped in Jockey Hollow. This building was -reconstructed by the National Park Service from a description and plans -prepared by Dr. James Tilton, Hospital Physician in 1779-80, and later -Physician and Surgeon General, United States Army. - - -NOS. 20-21. FIRST AND SECOND PENNSYLVANIA BRIGADE CAMPS, 1779-80, AND -RECONSTRUCTED OFFICERS’ HUT. - -About 400 feet east of the reconstructed Army Hospital Hut (No. 19), on -the west slope of Sugar Loaf Hill, and cutting diagonally across the -Grand Parade Road, are the campsites occupied in 1779-80 by the -Pennsylvania Division commanded that winter by Maj. Gen. Arthur St. -Clair. In this division were the 1st and 2d Pennsylvania Brigades. The -former, under Brig. Gen. William Irvine, was composed of the 1st, 2d, -7th, and 10th Pennsylvania Regiments, with a combined total enlistment, -in December 1779, of 1,253 men. In the latter, under Col. Francis -Johnston, were the 3d, 5th, 6th, and 9th Pennsylvania Regiments, with a -corresponding enlistment, at the same period, of 1,050 men. The official -uniform of all these troops was blue, faced with red; the buttons and -linings, white. - -On the First Pennsylvania Brigade campsite may be seen a reconstruction, -by the National Park Service, of the type of log hut used as quarters by -officers of the Continental Army in 1779-80 (p. 16). - - [Illustration: _Reconstructed Army Hospital Hut._] - - -NO. 22. GRAND PARADE, 1779-80. - -North of the Grand Parade Road, below the east slope of Sugar Loaf Hill, -is the level ground “between the Pensylvania & the York encampment” -which served as the Grand Parade used by the Continental Army in -1779-80. Here the camp guards and detachments assigned to outpost duty -usually reported for inspection, and the troops were sometimes paraded -to witness military executions. The ground was also used for drill -purposes. Near the Grand Parade was the “New Orderly Room” where courts -martial were frequently held, and where Washington’s orders were -communicated to the army. - - -NO. 23. HAND’S BRIGADE CAMP, 1779-80, AND RECONSTRUCTED SOLDIERS’ HUT. - -Parallel to the north side of the Tempe Wick Road, about 300 feet -southeast of where it joins the Jockey Hollow Road, is the campsite -occupied in 1779-80 by Hand’s Brigade, named for its commanding officer, -Brig. Gen. Edward Hand. In this brigade were the 1st and 2d Canadian and -the 4th and New 11th Pennsylvania Regiments, with a combined total -enlistment, in December 1779, of 1,033 men. The official uniform of the -Pennsylvania regiments was blue, faced with red; the buttons and -linings, white. How all the Canadians were clothed is unknown, but some -of them probably wore brown coats, faced with red, and white waistcoats -and breeches. - -This identical campsite was occupied by part of the Pennsylvania Line -early in the winter of 1780-81, and from about February 7 to July 8, -1781, by the New Jersey Brigade of the Continental Army. Here occurred -the great mutiny of the Pennsylvanians on New Year’s Night 1781 -(pp. 27-28). - -On the Hand’s Brigade campsite may be seen a reconstruction, by the -National Park Service, of the type of log hut used by private soldiers -of the Continental Army in 1779-80 (p. 16). - - -NOS. 24-25. FIRST AND SECOND CONNECTICUT BRIGADE CAMPS, 1779-80. - -About 600 feet northeast of the Tempe Wick Road, along the south and -east slopes of Fort Hill (No. 15), are the campsites occupied early in -1779-80 by the 1st and 2d Connecticut Brigades. The former, under Brig. -Gen. Samuel Holden Parsons, was composed of the 3d, 4th, 6th, and 8th -Connecticut Regiments, with a combined total enlistment, in December -1779, of 1,680 men. In the latter, under Brig. Gen. Jedediah Huntington, -were the 1st, 2d, 5th, and 7th Connecticut Regiments, with a -corresponding enlistment, at the same period, of 1,367 men. The official -uniform of all these troops was blue, faced with white; the buttons and -linings, white. - -Both brigades left camp for detached duty “on the Lines” at Springfield -and Westfield early in February 1780. On returning to camp, about the -middle of May, they occupied the log huts vacated by the Maryland troops -on April 17 preceding (Nos. 13-14). It was there that the 4th and 8th -Connecticut Regiments rose in mutiny soon afterward (p. 18). - -Some of the log huts built by the 1st Connecticut Brigade were occupied -by Pennsylvania troops early in the following winter, previous to the -mutiny which broke out on New Year’s Day 1781 (pp. 27-28). - - -NO. 26. SITE OF KEMBLE HOUSE, WAYNE’S QUARTERS, 1780-81. - -At the northwest corner of Mount Kemble Avenue (U. S. Route 202) and the -Tempe Wick Road is the site of Kemble Manor, built about 1765 as a -residence for the Honorable Peter Kemble, one of the wealthiest and most -influential men in the late colonial period of New Jersey history. Here -were the quarters of Brig. Gen. William Smallwood, of the Maryland Line, -in 1779-80; and of Brig. Gen. Anthony Wayne, of the Pennsylvania Line, -in 1780-81. From “Mount Kemble,” early on the morning of January 2, -1781, Wayne wrote a hurried letter to Washington describing the -Pennsylvania Mutiny, which had taken place but a few hours before (pp. -27-28). In the nineteenth century the Kemble House was moved some -distance north of its original location. It no longer bears much -resemblance to the structure of Revolutionary War times. - - -NO. 27. STARK’S BRIGADE CAMP, 1779-80. - -Along the east slope of Mount Kemble, on the west side of Mount Kemble -Avenue (U. S. Route 202), about five-sixths of a mile northwest of its -intersection with the Tempe Wick Road, is the campsite occupied in -1779-80 by Stark’s Brigade, named for its commanding officer, Brig. Gen. -John Stark. In this brigade were Webb’s and Sherburne’s Connecticut -Regiments, Jackson’s Massachusetts Regiment, and the 2d Rhode Island -Regiment, with a combined total enlistment, in December 1779, of 1,210 -men. This site is privately owned and not accessible to park visitors. -The official uniform of both the Connecticut and Rhode Island troops was -blue, faced with white; the buttons and linings, white. - - -NO. 28. KNOX ARTILLERY CAMP, 1779-80. - -One mile west of Morristown, along the main road to Mendham (New Jersey -Route 24), and at the base of a hill opposite the further end of Burnham -Park, is the site occupied in 1779-80 by the Light Artillery Park and -the Artillery Brigade of the Continental Army under Brig. Gen. Henry -Knox. In this brigade were the 1st, 2d, 3d, and 4th Artillery Regiments. -Knox’s quarters were nearby on what is now Kahdena Road, at a place -called “Duchman’s.” The official artillery uniform was “Blue faced with -Scarlet, Scarlet Lining, Yellow buttons, Yellow bound hats, Coats edged -with narrow lace or tape and button holes bound with the same.” - - - - - _How To Reach the Park_ - - -Only about 30 miles west of New York City, the park may be reached by -automobile from the east via New Jersey Route 24, from the south and -north via New Jersey Route 32 (U. S. Route 202), and from the west via -New Jersey Routes 6, 10, 5N, and 32. Regional bus lines serve Morristown -from main points in the metropolitan area. The town is also located on -the D. L. & W. Railroad, whose local trains stop at Morris Street, about -5 minutes’ walk from the Ford Mansion and the historical museum. - - - - - _Establishment and Administration_ - - -The first step toward the establishment of Morristown National -Historical Park was taken in 1873, when the Washington Association of -New Jersey was formed to preserve the Ford Mansion “through future -generations as a memorial of George Washington.” Among the first of its -kind in America, this organization continues active today. - -As time passed, the need for saving other historic remains connected -with the Revolutionary War history of this locality became more -apparent. In the late 1920’s, under the energetic leadership of former -Mayor of Morristown Clyde Potts, a strong movement developed with that -end in view. This was finally crowned with success when the Federal -Government, under an act of Congress approved March 2, 1933, accepted -from the Washington Association, from the Town of Morristown, and from -Mr. Lloyd W. Smith, well-known collector of Washingtonia, munificent and -patriotic gifts of those invaluable properties which together now -constitute Morristown National Historical Park. The area was dedicated -on July 4 following, as a unit in the National Park System administered -by the National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior, -for the benefit and inspiration of the people. - -About 958 acres in extent, the reservation has at present three separate -geographical units: Headquarters Area (Ford Mansion and historical -museum), Fort Nonsense Area, and Jockey Hollow Area. All communications -concerning the park should be addressed to the Superintendent, -Morristown National Historical Park, Morristown, N. J. - - - - - _Visitor Facilities_ - - -The park is open to visitors every day but Monday, including Sunday and -all holidays except New Year’s Day, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas Day. - -Entrance to nearly all historic sites and buildings in the area is free, -subject only to the application of park rules and regulations. Wherever -a nominal admission charge is made, complete information on the amount -involved is clearly posted on a nearby sign, or may be obtained easily -upon request from any park employee. - -Members of the park staff are on duty to receive and assist visitors at -the Ford Mansion, the historical museum, and the Wick House. Descriptive -folders and other information may be obtained at all three of these -points without charge; sales publications may be purchased at the -historical museum only. Personal guide service is not normally -available, but educational and other organized groups are given special -attention when arrangements are made in advance with the superintendent, -and as staff limitations permit. - -There are no camping, lodging, or restaurant facilities at the park -itself. Limited space is available in Jockey Hollow for visitors who -wish to bring basket lunches, but no fires are permitted anywhere in the -area. It is also unlawful to hunt, trap, or disturb wildlife; to injure -or take away trees, flowers, or other vegetative growth; or to deface or -remove other Government property. Visitors must leave the park by 6 p. -m. during the winter months, and by 8 p. m. at other times of the year. - - - - - _Related Areas_ - - -Included in the National Park System are many other important areas -connected with various periods in American history. In addition to -Morristown National Historical Park, those commemorating phases of the -Revolutionary War are: Saratoga National Historical Park, N. Y.; -Colonial National Historical Park, Va.; Kings Mountain National Military -Park, S. C.; Guilford Courthouse National Military Park, N. C.; Cowpens -National Battlefield Site, S. C.; George Washington Birthplace National -Monument, Va.; Moores Creek National Military Park, N. C.; Washington -Monument, Washington, D. C.; Statue of Liberty National Monument, N. Y.; -and Independence National Historical Park (project), Philadelphia, Pa. - - U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1950 O-F—888640 - - - NATIONAL PARK SERVICE - Historical Handbook Series - - No. 1 Custer Battlefield - No. 2 Jamestown, Virginia - No. 3 The Lincoln Museum and the House Where Lincoln Died - No. 4 Saratoga - No. 5 Fort McHenry - No. 6 Lee Mansion - No. 7 Morristown, a Military Capital of the Revolution - No. 8 Hopewell Village - No. 9 Gettysburg - - [Illustration: _American canteen_] - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - -—Silently corrected a few typos. - -—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - -—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Morristown National Historical Park, A -Military Capital of the American Revol, by Melvin J. 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