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-The Project Gutenberg EBook of Veterinary Medicines, by George F. Korinek
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll
-have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using
-this ebook.
-
-
-
-Title: Veterinary Medicines
-       Their Actions, Uses and Dose
-
-Author: George F. Korinek
-
-Release Date: July 14, 2020 [EBook #62644]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VETERINARY MEDICINES ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Harry Lamé and the Online Distributed
-Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
-produced from images generously made available by The
-Internet Archive)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-  Transcriber’s Notes
-
-  Text printed in italics has been transcribed _between underscores_.
-  Small capitals have been replaced with ALL CAPITALS.
-
-  More Transcriber’s Notes may be found at the end of this text.
-
-
-
-
-  VETERINARY SCIENCE ASSOCIATION
-  OF AMERICA
-
-  VETERINARY MEDICINES
-
-  THEIR
-  ACTIONS, USES AND DOSE
-
-  BY
-
-  GEORGE F. KORINEK, V. S., B. V. S.
-
-  _Graduate of the Ontario Veterinary College. Graduate from
-  the Veterinary Department of the University of Toronto, Canada.
-  Member of the Science Association of the Ontario Veterinary
-  College. Registrar of the Veterinary Science Association
-  of America. Ten years of Practical Experience in Veterinary
-  Medicine and Surgery._
-
-  [Illustration]
-
-  PUBLISHED BY THE
-
-  VETERINARY SCIENCE ASSOCIATION
-  OF AMERICA
-
-
-  COPYRIGHT 1917
-  by the
-  VETERINARY SCIENCE ASSOCIATION
-  OF AMERICA
-
-
-
-
-PREFACE
-
-
-There is no scarcity of excellent works on Veterinary materia medica and
-Therapeutics.
-
-Many of these will well repay the student for the time spent in
-mastering them, but none seem to meet the wants of the Veterinary
-Practitioner and Student for whom this work is primarily intended.
-
-It has been my endeavor to find, and bring together in available form,
-some of the facts regarded as of value to those upon whom the stockman
-must depend, to a great extent, for important services when sickness
-comes upon our dumb friends--the domestic animals.
-
-A few publications have been consulted, and in some instances quoted. It
-has not been practicable to give proper credit for use of ideas and
-language in each instance, but a general acknowledgment is here made.
-
-  List of publications consulted and in some instances quoted:
-
-  United States Dispensatory (by Wood).
-
-  Veterinary Medicines (by Dun).
-
-  Veterinary Materia Medica and Therapeutics (by Winslow).
-
-  Veterinary Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Toxicology (by Quitman).
-
-  GEORGE F. KORINEK, V. S., B. V. S.
-
-
-
-
-SUMMARY OF VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA, THERAPEUTICS AND TOXICOLOGY
-
-
-MATERIA MEDICA, derived from two _Latin_ words signifying medical
-material, the science which treats with medicine, their source or
-origin, their derivatives, physical and chemical properties, their
-method of preparation and administration, their dose, physiological and
-toxicological effects.
-
-THERAPEUTICS, derived from the Greek, _Therapevo_, meaning to serve or
-attend the sick, is that branch of knowledge which treats of the
-application of all means--medical or otherwise--to the cure of disease
-or relief of pain.
-
-TOXICOLOGY, derived from the Greek _Toxikon_, a poison, is that branch
-of knowledge which treats of the nature, actions, detection and
-treatment of poisons.
-
-A _medicine_ is an agent of animal, vegetable, or mineral origin used
-for the cure of disease or relief of pain.
-
-DRUG, derived from the Dutch, _Droog_, meaning dry, is now used
-synonymously with medicine although originally referring to an herb or
-dried medical plant.
-
-
-
-
-GENERAL ACTIONS OF MEDICINES
-
-
-ALTERATIVE.--A medicine that alters the process of nutrition, so as to
-overcome morbid conditions of the body as Arcenous Acid, Potassium
-Iodide, etc.
-
-ANAESTHETIC.--Medicines used to produce insensibility to pain, and they
-are divided into Local and General Anaesthetics.
-
-GENERAL ANAESTHETICS.--Are inhaled and carried by the blood to the brain
-and spinal cord, where they paralyze the nerve centers, cause muscular
-relaxation and finally produce entire suspension of sensation and power
-of motion, together with a loss of consciousness, and apparent life,
-except breathing and the action of the heart. They comprise Nitrous
-Oxide Gas, Ether and Chloroform, etc.
-
-LOCAL ANAESTHETICS.--As a rule, are injected hypodermically or applied
-to open wounds. They cause temporary loss of local or circumscribed
-sensation by paralyzing the sensory nerves. When applied in the form of
-liniments they resemble anodynes, but act more promptly and profoundly.
-They comprise Cocaine, Eucaine, etc.
-
-ANALGESIC.--A medicine used to relieve pain, as Opium, etc.
-
-ANAPHRODISIAC.--A medicine used to produce absence or impairment of
-sexual appetite, as Potassium Bromide, etc.
-
-ANHIDROTIC.--A medicine that diminishes the secretion of perspiration as
-Belladonna, etc.
-
-ANODYNE.--A medicine that lessens sensibility to pain, by diminishing
-the excitability of nerve centers, as Cannabis Indica, Chloral Hydrate,
-etc.
-
-ANODYNES LOCAL.--Are drugs that diminish pain by acting locally on
-sensory nerves, and are applied in the form of a liniment over painful
-swellings, as Belladonna, Aconite, Opium, hot and cold packs, etc.
-
-ANTACID.--A medicine that counteracts or neutralizes acidity of the
-stomach or intestines as liquor Potassium, Sodium Carbonate and
-Bicarbonate, etc.
-
-ANTAGONISTIC.--A medicine which counteracts the action of another
-medicine in the system, as would Potassium Bromide and Nux Vomica or
-Strychnine.
-
-ANTHELMINTIC.--A medicine efficiently destroying or expelling worms or
-preventing their development, as Santonin, Arecae Nut, etc.
-
-ANTIDOTE.--A substance preventing or counteracting the action of a
-poison. Antidotes are distinguished as: chemical, those that change the
-chemical nature of the poison; mechanical, those that prevent absorption
-of poison; physiologic, those that counteract the effects of poison by
-producing other effects.
-
-ANTIEMETIC.--A medicine which prevents or arrests vomiting, as Bismuth
-Subnitrate.
-
-ANTIFEBRILE.--A medicine that reduces temperature, as Acetanilid, etc.
-
-ANTIFERMENT.--A medicine which prevents the formation of gases, as
-Sodium Bicarbonate, Turpentine, etc.
-
-ANTIGALACTIC.--A medicine which lessens the secretion of milk, as
-Belladonna, Tannin, etc.
-
-ANTIPARASITIC.--An agent which destroys and repels insects, as essential
-oils, powdered tobacco, sulphur and naphthalin, etc.
-
-ANTIPERIODIC.--A medicine that tends to prevent the periodic recurrence
-of a disease, as Quinine Sulphate, Arsenous Acid, etc.
-
-ANTIPERISTALTIC OR ANTIPERISTALSIS.--Are medicines that produce
-compression of peristalsis or the worm-like movement of the intestines
-by which method the alimentary canal propels its contents, as Opium.
-
-ANTIPHLOGISTIC.--A medicine or agent subduing or reducing inflammation
-or fever, as in bloodletting, applications of cold packs or the
-administration of Aconite, Acetanilide, etc.
-
-ANTIRHEUMATIC.--A medicine that prevents or cures rheumatism, as Sodium
-Salicylates, etc.
-
-ANTIPYRETIC.--A medicine which reduces body temperature in fever, as
-Quinine Sulphate, Salicylic Acid, etc.
-
-ANTISEPTIC.--A medicine which arrests putrefaction on or in the body, or
-hinders septic decomposition by killing the germs that produce it or by
-checking their development, as Carbolic Acid, Zinc Sulphocarbolates,
-etc.
-
-ANTISPASMODIC.--A medicine which prevents or removes spasmodic
-contraction of voluntary or involuntary muscles, as Belladonna,
-Valerian, Chloral Hydrate, etc.
-
-ANTITOXIN.--A counter poison or antidote generated within the body to
-counteract the toxins of bacteria. Antitoxins are frequently injected
-hypodermically in the treatment of certain infectious diseases and also
-to immunize against disease, as Tetanus Antitoxin for the treatment of
-tetanus or lockjaw, etc.
-
-ANTIVENENE.--A name applied to blood-serum of animals rendered immune
-against snake-poison owing to its antidotal properties.
-
-ANTIZYMOTIC.--A medicine preventing fermentation, as Salicylic Acid,
-etc.
-
-APERIENT.--A medicine possessing a mild laxative or purgative effect, as
-Rochelle Salts, etc.
-
-APHRODISIAC.--A medicine which stimulates sexual appetite, as
-Cantharides, Nux Vomica, Phosphorus, Alcohol and general tonics, etc.
-
-AROMATIC.--A medicine characterized by a fragrant taste or odor, as
-Aromatic Spiritus of Ammonia, Ginger and the essential oils, etc.
-
-ASTRINGENT.--A medicine which contracts vessels and arrests discharges,
-as Tannic Acid, Ergot, etc.
-
-AUXILIARY.--A medicine that assists the action of another, as Chloral
-Hydrate would assist Bromide of Potassium in checking excitability.
-
-BITTER.--A medicine with a bitter taste, stimulating the
-gastro-intestinal secretions without materially affecting the general
-system, as Qussia Gentian, etc.
-
-BLENNORRHAGIC.--A medicine which increases the secretions of mucus, as
-Eucalyptus, Balsam Tulo, etc.
-
-BLISTER.--An agent which, when applied over the skin, produces vesicles
-resulting from local inflammatory exudate of serous fluid between the
-epidermis and true skin, as applications of Cantharides, etc.
-
-BOLUS.--A large pill or a round mass of food prepared by the mouth for
-swallowing.
-
-BOUILON.--A nutritive medium for the culture of micro-organisms prepared
-from finely chopped beef or beef extract.
-
-CACHEXIA.--A deprived condition of general nutrition, due to serious
-diseases, as Tuberculosis, Scrofula, Syphilis, Cancer, etc.
-
-CALEFACIENT.--A medicine applied externally to produce a sensation of
-warmth to the part to which it is applied, as Turpentine, Mustard,
-Capsicum, etc.
-
-CALMANT.--A medicine that reduces functional activity, as Bromide of
-Potassium, Aconite, etc.
-
-CALMATIVE.--A medicine which has a quieting or a sedative effect, as
-Morphine, Cannibus Indica, etc.
-
-CALORIFACIENT OR CALORIFIC.--A heat producing substance which has the
-power of developing heat in the body, as Cod Liver and Olive Oil, Fats,
-etc.
-
-CARDIAC DEPRESSANT OR SEDATIVE.--A medicine which lessens the force and
-frequency of the heart’s action as Aconite, Potassium Nitrate, etc.
-
-CARDIAC STIMULANT.--A medicine that increases the force and frequency of
-the heart’s action when in a depressed condition, as Alcohol, Nux
-Vomica, Ether, etc.
-
-CARDIAC TONICS.--Are medicines that do not act as quickly as cardiac
-stimulants, but they strengthen the heart muscles which regulate
-pulsation, as Digitalis, Nux Vomica, etc.
-
-CARMINATIVE.--A medicine that allays pain by causing the expulsion of
-gases from the alimentary canal, as Aromatic Spiritus of Ammonia,
-Asafetida, Turpentine, etc.
-
-CATALEPTIC.--A medicine causing animals to lose control of their
-muscles, as Cannibus Indica, etc.
-
-CATALYTIC.--A medicine supposed to break down, destroy or counteract
-morbid agencies existing in the blood, as Calomel, Arcenous Acid, etc.
-
-CATHARTIC.--A medicine which hastens the evacuation of the bowels, as
-Aloes, Castor Oil, etc.
-
-CATHARTIC CHOLAGOGUE.--A medicine that stimulates the evacuation of the
-intestines and the flow of bile at the same time, as Podophyllin, etc.
-
-CATHARTIC DRASTIC.--A medicine which produces violent action of the
-intestines with griping and pain, as Jalap, Arecoline, etc.
-
-CATHARTIC HYDRAGOGUE.--A medicine that causes abundant watery discharges
-of feces, as Common Elaterium, etc.
-
-CATHARTIC SALINE.--A medicine which increases intestinal secretions and
-prevents re-absorption, and mechanically excites peristaltic action, as
-Magnesium Sulphate, etc.
-
-CATHARTIC SIMPLE.--A medicine that is more active then a laxative, but
-is accompanied by some griping; it causes active peristalsis and larger
-and softer stools than laxatives, as Rhubarb, Aloes, etc.
-
-CAUSTIC.--A medicine or agent used to destroy living tissue, as Caustic
-Potash, Silver Nitrate, etc.
-
-CAUTERY.--An agent used to sear or burn living tissue, with a cautery or
-a caustic, as a hot iron or Nitric Acid, etc.
-
-CAUTERY ACTUAL.--A metal instrument heated by an electric current or by
-flame, used to destroy bone or muscular tissue or for producing
-counter-irritation, much preferred to setons in diseases of the bones
-especially of their joints, as in Bone Spavin, Ringbone, etc., also
-valuable in the treatment of sprained tendons. The methods used are
-either puncture or line firing.
-
-CAUTERY POTENTIAL.--A chemical used for destroying or cauterizing flesh,
-as Nitric Acid, etc.
-
-CHALYBEATE.--A medicine containing iron, as Tincture Chlorid of Iron.
-
-CONDIMENT.--A medicine used to improve palatability of food, as
-Fenugreek, Aniseed, Salt, Pepper, etc.
-
-CONSERVATIVE.--A medicine or substance used for the preservation of
-other medicines without loss, as Alcohol, Honey, etc.
-
-CONSTRINGENT.--A medicine which causes contraction of organic tissues,
-as Tannin, etc.
-
-CONVULSANT.--A medicine which causes violent and unnatural contractions
-of muscles (convulsions) as Nux Vomica or its derivative, etc.
-
-CORDIAL.--A medicine which increases the strength and raises the
-vitality when depressed, as Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia, Alcohol, etc.
-
-CORRECTIVE or CORRECTANT.--A substance used to modify or make pleasant
-the action of a cathartic or other medicines, as Acacia, Coriander, etc.
-
-CORROSIVE.--A substance that destroys organic tissue either by direct
-chemical means or by causing inflammation and suppuration, as Mercuric
-Chloride, Nitric Acid, etc.
-
-COUNTER IRRITANT.--A substance or medicine which produces superficial
-inflammation artificially in order to exercise a good effect, by
-stimulating functional activity of a part, thus promoting repair upon
-some adjacent or deep-seated morbid process, as Blistering or Firing,
-etc.
-
-CUMULATIVE POISON.--A medicine which finally acts as a poison after
-several successive doses have been taken with little or no apparent
-effect, as Arsenic, Strychnine, etc.
-
-DEBILITANT.--A medicine which diminishes the energy of organs, as
-Bromide of Potassium, Lobelia, etc.
-
-DEFERVESCENT.--A medicine that reduces temperature, as Quinine Sulphate,
-Aconite, etc.
-
-DELIRIANT OR DELIRIFACENT.--A medicine which produces delirium, as
-Opium, Stramonium, Alcohol, etc.
-
-DEMULCENT.--A mucilaginous or oily, soothing blend to protect irritated
-skin or mucous membranes, as Carron Oil, White of an Egg, etc.
-
-DEOBSTRUENT.--A medicine which removes functional obstructions in the
-body, as Castor Oil, Magnesium Sulphate, Aloes, etc.
-
-DEODORANT OR DEODORIZER.--A substance to conceal or destroy foul odors,
-as Crude Carbolic Acid, Chloride of Lime, etc. Noxious odors may also be
-destroyed and absorbed with freshly burnt charcoal or dry earth.
-
-DEPLETORY.--A medicine which diminishes the quantity of liquid in the
-body, as Iodide or Nitrate of Potassium, etc.
-
-DEPRESSANT.--A medicine which lessens vital power, as Opium, Aconite,
-etc.
-
-DEPRESSO-MOTOR.--A medicine that depresses motor activity, as Sodium or
-Potassium Bromide, etc.
-
-DEPURANT.--A medicine for cleaning foul wounds and abscesses, as
-Hydrogen Peroxide, etc.
-
-DEPURATORY.--A medicine which purifies the blood, as Sulphur, Iodide
-Potassium, etc.
-
-DERMATIC.--A medicine used in diseases of the skin, as Resorcinol, Zinc
-Oxide, etc.
-
-DERIVATIVE.--A substance used in drawing away blood or liquid exudates
-from diseased parts by creating an extra demand for them in some other
-part of the body, as Mustard, Capsicum, Cantharides, etc.
-
-DESICCANT.--A medicine used for drying up sores, as Tannic Acid, Boric
-Acid, etc.
-
-DESICCATIVE.--A medicine which dries up secretions, as Zinc Oxide,
-Camphor, etc.
-
-DESICCATORY.--A medicine used externally to dry up moisture or fluids
-from wounds, as Tannic Acid, Starch, etc.
-
-DESQUAMATION.--A medicine which removes scales from the skin, bones and
-mucous membranes, as Potassium Iodide, etc.
-
-DETERGENT.--A substance for purifying and cleansing wounds, ulcers, as
-Hydrogen Peroxide, Soap and Water, etc.
-
-DIAPHORETIC.--A medicine which causes an increased amount of
-perspiration, as Pilocarpine, Ginger, etc.
-
-DIARRHETIC.--A substance or medicine which causes increased frequency
-and lessened consistency of fecal evacuations, as Mandrake.
-
-DIETETIC.--A medicine having nutritious properties, as Olive or Cod
-Liver Oil, etc.
-
-DIGESTANT.--A medicine that assists digestion of food, in the mouth,
-stomach or intestines, as Pancreatin, Pepsin, etc.
-
-DIGESTIVE.--A medicine which promotes the process of digestion, as
-Gentian, Qussia, Nux Vomica, etc.
-
-DILUENT.--A medicine that dilutes the secretions of organs, as Magnesium
-Sulphate, Gamboge, Arecoline, etc.
-
-DISCUTIENT.--A substance or medicine having the power of causing an
-exudation to disappear, as Iodide of Potassium, Red Iodide of Mercury,
-etc.
-
-DISINFECTANT.--A medicine which destroys septic poisons of communicable
-diseases; its special function is to kill or hinder the development of
-those germs or bacteria which produce diseases, as Carbolic Acid,
-Chloride of Lime, Formaldehyde, etc.
-
-DISSOLVENT.--A medicine that promotes solution of tissues of the body,
-as Potassium Iodide, etc.
-
-DIURETIC.--A medicine that increases the secretions of the urinary
-organs, as Potassium Nitrate, Buchu, Turpentine, Spirits Ether Nit, etc.
-
-DRASTIC.--A medicine having a severe purgative or cathartic effect on
-the bowels, as Croton Oil, etc.
-
-EBOLIC.--A medicine causing contraction of the uterus, and thus
-producing abortion, as Ergot, etc.
-
-ELECTUARY.--A substance used to lessen irritability or increase the
-palatability of medicines, as Sugar, Honey, Molasses, Water, etc.
-
-ELIMINATIVE.--A medicine having power of expelling or casting out,
-especially waste products, as Arecoline, Magnesium Sulphate, etc.
-
-EMETIC.--A substance or medicine having the power to induce vomiting, as
-Apomorphine, Ipecac, etc.
-
-EMMENAGOGUE.--A medicine which stimulates menstrual flow, as Potassium
-Permanganate, etc.
-
-EMOLLIENT.--A substance used externally to soften, sooth and relax parts
-to which they are applied as vegetable poultices, oils, etc.
-
-EPISPASTIC.--A medicine producing a blister, as Cantharides, Aqua
-Ammonia Fort, etc.
-
-ERRHINE.--A medicine that increases nasal secretions, as Formalin,
-Capsicum, etc.
-
-EVACUANT.--A medicine which causes the emptying of an organ, especially
-the bowels, as Magnesium Sulphate, Aloes, etc.
-
-EXCITANT.--A medicine that arouses functional activity, as Nux Vomica,
-Alcohol, etc.
-
-EXHILARANT.--A medicine which cheers or stimulates the mind, as
-Strychnine, Alcohol, etc.
-
-EXPECTORANT.--A medicine that acts upon the pulmonary mucous membranes
-to increase or alter its secretions, as Lobelia, Chloride of Ammonia,
-etc.
-
-FEBRIFUGE.--A medicine which lessens bodily temperature, as Quinine,
-Acetanilid, Aconite, etc.
-
-FUMIGATION.--Is a process of disinfection by exposure to the fumes of a
-vaporizing disinfectant, as Formaldehyde.
-
-GALACTAGOGUE.--A medicine or substance which stimulates the secretions
-of the mammary glands, thereby increasing the flow of milk, as
-Senegaroot, Pilocarpine, etc.
-
-GERMICIDE.--A medicine which destroys germs of any kind whether bacilli,
-spirilli or micrococci, as Bichloride Mercury, Carbolic Acid, etc.
-
-HEMATINIC.--A medicine that increases the proportion of hematin or
-coloring matter in the blood, as Iron, Arsenic, etc.
-
-HEMOLYTIC.--A medicine which causes the breaking down of the blood
-corpuscles, as Mineral Acids.
-
-HEMOSTATIC.--A medicine which stops bleeding, as Tincture Chloride of
-Iron, Ergot, etc.
-
-HEPATIC DEPRESSANT OR SEDATIVE.--A medicine that decreases the function
-of the liver, as Plumbi Acetate, Morphine, etc.
-
-HEPATIC STIMULANT.--A medicine which increases the functions of the
-liver, as Calomel, Podophyllin, etc.
-
-HIDROTIC OR HYDROTIC.--A medicine that stimulates perspiration (sweat),
-as Pilocarpine, Spirits Ether Nit., etc.
-
-HYDRAGOGUE.--A medicine which causes full watery evacuations from the
-bowels, as Arecoline, Gamboge, etc.
-
-HYPNOTIC.--A medicine which produces sleep, as Chloral Hydrate,
-Morphine, Potassium Bromide, etc.
-
-HYPOSTHENIC.--A medicine which causes weakness, debility, as Lobelia.
-
-IDIOSYNCRASY.--A peculiarity of constitution that makes one person or
-animal react differently to medicines or other influences from most
-persons or animals.
-
-INSECTICIDE.--A substance used to destroy insects, as unrefined carbolic
-acid, benzine, etc.
-
-INTOXICANT.--A drug which excites or stupifies, as alcohol, etc.
-
-IRRITANT.--A medicine or agent causing heat, pain and tension due to the
-increased flow of blood to the part, as heat, mustard, etc.
-
-LACTAGOGUE.--A medicine which increases the flow of milk, as extract of
-malt, jaborandi, etc.
-
-LAXATIVE.--A medicine that loosens the bowels; a mild cathartic or
-purgative, as potassium nitrate, sulphur, etc.
-
-LENITIVE.--A substance having the quality to relieve pain or protecting
-tissues from the actions of irritants, as fats, oils, etc.
-
-LIQUEFACIENT.--A medicine which promotes the liquefying processes of the
-system, as potassium iodide, etc.
-
-LITHAGOGUE.--A medicine which expels calculi (or stones) from the
-kidneys or bladder, as benzoic acid, etc.
-
-LITHOLYTIC or LITHONTRIPTIC.--A medicine to dissolve calculi (or stones)
-as benzoate of ammonia, carbonate of potassium, etc.
-
-LUBRICANT.--A substance which soothes irritated surfaces of the throat
-and their fauces, as honey, olive oil, etc.
-
-MEDICAMENT.--Any medicine used in the treatment of diseases or wounds.
-
-MEDICINE.--Any substance for the cure of disease.
-
-MYDRIATIC.--An agent which dilates or enlarges the pupil of the eye,
-whether used internally or externally, as atrophine.
-
-MYOTIC.--Any agent that contracts the pupil of the eye, whether applied
-to the eye or taken by the mouth, as eserine, arecoline, etc.
-
-NARCOTIC.--A medicine which produces sleep and relieves pain, but first
-cause cerebral excitement, as chloroform, ether, belladonna and alcohol,
-etc.
-
-NEPHRITIC.--A medicine used in diseases of the kidneys, as buchu, uva
-ursi, etc.
-
-NERVINE.--A medicine that calms nervous excitement or acts favorably in
-nervous diseases, as potassium bromide, chloral hydrate, etc.
-
-NUTRIENT.--A medicine which builds up the waste tissues of the system,
-as cod liver oil, general tonics, etc.
-
-OBTUNDENT.--Any agent which relieves irritation or reduces sensibility,
-as opium, poultices, etc.
-
-ODONTALGIC.--Any substance for the relief of toothache, as oil of
-cloves, morphine, etc.
-
-ODORANT.--Any substance with a pronounced odor, as naphthaline,
-asafoetida, etc.
-
-OPIATE.--A drug which causes sleep, as chloral hydrate, opium, etc.
-
-OXYTOCIC.--Any agent that produces parturition, as cotton root, ergot,
-etc.
-
-PANACEA.--A medicine curing all diseases; a cure all, as some patent
-medicines.
-
-PARASITICIDE.--A substance that destroys various animal and vegetable
-organisms or parasites which live upon the surface of the body, as
-mercurial and sulphur ointment, etc.
-
-PARTURIENT or PARTURIFACIENT.--Any agent assisting in the birth of the
-young, as ergot.
-
-PERISTALTIC.--A medicine which increases the movements of the
-longitudinal and transverse muscular fibers of the intestines and
-assists them in expelling their contents as nux vomica, arecoline, etc.
-
-PLACEBO.--Any medicine or inert substance given for the purpose of
-satisfying the patient, rather than for its medical effects, as sugar,
-fenugreek, anise, etc.
-
-POISON.--An agent that when introduced into the body either destroys
-life or impairs seriously the functions of one or more of its organs, as
-potassium cyanide, hydrocyanic acid, etc.
-
-POTENTIAL.--A medicine which possesses restorative effects, but is
-delayed in its effects, as potassium iodide, arsenic, etc.
-
-PRESERVATIVE.--A substance which prevents decomposition of another
-substance, as acetanilid, boric acid, etc.
-
-PREVENTIVE or PROPHYLACTIC.--A medicine or method that tends to prevent
-disease, as quinine for the prevention of malaria, vaccine, hygienics,
-etc.
-
-PROTECTIVE.--A substance used for protecting the parts to which it is
-applied, as collodion, etc.
-
-PUNGENT.--Any substance producing a sharp, pinching, penetrating effect,
-as ammonia.
-
-PURGATIVE.--A medicine causing copious evacuations of the bowels. (See
-Cathartics.)
-
-PUSTULANT.--A medicine which irritates and gives rise to the formation
-of pustules, as cantharides, croton oil, etc.
-
-RECUPERATIVE.--A medicine which restores health and energy, as extract
-of malt, cod liver oil, etc.
-
-REFRIGERANT.--A medicine or agent having cooling properties or the power
-of lowering internal or external temperature, as potassium nitrate,
-aconite, cold water, etc.
-
-RELAXANT.--A substance which causes relaxation of muscular tissues, as
-chloroform, chloral, etc.
-
-REPARATIVE.--A substance used to restore debilitated tissues of the
-body, as general tonics, nitrogenous foods, etc.
-
-RESOLVENT.--A substance indicated in the treatment or absorption of
-hard, callous tissue, as iodine and its preparations.
-
-RESTORATIVE.--A medicine that aids in restoring the health, as nux
-vomica, arsenic, etc.
-
-REVULSANT or REVULSIVE.--An agent which produces irritation and draws
-fluids from other parts diseased, as poultices, cantharides, etc.
-
-RUBEFACIENT.--A medicine or agent causing irritation and redness of the
-skin, as turpentine, mustard, etc.
-
-SEDATIVE.--A medicine which diminishes functional activity, as potassium
-or ammonium bromide, etc.
-
-SEPTIC.--An agent causing poisoning resulting from the absorption of
-products of putrefaction, as bacteria.
-
-SIALOGOGUE.--A medicine stimulating the flow of saliva, as pilocarpine,
-arecoline, ginger, capsicum, etc.
-
-SOMNIFACIENT or SOPORIFIC.--A medicine which produces drowsiness and
-sleep, as morphine, chloral hydrate, potassium, bromide, etc.
-
-SORBEFACIENT.--A medicine used to produce abortion, as ergot.
-
-SPECIFIC.--A medicine or agent which has a distinct curative influence
-on an individual disease, as potassium iodide in actinomycosis (Lumpy
-Jaw) or oxygen in milk fever, etc.
-
-STIMULANT.--A medicine which quickens or increases functional activity,
-as strychnine, ammonium carbonate, alcohol, etc.
-
-STOMACHIC.--A medicine which increases functional activity of the
-stomach, as quassia gentian, etc.
-
-STOMATIC.--A medicine used in diseases of the mouth, as boric acid,
-potassium chlorate, alum, etc.
-
-SUPERFACIENT.--A medicine causing unconsciousness from which the patient
-can be roused, as opium, bromide of potassium, etc.
-
-STYPTIC.--An agent that checks bleeding by causing contraction of the
-blood vessels, as tincture chloride of iron, ergot, etc.
-
-SUCCEDANEUM.--A medicine which may be substituted for another possessing
-similar properties, as chloral hydrate for potassium bromide, or aloes
-for linseed oil, etc.
-
-SUDORIFIC.--A medicine or agent which produces an increased quantity of
-perspiration (sweat) as ginger, pilocarpine, Dover’s powders, etc.
-
-SUPPURANT.--A medicine or agent promoting pus formation, as poultices,
-cantharides, croton oil, etc.
-
-SYNERGIST.--A medicine which co-operates or assists the action of
-another, as chloroform with ether, cantharides with red iodide of
-mercury, etc.
-
-TAENICIDE.--A medicine which destroys tape worms, as extract of male
-fern.
-
-TAENIFUGE.--A medicine which expels tape worms, as areca nut, pumpkin
-seed, oil of turpentine, etc.
-
-TETANIC.--A medicine or agent which increases the irritation of the
-spinal cord or muscles producing spasms, as strychnine, etc.
-
-TONIC.--A medicine promoting nutrition and giving strength to the body,
-as arsenic, cod liver oil, etc.
-
-TOPIC or TOPICAL.--A substance or agent for external use, applied
-locally, as a liniment.
-
-TOXIC.--A condition produced by a poison, as a result of an over-dose of
-medicine or the absorption of bacterial products.
-
-TRICOPHYED.--A medicine promoting the growth of hair, as pilocarpine,
-cantharides, capsicum, etc.
-
-UTERINE.--A medicine acting upon the uterus, as ergot.
-
-VEHICLE.--A medicine or agent used as a medium or base for the
-administration of medicines, as syrups, oils, water, etc.
-
-VERMICIDE.--A medicine which destroys parasitic worms, as turpentine,
-iron sulphate, tobacco, creosote, etc.
-
-VERMIFUGE.--A medicine which expels parasitic worms, as arecoline,
-aloes, etc.
-
-VESICANT.--A medicine which forms pustules containing white serum, as
-cantharides.
-
-VIRUS.--A poison of an infectious disease, especially one found in the
-system of an animal suffering from an infectious disease, as hog
-cholera, cowpox or rabies virus, etc.
-
-VULNERARY.--Any medicine or compound used in the treatment of wounds, as
-ointments, liniments, etc.
-
-
-
-
-ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICINES
-
-
-The following methods of administering medicines in order of their
-rapidity of absorption, beginning with the method by which absorption is
-most rapid, and following with those by which absorption is less rapid
-and finally least rapid: 1. Intravenous, by injection into veins. 2. By
-inhalation (volatile drugs). 3. Subcutaneous, by injection into
-subcutaneous tissue. 4. Intratracheal, by injection into the trachea (or
-wind pipe). 5. Oral, by the mouth. 6. Rectal, by the rectum. 7.
-Inunction, by the skin. 8. Intramammary injections.
-
-
-
-
-WHEN MEDICINES SHOULD BE ADMINISTERED
-
-
-The curative effects of medicines may be restrained, changed in form or
-prevented by untimely administration.
-
-Medicines intended to act on the mucous membrane of the stomach should
-only be given when that organ is empty. If distant parts are to be
-affected in the most prompt and efficient manner and the medicine is
-free from distinct irritating qualities, it should be taken on an empty
-stomach; as when digestion is going on, the contents of the stomach are
-acid in reaction and if alkalies are given combinations take place and
-salts are formed. If alkalies are given before digestion begins,
-diffusion of the acid-forming constituents of the blood takes place, and
-in this way the acidity of the gastric juice is promoted; likewise acids
-given before meals increase the diffusion of the alkaline constituents
-of the blood.
-
-
-
-
-METHODS OF ADMINISTERING MEDICINES
-
-
-Drenching, bit, balling gun, capsule gun, bottle, dose syringe and
-hypodermic syringe.
-
-Anaesthetics administered in feed bags or proper inhaler.
-
-
-
-
-TABLES USED IN PRESCRIPTION WRITING
-
-
-APOTHECARIES OR TROY WEIGHT.
-
-  20 Grains (Granum)                (Gr. or Grs.) = 1 Scruple.
-   3 Scruples (Scrupulum)           (Sc.) = 1 Drachm (60 Grs.)
-   8 Drachms (Drachma)              (ʒ) = 1 Ounce.
-  12 Ounces (Uncia)                 (℥) = 1 Pound (℔)
-
-In prescription writing the pound sign should not be used; always
-express large quantities by ounces.
-
-
-APOTHECARIES’ LIQUID MEASURE.
-
-  60 Minims (Minimum)               (M. or Ms.) = 1 Fluid Drachm.
-   8 Fluid Drachms (Fluid Drachma)  (fl. ʒ) = 1 Fluid Ounce.
-  16 Fluid Ounces (Fluid Uncia)     (fl. ℥) = 1 Pint.
-   2 Pints (Octarius)               (O.) = 1 Quart.
-   4 Quarts or 8 Pints = 1 Gallon   (congius--C.)
-
-In prescribing liquids the abbreviation for Quarts (Qts.) is never used.
-If a quart is desired it is expressed as two pints (Oij).
-
-
-APPROPRIATE EQUIVALENTS OF WINE UNITS IN DOMESTIC MEASURES.
-
-  Teaspoon      = ʒi.
-  Dessert spoon = ʒii.
-  Table spoon   = ℥ss.
-  Cup           = ℥iv.
-  Tumbler       = ℥viii.
-
-
-
-
-TABLES FOR REGULATING THE DOSES FOR YOUNG ANIMALS
-
-
-HORSES.
-
-  3 years old and upward, full dose.
-  From 1¹⁄₂ years old to 3 years, ¹⁄₂ dose.
-  From 9 to 18 months old, ¹⁄₄ dose.
-  From 4¹⁄₂ to 9 months old, ¹⁄₈ dose.
-  From 1 to 4¹⁄₂ months old, ¹⁄₁₆ dose.
-
-
-CATTLE.
-
-  2 years old and upward, full dose.
-  From 1 to 2 years old, ¹⁄₂ dose.
-  From ¹⁄₂ to 1 year, ¹⁄₄ dose.
-  From 3 to 6 months, ¹⁄₈ dose.
-  From 1 to 3 months, ¹⁄₁₆ dose.
-
-
-SHEEP.
-
-  2 years old and upward, full dose.
-  From 1 to 2 years old, ¹⁄₂ dose.
-  From ¹⁄₂ to 1 year, ¹⁄₄ dose.
-  From 3 to 6 months, ¹⁄₈ dose.
-  From 1 to 3 months, ¹⁄₁₆ dose.
-
-
-PIGS.
-
-  1¹⁄₂ years and upward, full dose.
-  From 9 to 18 months old, ¹⁄₂ dose.
-  From 4¹⁄₂ to 9 months, ¹⁄₄ dose.
-  From 2¹⁄₂ to 4¹⁄₄ months, ¹⁄₈ dose.
-  From 1 to 2¹⁄₂ months, ¹⁄₁₆ dose.
-
-
-DOGS.
-
-  From ¹⁄₂ to 1 year old, full dose.
-  From 3 to 6 months, ¹⁄₂ dose.
-  From 1¹⁄₂ to 3 months, ¹⁄₄ dose.
-  From 20 to 45 days, ¹⁄₈ dose.
-  From 10 to 20 days, ¹⁄₁₆ dose.
-
-
-THE ART OF PRESCRIBING
-
-The prescription should be as brief and simple as possible. It should be
-explicit and clearly written. It may be expressed either in Latin or in
-English. The manner in which the medicine is to be used should be
-specified. Important instructions as to the rule, systematic regulations
-or diet of the patient are sometimes necessary.
-
-Prescriptions usually contain two or more of the following four
-representative constituents: (1) The _basis_ or active ingredients. The
-practice of conjoining several active medicines has wisely been
-abandoned. Occasionally, however, it may be advantageous to give
-together two medicines producing their effects in somewhat different
-ways. Thus, spasms of the bowels are more often effectually controlled
-by the conjunction of a stimulant like ether and an anodyne like opium
-than by either given alone. Pain which is not alleviated by either
-morphine or atropine is sometimes abated by giving them together. (2)
-The _adjuvant_ is introduced in order to increase, moderate or modify
-the action of the basis. Frequently its chief object is to insure
-solubility and ready absorption. (3) A _corrective_ is occasionally
-required to temper the effects of the basis. Thus a small dose of opium
-is prescribed with oil or other laxative in cases of diarrhoea; ginger
-is generally added to the aloetic mass to prevent its griping. (4) The
-_vehicle_ generally consists of some comparatively inert substance,
-added to facilitate administration, such as the treacle, linseed meal or
-licorice powder used as an excipient for boluses and pills, the
-benzoated lard or vaseline used for making ointments, and the water
-given in drenches.
-
-Example:
-
-  ℞
-    Barb. Aloes                  ℥i.
-    Calomel                      ʒi.
-    Ginger                       ʒii.
-    Molasses                     ℥ss.
-  M. et fiat massa, in bolus 1.
-    Sig. Give at once.
-                                --John Jones.
-
-In the above prescription aloes is the basis; calomel as an adjuvant,
-ginger as a corrective, molasses as an excipient.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-A prescription is composed of several parts, which may be considered as
-follows:
-
-  1. Heading.
-  2. Names and quantities of drugs.
-  3. Directions to compounder.
-  4. Directions to attendant.
-  5. Signature of writer.
-
-  1. For Gray Tom. July 22, 1916.
-    ℞
-      { Cupri sulph.,
-  2.  { Ferri. sulph. exsic., aa. ℥iss.
-      { Pulv. belladonna fol.,
-      { Pulv. gentian rad. aa. ℥iii.
-  3. M. Ft. Chart No. XII.
-  4. Sig.--One powder three or four times daily in syrup.
-                                                    --John Jones.
-
-
-
-
-ABBREVIATIONS
-
-
-PRESCRIPTION WRITING.
-
-Words, phrases and abbreviations commonly used in prescription writing.
-
-  ℞--means take thou.
-  M.--Misce, mix.
-  Fiat--make.
-  Ad.--add, to make.
-  Et.--means and.
-  Sig.--Signa, label, or write thus.
-  Numerus--number.
-  O.--Octarius, a pint.
-  Ter.--thrice.
-  C. or Cong.--Congius, gallon.
-  Dies.--diem, day.
-  Q. S.--Quantum sufficiat. Sufficient quantity.
-  Bene--well.
-  q. s. ad.--quantity sufficient to make certain amount.
-  Q. h.--quaqua-hora, every hour.
-  aa.--ana. Of each.
-  S.--Semis, means half.
-  S. S.--Semi or Semissis means one-half.
-  Cum.--with.
-  Stat.--statim, immediately.
-  B. I. D.--Bis in die. Twice daily.
-  T. I. D., or T. D.--three times daily, Ter in die.
-  Q. D.--quarter in die; four times daily.
-  P. Æ.--Partes æquales, equal parts.
-  Div.--divide.
-  Gtt.--Guttæ, drops.
-  Grs.--Grains.
-  ʒ--Drachma, dram.
-  ℥--Uncia, ounce.
-  M.--Minims about a drop.
-  ℈--Scruple.
-  M. ft.--mistura fiat; let a mixture be made.
-  Pil.--Pilula; pill.
-  Destil.--Destilla; distill.
-  Liq.--liquor a solution.
-  Pulv.--Pulvis; powder.
-  Fl.--fluidus, fluid.
-  Bol.--Bolus, large pill.
-  Cola--strain.
-  Filtra--filter.
-  Capsula--cap. A capsule.
-  Charta--chart. A paper (medicated).
-  Dosis--Dos. A dose.
-  Massa--Mass. A pill--mass.
-  Unguentum--Ungt. An ointment.
-  Syrups--Syr. A syrup.
-  Vinum.--Vin. A wine.
-  Aqua fontana--Aq. font.--Spring water.
-  Aqua destillata--Aq. dest.--Distilled water.
-
-
-
-
-ACIDUM BORICUM--BORACIC ACID--BORIC ACID
-
-
-DERIVATION.--Made by evaporation and crystallization of a solution
-obtained by passing steam issuing from rocks in volcanic regions of
-Italy, through water; or by the action of hydrochloric or sulphuric
-acids upon borax. Recovered by filtration and recrystallization.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Transparent colorless scales, of a somewhat pearly luster,
-six-sided tricline crystals, or a light white, very fine powder,
-slightly unctuous to the touch; odorless, having a faintly bitterish
-taste, and permanent in air. Soluble in water, alcohol, glycerine, etc.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 drs.; foals and calves, 20 to 30 grs.;
-sheep and pigs, 30 to 40 grs.; dogs, 5 to 20 grs.
-
-
-PREPARATIONS
-
-
-GLYCERITUM BOROGLYCERINI--GLYCERITE OF BOROGLYCERIN
-
-Composed of boric acid, 310 parts; glycerin to make 1,000; prepared by
-heat (303° F.).
-
-ACTIONS.--Boric acid is a non-volatile, non-irritating antiseptic,
-deodorant and astringent, it arrests fermentation of minute organisms,
-free of irritating effects in solution, when applied to wounds; it
-lessens suppuration, and is as effective as carbolic acid; can be used
-in any strength from the pure powder or saturated solution to the
-mildest form.
-
-USES.--Boric acid is indicated for all purposes for which an antiseptic
-is used; it is used in diarrhoea in foals, calves and dogs, combined
-with other drugs; it has a slightly astringent action of itself; it is
-excreted in the urine, consequently would exert its influence on the
-bladder in cystitis, cystic catarrh; 1 part in 800 prevents the
-development of anthrax-bacilli; useful in skin diseases, also used in
-keratitis and catarrhal and purulent conjunctivitis, six to ten grains
-to the ounce, with atropine or cocaine when very painful. Useful in
-distemper of dogs where the bowels are affected, as an antiseptic.
-Boric acid is preferred to carbolic acid as an antiseptic for dogs. On
-account of the paralyzing effect of carbolic acid on the nerves, it
-hinders the healing of wounds to a certain extent, while the boracic
-acid does not.
-
-Boric acid may be applied pure to wounds and sores or mixed with other
-suitable drugs as a dusting powder. Equal parts of boric acid and zinc
-oxide make a cheap and effective healing powder; to an itching wound the
-addition of an equal quantity of acetanilide increases its value. A
-saturated solution (four per cent) is useful as a vaginal and uterine
-douche and to flush the bladder in cystitis.
-
-
-
-
-ACIDUM CARBOLICUM CRUDUM--CRUDE CARBOLIC ACID
-
-
-DERIVATION.--A liquid consisting of several different constituents of
-coal tar, particularly creosol and phenol, obtained by fractional
-distillation.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A nearly colorless, or reddish-brown liquid of a strong
-disagreeable and creosote-like odor, and gradually turning darker on
-exposure to the air and light. Soluble in fifteen parts of water.
-
-
-
-
-PHENOL--ACIDUM CARBOLICUM--CARBOLIC ACID
-
-
-DERIVATION.--Obtained from crude carbolic acid by agitation with caustic
-soda, heating to 338° F., and adding hydrochloric acid. Then by
-agitation with sodium chloride, digestion with calcium chloride, and
-distillation at a temperature between 336° F. and 374° F. and finally by
-crystallization.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Phenol in its pure state is a solid at ordinary
-temperatures, crystallizing in minute plates or long rhomboidal needles,
-white or colorless, of a peculiar odor recalling that of creosote, and
-an acrid burning taste. It is likely to be colored pinkish or brown
-under the influence of light and air. Soluble in about 19.6 parts of
-water, and very soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, glycerin, fixed
-and volatile oils.
-
-ACTIONS.--Phenol in large and undiluted doses is an irritant and
-narcotic poison; it is used as an antiseptic, parasiticide, antiferment
-and sometimes used as a local anaesthetic or anodyne in a 2 to 5 per
-cent solution; also as a caustic, but should not be used as a caustic as
-a burn from it heals very slowly.
-
-USES.--Internally as a gastric sedative in small doses for vomiting in
-dogs; is administered in various contagious and infectious diseases with
-the view of preventing or arresting the development of micro-organisms;
-it coagulates albumen, is not nearly so active as bichloride of mercury;
-1 part to 500 parts of water prevents the growth of anthrax and other
-bacilli. Full doses produce gastro-enteritis, and collapse, which may
-end fatally; it is a muscular and nerve paralyzer, both internally and
-externally, it kills by paralyzing the muscles of respiration and the
-heart. It is chiefly eliminated from the system by the kidneys, giving
-the urine a brownish color.
-
-IN SURGERY.--A three to five per cent solution is used for washing out
-wounds, a two to three per cent for hands, and for itching of the skin,
-carbolic acid three or four drachms, glycerine two ounces to one pint of
-water. Do not use over large surface on dogs and not at all on cats.
-
-Phenol treatment for Tetanus, which has given very good results and I
-would recommend one drachm in three ounces of water, injected
-hypodermically in the region of neck and shoulder every two or three
-hours until twelve injections were given and less frequently thereafter.
-
-DOSES.--Of the phenol: Horses and cattle, 10 to 40 grs.; sheep and pigs,
-5 to 10 grs.; dogs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 gr., well diluted.
-
-TOXICOLOGY.--Dogs and cats are especially susceptible to the action of
-carbolic acid, therefore great care must be exercised when washing,
-especially cats, with any preparation containing carbolic acid.
-Disinfecting and deodorizing cat’s quarters with any preparation
-containing carbolic acid makes them sick.
-
-ANTIDOTE.--Sulphates of soda or magnesia. Atropine sulphate
-hypodermically is a very valuable antidote. Alcohol and vinegar have
-been used with good results, both internally and externally.
-
-
-
-
-ACIDUM SALICYLICUM--SALICYLIC ACID
-
-
-An organic acid, existing naturally in combination in various plants,
-but largely prepared synthetically from carbolic acid.
-
-DERIVATION.--Made by passing carbonic dioxide through sodium carbolate
-at a temperature of 428° F. (220° C.). 2 NaC₆H₅O (sodium carbolate) +
-CO₂ = Na₂C₇H₄O₃ (sodium salicylate) + C₆H₆O (phenol). Sodium salicylate
-is treated with hydrochloric acid when salicylic acid is precipitated.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Light, fine, white, needle-shaped crystals, odorless,
-having a sweetish, afterwards acrid taste; permanent in air. Soluble in
-alcohol, ether and hot water; borax increases its solubility.
-
-DOSE.--Horses, 2 to 6 drs.; cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; sheep, 1 to 2 drs.;
-pigs, 30 to 40 grs.; dogs, 5 to 20 grs.; should be given well diluted;
-large doses are recommended for fevers, but smaller doses more often
-repeated in rheumatism.
-
-
-
-
-SODII SALICYLAS--SODIUM SALICYLAS
-
-
-DERIVATION.--Made by the action of salicylic acid on sodium carbonate.
-The solution is filtered and heated to expel carbon dioxide.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A white amorphous or crystalline powder or scales; odorless
-and having a sweetish, saline taste. Permanent in air. Soluble in water,
-alcohol and glycerine.
-
-DOSE.--Same as for salicylic acid.
-
-
-
-
-PHENYLIS SALICYLAS--PHENYL SALICYLATE (Salol)
-
-
-DERIVATION.--Made by heating salicylic and carbolic acids with
-phosphorous pentachloride.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A white crystalline powder; odorless, or having a faintly
-aromatic odor, and almost tasteless. Permanent in air. Insoluble in
-water, soluble in ten parts of alcohol and readily soluble in
-chloroform.
-
-DOSE.--Same as for salicylic acid.
-
-ACTIONS.--Salicylic acid, sodium salicylate and phenyl salicylate are
-powerful antiseptic, anti-rheumatic, diaphoretic, cardiac depressant,
-antiferment and antipyretic. Salicylic acid is in addition irritant and
-astringent, continued in large doses is apt to derange digestion; best
-to be administered on a full stomach.
-
-USES.--For acute rheumatism, influenza, strangles and purpura where
-there is much sloughing; also as a surgical wash, salicylic acid one
-part, borax one part to thirty or forty parts of water. Salicylic acid
-is a more powerful antiseptic than carbolic acid. Salicylic of soda is
-freely antiseptic. Salicylic acid is highly recommended in intestinal
-flatulence, given in two drachm doses with one ounce of aromatic spirits
-of ammonia. In gastric-flatulence give two drachms in capsule, repeat in
-half hour if necessary.
-
-
-
-
-ACONITUM--ACONITE--MONKSHOOD
-
-
-DERIVATION.--Aconite is obtained from the root of aconitum napellus,
-which grows in Northwestern North America, Europe and Asia in
-mountainous regions, and cultivated in the United States for its
-beautiful flowers.
-
-PROPERTIES.--The fresh leaves have a faint narcotic odor, most sensible
-when they are rubbed. Their taste is at first bitterish and herbaceous,
-afterwards burning and acrid, with a feeling of numbness and tingling on
-the inside of the lips, tongue and fauces, which is very durable,
-lasting sometimes many hours. When long chewed they inflame the tongue.
-The dried leaves have a similar taste, but the acrid impression
-commences later. Their sensible properties and medical activity are
-impaired by long keeping. They should be of a green color, and free from
-mustiness. The root has a feeble earthy odor. Though sweetish at first,
-it has afterwards the same effect as the leaves upon the mouth and
-fauces. It shrinks much in drying and becomes darker, but does not lose
-its acrimony. Those parcels, whether of leaves or roots, should always
-be rejected which are destitute of this property. Aconite root is
-officially described as being “slenderly conical, 4 to 10 cm. long, 10
-to 20 mm. thick at the crown; occasionally split; longitudinally
-wrinkled; dark brown and marked with coarse whitish root-scars; fracture
-short, horny or mealy; internally whitish or light brown; the cambium
-zone irregular and 5 to 7-angled; odor very slight; taste sweetish, soon
-becoming acrid and developing a tingling sensation, followed by
-numbness.”
-
-Preparations of the leaves are not official in the U. S. P. The root is
-five times stronger than the leaves.
-
-CONSTITUENTS.--The alkaloid representing the action of the drug is
-aconitine, which is precipitated by ammonia from an aqueous solution of
-an alcoholic extract of the root of various species. It is a colorless,
-crystalline or amorphous, gray powder, almost insoluble in water, and
-soluble in 22 parts of alcohol, in 44 parts of ether and 1 part of
-chloroform. Its salts are soluble in water. Aconitine or its solutions,
-unless very dilute, are too poisonous to be tasted.
-
-Commercial preparations vary in purity and strength, and since it is
-extremely poisonous its internal administration is undesirable.
-Pseudo-aconitine, aconitine and other alkaloids in combination with
-aconitic acid have been obtained from aconite, but their identity and
-chemistry are uncertain.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 3 to 20 grs.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 3 grs.;
-dogs, ¹⁄₁₀ to ¹⁄₁₁ gr.
-
-
-PREPARATIONS
-
-
-FLUIDEXTRACTUM ACONITI--FLUIDEXTRACT OF ACONITE
-
-Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol and water and
-evaporation. Assayed so that each 100 c. c. contains 0.4 gm. aconitine.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 5 to 20 m.; sheep and pigs. 2 to 5 m.; dogs,
-¹⁄₁₀ to 1 m.
-
-
-TINCTURA ACONITI--TINCTURE ACONITE
-
-Made by maceration and percolation of aconite, 100; with alcohol and
-water to make 1000.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 20 m. to 1 dr.; sheep and pigs, 10 to 20 m.;
-dogs, 2 to 10 m.
-
-Fleming’s Tincture (non-official) (79 per cent).
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 8 to 20 m.; dogs, ¹⁄₂ to 2 m.
-
-
-ACONITINA--ACONITINE
-
-Not used to any extent in veterinary practice; is very unreliable and
-varying in strength. Aconitine often contains a considerable proportion
-of aconite and benzaconine, and so varies in activity, which is a great
-objection to the use of one of the most powerful drugs known.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, ¹⁄₃₀ to ¹⁄₅ gr.; dogs, ¹⁄₂₀₀ to ¹⁄₁₀₀ gr.
-subcutaneously.
-
-Actions of aconite, its preparations and derivative are anodynes and
-sedatives, acting specially on the peripheral endings of the sensory
-nerves, on the heart and on respiration. Aconite kills by respiratory
-arrest.
-
-Its physiological actions as a cardiac and respiratory sedative renders
-it a febrifuge; it is also diaphoretic and diuretic. It is prescribed in
-acute febrile conditions, and in the earlier stages of acute local
-inflammation. It is used topically to relieve pain.
-
-GENERAL ACTIONS.--Locally applied, in virtue of its action on sensory
-nerves, aconite produces first irritation, tingling and twitching and
-subsequently numbness and anesthesia. The tincture of aconite is
-rapidly absorbed and quickly passed into the tissues, as is shown by
-the blood of a poisoned dog five minutes after the drug has been
-administered, being transferred into the veins of another dog without
-producing the physiological action of the poison.
-
-TOXIC EFFECTS.--One and one-half drachm of the tincture (equal to about
-one drachm of aconite root) is given as the minimum fatal dose for the
-horse, one-half drachm will occasionally cause very serious symptoms and
-where an idiosyncrasy exists as little as fifteen minims will cause
-toxic symptoms.
-
-It causes great muscular weakness, dimness of sight; pupil at first may
-be dilated or contracted, but as the end approaches remains dilated;
-shallow irregular and labored respiration, a slow and small pulse,
-becoming rapid and imperceptible near the end. Gulping, frothy saliva,
-flatulence, belching, retching, nausea, etc. There is often a peculiar
-clicking sound made from the constant attempts at swallowing.
-
-Coldness of surface, clammy sweat, anxious countenance, extreme weakness
-of the extremities, lowering of temperature 2 to 3 degrees, abolishment
-of sensation, reflexes and motility and finally death from paralysis of
-the heart and respiration, with or without convulsions, consciousness
-being preserved until near the end, when carbon dioxide narcosis sets
-in.
-
-USES.--It antagonizes the fever process, when properly used is a most
-valuable drug; it is indicated in all affections, characterized by high
-resisting pulse, dry, hot skin and elevated body temperature; is useful
-in acute throat affections as laryngitis, pharyngitis and perotiditis,
-in small doses often repeated. Indicated in acute inflammation of the
-organs of respiration. For pleurisy and perotiditis, at the outset, give
-aconite with opium. Aconite is indicated in simple fevers or in
-puerperal fever, inflammation of the brain; in acute or inflammatory
-rheumatism, in acute local inflammation, as arthritis or inflammation
-resulting from bruises, sprains, etc.
-
-In lymphangitis, laminitis and enteritis, if called in first stages of
-enteritis give 20 ms. of aconite and repeat with 10 or 15 ms. every hour
-and between times gives fluid extract of belladonna 15 to 20 ms. every
-hour and externally woolen blankets wrung out of hot water and wrapped
-around the body.
-
-In mammitis is also useful in large doses, combined with phytolacca; in
-spasmodic colic brought on by drinking cold water, give 30 to 60 ms. of
-the tincture of aconite with other colic mixture; in congestion of the
-bowels or liver, or in congestion of any part, small repeated doses are
-better than large ones. It is also advantageously used in lung
-disorders.
-
-
-
-
-AETHER--ETHER--PURE ETHER
-
-
-A liquid composed of about 96 per cent, by weight, of absolute ether or
-ethyl oxide, and about 4 per cent of alcohol containing a little water.
-
-DERIVATION.--Prepared by distillation of alcohol with sulphuric acid.
-There are two steps in the production of ether; sulphorvinic acid and
-water are formed in the first step. Sulphorvinic acid is then further
-acted upon by alcohol. The distillate is freed from water by agitation
-with calcium oxide and chloride and subjected to redistillation.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A transparent, colorless, mobile liquid, having a
-characteristic odor and a burning and sweetish taste. Ether is highly
-volatile and inflammable; its vapor, when mixed with air and ignited,
-explodes violently. Miscible in all proportions with alcohol,
-chloroform, benzine, benzol, fixed and volatile oils. Ether is a solvent
-for fats, oils, alkaloids, resins, gutta percha and guncotton. Upon
-evaporation ether should have no residue. Ether vapor is heavier than
-air and consequently etherization should never be done above a light or
-fire.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 ozs.; sheep and pigs, 2 to 4 drs.;
-dogs, 10 ms. to 1 dr.
-
-As an anaesthetic, horses and cattle require from 4 to 16 ozs. Smaller
-animals from 4 drs. to 4 ozs. Chloroform is usually prescribed for
-large animals and ether for smaller animals. Ether never paralyzes a
-healthy heart, while chloroform sometimes does. For anaesthetic purposes
-see anesthesia.
-
-
-PREPARATIONS
-
-
-SPIRITUS AETHERIS--SPIRIT OF ETHER
-
-Composed of ether, 325 parts, alcohol to make 1000.
-
-DOSE.--Same as ether.
-
-
-SPIRITUS AETHERIS COMPOSITUS--COMPOUND SPIRIT OF ETHER--HOFFMAN’S
-ANODYNE
-
-Composed of ether, 325 parts; alcohol, 650 parts; ethereal oil, 25
-parts.
-
-DOSE.--Same as for ether.
-
-ACTIONS.--Ether is anodyne, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, anthelmintic; a
-cardiac, respiratory and cerebral stimulant, an anesthetic and a
-narcotic poison; one of the best and quickest acting, diffusible,
-general stimulants, acting on the heart reflexly from the stomach. It is
-a powerful secretory stimulant, acting especially on the secretions of
-the stomach, salivary glands and pancreas. On the cerebrum and the motor
-and sensory nerves, its actions are similar to that of alcohol, but more
-prompt and less protracted; it is eliminated quickly, chiefly by the
-lungs.
-
-When inhaled, it first causes irritation of the fauces, a sense of
-strangulation and cough, then a stage of excitement in which the visible
-mucous membranes are flushed and the respiration and pulse quickened; a
-convulsive stage generally follows, with rigid muscles and respiration
-stertorous; this subsides and complete insensibility is established, the
-muscles being relaxed and the reflexes abolished; in fact all of the
-functions of the body are suspended, except respiration and circulation.
-
-If the inhalation be continued these too become paralyzed, death usually
-resulting from slow paralysis of respiration (chloroform paralyzes
-quickly); the heart pulsating long after breathing has ceased. Atropine
-hypodermically is the best antagonist to the toxic effects of ether,
-also artificial respiration and injections of brandy.
-
-USES OF ETHER.--When mixed with alcohol, as the spirit, ether mixes
-readily with water. It is excellent in indigestion with flatulence; it
-checks gastric fermentation, expels the gas and overcomes irregular and
-violent gastro-intestinal movements; hence, is also very good in
-spasmodic colic. In spasmodic colic, best to combine with cannabis
-indica or belladonna. When used as a vermifuge it should be followed by
-a purge. Used diluted one to ten to dislodge worms in the rectum. A most
-reliable remedy for collapse. Ether and alcohol are indicated in
-parturient paresis, ether with aqua ammonia may be used intravenously
-when the cow is unable to swallow. Sulphuric ether and alcohol or whisky
-are also good in parturient eclampsia of bitches, though aromatic spirit
-of ammonia is better; for chills, spirit of nitrous ether; also useful
-in convalescence from debilitating disease. Ether is a very good remedy
-in Thumps. Ether may be used for local anesthesia, applied as a spray,
-from an atomizer, about one ounce, usually being enough for the painless
-opening of abscesses or fistulae, but cocaine is better in our patients.
-_As an anesthetic_ it should be used in preference to chloroform, for
-the smaller and young animals, especially dogs, which are easily killed
-by chloroform. Ether is less prompt in action but much safer than
-chloroform, as it never paralyzes a healthy heart; it should be inhaled
-in as concentrated a form as possible, very little air being allowed, so
-it will exert its effects quickly, in the dog; a light or fire of any
-kind should not be allowed near, as ether is very inflammable and its
-vapor explosive. Always have a bottle of aqua ammonia fort. at hand as a
-restorer.
-
-
-
-
-ALCOHOL
-
-
-Alcohol is derived directly from fruit sugar, and indirectly from
-starch. The grains, as wheat, rye, corn; and potatoes, supply starch
-most economically. The starch in these substances is converted into
-glucose by heating with very dilute sulphuric acid, or by fermentation
-with malt. Glucose is further acted upon by yeast containing the Torula
-cerevisiae, which converts 15 per cent of glucose into alcohol and
-carbonic dioxide. The weak alcohol resulting is subjected to repeated
-distillation until sufficiently pure and concentrated. In the natural
-fermentation of fruit sugar in grape juice, during the formation of
-wine, the amount of alcohol is self-limited to 15, rarely 20 per cent,
-since the ferment is killed by a larger amount of alcohol than this.
-
-DERIVATION.--The official alcohol is derived from rectified spirits, by
-maceration, first with anhydrous potassium carbonate, then freshly fused
-calcium chloride, and finally by distillation.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A liquid composed of about 92.3 per cent, by weight, or
-94.9 per cent, by volume, of ethyl alcohol (C₂H₅OH) and about 7.7 per
-cent, by weight, of water (U. S. P.). A transparent, colorless, mobile
-and volatile liquid, of a characteristic rather agreeable odor and a
-burning taste. Specific gravity about .816 at 15.6° C. (60° F.).
-Miscible with water in all proportions and without any trace of
-cloudiness. Also miscible with ether chloroform. It is readily volatile
-at low temperature, and boils at 78° C. (172.4° F.). It is inflammable
-and burns with a blue flame.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 3 oz.; sheep and pigs, 2 to 4 dr.; dogs,
-1 to 2 dr. Diluted four to six times its bulk of water.
-
-
-PREPARATIONS
-
-
-ALCOHOL ABSOLUTUM--ABSOLUTE ALCOHOL
-
-Ethyl alcohol, containing not more than one per cent, by weight, of
-water.
-
-DERIVATION.--Percolation of the purest alcohol through quicklime, out of
-contact with the air, and redistillation in vacuo.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Transparent, colorless, mobile and volatile liquid, of a
-characteristic rather agreeable odor and a burning taste. Very
-hydroscopic. Specific gravity not higher than 0.797 at 15.6° C. (60°
-F.).
-
-
-SPIRITUS FRUMENTI--WHISKY
-
-DERIVATION.--An alcoholic liquid obtained by the distillation of the
-mash of fermented grain (usually of mixtures of corn, wheat and rye) and
-at least four years old.
-
-PROPERTIES.--An amber-colored liquid having a distinctive odor and
-taste, and a slightly acid reaction. Its specific gravity should not be
-more than 0.945, nor less than 0.924, corresponding, approximately, to
-an alcoholic strength of 37 to 47.5 per cent, by weight, or 44 to 55 per
-cent, by volume. Contains no more than traces of fusel oil. The
-alcoholic liquors owe their flavor to bouquet to ethers which are only
-developed in course of time. The amylic alcohol, or fusel oil, in whisky
-is therefore converted into ethers, which give the characteristic flavor
-to whisky.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 oz.; sheep and swine, 1 to 2 oz.; dogs,
-1 to 4 dr., diluted three to four times its bulk in water.
-
-
-SPIRITS VINI GALLICI--BRANDY
-
-DERIVATION.--An alcoholic liquid obtained by the distillation of the
-fermented unmodified juice of fresh grapes, and at least four years old.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A pale amber-colored liquid, having a distinctive odor and
-taste and a slightly acid reaction. Its specific gravity should not be
-more than 0.941, nor less than 0.925 at 15.6° C. (60° F.),
-corresponding, approximately, to an alcoholic strength of 39 to 47 per
-cent, by weight, or 46 to 55 per cent, by volume, of absolute alcohol.
-
-DOSE.--Same as that for whisky.
-
-
-SPIRITUS JUNIPERI COMPOSITUS--COMPOUND SPIRIT OF JUNIPER
-
-DERIVATION.--Oil of juniper, 8; oil of caraway, 1; oil of fennel, 1;
-alcohol, 1,400; water to make 2,000.
-
-Compound spirit of juniper is similar to gin in its therapeutic action.
-Contains about 15 per cent more alcohol. Gin is made by distillation of
-fermented malt and juniper berries. Gin differs from the other alcoholic
-preparations therapeutically in being more diuretic.
-
-DOSE.--Same as that for whisky.
-
-
-RUM (not official)
-
-Rum is made from a fermented solution of molasses by distillation. It
-contains, by weight, from 40 to 50 per cent of absolute alcohol. Rum
-does not differ physiologically from alcohol. There is no authoritative
-Latin name for rum.
-
-DOSE.--Same as that for whisky.
-
-
-VINUM ALBUM--WHITE WINE
-
-DERIVATION.--An alcoholic liquid made by fermenting the juice of fresh
-grapes, the fruit of Vitis vinifera, free from seeds, stems and skins.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A pale amber or straw-colored liquid, having a pleasant
-odor, free from yeastiness and a fruity, agreeable, slightly spirituous
-taste, without excessive sweetness or acidity. The Pharmacopoeia (1890)
-directs that the wine should contain from 7 to 12 per cent, by weight,
-of absolute alcohol. California Hock and Reisling, Ohio Catawba, Sherry,
-Muscatel, Madeira or the stronger wines of the Rhine, Mediterranean and
-Hungary come within the pharmacopoeial limits. Wines containing more
-than 14 per cent of alcohol are usually fortified, i. e., have alcohol
-or brandy added to them, and much imported Sherry and Madeira contain 15
-to 20 per cent, by weight, of absolute alcohol.
-
-DOSE.--Same as that for whisky.
-
-
-VINUM RUBRUM--RED WINE
-
-DERIVATION.--An alcoholic liquid made by fermenting the juice of fresh
-colored grapes, the fruit of Vitis vinifera, in presence of their
-skins.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A deep red liquid, having a pleasant odor, free from
-yeastiness, and a fruity moderately astringent, pleasant and slightly
-acidulous taste, without excessive sweetness or acidity. Should contain
-not less than 7 nor more than 12 per cent, by weight, of alcohol. Native
-Claret, Burgundy, Bordeaux and Hungarian wines may be included within
-the pharmacopoeial limits of vinum rubrum. Port (vinum portense) is
-fortified with brandy during fermentation, and contains 15 to 25 per
-cent, by weight, of absolute alcohol. Port is astringent from tannic
-acid in the grapes, skin and stalks, or the astringency may be due to
-logwood. Red wines are said to be rough, contain tannic acid and
-therefore are astringents. Dry wines are those which contain little
-sugar. The wines develop ethers with age and these improve their flavor
-and action.
-
-Champagne contains about 10 per cent of absolute alcohol and carbonic
-acid gas, which acts as a local sedative upon the stomach. Ale, stout
-and beers contain from 4 to 8 per cent of alcohol, together with bitters
-and malt extracts.
-
-Cider contains 5 to 9 per cent of absolute alcohol. Imported sherry (B.
-P.) contains 15 to 20 per cent of absolute alcohol.
-
-Alcohol is the solvent most commonly employed in pharmacy, dissolving
-alkaloids, resins, volatile oils, balsams, oleo-resins, tannin, sugar,
-some fats and fixed oils.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 3 to 6 oz.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 3 oz.; dogs,
-2 dr. to 1 oz.
-
-ACTIONS.--Alcohol is a cerebral excitant and finally becomes a
-depressant and a narcotic poison.
-
-It is anesthetic, antiseptic, antiparasitic, rubefacient (if confined),
-mild astringent, coagulate albumen; a local refrigerant by virtue of its
-rapid evaporation, unless confined by bandage, oiled silk, etc., when it
-is absorbed by the tissues and causes a sensation of warmth.
-
-In medical doses it is a powerful general stimulant; it is very
-diffusible, and is partly oxidized by the organism, and partly excreted;
-thus alcohol acts as a food.
-
-Small doses relax the blood vessels, stimulate the gastric glands,
-promote appetite and digestion; lessen the elimination of waste
-products, by preventing rapid tissue waste; causes a feeling of warmth,
-and temporarily, though slightly, raises the body temperature. It
-stimulates the heart and increases the functional activity of all
-organs, especially the kidneys and skin.
-
-Large or too long continued doses derange the appetite and digestion,
-congest or inflame the stomach and liver. Eight ounces of alcohol killed
-a horse. Alcohol is poisonous and should be used with caution.
-
-USES.--Are numerous, used principally as a stimulant, either in one
-large dose, 2 to 3 ounces of alcohol, or better, in small repeated
-doses, 1 ounce every 1, 2 or 3 hours, can be conjoined with other
-stimulants such as sulphuric ether, aromatic spirits of ammonia,
-digitalis, etc.
-
-It is used in anesthetic mixtures, such as alcohol, ether and
-chloroform, combined in different proportions; in snake bites it is
-administered in very large doses.
-
-In blood poisoning alcohol is a most potent drug, sustaining the heart,
-lowering the temperature and acting as a germicide. Alcohol makes an
-excellent dressing for wounds; applied locally to threatened bed-sores,
-frequently prevents their formation. It is useful in colds at their
-outset, or in a chill to restore the balance of the circulation and
-prevent or overcome internal congestion by relaxing the blood vessels of
-the periphery.
-
-All alcoholic liquors are useful in debilitating diseases, such as
-influenza, in two or three ounce doses repeated every three or four
-hours. One-half to one drachm of quinine to one ounce of alcohol, for
-influenza or febrile diseases in general, excepting brain and spinal
-disease; useful in convalescence. In colic alcohol can be used with a
-great degree of success; it will act as a carminative antispasmodic and
-stimulant, used in collapse and weak heart; in septicaemia and pyaemia
-it has notable antiseptic and antipyretic effects. Useful in carbolic
-acid poisoning, alcohol, or alcoholic liquors, act as a chemical
-antidote besides overcoming the shock produced by the acid. It may also
-be used locally for carbolic acid burns.
-
-The effects of alcohol are noticed in ten or fifteen minutes after
-administration and will be shown by a better condition of the pulse, the
-weak pulse becoming stronger and firmer; the quick pulse slower, the
-breathing becomes more natural, eyes brighten up and in fact a general
-improvement is shown.
-
-Externally alcohol is used alone as a strengthening application to weak
-tendons and muscles; or after a race, is used to rub on the legs,
-combined with other drugs as a liniment, as alcohol, soap-liniment and
-witch hazel; can be used in surgery as an antiseptic.
-
-To toughen the skin of tender or thin skinned horses who gall or chafe
-easily under the collar and saddle, alcohol will be found a most
-satisfactory application.
-
-
-
-
-ALOE BARBADENSIS--BARBADOES ALOES
-
-
-The thickened juice of the leaves of Aloe vera, Linn., Aloe chinensis,
-Bak., and probably other species, evaporated to dryness.
-
-HABITAT.--The Barbadoes Island.
-
-PROPERTIES.--In hard masses, orange, brown, opaque, translucent on the
-edges; fracture waxy or resinous; odor saffron-like; taste strongly
-bitter. Almost entirely soluble in alcohol; most used in veterinary
-medicine.
-
-CONSTITUENT.--Aloin; a resin; volatile oil; gallic acid.
-
-DOSE.--Horses, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.;
-pigs, 2 to 4 dr.; 20 gr. to 1 dr.
-
-
-
-
-ALOE SOCOTRINA--SOCOTRINE ALOES
-
-
-The juice that flows from the transversely cut leaves of Aloe Perryi,
-Baker, evaporated to dryness.
-
-HABITAT.--Eastern Africa.
-
-PROPERTIES.--In hard masses, occasionally soft in the interior; opaque,
-yellowish-brown, orange-brown or dark ruby-red, fracture resinous. When
-moistened it emits a fragrant saffron-like odor; taste peculiar,
-strongly bitter. Almost entirely soluble in alcohol and four parts of
-boiling water. The powdered socotrine aloes is brighter and redder, and
-the odor less disagreeable than that of Barbadoes Aloes.
-
-CONSTITUENTS.--About the same as Barbadoes Aloes.
-
-DOSE.--Same as Barbadoes Aloes.
-
-
-
-
-ALOINUM--ALOIN
-
-
-A neutral principle obtained from several varieties of aloes, chiefly
-from Barbadoes and Socotrine Aloes.
-
-DERIVATION.--Obtained by pulverizing and macerating aloes in cold water,
-and evaporating the resulting solution in vacuo. Aloin crystallizes out
-and is dried between folds of bibulous paper. It is purified by repeated
-solution in hot water, filtration, recrystallization, and finally by
-solution in hot alcohol and crystallization.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A micro-crystalline powder or minute acicular crystals,
-lemon yellow or dark yellow in color, possessing a slight odor of aloes
-and intensely bitter taste. Soluble in water and alcohol.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 to 3 dr.; sheep, 20 to 60 gr.; pigs, 10 to
-40 gr.; dogs, 11 to 20 gr.; combined with other purgatives.
-
-
-PREPARATIONS
-
-
-TINCTURA ALOES ET MYRRHAE--TINCTURE OF ALOES AND MYRRH
-
-Made by maceration and percolation of purified aloes, 100 parts; myrrh,
-100 parts, and liquorice root, with alcohol and water to make 1000.
-
-DOSE.--Dogs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.
-
-ACTION.--Aloes is a purgative, acting chiefly on the large intestines;
-small doses are bitter tonics; it stimulates both peristalsis and
-secretion, increases secretion of bile; is also diuretic; applied
-externally it is stimulant and desiccant; the Barbadoes is the most
-active and uniform in its effects.
-
-Aloes should be kept in lumps in tin cans or other good containers, only
-powdered for immediate use; in melting aloes don’t let the temperature
-rise above 120 degrees as it impairs the activity by converting the
-active aloin into inert resin. Aloes operate in from 12 to 24 hours
-after administration; don’t repeat an aloetic purge until 24 hours have
-elapsed. It also does not cause catharsis. In about 15 hours, the
-patient should be exercised, but returned to the stall as soon as the
-desired effect is evident. If it fails to act in 24 hours, linseed oil
-may be given. Aloin appears to contain the active principles of aloes,
-and is usually as operative, but some manufactures are ineffective.
-
-USES INTERNAL.--In dyspepsia with capricious appetite, irregularity of
-the bowels, hide-bound horses, worms; is used in colic, both spasmodic
-and flatulent, for overloaded condition of the bowels; to promote
-excretion of waste products from the bowels and the blood, and
-consequently relieve febrile symptoms; rheumatic attacks, skin
-irritation, swollen limbs and inflamed joints; in lymphangitis to
-prevent and aid in curing. By attracting the blood to the bowels, it is
-useful in congestion or inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, full
-doses being necessary; in paralysis, paraplegia or hemiplegia or
-reflexed paralysis due to indigestion, give full doses. Aloes should not
-be used in irritation or inflammation of the alimentary canal or piles.
-It is not advisable to give an aloetic purge when the temperature is
-above 102° F. Nor in hemorrhage from the rectum; in high fevers it is
-apt to cause superpurgation, also should not be used where there is
-great debility or weakness. In influenza the bowels are apt to be
-irritable and oil is preferable to aloes. Don’t use during pregnancy;
-may cause abortion. For young foals or other animals, the gentler
-purgative, such as linseed or castor oil should be used. The medical
-value of aloes being large, it is impossible to enumerate all the
-diseases in which it is useful. Externally the tincture of aloes and
-myrrh is sometimes applied as a stimulant to wounds, and powdered aloes
-is mixed with plaster of paris in making splints for dogs to prevent
-these animals from biting and tearing them off. Internally aloes should
-be combined with ginger, nux vomica and given in capsule or bolus.
-
-
-
-
-ALUMEN--ALUM
-
-
-DERIVATION.--From alum slate, shale, schist, a native mixture of
-aluminum silicate and iron sulphide. This is roasted and exposed to the
-air, when the sulphur is oxidized into sulphuric acid and combined in
-part with aluminum and iron to form sulphates. The mass is lixiviated
-with water, and aluminum and iron sulphates together with sulphuric acid
-are recovered in solution. The solution is concentrated and to it is
-added potassium chloride. The double sulphate of potassium and aluminum
-(alum) is formed, which crystallizes out on cooling, while potassium
-sulphate and ferric chloride remain as by-products. Alum is purified by
-recrystallization.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Large, colorless, octahedral crystals, sometimes modified
-by cubes or crystalline fragments; without odor, but having a sweetish
-and strongly astringent taste. On exposure to the air the crystals are
-liable to absorb ammonia and acquire a whitish coating. Soluble in nine
-parts of water, insoluble in alcohol.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 dr.; sheep and pigs, 20 gr. to 1 dr.;
-emetic for dogs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.
-
-
-ALUMEN EXSICCATUM--DRIED ALUM
-
-Commonly termed burnt alum, is alum deprived of its water of
-crystallization by heat.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A white granular powder, odorless, having a sweetish
-astringent taste, soluble in twenty parts of water at 60° F. Is a
-powerful astringent and escharotic.
-
-
-ALUMINI HYDROXIDUM--ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE
-
-DERIVATION.--Made from alum, 100 parts; monohydrate sodium carbonate, 43
-parts; water, a sufficient quantity. Mix hot, boiling solutions of alum
-and sodium carbonate. Precipitate strained, washed and dried.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A white, light, amorphous powder; odorless and tasteless;
-permanent in dry air; insoluble in water or alcohol.
-
-DOSE.--Same as alum.
-
-
-ALUMINI SULPHAS--ALUMINUM SULPHATE
-
-DERIVATION.--Aluminum hydroxide is dissolved in diluted sulphuric acid,
-and the solution is filtered and evaporated to dryness.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A white, crystalline powder, without odor, having a
-sweetish and afterwards astringent taste; permanent in the air; soluble
-in one part of water; insoluble in alcohol.
-
-DOSE.--Same as alum.
-
-ACTIONS.--Astringent, at first excites flow of saliva, then markedly
-decreases it; coagulates pepsin, thus it would derange or entirely
-arrest digestion; it also stops peristalsis and produces constipation,
-though sometimes it induces diarrhoea by irritation. It arrests
-secretions in general and in the circulation contracts the capillaries;
-it is in this way it arrests secretions, especially those of mucous
-surfaces, and stops capillary hemorrhage. The sulphate of aluminum is
-mildly caustic, astringent and antiseptic. Dried alum is caustic and
-astringent.
-
-EXTERNALLY.--Dried alum is a caustic, in contact with raw sores, on
-account of its affinity for water. Alum has no action on unbroken skin,
-but applied to mucous membranes or denuded parts it is antiseptic and
-astringent; coagulates albumin of discharges; precipitates or coagulates
-albumin of the tissues; squeeze blood out of the vessels; reduces
-inflammation and makes the part whiter, brings together and denser. Alum
-is a hemostatic, stopping bleeding by compression of the structures
-surrounding the vessels and by causing blood to clot.
-
-USES.--In diarrhoea and dysentery, but other astringents are safer and
-better, as it may lock the bowels too tight, may be used in weeping
-sores or weeping skin diseases; in long standing nail wounds by putting
-one-half to one pound into the soaking tub, also in same way for injured
-coronets, with raw bulging surfaces that bleed easily, also for sore
-mouth, sometimes mix a little boric acid; useful in bleeding piles, and
-in mild solution alum one ounce to water one pint for sore throat; also
-used internally for bloody urine (haematuria) and for open joints apply
-the powdered alum to arrest the flow of joint oil (synovia). For
-catarrhal ophthalmia, after the acute stage, an alum lotion five grains
-to one ounce of water is very serviceable; for granular lids rub with a
-crystal of alum. Alum should never be used too strong over the eye as it
-seems to have the power of dissolving the cornea; a solution containing
-ten grains of alum to the ounce of water may be used in canker of the
-ear of dogs; also for leucorrhoea and prolapsus of the rectum; dried
-alum may be used as a caustic whenever a caustic is indicated, but is
-not recommended for this purpose. For a powerful drying powder,
-especially useful when excessive granulation exists. It causes sloughing
-of the dead tissues and is indicated when the use of the knife is
-inadmissible.
-
-
-
-
-AMYLIS NITRIS--AMYL NITRITE
-
-
-A liquid containing about 80 per cent of amyl nitrite, together with
-variable quantities of undetermined compounds.
-
-DERIVATION.--Obtained through distillation of nitric and amylic alcohol.
-Distillate purified by sodium carbonate.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A clear, yellow or pale yellow liquid, oily, very volatile,
-peculiar and very diffusive ethereal odor and a pungent aromatic taste.
-Insoluble in water, but soluble in all proportions in alcohol, ether and
-chloroform.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.; sheep and pigs, 5 to 15 ms.;
-dogs, 2 to 5 ms.; amyl nitrite is very seldom given internally;
-hypodermically, one-half this dose. By inhalation, same as given
-internally. It should be fresh as it rapidly deteriorates.
-
-ACTIONS.--It stimulates the heart’s action, greatly dilates the
-arterioles by paralyzing their muscular coats; causes a sense of
-fullness in the brain with vertigo, fall of blood pressure due to
-dilation of the arterioles, lowering of temperature; when the vapor is
-applied direct to muscular or nerve tissues it suspends or completely
-arrests its functional activity; it depresses the nervous system and
-unstriped muscular fiber. Overdoses cause death by respiratory failure.
-
-USES.--Epileptic attacks may be warded off by its being inhaled;
-spasmodic asthma, used either internally, hypodermically or best by
-inhalation; in strychnine poisoning, angina pectoris in tetanus, and as
-a heart stimulant. It is useful as an inhalation in bringing about
-recovery from deep chloroform and anesthesia.
-
-
-
-
-ANISUM--ANISE
-
-
-ORIGIN.--The anise plant is a native of Egypt and the Levant, but has
-been introduced in various parts of that continent. It is also
-cultivated occasionally in the gardens of this country. The fruit is
-abundantly produced in Malta and Spain; in Romagna, in Italy, whence it
-is largely exported through Leghorn, and in Central and Southern Russia.
-
-DESCRIPTION.--Ovoid, laterally compressed, 4 to 5 m. m. long; carpels
-usually cohering and attached to a slender pedicel; grayish or
-greenish-gray to grayish brown; each with a flat face and five light
-brown filiform ridges and about 16 oil-tubes; odor and taste agreeable
-and aromatic. The anise berries are dried and ground, this being the
-form in which it is usually used.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs, 2 to 3 dr.; dogs,
-10 to 30 gr.
-
-
-OLEUM ANISI--OIL OF ANISE
-
-A volatile oil distilled from the fruit of star anise.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A colorless or pale yellow, thin and strongly refractive
-liquid, having the characteristic odor of anise, and a sweetish, mildly
-aromatic taste. Specific gravity about 0.975 to 0.985. Soluble in an
-equal volume of alcohol.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 20 to 30 m.; sheep and pigs, 5 to 10 m.; dogs
-and cats, 1 to 5 m.
-
-ACTIONS.--Anise is an aromatic stimulant, stomachic and carminative. It
-is used to relieve indigestion and flatulence, to communicate an
-agreeable flavor to many medicines, and to diminish the griping of
-purgatives. Oil of anise resembles in action other volatile oils.
-
-USES.--The oil of anise is employed with olive oil or alcohol to kill
-fleas or lice on dogs, rubbed over the skin; and one drop of the pure
-oil may be placed on the feathers of fowl to cause destruction of lice.
-The oil of anise is sometimes prescribed to disguise the odor of drugs,
-and is ordered in cough mixtures for its expectorant properties.
-
-The fruit is given all animals (generally powdered) on their
-food--frequently with sodium bicarbonate and ginger--to relieve mild
-forms of indigestion and flatulence through its stomachic and
-carminative effects.
-
-
-
-
-ANTIMONII ET POTASSII TARTARS--ANTIMONY AND POTASSIUM TARTRATE--TARTAR
-EMETIC
-
-
-DERIVATION.--Make a white paste with cream of tartar, antimony trioxide
-and water. Set aside 24 hours, boil in water 15 minutes and crystallize.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Colorless, transparent crystals of the rhombic system,
-becoming opaque and white on exposure to the air, or a white granular
-powder without odor and having a sweet, afterwards disagreeable,
-metallic taste. Soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 dr.; sheep, 2 to 5 gr.; pigs, ¹⁄₂ to 1
-gr.; dogs, ¹⁄₁₀ to ¹⁄₂ gr. As an emetic for pigs, 4 to 10 gr.; dogs, 1
-to 2 gr.
-
-ACTIONS.--Tartar emetic is a systemic and local emetic, a diaphoretic,
-cardiac and arterial sedative and a gastro-intestinal irritant. It is a
-powerful waste producer and stimulates the secretions of the stomach,
-intestines, salivary glands, liver and pancreas. Large doses cause
-nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea, while toxic doses are followed by
-vomiting (in animals that can vomit), serious blood purging, great
-depression of the circulation and respiration weakness, collapse and
-death. Tartar emetic is also a vermifuge.
-
-USES.--Tartar emetic is too mild as an emetic in poison cases. In asthma
-of dogs it may be used in from ¹⁄₁₀ to ¹⁄₂ grain doses to relax spasm
-and promote secretion. For horses its most valuable use is to expel the
-common round worms from the intestines, for which it is very
-efficacious; given in two drachm doses once or twice daily in the feed
-for four to six days, or one-half ounce dissolved in water is given on
-an empty stomach followed by a full dose of linseed oil.
-
-
-
-
-ANTIPYRINA--ANTIPYRIN
-
-
-Phenyl-hydrazine is acted upon by aceto-acetic ether, when
-phenyl-monomethyl-pyrazolon, ethyl alcohol and water results.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Colorless, odorless, scaly crystals, of a bitterish taste.
-Soluble in water, ether and chloroform.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 3 to 4 drs.; sheep and pigs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.;
-dogs, 5 to 20 grs.
-
-ACTIONS.--Powerful antipyretic, anodyne and local anesthetic,
-antiseptic, cardiac depressant; it reduces temperature very quickly,
-usually within half an hour and the effects continue two or more hours.
-It can be administered by the mouth, hypodermically or intertracheally;
-as an antiseptic it diminishes oxidation, and promotes heat loss by
-dilating the cutaneous vessels, but more probably by depressing the
-activity of the calorifacient centers.
-
-USES.--Used in high fever where the temperature must be reduced quickly,
-as in sun-stroke, acute rheumatism; in man a solution of antipyrine from
-four to ten per cent strength up, is sprayed into the nostrils for
-hay-fever. Acetanilide is a better and safer and much cheaper drug for
-febrile diseases.
-
-
-
-
-AQUA AMMONIAE FORTIOR--STRONGER AMMONIA WATER
-
-
-An aqueous solution of ammonia containing twenty-eight per cent, by
-weight of the gas.
-
-DERIVATION.--Evolve ammonia gas by heating ammonium chloride with
-calcium hydrate and pass it into water.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A colorless, transparent liquid, having an excessively
-pungent odor and a caustic alkaline taste.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 drs.; sheep and pigs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.;
-dogs, 5 to 10 m. Should be diluted one drachm to one pint of water.
-
-
-AQUA AMMONIAE--AMMONIA WATER
-
-An aqueous solution containing ten per cent by weight of ammonia gas.
-
-DERIVATION.--Same as strong ammonia water.
-
-PROPERTIES.--The taste is not so caustic and the odor is less pungent
-then the stronger water of ammonia.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 2 drs.;
-dogs, 10 to 20 m. Should be diluted one drachm to half pint of water.
-
-
-SPIRITUS AMMONIAE--SPIRIT OF AMMONIA
-
-An alcoholic solution containing ten per cent., by weight of the ammonia
-gas.
-
-DERIVATION.--A solution of caustic ammonia in alcohol.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A colorless liquid, having a strong odor of ammonia. This
-preparation of ammonia possesses properties of ammonia and alcohol.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 2 drs.;
-dogs, 10 to 20 m. Should be diluted in water.
-
-
-SPIRITUS AMMONIAE AROMATICUS--AROMATIC SPIRIT OF AMMONIA
-
-DERIVATION.--Ammonium carbonate 3.4%, aqua ammonia 9%, oil of lemon 1%,
-oil of lavender flowers 0.1%, oil of nutmeg 0.1%, alcohol 70%, and
-distilled water to make 100 parts. Diluted in water.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A nearly colorless liquid when first prepared, but
-gradually acquires an amber color. It has a pungent ammoniacal odor and
-taste.
-
-ACTIONS.--These four proportions of ammonia are gastric and general
-stimulants. They stimulate the cardiac respiratory and spinal systems.
-They irritate the nose when inhaled, but reflexly they stimulate the
-circulation and respiration, they are good stimulants as they do not
-affect the brain. The aromatic spirits of ammonia is also a carminative.
-Externally they are rubefacients, and when confined are vesicants.
-
-USES.--Its antacid and stimulant properties recommend ammonia in
-indigestion, tympanites, and spasmodic colic, especially in cattle and
-sheep. Stimulating the spinals and respiratory systems, it is valuable
-in the treatment of influenza, pneumonia, pleurisy and similar
-complaints. The fumes of ammonia are occasionally used to arouse animals
-from shocks, collapse, or chloroform intoxication, but must be used
-cautiously, lest excessive irritation of the respiratory mucous membrane
-be produced. It is a promptly acting antidote in poisoning by opium,
-aconite, digitalis, and ether narcotic and sedative drugs. It may be
-administered much diluted in the usual way, injected subcutaneously and
-intravenously, and also applied externally, in the treatment of
-snake-bites. On account of its producing bronchial secretion, and
-assisting in its expulsion, ammonia is serviceable as a stimulating
-expectorant. To develop its more general effects its alcoholic
-proportions should be prescribed as spirit of ammonia or the aromatic
-spirit of ammonia. Externally used in the form of liniment of ammonia,
-with oils, camphor, etc., proves useful as a stimulant in rheumatism,
-stiff-joints, muscular strains, sore throat, pleurisy, pneumonia and
-influenza, and for preventing the rapid chilling of fomented surfaces.
-It relieves the irritation caused by nettles, and by bites and stings of
-insects.
-
-
-LINIMENTUM AMMONIAE--AMMONIA LINIMENT
-
-Is made by mixing ammonia water, 350; cottonseed oil, 570; alcohol, 50;
-oleic acid, 30. The above is recognized by the U. S. P. and is
-advantageously used on muscular strains and where an external stimulant
-is indicated.
-
-
-LIQUOR AMMONII ACETATIS--SOLUTION OF AMMONIUM ACETATE
-
-An aqueous solution of ammonium acetate containing about seven per cent
-of the salt, together with small amounts of acetic acid and carbon
-dioxide.
-
-DERIVATION.--Ammonium carbonate is gradually added to cold, dilute
-acetic acid until the latter is materialized.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A clear, colorless liquid, mildly saline and acidulous
-taste, and an acid reaction.
-
-Incompatible with acids and alkalies.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 oz.; sheep and pigs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.;
-dogs, 2 to 6 drs.
-
-ACTIONS.--Diaphoretic, antipyretic, mild stimulant, mild diuretic, mild
-expectorant and stomachic.
-
-USES.--Its uses are recommended in febrile and inflammatory attacks,
-especially in influenza, distemper, etc., combined with other medicines,
-improves the appetite; can be used externally as a refrigerant over
-swollen and inflamed tendons.
-
-
-AMMONII CARBONAS--AMMONIUM CARBONATE
-
-DERIVATION.--A mixture of ammonium chloride or sulphate, and calcium
-carbonate, is sublimed and resublimed. Ammonium carbonate, so-called, is
-a mixture of ammonium carbonate and bicarbonate.
-
-PROPERTIES.--White translucent masses, having a strongly ammoniacal
-odor, and a sharp saline taste. On exposure to air it loses both ammonia
-and carbonic dioxide, soluble one part in four parts of water.
-
-DOSES.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 3 drs.; sheep and pigs, ¹⁄₄ to 1 dr.;
-dogs, 2 to 8 grs. Larger doses are recommended when a antispasmodic or
-carminative is desired the dose for horses and cattle can be increased
-to an ounce, but only two doses should be administered, well diluted in
-water or in ball or capsule.
-
-ACTIONS.--Ammonium carbonate is decomposed by acid in the stomach and
-escapes in the urine. It stimulates gastric secretion, vascularity and
-motion, and exciting intestinal peristalsis. It is, therefore, a
-stomachic and carminative. It is also an antacid, and, in large doses,
-an emetic for dogs. It is given in capsules or in solution in cold
-water, to avoid irritating fumes; also with syrup or gruel. It is often
-prescribed with other stimulants and antispasmodics, as alcohol,
-camphor, capsicum and asafoetida. The action of ammonium carbonate is
-almost identical with that of ammonia water in stimulating the heart and
-respiration, but it has more power in augmenting the bronchial
-secretions.
-
-USES.--It is given to all animals in indigestion; conjoins the actions
-of an antacid and diffusible stimulant; in small doses promotes
-secretion of gastric juice, and in larger, relieves flatulence and
-spasm. In diseases of the air passages it is used as an expectorant; is
-contra-indicated in purpura haemorrhagica, as it lowers the oxygen
-carrying power of red blood corpuscles, and dissolves fibrin. As a
-stimulant it can be combined with alcohol and sulphuric ether. Ammonia
-is recommended where a clot, thrombi or embolism is supposed to exist on
-account of its defibrinating power. Ammonium carbonate is used
-extensively in the treatment of spasmodic and flatulent, colic and acute
-indigestion conjoined with either asafoetida, capsicum, camphor, nux
-vomica and alcohol.
-
-
-AMMONII CHLORIDIUM--MURIATE OF AMMONIA--SAL AMMONIAC
-
-DERIVATION.--This salt may be formed by neutralizing crude solution of
-ammonia or ammonium carbonate with hydrochloric acid and purifying the
-product.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A white, crystalline powder without odor, having a cooling,
-saline taste, and permanent in the air. Soluble in two parts of water;
-in fifty parts alcohol.
-
-DOSES.--Horses, 1 to 2 drs.; cattle, 4 drs. to 1 oz.; sheep and pigs, 15
-grs. to 1 dr.; dogs, 5 to 10 grs.
-
-ACTIONS.--Internally it is an expectorant, alterative, feebly
-diaphoretic and diuretic. When ingested, ammonium chloride is a feeble
-heart and respiratory stimulant, and is not comparable to the ammonia
-compounds or ammonium carbonate in this respect. It is eliminated in
-great part unchanged by the urine, but also by the other channels. In
-its excretion it stimulates the mucous membranes, increases their
-secretion generally, and is thought to improve their nutrition. Ammonium
-chloride both excites the secretion of the bronchial mucous membrane and
-renders it less viscid in inflammatory conditions. Externally it is a
-refrigerant.
-
-USES.--Useful in all diseases where an expectorant is indicated,
-catarrhal condition, pneumonia, coughs, influenza, chronic congestion of
-the liver, etc. Used externally one part ammonium chloride dissolved in
-ten parts of water as a refrigerant lotion for inflammatory swellings,
-bruises and sprains.
-
-
-
-
-ARGENTI NITRAS--SILVER NITRATE
-
-
-DERIVATION.--Dissolve silver in nitric acid with heat. Evaporate and
-crystallize.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Colorless, transparent, tubular, rhombic crystals, becoming
-gray, or grayish-black on exposure to light in the presence of organic
-matter; without odor, but having a bitter, caustic and strongly metallic
-taste; soluble in water and alcohol.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 5 to 10 grs.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 2 grs.;
-dogs, ¹⁄₈ to ¹⁄₂ gr.
-
-
-ARGENTI NITRAS MITIGATUS--MITIGATED SILVER NITRATE
-
-DERIVATION.--Melt silver nitrate, 30 parts, with potassium nitrate, 60
-parts, in a crucible at as low a temperature as possible. Mix and cast
-into suitable moulds.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A white, hard, solid, generally in the form of pencils or
-canes of a finely granular fracture; becoming gray or grayish-black on
-exposure to light in the presence of organic matter; odorless, having a
-caustic, metallic taste. Soluble in water and alcohol.
-
-
-ARGENTI NITRAS FUSUS--MOULDED SILVER NITRATE--LUNAR CAUSTIC
-
-DERIVATION.--Melt silver nitrate, 100 parts, with hydrochloric acid, 4
-parts at as low a temperature as possible. Mix and pour into suitable
-moulds.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Practically same as mitigated silver nitrate. Use only
-externally.
-
-ACTIONS.--Silver nitrate combines with the albumen of the tissues, and
-is a limited caustic; causes superficial inflammation and stains the
-parts black; small doses increase secretion and stimulate the heart. It
-promotes nutrition, and is said to be a nerve tonic. Its continued
-administration causes waste, gastro-intestinal catarrh, fluidity of the
-blood, slate colored lines about the gums, and similar discoloration of
-the skin and mucous membrane, followed by nervous disorder, paralysis,
-convulsions and death.
-
-USES.--A solution of forty grains to one ounce of spirit of nitrous
-ether is said to abort superficial inflammation, if early applied; used
-for erysipelas, twenty grains to one ounce of distilled water, applied
-around margin to limit the area; also used in ulceration of the throat;
-used with a spray or swab, in strength of from ten grains to one-half to
-drachm to one ounce of distilled water. For dysentery, internally and as
-an enema it is very good; used in conjunctivitis one to five grains to
-one to two ounces of distilled water, is the average strength, and
-should only be applied to the conjunctiva or lids, and should not be on
-the cornea, as it may form an insoluble chloride of silver and cause
-permanent opacities. Nitrate of silver is used in the form of lunar
-caustic to stimulate indolent ulcers, and to burn off warts.
-
-To stimulate ulcers, touch in spots around the edge; also used in chorea
-epilepsy and chronic spinal disease, foot rot in sheep; a piece of the
-caustic is placed in sinuses of fistulous withers, quittors, etc. It
-causes a slough, followed by healthy granulation; used for sore teats in
-cows.
-
-
-
-
-ARNICAE--ARNICA
-
-
-ORIGIN.--Arnica is obtained from the flower roots of a plant that grows
-in mountainous countries of Central Europe, Asia and America.
-
-COMPOSITION.--An active principle called arnicin. The root contains an
-essential oil, on which depends in great part its physiological
-activity.
-
-
-PREPARATIONS
-
-
-EXTRACTUM ARNICAE RADICIS--EXTRACT OF ARNICA ROOT (NON-OFFICIAL)
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 15 grs. to 1 dr.; sheep and pigs, 5 to 10
-grs.; dogs, ¹⁄₂ to 3 grs.
-
-
-FLUIDEXTRACTUM ARNICAE RADICIS--FLUIDEXTRACT ARNICA ROOT (NON-OFFICIAL)
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 3 drs.; sheep and pigs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.;
-dogs, 2 to 10 ms.
-
-
-TINCTURA ARNICAE--TINCTURE OF ARNICA
-
-This is the best and most used preparation of Arnica.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 drs.; sheep and pigs, 15 ms. to 1 dr.;
-dogs, 5 to 30 ms. This dose can be given every three hours to maintain
-the circulation of the skin; as a diaphoretic, the dose can and may be
-increased and combined with other diaphoretics.
-
-INCOMPATIBLES.--Its action is antagonized by ammonia, alcoholic
-stimulants, opium, camphor, etc.
-
-SYNERGISTS.--Aconite, veratrum viride, digitalis and arterial sedatives,
-generally increase the effects of arnica.
-
-ACTIONS.--Arnica is irritant, stimulant, depressant; antipyretic,
-diuretic, diaphoretic and is used as a vulnerary, it dilates the
-circular blood vessels. It irritates the gastro-intestinal tract. In
-alcoholic solutions (as tincture of arnica) it inflames the skin when
-used full strength.
-
-In small doses it increases the action of the heart, raises arterial
-tension and stimulates the action of the skin and kidneys.
-
-Large doses produce a transient excitement, followed by depressed
-circulation, respiration and temperature.
-
-USES.--It is a very efficient diaphoretic for horses in one or two ounce
-doses diluted in one pint of water; one-half ounce of fluid extract
-pilocarpus may be added at the outset of inflammatory diseases of any
-kind, such as lymphangitis, laminitis, pulmonary diseases, etc.
-Excellent to stop a chill and prevent the following fever or
-inflammatory action. It does this by dilating the blood vessels of the
-skin, thus attracting the blood to the surface and away from congested
-internal organs. It is indicated in sthetic fever of any kind; azoturia,
-rheumatism, especially inflammatory or articular; congestion of the
-brain, kidneys, etc., externally much used, but of little value on hairy
-animals.
-
-
-
-
-ARSENUM--ARSENIC
-
-
-ORIGIN.--The world’s supply of arsenic and arsenic compounds at the
-present time is obtained from Germany, Spain, England, Canada and
-portions of the United States, as Montana and Washington, where
-considerable quantities of arsenic are being produced as a by-product in
-the smelting of copper ores. Arsenic ore is roasted and purified by
-sublimation, before it is used for medical purposes.
-
-
-  ARSENI TRIOXIDUM--ARSENIC TRIOXIDE
-  ACIDUM ARSENOSUM--ARCENOUS ACID
-  (White Arsenic)
-
-DERIVATION.--Arsenical ores are roasted or conducted into condensing
-chambers and purified by sublimation.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A heavy solid, occurring either as an opaque, white powder,
-or in irregular masses of two varieties; the one amorphous, transparent
-and colorless, like glass; the other crystalline, opaque, and white,
-resembling porcelain. Frequently the same piece has an opaque, white
-outer crust enclosing the glassy variety. Contact with moist air
-gradually changes the glassy into the white opaque variety. Both are
-odorless and tasteless. The glassy variety dissolves slowly in thirty
-parts of water; the porcelain-like in eighty parts of water. Arcenous
-acid is sparingly soluble in alcohol, but soluble in glycerin,
-hydrochloric acid and solutions of the alkali hydrates and carbonates.
-When heated to 424°, arcenous acid is completely volatilized without
-melting.
-
-INCOMPATIBLES.--Lime water, salts of iron and magnesia.
-
-DOSE.--Horses, 1 to 5 grs.; cattle, 2 to 8 grs.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 2
-grs.; dogs, ¹⁄₃₀ to ¹⁄₁₀ gr.
-
-
-LIQUOR POTASSII ARSENITIS--SOLUTION OF POTASSIUM ARSENITE (Fowler’s
-Solution)
-
-DERIVATION.--Arcenous acid, potassium bicarbonate, compound tincture of
-lavender and distilled water. Strength one part of arcenous acid in 100.
-
-DOSE.--Horses, 2 drs. to 1 oz.; cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1¹⁄₂ ozs.; sheep and
-pigs, 10 to 40 ms.; dogs, 2 to 5 ms. Average dose for horse is ¹⁄₂ oz.
-usually given three times daily in drinking water or bran mash.
-
-
-LIQUOR ACIDI ARSENOSI--SOLUTION OF ARCENOUS ACID
-
-DERIVATION.--Arcenous acid, diluted hydrochloric acid, and distilled
-water. Strength one part arcenous acid in 100.
-
-DOSE.--Same as liquor potassii arsenitis.
-
-
-LIQUOR ARSENI ET HYDRARGYRI IODIDI (Donovan’s Solution)
-
-DERIVATION.--Arcenous iodide, red mercuric iodide, and distilled water,
-which should contain not less then one per cent of arcenous iodide and
-one per cent of mercuric iodide.
-
-DOSE.--Same as liquor potassii arsenitis.
-
-ACTIONS.--Arsenic and its compounds are gastro-intestinal and pulmonary
-tonic, a stimulant and alterative, acting particularly on the digestive
-and respiratory mucous membranes and skin. It is antiperiodic and tonic;
-also antispasmodic in diseases of the nervous system, and is a nervine
-tonic. In large doses it is a corrosive-irritant poison, killing either
-by gastro-enteritis, or nervous paresis. Continued doses produce fatty
-degeneration. On account of its being a stomachic, small doses promote
-the appetite and digestion. Large doses inflame the stomach and derange
-digestion. It increases the cardiac action, respiratory power, and
-secretion of the intestines. It also stimulates peristalsis. When
-tolerance is established, large doses are taken with impunity.
-
-EXTERNALLY.--Arsenic is a very painful escharotic, exciting violent
-inflammation. It is a caustic, antiseptic, and parasiticide, and is
-frequently used as a sheep dip. It is eliminated chiefly by the kidneys,
-skin and saliva and milk of nursing animals.
-
-USES.--It should not be given in acute diseases. It is given as a
-general tonic after debilitating diseases especially when the lungs are
-involved, as in pneumonia, bronchitis and pleurisy. Arsenic combined
-with bran mashes is beneficial in stocking or swelling of the legs. As
-for its use in chronic indigestion, other medicines had better be
-resorted to. It assists in the expulsion of worms. Useful in chronic
-diseases of the air passage. Arsenic relieves irritable chronic coughs,
-and roaring in early stages, as well as thick and broken wind and
-heaves. As an alterative modifying tissue change it is prescribed in
-early stages of tuberculosis, chronic rheumatism, chorea and epilepsy.
-It prevents periodically returning fevers. In anaemia it increases both
-red and white blood corpuscles. For chorea in dogs, commence with a
-small dose, three times daily and increase a minimum per dose every
-third or fourth day until the physiological limit is reached as
-described under (Toxicology of Arsenic).
-
-ACTIONS ON THE SKIN.--Administered internally it stimulates the dermis
-and hastens the removal of epidermal cells; hence it is useful in all
-chronic skin diseases, as chronic eczema, scab, mange and warts. To
-remove warts that occur in the mouth and on the muzzle of animals, give
-internally and apply locally Fowler’s solution. In chronic skin diseases
-use Donovan’s or Fowler’s solution or acidum arsenosum and sulphur mixed
-in the feed. Useful internally in successive eruptions of the skin boils
-and in chronic urticaria.
-
-EXTERNAL USES.--The white arsenic or arcenous acid is used to slough out
-tumors, fistulae, quittors, etc. But I would not recommend it as it is
-too painful. It is valuable in the treatment of foot-rot. The affected
-animals should be slowly driven through a trough containing a solution
-of arsenic. It is used extensively for sheep and cattle to destroy
-ticks. In this way, animals are sometimes poisoned, as it drips on the
-grass and other animals eat it.
-
-TOXICOLOGY OF ARSENIC.--Full medical doses if long continued, cause
-edema and itching of the eyelids, increased flow of saliva nausea,
-diarrhoea or dysentery, weak heart, soreness to the touch over the
-region of the stomach, itchy skin with small eruptions, jaundice and
-albuminuria. In long continued doses it diminishes exudation, decomposes
-albuminoid tissues and produces fatty degeneration; also lessens the
-glycogenic functions of the liver.
-
-CHRONIC ARSENICAL POISONING.--Is common in the vicinity of either tin
-or copper smelting plants. The symptoms are as follows: indigestion,
-thirst, wasting, chronic diseases of joints and bones, the knee joints
-swell, the animal becomes lame and hide-bound, hair falls off, skin gets
-rough and scurfy, teeth get black and fall out and necrosis of the bones
-follow.
-
-ANTAGONISTS AND INCOMPATIBLES.--The salts of iron, magnesia, lime, and
-astringents, are chemically incompatible. The hydroxide of iron, or as
-it is also known, hydrate sesquioxide of iron, freshly made and in soft
-magma is the antidote to arsenic. To dogs give from half to one
-tablespoonful every five or ten minutes. From eight to twenty grains of
-the antidote are required to each grain of arsenic swallowed (when it
-can be determined). The stomach should first be emptied by the use of
-cathartics or stomach pump and then give the antidote, and follow with
-demulcents as oil, milk and mucilaginous drinks. Also administer
-diluents, as weak alkaline water. Iodide of potassium is valuable as a
-antidote of arsenical poisoning and should be administered to promote
-elimination of the poison. In the absence of the antidote, chalk,
-magnesia and lime water may be freely given. These agents act
-mechanically by developing the poison and preventing absorption.
-Dialysed iron is recommended as efficacious as an antidote in doses of
-five to fifteen minimums for dogs.
-
-
-
-
-ASPIDIUM--MALE FERN
-
-
-DERIVATION.--The rhizome of Aspidium Filix-mas. Collected late in the
-autumn, divested of its roots, leaves and dead portions, and carefully
-dried. Male fern should not be kept more than a year.
-
-HABITAT.--The male fern grows wild throughout most temperate regions, on
-the sides of roads and in open woods, especially where the soil is
-light.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Its root stock is perennial, about a foot long and two
-inches thick; is scaly, tufted, greenish-brown, and firmly fixed in the
-ground by numerous black root fibers. The dried root has a disagreeable
-odor, and a sweet, astringent, nauseous taste. Powdered male fern should
-be freshly prepared and have a bright green color.
-
-DOSE.--The powdered male fern is given to horses and cattle in doses of
-4 to 6 ozs.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 4 ozs.; dogs and cats, ¹⁄₂ to 2 ozs.
-The powder is bulky, and less certain than the oleoresin of aspidium.
-
-
-PREPARATIONS
-
-
-OLEORESINA ASPIDII--OLEORESIN ASPIDIUM--OLEORESIN MALE FERN
-
-Made by percolation with ether, distillation and evaporation of the
-ether.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 3 to 6 drs.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 2 drs.; dogs
-and cats, 15 ms. to 1 dr.
-
-ACTION AND USES.--Male fern is irritant, vermicide laxative, large doses
-of the drug cause hemorrhagic gastro-enteritis, tremors, weakness,
-stupor, coma, acute nephritis and cystitis. Oleoresin of male fern is
-one of the most effectual remedies for tapeworm, particularly those
-inhabiting dogs.
-
-
-
-
-BELLADONNAE FOLIA--BELLADONNA LEAVES
-
-
-ORIGIN.--Belladonna is the leaves of a plant known as deadly nightshade.
-It grows wild in some parts of Great Britain, and is also cultivated to
-a great extent. The dried leaves of atropa belladonna yield, when
-assayed by the U. S. P. process, not less than 0.35 per cent of
-mydriatic alkaloids. Usually of a dull brownish-green color, the leaves
-much wrinkled and matted together, frequently with the flowering tops
-intermixed; odor distinctly narcotic, especially on moistening; taste
-somewhat bitter and acrid. Contains not less than 0.5 per cent atropine.
-The powdered leaves are characterized by few hairs and numerous small
-arrow-shaped crystals of calcium oxalate.
-
-DOSE.--Of the powdered leaves, horses and cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; sheep
-and pigs, ¹⁄₂ to 2 dr.; dogs, 1 to 5 grs.
-
-
-PREPARATIONS
-
-
-EXTRACTUM BELLADONNAE FOLIORUM--EXTRACT OF BELLADONNA LEAVES
-
-Made by percolation with dilute alcohol and evaporation to pilular
-consistence. Used in preparing the unguentum belladonnae. Contains 1.4
-per cent of mydriatic alkaloids.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 10 to 20 grs.; sheep and pigs, 2 to 4 grs.;
-dogs, ¹⁄₈ to ¹⁄₂ gr.
-
-
-TINCTURA BELLADONNAE FOLIORUM--TINCTURE OF BELLADONNA LEAVES
-
-Belladonna leaves 100, dilute alcohol to make 1,000, made by maceration
-and percolation. (Strength 10%.)
-
-DOSE.--Dogs, 3 to 30 ms.
-
-
-UNGUENTUM BELLADONNAE--BELLADONNA OINTMENT
-
-Extract of belladonna leaves, 10; dilute alcohol, 5; hydrous wool fat,
-20; benzoinated lard, 63.
-
-
-
-
-BELLADONNAE RADIX--BELLADONNA ROOT
-
-
-DERIVATION.--The dried root of atropa belladonna yielding, when assayed
-by the U. S. P. process not less than 0.5 per cent of mydriatic
-alkaloids.
-
-CONSTITUENTS.--Same as leaves. Contains not less than 0.5 per cent
-atropine.
-
-
-PREPARATIONS
-
-
-FLUIDEXTRACTUM BELLADONNAE RADICIS--FLUIDEXTRACT OF BELLADONNA ROOT
-
-Made by maceration with alcohol and water and evaporation. One cc. of
-the extract = one gm. of belladonna root. Standardized so that 100 cc.
-of the fluidextract contain 0.5 gm. of mydriatic alkaloids. This is one
-of the most reliable preparations of belladonna.
-
-DOSE.--Horses, 1 to 2 dr.; cattle, 2 to 3 dr.; sheep and pigs, 10 to 15
-ms.; dogs, 1 to 3 ms.
-
-
-LINIMENTUM BELLADONNAE--BELLADONNA LINIMENT
-
-Made by adding camphor, 50 parts to fluidextract of belladonna to make
-1,000 parts (U. S. P.).
-
-
-ATROPINAE SULPHAS--SULPHATE OF ATROPHINE
-
-An alkaloid obtained from belladonna. As it occurs in commerce, it is
-always accompanied by small proportion of hyoscyamine extracted along
-with it, from which it cannot readily be separated.
-
-DERIVATION.--Atropine is obtained from a strong tincture of the root.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A white crystalline powder, very soluble in water and
-alcohol.
-
-DOSE.--Horses, ¹⁄₂ to 1¹⁄₂ grs.; cattle, 1 to 2 grs.; sheep and pigs,
-¹⁄₂₀ to ¹⁄₁₂ gr.; dogs, ¹⁄₁₅₀ to ¹⁄₅₀ gr. The doses should be
-considerably reduced when used with morphine.
-
-INCOMPATIBLES.--Caustic alkalies; antagonize physiologically by
-pilocarpine and physostigma throughout almost whole range of its
-influence, and opium within a certain limitation, prevents the
-respiratory failure, which is the cause of death.
-
-ACTION.--Belladonna is an irritant narcotic, a mydriatic, an
-antispasmodic and anodyne. In small doses a cardiac, respiratory and
-spinal stimulant; in large doses a paralyzer of the sensory and motor
-nerve endings and a stimulator of the entire sympathetic system.
-
-It produces dryness of the mucous membrane of the throat, mouth, nose
-and pharynx, and at first lessens the gastric and intestinal secretions,
-but soon produces them in large quantities. It is anti-galactogogue,
-that is, it arrests secretion of milk.
-
-The heart rate is at first slowed, but soon becomes very rapid and
-vigorous, the pulse being doubled in rapidity; arterial tension is
-raised and the circulation greatly increased.
-
-The pupils are dilated by the local or systemic use of the drug.
-
-The brain is congested by belladonna, a busy delirium being produced,
-and hallucinations with mental disorder, due to a selective action on
-the cell of the gray matter.
-
-The spinal cord is stimulated from the second cervical vertebrae to the
-tenth dorsal, resulting in paralysis of the motor nerves, both central
-and peripheral, power being lost in hind extremities first. The
-respiration is increased and the temperature is raised by the increased
-circulation; metamorphosis is greatly promoted.
-
-Belladonna and atrophine are rapidly diffused and quickly eliminated by
-the kidneys. By its paralyzing effect on the terminal nerve filaments,
-it relaxes the bronchial tubes and checks the secretion of the bronchial
-mucous membrane; it checks secretion of saliva and milk in the same way
-and causes dryness of the skin.
-
-USES.--Belladonna and atrophine is indicated anywhere that an
-antispasmodic and anodyne is needed. Is serviceable in catarrh,
-pharyngitis and bronchitis to check secretion in second stage; heaves,
-especially asthmatic heaves, combined with gelsemium and lobelia,
-followed by Fowler’s Solution; in influenza, it stimulates the weakened
-heart, besides having other good effects.
-
-In the first stage of respiratory diseases, belladonna alone, or
-combined with aconite or other febrifuges and expectorants; in cough,
-especially spasmodic or when due to irritation of the throat; in heart
-failure or heart weakness, hypodermic injections of atrophine are
-beneficial; in spasmodic colic one to two drachms of the fluid extract
-to a dose, but one drachm is usually sufficient; as a powerful
-antispasmodic and anodyne, atropine and morphine combined; small doses
-are given in constipation of the bowels, combined with nux vomica; small
-doses with purgatives are said to aid their action.
-
-In tetanus give one to two drachms of the extract two or three times
-daily; in paralysis of the throat of tetanus the fluid extract combined
-with soap liniment or used alone externally; in cerebro-spinal
-meningitis, belladonna and ergot alternated with aconite is rational
-treatment, conjoined with the external treatment. It allays irritations
-of the bladder, rectum, and uterus, especially if combined with cannabis
-indica.
-
-In contraction or rigid os the extract applied directly, quickly relaxes
-and allows parturition; it is well to see if this is necessary before
-giving ergot.
-
-Used extensively in examinations and diseases of the eye.
-
-Atrophine sulphate is used locally to dilate the pupil, assisting in the
-detection of cataracts or other disorders of the eye and testing the
-condition of the refracting media; for dilating pupil use a solution of
-four grains of the atrophine to one ounce of distilled water; a few
-drops are placed into the eye, for inflammation of the eye with great
-irritation; belladonna may be combined with cocaine; in iritis.
-
-ANTIDOTE.--In poisoning, tannic acid should be used.
-
-
-
-
-BENZOINUM--BENZOIN
-
-
-A balsamic resin obtained from styrax benzoin dryander, and another
-unidentified species of styrax. It contains benzoic acid in the
-proportions 12 to 20 per cent to which it probably owes its action.
-
-HABITAT.--Southern Asia.
-
-PROPERTIES.--In pebble-like bodies or tears, slightly flattened,
-straight or curved, yellowish to rusty-brown externally, milky-white on
-fresh fractures internally. Odor agreeable, balsamic; taste slightly
-acrid. It is almost wholly soluble in five parts of moderately warm
-alcohol, and in solutions of the fixed alkalies. When heated it gives
-off fumes of benzoic acid.
-
-CONSTITUENTS.--Benzoic acid, cinnamic acid; resins and a volatile oil.
-
-
-PREPARATIONS
-
-
-ADEPS BENZOINATUS--BENZOINATED LARD
-
-Made by melting lard 1,000, with benzoin 20, and straining; used as an
-ointment itself, and as a base for other ointments.
-
-
-TINCTURA BENZOINI--TINCTURE OF BENZOIN
-
-Made by maceration of benzoin 200, in alcohol; filtration and addition
-of alcohol to make 1,000.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; sheep and pigs, 2 to 4 drs.;
-dogs, 30 to 60 ms.
-
-
-TINCTURA BENZOINI COMPOSITA--COMPOUND TINCTURE OF BENZOIN
-
-Commonly known as Friar’s Balsam. Benzoin, 100; purified aloes, 20;
-storax, 80; balsam of tolu, 40; alcohol to make 1,000. Made by digestion
-and filtration.
-
-
-ACIDUM BENZOICUM--BENZOIC ACID
-
-DERIVATION.--Obtained from benzoin by sublimation, or artificially
-prepared.
-
-PROPERTIES.--White feathery crystals of a peculiar, agreeable odor, and
-warm acidulous taste, sparingly soluble in cold water (1 to 500), more
-soluble in boiling water, 1 in 15, and in 2 parts of alcohol; borax
-renders it more soluble.
-
-INCOMPATIBLES.--Alkalies, ammonium carbonate.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 drs.; sheep and pigs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.;
-dogs, 5 to 15 grs.
-
-
-AMMONII BENZOAS--AMMONIUM BENZOATE
-
-Made by the action of benzoic acid and ammonia water. In white crystals.
-Soluble in 10.5 parts of water; in 25 parts of alcohol.
-
-DOSE.--Same as benzoic acid.
-
-
-SODII BENZOAS--SODIUM BENZOATE
-
-Made by the action of a hot solution of sodium carbonate of benzoic
-acid. Occurs in a white powder. Soluble in 1.6 parts of water; in 43
-parts of alcohol.
-
-DOSE.--Same as benzoic acid.
-
-
-LITHII BENZOAS--LITHIUM BENZOATE
-
-Made by decomposing lithium carbonate with benzoic acid. It should
-contain not less than 98.5 per cent of pure lithium benzoate, and
-should be kept in a well stopped bottle. Soluble in 3 parts of water,
-and in 13 parts of alcohol.
-
-DOSE.--Same as benzoic acid.
-
-ACTIONS.--Benzoin is a mild stimulant, expectorant and antiseptic;
-benzoic acid is quite powerful; it renders alkaline urine acid; it is
-used to dissolve phosphatic calculi.
-
-USES.--The tincture and compound tincture are used as stimulants and
-antiseptics for wounds and sores. Benzoic acid, when administered
-internally, acts mildly as an antiseptic to the bladder; useful in
-catarrh of the bladder. Benzoate of soda is used in bronchial catarrh.
-Benzoate of ammonia is used to dissolve phosphatic calculi. Lithium
-benzoate has been highly recommended as a remedy for rheumatic
-affections.
-
-
-
-
-CALAMUS--SWEET FLAG
-
-
-The unpeeled, dried rhizome of acorus calamus Linne.
-
-HABITAT.--United States, Europe, Western and Southern Asia, including
-India and Japan.
-
-PROPERTIES.--The leaves as well as the root have an aromatic odor; but
-the root only is employed. It should be collected late in the autumn, or
-in the early spring. After removal from the ground, the roots are
-washed, freed from their fibers, and dried with moderate heat. By drying
-they lose nearly one-half their diameter, but are improved in odor and
-taste.
-
-CONSTITUENTS.--Acorin, a liquid, yellow glucoside, having a bitter
-taste; a volatile oil; calamine; choline.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 ozs.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 3 drs.;
-dogs, 15 grs to 1 dr.
-
-
-PREPARATIONS
-
-
-FLUIDEXTRACTUM CALAMI--FLUIDEXTRACT OF CALAMUS
-
-Made by maceration, percolation and evaporation.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 ozs.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 3 drs.;
-dogs, 15 ms. to 1 dr.
-
-ACTION AND USES.--Calanus is a feeble aromatic bitter, and is therefore
-useful in loss of appetite and indigestion associated with mild forms of
-flatulence. The powdered root is used as a base in powders, balls and
-electuaries. It is harmless, and the dose is therefore unimportant.
-
-
-
-
-CALX LIME--CALCIUM OXIDE
-
-
-DERIVATION.--Prepared by burning white marble, oyster shells, or the
-purest varieties of natural calcium carbonate; to expel carbon dioxide.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Lime is in hard, white or grayish-white masses, which in
-contact with air gradually attract moisture and carbon dioxide and fall
-to a white powder; odorless; of a sharp caustic taste. Soluble in water;
-insoluble in alcohol.
-
-ACTIONS.--Antacid, gastric sedative, intestinal astringent, desiccant.
-
-USES.--Its principal use is in diarrhoea, combined with opium tannic
-acid, also antiseptics; makes a very good dusting powder over abraded
-surfaces. Lime water and milk equal parts and sweetened is very good for
-puppies raised on a bottle as it is easily digested.
-
-
-LINIMENTUM CALCIS--LIME LINIMENT (Carron Oil)
-
-Composed of lime water and raw linseed oil equal parts; is very good for
-burns. Carron oil given internally is a good, mild laxative and antacid
-for horses with heaves. It is given on the food. It is also an excellent
-purgative for foals and calves in the treatment of diarrhoea and
-indigestion.
-
-
-
-
-CALUMBA
-
-
-The dried transversely cut slices of the root of Jateorhiza Calumba.
-
-HABITAT.--Mozambique, East Africa. Cultivated in the East Indies.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Odor slight, taste bitter. It contains calumbin, a neutral
-bitter, crystalline substance; an alkaloid, berberine; calumbic acid and
-starch.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 2 drs.;
-dogs, 5 to 30 grs.
-
-
-PREPARATIONS
-
-
-FLUIDEXTRACTUM CALUMBAE--FLUIDEXTRACT OF CALUMBA
-
-Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol and water, and
-evaporation.
-
-DOSE.--Same as calumba.
-
-
-TINCTURA CALUMBAE--TINCTURE OF CALUMBA
-
-Made by maceration and percolation of calumbae, with alcohol and water.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 ozs.; sheep and pigs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.;
-dogs, 1 to 2 dr.
-
-ACTIONS AND USES.--Calumba is a bitter, gastric stimulant and
-carminative. It promotes secretion of gastric juice and improves the
-appetite. As it contains no tannin it is devoid of astringency and may
-be prescribed with preparations of iron. Like qussia, calumba infusion
-may be used to destroy worms in the horse’s rectum.
-
-
-
-
-GAMBOGIA--GAMBOGE
-
-
-A gum-resin obtained from garcinia hunburii Hooker filius (nat. ord.
-guttiferae).
-
-HABITAT.--Southern Asia.
-
-PROPERTIES.--In cylindrical pieces, usually hollow in the center,
-externally grayish orange-brown, longitudinally striate; fracture
-conchordal, orange-red, waxy and somewhat porous; inodorous; taste very
-acid. Powder bright yellow, sternutatory, containing few or no starch
-grains. Not more than 25 per cent should be soluble in alcohol; ash not
-more than 3 per cent.
-
-DOSE.--Horses, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; cattle, 1 to 1¹⁄₂ oz.; sheep and pigs, 20
-grs. to 1 dr.; dogs, 5 to 10 grs.
-
-ACTIONS.--Gamboge is a drastic, hydragogue purgative, and slightly
-diuretic. Its action is uncertain and often violent, with production of
-griping pains. Large doses cause vomiting in the dog and
-gastro-enteritis in all that cannot vomit. Gamboge is dissolved by the
-bile and alkaline intestinal juices and some of it is absorbed, since it
-colors the urine yellow in its elimination and occasions diuresis.
-
-USES.--Gamboge should never be prescribed alone. It has been recommended
-in obstinate constipation, indigestion, impaction of the third stomach,
-and brain diseases of cattle, conjoined with salts, or rubbed up with
-water and an equal amount of aloes (each one ounce).
-
-
-
-
-CAMPHORA--CAMPHOR--GUM CAMPHOR
-
-
-DERIVATION.--Camphor is obtained from a tree known as Laurel Camphor.
-The branches are cut and boiled in water and the camphor rises to the
-top in the form of gum.
-
-HABITAT.--Japan, China and Sunda Islands.
-
-PROPERTIES.--White translucent masses, of a tough consistence and a
-crystalline structure, readily pulverizable in the presence of a little
-alcohol ether or chloroform; having a penetrating characteristic odor,
-and a pungent aromatic taste. Very sparingly soluble in water, but
-readily soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, carbon disulphide,
-petroleum, benzine and in fixed and volatile oils. On exposure to the
-air, it evaporates more or less rapidly at ordinary temperatures, and
-when moderately heated, it sublimes without leaving a residue.
-
-DOSE.--Horses, 1 to 3 drs.; cattle, 2 to 4 drs.; sheep and pigs, 15 grs.
-to 1 dr.; dogs, 3 to 30 grs.
-
-
-PREPARATIONS
-
-
-AQUA CAMPHORAE--CAMPHOR WATER
-
-Tincture camphor 8, with alcohol 8 and purified talc 15; then with water
-to make 1000 filter.
-
-Camphor water has this advantage over camphor in substance, that the
-latter is with difficulty dissolved by liquids of the stomach; but it is
-too feeble a preparation for use when a decided effect is desired; it
-is, however, an excellent vehicle for the administration of more active
-substances.
-
-DOSE.--Ad lib.
-
-
-SPIRITUS CAMPHORAE--SPIRIT OF CAMPHOR
-
-Made by dissolving gum camphor, 100, in alcohol, 800; filter and add
-alcohol to make 1000.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs, 2 to 4 dr.; dogs,
-30 grs. to 1 dr. Spirit of camphor is frequently prescribed in colic
-mixtures.
-
-
-LINIMENTUM CAMPHORAE--CAMPHOR LINIMENT--CAMPHORATED OIL
-
-Made by adding camphor, 200 parts to cottonseed oil, 800 parts.
-
-It is a mild rubefacient; is used in cough mixtures, also used locally
-in liniments.
-
-
-CERATUM CAMPHORAE--CAMPHOR CERATE
-
-Composed of camphor liniment, 100 parts, white wax 350 parts, white
-petrolatum 150 parts, lard 400 parts.
-
-For external use only.
-
-
-LINIMENTUM SAPONIS--SOAP LINIMENT
-
-Composed of soap 60 parts, camphor 45 parts, oil of rosemary 10 parts,
-alcohol 725 parts, water to make 1000 parts; for external use only, as a
-mild stimulating and anodyne liniment, usually combined with other
-medicines and used for its stimulating properties.
-
-
-CAMPHORA MONOBROMATA--MONOBROMATED CAMPHOR
-
-DERIVATION.--Made by heating camphor and bromine in the proper chemical
-proportions for three hours in a sealed tube, in a water bath. The
-crystalline masses washed with water, recrystallized from alcohol after
-treatment with animal charcoal, washed with an alcoholic solution of
-potassium hydroxide, then with much water and finally recrystallized
-from a mixture of alcohol and ether. It is very easy to prepare the
-monobromide on a small scale in this way.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Colorless, prismatic needles or scales, permanent in air,
-almost soluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform
-and fixed and volatile oils; used frequently as an anaphrodisiac.
-
-DOSE.--Dogs, 2 to 10 gr.
-
-ACTIONS.--Antispasmodic or nerve stimulant, anodyne, antiseptic,
-diaphoretic, a stimulant, expectorant, a cerebral excitant or narcotic,
-a gastro-intestinal irritant, a rubefacient or counter-irritant and also
-carminative. It has an acrid hot taste, irritates the skin and mucous
-membrane, large doses causing gastro-intestinal inflammation.
-
-Medical doses stimulate the vaso-motor system and the cardiac-motor
-ganglia, and lessens the influence of the pneumogastric (inhibitory
-nerve); afterwards stimulates the accelerator apparatus, thus increasing
-the circulation and raising arterial tension; it also stimulates
-respiration, and in man stimulates mental activity even to intoxication.
-
-USES.--In catarrhal conditions, cough mixtures, acute and chronic
-bronchitis, pneumonia. The spirits of camphor is used in colic mixtures;
-also locally to stop secretions of milk applied frequently; in cardiac
-weakness; strangury may be relieved by one to two ounce doses of the
-spirits for the horse. Spirits of camphor is used in Thumps.
-
-Camphor is a valuable medicine in diarrhoea, particularly in serious
-variety, and in that form following exposure to cold. It is not useful
-in inflammatory conditions, but checks secretions and pain.
-
-Spirit of camphor and nitrous ether are efficient in relieving
-irritation of the genito-urinary tract. Camphor has proven of service in
-purpura hemorrhagica of horses given three times daily in capsules or
-pills.
-
-
-
-
-CANTHARIS--CANTHARIDES--SPANISH FLY--BLISTER BEETLES
-
-
-DERIVATION.--Cantharides is obtained from flies which receive the name
-Spanish Fly on account of so many of them coming from Spain, but they
-are also imported from Germany and Russia; living chiefly on climbing
-shrubs and trees.
-
-DESCRIPTION.--About 20 to 25 m. m. long and about 6 mm. broad, flattish
-cylindrical, with filiform antennae, black in the upper part, and with
-long wing-sheaths, and ample membranous, transparent, brownish wings,
-elsewhere of a shining, coppery-green color. The powder is
-grayish-brown, and contains green shining particles. Odor strong and
-disagreeable; taste slight, afterwards irritating. Cantharides
-deteriorate with age and should be kept unpowdered in tightly stoppered
-bottles.
-
-DOSE.--Of the powdered fly, horses and cattle, 5 to 10 gr.; sheep and
-pigs, 3 to 6 gr.; dogs, ¹⁄₂ to 2 gr.
-
-
-TINCTURA CANTHARIDIS--TINCTURE OF CANTHARIDES
-
-Prepared by percolation of powdered cantharides, 100 parts, with alcohol
-to make 1000 parts.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 dr.; sheep and pigs, 15 to 30 m.; dogs,
-2 to 15 m.
-
-ACTIONS.--Externally, is rubefacient, irritant, vesicant, according to
-the strength used, it promotes water blister; counter-irritant, etc.
-Cantharides acts more powerfully on the skin of horses and dogs than on
-that of cattle and swine. If applied over an extensive surface,
-absorption and poisoning may occur.
-
-Internally cantharides is an irritant, and produces its effects on any
-part which the free cantharidin is brought into contact. When swallowed
-it irritates the digestive mucous membrane; large doses produce
-gastro-enteritis. The active cantharidin is absorbed, and in the blood
-forms a non-irritant albuminoid, but in the kidneys is again liberated,
-developing its characteristic irritation, medical doses stimulating the
-urino-genital tract, causing diuresis, and in some animals increases
-sexual appetite; full doses induce inflammation, slow and painful
-discharge of bloody urine.
-
-USES.--Externally cantharides is employed as a blister rubefacient or as
-a counter-irritant; blisters are formed in from two to eight hours. If
-repeatedly used it may cause sloughing of the tissue; cantharides may be
-used wherever a blister or counter-irritant is required, except in
-inflammation of the urinary organs, as it is absorbed and will increase
-the inflammation. Cantharides conjoined with red mercurous iodide and
-adeps is usually employed in the treatment of diseases of the bones,
-joints, bursae, ligaments and tendons. In exostoses, as bone spavin and
-ring bone, used most effectively after the actual cautery, to secure
-absorption and resolution, or anchylosis. Always clip off the hair close
-before applying a blister, tie or muzzle the animal so he cannot bite
-it; leave blister on forty-eight hours, then wash and grease the parts
-daily. A cantharides blister is sometimes beneficial in hastening the
-formation of abscess (distemper); also to stimulate indolent ulcers or
-wounds; it causes swelling and closes the opening of small umbilical
-hernias of foals and calves. It is also valuable in closing and sealing
-punctured wounds into joints and synovial cavities. The tincture of
-cantharides can be applied once or twice daily, full strength, when the
-exudation of much serum is desired. Cantharides is seldom used
-internally except in incontinuence of urine from debility or partial
-paralysis of the bladder. Seldom used to increase sexual desire. The
-tincture of cantharides should be employed when the drug is administered
-internally.
-
-
-
-
-CAPSICUM--RED PEPPER--CAYENNE PEPPER
-
-
-The dried ripe fruit of Capsicum fastigiatum Blume deprived of its
-calyx.
-
-HABITAT.--Tropical America; cultivated also in other tropical countries.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Capsicum when ground has a hot, pungent, spicy taste.
-
-CONSTITUENTS.--Capsicum contains capsaicin, a crystallizable, acrid
-body; capsicin, a volatile alkaloid; a fixed oil; fatty matter; resin.
-
-DOSE.--Horses, 20 gr. to 1 dr.; cattle, 1 to 2 dr., sheep and pigs, 5 to
-10 gr.; dogs, 1 to 5 gr.
-
-
-PREPARATIONS
-
-
-FLUIDEXTRACTUM CAPSICI--FLUID EXTRACT OF CAPSICUM
-
-Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol, and evaporated, so that
-1 cc. equals 1 gm. of the crude drug.
-
-DOSE.--Horses, 10 m. to 1 dr.; cattle, 1 to 2 dr.; sheep and pigs, 5 to
-10 m.; dogs, 1 to 5 m.
-
-
-TINCTURA CAPSICI--TINCTURE OF CAPSICUM
-
-Made by percolation of capsicum, 100, with alcohol and water to make
-1,000.
-
-DOSE.--Horses, 2 to 4 dr.; cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; sheep and pigs, 20 m.
-to 1 dr.; dogs, 5 to 30 m.
-
-
-OLEORESINA CAPSICI--OLEORESIN OF CAPSICUM
-
-Made by percolation with acetone, distillation and evaporation of the
-residue.
-
-DOSE.--Horses, 10 to 30 m.; cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 5
-m.; dogs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 m.
-
-ACTION AND USES.--Capsicum and its preparations are irritants,
-stimulating stomachics, carminatives and rubefacients. Large doses,
-especially in carnivora and omnivora, are irritant poisons, inflaming
-the alimentary and sometimes also the urino-genital mucous membranes.
-Properly regulated doses are indicated in atonic indigestion and
-flatulent colic in horses combined with ammonium carbonate. It may be
-advantageously combined with bitters, as nux vomica. Capsicum is a
-favorite stimulant and tonic remedy--to the digestion--with poultry
-fanciers. It also increases the laying of eggs when given to hens.
-Externally capsicum is rubefacient and counter-irritant, producing
-about the same degree of irritation as mustard, but causing considerable
-pain. It ought not be used for blistering ointments or for setons.
-
-
-
-
-CHLOROFORMUM--CHLOROFORM
-
-
-A liquid consisting of 99 to 99.4 per cent, by weight, of absolute
-chloroform, and 0.6 to 1 per cent alcohol.
-
-DERIVATION.--Alcohol and water are heated in a still to 37.70° C. (100°
-F.), when chlorinated lime is added and chloroform is evolved.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Chloroform is a heavy, clear, colorless, mobile and
-diffusible liquid, of a characteristic ethereal odor, and a burning
-sweet taste. Specific gravity not below 1.476 at 25° C. (77° F.).
-Soluble in 200 times its volume of cold water, and in all proportions in
-alcohol, ether, benzol, benzine and the fixed and volatile oils.
-Chloroform is not inflammable. Chloroform should be kept in dark amber
-colored well stoppered bottles in a cool and dark place.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 dr.; sheep and pigs, 20 to 40 m.; dogs,
-2 to 8 m. Should be well diluted with glycerine, syrup, eggs or diluted
-alcohol; the above dose can be repeated every two or three hours.
-
-
-PREPARATIONS
-
-
-AQUA CHLOROFORMI--CHLOROFORM WATER
-
-A saturated solution of chloroform and distilled water, it should
-contain one-half per cent of chloroform. Chloroform water has been
-proven to be an excellent vehicle for administering active remedies,
-and, owing to its antiseptic properties, mixtures having it for a basis
-resist decomposition longer than those made with ordinary water. Used
-extensively as a vehicle in cough and diarrhoea mixtures.
-
-
-LINIMENTUM CHLOROFORMI--CHLOROFORM LINIMENT
-
-Made from chloroform, 300 parts, soap liniment 700 parts.
-
-
-SPIRITUS CHLOROFORMI
-
-Made from chloroform 60 parts, alcohol, 940 parts.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs, 2 to 4 dr.; dogs,
-20 to 40 m.
-
-
-CHLOROFORM EMULSUM--EMULSION OF CHLOROFORM
-
-Made from chloroform, expressed oil of almond, tragacanth and water.
-Should contain four per cent of chloroform. A good agent and vehicle for
-diarrhoea and vermifuge mixtures for small animals.
-
-DOSE.--Dogs, 2 dr. to 1 oz.; cats, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.
-
-ACTIONS.--Chloroform is a topical irritant, antiseptic, parasiticide,
-carminative, antispasmodic and analgesic. Full doses quickly and
-powerfully paralyze the cerebro-spinal nervous system; chloroform kills
-by paralyzing the heart and respiration; the latter effects are most
-rapidly produced when the drug is inhaled. Chloroform is the general
-anaesthetic most used for veterinary purposes except for dogs.
-
-Externally it is rubefacient if confined or even suppurant. It also acts
-as a refrigerant, anodyne and local anaesthetic if not confined. It
-penetrates the skin very readily and on this account is commonly used in
-liniments to aid in the absorption of other medicines.
-
-Chloroform compared to ether is much more irritating to the mucous
-membrane, and causes violent gastro-enteritis, if swallowed undiluted;
-it is less stimulating and more depressing to the heart and circulation.
-For inhalation it requires much more air; is less irritant to the air
-passages than ether; is uninflammable, more pleasant, more prompt in
-action, has a shorter stage of excitement, causes a more profound
-narcosis, and is not so nauseating as ether and is cheaper. Statistics
-show it to be five times more fatal than ether.
-
-The results of various experiments show that chloroform and ether both
-act in the same manner upon the heart and respiration, paralyzing the
-latter first; but chloroform acts much more quickly and powerfully than
-ether in both directions. But when chloroform is inhaled in a
-concentrated form it generally paralyzes the heart first.
-
-USES.--Chloroform should be used as an aid in painful and prolonged
-cases of parturition, especially where you have tumultuous contraction
-of the uterus, or rigid contraction of the os. Use just enough by
-inhalation to dull the pain and relax the parts; it will aid you in your
-efforts to rectify abnormal presentations by relaxing the parts.
-
-Internally it is used in spasmodic and flatulent colic as it is an
-antispasmodic carminative and anodyne in its effects; chloroform
-combined with belladonna and opium is very beneficial in spasmodic
-coughs, given in linseed gruel or water, well diluted; in liniments
-about one or two ounces to the pint. Chloroform is used in chronic
-diarrhoea with other medicines, such as morphine, capsicum, camphor, oil
-of peppermint and ether. It is also a good taeniacide.
-
-
-
-
-ANESTHESIA
-
-
-Anesthesia is divided into three stages; the stimulant, anaesthetic and
-paralytic.
-
-_In the first stage_ there is struggling and excitement, due partly to
-the action of the drug and partly to fright. The local irritant action
-of the vapor causes choking and coughing, which also induces struggling.
-
-The respiratory and cardiac centers are temporarily stimulated, as a
-consequence of which the pulse and respiratory movements are increased
-in force and frequency and blood tension is raised.
-
-The smaller animals, particularly the dog, may vomit during the first
-stage of anaesthesia. In the first stage the dog may bark, whine or
-howl, the horse neighs and groans; other animals give expression to
-sounds more or less characteristic to their species.
-
-_The second or anesthetic stage_ is characterized by loss of
-consciousness, sensation, motion and partial loss of reflex action and
-is that state suitable for operations. The stimulating action of the
-anesthetic has passed and there is now depression of the cerebral
-functions, the motor centers. The voluntary muscles are completely
-relaxed, the sphincters occasionally, the patient lies absolutely
-motionless, the cornea fails to respond to irritation, i. e., winking is
-not produced when the cornea is lightly touched with the finger.
-Sometimes the muscles are rigid and twitching during this stage of
-anesthesia, though sensation and consciousness are absent. In the
-anesthesia stage the pulse is slow, full and strong, due to lowered
-blood pressure, the breathing is slow and shallow but regular.
-
-_The third or paralytic stage_, which must be carefully watched against,
-poisoning is beginning and there is depression of the three great
-medullary centers controlling the heart, respiration and vascular
-tension and also the posterior reflex centers of the spinal cord, so
-that the urine and faeces are passed involuntarily. The passage of urine
-frequently occurs in the first stages of anesthesia and should not of
-itself be considered a danger mark. When the pulse becomes rapid, feeble
-and irregular, the breathing is at first stertorous and then the
-respiratory movements become shallow and weak, with long intervals
-intervening between them; this irregularity is a most important danger
-sign. The skin and mucous membrane often become cold and clammy. The
-pupils are usually widely dilated, though death may occur with either
-dilated or contracted pupils and consequently no dependence should be
-put in this sign unless there has been a sudden change from one
-condition of the pupils to the other. The three above mentioned stages
-are conventional, and are not in any case so clearly defined in practice
-as they are described theoretically upon paper. The first stage may be
-either absent or prolonged, and the last stage should not be reached at
-all.
-
-
-COMPARISON OF ETHER WITH CHLOROFORM
-
-          Ether.                          Chloroform.
-  +-------------------------------+-----------------------------
-  | More diffusible.              | Less diffusible; vapor
-  |                               | heavier.
-  +-------------------------------+-----------------------------
-  | Inflammable and explosive.    | Not inflammable, but vapor
-  |                               | decomposes when exposed to a
-  |                               | light and causes irritation
-  |                               | and some times death.
-  +-------------------------------+-----------------------------
-  | Stimulant to heart, except    | Depresses  powerfully the
-  | in enormous quantities.       | heart respiratory and
-  |                               | vaso-motor centers in large
-  |                               | doses.
-  +-------------------------------+-----------------------------
-  | Irritating (due to exclusion  | Less irritating (on account
-  | of air), may induce           | of more air being required
-  | bronchitis and nephritis.     | for dilution.)
-  +-------------------------------+-----------------------------
-  | Respiratory centers not       | Three to five times more
-  | so easily or suddenly         | dangerous (deaths) than
-  | depressed as by chloroform.   | ether.
-  +-------------------------------+-----------------------------
-  | Larger quantities required.   | Smaller quantities required.
-  +-------------------------------+-----------------------------
-  | Less rapid.                   | Acts quickly.
-  +-------------------------------+-----------------------------
-  | More expensive.               | Cheaper.
-  +-------------------------------+-----------------------------
-  | Kills by respiratory failure. | Death from respiratory
-  |                               | failure, combined with
-  |                               | cardiac depression.
-  +-------------------------------+-----------------------------
-
-Consequently you can see considering both drugs to be properly
-administered, all the advantages are in favor of chloroform except
-safety.
-
-Ether is to be preferred for dogs, cats and other small animals.
-
-Chloroform is especially dangerous for dogs, though horses stand it
-exceptionally well and it is preferable to ether in large animals. The
-safety with which chloroform may be administered to large animals
-frequently makes veterinarians careless; that is, they “force” the drug;
-they do not allow sufficient air for dilution, and though the patients
-may not die from the immediate effects of the drug their existence may
-be terminated in a few days from pneumonia or broncho-pneumonia
-(mechanical), due to the irritating effects of the drug.
-
-ANAESTHESIA.--It is best to cast the large animals; after complete
-anaesthesia remove the hobbles.
-
-For dogs make a cone of a towel and paper, put a sponge in the bottom,
-allowing a small opening in the end to admit air; pour in ether a little
-at a time.
-
-In brain diseases or tumors of the brain, chloroform is dangerous.
-Horses with heaves or emphysema should not take chloroform; it is also
-dangerous in fatty degeneration of the heart. Operations during
-incomplete anaesthesia, especially with chloroform, are dangerous;
-always produce complete anaesthesia, have the stomach empty, but don’t
-fast animals for more than two or three meals.
-
-_Things to remember when administering an anaesthetic:_
-
-The operator must be skilled and give his attention exclusively to the
-production of anaesthesia, watching the respiration and pulse for signs
-of failure.
-
-Do not commence operation until anaesthesia is profound, until reflex
-action is abolished, which can be told by touching the eye with the
-finger; obey this, no matter how slight the operation. The utmost care
-should be exercised if the patient is very old or has fatty degeneration
-of the heart, or lung diseases.
-
-Great care should be exercised in operations about the mouth or trachea.
-See that no blood passes down the trachea. The stomach and bowels should
-be empty. This will cause less nausea and feed may be regurgitated and
-run down the trachea.
-
-When purchasing chloroform or ether for anaesthetic purposes insist on
-the best; it must be pure.
-
-Ether can be used almost pure, only a little air being necessarily
-allowed for dilution; chloroform must have a large amount of air.
-
-In all classes of patients the head should be slightly raised, and watch
-the tongue so that it does not fall back over the larynx and suffocate
-the animal.
-
-Anaesthesia should be started very slowly; don’t force either chloroform
-or ether.
-
-It is a good practice to have restoratives ready for use before
-commencing anaesthesia, as aqua ammonia fort., a hypodermic syringe and
-nitro-glycerin.
-
-
-
-
-CINCHONA
-
-
-ORIGIN.--Cinchona is obtained from the bark of a tree (Cinchona
-Calisaya), which grows in South America, East Indies and Jamaica. It
-contains at least five per cent of its peculiar alkaloids, of which not
-less than one-half should be quinine sulphate, which is the most
-important.
-
-ACTIONS.--Cinchona is an astringent. Other than that cinchona and its
-alkaloids possess the same actions, that being, bitter tonic, stimulant,
-antiseptic, antiperiodic, antipyretic, antiphlogistic, antimiasmatic,
-stomachic and antiferment. Large doses are general depressants.
-
-USES.--Cinchona and its alkaloids are recommended for all classes of
-patients as bitter stomachic and tonics. They stimulate the appetite,
-check abnormal gastro-intestinal fermentation and counteract relaxed
-conditions of the intestines and the accumulations of mucus, which prove
-favorable to the development of worms.
-
-In troublesome cases of atonic indigestion in horses respond rapidly
-when quinine sulphate is frequently given in thirty to forty grain doses
-with half a drachm of dilute nitric or hydrochloric acid. Weak foals and
-calves suffering from relaxed condition of the bowels, following a dose
-of castor oil are often much benefited by a few doses of cinchona bark,
-hydrochloric acid dilute and brandy.
-
-Few medicines are so effectual as cinchona bark or quinine sulphate in
-improving appetite and muscular strength and hastening convalescence
-from debilitating disease.
-
-They are advantageous in anaemia joined with iron salts.
-
-Good results are obtained from cinchona or quinine in the earlier stages
-of tuberculosis, in septicaemia and pyaemia in all animals; in
-influenza, protracted cases of strangles, purpura and other similar
-diseases of the horse; in septic metritis in cows and ewes and in
-lingering cases of distemper in dogs. Their beneficial effects in these
-and other diseases probably depending on the action of quinine on
-micro-organisms or their products. It is often useful in rheumatism
-conjoined with salicylic acid or potassium iodide. Administered with
-cathartics, like other bitter tonics, it generally increases their
-activity. Alternated with cod liver or olive oil and iron, quinine is
-the best tonic for weak dogs and those suffering from chorea.
-
-Quinine and urea hydrochloride has recently come into use as local
-anaesthetic. One per cent solutions make a satisfactory substitute for
-cocaine, etc. It also has advantages over cocaine. It is non-toxic, it
-may be exposed to a boiling temperature and its anaesthetic effect for
-dogs after an operation, therefore aiding in dressing of wounds. Its
-anaesthetic effect comes on within five minutes to half an hour after
-being injected into the intended seat of operation.
-
-Speaking from practical experience, I prefer quinine and urea
-hydrochloride to cocaine or any of its allies.
-
-DOSE.--Of the powdered cinchona bark: Horses, 2 dr. to 1 oz.; cattle, 1
-to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 4 dr.; dogs, 10 gr. to 1 dr.
-
-
-ALKALOIDAL SALTS OF CINCHONA--QUININAE SULPHAS--SULPHATE OF QUININE
-
-DOSE.--As a tonic: Horses, 15 gr. to 1 dr.; cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1¹⁄₂ dr.;
-sheep and pigs, 5 to 10 gr.; dogs and cats, 1 to 2 gr. As antipyretic
-Dose: Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 dr.; sheep and pigs, 15 gr to 1 dr.;
-dogs and cats, 5 to 10 gr.
-
-
-QUININAE ET UREAE HYDROCHLORIDUM--QUININE AND UREA HYDROCHLORIDE
-(NON-OFFICIAL)
-
-Soluble in 18 parts of water. Use hypodermically as a local anesthetic.
-
-
-
-
-COCAINAE HYDROCHLORIDUM--COCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE
-
-
-“The dried leaves of Erythroxylon Coca Lamarck (Fam. Erythroxylaceae),
-known commercially as Huanuco Coca, or of E. Truxillense Rusby, known
-commercially as Truxillo Coca, yielding when assayed not less than 0.5
-per cent of the ether-soluble alkaloids of coca.” U. S. “The dried
-leaves of Erythroxylum Coca, Lam., and its varieties.”
-
-HABITAT.--Cultivated in Peru and Bolivia and introduced into medicine by
-Koller in 1884.
-
-DERIVATION.--Cocaine hydrochloride is recovered by agitating an
-acidulated alcoholic solution of coca leaves with ether. The etheral
-liquid is made alkaline with sodium carbonate and evaporated. The
-residue is purified, deodorized, neutralized with hydrochloric acid and
-finally crystallized.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A colorless, transparent, monoclinic prism, flaky, lustrous
-leaflets or a white crystalline powder; permanent in air, containing no
-water of crystallization; odorless; of a saline, slightly bitter taste,
-and producing on the tongue a tingling sensation followed by numbness of
-several minutes’ duration. Soluble in 0.4 part of water, 2.6 parts of
-alcohol and in 18.5 parts of chloroform at 25° C. (77° F.); soluble in
-benzine, petroleum benzine and ether. It leaves no residue on
-incineration. Its aqueous solution is neutral to litmus paper.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 5 to 20 gr.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 3 gr.; dogs,
-¹⁄₈ to 1 gr. Not much used internally.
-
-ACTION.--Cocaine in small doses is a cerebral, cardiac, respiratory and
-nervous stimulant and dieuretic; overdoses cause delirium with cardiac
-and respiratory failure. Cocaine is a powerful local anaesthetic; used
-for all animals in 4 to 10 per cent solution, usually a 4 to 6 per cent
-solution is strong enough for ordinary operations. Inject under the
-skin, into the muscular tissue or over nerve trunks for minor
-operations. Applied to such structures as the eye, penis, tongue and
-other delicate mucous surfaces as the uterus, vagina, rectum, etc. It
-causes profound but temporary anaesthesia over a small area; it causes
-rapid and extreme dilation of the pupil.
-
-Cocaine is injected for minor operations to prevent pain, such as
-neurectomy, removing tumors, operations on the eyes, tongue, fistulae,
-firing, etc. For dogs it should be used with great caution, a two per
-cent solution usually being enough and as little as possible being used.
-
-For the horse, as a rule, not more than two drachms of a five per cent
-solution should be injected subcutaneously, lest restlessness,
-excitement, etc., ensue, which though not necessarily dangerous, may
-interfere with the operation.
-
-In using cocaine as a diagnostic agent for lameness, the fact must not
-be lost sight of that it is a cerebral stimulant and that if a large
-quantity is injected it may cause such a degree of excitement as to make
-the patient forget his lameness, thus leading the operator to believe
-that the improvement is due to anaesthesia below the point of injection,
-when the apparent remission from the lameness is of physical origin.
-Cocaine is advantageously used in painful eye affections. Its effects
-may be prolonged and the danger of its use lessened by dissolving the
-cocaine in a 1 to 1000 adrenalin chloride solution.
-
-
-
-
-CRETA PRAEPARATA--PREPARED CHALK
-
-
-DERIVATION.--Native calcium carbonate, freed from most of its impurities
-by elutriation.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A white, amorphous powder, often molded into conical drops;
-odorless and tasteless; permanent in the air. Almost insoluble in water;
-insoluble in alcohol.
-
-DOSE.--Horses, 1 to 2 oz.; cattle, 2 to 4 oz.; sheep and pigs, 2 to 4
-dr.; dogs, 10 gr. to 1 dr.
-
-
-PREPARATIONS
-
-
-PULVIS CRETAE COMPOSITUS--COMPOUND CHALK POWDER
-
-Composed of chalk, 30 parts; acacia, 20 parts; sugar, 50 parts.
-
-DOSE.--Dogs, 10 gr. to 1 dr.; cats, 1 to 5 gr.
-
-
-MISTURA CRETAE--CHALK MIXTURE
-
-Composed of compound chalk powder, 20 parts; cinnamon water, 40 parts;
-water to make 100.
-
-DOSE.--Dogs, 1 to 2 oz.; cats, 1 to 2 dr.
-
-ACTIONS.--Internally, chalk is the slowest acting antacid, because of
-its comparative insolubility and is of value when it can exert its
-long-continued influence throughout the digestive tract. It resembles
-bismuth in mechanically coating or protecting inflamed or irritable
-surfaces. It is not so astringent nor antiseptic as the bismuth salts,
-and these are generally preferable to chalk for the smaller animals. It
-is excreted unchanged in the feces. Externally it is a dessicant and
-slightly astringent powder, also protective.
-
-USES.--Chalk forms a dusting powder for moist eczema, slight burns and
-intertrigo; zinc oxide and starch (one to four) is, however, a better
-preparation. Chalk is the most useful antacid for diarrhoea accompanied
-by fermentation of the intestinal contents, while its local astringent
-and protecting influence assists in overcoming the trouble. It is
-especially good for foals and calves given in flour gruel and often
-conjoined with catechu, ginger and opium.
-
-Chalk may be given to dogs in pills or powder; to other animals in
-powder, capsules or electuary. Chalk is frequently prescribed suspended
-in flour, gruel, milk or mucilage to the larger animals. The chalk
-preparations are suitable for dogs and cats.
-
-
-
-
-CUPRI SULPHAS--COPPER SULPHATE--BLUE VITRIOL--BLUE STONE
-
-
-DERIVATION.--Boil metallic copper and sulphuric acid together. Dissolve
-product in hot water and crystallize.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Large, transparent, deep blue, triclinic crystals;
-odorless, of a nauseous, metallic taste; slowly efflorescent in dry air;
-soluble in water; almost insoluble in alcohol.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 dr.; sheep and pigs, 20 to 40 gr.;
-dogs, 1 to 2 gr.
-
-As a tonic and astringent, repeat two or three times daily; given either
-in capsule or in some mucilagenous solution, or in powder form, with
-some inert substance; when given as a tonic should be given at time of
-feeding, or right after eating.
-
-ACTIONS.--Gastro-intestinal irritant, astringent, tonic, emetic in large
-doses; acts directly on the stomach; antiseptic and vermifuge.
-
-USES.--Internally used as emetic, antidote for phosphorus, atony of the
-bowels, diarrhoea, especially combined with dilute sulphuric acid opium;
-is supposed to prevent the development of farcy and glanders in exposed
-animals. Used externally as a caustic and stimulant; styptic, also used
-for foot-rot; for granular eyelids, touch lightly over the granular
-surface with the sulphate of copper.
-
-
-
-
-DIGITALIS--FOXGLOVE
-
-
-The dried leaves of Digitalis purpurea Linne (Fam. Scrophulariaceae),
-collected from plants of the second year’s growth, at the commencement
-of flowering.
-
-HABITAT.--Foxglove grows wild in the temperate parts of Europe, where it
-flowers in the middle of summer. In this country it is cultivated for
-ornamental and for medical use.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Foxglove is without odor in the recent state, but acquires
-a faint narcotic odor when dried. The color of the dried leaf is a dull
-pale green, modified by the whitish down upon the under surface; that of
-the powder is a fine deep green.
-
-CONSTITUENTS.--Digitalein, Digitonin, Digitalin and Digitoxin, the
-latter is most poisonous and active. Said to be cumulative.
-
-DOSE.--Digitalis leaves, horses, 15 gr. to 1 dr.; cattle, 30 gr to 1¹⁄₂
-dr.; sheep and pigs, 5 to 15 gr.; dogs, ¹⁄₂ to 3 gr.
-
-ACTIVE PRINCIPLES.--Digitoxin--It occurs in crystals, soluble in alcohol
-and chloroform, slightly in ether, and insoluble in water; said to be
-cumulative.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, ¹⁄₈ to ¹⁄₄ gr.; dogs, ¹⁄₂₅₀ to ¹⁄₅₀ gr.
-
-Digitalein, an amorphous, bitter substance, soluble in water and alcohol
-and non-cumulative.
-
-DOSE.--Same as digitoxin.
-
-Digitalin, a very bitter, crystalline substance, soluble in alcohol, and
-slightly soluble in water and ether.
-
-DOSE.--Same as for digitoxin.
-
-Digitonin, resembling or identical with saponin of senega. White,
-amorphous powder, soluble in water. It is a heart depressant, muscular
-paralyzant and powerful irritant, besides being antagonistic to
-digitalis. In addition to these principles there are: Digitin, an
-inactive substance. Digitalic and antirrhinic acids. Tannin coloring
-matter, starch, sugar, gum, a volatile oil, salts, etc., common to most
-vegetables.
-
-
-PREPARATIONS
-
-
-EXTRACTUM DIGITALIS--EXTRACT OF DIGITALIS
-
-Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol and water; distillation
-of alcohol and evaporation to pilular substance.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 5 to 10 gr.; sheep and pigs, ¹⁄₂ to 2 gr.;
-dogs, ¹⁄₈ to 1 gr.
-
-
-FLUIDEXTRACTUM DIGITALIS--FLUID EXTRACT OF DIGITALIS
-
-Prepared by maceration and percolation with alcohol and water, and
-evaporating so that 1 c. c. equals 1 gm. of the crude drug.
-
-DOSE.--Horses, 10 m. to 1 dr.; cattle, 30 m. to 1¹⁄₂ dr.; sheep and
-pigs, 5 to 15 m.; dogs, ¹⁄₂ to 2 m.
-
-
-TINCTURA DIGITALIS--TINCTURE OF DIGITALIS
-
-Composed of powdered digitalis 100 parts with sufficient alcohol and
-water to make 1000 parts. By maceration and percolation.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 dr.; sheep and pigs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.;
-dogs, 5 to 20 m.
-
-
-INFUSUM DIGITALIS--INFUSION OF DIGITALIS
-
-Composed of digitalis 15 parts, alcohol 100 parts, cinnamon water 150
-parts, boiling water 500 parts, cold water to make 1000 parts. By
-maceration.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 oz.; sheep and pigs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.;
-dogs, 1 to 4 dr.
-
-There are several substitutes for digitalis found in commerce.
-
-ACTIONS.--A cardiac and vascular tonic and stimulant, a motor excitant,
-paralyzant, anaphrodisiac, it is an indirect diuretic and an emetic,
-irritates the mucous membrane.
-
-The heart is slowed but the force is increased; digitalis stimulates the
-cardiac motor ganglia, the inhibitory apparatus and the vaso-motor
-centers, contracting the arterioles and thereby greatly raising the
-arterial tension; large doses exhaust and paralyze the heart.
-
-Its diuretic action is very complex, one of the active principles,
-digitalin, increases the arterial pressure by contracting the blood
-vessels of the body, while the large renal arteries are dilated by two
-of its active principles, digitoxin and digitalein. On this account
-digitalis is an ideal diuretic.
-
-USES.--It is used as a cardiac stimulant in full doses, followed by
-small ones; used in heart and cardiac debility from any cause,
-irregularity of the heart due to debility; used in dropsical conditions,
-combined with acetate or nitrate of potash; it is useful in congestion
-of organs, useful in the first stages of pneumonia and scarlatina; as a
-diuretic over the region of the kidneys this can be used two or three
-times daily; when internal remedies fail to increase the action of the
-kidneys this is very effectual. Useful in palpitation of the heart due
-to overexertion. Digitalis is occasionally employed with good results as
-a poultice of the leaves, applied over the loins to promote diuresis, or
-in local inflammation, to contract blood vessels.
-
-
-
-
-FERRUM REDUCTUM--REDUCED IRON
-
-
-DERIVATION.--Hydrogen gas is passed over freshly made and carefully
-washed ferric oxide in a hot and closed tube.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A very fine grayish-black, lustreless powder, without odor
-or taste; permanent in dry air; insoluble in water or alcohol.
-
-DOSE.--Horses, 1 to 2 dr.; cattle, 2 to 4 dr.; sheep and pigs, 20 to 30
-gr.; dogs, 1 to 5 gr.
-
-
-
-
-FERRI SULPHAS--FERROUS SULPHATE--COPPERAS--GREEN VITRIOL
-
-
-DERIVATION.--Iron wire is dissolved by boiling in dilute sulphuric acid.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Large, pale bluish-green, monoclinic prisms, without odor
-and having a saline styptic taste; efflorescent in dry air. On exposure
-to moist air the crystals rapidly absorb oxygen and become coated with
-brownish-yellow, basic ferric sulphate; soluble in water, insoluble in
-alcohol.
-
-DOSE.--Same as reduced iron.
-
-
-FERRI SULPHAS EXSICCATUS--DRIED FERROUS SULPHATE
-
-DERIVATION.--Allow ferrous sulphate, 100 parts, to effloresce at a
-temperature of 104° F., then heat on a water bath until the product
-weighs 65.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A greyish-white powder, slowly but completely soluble in
-water, without odor, and having a saline styptic taste.
-
-DOSE.--Same as reduced iron.
-
-
-
-
-FERRI CARBONAS SACCHARATUS--SACCHARATED FERROUS CARBONATE
-
-
-DERIVATION.--Ferrous sulphate, 50; sodium bicarbonate, 35; sugar and
-distilled water. Made by solution, precipitation and washing.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Greenish-brown powder, without odor; sweetish taste;
-becomes oxidized on exposure to the air.
-
-DOSE.--Horses, 2 to 4 dr.; cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; sheep and pigs, ¹⁄₂ to
-1 dr.; dogs, 2 to 10 gr.
-
-
-
-
-SYRUPUS FERRI IODIDI--SYRUP OF FERROUS IODIDE
-
-
-Contains five per cent, by weight, of ferrous iodide.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Transparent, pale green liquid; sweet, ferruginous taste.
-
-DOSE.--Horses, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 2
-dr.; dogs, 5 to 30 m. Given when you want the combined action of iron
-and iodine.
-
-ACTION.--Tonic, alterative, diuretic and emmenagogue.
-
-
-
-
-FERRI CHLORIDUM--FERRIC CHLORIDE
-
-
-Ferric chloride should contain not less than 22 per cent of metallic
-iron in the form of chloride.
-
-PROPERTIES.--It is in orange-yellow, crystalline pieces, odorless or
-having a faint odor of hydrochloric acid and a strong styptic taste;
-deliquescent; soluble in water and alcohol; not used internally.
-
-Used almost exclusively in the form of tincture or liquor, and in
-reference to its effect and application I refer you to Tincture Ferri
-Chloridi and Liquor Ferri Chloridi.
-
-
-LIQUOR FERRI CHLORIDE--SOLUTION OF FERRI CHLORIDE
-
-DERIVATION.--Dissolve iron wire, 125, in hydrochloric acid, 680, nitric
-acid and water to make 1000.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A reddish-brown liquid, having a faint odor of hydrochloric
-acid, an acid, strongly styptic taste.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 dr.; sheep and pigs, 10 to 20 m.; dogs,
-2 to 10 m. All liquid preparations of iron should be well diluted with
-water or oil.
-
-
-TINCTURA FERRI CHLORIDI--TINCTURE OF FERRIC CHLORIDE
-
-Composed of ferric chloride, 350 parts; alcohol to make 1000.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs, 20 to 30 m.; dogs,
-5 to 30 m.
-
-
-
-
-LIQUOR FERRI SUBSULPHATIS--SOLUTION OF FERRIC SUBSULPHATE--MONSEL’S
-SOLUTION
-
-
-A solution of sulphate of iron, sulphuric and nitric acids.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A dark reddish-brown liquid, odorless or nearly so; of an
-acid, strongly styptic taste; miscible in water and alcohol.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 dr.; sheep and pigs, 10 to 20 m.; dogs,
-2 to 10 m. This is used almost entirely for external use as an
-astringent and styptic.
-
-There are 36 official preparations of iron and a number of unofficial
-preparations, quite a few of which are impracticable for use in
-veterinary medicine, consequently we have considered only those which
-are practicable for use. Some are more irritating than others and some
-have special actions due to other drugs combined with the iron.
-
-
-
-
-GENERAL ACTION OF IRON AND ITS SALTS
-
-
-Iron is not a foreign substance to the organism. It is constantly
-present in the blood, gastric juice, lymph, bile, pigment of the eye and
-traces of it in the milk and urine. In man there is 1 part of iron to
-230 red blood corpuscles, and in cattle 1 to 194 red globules. That it
-performs a very important part is shown in the rapid construction of red
-globules when iron is administered in anaemia. Without it haematin is
-not formed and red globules diminish in number. By its medicinal use we
-furnish to the blood a material which it needs. The action of iron is
-not limited merely to the construction of red blood. It also promotes
-the appetite and invigorates the digestion when there is no intolerance
-to its presence in the stomach. By increasing the disposition for food
-and the ability to dispose of it, iron acts as a stomachic, consequently
-when given in the healthy state or when administered for too long a
-period during disease the gastric glands become exhausted by
-over-stimulation; then it is said that iron disagrees. Being a
-restorative its use is contra-indicated in a condition of plethora
-(fullness of the blood vessels). In large doses the soluble preparations
-of iron give rise to nausea and vomiting, some of them possessing more
-or less toxic activity. The iodide chloride and sulphate are the most
-active. Large doses will produce gangrene of the stomach and intestines.
-Certain salts of iron, as the sulphates, nitrates and chlorides, possess
-a high degree of astringency, hence they produce constipation when taken
-internally. When brought into contact with blood they coagulate it,
-forming a tough brownish magma, and as the albuminous elements of the
-tissues are also solidified they are powerful haemostatics. Iron is
-eliminated chiefly by the intestinal route, partly by the liver into the
-bile, thence into the intestines, some by the kidneys also. The tincture
-of the chloride being especially diuretic.
-
-Iron is a haematinic, stomachic, styptic, astringent or haemostatic. The
-tincture chloride in addition is diuretic. The sulphate is in addition
-vermicide. The iodide is alterative and resolvent as well as tonic. A
-medicine used in combination with iron may modify or enhance its action.
-Externally iron salts contract tissue by coagulating albumen when
-applied to raw surfaces or mucous membranes, and through this means by
-compressing the blood vessels from without and plugging them from within
-with clotted blood, arrest hemorrhage. The astringent salts may also
-induce some contraction of the vessels besides. Iron in the form of
-liquor ferri chloridi or liquor ferri subsulphatis is the most powerful
-of the metallic hemostatic agents we possess.
-
-USES INTERNALLY.--The saccharated carbonate is staple, non-irritating to
-the stomach, and especially suited to dogs. It has the same uses as the
-sulphate. It is also used for the other animals when the stomach is
-weak.
-
-Sulphate of iron is used locally as an astringent and internally as a
-haematinic and tonic in anaemia. It improves the appetite and abates
-exhausting discharges, as in nasal gleet and leucorrhoea. In atonic
-torpidity of bowels it is prescribed with aloes; also in the same way
-for intestinal worms. Conjoined with iodine it is the best prescription
-for diabetes insipidus. It is also prescribed with good results in the
-first stages of liver rot in sheep. Chorea and epilepsy when with
-anaemia are benefited by iron. Combined iron and arsenic for chorea.
-Septicaemia, pyaemia and all forms of blood poisoning, as purpura,
-haemorrhagica, scarlatina, etc., with quinine. The tincture chloride is
-prescribed in blood poisoning. In red water of cattle, after bowels are
-freely opened. In convalescence from debilitating diseases it is a
-valuable tonic combined with other medicines as nux vomica, quinine,
-etc. Such diseases as influenza, chest diseases and chronic catarrh
-should be followed with iron and other tonics.
-
-Iodide of iron is used when an alterative as well as a tonic action is
-desired. It is given to promote the absorption of glandular enlargements
-in young and weakly animals, and in swelling of the joints. It is useful
-in polyuria or diabetes insipidus, also nasal gleet.
-
-Tincture chloride of iron acts as a haematinic, tonic, antiseptic,
-astringent, styptic, diuretic and local irritant or caustic. It is
-serviceable in most cases in which the sulphate is recommended. It is
-used in atonic dyspepsia and for the removal of intestinal worms, in
-relaxed and sore throat.
-
-Tincture Chloride of iron is also used in anaemia combined with arsenic
-or quinine, and in blood poisoning combined with quinine. It also
-promotes absorption of inflammatory material when associated with
-debility and anaemia. It is the most serviceable preparation of iron for
-influenza, purpura and scarlatina, as it has a tonic effect on both the
-blood and arterioles. In these cases it is prescribed with turpentine,
-quinine and oil. It is used in rheumatism in weakly patients alternated
-with salol, salicylic acid or salicylate of soda. Also used as an
-astringent and stimulant for the genito-urinary mucous membrane. The
-tincture being excreted by the kidneys, is preferred to watery solution.
-It is particularly suited for distemper and rheumatic lameness in weakly
-dogs.
-
-USES.--Externally: Liquor ferri chloridi and liquor ferri subsulphatis
-are sometimes used to stop bleeding from wounds or natural cavities of
-the body. They may be injected, applied by swab, or on absorbent
-material, which is packed into the wound or cavity. As a local
-application in pharyngitis, we use one part of the solution of ferric
-chloride with four parts of glycerine. In the same strength, diluted
-with water, the chloride may be injected into the uterus to stop
-hemorrhage. Again, a solution in the strength of two drachms to the pint
-of water, is employed as an enema to destroy ascarides. The objection to
-these solutions of iron is that they form heavy, nasty, tenacious clots
-when employed to arrest hemorrhage, and the clots are apt to decompose
-and favor sepsis. Therefore they should not be used if other means, as
-ligature, pressure, heat or cold can be utilized. Iron is regarded as a
-specific for erysipelas. It is given both internally and externally.
-
-ADMINISTRATION OF IRON.--The fluid preparations should be freely
-diluted; the solid preparations should be combined with protectives or
-inert remedies, either in powder or capsule form, or with stomachics as
-gentian root. Iron causes less gastric irritation and enters the blood
-more readily if given with or immediately after meals. In anaemia it
-should be given in increased doses. Overcome constipation by giving when
-necessary or combining iron with laxatives as linseed oil.
-
-
-
-
-GAMBIR--CATECHU
-
-
-An extract prepared from the leaves and twigs of Ourouparia Gambir
-(Hunter), Ballon (Fam. Rubiaceae). U. S. “An extract of the leaves and
-young shoots of the Uncaria Gambir, Roxb.”
-
-HABITAT.--Africa and Southern Asia.
-
-DESCRIPTION.--Irregular masses or cubes; reddish-brown, pale
-brownish-gray or light brown; fracture dull-earthy; friable,
-crystalline; inodorous, bitterish, very astringent, with a sweetish
-after-taste; free from starch. Not less than 70 per cent should be
-soluble in alcohol.
-
-CONSTITUENTS.--Catechutannic acid (about 45 per cent) is the active
-principle; it is converted into the isomeric inactive catchnic acid, or
-catchin, by the saliva and by boiling, a red color being developed.
-There is also pyrocatechin or catechol.
-
-INCOMPATIBLES.--Alkalies, metallic salts and gelatine.
-
-DOSE.--Horses, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 2
-dr.; dogs, 5 to 30 gr.
-
-
-PREPARATIONS
-
-
-TINCTURA GAMBIR COMPOSITA--COMPOUND TINCTURE OF GAMBIR
-
-Composed of gambir, 50; cinnamon, 25; alcohol to make 1000.
-
-DOSE.--Horses, ¹⁄₂ to 2 oz.; cattle, 1 to 3 oz.; sheep and pigs, ¹⁄₂ to
-1 oz.; calves and foals, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; lambs, 10 to 30 m.; dogs, ¹⁄₂ to
-1 dr. The above doses can be considerably increased and are good in
-cases of diarrhoea of small and young animals.
-
-ACTION AND USES.--Gambir is administered to all classes of domestic
-animals for the arrest of chronic catarrhal discharges and haemorrhage,
-especially from the alimentary canal. The insoluble catechnic acid
-beneficially exerts its astringency on the relaxed, over-secreting
-surfaces alike of small and large intestines. In chronic diarrhoea and
-in dysentery it is combined with aromatics to allay flatulence; with
-opium to relieve irritability and spasm; with alkalies, magnesia, or
-chalk to counteract acidity.
-
-If there is much mucus in the fecal discharges, showing a catarrhal
-state of the intestinal mucous membrane, it is advisable to give oil,
-salts or calomel before checking up the bowels with an astringent.
-
-
-
-
-GENTIANA--GENTIAN
-
-
-Gentian is obtained from the root Gentiana lutae.
-
-HABITAT.--Mountainous parts of Southern and Central Europe.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Odor strong, characteristic; taste slightly sweetish,
-strongly and persistently bitter. The powder is free from starch grains
-and sclerenchymatic tissues.
-
-DOSE.--Horses, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 2
-dr.; dogs, 5 to 30 gr.
-
-
-PREPARATIONS
-
-
-EXTRACTUM GENTIANAE--EXTRACT OF GENTIAN
-
-Made by maceration and percolation with water and evaporated.
-
-DOSE.--Horses, 30 gr. to 1 dr.; cattle, 1 to 2 dr.; sheep and pigs, 20
-to 40 gr.; dogs, 1 to 3 gr.
-
-
-FLUIDEXTRACTUM OF GENTIANAE--FLUIDEXTRACT OF GENTIAN
-
-Made by maceration and percolation with dilute alcohol and evaporated,
-so that 1 c. c. equals 1 gm. of the crude drug.
-
-DOSE.--Horses, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 2
-dr.; dogs, 5 to 30 m.
-
-
-TINCTURA GENTIANAE COMPOSITA--COMPOUND TINCTURE OF GENTIAN
-
-Composed of gentian, 100 parts; bitter orange peel, 40 parts; cardamon,
-10 parts; made by maceration and percolation with alcohol and water.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 4 oz.; sheep and pigs, 2 dr. to 1 oz.;
-dogs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.
-
-ACTION AND USES.--Gentian is a pure bitter, and is prescribed as a
-stomachic and tonic for all classes of animals. Gentian improves the
-appetite and general tone. In atonic indigestion it is particularly
-useful amongst young animals, and in such cases is often conjoined with
-ginger and sodium bicarbonate. In relaxed and irritable states of the
-bowels and where intestinal worms are suspected, after administration of
-a laxative, gentian and dilute hydrochloric acid are of service. For
-horses suffering from simple catarrh few combinations are more effectual
-than an ounce of powdered gentian, two drachms potassium nitrate with
-two ounces of magnesium sulphate, dissolved in a pint of linseed tea,
-repeated morning and night. Where more general tonic effects are sought,
-iron sulphate is alternated with the gentian and salines. Gentian proves
-an excellent stomachic and stimulating tonic in influenza and other
-epizootics, helps convalescence from exhausting disorders and is a
-useful restorative for horses, overworked or suffering from loss of
-appetite or slight cold. The powdered gentian should be added to aloes
-when given in full cathartic doses to horses.
-
-
-
-
-HYDRARGYRI CHLORIDUM CORROSIVUM--CORROSIVE MERCURIC CHLORIDE--BICHLORIDE
-OF MERCURY--CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE
-
-
-ORIGIN.--Bichloride of mercury is obtained as a sulphate by heating a
-mixture of mercuric sulphate, sodium chloride and a little black oxide
-of manganese.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Heavy, colorless masses; soluble one in sixteen of water,
-one in three of alcohol; hydrochloric acid or muriate of ammonia
-increases its solubility.
-
-ACTIONS.--It is a corrosive, irritant poison; it is occasionally
-prescribed as an alterative, antiseptic and hepatic stimulant; repeated
-doses or long continued produce mercurialism. Externally, it is used as
-an antiseptic, astringent, caustic and parasiticide. It is a most
-powerful antiseptic when five parts of tartaric acid are added to one
-part of bichloride of mercury, which prevents the formation of insoluble
-albuminates of mercury in the tissues which checks any further action of
-the drug. Hydrochloric acid equal parts serves the same purpose.
-
-USES.--For internal use milder preparations of mercury are preferred,
-and it is dangerous to use it for the production of mercurialism. For
-horses it has been prescribed in tetanus, chronic skin eruptions and
-swollen oedematous legs following repeated attacks of lymphangitis. Its
-chief use is that of an antiseptic externally for many surgical
-purposes, usually in the strength of one to five hundred, one to one
-thousand; for uterine injections, one to five thousand or one in ten
-thousand. Seven and a half grains to a pint of water makes a one to one
-thousand solution. Seven and a half grains to a quart of water makes a
-one to two thousand solution. Fifteen grains to a pint of water makes a
-one to five hundred solution. Instruments, sponges, towels as well as
-the hands are disinfected by washing in a one thousandth solution. But
-it is injurious to most metal instruments and irritates and roughens the
-operator’s hands. Best antiseptic for foul wounds, thrush, poll-evil,
-quittor and fistulous withers and nail punctures of the feet, a one in
-five hundred to one in one thousand solution to destroy the cryptogamic
-growths of ringworm, to kill lice and allay the itching of puritis and
-urticaria. Bichloride of mercury one part in one or two thousand parts
-of water is injected into the uterus in metritis, and in cases of
-abortion with good results. Contagious abortion is satisfactorily
-prevented by washing the aborted animal’s tail and external genital
-organs twice daily. All pregnant cows should be treated in the same
-manner. Warm solutions are much more active than cold.
-
-A one in three to five thousand solutions are used in purulent
-conjunctivitis or wounds of the eye and lids, by frequently saturating
-absorbent cotton in the solution and holding over the eye by means of a
-clean cloth or bandage.
-
-DOSES.--Horse, 1 to 5 gr.; cattle, 2 to 8 gr.; sheep, ¹⁄₂ to 1 gr.; pigs
-¹⁄₈ to ¹⁄₂ gr.; dogs, ¹⁄₆₀ to ¹⁄₁₀ gr. Not often given internally. It is
-the best of all the preparations of mercury for hypodermic use in
-syphilitic diseases.
-
-ANTIDOTES.--The white of eggs, stomach pump for horses and emesis for
-dogs; wheat flower, milk, etc.
-
-
-HYDRARGYRI CHLORIDUM MITE--MILD MERCUROUS CHLORIDE--CALOMEL
-
-ORIGIN.--Calomel is obtained by heating a mixture of mercurous sulphate
-and sodium chlorid. Calomel is found native in Spain and Carniola, but
-in too small quantities for commercial value.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Calomel is a dull-white heavy powder. It is inodorous,
-insoluble in water, alcohol or ether.
-
-ACTIONS.--Calomel is a cathartic, laxative, alterative, diuretic and
-vermifuge. Small doses are laxatives when repeated, large doses are
-cathartics, full doses irritate the stomach and produce emesis in man
-and dog. By stimulating the urea functions of the liver diuresis are
-produced, its action on the liver does not directly increase the
-secretion of bile, but removes it from the duodenum which reflexly
-increases its secretion. Repeated doses produce mercurial poisoning. It
-is an alterative when combined with opium, laxative in small repeated
-doses and cathartic in larger doses.
-
-USES.--Calomel is useful in gastric and intestinal catarrh, bilious
-diarrhoea, influenza lymphangitis and liver disorders which show
-themselves by a yellowness of the visible mucous membranes. It is a
-useful adjuvant cathartic conjoined with aloes or other cathartics. As
-a laxative or cathartic for horses give aloes and calomel; cattle and
-sheep, magnesium and sodium sulphate; for pigs, dogs and cats with
-jalap. Pure calomel is a specific for thrush. It is also useful in the
-treatment of moist skin and raw sores, mixed in equal parts with bismuth
-subnitrate it quickly dries the flesh and prevents itching.
-
-DOSES.--As a laxative vermifuge and alterative horses and cattle take 20
-to 40 grs.; sheep and pigs, 5 to 20 grs.; dogs and cats, ¹⁄₁₆ to 1 gr.,
-given two or three times a day with equal weight of opium which prevents
-griping and a too rapid removal by the bowels. As a cathartic, calomel
-is best conjoined with other medicines regulated by that of the medicine
-with which it is conjoined. A full cathartic for horses should consist
-of calomel 1 to 1¹⁄₂ drs. with aloes 4 to 6 drs.; cattle, 1¹⁄₂ to 2 drs.
-with magnesium sulphate or sodium sulphate 1 to 1¹⁄₂ pounds; sheep, 5 to
-30 grs. with magnesium sulphate 4 to 8 ounces; pigs, 5 to 30 grs. with
-sodium bicarbonate ¹⁄₂ to 1 ounce; dogs and cats ¹⁄₈ to 10 grs. with
-jalap 10 to 30 grains.
-
-
-HYDRARGYRI IODIDUM RUBRUM--RED IODIDE OF MERCURY--BINIODIDE OF MERCURY
-
-ORIGIN.--Red iodide of mercury is obtained by dissolving in water
-separately bichloride of mercury and potassium iodide, and pour both
-solutions slowly and stirring actively.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A scarlet-red, amorphous powder; odorless and tasteless;
-permanent in air, insoluble in water; soluble in one hundred and
-twenty-five parts of alcohol.
-
-ACTIONS.--Red iodide of mercury is a stimulant irritant, resolvent
-pustulant antiseptic and parasiticide.
-
-USES.--Mixed with one to eight parts of lard it is a blister used to
-reduce bony enlargements or bone-tumors as in splints, bone spavin,
-ringbone, sidebone and actinomycosis; it is also used with good results
-in reducing soft swellings, to arrest chronic inflammation and promote
-absorption of inflammatory deposits, as seen in sprained tendons, curbs,
-enlarged joints, bursae, etc. It is frequently used as a
-counter-irritant in sore throat, chronic cough and roaring. Mixed with
-cantharides the strength can be reduced as an irritant and less apt to
-permanently destroy the hair bulbs. It is used internally to arrest the
-growths of actinomycoses and scirrhous cord, but in those cases the
-benefits are derived from the potassium iodide which it contains, and I
-would recommend administering internally without the mercury.
-
-
-HYDRARGYRI OXIDUM FLAVUM--YELLOW MERCURIC OXIDE
-
-ORIGIN.--Yellow mercuric oxide is obtained by the interaction of
-mercuric chloride and sodium hydroxide.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Mercuric oxide is of a yellow color, similar to that of the
-yolk of egg, and is a completely amorphous powder; odorless, and having
-a somewhat metallic taste; permanent in the air, but turning dark on
-exposure to light; insoluble in water or alcohol.
-
-ACTIONS.--A stimulant caustic and anesthetic.
-
-USES.--The official ointment of yellow mercuric oxide is prescribed as a
-stimulant and anesthetic in chronic inflammation and ulceration of the
-eye (4 gr. of yellow mercuric oxide to 1 oz. of vaseline). It is also
-employed on skin diseases, indolent ulcers, swollen glands and
-granulated wounds.
-
-
-
-
-HYDRASTIS--GOLDEN SEAL
-
-
-The rhizome and roots of hydrastis canadensis Linne, yielding not less
-than 2.5 per cent of hydrastine.
-
-HABITAT.--North America in woods west to Missouri and Arkansas.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Externally brownish-gray to yellow-brown; fracture short,
-wood wedges bright yellow, pith large, light yellow, the roots thin,
-brittle, with a thick yellow bark and a somewhat quadrangular wood; odor
-distinct; taste bitter.
-
-CONSTITUENTS.--Berberine, an alkaloid occurring in yellow crystals;
-hydrastine, a colorless crystalline alkaloid, soluble in alcohol and
-ether; canadine occurring in white, acicular crystals.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 dr. to 1 oz.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 2 dr.;
-dogs, 5 gr. to 1 dr.
-
-
-PREPARATIONS
-
-
-FLUIDEXTRACTUM HYDRASTIS--FLUIDEXTRACT OF HYDRASTIS
-
-Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol, glycerin and water and
-evaporation.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 3 drs. to 1 oz.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 2 drs.;
-dogs, 5 gr. to 1 dr.
-
-
-TINCTURA HYDRASTIS--TINCTURE OF HYDRASTIS
-
-Made by maceration and percolation of hydrastis, with diluted alcohol.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs, 2 to 4 drs.; dogs,
-¹⁄₂ to 2 drs.
-
-
-GLYCERITUM HYDRASTIS--GLYCERITE OF HYDRASTIS
-
-Made by maceration and percolation of hydrastis, 1000 parts add water to
-the percolate and evaporate. Add water to the residue, set aside 24
-hours and filter; add enough water to the filtrate to make 500 parts;
-then add glycerin 500.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 drs. to 1 oz.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 2 drs.;
-dogs, 5 m. to 1 dr.
-
-
-HYDRASTINNAE HYDROCHLORIDUM--HYDRASTINE HYDROCHLORIDE
-
-The hydrochloride of an artificial alkaloid derived from hydrastine.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Light, yellow, amorphous granules, or a pale yellow
-crystalline powder; odorless and having a bitter, saline taste;
-deliquescent on exposure to damp air. Very soluble in cold and hot water
-and in alcohol.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 to 6 grs.; sheep and pigs, ¹⁄₂ to 1¹⁄₂ grs.;
-dogs, ¹⁄₁₂ to ¹⁄₄ gr.
-
-ACTION AND USES.--It acts like the simple bitters, promotes appetite and
-aids digestion, increases nutrition and stimulates secretion, especially
-of the intestines and liver. It is a stomach tonic, laxative, slightly
-diuretic and hepatic stimulant. It is also said to promote uterine
-constructions, and has some power as an antispasmodic. Externally it is
-an antiseptic and astringent. Useful in conjunctivitis, nasal gleet and
-leucorrhoea; one to two drachms of the fluid extract or glycerite to the
-ounce of distilled water. One to two drachms of the fluidextract of
-hydrastis to one ounce of water is useful as a gargle for sore throat.
-Equal parts of fluidextract of ergot and fluidextract of hydrastis is
-useful in ulceration of the uterus, vagina and in eversion of the
-rectum. Useful internally during convalescence after debilitating
-diseases, as in influenza and distemper, or whenever a bitter tonic is
-indicated, as in dyspepsia, chronic gastric catarrh, catarrhal jaundice,
-constipation from chronic nephritis and chronic cystitis. The glycerite
-applied locally for fissure of teats, cracked heels. Where there is a
-tendency to constipation it should be used as a bitter in preference to
-gentian, etc.
-
-
-
-
-IODUM--IODINE
-
-
-DERIVATION.--Iodine exists in certain marine vegetables, particularly
-the fuci or common sea weeds, which have long been its most abundant
-natural source. Iodine is also found in the animal kingdom, as in the
-sponge, oysters, cod liver oil and eggs, and in the mineral kingdom, in
-sea water in small quantities, in certain salt springs. It is obtained
-commercially from one of these sources.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Iodine is heavy, bluish-black color, dry and friable,
-rhombic plates, having a metallic luster, a distinctive odor, and a
-sharp and acrid taste. Iodine imparts a deep brown, evanescent stain to
-the skin, and slowly destroys vegetable colors. Soluble in about 5000
-parts of water and in 10 parts of alcohol at 77° F., freely soluble in
-ether, chloroform or carbon disulphide; its solution in alcohol or in an
-aqueous solution of potassium iodide has a reddish color; its solution
-in chloroform or carbon disulphide has a violet color.
-
-ACTIONS.--Iodine internally is an antiseptic, alterative, resolvent and
-irritant. Full doses persisted will produce a state of debility and
-emaciation termed iodism. Externally it is applied as an antiseptic,
-disinfectant, parasiticide, deodorant, stimulant, desquamatic, absorbent
-and counter-irritant. Iodine is one of the best antiseptics for surgical
-purposes. The tincture iodine especially kills all disease producing
-bacteria in one minute, whereas it takes a one in one thousandth
-solution of bichloride of mercury more than half an hour to destroy the
-same micro-organisms. The tincture of iodine also possesses unusual
-penetrating power on the dry skin, finding its way into the hair
-follicles and cutaneous glands. Iodine must not be applied to the wetted
-skin because the wetting causes the skin cells to swell and thus prevent
-the iodine from penetrating into the sebaceous and sudoriparous glands,
-the very action upon which the special germicidal action depends.
-
-USES.--Iodine is of most value applied externally, or locally. In
-sterilizing the skin for an emergency operation the hair should be
-clipped and shaved dry and the tincture of iodine applied without
-washing the skin. For other operations the skin may be scrubbed with
-soap and shaved and dried before applying the tincture. The tincture
-should always dry on the skin before the operation is begun.
-
-The method used in human surgery for sterilizing the skin, and
-recommended by leading surgeons, consists in first of cleansing the skin
-with gasoline to remove the grease and then applying the tincture of
-iodine in full or half strength.
-
-Tincture of iodine applied is of some value in the treatment of
-periostitis with osseous deposits, as splints, bone-spavin, ringbone,
-sidebones, etc. It is used for enlargements of glands as goiter in dog.
-
-
-
-
-LINUM--LINSEED--FLAXSEED
-
-
-Ground linseed (linseed meal or flaxseed meal) should be recently
-prepared and free from unpleasant or rancid odor. It is a grayish-yellow
-powder containing brownish fragments.
-
-ACTION AND USES.--It is nutrient, tonic, laxative, emollient and
-demulcent. Linseed meal and the cake are valuable foodstuffs in small
-quantities. It is two and one-half times as fattening as starch or
-sugar. It causes the hair of an animal to become slick and glossy and
-induces shedding in the spring, but is very heating in summer. Linseed
-gruel is a food, being palatable and easily digested, for horses, cattle
-and sheep, not only good in health, but in debilitating diseases, also
-in chronic skin diseases. It acts in such cases both as food and
-medicine. In febrile diseases horses will often sip or drink cold
-linseed tea (linseed meal two ounces to one pint of water) when they
-will not touch anything else. When a patient is exhausted the linseed
-tea is given with milk, eggs and whisky. Horses that are poor feeders,
-having harsh scurvy skins, or being affected with roaring, thick wind or
-heaves, are usually much benefited with linseed in some form. A
-mucilaginous demulcent in the proportion of about one to two ounces to a
-pint of warm water, is useful in irritable conditions of the throat,
-alimentary canal, kidneys and bladder.
-
-For linseed poultices, take the best grade of linseed meal, pour hot
-water over it until it becomes pasty. Charcoal and antiseptics are often
-mixed with it. When used as a poultice on the foot in nail pricks,
-always put on a poultice that will cover the whole foot.
-
-
-OLEUM LINI--LINSEED OIL--OIL OF FLAXSEED
-
-A fixed oil expressed from flaxseed without the use of heat.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A yellowish or yellow, oily liquid, having a slight,
-peculiar odor and bland taste. Soluble in about ten parts of absolute
-alcohol and in all proportions in ether, chloroform, benzine or oil of
-turpentine.
-
-Linseed oil for medicine should always be used raw.
-
-DOSE.--Horses, 1 to 2 pints; cattle, 2 to 4 pints; sheep and pigs, 5 to
-10 ozs.; dogs, ¹⁄₂ to 3 ozs.; cats, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.
-
-ACTION AND USES.--Linseed oil cannot be used as a diet on account of its
-being too laxative; it is laxative in small doses, but in large doses
-produces copious discharges of faeces, having a distinct linseed oil
-smell. The oil is also emollient, soothing and softening to inflamed and
-indurated surfaces. As a laxative it usually produces tolerably full and
-softened evacuations, without nausea, griping or superpurgation and with
-decided odor of oil. It is the best physic to administer to pregnant
-animals and in irritable conditions of the bowels; also in cases of
-influenza, purpura and other debilitating diseases, where the usual
-purgatives would be too severe, irritating and exhausting. It is also
-used as an enema; two to four ounces of the oil or meal given daily in
-mash often suffices to maintain the bowels in a relaxed condition
-throughout febrile attacks, where there is a tendency to constipation.
-An ounce or two of oil given daily often relieves broken wind in horses.
-For burns and scalds the well known _carron oil_, composed of equal
-parts of linseed oil and lime water, cannot be surpassed. This oil is
-also used as a vehicle for acrid medicines and to act as a protective to
-the alimentary tract in poisoning of corrosive medicines, also to sweep
-them out. Carron oil in two to four ounce doses two to three times daily
-will often relieve “heaves” in horses.
-
-Linseed oil is frequently given to ruminants, although Epsom salts is
-generally the best purge for them. It is indicated for these animals
-when a milder operation than that obtained by a full dose of salts is
-required, and for its demulcent action in irritable states of the
-digestive organs.
-
-
-
-
-MAGNESII SULPHAS--MAGNESIUM SULPHATE--EPSOM SALTS
-
-
-DERIVATION.--Magnesium sulphate is a constituent of sea water and of
-some saline springs. It also occurs native, either crystallized in
-slender, prismatic, adhering crystals, or as an efflorescence on certain
-rocks and soils which contain magnesia and a sulphate or sulphide. In
-the United States it is found in the great caves so numerous to the west
-of the Alleghany Mountains.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Small, colorless, rhombic prisms, or acicular crystals,
-without color and having a cooling, saline and bitter taste; slowly
-efflorescent in dry air; .85 part of water; insoluble in alcohol.
-
-ACTIONS.--Magnesium sulphate is a hydragogue and cholagogue cathartic;
-alterative and febrifuge and is also feebly diuretic and diaphoretic. As
-a cathartic it resembles common and glauber salts, and is more active
-than potassium bitartrate or sodium phosphate. When magnesium sulphate
-is administered it causes outpouring of secretion from the walls of the
-small intestines, most quickly and abundantly when the bowels have been
-partially emptied by several hours’ fasting. Neither pancreatic fluid
-nor bile is materially increased. But magnesium sulphate has a low
-diffusing power. It is slowly absorbed, and moreover, retards diffusion
-and absorption of fluid present in the bowels. In this twofold action by
-increased secretion and retarded absorption the fluid contents of the
-bowels are increased, producing more or less mechanical distension and
-provoking, like other salines, slight peristalsis. The retarded removal
-of accumulating liquid is apt to produce the formation of gases in the
-bowels, which is relieved by conjoining carminatives, as ginger or
-capsicum, while effectual removal of the intestinal fluids is attained
-by using with magnesium sulphate aloes, calomel or oil. It acts in from
-twelve to sixteen hours; in small doses it stimulates the secretions of
-the kidneys and skin. In febrile diseases it is used in small repeated
-doses. It is valuable in treating animals suffering from reflex skin
-irritation, combined with large doses of bicarbonate of sodium,
-generally gives relief, especially in urticaria of the horse. It is
-quite commonly used as a cathartic for horses, but most often for cattle
-and sheep.
-
-DOSES.--When repeated two or three times as a laxative and alterative
-horses take 2 to 4 ounces, cattle 3 to 6 ounces, sheep and pigs, 1 to 2
-drachms. As a cathartic cattle take 1 to 2 pounds, calves two to three
-months old 3 to 4 ounces, sheep 4 to 6 ounces, dogs 1 to 4 drachms.
-Aloes is a much better cathartic for horses, and castor or linseed oil
-acts much better as a cathartic in pigs.
-
-
-
-
-NAPHTHALENUM--NAPHTHALENE
-
-
-A by-product of gas manufacture.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Colorless, shining rhombic crystals of an aromatic acrid
-taste, insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol, ether and oils.
-
-DOSE.--Horses, 1 to 3 dr.; cattle, 2 to 4 dr.; sheep and pigs, 5 to 15
-gr.; dogs, 1 to 10 gr. These doses can be doubled in severe cases of
-intestinal flatulence.
-
-ACTIONS AND USES.--A true intestinal antiseptic and antiferment, is also
-expectorant, antiseptic and parasiticide. Used in intestinal flatulence,
-dissolved in tincture capsicum; in diarrhoea and dysentery, is of great
-value in these ailments, quickly allays foul odor of the evacuations of
-the bowels; large doses irritate the kidneys and cause bloody urine
-which ceases upon withholding the drug. When powdered on a wound as wire
-cuts, etc., will keep away flies and other insects, besides it is a
-powerful antiseptic and promotes the healing of wounds. Used as an
-ointment it is very effective in parasitic skin diseases.
-
-
-
-
-NUX VOMICA--QUAKER BUTTON
-
-
-The dried ripe seeds of Strychnos nux vomica, yielding when assayed by
-the process given below, not less than 1.25 per cent of strychnine.
-
-HABITAT.--The tree is a native of the East Indies, growing in Bengal,
-Malabar, on the Coromandel Coast, in Ceylon, in many islands of the
-Indian Archipelago, in Cochin-China and in other neighboring countries.
-
-DESCRIPTION.--Orbicular, nearly flat, sometimes irregularly bent, about
-three-quarters of an inch in diameter and two in thickness; externally
-grayish or greenish-gray, the surface covered with short closely
-oppressed, satiny hairs; rounded or somewhat acute at the margin, with a
-slight ridge extending from the center of one side to the edge;
-internally whitish-gray, horny, very tough, the endosperm in two more or
-less regular concavo-convex halves, between which, at one end, lie the
-heart-shaped, palmately nerved cotyledons; inodorous; taste intensely
-and persistently bitter.
-
-CONSTITUENTS.--Two alkaloids. 1. Strychnine, 0.2-0.6 per cent. 2.
-Brucine, 0.5-1.0 per cent. Similar in action to strychnine, but weaker
-and slower. Both alkaloids exist in combination with igasuric acid.
-Brucine occurs in rectangular octohedral crystals; it is soluble in
-alcohol, in 7 parts of chloroform, and possesses a bitter taste. With
-sulphuric and nitric acids a beautiful blood-red color is developed.
-There are also: 4. Igasuric acid with which strychnine and brucine are
-combined. 5. Loganin, an inert glucoside occurring in colorless prisms.
-
-DOSE.--Of the ground seeds, horses and cattle, 1 to 2 dr.; sheep, 20 to
-40 gr.; pigs, 10 to 20 gr.; dogs, 1 to 2 gr.
-
-
-PREPARATIONS
-
-
-EXTRACTUM NUCIS VOMICAE--EXTRACT OF NUX VOMICA
-
-Made by maceration with alcohol, water and acetic acid; percolation with
-alcohol and water and evaporation. Standardized to contain 5 per cent of
-strychnine.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 5 to 15 gr.; sheep, 2 to 5 gr.; pigs, 1 to 2
-gr.; dogs, ¹⁄₈ to ¹⁄₄ gr.
-
-
-FLUIDEXTRACTUM NUCIS VOMICAE--FLUIDEXTRACT OF NUX VOMICA
-
-Made by digestion and percolation with alcohol and water and acetic
-acid. The alcohol is distilled off and the solution evaporated. Alcohol
-and water are added so that the fluid extract shall contain one per cent
-of strychnine.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 dr.; sheep, 20 to 30 m.; pigs, 10 to 20
-m.; dogs, 1 to 2 m.
-
-
-TINCTURA NUCIS VOMICAE--TINCTURE OF NUX VOMICA
-
-Made by solution of the extract of nux vomica, 20 in alcohol, and water
-to make 1000. Standardized to contain 0.1 per cent strychnine.
-
-
-STRYCHNINA--STRYCHNINE
-
-An alkaloid obtained from nux vomica, and also obtainable from other
-plants of the natural order Loganiaceae.
-
-DERIVATION.--Nux vomica seeds are powdered and strychnine is extracted
-with water acidulated with hydrochloric acid. The solution is
-concentrated and strychnine precipitated with lime. It is then
-redissolved in boiling alcohol and the crystals are deposited upon
-concentration of the solution.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Colorless, transparent, prismatic crystals, or a white
-crystalline powder; odorless, having an intensely bitter taste,
-perceptible even in solutions of 1 in 700,000. Strychnine should be
-tasted with extreme caution. Permanent in the air, soluble in water,
-alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzine and amyl alcohol.
-
-DOSE.--Same as strychnine sulphate.
-
-
-STRYCHNINAE SULPHAS--STRYCHNINE SULPHATE
-
-Made by the action of sulphuric acid on strychnine.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Colorless or white, prismatic crystals, odorless and having
-an intensely bitter taste. Efflorescent in dry air. Soluble in water and
-alcohol. Almost soluble in ether.
-
-DOSE.--Horses, ¹⁄₂ to 1¹⁄₂ gr.; cattle, 1 to 3 gr.; sheep, ¹⁄₄ to ¹⁄₂
-gr.; dogs, ¹⁄₁₂₀ to ¹⁄₄₀ gr. The small doses are to be used when
-strychnine is given subcutaneously.
-
-ACTIONS.--Nerve tonic, stomach tonic, stimulates respiration, secretion,
-appetite and digestion; it increases peristalsis, stimulates both the
-motor and inhibitory apparatus of the heart, and raises arterial tension
-by stimulating the vaso-motor centers, thus contracting the arterioles,
-though full doses relax the arterioles and thus lower blood pressure.
-
-Strychnine exalts all functions of the spinal cord, reflex, motor,
-vaso-motor and sensory, the latter being the least affected; it does not
-affect the brain directly.
-
-TOXICOLOGY.--Large doses cause trembling and twitching of the voluntary
-and involuntary muscles with violent clonic spasms, lasting one or two
-minutes, gradually getting more frequent and severe in form involving
-the glottis, diaphragm and other muscles of respiration; causes death
-usually from asphyxia. Very large doses may paralyze the cord as from a
-blow, and cause almost instant death.
-
-USES.--Nux vomica or strychnine is indicated in any condition in which
-there is a paralysis or depressed state of the nerves or nervous system;
-atonic dyspepsia, broken wind, relaxed condition of the bowels due to
-lack of tone, in small doses.
-
-In weak condition of the heart give with small doses of digitalis; it
-stimulates sexual organs. Give it in convalescence from debilitating
-diseases, also as an aid to recovery during their progress; in collapse
-and for narcotic poisoning strychnine hypodermically in paralysis,
-whether of limbs, intestines or bladder.
-
-In diarrhoea, due to lack of tone of muscular coat of the bowels
-combined with astringents; for anaemia, strychnine combined with iron
-and quinine; nervous coughs use strychnine with sedatives; also in
-incontinuence of urine and chorea, in dogs after distemper.
-
-ANTIDOTE FOR STRYCHNINE POISONING.--Tannic acid or vegetables containing
-it should be freely administered, for the tannate of strychnine which is
-formed is very insoluble; an emetic or the stomach pump must be used
-promptly. The tetanic spasms are best controlled by chloral hydrate or
-very large doses of potassium bromide (2 dr. to ¹⁄₂ oz. for man) or 4 to
-8 ounces for the horse as antidote for strychnine poisoning. Inhalations
-of ether are also recommended. Chloral hydrate may be used per rectum or
-intravenously. Inhalations of amyl nitrate are also of value. The
-administration of melted lard seems to exert peculiar antidotal
-properties to strychnine poisoning. As an emetic for dogs apomorphinae
-hydrochloras ¹⁄₂₀ to ¹⁄₅ grain, given hypodermically, is the best and
-may have to be pushed as emetics act tardily in poisoning by this drug.
-
-
-
-
-OLEUM MORRHUAE--COD LIVER OIL
-
-
-A fixed oil obtained from the fresh livers of cod fish.
-
-HABITAT.--North Atlantic Ocean.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A pale yellow, thin, oily liquid, having a peculiar
-slightly fishy but not rancid odor, and a bland, slightly fishy taste.
-Cod liver oil is often adulterated with the oil of other fish. Brown
-oils are not desirable therapeutically.
-
-DOSE.--Horses, 2 oz.; cattle, 2 to 4 oz.; sheep, 1 oz.; pigs, ¹⁄₂ to 1
-oz.; dogs, 1 to 4 dr.; cats, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.
-
-ACTION AND USES.--Nutrient, tonic and alterative; on account of its
-biliary constituents is easily emulsified and digested. It is indicated
-in all cases of malnutritions and where the digestive organs are weak;
-also in animals recovering from debilitating diseases, such as distemper
-and influenza. It is good in catarrh and bronchitis, as it appears to
-furnish suitable material for repair of the inflamed mucous membranes.
-Like other oils it relieves broken wind and is given to man in
-consumption. It is particularly used for the smaller animals. It is
-given to dogs and cats during distemper, also in eczema, epilepsy,
-chorea, rickets and chronic rheumatism.
-
-
-
-
-OLEUM OLIVAE--OLIVE OIL--SWEET OIL
-
-
-A fixed oil expressed from the ripe fruit of Olea europaea Linne. It
-should be kept in well stoppered bottles in a cool place.
-
-HABITAT.--Southern Europe and Asia.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A pale yellow, or light greenish-yellow, oily liquid,
-having a slightly peculiar odor and a nutty oleaginous taste, with a
-faintly acrid after-taste. Very sparingly soluble in alcohol, but
-readily soluble in ether and chloroform.
-
-DOSE.--As a laxative--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 pt.; dogs, 2 to 4 oz.
-
-
-
-
-OLEUM GOSSYPII SEMINIS--COTTON SEED OIL
-
-
-A fixed oil expressed from the seeds of Gossypium herbaceum Linne and of
-other species of Gossypium and subsequently purified.
-
-HABITAT.--Southern United States and other semitropical countries;
-cultivated.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A pale yellow, oily liquid, without odor and having a bland
-nut-like taste. Very sparingly soluble in alcohol, but readily soluble
-in ether, chloroform or carbon disulphide.
-
-DOSE.--Same as olive oil.
-
-ACTION AND USES.--Both olive and cotton seed oil are laxative tonics,
-demulcents and emollients. Sweet oil, not used internally to any extent,
-but is used externally for soothing and healing irritated wounds. It may
-be used in its pure state or be mixed with carbolic acid, 20 m. of the
-carbolic acid to 4 oz. of sweet oil.
-
-
-
-
-OLEUM RICINI--CASTOR OIL
-
-
-DERIVATION.--Castor oil is expressed from the seeds of a plant (Ricinus
-communis) which grows in the East Indies and Africa in the character of
-a tree and rises sometimes thirty or forty feet. It also grows in the
-temperate latitudes of North America and Europe.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Pure castor oil is a thick, viscid, colorless liquid, with
-little or no odor and a mild though somewhat nauseous taste.
-
-ACTION AND USES.--Good castor oil is a mild and speedy cathartic,
-usually operating within four to five hours with little griping or
-uneasiness, and evacuating the contents of the bowels without much
-increasing the alvine secretions. Hence it is particularly applicable to
-constipation from collections of abnormally hard faeces, and to cases in
-which irritating substances have been swallowed or irritating substances
-have accumulated in the bowels. From its mildness it is also especially
-adapted to diseases of the bowels, as colic, indigestion, diarrhoea,
-dysentery and enteritis. It is also indicated in overloaded bowels in
-pregnancy combined with anodynes and antispasmodics to prevent griping.
-Castor oil in two or three ounce doses conjoined with gruel and five or
-six drops of oil of peppermint is suitable for foals and calves affected
-with gastro-intestinal disorders. Castor oil is specially applicable in
-canine practice, to evacuate the bowels, and in irritated conditions of
-the digestive tract, in ounce doses mixed with equal parts of glycerine
-and adding two or three drops of oil of wintergreen.
-
-Castor oil may be given to horses in sixteen ounce doses conjoined with
-oil of peppermint, twenty drops, or tincture opium, one ounce and
-fluidextract of belladonna, one to two drachms, flour gruel, etc.
-
-Castor oil in one to two drachm doses is especially valuable for
-poultry.
-
-Castor oil is used with equal success in the treatment of
-gastro-intestinal disorders of cattle, sheep and pigs.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 12 to 16 oz.; sheep and pigs, 2 to 6 oz.; dogs
-and cats, ¹⁄₂ to 2 oz.; poultry, ¹⁄₂ to 2 dr.
-
-
-
-
-  OLEUM TEREBINTHINAE--OIL OF TURPENTINE
-  Erroneously Called Spirits of Turpentine
-
-
-DERIVATION.--A concrete oleo-resin from Pinus palustris Miller, and from
-other species of Pinus. The oil is distilled, usually by the use of
-steam, from the oleo-resin.
-
-HABITAT.--Southern United States, from Virginia to the Gulf of Mexico.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A thin, colorless liquid, having a characteristic odor and
-taste. Soluble in three times its volume of alcohol; also soluble in an
-equal volume of glacial acetic acid.
-
-DOSE.--Carminative--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs, 1 to
-4 dr.; dogs, 5 to 30 m. Best given in 8 to 10 times its bulk of cotton
-seed oil, linseed oil or milk. Anthelmintic--Horses and cattle, 2 to 4
-oz.; sheep and pigs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; dogs, ¹⁄₂ to 4 dr. Diuretic--Horses
-and cattle, 2 to 4 dr.
-
-
-PREPARATIONS
-
-
-LINIMENTUM TERBINTHINAE--TURPENTINE LINIMENT
-
-Composed of resin cerate, 650 parts; oil of turpentine, 350 parts; melt
-the resin cerate and add the oil of turpentine.
-
-
-OLEUM TEREBINTHINAE RECTIFICATUM--RECTIFIED OIL OF TURPENTINE
-
-Made by slaking oil of turpentine with an equal volume of Solution of
-Sodium Hydroxide, and distillation.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A thin, colorless liquid, having the same properties as oil
-of turpentine and should be the one used for internal use.
-
-
-DERIVATIVES OF TURPENTINE
-
-
-TEREBENUM--TEREBENE
-
-Made by the action of sulphuric acid on oil of turpentine and by
-distillation.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A colorless, or slightly yellowish, thin liquid, having a
-rather agreeable thyme-like odor, and an aromatic, somewhat
-terebinthinated taste. Only slightly soluble in water, but soluble in
-three times its volume of alcohol.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 dr.; dogs, 5 to 15 m. Dilute same as
-oil of turpentine.
-
-
-TERPINI HYDRAS--TERPIN HYDRATE
-
-The hydrate of the diatomic alcohol Terpin.
-
-DERIVATION.--Rectified oil of turpentine, alcohol and nitric acid are
-mixed together in a shallow porcelain dish, and after three or four days
-terpin hydrate crystallizes out. The crystals are collected, drained,
-dried on absorbent paper and purified by recrystallization in alcohol.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Colorless, crystals, odorless, having a somewhat bitter
-taste. Soluble in 200 parts of water, 10 parts of alcohol.
-
-ACTIONS.--Externally--Oil of turpentine is rubefacient, irritant and
-counter-irritant; vesicant if rubbed in or confined, also a powerful
-antiseptic and disinfectant; is absorbed by the unbroken skin.
-
-Internally--Is diuretic, stimulant, carminative, antispasmodic,
-hemostatic and anthelmintic; it is irritant, and large undiluted doses
-may cause gastro-enteritis and paralysis of nerve centers.
-
-USES.--In colic, both spasmodic and flatulent; for worms, give full
-doses, septic fevers; gangrene of the lungs; catarrhal conditions,
-pneumonia and bronchitis; as a diuretic, but others not as irritant are
-better.
-
-For local gangrene remove the dead tissue and then apply the turpentine
-direct to the affected parts by means of absorbent cotton or cloth
-saturated with it; the offensive odor is removed and sloughing arrested.
-For tape worm it is given with oleo-resin of aspidium, in oil. As an
-inhalation in pulmonary diseases one-half ounce is added to three quarts
-of boiling water. In two drachm doses every three hours, if frequently,
-aborts suppuration in parotiditis of horses. In purpura haemorrhagica,
-turpentine is a valuable medicine as a vaso-motor stimulant and
-diuretic, given in two drachm doses every four hours with tincture
-chloride of iron and linseed oil.
-
-
-
-
-OLEUM TIGLII--CROTON OIL
-
-
-A fixed oil expressed from the seed of Croton Tiglium Linne.
-
-HABITAT.--Asia, India, Indian Archipelago and Philippine Islands.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A pale yellow or brownish-yellow, somewhat viscid, and
-slightly fluorescent liquid, having a slight fatty odor, and a mild,
-oily afterwards acrid and burning taste (great caution is necessary in
-tasting). Specific gravity 0.935 to 0.950 at 25° C. (77° F.).
-
-CONSTITUENTS.--Crotonoleic acid is the purgative principal. A small
-amount is free in the oil but it is mostly formed within the bowels. It
-resembles acid of castor oil in its chemistry; crotonol is a
-non-purgative body causing irritation of the skin; tiglinic acid and
-other volatile acids existing as glycerides and accounting for the odor
-of croton oil; it also contains free and combined fatty acids.
-
-DOSE.--Horses, 15 to 30 m.; cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.; sheep and pigs, 5 to
-10 m.; dogs, ¹⁄₂ to 2 m.
-
-ACTIONS.--It is a powerful irritant and pustulant, is a drastic
-hydragogue cathartic; full doses cause gastro-enteritis and much
-prostration; undiluted it seriously and deeply inflames the skin,
-causing severe blemishes and by absorption it may cause fever and
-superpurgation. The purgative action is probably due in part to direct
-irritation of the intestinal mucous membrane; in part to absorption and
-elimination of the purgative principle by the bowels.
-
-USES.--Cattle are the only animals for which it can be used with any
-degree of safety; it can be used for dogs and pigs if used with great
-caution. For horses and sheep it is too irritating and depressing; it is
-used in cattle as an active hydragogue purgative when they suffer from
-lodgment of fecal matter in the third stomach and other forms of
-constipation, and from torpidity of the bowels. Should not be used in
-debilitated, delicate or young animals. If an over-dose has been given
-combat with demulcents, opium and stimulants. It should not be used as a
-counter-irritant or applied to the skin in any form or for any purpose.
-Croton oil (in a pint of linseed oil) is valuable in assisting the
-action of salts in obstinate constipation of cattle. It may be given to
-horses when a powerful derivative and purgative action is indicated, as
-in acute inflammation of the brain and spinal cord with calomel and
-aloes in a capsule.
-
-
-
-
-OPIUM
-
-
-DERIVATION.--The concrete, milky exudate obtained by incising the unripe
-capsules of Papaver somniferum Linne, and yielding in its normal, moist
-condition, not less than nine per cent of crystallized morphine when
-assayed by the official process. Opium is imported from Turkey, Asia
-Minor, Persia, India and Egypt. The Smyrna, or Turkey opium, is the more
-common variety used in the United States. It occurs in irregular,
-globular masses, covered with poppy leaves and capsules of a species of
-dock, weighing from one-half to one pound.
-
-PROPERTIES.--In irregular, flattened, more or less rounded masses of
-variable size, externally grayish-brown, covered with particles of poppy
-leaves and with occasional fruits of a species of Rumex; more or less
-plastic when fresh, but becoming hard on keeping; internally dark brown,
-somewhat lustrous; odor strong, narcotic; taste bitter and
-characteristic. It yields its medical properties to water, alcohol and
-dilute acids, forming dark brown solutions. Ether extracts its
-principles in part.
-
-CONSTITUENTS.--There are about nineteen or twenty alkaloids derived from
-opium, but only a few are of any importance so far as their medical
-value is concerned.
-
-DOSE.--Of the crude opium--Horses, 1 to 2 dr.; cattle, 2 to 4 dr.;
-sheep, 10 to 30 gr.; pigs, 5 to 10 gr.; dogs, ¹⁄₂ to 2 gr.
-
-
-PREPARATIONS
-
-
-OPII PULVIS--POWDERED OPIUM
-
-This is opium dried at a temperature not exceeding 85° C. (185° F.) and
-powdered and should not contain less than 12 per cent nor more than
-12¹⁄₂ per cent morphine.
-
-DOSE.--Horses, ¹⁄₂ to 1¹⁄₂ dr.; cattle, 1 to 3 dr.; sheep, 5 to 30 gr.;
-pigs, 5 to 15 gr.; dogs, ¹⁄₄ to 3 gr.
-
-
-EXTRACTUM OPII--EXTRACT OF OPIUM
-
-Composed of powdered opium, 100 parts; distilled water, 1000 parts;
-sugar of milk, a sufficient quantity. Made by trituration, filtration
-and evaporation. Assayed to contain 20 per cent of morphine.
-
-DOSE.--Horses, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.; cattle, 1 to 2 dr.; sheep, 5 to 15 gr.;
-pigs, 3 to 10 gr.; dogs, ¹⁄₄ to 2 gr.
-
-
-PULVIS IPECACUANHAE ET OPII--POWDER OF IPECAC AND OPIUM--DOVER’S POWDER
-
-Composed of ipecac, 10 parts; powdered opium, 10 parts; sugar of milk,
-80. The most diaphoretic and expectorant compound of opium.
-
-DOSE.--Horses, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; dogs, 2 to 12 gr.
-
-
-TINCTURA IPECACUANHAE ET OPII--TINCTURE OF IPECAC AND OPIUM--LIQUID
-DOVER’S POWDER
-
-Composed of tincture of deodorized opium 100, evaporated to 80, fluid
-extract of ipecac 10, diluted alcohol sufficient quantity to make 100.
-
-DOSE.--Horses, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; dogs, 3 to 12 m.
-
-
-  TINCTURA OPII--TINCTURE OF OPIUM
-  Popularly Known as Laudanum
-
-Composed of granulated opium, 100 parts; alcohol, 400 parts; water, 400
-parts; diluted alcohol to make 1000. Made by trituration, maceration
-with precipitated calcium phosphate and percolation. Assayed and
-standardized to contain between 1.2 and 1.25 gm. of morphine in 100 c.
-c.
-
-DOSE.--Horses, 1 to 2 oz.; cattle, 2 to 3 oz.; sheep and pigs, 2 to 4
-dr.; dogs, 3 to 20 m.
-
-
-TINCTURA OPII CAMPHORATA--CAMPHORATED TINCTURE OF OPIUM
-
-  Well Known as Paregoric
-
-Composed of powdered opium, 4 parts; benzoic acid, 4 parts; camphor, 4
-parts; oil of anise, 4 parts; glycerine, 40 parts; diluted alcohol to
-make 1000 parts. Made by maceration and filtration.
-
-DOSE.--Dogs, 1 to 4 dr.; puppies and cats, 2 to 10 m.
-
-
-OPIUM DEODORATUM--DEODORIZED OPIUM
-
-Composed of powdered opium, 500 parts; purified petroleum, q. s. Made by
-repeated maceration, agitation and percolation with purified petroleum
-benzine. The petroleum benzine removes narcotic and odorous principles,
-which cause nausea and disagreeable after-effects in opium. Contains 12
-to 12.5 per cent of morphine.
-
-DOSE.--Same as powdered opium.
-
-
-VINUM OPII--WINE OF OPIUM
-
-Composed of opium, cloves, cinnamon and sherry wine. Recommended for
-dogs suffering from diarrhoea.
-
-DOSE.--Same as the tincture of opium.
-
-
-MORPHINA--MORPHINE
-
-An alkaloid obtained from opium.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Colorless or white, shining prismatic crystals, or fine
-needles, or crystalline powder; odorless and having a bitter taste;
-permanent in the air; soluble in 3330 parts of water. The latter are
-preferable owing to their greater solubility.
-
-
-MORPHINAE HYDROCHLORIDUM--MORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE
-
-Morphine is stirred with hot distilled water, to which hydrochloric acid
-is gradually added. Morphine hydrochlorate crystallizes out on cooling.
-
-PROPERTIES.--White silky, glistening needles or microcrystalline cubes,
-or a white, crystalline powder, odorless and having a bitter taste;
-permanent in the air. Soluble in water and alcohol; insoluble in ether
-and chloroform.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 3 to 10 gr.; sheep, ¹⁄₂ to 2 gr.; pigs, ¹⁄₁₀
-to ¹⁄₂ gr.; dogs, ¹⁄₈ to ¹⁄₂ gr. About one-half of these doses for
-hypodermic use.
-
-
-MORPHINAE ACETAS--MORPHINE ACETATE
-
-Morphine is dissolved in acetic acid and water and the solution
-evaporated and crystallized.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A white or faintly yellowish-white, crystalline, amorphous
-powder, having a faint, acetous odor and bitter taste. Soluble in water
-and alcohol.
-
-DOSE.--Same as morphine hydrochloride.
-
-
-MORPHINAE SULPHAS--MORPHINE SULPHATE
-
-Morphine is stirred into boiling distilled water; diluted sulphuric acid
-is added until neutralization is attained, and the sulphate crystallizes
-out on cooling.
-
-PROPERTIES.--White, feathery, acicular, silky crystals, or in cubical
-masses, odorless, permanent in the air, and having a bitter taste.
-Soluble in water and alcohol, insoluble in chloroform and ether.
-
-
-CODEINA--CODEINE
-
-An alkaloid obtained from opium by evaporation of the ammoniacal liquid,
-after the precipitation of morphine. The residue is added to water,
-precipitated by potassium hydrate, and redissolved in ether, from which
-codeine crystallizes out on evaporation.
-
-PROPERTIES.--White or nearly translucent, orthorhombic prisms,
-octahedral crystals, or a crystalline powder; odorless and having a
-faintly bitter taste; slightly efflorescent in warm air. Soluble in
-water, alcohol, ether and chloroform.
-
-DOSE.--Dogs, ¹⁄₄ to 1¹⁄₂ gr.
-
-
-HEROIN--DIACETYLMORPHINE
-
-This drug is a derivative of morphine, and is now used extensively in
-human medicine as a substitute for morphine and codeine.
-
-PROPERTIES.--White or colorless, crystalline powder, possessing a
-slightly bitter taste. Insoluble in water, but readily soluble in weak
-acidous solutions. Heroin hydrochloride is a white, crystalline powder,
-odorless, soluble in 2 parts of water. Heroin surpasses both morphine
-and codeine therapeutically in many ways. It increases markedly the
-inspiratory and expiratory force, while lessening the number of the
-respiratory movements and exerts a special sedative influence on the
-respiratory mucous membranes. The drug acts also as a general motor
-depressant, hypnotic and analgesic, but is not comparable to morphine in
-these respects. Heroin is about five times more toxic for dogs than
-morphine. Heroin is particularly valuable in the treatment of all
-varieties of coughs affecting the dog. The after-effects of small doses
-are not as nauseating or constipating as morphine.
-
-Heroin can be given in powder, pill or tablet, the Heroin hydrochloride
-in solution, every three or four hours.
-
-DOSE OF EITHER.--Horses, ¹⁄₂ to 2 gr.; dogs, ¹⁄₂₄ to ¹⁄₆ gr.
-
-ACTIONS.--Opium is analgesic, hypnotic, diaphoretic, antispasmodic,
-narcotic; also cardiac and respiratory depressant after primary brief
-stimulation.
-
-MEDICAL DOSES.--It dries all secretions except the mammae and skin. The
-latter being increased, it produces dryness of the mouth and throat,
-arrests gastric secretions, retards digestion and causes anorexia (loss
-of appetite); it stimulates the brain by increasing the blood supply; in
-man it stimulates the mental activity, while in animals it stimulates
-motor activity; it does not affect the conductivity of nerves, but it
-prevents the consciousness to pain by paralyzing the nerve centers; the
-action of the heart is increased and arterial tension is raised; the
-pupil slightly contracted; the mind at first stimulated, becomes calm,
-sleep follows, disturbed by dreams and headache; constipation and some
-depression follows.
-
-LARGE DOSES.--Arrest digestion, cause nausea and vomiting, greatly
-increase perspiration, prevents the conductivity of nerves, depresses
-the heart and circulation, impairing oxidation and lowering temperature;
-it contracts the pupil by stimulating the motor nerve of the eye (in
-horses it dilates the pupil) and causes intense puritis (itching),
-especially of the nose, often retention of the urine and soon profound
-sleep; in some cases coma or delirium, leaving as after-effects nausea,
-depression, constipation, vertigo, anorexia, nasal puritis and fetid
-pathological secretions.
-
-_Morphine and codeine compared with the action of opium._ Morphine is
-more anodyne and hypnotic; it causes more intense puritis (itching) is
-less stimulant, less convulsant, less constipating and diaphoretic.
-
-Codeine is a motor paralyzant; it exalts the spinal cord more than
-morphine and affects the cerebrum less, producing muscular tremors in
-excess of sedation; it reduces the urinary sugar in diabetes and has a
-selective sedative influence on the pneumogastric nerve, thus a better
-sedative in cough.
-
-_Indications for the use of Opium_:
-
-  1. To relieve pain and spasm.
-  2. To produce sleep.
-  3. To abort inflammation.
-  4. To check excessive secretions.
-  5. To act as a stimulant and supporting agent.
-  6. As a sudorific (not so active in animals as in man).
-
-Sulphuric ether administered with opium prevents its drying up effects
-as well as the nauseating and depressing effects. Used for pain from any
-cause except acute inflammation of the brain. Used in low fevers to
-support the system when sufficient food cannot be taken, also in
-irritation of bronchi, bladder, stomach and bowels, as well as the
-uterus.
-
-In inflammation of the serous membranes which line the abdominal walls
-(peritonitis) opium can be used freely; combined or alternated with
-aconite and diuretics is very highly recommended and tends to prevent
-dropsical conditions.
-
-In inflammation of the serous membrane investing lungs and lining the
-thorax (pleurisy) opium and aconite will often arrest its development if
-administered in its first stages.
-
-In diarrhoea and dysentery opium is said to be one of the best medicines
-we have, it can be combined with acetate of lead, prepared chalk, etc.
-
-In inflammation of the bowels, owing to its effect in binding up the
-bowels, belladonna alternated with aconite is preferred to opium.
-
-In colds administer Dover’s Powder, or opium, ammonium carbonate,
-quinine sulphate and camphor.
-
-In spasmodic colic do not use opium, but give hypodermically three to
-four grains of morphine sulphate; it is non-constipating; also use
-anodynes, such as cannabis indica, hyoscyamus, etc., are preferable.
-
-In gastritis, opium conjoined with bismuth subnitrate and hydrastis.
-
-In eversion of the rectum or uterus, administer morphine hypodermically
-to prevent straining.
-
-In muscular spasms opium is very effective.
-
-In cerebro-spinal meningitis opium should be administered early, before
-exudation has set in, with belladonna and ergot, alternated with
-aconite.
-
-In diabetes mellitus, codeine is said to be best, as it lessens the
-amount of sugar in the urine and should be administered by the mouth; if
-given hypodermically it exerts no influence on the sugar.
-
-In catarrhal diseases administer opium to lessen the discharge.
-
-In Thumps administer full doses of morphine subcutaneously.
-
-In inflammation of the eyes morphine sulphate is very efficient combined
-with zinc sulphate and distilled water.
-
-TOXIC DOSES.--Produce cold clammy sweat, very slow heart, diminished
-quantity of urine, abolished reflexes, coma, the pupil minutely
-contracted (except in the horse) but dilated as the end approaches and
-death by suspension of respiration, due to direct action of the poison
-on the respiratory centers in the medulla.
-
-In case of poisoning. Emetics, stomach pump, permanganate of potassium,
-grain for grain of morphine, or 10 to 15 grains dissolved in 8 ounces of
-water, given by the mouth for large dogs, and 1 to 2 drachms of
-permanganate of potassium in 2 or 3 pints of water for horses.
-Artificial respiration, striking the body, keep patient moving, empty
-bladder to prevent absorption.
-
-
-APOMORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDUM--APOMORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE
-
-DERIVATION.--The hydrochloride of an artificial alkaloid, obtained by
-heating morphine or codeine in hermetically closed tubes with an excess
-of pure hydrochloric acid.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Minute, grayish-white, shining monoclinic prisms, without
-odor, having a faintly bitter taste and acquiring a greenish tint upon
-exposure to light and air. It should be kept in small, dark,
-amber-colored vials. Soluble in water, alcohol, ether and chloroform.
-
-DOSE.--As an emetic for dogs, ¹⁄₈ to ¹⁄₅ gr., by the mouth, and ¹⁄₂₀ to
-¹⁄₁₀ gr., subcutaneously.
-
-DOSE.--As an expectorant, subcutaneously, horses, ³⁄₄ gr.; foals, ¹⁄₂
-gr.; cattle, 1¹⁄₂ gr.; sheep and calves, ¹⁄₂ gr.; dogs, ¹⁄₁₀ to ¹⁄₅ gr.
-By the mouth, dogs, ¹⁄₄₀ to ¹⁄₂₅ gr. as an expectorant.
-
-ACTION AND USES.--It is a prompt and effectual emetic in animals that
-vomit, acting on the vomiting centers. When ¹⁄₅ gr. dissolved in water
-is swallowed by either man or dog repeated vomiting occurs, but is not
-followed by so much nausea as usually follows the use of tartar emetic.
-Increases bronchial, intestinal and pancreatic secretions. Chronic dry
-bronchitis of dogs is benefited by apomorphine. In pica cattle, 1¹⁄₂
-gr. may be given on three consecutive days, or in recent cases, 3 gr.
-are given subcutaneously in the same way. It relieves choking in animals
-by its relaxing spasm and increasing secretion of the gullet.
-Three-quarters of a grain may be injected under the skin in horses. It
-should be tried before using a probang, as, if successful, it will act
-within fifteen or twenty minutes. The alkaloid decomposes in crystal and
-rapidly in solution, becoming toxic and of a green hue. Solutions should
-be freshly prepared.
-
-
-
-
-PETROLATUM LIQUIDUM--LIQUID PETROLATUM
-
-
-DERIVATION.--A mixture of hydrocarbons, chiefly of the marshgas series,
-obtained by distilling off the lighter and more volatile portions from
-petroleum and purifying the residue when it has the desired consistence.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A colorless, or more or less yellowish, oily transparent
-liquid without odor or taste; or giving off, when heated, a faint odor
-of petroleum. Insoluble in water; scarcely soluble in cold or hot
-alcohol, or cold absolute alcohol; but soluble in ether, chloroform,
-carbon disulphide, oil of turpentine, benzine, benzol and fixed and
-volatile oils.
-
-
-PETROLATUM--VASELINE--COSMOLINE
-
-DERIVATION.--A mixture of hydrocarbons, chiefly of the marshgas series,
-obtained by distilling off the lighter and more volatile portions from
-petroleum and purifying the residue when it has reached the desired
-melting point.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A fat-like mass of about the consistence of an ointment
-varying in color from yellowish to light amber, having not more than a
-slight fluorescence, even after being melted; transparent in thin
-layers, completely amorphous and without odor or taste, or giving off
-when heated a faint odor of petroleum. In other respects soft petrolatum
-has the solubility of liquid petrolatum.
-
-
-PETROLATUM ALBUM--WHITE PETROLATUM
-
-DERIVATION.--A mixture of hydrocarbons, chiefly of the methane series,
-obtained by distilling off the lighter and more volatile portions from
-petroleum and purifying the residue.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A white, unctuous mass, of about the consistency of an
-ointment, transparent in thin layers, completely amorphous; without odor
-or taste. Otherwise it resembles, in solubility, petrolatum.
-
-ACTION.--All preparations of petrolatum are valuable emollients. They
-soothe, protect and soften parts to which they are applied and are
-superior to animal or vegetable fats or oils in not becoming rancid.
-
-USES.--Petrolatum may be used alone, or as an excipient in the
-preparation of ointments, but does not aid the absorption of drugs (as
-do alcohol, glycerine, chloroform, animal oils and fats), for it is not
-itself absorbed even when administered internally. Petrolatum exerts a
-demulcent action upon the mucous membrane of the alimentary tract, and
-may be prescribed in electuary or capsule in inflammation thereof.
-Liquid petrolatum is useful given internally in piles (dogs one-half
-ounce twice daily) to soften the feces. It is also very serviceable with
-menthol and camphor (equal parts, fifteen grains to one ounce) dropped
-in the nostrils (with a medicine dropper) for dogs with acute nasal
-catarrh. Petrolatum is sold universally under the proprietary names of
-vaseline and cosmoline, and is often combined with antiseptics for
-medical and surgical purposes in skin diseases and upon inflamed mucous
-membranes, blisters and abraded surfaces and sores. It is one of the
-most useful agents in lubricating instruments, protecting metal from
-rust, and is sometimes employed as a vehicle for electuaries. It should
-not be used as a base for blisters or other ointments where absorption
-is desired.
-
-
-
-
-PIX LIQUIDA--TAR
-
-
-An empyreumatic oleo-resin obtained by the destructive distillation of
-the wood of various species of pines, especially that of Pinus
-palustris.
-
-HABITAT.--United States.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Thick, viscid, semi-fluid, blackish-brown; heavier than
-water, transparent, in thin layers, becoming granular and opaque with
-age; odor empyreumatic terebinthinated; taste sharp empyreumatic. Tar is
-slightly soluble in water; soluble in alcohol, fixed or volatile oils
-and solutions of potassium or sodium hydrate.
-
-CONSTITUENTS.--Oil of turpentine; methylic alcohol; creosote; guaiacol;
-phenol; pyrocatechin; toluol; xylol; acetic acid; acetone; resins.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 2 dr.;
-dogs, ¹⁄₄ to 1 dr. Oil of tar should be diluted with alcohol, glycerine,
-syrup or mucilage.
-
-
-PREPARATIONS
-
-
-UNGUENTUM PICIS LIQUIDAE--TAR OINTMENT
-
-Composed of tar, 500; yellow wax, 150; lard, 350.
-
-Used alone as a healing ointment or as a base.
-
-
-OLEUM PICIS LIQUIDAE--OIL OF TAR
-
-A volatile oil distilled from tar.
-
-PROPERTIES.--An almost colorless liquid when freshly distilled, but soon
-acquiring a dull, reddish brown color, and having a strong tarry odor
-and taste. Soluble in alcohol.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs, 2 to 4 dr.; dogs,
-¹⁄₂ to 2 dr.
-
-ACTIONS.--Internally, is an antiseptic stimulant expectorant.
-Externally, it is rubefacient and if continually rubbed in may cause
-papules and pustules.
-
-USES.--Tar or the oil is commonly used in cough mixtures and in
-subacute and chronic bronchitis. By inhalation (which is done by pouring
-tar on a heated shovel or a shovel containing live coals or by adding a
-pint of tar to a gallon of water, heating the mixture by placing hot
-bricks or stones in the solution) either method is excellent for its
-local antiseptic and stimulating effects in the various catarrhal
-diseases; bronchitis, distemper, strangles, etc. Care should be used so
-that the vapor be not inhaled too hot.
-
-Externally, it is a very useful agent in various skin diseases, both
-parasitic and non-parasitic; for this the official ointment may be used,
-or if used on a large surface on dogs it should be diluted with an equal
-amount of zinc ointment.
-
-
-
-
-PLUMBI OXIDUM--LEAD OXIDE
-
-
-DERIVATION.--Made by roasting lead in the air.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A heavy, yellowish or reddish-yellow powder, or minute
-scales, without odor or taste. Almost insoluble in water; insoluble in
-alcohol. Lead oxide is only valuable for its preparations.
-
-
-PREPARATIONS
-
-
-PLUMBI ACETAS--LEAD ACETATE--SUGAR OF LEAD
-
-DERIVATION.--Heat lead oxide in acetic acid and water. Lead acetate
-crystallizes on cooling.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Colorless, shining, transparent; monoclinic prisms or
-plates, or heavy, white crystalline masses, or granular crystals, having
-a faintly acetous odor and a sweetish, astringent, afterwards metallic
-taste. Efflorescent and absorbing carbon dioxide on exposure to the air.
-Soluble in two parts of water and in thirty parts of alcohol.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.; sheep and pigs, 15 to 20 gr.;
-dogs, 1 to 2 gr. Given in capsule or solution.
-
-
-LIQUOR PLUMBI SUBACETATIS--SOLUTION OF LEAD SUBACETATE--GOULARD’S
-EXTRACT
-
-An aqueous liquid, containing in solution about 25 per cent of lead
-subacetate.
-
-DERIVATION.--Made from acetate of lead, 180 parts; oxide of lead, 110
-parts; boiled together in water to make 1000 parts.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A dense, clear colorless liquid, sweet, astringent taste,
-decomposed by exposure to the air.
-
-ACTIONS.--The lead compounds are powerful astringents, haemostatics,
-styptics, anodynes, local sedatives and desiccants; they coagulate
-albumen and form a protective coat, also contract small vessels. In
-large or continued doses they irritate, then paralyze voluntary and
-involuntary muscles, and also the central nervous system.
-
-USES.--Plumbi acetate is administered internally to check haemorrhages,
-especially of the stomach and lungs, has been used in purpura in horses
-with varying results; it is said to be very good in red water of cattle;
-also used in diabetes insipidus; for diarrhoea, lead acetate with opium
-is very good, also in dysentery, chronic scouring and bronchorrhoea; it
-is occasionally prescribed as a gargle.
-
-Externally used in solution to check superficial inflammation; used on
-burns, bruises and ulcers, also to cool and relieve strained and
-inflamed tendons and joints, it is also used as a wash to abate the
-itching of nettle-rash and erythema and other skin diseases; also
-serviceable in eczema and grease-heel; used in eye wash but should not
-be used when there is an abrasion of the cornea, as insoluble compounds
-are formed; the acetate may be used as an ointment or powder or in
-solution dissolved in twenty to forty parts water, a little vinegar or
-acetic acid increases its solubility; it is used in white lotion
-combined with zinc sulphate and water.
-
-Goulard’s Extract, four ounces to a pint of water, is used for sprains,
-bruises, cuts, burns, scratches, grease-heel, etc. For painful
-affections, tincture of opium, four to six ounces to one pint, or
-belladonna, two ounces to the pint, are added. Goulard’s Extract, one
-part, lard oil, four parts, makes a good dressing for blistered or
-bruised surfaces, grease-heel and other ailments of that class; for skin
-diseases, eczema, canker of ear in dog, etc.
-
-
-
-
-POTASSII ACETAS--POTASSIUM ACETATE
-
-
-DERIVATION.--Add acetic acid in excess to potassium carbonate. Evaporate
-to dryness and fuse residue.
-
-PROPERTIES.--White, deliquescent, satiny, neutral masses of a peculiar
-odor; also in a granular form. Soluble in water and alcohol.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; sheep and pigs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.;
-dogs, 5 to 20 gr.
-
-
-POTASSII CITRAS--POTASSIUM CITRATE
-
-DERIVATION.--Neutralize potassium carbonate with a solution of citric
-acid and evaporate to dryness.
-
-PROPERTIES.--White, granular, deliquescent powder, saline taste, neutral
-reaction. Soluble in water.
-
-DOSE.--Same as potassium acetate.
-
-ACTIONS.--Potassium acetate and citrate are the least irritant to the
-stomach of all the potassium salts. They are neutral and have no action
-on the gastric juice: are not antacid. They are changed into the
-carbonate of potassium and as such circulate in the blood. Are powerful
-direct diuretics, stimulate the renal cells direct and increase both the
-water and the solids of the urine, also diaphoretic; the citrate more
-than the acetate. They have a slight depressing action on the heart, and
-slightly expectorant.
-
-USES.--Potassium acetate and citrate are indicated in irritation or
-inflammation of the kidneys and bladder and cause absorption of
-exudations (pleural effusion, for example) through their diuretic power.
-They are sometimes prescribed in fever on account of slight diaphoretic
-and powerful diuretic properties. They also stimulate bronchial
-secretions and make it thinner and are recommended accordingly in
-bronchitis. They are used in gouty conditions, Bright’s disease, fevers
-of all kinds, azoturia, dropsical conditions, pleurisy, ascites oedema
-of the legs, sheath, udder, etc., combined with tonics, as iron, etc.
-
-
-POTASSII BROMIDUM--POTASSIUM BROMIDE
-
-DERIVATION.--Potassium bromide may be obtained by adding a slight excess
-of bromide to a strong solution of potassium hydroxide, evaporating the
-potassium bromide and bromate to dryness, decomposing the bromate by
-fusing the mixture with charcoal and purifying the crystallization.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Colorless, or white, cubical crystals, or granules;
-odorless and having a strong saline taste. Permanent in the air. Soluble
-in about fifteen parts of water and in about one hundred and eighty
-parts of alcohol.
-
-
-SODII BROMIDUM--SODIUM BROMIDE
-
-DERIVATION.--Sodium bromide may be obtained in the same manner as
-potassium bromide, sodium hydroxide being used in place of potassium
-hydroxide.
-
-PROPERTIES.--It occurs in colorless or white, cubical crystals, or a
-white, granular powder, odorless and having a saline, bitter taste. The
-salt absorbs moisture from the air without deliquescing. Soluble in one
-and seven-tenths parts of water and in twelve and a half parts of
-alcohol.
-
-ACTION OF POTASSIUM AND SODIUM BROMIDE.--They are distinguished
-depressants of the cerebral and spinal functions, also hypnotic,
-anaphrodisiac, antispasmodic and alterative. The bromide of potash, like
-all other potassium salts, is especially a cardiac and muscular
-paralyzant. They are very diffusible and slowly eliminated; long
-continued doses produce gastric catarrh. They reduce the number of
-respirations and the heart’s action and force; lessen activity of brain
-cells, producing sleep; diminish sensibility of peripheral nerves,
-causing anesthesia of the skin and mucous membrane.
-
-USES.--The bromides, being particularly useful in the treatment of
-functional nervous diseases, do not possess nearly the value in
-veterinary medicine that they have in human practice. Consequently their
-use is limited mainly to canine disorders, as bromides have little
-influence upon diseases of horses. They are sometimes used as sedatives
-to the nervous system, to lower reflex activity, to produce sleep, to
-subdue excitement of the genital apparatus and to antagonize congestion
-of the brain. Used extensively in fits of dogs, twenty or thirty grain
-doses of the bromide of potash or bromide of soda dissolved in a
-tablespoonful of water; may be used per rectum if necessary in any
-convulsive or spasmodic condition. In strychnine poisoning, the bromide
-of potash may be used as an antidote in place of chloral hydrate or
-conjoined with it.
-
-DOSES.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs, 2 to 4 dr.; dogs,
-5 to 60 gr.; average dose, 20 gr.
-
-
-POTASSII CARBONAS--POTASSIUM CARBONATE--SALTS OF TARTAR
-
-DERIVATION.--The solution resulting from the lixiviation of wood ashes
-is boiled to dryness and the resultant mass is the potash of commerce.
-This is purified to some extent by burning in ovens, forming pearlash, a
-mixture of the hydrate and carbonate. Water dissolves mainly the
-carbonate which is obtained by evaporation of the aqueous solution.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A white, granular powder, odorless and having a strongly
-alkaline taste; very deliquescent. Soluble in water; insoluble in
-alcohol.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; sheep and pigs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.;
-dogs, 5 to 20 gr.
-
-
-POTASSII BICARBONAS--POTASSIUM BICARBONATE
-
-DERIVATION.--Potassium bicarbonate is obtained by saturating a strong
-aqueous solution of potassium carbonate and carbonic anhydride.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Colorless, transparent, monoclinic prisms, odorless and
-having a saline and slightly alkaline taste. Permanent in the air.
-Soluble in water. Almost soluble in alcohol.
-
-DOSE.--Same as potassium carbonate.
-
-ACTION AND USES.--They stimulate the production of gastric juice when
-administered before meals with bitter tonics, or after meals to overcome
-excessive acidity of the stomach; used in rheumatism and gouty condition
-to make blood alkaline and overcome lactic acid. Useful as an antacid in
-nettle-rash and other itching skin diseases. Internally and externally
-as a mild wash, two to four drachms to the pint. A solution of the same
-strength is injected to overcome acidity of the uterus in leucorrhoea,
-etc. Calculus made up of ammonium, magnesium and phosphates occur in the
-bladder and urethra of highly fed rams and wethers. For this use
-potassium bicarbonate one-half to one drachm, well diluted, conjoined
-with laxative diet and belladonna to dilate urethra; it is less certain
-as a diuretic than the acetate or nitrate of potassium.
-
-
-POTASSII HYDROXIDUM--POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE--CAUSTIC POTASH
-
-DERIVATION.--A solution hydrate is evaporated, and this is fused and run
-into moulds.
-
-PROPERTIES.--White, translucent pencils or fused masses, hard and
-brittle, showing a crystalline fracture; odorless or having a faint odor
-of lye and a very acid and caustic taste. Very deliquescent in air.
-Soluble in water and alcohol.
-
-Not used in this form to any extent.
-
-
-LIQUOR POTASSII HYDROXIDI--SOLUTION OF POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE
-
-A solution of potassium hydroxide (caustic potash) containing about five
-per cent of the hydroxide.
-
-DERIVATION.--Boiling a solution of potassium carbonate with calcium
-hydrate leaves potassium hydrate in solution, while calcium carbonate is
-precipitated.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A clean, clear colored liquid, odorless, having a very
-acrid and caustic taste.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; sheep and pigs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.;
-dogs, 5 to 10 m.
-
-ACTION AND USES.--Externally potassium hydroxide and the solution of
-potassium hydroxide are irritant and caustic, when applied they abstract
-water from the parts. They dissolve fatty matters, antacids and if well
-diluted acts as a sedative. Internally not used to any extent, as milder
-salts of potassium are preferred, is antacid, alterative, febrifuge and
-diuretic. Large undiluted doses corrode and inflame the alimentary
-tract, cause colicy pains, great depression and sometimes perforations.
-Caustic potash is sometimes used to destroy warts and fungous growths. A
-dilute solution is used to cauterize poisoned wounds, but is dangerous,
-as it may penetrate too deeply and spread. This can be overcome by
-washing with vinegar.
-
-
-POTASSII IODIDUM--POTASSIUM IODIDE
-
-DERIVATION.--Potassium iodide may be prepared in the same manner as
-potassium bromide iodine, being used in place of bromine.
-
-PROPERTIES.--It is a colorless, transparent, translucent, or opaque
-white, cubical crystals, or white granular powder, having a peculiar,
-faint, iodine-like odor and a pungent, saline, afterwards bitter, taste.
-Permanent in dry air and but slightly deliquescent in moist air. Soluble
-in 0.7 parts of water, and in about 12 parts of alcohol at 77° F., in
-0.5 parts of boiling water, in 6 parts of boiling alcohol; also soluble
-in 2.5 parts of glycerine.
-
-ACTIONS.--Potassium iodide closely resembles iodine but is less
-powerful and devoid of local irritant action. Medical doses are
-antiseptic, desquamatic, deobstruent, expectorant, alterative and
-diuretic. It stimulates the lymphatic system. It is readily soluble, and
-is quickly absorbed in the tissues, where it undergoes decomposition;
-the iodine, when liberated, apparently combines with albuminoids and
-acts specially on the lymphatic glands and vessels, modifying nutrition,
-hastening metabolism and promoting absorption. It is doubtless in this
-way that it also unites with lead and mercury deposited in the tissues,
-renders them soluble, carries them into the circulation and causes their
-elimination.
-
-It is quickly excreted by the mucus and skin surfaces, but chiefly by
-the kidneys.
-
-USES.--Potassium iodide is useful in promoting absorption of enlarged
-lymphatic glands, and its action should be assisted by the application
-of iodine or red iodide of mercury externally. Potassium iodide in small
-doses diminishes congestion and increases the fluidity and amount of
-secretions in acute laryngitis, acute and subacute bronchitis, and
-appears to possess an alterative action in improving the condition and
-nutrition of the bronchial mucous membranes. It is also of some value in
-asthma, pulmonary emphysema and chronic bronchitis, unassociated with
-copious secretion. Chronic pleuritis, pericarditis and ascites are
-treated with potassium iodide, which assists absorption and occasionally
-exerts a diuretic effect. Tardy resolution of pneumonia consolidation is
-hastened by potassium iodide. Endocarditis with cardiac hypertrophy is
-said to be benefited by potassium iodide and digitalis.
-
-Champignon, or scirrhous cord in horses, is sometimes cured by the
-sorbefacient powers of potassium iodide in full doses. Potassium iodide
-is of value in goiter of dogs, calves and sheep when tincture of iodine
-is used externally. “Roaring” and “thick wind” may be cured by the
-administration of potassium iodide. It is the best medicine known for
-actinomycosis. Potassium iodide has a clinical reputation for its power
-to aid absorption and resolution in inflammation or effusions of the
-brain or spinal cord, in paralysis of the body or limbs and inflammation
-of the membranes covering the brain.
-
-DOSES.--Horses, 2 to 4 dr.; cattle, 3 to 6 dr.; sheep and pigs, 15 to 30
-gr.; dogs, 1 to 10 gr.
-
-It should be given to the larger animals in doses of three drachms
-daily, until iodism appears, which shows itself by loss of appetite, an
-irritable, catarrhal condition of the mucous membranes of the nostrils,
-eyes, throat and digestive organs, a vesicular skin eruption, abstinence
-from water, diminished secretions of urine, temperature elevated and
-emaciation.
-
-
-POTASSII NITRAS--POTASSIUM NITRATE--NITRATE OF POTASH--NITER--SALTPETRE
-
-DERIVATION.--Nitrate of potash may be obtained by purifying crude niter,
-or by the interaction of sodium nitrate and potassium chloride.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Colorless, transparent, six-sided, rhombic prisms, or a
-crystalline powder, odorless and having a cooling, saline and pungent
-taste. Permanent in the air. Soluble in water; very sparingly soluble in
-alcohol.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs, 2 to 6 dr.; dogs,
-5 to 20 gr.
-
-ACTIONS.--Large doses irritate the stomach, bowels and kidneys; medical
-doses are alterative, febrifuge, diuretic and feebly laxative. Excreted
-by the bronchial glands, skin and kidneys, increasing secretions of
-these organs; is a cardiac depressant and mild refrigerant and
-diaphoretic.
-
-Nitrate of potash is more frequently prescribed than any other potash
-salt in veterinary medicine, and is commonly considered one of the best
-febrifuges. Its only service in fevers is as a diuretic.
-
-USES.--In certain febrile conditions; in oedema of legs should be
-combined with digitalis and general tonics. For dropsical conditions the
-acetate and citrate are better.
-
-Nitrate of potash is highly recommended in acute laminitis, two to four
-ounces once or twice daily is given by some veterinarians.
-
-
-POTASSII CHLORAS--POTASSIUM CHLORATE
-
-DERIVATION.--Pass chlorine into a mixture of potassium carbonate and
-calcium hydrate; dissolve the result in boiling water and recover the
-chlorate by crystallization.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Colorless, lustrous, monoclinic prisms or plates, or white
-powder, odorless, having a cooling, saline taste. Permanent in the air.
-Soluble in water. Insoluble in absolute alcohol, but slightly soluble in
-mixtures of alcohol and water. Explodes readily when rubbed with sugar,
-sulphur, charcoal, glycerine and many other substances.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 to 6 dr.; sheep and pigs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.;
-dogs, 5 to 20 gr.
-
-ACTION.--Chlorate of potash is antiseptic, antacid, alterative,
-sialagogue, diuretic, febrifuge, and cardiac depressant; irritant to the
-gastro-intestinal tract and kidneys. Externally, antiseptic, mild
-stimulant and refrigerant. Is a protoplasmic poison, as is the nitrate;
-disintegrates the red blood corpuscles.
-
-USES.--Chlorate of potash is valuable as a wash or gargle, it stimulates
-the salivary and buccal glands, moistening the dry, parched mouth. It
-soothes and heals aphthous eruptions and ulcerations of the mouth and
-throat; while in catarrh, sore throat and bronchitis it thins the
-secretions and promotes expectoration. Like other salines, in febrile
-and inflammatory diseases, whether in horses or cattle, it is believed
-to lower pulse and temperature, clean the tongue, improve appetite,
-gently stimulate the bowels and render the evacuations more natural and
-less coated with mucus. It is frequently prescribed with good results in
-horses suffering from catarrhal conditions of the bowels. In epizootic
-catarrh, purpura, it is very beneficial prescribed with iron salts, as
-it increases the coagulability of the blood. It is also prescribed with
-other salines, bitter tonics or stimulants. Most animals of their own
-accord will take an ounce daily, dissolved in their drinking water or
-gruel. Pine tar is a soothing electuary for sore throat, it is conjoined
-with camphor, belladonna and treacle.
-
-
-POTASSII BITARTRAS--POTASSIUM BITARTRATE--CREAM OF TARTAR
-
-DERIVATION.--Obtained from crude tartar deposited on the sides of wine
-casks during fermentation of grape juice, by purification.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Colorless or slightly opaque, rhombic crystals, or a white,
-somewhat gritty powder; odorless and having a pleasant, acidulous taste.
-Permanent in the air. Soluble in water; very sparingly soluble in
-alcohol.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; sheep and pigs, 2 to 4 dr.;
-dogs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.
-
-ACTIONS.--Potassium bitartrate is a non-irritating purgative in large
-doses. It is a hydragogue cathartic and has a strong affinity for water;
-abstracting it from the blood vessels in the bowels, holding the same in
-solution and thus flushing out the intestines.
-
-USES.--Is used for liver disease, chronic constipation, skin disease and
-as a refrigerant in febrile conditions. It should be given in solution
-and is useful in dropsies, more particularly of renal origin; also in
-catarrhal jaundice, and as a laxative for foals and calves. In cases
-where the urine of the horse is thick, stringy and high colored, it will
-cause it to regain its normal state. It may easily be administered in
-either food or drinking water, and its diuretic effect is enhanced when
-given with a large amount of water.
-
-
-POTASSII PERMANGANAS--POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE--PERMANGANATE OF POTASH
-
-ORIGIN.--Potassium permanganate may be obtained by the interaction of
-potassium chlorate, potassium hydroxide and manganese dioxide.
-
-ACTIONS.--Potassium permanganate is a powerful oxidizing agent and
-readily yields up its oxygen in the form of ozone; hence it is an
-antiseptic and deodorizer. Full strength it is a mild caustic. Diluted
-it is astringent.
-
-USES.--Potassium permanganate is advantageously used to deodorize and
-disinfect foul smelling wounds, the nostrils in eczema, nasal gleet, the
-mouth in aphthae, throat when ulcerated, diphtheria, the uterus in
-metritis, retention of placenta and leucorrhoea. It is sometimes given
-internally in puerperal, erysipelas and septicaemia, also to cleanse
-hands or instruments. Potassium permanganate is used as a prophylactic
-in solutions of one in five thousand in poultry.
-
-Potassium permanganate acts as an oxidizant much more freely upon some
-organic substances than upon others, by virtue of which fact it is a
-valuable antidote, notably in the treatment of morphine-poisoning and of
-snake-poisoning. In the former condition it acts only upon the alkaloid
-in the stomach, but should be given frequently during the continuance of
-the symptoms in order to destroy any morphine which may have been
-eliminated from the blood into the stomach. In snake-poisoning a
-concentrated solution of it should be injected freely and immediately
-into the part which has been bitten. Potassium permanganate is one of
-the best medicines with which to sterilize the hands before operating. A
-saturated solution is used for this purpose and the stains may be
-removed from the hands by washing them in saturated solution of oxalic
-acid, or in a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 15 gr. to 1 dr. in one pint of water; sheep
-and pigs, 5 to 10 gr. in half pint of water; dogs and cats, ¹⁄₂ to 11
-gr. in capsule with kaolin. For poultry it should be diluted one part to
-five thousand parts of water.
-
-As an antiseptic and deodorizer for disinfecting newly cut or old foul
-smelling wounds and for surgical purposes one drachm to half an ounce of
-the drug to one pint of water.
-
-As an eye wash use about one in two thousand to one in one thousand.
-
-For uterine injections use one in five thousand to one in two thousand.
-
-As an antidote for opium, morphine or weed-poisoning it can be
-administered by the mouth or hypodermically. When given for these
-purposes the amount of potassium permanganate should equal that of the
-poison taken.
-
-
-
-
-QUSSIA--BITTER WOOD
-
-
-Qussia is obtained from chips or shavings from a tall tree 70 to 100
-feet high.
-
-HABITAT.--Jamaica and other West Indian Islands.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Qussia has no odor, but an intensely bitter taste,
-dependent on a neutral crystalline principle, quassin. There is also a
-volatile oil, but no tannin.
-
-
-PREPARATIONS
-
-
-EXTRACTUM QUASSIAE--EXTRACT OF QUSSIA
-
-Made by percolation with water, boiling and evaporation to pilular
-consistence.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 dr.; sheep and pigs, 15 to 30 gr.;
-dogs, ¹⁄₂ to 3 gr.
-
-
-FLUIDEXTRACTUM QUASSIAE--FLUIDEXTRACT OF QUSSIA
-
-Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol and water and
-evaporation.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs, 2 to 4 dr.; dogs,
-15 m. to 1 dr.
-
-
-TINCTURE QUSSIAE--TINCTURE OF QUSSIA
-
-Made by maceration and percolation of qussia, 200 parts; with alcohol
-and water to make 1000.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 oz.; sheep and pigs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.;
-dogs, ¹⁄₂ to 2 dr.
-
-ACTION AND USES.--Qussia is a bitter stomachic and tonic. It resembles
-gentian and calumba. It is prescribed for the several domestic animals
-in dyspepsia, loss of appetite and convalescence from debilitating
-disorders. Qussia is the most efficient vermicide in our possession for
-the destruction of Oxyuris curvula, horse; and O. vermicularis, dog, in
-the lower bowel. An infusion is employed for this purpose, made by
-soaking qussia chips in cold water (two drachms of the qussia to one
-pint of water) for half an hour. The rectum should be first thoroughly
-washed out with soap and water and one-half pint of this infusion is
-given in enema to dogs; two quarts to horses. The infusion is a narcotic
-poison for flies and other insects.
-
-
-JALAPA--JALAP
-
-The dried tuberous roots of Exogonium Purga Bentham, yielding not less
-than eight per cent of total resin, but not more than one and a half per
-cent of the resin soluble in ether.
-
-HABITAT.--Southern United States and Mexico.
-
-PROPERTIES.--The root is dark brown, with numerous concentric circles
-composed of small resin cells; fracture resinous, lustrous, not fibrous;
-odor slight, but peculiar, smoky and sweetish; taste sweetish and acrid.
-
-DOSE.--Pigs, 2 to 4 dr.; dogs, 1 to 2 dr.; cats, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.
-
-
-RESINA JALAPA--RESIN OF JALAP
-
-Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol, partial distillation;
-precipitation with water; washing and drying.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Yellowish-brown powder, having a slight, peculiar odor, and
-a somewhat acrid taste. Permanent in air. Soluble in alcohol, ether,
-fixed and volatile oils.
-
-DOSE.--Pigs, 30 gr. to 1 dr.; dogs, 15 to 30 gr.; cats, 5 to 15 gr.
-
-ACTION AND USES.--Jalap is a hydragogue cathartic, a vermifuge and
-cholagogue. By adding calomel to jalap its power is increased; jalap is
-more active than senna, but is less powerful and irritating than gamboge
-or podophyllum. Jalap may be given to expel round and thread worms; in
-torpidity of the liver, and in chronic constipation in dogs.
-
-
-PREPARATIONS
-
-
-PULVIS JALAPA COMPOSITUS--COMPOUND POWDER OF JALAP
-
-Composed of jalap, 35 parts; potassium bitartrate, to make 100.
-
-DOSE.--Dogs, 15 to 30 gr.
-
-
-
-
-RHAMNUS PURSHIANA--CASCARA SAGRADA--CALIFORNIA BUCKTHORN--CHITTEM BARK
-
-
-The bark of Rhamnus Persiana de Candolle (nat. ord. Rhamnaceae).
-Collected at least one year before being used.
-
-HABITAT.--United States from Northern Idaho west to the Pacific Ocean.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Externally the bark is reddish-brown. Internally yellowish
-to light brownish, becoming dark with age. Odor distinct; taste bitter
-and slightly acrid.
-
-CONSTITUENTS.--Three resins; a neutral body; a volatile oil; malic and
-tannic acids.
-
-DOSE.--Dogs, 5 to 30 gr.; cats, 1 to 5 gr.
-
-
-PREPARATIONS
-
-
-FLUIDEXTRACTUM RHAMNI PURSHIANAE--FLUIDEXTRACT OF RHAMNUS PURSHIANA
-
-Made by maceration and percolation with diluted alcohol, and
-evaporation.
-
-DOSE.--Dogs, 5 to 30 m.; cats, 1 to 5 m.
-
-
-FLUIDEXTRACTUM RHAMNI PURSHIANA AROMATICUM--AROMATIC FLUIDEXTRACT OF
-CASCARA SAGRADA
-
-DOSE.--Dogs, 5 to 30 m.; cats, 1 to 5 m.
-
-ACTION AND USES.--Used as a non-irritant tonic laxative or cathartic;
-small doses are stomachic; to overcome chronic constipation, give small
-repeated doses; very useful in canine practice. The aromatic
-fluidextract is the best preparation, and is occasionally given to dogs
-and cats with castor oil.
-
-
-RHEUM--RHUBARB
-
-The dried roots of Rheum, of which there are several species.
-
-HABITAT.--China and Thibet.
-
-PROPERTIES.--When powdered it is of a bright orange-yellow, odor
-characteristic; taste bitter, astringent; gritty when chewed.
-
-DOSE.--As a stomachic--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 ozs.; sheep, 1 dr.;
-dogs and cats, 5 to 10 gr.
-
-As a mild purgative--Foals and calves, 1 to 2 dr.; dogs and cats, ¹⁄₂ to
-2 dr.; poultry, 5 to 10 gr., in pill.
-
-
-PREPARATIONS
-
-
-FLUIDEXTRACTUM RHEI--FLUIDEXTRACT OF RHUBARB
-
-Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol and water, and
-evaporated.
-
-DOSE.--Same as that of rhubarb.
-
-
-PULVIS RHEI COMPOSITUS--COMPOUND POWDER OF RHUBARB--GREGORY’S POWDER
-
-Composed of rhubarb, 25 parts; magnesia, 65 parts; ginger, to make 100.
-
-DOSE.--Foals and calves, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; dogs, ¹⁄₂ to 3 dr.
-
-
-TINCTURE RHEI AROMATICA--AROMATIC TINCTURE OF RHUBARB
-
-Composed of rhubarb, cloves, cinnamon and nutmeg.
-
-DOSE.--Calves, 2 dr. to 1 oz.; foals, 2 to 6 dr.; sheep, 4 dr. to 1 oz.;
-lambs, ¹⁄₂ to 2 dr.; dogs, ¹⁄₂ to 3 dr.
-
-ACTION AND USES.--Rhubarb is a stomachic, tonic, astringent, mildly
-cathartic and cholagogue. Rhubarb is useful where there is a lack of
-tone to the bowels; used in diarrhoea in small doses, for its
-stimulating tonic action; as a laxative in large doses or may be
-combined with other laxatives, to prevent griping in milk-fed animals,
-or may be combined with bismuth, opium or sulphuric acid, to stop
-diarrhoea; as a laxative or purgative. The fluidextract or powdered root
-may be combined with calomel, jalap, etc.
-
-
-
-
-SALICINUM--SALICIN
-
-
-A neutral principle (glucoside) obtained from several species of the
-willow and poplar tree.
-
-HABITAT.--Europe, but cultivated in North America.
-
-DERIVATION.--Obtained from a decoction of willow bark. Salicin
-crystallizes on evaporation, after removal of tannin by agitation with
-lead oxide. It is purified by repeated solution and crystallization.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A white, silky, shining crystalline needle, or colorless
-crystalline powder; odorless, and having a very bitter taste. Permanent
-in air. Soluble in 28 parts of water and 30 parts of alcohol.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 dr. to 1 oz.; sheep, 1 to 4 dr.; pigs, ¹⁄₂
-to 1 dr.; dogs, 5 to 30 gr.
-
-ACTIONS.--Bitter tonic, antipyretic, antiferment and antiseptic,
-somewhat antiperiodic resembling quinine in its actions, but not as
-powerful.
-
-USES.--Used in febrile conditions about the same as quinine, its chief
-use is in acute rheumatism, for which it is a very good remedy; as a
-diaphoretic is used in large doses.
-
-
-
-
-SINAPIS ALBA--WHITE MUSTARD
-
-
-DERIVATION.--The dried ripe seeds of Sinapis alba Linne.
-
-HABITAT.--Southern Europe and Asia; cultivated in temperate climates.
-
-DESCRIPTION.--Globular, with a circular hilum; shell yellowish, finely
-pitted, hard; embryo oily, with a curved radicle and two cotyledons, one
-folded over the other; free from starch; inodorous; taste pungent and
-acrid.
-
-DOSE.--Horses, 2 to 4 dr.; cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 2
-dr.; dogs, 10 to 15 gr.
-
-
-
-
-SINAPIS NIGRA--BLACK MUSTARD
-
-
-DERIVATION.--The dried ripe seeds of Sinapis Nigra Linne.
-
-HABITAT.--Same as White Mustard.
-
-DESCRIPTION.--Globular, with a circular hilum; shell blackish-brown, or
-grayish-brown, finely pitted, hard; embryo oily, with curved radicle and
-two cotyledons, one folded over the other; free from starch; inodorous
-when dry, but when triturated with water, of a pungent, penetrating,
-irritating odor; taste pungent and acrid.
-
-CONSTITUENTS.--In the presence of water the latter converts the former
-into the acrid, volatile, official oil of mustard.
-
-DOSE.--Same as white mustard. Commercial form of mustard is a mixture of
-black and white mustard, and constitutes Sinapis.
-
-
-PREPARATIONS
-
-
-OLEUM SINAPIS VOLATILE--VOLATILE OIL OF MUSTARD
-
-DERIVATION.--A volatile oil obtained from black mustard by maceration
-with water and subsequent distillation.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A colorless or pale yellow, and strongly refractive liquid,
-having a very pungent and acrid odor and taste. Freely soluble in
-alcohol, ether or carbon disulphide, the solution being neutral to
-litmus paper. Specific gravity 1.013 to 1.020.
-
-ACTIONS.--Is irritant or counter-irritant, rubefacient, vesicant or
-suppurant, according to the manner in which it is used; it acts much
-quicker than cantharides, but its action is not so prolonged; the paste
-made with water and rubbed into the skin of horses, produces its effects
-within twenty minutes; in two to six hours vesication occurs, pustules
-may occur where the paste is used very strong or closely repeated, or
-too much has been used.
-
-The volatile oil of mustard is a very powerful vesicant and acts very
-quickly.
-
-USES.--It is used as a counter-irritant in laryngitis, pharyngitis,
-bronchitis, pneumonia and pleurisy, or wherever a counter-irritant is
-indicated; applied in the early congested stages it lessens the pain and
-relieves difficult breathing, besides reflexly limiting the amount of
-blood in the parts; it thus limits or decreases the inflammatory action;
-also useful in the exudative stages of these diseases; to promote the
-absorption of the exudate and thus hasten resolution, or where these
-diseases remain dormant; also arouse a depressed nervous system and
-reflexly stimulates the heart; can be used in spinal diseases or in
-congestion of the kidneys.
-
-It acts best when applied and left on 20 or 30 minutes, then washed off
-and repeat in an hour or two; also used in acute indigestion, applied to
-the abdomen; also in colic, enteritis and peritonitis; in phlebitis
-mustard can be used, but a cantharides blister is better. In making a
-mustard plaster, take the pure powdered mustard and gradually pour in
-warm water (not hot); can also be made with cold water or vinegar; rub
-in with moderate friction.
-
-As an emetic for dogs one to two teaspoonfuls in one or two ounces of
-warm water is very effective.
-
-
-
-
-SODIUM BICARBONATE--BICARBONATE OF SODA
-
-
-ORIGIN.--Bicarbonate of soda may be obtained by exposing crystals of
-sodium carbonate to carbonic anhydride, or by the interaction of sodium
-chloride and ammonium bicarbonate.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Bicarbonate of soda is a white, opaque powder, odorless and
-having a cooling, mildly alkaline taste. It is permanent in dry, but
-slowly decomposes in moist air. Soluble in twelve parts of water at 15°
-C. (59° F.); above this temperature the solution gradually loses carbon
-dioxide, and at boiling heat the salt is entirely converted into normal
-carbonate, insoluble in alcohol.
-
-ACTIONS.--Antacid, peristaltic stimulant, carminative, alterative and
-mildly anodyne externally. It also increases fluidity of and secretion
-of gastric juice.
-
-USES.--In disorders of the digestive organ administered half hour before
-meals, to increase the flow of gastric juice, or as an antacid after
-meals. Young calves when fed on stale skim milk, suffering from
-dyspepsia, are benefited by one to two drams of bicarbonate of soda,
-dissolved in each meal of milk. Bicarbonate of soda has become a very
-popular medicine in the treatment of azoturia in about four ounce doses
-every four hours. Bicarbonate of soda is used to lessen the irritation
-of itching skin disorders, as nettle-rash and urticaria, one ounce to a
-quart of water. Also used as an injection for leucorrhoea. It is an
-antidote for acid poisoning.
-
-DOSES.--Horses, 2 dr. to 4 oz.; cattle, 2 dr. to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs,
-¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.; dogs, 10 to 30 gr.
-
-
-
-
-SODII CHLORIDUM--SODIUM CHLORIDE--COMMON OR TABLE SALT
-
-
-ORIGIN.--Mined in a native state and obtained by evaporation of brine,
-spring or sea water.
-
-PROPERTIES.--It is officially described as in “colorless, transparent,
-cubical crystals, or a white, crystalline powder, odorless and heavy, a
-purely saline taste.” Permanent in dry air. Soluble in two and
-eight-tenths parts of water at 25° C. (77° F.), and in two and a half
-parts of boiling water; almost insoluble in alcohol.
-
-ACTIONS.--Sodium chloride in small doses is a condiment, restorative,
-tonic, stomachic, antiferment, alterative, laxative, anthelmintic
-antiseptic emetic for dogs and used as an injection for pin worms.
-
-Animals deprived of salt do not thrive as it is an essential constituent
-of food necessary to the composition of HCl in the gastric juice, and of
-blood plasma, from which it is constantly eliminated in the urine. As an
-emetic for dogs one to four drams of salt, and one dram of powdered
-mustard dissolved in four ounces of tepid water. Common salt as an
-eye-wash is a tonic to the eyes; one dram to a pint of water. Feed
-animals refined salt, as rocksalt contains irritating properties due to
-its great impurity. A cooling and stimulating lotion for sprains and
-bruises may be made by dissolving two ounces of common salt, nitrate of
-potash and chloride of ammonia in a quart of water.
-
-Use pure cooking salt in _normal salt solution_, which contains six of
-one per cent (about fifty grains to a pint), or may be made at once by
-adding a heaping teaspoonful of pure salt into a quart of sterilized
-water at a temperature of 100° to 110° F. In cases of azoturia give
-plenty of salt; it acts as a diuretic, makes the horse thirsty and
-causes him to drink water freely and flushes the kidneys.
-
-DOSE.--Horse, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; cattle, 2 to 3 oz.; sheep, 2 to 4 dr.; pigs,
-1 to 2 dr.; dogs, 5 to 20 gr. These doses are stomachic alterative; when
-used for cattle as a cathartic and vermifuge give 10 to 20 ounces in
-water, usually combined with magnesium or sodium sulphate.
-
-
-
-
-SODII SULPHAS--SODIUM SULPHATE--GLAUBER’S SALTS
-
-
-ORIGIN.--Sodium sulphate effloresces on the soil in various parts of
-Europe. It also exists in solution in many mineral springs in the United
-States. Sodium sulphate is also produced artificially in several
-chemical operations.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Sodium sulphate is in large, colorless, transparent,
-monoclinic prisms, or granular crystals; odorless, and having a bitter,
-saline taste. It effloresces rapidly in the air, and finally loses all
-its water of crystalization. Soluble in three parts of water at the
-temperature of 59° F., insoluble in alcohol, soluble in glycerine.
-
-ACTIONS.--Saline cathartic, cholagogue, hepatic stimulant, slightly
-diuretic and febrifuge. When the effects of a hepatic stimulant is
-required it should be given in small repeated doses.
-
-USES.--It is advantageously used as a cathartic in congestion of the
-liver, in small repeated doses, also useful in dropsical conditions,
-influenza, especially where the liver is involved; tetanus and febrile
-diseases, where the bowels are apt to be constipated. Give two to four
-ounces in a bucket of water. It is successfully used in itching skin
-diseases in full doses combined with bicarbonate of soda two to four
-ounces.
-
-DOSES.--As a cathartic, well diluted in water at about 59° F.; horses,
-16 to 24 ounces; cattle, 1 to 2 pounds; sheep and pigs, 2 to 4 ounces.
-Where repetition is necessary the dose should be reduced one-eighth of
-the above. Best results are obtained when administered with capsicum or
-ginger, as it prevents griping and assists its action.
-
-
-
-
-SODII THIOSULPHAS--SODIUM THIOSULPHATE--SODIUM HYPOSULPHITE
-
-
-ORIGIN.--Sodium hyposulphite is prepared by dissolving sulphur in
-boiling aqueous solution of sodium sulphite.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Colorless, transparent, monoclinic prisms; odorless and
-having a cooling, afterwards bitter taste. Permanent in air 91.4° F.,
-but efflorescent in dry air above that temperature; slightly
-deliquescent in moist air. Soluble in about 0.35 parts of water at 77°
-F. At boiling heat the solution is rapidly decomposed; insoluble in
-alcohol, slightly soluble in turpentine.
-
-ACTIONS.--Sodium hyposulphite is an antiseptic, deodoriser and
-insecticide. In the presence of acids, without and also within the body,
-it gives off sulphurous acid, which it therefore resembles. It is
-thought to destroy ferments and bacteria, and removes offensive smells.
-Its properties are greatly increased when used along with the tar acids.
-When standing long in contact with water the sulphite decomposes and
-gives off hydrogen sulphide.
-
-USES.--Sodium hyposulphite is recommended in indigestion, fermentation,
-flatulence and foul smelling feces and in general septic conditions, but
-have proven as useless as most other medicines in their latter stages.
-It is used externally in parasitic affections of the skin and mouth in
-the form of an ointment or solution.
-
-DOSES.--Horses and cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1¹⁄₂ ozs.; sheep and pigs, ¹⁄₂ to 1
-dr.; dogs, 5 to 30 gr.
-
-
-
-
-SPIRITUS AETHERIS NITROSI--SPIRIT OF NITROUS ETHER--SWEET SPIRITS OF
-NITER
-
-
-An alcoholic solution of ethyl nitrate, yielding when freshly prepared
-not less than four per cent of ethyl nitrate.
-
-DERIVATIVE.--Mix sulphuric acid (40 c. c.) with water (120 c. c.), cool
-and add alcohol and water each, (85 c. c.) and place in (1000 c. c.)
-flask surrounded by ice and water. Dissolve sodium nitrate (100 gm.) in
-water (285 c. c.), filter and allow filtrate to drop slowly into the
-flask above. Wash ethyl nitrate formed with sodium carbonate solution,
-to remove acid, and agitate with potassium carbonate, to remove water.
-Add ethyl-nitrate to 22 times its weight of alcohol.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A clear, mobile, volatile, inflammable liquid, of a
-pale-yellowish or faintly greenish-yellow tint, having a fragrant
-ethereal and pungent odor, free from acidity, and a sharp burning taste.
-Mixes freely with water and alcohol.
-
-DOSES AS A STIMULANT AND ANTISPASMODIC.--Horses, 1 to 3 oz.; cattle, 1
-to 4 ozs.; sheep, 2 to 4 dr.; pigs, 1 to 2 dr.; dogs, 15 m. to 1 dr. As
-a febrifuge and diuretic horses take from 4 dr. to 1 oz.; 4 dr. is
-sufficient as a rule every two, three or four hours, usually combined
-with other medicines for all of its purposes, in fever and colic cases.
-
-ACTIONS.--Spirit of nitrous ether conjoins the action of the alcohol and
-ethyl nitrite of which it consists. It is hence a general stimulant and
-a relaxer and paralyzer of non-striped muscle. It relieves acute fever
-and the difficult breathing of bronchitis and asthma. It is
-antispasmodic, diaphoretic and diuretic. Large doses are narcotic.
-
-USES.--Consisting of strong spirit and a saline ether, when swallowed it
-stimulates the stomach and intestines; is hence stomachic, carminative
-and antispasmodic, and is prescribed to animals in indigestion,
-tympanites, colic and convalescence from debilitating disorders. But its
-properties as a diffusible nitrite, relaxing spasm of involuntary
-muscles, also come into operation. It dilates arterioles, thus decreases
-arterial tension, and hence is of special value in the acute stages of
-fever, whether depending upon specific conditions or local inflammation.
-It relaxes the muscular fibers of the bronchial tubes, and thus relieves
-the spasmodic contraction and difficulty of breathing, which
-characterise catarrh, bronchitis and some forms of asthma. It is
-specially indicated when the heart action is weak and there is
-difficulty of breathing--conditions frequently concurring in influenza
-of horses. During excretion, notably by the skin and kidneys, its
-twofold constitution is further useful as the alcohol stimulates
-secretion, while the ethyl nitrate dilates the lumen of contracted
-vessels, and thus diaphoresis and diuresis are promoted in fevers, local
-inflammations, rheumatism and other disorders. As it is readily
-decomposed, even by water, it should be diluted or mixed with other
-medicines or water only immediately before it is administered. It is
-usually given in cold water, beer or linseed tea.
-
-
-
-
-SPIRITUS GLYCERYLIS NITRATIS--SPIRIT OF GLYCERYL TRINITRATE--SPIRIT OF
-GLONOIN
-
-
-An alcoholic solution containing one per cent, by weight, of
-nitroglycerine. It is probably decomposed in the formation of potassium
-and sodium nitrite.
-
-DERIVATION.--Nitroglycerine is prepared by dropping pure glycerine upon
-a mixture of sulphuric and nitric acids, kept cool by ice, and purified
-by washing with water. The official one per cent solution is not
-explosive unless it becomes concentrated by evaporation to an extent
-exceeding ten per cent.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A clear, colorless liquid, possessing the odor and taste of
-alcohol. Caution should be exercised in tasting it, since even a small
-quantity is liable to produce violent headache.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.; sheep and pigs, 5 to 20 m.;
-dogs, 1 to 2 m. It is administered hypodermically, intravenously,
-intracheally or by the mouth according to the emergency of the case. For
-hypodermic injections one-half drachm is usually sufficient and should
-be diluted with one or two parts of water. It may be repeated in 15 or
-20 minutes if necessary, then every hour or two if required. Care should
-be exercised not to repeat oftener than is necessary, or to give too
-large a dose as violent headache is produced by the drug in animals as
-well as in man.
-
-ACTIONS.--Are the same as amyl nitrite, but more prolonged.
-
-Spirit of nitroglycerine is the most prompt and powerful of all heart
-stimulants, showing its effects usually within three to five minutes.
-
-USES.--It is best used in the official solution, but for dogs may be
-carried in tablets or pills containing ¹⁄₁₀₀ of a grain of glonoin. The
-spirit, however is more dependable. It is a good plan in cases of
-cardiac weakness to brace up the heart with Spirit of Glonoin, then
-maintain the effect with Tincture Strophanthus.
-
-
-
-
-SULPHUR SUBLIMATUM--SUBLIMED SULPHUR--FLOWERS OF SULPHUR
-
-
-DERIVATION.--Obtained from native sulphur by sublimation.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A fine, yellow powder, having a slightly characteristic
-odor and a faintly acid taste. Insoluble in water; slightly soluble in
-absolute alcohol; more readily soluble in benzine, benzol, oil of
-turpentine and many other oils; also in ether, chloroform and in boiling
-aqueous solutions of alkaline hydrates.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 oz.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 2 oz.; dogs,
-1 to 4 dr.
-
-
-PREPARATIONS
-
-
-SULPHUR LOTUM--WASHED SULPHUR
-
-DERIVATION.--Obtained from sublimed sulphur, which is treated with
-diluted ammonia water to wash out sulphurous and sulphuric and ether
-impurities.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A fine, yellow powder, without odor or taste. Solubility
-same as sublimed sulphur.
-
-DOSE.--Same as sublimed sulphur.
-
-
-SULPHUR PRECIPITATUM--PRECIPITATED SULPHUR
-
-DERIVATION.--Obtained from a solution of sublimed sulphur, 100; in
-boiling calcium hydrate, 50; by precipitation with hydrochloric acid.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A fine, amorphous powder, of a pale yellow color, without
-odor or taste. Solubility same as sublimed sulphur.
-
-DOSE.--Same as sublimed sulphur.
-
-
-UNGUENTUM SULPHURIS--SULPHUR OINTMENT
-
-Composed of washed sulphur, 150; benzoinated lard, 850.
-
-ACTIONS.--Sulphur applied to skin or mucous surfaces is a feeble,
-mechanical stimulant, and hence relieves chronic passive congestion. It
-destroys parasitic infestation of the skin. Administered internally it
-is a laxative and alterative. It destroys fungi on vines and kills
-similar parasites affecting plants and animals. How much of this toxic
-effect depends on the sulphur acting as sulphur, and how much on the
-alkaline sulphides, sulphuretted hydrogen and sulphurous acid into which
-it is gradually converted, has not been determined. Sulphur when
-swallowed is slowly acted upon by the alkaline secretions of the
-intestines, and small quantities are converted into sulphides, which
-stimulate the intestinal mucous membrane. A further change liberates
-sulphuretted hydrogen, which imparts its disagreeable smell to the
-breath, secretions of the skin and bowels. The greater part of the
-sulphur swallowed is removed unchanged by the bowels, but a portion is
-excreted in the urine as sulphates. Over-doses given to horses and other
-animals cause colic, purging, prostration and sometime fatal
-gastro-enteritis.
-
-USES.--Sulphur is given to the several domestic animals as a laxative
-where more powerful purgatives might irritate--as in pregnancy,
-convalescence from acute diseases in young animals, and in piles.
-
-Its alterative and stimulant effects on the skin have led to its use in
-rheumatism, eczema and cutaneous diseases. Some veterinarians affirm
-that it benefits dry congested conditions of the respiratory membrane by
-stimulating its epithelial cells and increasing movements of the cilia.
-It has no special vermicide action. Sulphur dusted on the skin slightly
-stimulates, but when dissolved by admixture with an alkali or oil, and
-smartly rubbed in, it more actively stimulates the cells of the rete
-Malpighi and thus hastens desquamation; while it also increases
-contractility of the muscular textures, and hence overcomes passive
-cutaneous hyperaemia. It thus promotes a healthier action in chronic
-eczema and psoriasis, and in such cases sulphur dressings are used with
-benefit combined or alternated with iodine or tar acids, and are aided
-by the internal use of sulphur and arsenic. Infriction of sulphur
-ointment is stated to relieve the pain of rheumatic muscles and joints.
-Sulphurous gas from burning sulphur is used for husk or hoose of sheep
-and calves; this is a disease in which worms affect the bronchial tubes,
-due to strongylus micrurus in calves and strongylus filaria in sheep.
-The patients are placed in a loose box and sulphur is burned about six
-feet away from them, so that air may dilute the fumes before being
-inhaled by the animals; let them inhale the fumes for ten or twenty
-minutes or longer, unless irritation is too great.
-
-
-
-
-TARAXACUM--DANDELION ROOT
-
-
-The fresh and dried roots of Taraxacum officinale, collected in the
-autumn.
-
-HABITAT.--United States and Europe.
-
-PROPERTIES.--The root is about six to twelve inches long, half an inch
-to an inch thick, is dark brown externally and white within. It breaks
-with a short fracture; from the fractured surface a milky juice exudes,
-which is inodorous, but has a bitter taste.
-
-CONSTITUENTS.--Taraxacin, a bitter, soluble, crystalline substance;
-inulin, taraxacerin, resin causing milky juice, asparagin of no medical
-value.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs, 2 to 4 dr.; dogs,
-1 to 2 dr.
-
-
-PREPARATIONS
-
-
-EXTRACTUM TARAXACI--EXTRACT OF TARAXACUM
-
-Made by percolation of powdered taraxacum with alcohol and water, and
-evaporation.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 4 dr.; sheep and pigs, 30 gr. to 1 dr.;
-dogs, 5 to 20 gr.
-
-
-FLUIDEXTRACTUM TARAXACI--FLUIDEXTRACT OF TARAXACUM
-
-Made by maceration and percolation with dilute alcohol, and
-evaporation.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs, 2 to 4 dr.; dogs,
-1 to 2 dr.
-
-ACTION AND USES.--Taraxacum is a simple stomachic and bitter and may be
-employed in place of gentian or calumba. It has been generally taught
-that taraxacum is a hepatic stimulant and increases the secretion of
-bile. This has been proven valueless. The extract is often used as a
-base in preparing masses.
-
-
-
-
-ZINGIBER--GINGER
-
-
-The scraped and dried rhizome of Zingiber officinale.
-
-HABITAT.--East and West Indies and India; cultivated in tropical
-climates.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Ginger owes its taste to a pungent resin, its aroma to a
-volatile oil, and its medicinal and flavoring properties to both
-constituents, which are chiefly found in the delicate felted layer lying
-between the starchy, mealy parenchyma and the brown, horny, external
-covering.
-
-DOSE.--Horses, 2 dr. to 1 oz.; cattle, 1 to 4 oz.; sheep and pigs, 1 to
-2 dr.; dogs, 5 to 15 gr.
-
-
-PREPARATIONS
-
-
-FLUIDEXTRACTUM ZINGIBERIS--FLUIDEXTRACT OF GINGER
-
-Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol, and evaporated so that
-1 c. c. equals 1 gm. of the crude drug.
-
-DOSE.--Same as for ginger.
-
-
-TINCTURE ZINGIBERIS--TINCTURE OF GINGER
-
-Made by percolation of ginger with alcohol and water.
-
-DOSE.--Horses, ¹⁄₂ to 2 oz.; cattle, 1 to 4 oz.; sheep, 2 dr. to 1 oz.;
-pigs, 1 to 2 dr.; dogs, 15 to 30 m.
-
-
-OLEORESINA ZINGIBERIS--OLEORESIN OF GINGER
-
-DOSE.--Horses, 30 m. to 1¹⁄₂ dr.; dogs, 1 to 5 m.
-
-ACTION AND USES.--Ginger is an aromatic stimulant, and is used as a
-stomachic and carminative for all animals, notably for cattle and sheep.
-Ginger is administered internally, promotes gastric secretion, digestion
-and appetite. It is prescribed in atonic dyspepsia, often along with
-antacids and laxatives. Conjoined with purgatives it diminishes their
-tendency to nauseate and gripe, and also somewhat hastens their effects.
-The powder or fluidextract should be added to magnesium and sodium
-sulphate when given in full purgative doses to cattle or sheep.
-
-
-
-
-ZINCI PHENOLSULPHONAS--ZINC SULPHOCARBOLATE
-
-
-DERIVATION.--Zinc sulphocarbolate may be obtained by heating a mixture
-of phenol and sulphuric acid and saturating the product with zinc oxide.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Colorless, transparent, rhombic prisms or tabular crystals;
-odorless and having an astringent, metallic taste. Soluble in water and
-alcohol.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 dr.; foals and calves, 5 to 10 gr.;
-sheep and pigs, 20 to 40 gr.; dogs, 4 to 6 gr.
-
-ACTION AND USES.--Zinc sulphocarbolate has been employed as an
-antiseptic astringent stimulant to indolent or foul wounds, and in
-subacute inflammations of the mucous membrane. The solution used may be
-a little stronger than those of zinc sulphate employed for similar
-purposes. It is also used as an intestinal antiseptic.
-
-
-ZINCI SULPHAS--ZINC SULPHATE
-
-DERIVATION.--Prepared by dissolving zinc in sulphuric acid. Iron and tin
-exist as impurities and are removed by chlorine solution and zinc
-carbonate.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A colorless, transparent, rhombic crystal, without odor and
-having an astringent, metallic taste. Efflorescent in dry air; soluble
-in water and glycerine; insoluble in alcohol.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 dr.; sheep and pigs, 10 to 20 gr.;
-dogs, 2 to 3 gr. As an emetic for dogs, 10 to 15 gr.
-
-ACTIONS.--Irritant, emetic, astringent, antiseptic and nerve tonic.
-Externally it is used as stimulant, astringent and antiseptic; in dogs
-it is a prompt and efficient emetic, causes no depression and acts both
-on the stomach nerve centers; poisonous or long continued large doses in
-the horse dry up the secretions, cause nausea, colic and efforts to
-vomit; dogs cannot be poisoned by it as it causes vomiting.
-
-USES.--As a tonic it is inferior to iron; chief use is externally as an
-astringent; it is used in white lotion combined with lead acetate;
-sometimes used internally with opium to stop excessive sweating in
-frequent small doses. Used as a safe and prompt emetic for dogs and
-pigs.
-
-Externally in solution as an astringent and stimulant for wounds,
-ulcers, simple ophthalmia and irritable conditions of the mucous
-membrane of the uterus or vagina and urethra, vesicular and pustulant
-skin eruptions. Proper strength, one ounce to one quart of water in
-ophthalmia, one-half to one drachm to one pint of water.
-
-
-ZINCI CARBONAS PRAECIPITATUS--PRECIPITATED ZINC CARBONATE
-
-DERIVATION.--Solutions of nearly equal weight of sodium carbonate and
-zinc sulphate are boiled together; dry precipitate. This salt is in
-reality a mixture of zinc carbonate and oxide, in varying proportions,
-with water of crystallization.
-
-PROPERTIES.--An impalpable white powder, of somewhat variable chemical
-composition, without odor or taste; insoluble in water or alcohol.
-
-
-ZINCI OXIDUM--ZINC OXIDE
-
-DERIVATION.--Zinc oxide, may be prepared by exposing zinc carbonate to a
-dull red heat, or from metallic zinc by combustion.
-
-PROPERTIES.--An amorphous, white powder without odor or taste. Insoluble
-in water or alcohol.
-
-DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 dr.; sheep and pigs, 10 to 20 gr.;
-dogs, 5 to 10 gr. Not much used internally.
-
-
-PREPARATIONS
-
-
-UNGUENTUM ZINCI OXIDE--OINTMENT OF ZINC OXIDE
-
-Composed of zinc oxide, 200 parts; benzoinated lard, 800 parts.
-
-ACTIONS AND USES.--Used chiefly as a dusting powder for wounds and
-excoriated surfaces; used alone or conjoined with boric acid, subnitrate
-of bismuth, calomel or in the form of the zinc oxide ointment is
-desiccant, mildly astringent and protective; it is sometimes used in
-chorea, epilepsy and other nervous diseases; to check excessive sweating
-and in diarrhoea. Used extensively in wounds and diseases of the cow’s
-udder.
-
-
-ZINCI ACETAS--ZINC ACETATE
-
-DERIVATION.--Dissolve zinc oxide in diluted acetic acid and boil.
-Evaporate and crystallize.
-
-PROPERTIES.--Soft, white, six-sided monoclinic plates, of a pearly
-lustre, having a faintly acidious odor and an astringent metallic taste.
-Soluble in water and in alcohol.
-
-DOSE.--Same as zinc sulphate.
-
-ACTION AND USES.--The same as zinc sulphate; it is the acetate of zinc
-which is the soluble agent in white lotion, caused by the acetate of
-lead and sulphate of zinc changing their composition.
-
-
-ZINCI CHLORIDUM--ZINC CHLORIDE
-
-DERIVATION.--Dissolve zinc in hydrochloric acid by boiling. The solution
-contains the zinc chloride with chlorides of iron and lead as
-impurities. These are precipitated by adding first nitric acid then zinc
-carbonate. Filter and finally evaporate.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A white, granular powder, or porcelain-like masses,
-irregular or moulded into pencils; odorless; of such intensely caustic
-properties as to make tasting dangerous unless the salt be dissolved in
-much water, when it has an astringent, metallic taste; very
-deliquescent; soluble in water and alcohol.
-
-
-LIQUOR ZINCI CHLORIDE--SOLUTION OF ZINC CHLORIDE
-
-DERIVATION.--Made from zinc chloride and water. It should contain about
-50 per cent, by weight, of the salt. Zinc chloride is used externally
-only.
-
-PROPERTIES.--A clear, colorless, liquid, odorless, having a very
-astringent, metallic taste.
-
-ACTION AND USES.--Is caustic and escharotic, used full strength or in a
-strong solution; penetrates very deeply and causes deep sloughing; an
-irritant and corrosive poison; mild medical solutions are antiseptic and
-astringent; is also disinfectant and deodorizer. Can be used as a
-caustic when indicated; used with caution, for granulations in chronic
-ulcers and foot-rot in sheep; to slough out all kinds of fistula,
-usually mixed with one or two parts of flour made into a paste with
-water, two ounces in a pint of water is injected as a caustic into
-fistulous tracts; two or three per cent solution or two to four drachms
-to the pint of water is used for ordinary astringent purposes and as a
-parasiticide.
-
-
-
-
-VALUABLE DRUGS AND THEIR DOSES FOR DOMESTIC ANIMALS
-
-
-In the list of doses, oz. stands for ounce, pt. for pint, lb. for pound,
-gr. for grain, dr. for dram, dp. for drop.
-
-  ==================+=========+=========+=========+=========+===========
-     Name of Drug   |  Cattle |  Sheep  |  Horses |   Hogs  |   Dogs
-  ------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-----------
-  Alcohol           |4 oz.    |1-2 oz.  |2-4 oz.  |1-2 oz.  |1-4 dr.
-  Alum              |3-4 dr.  |40 gr.   |2-4 dr.  |40 gr.   |15 gr.
-  Ammonia Aromatic  |2 oz.    |1-2 dr.  |1-2 oz.  |1-2 dr.  |20-60 dp.
-  Aniseed           |1-5 oz.  |1-2 dr.  |1 oz.    |1 dr.    |15 gr.
-  Arnica Tincture   |1 oz.    |2 dr.    |.5-1 oz. |1 dr.    |7-20 dp.
-  Asafetida Tincture|3 oz.    |.5 oz.   |2 oz.    |2 dr.    |1 dr.
-  Boracic Acid      |3 dr.    |20 gr.   |1-3 dr.  |15 gr.   |8 gr.
-  Brandy            |4 oz.    |1-2 oz.  |2-4 oz.  |1-2 oz.  |1-2 dr.
-  Calomel           |1-2 dr.  |5-20 gr. |1 dr.    |5-20 gr. |1 gr.
-  Camphor Spirit    |1 oz.    |2 dr.    |2-4 dr.  |15 dp.   |10 dp.
-  Carbolic Acid     |1-2 dr.  |10-20 dp.|.5-2 dr. |5-15 dp. |3-8 dp.
-  Castor Oil        |1 pt.    |2-4 oz.  |1 pt.    |2-4 oz.  |1-2 dr.
-  Chalk             |2 oz.    |1-2 dr.  |.5-2 oz. |1 dr.    |.5-1 dr.
-  Codliver Oil      |3-8 oz.  |3-8 dr.  |2-6 oz.  |2-6 dr.  |1-3 dr.
-  Copperas          |2 dr.    |20 gr.   |1 dr.    |10 gr.   |4 gr.
-  Copper Sulphate   |2-4 dr.  |20-30 gr.|2-4 dr.  |20-30 gr.|1-2 gr.
-  Digitalis         |10-30 gr.|5-15 gr. |10-50 gr.|3-10 gr. |2 gr.
-  Epsom Salts       |1 lb.    |1-4 oz.  |.5-1 lb. |1 oz.    |1-4 dr.
-  Fowler’s Solution |5 dr.    |5-20 dp. |2-4 dr.  |5-20 dp. |1-5 dp.
-  Gentian           |5-8 dr.  |1-2 dr.  |4-8 dr.  |1-2 dr.  |40 gr.
-  Ginger            |5-8 dr.  |1-2 dr.  |2-8 dr.  |15-60 gr.|5-20 gr.
-  Glauber Salts     |1-1.5 lb.|1-4 dr.  |.5-1 lb. |1 oz.    |1-4 dr.
-  Iodide of Potash  |1-2 dr.  |10-25 gr.|.5-2 dr. |5-20 gr. |2-8 gr.
-  Iron Sulphate.    |2 dr.    |25 gr.   |1-2 dr.  |25 gr.   |4 gr.
-  Jamaica Ginger    |2 oz.    |.5 oz.   |1 oz.    |.5-1 dr. |¹⁄₄-¹⁄₂ dr.
-  Laudanum          |2-5 oz.  |1-4 dr.  |1-4 oz.  |1-2 dr.  |20 dp.
-  Lead Acetate      |1 dr.    |25 gr.   |1 dr.    |20 gr.   |1-2 gr.
-  Lime Water        |4-6 oz.  |2 oz.    |4-6 oz.  |2 oz.    |1-8 dr.
-  Linseed Oil       |1-2 pt.  |6-12 oz. |.5-1 pt. |5-10 oz. |1 oz.
-  Mustard           |1 oz.    |1-2 dr.  |.5-1 oz. |1-2 dr.  |20 gr.
-  Nitre             |3-8 oz.  |1 dr.    |1-2 oz.  |1 dr.    |5-20 gr.
-  Nux Vomica        |2 dr.    |30-40 gr.|1-2 dr.  |10-20 gr.|1-2 gr.
-  Olive Oil         |1-2 pt.  |3-8 dr.  |1-2 pt.  |2-6 dr.  |2-4 oz.
-  Pepper            |2-4 dr.  |15-25 gr.|1-3 dr.  |10-20 gr.|4-10 gr.
-  Potassium Bromide |2 oz.    |2-4 dr.  |1-2 oz.  |2-4 dr.  |5-50 gr.
-  Quinine           |1-2 dr.  |5-10 gr. |50-60 gr.|5-10 gr. |1-2 gr.
-  Rhubarb           |1-2 oz.  |1 dr.    |1-2 oz.  |1 dr.    |5-10 gr.
-  Saltpeter         |1-3 dr.  |.5-1 dr. |2-4 dr.  |.5-1 dr. |2-10 gr.
-  Soda              |2 oz.    |2-4 dr.  |1-1.5 oz.|1-3 dr.  |20-50 gr.
-  Sulphur           |3-4 oz.  |1-2 oz.  |2-4 oz.  |1-2 oz.  |1-4 dr.
-  Turpentine        |2 oz.    |1-4 dr.  |1-2 oz.  |1 dr.    |20-50 dp.
-  ------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-----------
-
-
-
-
-INDEX
-
-
-  Abbreviations in Prescription Writing, 24
-  Absolute Alcohol, 36
-  Acetate of Lead, 131
-  Acetate of Morphine, 123
-  Acetate of Potassium, 133
-  Acetate of Zinc, 162
-  Acid Arcenous, 58
-  Acid Benzoicum, 67
-  Acid, Boric, 25
-  Acid Boricum, 25
-  Acid, Carbolic, 26
-  Acid, Salicylic, 28
-  Acidum Arsenosum, 58
-  Acidum Carbolicum, 26
-  Acidum Carbolicum Crudum, 26
-  Acidum Salicylicum, 28
-  Aconite, Fluidextract, 31
-  Aconite, Tincture, 31
-  Aconite, 29
-  Aconitum, 29
-  Aconitina, 31
-  Aconitine, 31
-  Actions of Iron, 93
-  Adeps Benzoinatus, 66
-  Administration of Medicines, 20
-  Aether, 33
-  Aloe Barbadensis, 11
-  Aloe Socotrina, 41
-  Aloes Barbadoes, 41
-  Alcohol, 35
-  Alcohol Absolutum, 36
-  Alkaloidal Salts of Chichona, 84
-  Aloin, 42
-  Aloinum, 42
-  Alum, 44
-  Alum, Dried, 44
-  Alumen, 44
-  Alumen Exsiccatum, 44
-  Alumini Hydroxidum, 44
-  Alumini Sulphas, 45
-  Aluminum Hydroxide, 44
-  Aluminum Sulphate, 45
-  Ammonia Aromatic Spirit, 51
-  Ammonia Liniment, 52
-  Ammonia Muriate, 54
-  Ammonia Spiritus, 50
-  Ammonia Stronger Water, 50
-  Ammonia Water, 50
-  Ammonii Benzoas, 67
-  Ammonii Carbonas, 52
-  Ammonii Chloridium, 54
-  Ammonium Acetate Solution, 52
-  Ammonium Benzoate, 67
-  Ammonium Carbonate, 52
-  Amyl Nitrate, 46
-  Amylis Nitris, 46
-  Anesthesia, 79
-  Anise, 47
-  Anise Oil, 47
-  Anisum, 47
-  Antimonii et Potassii Tartars, 48
-  Antipyrin, 49
-  Antipyrina, 49
-  Antimony  and  Potassium Tartrate, 48
-  Apomorphine Hydrochloride, 127
-  Apomorphine Hydrochloridum, 127
-  Aqua Ammoniae, 50
-  Aqua Ammoniae Fortior, 50
-  Aqua Camphorae, 71
-  Aqua Chloroformi, 77
-  Arcenous Acid, 58
-  Argenti Nitras, 54
-  Argenti Nitras Fusus, 55
-  Argenti Nitras Mitigatus, 55
-  Arnica, 56
-  Arnica Root, Extract, 56
-  Arnica Root, Fluidextract, 56
-  Arnicae, 56
-  Aromatic Fluidextract of Cascara Sagrada, 146
-  Aromatic Spirit Ammonia, 51
-  Aromatic Tincture of Rhubarb, 147
-  Arseni Trioxidum, 58
-  Arsenic, 57
-  Arsenic Trioxide, 58
-  Arsenic, White, 58
-  Arsenum, 57
-  Art of Prescribing, 22-23
-  Aspidium, 61
-  Atropinae Sulphas, 64
-
-  Barbadoes Aloes, 41
-  Belladonna Extract, 63
-  Belladonna Leaves, 62
-  Belladonna Liniment, 64
-  Belladonna Ointment, 63
-  Belladonna Radix, 63
-  Belladonna Root, 63
-  Belladonna Tincture, 63
-  Belladonnae Folia, 62
-  Benzoate of Ammonia, 67
-  Benzoate of Soda, 67
-  Benzoic Acid, 67
-  Benzoin, 66
-  Benzoin Tincture, 67
-  Benzoinated Lard, 66
-  Benzoinum, 66
-  Bicarbonate of Potassium, 136
-  Bicarbonate of Soda, 150
-  Biniodide of Mercury, 102
-  Bi-Chloride of Mercury, 99
-  Bitartrate of Potassium, 141
-  Bitter Wood, 143
-  Black Mustard, 148
-  Blister Beetles, 74
-  Blue Stone, 88
-  Blue Vitriol, 88
-  Boracic Acid, 25
-  Boric Acid, 25
-  Brandy, 37
-  Bromide of Potassium, 134
-  Bromide of Sodium, 134
-
-  Calamus, 68
-  Calamus Fluidextract, 68
-  Calcium Oxide, 69
-  California Buckthorn, 145
-  Calomel, 101
-  Calumba, 69
-  Calumba Fluidextract, 70
-  Calumba Tincture, 70
-  Calx, 69
-  Camphor, 71
-  Camphor Cerate, 72
-  Camphor Liniment, 72
-  Camphor Water, 71
-  Camphora, 71
-  Camphora Monobromata, 72
-  Camphorated Oil, 72
-  Camphorated Tincture of Opium, 121
-  Cantharis, 74
-  Cantharides, 74
-  Cantharides Tincture, 74
-  Capsicum, 75
-  Capsicum Fluidextract, 76
-  Capsicum Oleoresin, 76
-  Capsicum Tincture, 76
-  Carbolic Acid, 26
-  Carbolic Acid, Crude, 26
-  Carbonate of Ammonia, 52
-  Carbonate of Potassium, 135
-  Carron Oil, 69
-  Cascara Sagrada, 145
-  Castor Oil, 115
-  Catechu, 97
-  Caustic Potash, 136
-  Cayenne Pepper, 75
-  Cerate of Camphor, 72
-  Ceratum Camphorae, 72
-  Chalk Mixture, 87
-  Chalk, Prepared, 86
-  Chichona, 83
-  Chichona Alkaloids, 84
-  Chittem Bark, 145
-  Chlorate of Potassium, 140
-  Chloride of Iron, 93
-  Chloride of Mercury, Mild, 101
-  Chloride of Sodium, 150
-  Chloride of Zinc, 162
-  Chloroform, 77
-  Chloroform Compared with Ether, 81
-  Chloroform Emulsum, 78
-  Chloroform Liniment, 77
-  Chloroform Spirits, 78
-  Chloroform Water, 77
-  Chloroformum, 77
-  Citrate of Potassium, 133
-  Cocaine Hydrochloride, 85
-  Cocainae Hydrochloridum, 85
-  Cod Liver Oil, 114
-  Codeina, 123
-  Codeine, 123
-  Comparison of Ether with Chloroform, 81
-  Compound Chalk Powder, 87
-  Compound Powder of Jalap, 145
-  Compound Powder Rhubarb, 146
-  Compound Spirit of Ether, 34
-  Compound Spirit of Juniper, 37
-  Compound Tincture of Benzoin, 67
-  Compound Tincture of Gentian, 99
-  Compound Tincture of Gambir, 97
-  Copper Sulphate, 88
-  Copperas, 91
-  Corrosive Mercuric Chloride, 99
-  Corrosive Sublimate, 99
-  Cosmoline, 128
-  Cotton Seed Oil, 115
-  Cream of Tartar, 141
-  Creta Praeparata, 86
-  Cretae Mistura, 87
-  Cretae Pulvis Compositus, 87
-  Croton Oil, 118
-  Crude Carbolic Acid, 26
-  Cupri Sulphas, 88
-
-  Diacetylmorphine, 123
-  Dandelion Root, 158
-  Digitalein, 89
-  Digitalin, 89
-  Digitalis, 88
-  Digitalis Infusion, 90
-  Digitalis Extract, 89
-  Digitalis Fluidextract, 90
-  Digitalis Tincture, 90
-  Digitonin, 89
-  Digitoxin, 89
-  Deodorized Opium, 122
-  Donovan’s Solution, 59
-  Dose Table of Valuable Drugs, 164
-  Doses for Young Animals, 21-22
-  Dover’s Liquid Powder, 121
-  Dover’s Powder, 121
-  Dried Ferrous Sulphate, 91
-
-  Emulsion of Chloroform, 78
-  Epsom Salts, 109
-  Ether, 33
-  Ether Compared with Chloroform, 81
-  Ether, Pure, 33
-  Extract of Arnica Root, 56
-  Extract of Belladonna Leaves, 63
-  Extract of Digitalis, 89
-  Extract of Gentian, 98
-  Extract of Nux Vomica, 111
-  Extract of Opium, 121
-  Extract of Quassia, 143
-  Extract of Taraxacum, 158
-  Extractum Arnicae Radicis, 56
-  Extractum Belladonnae Foliorum, 63
-  Extractum Digitalis, 89
-  Extractum Gentianae, 98
-  Extractum Nucis Vomicae, 111
-  Extractum Opii, 121
-  Extractum Quassiae, 143
-  Extractum Taraxaci, 158
-
-  Ferri Carbonas Saccharatus, 92
-  Ferri Chloridum, 92
-  Ferri Sulphas, 91
-  Ferri Sulphas Exsiccatus, 91
-  Ferric Chloride, 92
-  Ferrous Sulphate, 91
-  Ferrum Reductum, 91
-  Flaxseed, 107
-  Fluidextract of Aconite, 31
-  Fluidextract of Arnica Root, 56
-  Fluidextract of Belladonna Root, 63
-  Fluidextract Calamus, 68
-  Fluidextract of Calumba, 70
-  Fluidextract of Capsicum, 76
-  Fluidextract of Digitalis, 90
-  Fluidextract of Gentian, 98
-  Fluidextract of Ginger, 159
-  Fluidextract of Hydrastis, 104
-  Fluidextract Nux Vomica, 111
-  Fluidextract of Quassia, 143
-  Fluidextract of Rhamnus Purshiana, 145
-  Fluidextract of Rhubarb, 146
-  Fluidextract of Taraxacum, 158
-  Fluidextractum Aconiti, 31
-  Fluidextractum Arnicae Radicis, 56
-  Fluidextractum Belladonnae Radicis, 63
-  Fluidextractum Calumbae, 70
-  Fluidextractum Calami, 68
-  Fluidextractum Capsici, 76
-  Fluidextractum Digitalis, 90
-  Fluidextractum of Gentianae, 98
-  Fluidextractum Hydrastis, 104
-  Fluidextractum Nucis Vomicae, 111
-  Fluidextractum Quassiae, 143
-  Fluidextractum Rhamni Purshiana, 146
-  Fluidextractum Rhamni Purshiana Aromaticum, 145
-  Fluidextractum Rhei, 146
-  Fluidextractum Taraxaci, 158
-  Fluidextractum Zingiberis, 159
-  Fowler’s Solution, 58
-  Foxglove, 88
-
-  Gambir, 97
-  Gambir Tincture Compound, 97
-  Gamboge, 70
-  Gambogia, 70
-  General Actions of Medicines, 5-19
-  Gentian, 98
-  Gentian Extract, 98
-  Gentian Fluidextract, 98
-  Gentian Tincture Compound, 99
-  Gentiana, 98
-  Ginger, 159
-  Ginger Fluidextract, 159
-  Ginger Oleoresin, 159
-  Ginger Tincture, 159
-  Glauber’s Salts, 151
-  Glycerite of Boroglycerin, 25
-  Glycerite Hydrastis, 104
-  Glyceritum Boroglycerin, 25
-  Glyceritum Hydrastis, 104
-  Golden Seal, 103
-  Goulard’s Extract, 132
-  Green Vitriol, 91
-  Gregory’s Powder, 146
-  Gum Camphor, 71
-
-  Heroin, 123
-  Hoffman’s Anodyne, 34
-  Hydrate of Turpin, 117
-  Hydrastine Hydrochloride, 104
-  Hydrastis, 103
-  Hydrastis Fluidextract, 104
-  Hydrastis Glycerite, 104
-  Hydrastis Tincture, 104
-  Hydrargyri Oxidum Flavum, 103
-  Hydrargyri Chloridum Corrosivum, 99
-  Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite, 101
-  Hydrargyri Iodidum Rubrum, 102
-  Hydrastinae Hydrochloridum, 104
-  Hydroxide of Potassium, 136
-  Hyposulphite of Sodium, 152
-  Hydroxide of Aluminum, 44
-
-  Infusion of Digitalis, 90
-  Infusum Digitalis, 90
-  Iodide of Mercury (Red), 102
-  Iodide of Potassium, 137
-  Iodine, 105
-  Iodum, 105
-  Ipecac and Opium, 121
-  Iron Actions, 93
-  Iron Chloride, 92
-  Iron Reduced, 91
-
-  Jalap, 144
-  Jalap Compound Powder, 145
-  Jalapa, 144
-  Jalapa Resina, 144
-  Jalap Resin, 144
-
-  Lard Benzoinated, 66
-  Laudanum, 121
-  Lead Acetate, 131
-  Lead Oxide, 131
-  Lime, 69
-  Lime Liniment, 69
-  Liniment, Ammonia, 52
-  Liniment Belladonna, 64
-  Liniment Chloroform, 77
-  Liniment Soap, 72
-  Liniment of Turpentine, 117
-  Linimentum Ammoniae, 52
-  Linimentum Belladonnae, 64
-  Linimentum Calcis, 69
-  Linimentum Camphorae, 72
-  Linimentum Saponis, 72
-  Linimentum Terebinthinae, 117
-  Linseed, 107
-  Linseed Oil, 107
-  Linum, 107
-  Liquid Dover’s Powder, 121
-  Liquid Petrolatum, 128
-  Liquor Ammonii Acetatis, 52
-  Liquor Arseni et Hydrargyri Iodidi, 59
-  Liquor Ferri Chloridi, 93
-  Liquor Ferri Subsulphatis, 93
-  Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis, 132
-  Liquor Potassii Arsentis, 58
-  Liquor Potassii Hydroxidi, 137
-  Liquor Zinci Chloride, 163
-  Lithii Benzoas, 67
-  Lithium Benzoate, 67
-  Lunar Caustic, 55
-
-  Male Fern, 61
-  Magnesii Sulphas, 109
-  Magnesium Sulphate, 109
-  Medicines, General Actions, 5-19
-  Medicines, Administration, 20
-  Mercury Bi-Chloride, 99
-  Mercury Oxide (Yellow), 103
-  Methods of Administering Medicines, 20
-  Mild Mercurous Chloride, 101
-  Mitigated Silver Nitrate, 55
-  Monkshood, 29
-  Monobromated Camphor, 72
-  Monsel’s Solution, 93
-  Morphina, 122
-  Morphine, 122
-  Morphinae Acetas, 123
-  Morphinae Hydrochloridum, 122
-  Morphinae Sulphas, 123
-  Morphine Acetate, 123
-  Morphine Hydrochloride, 122
-  Morphine Sulphate, 123
-  Moulded Silver Nitrate, 55
-  Muriate of Ammonia, 54
-  Mustard, Black, 148
-  Mustard Oil, 148
-  Mustard, White, 148
-
-  Naphthalene, 110
-  Naphthalenum, 110
-  Nitrate of Potassium, 139
-  Nitrate of Silver, 54
-  Niter, 139
-  Nitrite Amyl, 46
-  Nux Vomica, 110
-  Nux Vomica Extract, 111
-  Nux Vomica Fluidextract, 111
-  Nux Vomica Tincture, 112
-
-  Oil of Anise, 47
-  Oil Camphorated, 72
-  Oil Carron, 69
-  Oil of Castor, 115
-  Oil of Cod Liver, 114
-  Oil of Cotton Seed, 115
-  Oil of Croton, 118
-  Oil of Linseed, 107
-  Oil of Mustard, 148
-  Oil, Olive, 114
-  Oil, Sweet, 114
-  Oil of Turpentine, Rectified, 117
-  Oil of Tar, 130
-  Ointment of Tar, 130
-  Ointment of Zinc Oxide, 162
-  Oleum Anisi, 47
-  Oleoresin Aspidium, 62
-  Oleoresin Capsicum, 76
-  Oleoresin Male Fern, 62
-  Oleoresina Aspidii, 62
-  Oleoresina Zingiberis, 159
-  Oleoresina Capsici, 76
-  Oleum Gossypii Seminis, 115
-  Oleum Lini, 107
-  Oleum Morrhuae, 114
-  Oleum Olivae, 114
-  Oleum Picis Liquidae, 130
-  Oleum Ricini, 115
-  Oleum Sinapis Volatile, 148
-  Oleum Terebinthinae, 116
-  Oleum Terebinthinae Rectificatum, 117
-  Olive Oil, 114
-  Oil of Turpentine, 116
-  Oleum Tiglii, 118
-  Opii Pulvis, 120
-  Opium, 120
-  Opium Deodoratum, 122
-  Opium Extract, 121
-  Opium and Ipecac, 121
-  Opium, Powdered, 120
-  Opium Tincture, 121
-  Opium Tincture, Camphorated, 121
-  Opium and Wine, 122
-  Oxide of Lead, 131
-  Oxide of Zinc, 161
-
-  Paregoric, 121
-  Pepper, Cayenne, 75
-  Pepper, Red, 75
-  Permanganate of Potash, 142
-  Petrolatum, 128
-  Petrolatum Album, 129
-  Petrolatum Liquidum, 128
-  Petrolatum White, 129
-  Phenol, 26
-  Phenyl Salicylate, 29
-  Phenylis Salicylas, 29
-  Pix Liquida, 130
-  Plumbi Acetas, 131
-  Plumbi Oxidum, 131
-  Potassii Acetas, 133
-  Potassii Citras, 133
-  Potassii Bicarbonas, 136
-  Potassii Bitartras, 141
-  Potassii Bromidum, 134
-  Potassii Carbonas, 135
-  Potassii Chloras, 140
-  Potassii Hydroxium, 136
-  Potassii Iodidum, 137
-  Potassii Nitras, 139
-  Potassii Permanganas, 142
-  Potassium Acetate, 133
-  Potassium Bicarbonate, 136
-  Potassium Bitartrate, 141
-  Potassium Bromide, 134
-  Potassium Carbonate, 135
-  Potassium Chlorate, 140
-  Potassium Citrate, 133
-  Potassium Hydroxide, 136
-  Potassium Hydroxide Solution, 137
-  Potassium Iodide, 137
-  Potassium Nitrate, 139
-  Potassium Permanganate, 142
-  Precipitated Sulphur, 156
-  Precipitated Zinc Carbonate, 161
-  Prepared Chalk, 86
-  Prescribing, the Art of, 22-23
-  Prescription Writing, Abbreviations, 24
-  Prescription Writing Tables, 21
-  Pulvis Ipecacuanhae et Opii, 121
-
-  Quaker Button, 110
-  Quassia, 143
-  Quassia Extract, 143
-  Quassia Fluidextract, 143
-  Quassia Tincture, 144
-  Quininae et ureae Hydrochloridum, 85
-  Quininae Sulphas, 84
-  Quinine Sulphate, 84
-  Quinine and Urea Hydrochloride, 85
-
-  Rectified Oil of Turpentine, 117
-  Red Iodide of Mercury, 102
-  Red Wine, 38
-  Reduced Iron, 91
-  Red Pepper, 75
-  Resin of Jalap, 144
-  Resina Jalapa, 144
-  Rhamnus Purshiana, 145
-  Rheum, 146
-  Rhubarb, 146
-  Rhubarb Compound Powder, 146
-  Rhubarb Fluidextract, 146
-  Rum, 38
-
-  Saccharated Ferrous Carbonate, 92
-  Sal Ammoniac, 54
-  Salicin, 147
-  Salicinum, 147
-  Salicylas Sodium, 28
-  Salicylic Acid, 28
-  Salol, 29
-  Saltpeter, 139
-  Salts (Epsom), 109
-  Salts of Tartar, 135
-  Silver Nitrate, 54
-  Sinapis Alba, 148
-  Sinapis Nigra, 148
-  Soap Liniment, 72
-  Socotrine Aloes, 41
-  Sodii Benzoas, 67
-  Sodii Bromidum, 134
-  Sodii Chloridum, 150
-  Sodii Salicylas, 28
-  Sodii Sulphas, 151
-  Sodii Thiosulphas, 152
-  Sodium, Salicylas, 28
-  Sodium Benzoate, 67
-  Sodium Bicarbonate, 150
-  Sodium Bromide, 134
-  Sodium Chloride, 150
-  Sodium Sulphate, 151
-  Sodium Thiosulphate, 152
-  Solution of Ammonia Acetate, 52
-  Solution of Ferri Chloride, 93
-  Solution of Ferric Subsulphate, 93
-  Solution of Lead Subacetate, 132
-  Solution of Potassium Arsenite, 58
-  Solution of Potassium Hydroxide, 137
-  Solution of Zinc Chloride, 163
-  Spanish Fly, 74
-  Spirit Ammonia, 50
-  Spirit of Camphor, 72
-  Spirit of Chloroform, 78
-  Spirit of Ether, 34
-  Spirit of Glonoin, 155
-  Spirit of Glyceryl Trinitrate, 155
-  Spirit of Nitrous Ether, 153
-  Spirits Vini Gallici, 37
-  Spiritus Aetheris, 34
-  Spiritus Aetheris Compositus, 34
-  Spiritus Aetheris Nitrosi, 153
-  Spiritus Ammoniae, 50
-  Spiritus Ammoniae Aromaticus, 51
-  Spiritus Camphorae, 72
-  Spiritus Chloroform, 78
-  Spiritus Frumenti, 37
-  Spiritus Glycerylis Nitratis, 155
-  Spiritus Juniperi Compositus, 37
-  Stronger Ammonia Water, 50
-  Strychnina, 112
-  Strychnine, 112
-  Strychnine Sulphate, 112
-  Strychninae Sulphas, 112
-  Sulphate of Aluminum, 45
-  Sugar of Lead, 131
-  Sulphate of Atrophine, 64
-  Sulphate of Copper, 88
-  Sulphate of Copper, 91
-  Sulphate of Iron, Dried, 91
-  Sulphate of Magnesium, 109
-  Sulphate of Morphine, 123
-  Sulphate of Quinine, 84
-  Sulphate of Strychnine, 112
-  Sulphate of Zinc, 160
-  Sulphate of Sodium, 151
-  Sulphur Flowers, 156
-  Sulphur Lotum, 156
-  Sulphur Ointment, 156
-  Sulphur Precipitatum, 156
-  Sulphur Sublimatum, 156
-  Sulphur Sublimed, 156
-  Sulphur Washed, 156
-  Sweet Flag, 68
-  Sweet Oil, 114
-  Sweet Spirits of Niter, 153
-  Syrupus Ferri Iodidi, 92
-  Syrup of Ferrous Iodide, 92
-
-  Tables used in Prescription Writing, 21
-  Tables Regulating the Doses for Young Animals, 21-22
-  Tables of Weights and Measures, 21
-  Tar, 130
-  Tar Oil, 130
-  Tar Ointment, 130
-  Taraxacum, 158
-  Taraxacum Extract, 158
-  Taraxacum Fluidextract, 158
-  Tartar Emetic, 48
-  Terebene, 117
-  Terebenum, 117
-  Terpin Hydrate, 117
-  Terpini Hydras, 117
-  Tinctura Aconiti, 31
-  Tinctura Aloes et Myrrhae, 42
-  Tinctura Arnicae, 56
-  Tinctura Belladonnae Foliorum, 63
-  Tinctura Benzoini, 67
-  Tinctura Benzoini Composita, 67
-  Tinctura Cantharidis, 74
-  Tinctura Capsici, 76
-  Tinctura Digitalis, 90
-  Tinctura Calumbae, 70
-  Tinctura Gambir Composita, 97
-  Tinctura Gentianae Composita, 99
-  Tinctura Hydrastis, 104
-  Tinctura Ipecacuanhae et Opii, 121
-  Tinctura Nucis Vomicae, 112
-  Tinctura Opii, 121
-  Tinctura Opii Camphorata, 121
-  Tincture Aconite, 31
-  Tincture of Aloes and Myrrh, 42
-  Tincture of Arnica, 56
-  Tincture of Belladonna Leaves, 63
-  Tincture Benzoin, 67
-  Tincture of Calumba, 70
-  Tincture of Capsicum, 76
-  Tincture Cantharides, 74
-  Tincture of Digitalis, 90
-  Tincture of Ferric Chloride, 93
-  Tincture Hydrastis, 104
-  Tincture of Ipecac and Opium, 121
-  Tincture of Nux Vomica, 112
-  Tincture of Opium, 121
-  Tincture Quassiae, 144
-  Tincture Rhei Aromatica, 147
-  Tincture Zingiberis, 159
-  Turpentine, 116
-  Turpentine Liniment, 117
-  Tincturus Ferri Chloridi, 93
-
-  Unguentum Belladonnae, 63
-  Unguentum Picis Liquidae, 130
-  Unguentum Sulphuris, 156
-  Unguentum Zinci Oxide, 162
-
-  Vaseline, 128
-  Vinum Album, 38
-  Vinum Opii, 122
-  Vinum Rubrum, 38
-  Vitriol, Blue, 88
-  Vitriol, Green, 91
-
-  Weights and Measures Tables, 21
-  Whisky, 37
-  White Mustard, 148
-  White Wine, 38
-  Wine of Opium, 122
-  Wine, Red, 38
-  Wine, White, 38
-
-  Yellow Mercuric Oxide, 103
-
-  Zinc Acetate, 162
-  Zinc Chloride, 162
-  Zinc Chloride Solution, 163
-  Zinc Oxide, 161
-  Zinc Sulphate, 160
-  Zinc Sulphocarbolate, 160
-  Zinci Acetas, 162
-  Zinci Carbonas Praecipitatus, 161
-  Zinci Chloridum, 162
-  Zinci Oxidum, 161
-  Zinci Phenolsulphonas, 160
-  Zinci Sulphas, 160
-  Zingiber, 159
-
-
-
-
-  Transcriber’s Notes
-
-
-  Inconsistent, archaic and unusual spelling, hyphenation,
-  capitalisation, etc. have been retained, except as mentioned below.
-  This includes the use of Linne for Linné, atrophine for atropine,
-  Qussia for Quassia, incontinuence for incontinence, Reisling and
-  Resiling for Riesling; Chichona and Cinchona; chlorid and chlorate for
-  chloride, etc. that may either be deliberately used alternative
-  spellings or typographical errors.
-
-  Individual medicines have been treated as sections, which were (when
-  applicable) grouped together in chapters based on their common
-  compound.
-
-  The book has several sentences where a word (or some words) may be
-  missing; these have not been corrected, unless mentioned below.
-
-  Depending on the hard- and software used and their settings, not all
-  elements may display as intended.
-
-  Page 36, miscible with ether chloroform: presumably miscible with
-  ether and chloroform.
-
-  Page 37, owe their flavor to bouquet to ethers: as printed in the
-  source document; possibly an error for ... to a bouquet of ethers.
-
-  Page 41, 20 gr. to 1 dr.: the animal for this dose is not mentioned,
-  but is possibly the dog.
-
-  Page 46, distillation of nitric and amylic alcohol: possibly an error
-  for ... nitric acid and amylic alcohol.
-
-  Page 51, These four proportions of ammonia: possibly an error for
-  These four preparations of ammonia; alcoholic proportions: possibly an
-  error for alcoholic preparations.
-
-  Page 85, 97, U. S.: presumably U. S. P. (for Pharmacopoeia) as
-  elsewhere.
-
-
-  Changes:
-
-  Many minor obvious typographical errors have been corrected silently.
-
-  Aquous and aqueous have been standardised to aqueous; columba and
-  calumba to calumba; hydrastic to hydrastis.
-
-  Page  Source document                 Changed to
-    7   ANTIFEREMENT.                   ANTIFERMENT.
-    9   Commony Elaterium               Common Elaterium
-   10   seatons                         setons
-        CAUTERY POTENTEAL.              CAUTERY POTENTIAL.
-   12   Pancratin                       Pancreatin
-   13   EPISPOSTIC.                     EPISPASTIC.
-   14   Segenaroot                      Senegaroot
-   17   borac acid                      boric acid (boracic acid might
-                                        also be appropriate)
-   24   quaqua--hora                    quaqua-hora
-        Oclarius                        Octarius
-        Unguntum                        Unguentum
-   25   crystitis                       cystitis
-   26   cresol                          creosol
-        PHENO--ACIDUM CARBOLICUM--      PHENOL--ACIDUM CARBOLICUM--
-        CARBOLIC ACID                   CARBOLIC ACID
-   30   horney                          horny
-   32   perotidities                    perotiditis (also called
-                                        parotiditis elsewhere in the
-                                        book)
-   41   Aloe chinenisis                 Aloe chinensis
-   50   AQUA AMMONIAE FORTOR            AQUA AMMONIAE FORTIOR
-   53   the oxygens, carrying power     the oxygen carrying power
-        intestinal paristalsis          intestinal peristalsis
-   55   ARGENTE NITRAS MITIGATUS        ARGENTI NITRAS MITIGATUS
-   56   senuses of fistulous withers    sinuses of fistulous withers
-   58   ARSENIC TROXIDE                 ARSENIC TRIOXIDE
-        LIQUOR POTASSII ARSENTIS        LIQUOR POTASSII ARSENITIS
-   59   excharotic                      escharotic
-   60   exidation                       exudation
-        acidum arcenosum                acidum arsenosum
-   61   Aspidum Filix--mas              Aspidium Filix-mas
-   62   aspedium                        aspidium
-   65   pharangitis                     pharyngitis
-   66   stryrax                         styrax
-   68   rheumatic effections            rheumatic affections
-   69   abraided surfaces               abraded surfaces
-   70   CAMBOGIA                        GAMBOGIA (this section is no
-                                        longer in alphabetical order
-                                        after the correction)
-        TINCLURA CALUMBAE               TINCTURA CALUMBAE
-   73   stangury                        strangury
-   75   adaps                           adeps
-   83   antonic indigestion             atonic indigestion
-   84   the action of quinine or micro- the action of quinine on micro-
-        organisms                       organisms
-   86   neurectony                      neurectomy
-   97   Uncaria Gembier, Roxb.          Uncaria Gambir, Roxb.
-  100   albumenates                     albuminates
-  101   emisis                          emesis
-  103   GOLDEN ZEAL                     GOLDEN SEAL
-  106   parasitide                      parasiticide
-        disquamatic                     desquamatic
-  110   Commandel Coast                 Coromandel Coast
-  112   anyl alcohol                    amyl alcohol
-  116   alvein secretions               alvine secretions
-        Pinus paulstris                 Pinus palustris
-  120   The Smyram, or Turkey opium     The Smyrna, or Turkey opium
-  123   ammonical                       ammoniacal
-  126   bismuth sub. nitrate            bismuth subnitrate
-  129   electuries                      electuaries
-  130   OLEUM PISIS                     OLEUM PICIS
-  132   repeated header PREPARATIONS    deleted
-  138   scirrhus                        scirrhous
-  142   internally in purperal          internally in puerperal
-  152   chologogue                      cholagogue
-  153   All ethyl-nitrate to            Add ethyl-nitrate to
-  157   psoriases                       psoriasis
-  159   Zingiber officiale              Zingiber officinale
-  162   acedious                        acidious
-  165 ff., Index
-        duplicate entry Acid, Carbolic  removed
-        Argenti Nitras Fusus            moved to proper place
-        Entry Ether                     moved from separate entry
-                                        (directly before Chittem Bark)
-                                        to the second line of entry
-                                        Chloroform compared with
-        Wand Measures Tables            Weights and Measures Tables
-        Several typographical errors    corrected in order to conform to
-                                        the text; when necessary the
-                                        entries concerned were moved to
-                                        their proper places after
-                                        correction.
-
-
-
-
-
-End of Project Gutenberg's Veterinary Medicines, by George F. Korinek
-
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