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diff --git a/old/62642-0.txt b/old/62642-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index e4893eb..0000000 --- a/old/62642-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1532 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of War Prisoner Money and Medals, by Guido Kisch - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: War Prisoner Money and Medals - -Author: Guido Kisch - -Release Date: July 14, 2020 [EBook #62642] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WAR PRISONER MONEY AND MEDALS *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - - - - WAR PRISONER MONEY AND MEDALS - - - By - Guido Kisch - - - Reprinted from - THE NUMISMATIST - 1963 - - - - - I - Internment Camp Money - - -The guarantee of humane treatment for prisoners of war is an achievement -of modern international law. This interesting and important legal -problem was discussed at great length at several international -conferences at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the -twentieth century. A kind of ethical and legal code resulted consisting -of a comprehensive body of rules and regulations, both written and -unwritten. The International Red Cross played an important part in the -development and crystallization of those humanitarian ideals as they are -embodied today in the provisions of the international law concerning -prisoners of war. Its rules have been explicitly or tacitly accepted and -to a great extent put into practice by most of the civilized nations of -the world. Their disregard, as in the recently reported case of 115 -helpless American military prisoners of war murdered in cold blood by -the Germans near Malmedy, or in the notorious death camps of Oswiecim -and Belsen-Bergen, is a relapse into barbarism, characteristic of the -Hitlerite hordes. As a rule, however, the status of prisoners of war is -universally respected and they receive a fair treatment from all -nations, in accordance with the rules of international law. They may be -employed by their captors for certain labors, but must be accorded fair -living conditions. - -Considerations of war economy and corresponding military precautions -created the necessity of issuing special money for the use of prisoners -of war. A shortage in currency is often an unavoidable result of -national war conditions. It would be greatly increased, of course, if -the actual use of national currency would be permitted also to the -rising numbers of captives. The issuance of special currency for the -exclusive use of war prisoners is therefore an act of national defense -in wartime. The use of this special type of money, for which both paper -and metal are employed, is restricted in a twofold way. Its circulation -is limited to war prisoners, and—even more strictly—to definite -internment camps. The prisoners’ specially made money, often easily -distinguishable through a round or square hole in the center, is -excluded from general monetary circulation. The prisoner is not able to -buy articles in the ordinary channels of the national commerce. -Moreover, he is left without means in case of escape. - -These are the ideas and motives underlying the issuance of separate -money for prisoners of war. - - [Illustration: Austrian War-Prisoner Money Used in the Officers - Prison Camp Mühling - (Courtesy of the American Numismatic Society)] - -During the First World War such money was produced by the warring -nations of Europe. In Germany, where 635,000 allied prisoners were -confined at the end of the war, it was called _Gefangenenlagergeld_; in -France, with the greatest number of German war prisoners (400,000), it -was known as _monnaies des camps de prisonniers_. In Germany production -reached tremendous amounts and resulted in almost unbelievable -varieties, far surpassing the needs dictated by war economy and military -policy. Röttinger’s catalogue of German internment camp money lists -about 1360 different places of issue and authorities competent to issue -such money. There were thousands of types and varieties. All kinds of -material were used and all types of style imaginable were represented. -From these facts another motif comes to light which prompted that mass -production of war prisoner money. Apparently this new type of currency -quickly attracted the attention of numismatists, first in the lands of -its origin, then in the adjacent neutral countries, and later in the -entire world. The interest of collectors and students once awakened was -soon exploited by the German government through a mass export of -complete sets of prisoner currency to foreign countries. Thus a means -was provided of obtaining valuable and badly needed foreign exchange for -a worthless kind of currency. In fact it was a practically worthless -kind of money, worthless even from the numismatic point of view. For the -almost innumerable varieties impaired the collector’s interest who could -not entertain any hope ever to obtain a complete collection. While -Germany continued this practice for the duration of the war, in line -with her general inflationary policy, Austria-Hungary seems to have kept -the issuance of her war prisoner money within the limits of the actual -war needs. - -The hypothesis of the partly inflationary character of the German -internment camp money during the First World War and of its doubtful -numismatical value, as set forth here, is borne out by several other -observations. There were very few complete or almost complete -collections of “Gefangenenlagergeld” even in Germany, the most important -ones being that of the _Reichswirtschaftsmuseum_ in Leipzig, where one -specimen of each type of _Notgeld_ was officially deposited by the -_Reich_ as issued, and that of a private collector, Doctor Arnold Keller -of Berlin, the publisher of _Dr. Arnold Kellers Notgeldbücher_. In -Holland, there was also a collection outstanding because of its -completeness, namely that of Mr. Paul Daub of Utrecht, a private -collector. The American Numismatic Society, in due recognition of the -given situation, rightfully did not care to acquire complete sets of -this money, either during or after the war, but contented itself with a -few specimens only. There have been a few private collectors in the -United States none of whom seems to have attained great achievements in -this field. None the less, the interest is still kept alive to some -degree in collectors’ circles through the “International Emergency Money -Club” of New York City, the only club of its kind in existence, founded -in 1936 in New York City, with an active membership of thirty in 1942. - - [Illustration: Different Types of War Prisoner Money] - -Beginning as early as January 1917 the well known firm of J. Schulman of -Amsterdam offered complete sets of such money in a series of consecutive -catalogues on war money, entitled _La Guerre Européenne 1914-1917_. Here -collectors could obtain almost all sets available which were probably -secured from the official authorities of issuance in Germany. The -international reputation of the firm of Schulman in Amsterdam is too -well established to permit reflection on the ethics of its business -transactions. Merely for the sake of clarity it should be stated that -none is implied here. - -Obviously, numismatic interest turned quickly to the items of this -previously little known type of war emergency money. In the very -beginning, most probably, everyone thought that it would be a quickly -passing numismatic phenomenon. No one could at that time realize the -dimensions that production of war prisoner money would finally reach. -All this notwithstanding, the literature on this special kind of money -is scarce, incomplete and widely scattered. The appended select -bibliography might therefore be welcome to those interested in this -field of collecting which probably will be revived soon after the return -of peace. It is needless to state that no claim is being made of -completeness in the bibliographical data offered below. - -No doubt, in the present war, too, internment camp money has been -issued. Scanty news on such money issued in Great Britain, particularly -in the Isle of Man internment camp for civilian and soldier prisoners of -war, has already been brought to the attention of numismatists. A member -of the Czechoslovak State Council in London, Mr. Ernest Frischer, -recently informed the present writer that internment camp money is in -use in the ill-famed concentration camp of Terezin (Theresienstadt) in -Bohemia, where about 50,000 Jews are being held by their German -“Protectors.” According to information received by the War Department in -Washington, on the other hand, “no special type of money is issued for -the use of prisoners of war held in this country. However, prisoners of -war are issued 'canteen checks,’ a form of script which is given them in -lieu of cash. This script is redeemable for merchandise at prison camp -post exchanges. This script is not uniform, each of the several Service -Commands procuring it and issuing it to camps within its jurisdiction. -No photographs of the canteen checks are available.” - -Naturally, more detailed and definite information will be available only -after the termination of hostilities and the restoration of unimpeded -research channels. - - - II - European War-Prisoner Medals - -With regard to war prisoner medals, the numismatic situation is -completely different from that outlined here for internment camp money. -True, there may have been also a “mass production” of such medallic -items in Europe during the war of 1914-1918. But it never could have -paralleled that of the emergency money for internment camps. - -Two motives, above all, caused the issuance of war prisoner medals: the -raising of funds for the support of prisoners of war or the amelioration -of their condition; and the creation of the commemorative tokens or -medals for presentation to captives after their liberation. It is -doubtful and highly improbable, that the “mass production” of such -medals ever reached in quantity a volume equal to that of war prisoners -money. The number issued may well run into hundreds, at most a few -thousands, but certainly not many thousands. For, to the best of this -author’s knowledge, no commemorative war medal in the form of an -official decoration to be given to all war prisoners in general was -issued by any of the states participating in the First World War. Nor -did any of the European states that remained neutral and held members of -the belligerents in internment camps, issue commemorative medals for -internees. This suggestion may well deserve the attention of the United -Nations’ military authorities. After the present war a special -commemorative medal of honor should be issued, intended for those who -had to endure the great hardships of captivity for their country, often -suffering undescribable physical and mental restraint. Such a token of -gratitude would show to these heroes that they, too, had not been -forgotten and that their sacrifice is duly appreciated and will -permanently be remembered. - -It seems that in the last European war prisoner medals were issued -privately only. The extensive search for such medals carried on by the -author in numismatic literature and dealers’ catalogues as well as -through interviewing of collectors and dealers, yielded only four items. -Three are of German origin, only one is French. None of these medals has -aroused as yet the attention or curiosity of numismatists in general or -of collectors of medals in particular. - - [Illustration: German Capture Medal by L. Gies] - -Because of its medallic representation a typically German “war medal” -will be mentioned first. No specimen was available to this writer. None -is found in the Museum of the American Numismatic Society in New York -City. It is a unilateral bronze medal, measuring 64 millimeters in -diameter, designed by the German artist. Ludwig Gies, whose initials -L.G. appear on the obverse. It is one of the numerous “war medals” -created by him in the beginning of the First World War. It depicts the -act of capture. A German soldier is shown capturing and taking away a -French, a Russian, an English, Belgian, Serbian, and a colonial native -prisoner of war. A brief description, but no reproduction of this medal, -is found in J. Schulman’s Catalogue LXV, of April 1916, p. 82, No. 809. -It is pictured among the artist’s other war medals in Max Bernhart’s -_Die Muenchener Medaillenkunst der Gegenwart_, Plate 15, No. 102, -wherefrom the reproduction is made. - -The medal reproduced here as No. 1, another German war prisoner medal, -is a silver medal, of 37.67 grams, measuring forty-one millimeters in -diameter. The obverse depicts the full figure of a German prisoner of -war, dressed in his uniform, on which a sign PG (French: _prisonnier de -guerre_) is visible. Standing on the shore of a river, being of course -the Rhine, he holds his hands stretched out to express his fervent -longing for his home country. Not only the mountains of the latter are -visible on the opposite shore but also the home village with its little -church in the foreground. The inscription in the left upper space of the -medal, before the soldier’s eyes, reads: SEHNSUCHT (longing). The -reverse bears the following inscription in a quadrangular space -surrounded by ornaments: VOLKSBUND/ZUM SCHUTZE/DER DEUTSCHEN/KRIEGS u. -ZIVIL/GEFANGENEN, meaning, “National Society for the Protection of -German Military and Civil Prisoners of War.” On the rim of the medal -name and place of the producing firm are visible: C. Poellat, -Schrobenhausen. The designer’s name does not appear on the medal. No -year is given. In accordance with the aims of the issuing society the -medal was probably destined to promote interest in and support of the -German prisoners of war in enemy land. No records or accounts of the -activities of this society were available in this country. Nevertheless -it is safe to assume the following. Sending of food parcels from Germany -was possible only in the first years of war. But even later, in the -period of grave food shortage, funds were still needed and actually -raised for clothing, and particularly for books, which were continuously -sent to prisoner camps in great quantities. A specimen of this medal is -in the collection of Dr. Bruno Kisch, New York City. - - [Illustration: No. 1 - German Volksbund for Prisoners Medal] - -There is a French counterpart to this medal. A small medal, 26 -millimeters in diameter, similar to No. 1 in its motives, but apparently -more artistically designed, is known to have been struck in France. No -specimen is available in this country. According to the brief -description in J. Schulman’s Catalogue LXXIII it was designed by O. -Yencesse and executed in a silvery white metal. The obverse shows a -French soldier seated in an attitude of despondency. The inscription -reads: POUR NOS—PRISONNIERS. that is: “For Our Prisoners.” On the -reverse a dove is visible bearing in its bill an olive branch. Below is -the date 1916. The motive of the issuance of this medal was patently -fund raising. - -No. 2 is a medal made of hard white metal, and struck for the German -prisoners of war interned at Douglas, Isle of Man, to commemorate their -detention there. Its diameter measures 46 millimeters. On the top there -is a rectangular vertical loophole. The obverse shows the Douglas prison -camp, in the foreground its barracks and huts, also an unfolded banner -is visible; in the background a fortress at the left of the beholder, -and a lighthouse at the right. Between the fortress and the lighthouse -is the Manx triskelion or triquerta, occupying a prominent place in the -upper center. The entire picture on the obverse is enclosed by a -surrounding wreath of barbed wire. The reverse has a wreath of leaves -with a panel in the middle. The inscription reads, in the upper segment: -WELTKRIEG 1914-1915 (“World War 1914-1915”); in the lower: DOUGLAS ISLE -OF MAN; in the middle: ERINNERUNG AN DIE KRIEGSHAFT (“In commemoration -of war detention”). No artist’s name is given. Specimens of this medal -are found in the museum of the American Numismatic Society, New York -City, and in this writer’s collection. The first mentioned specimen is -in an (original) plain wooden case with no ornament. Other wooden cases -are known, on the cover of which an inlaid design is visible -representing an open-jawed snake as the symbol of war. The words -_Weltkrieg 1914/15_ are added on the case. This medal was pictured and -briefly, though not exactly, described in _The New York Times_ of August -26, 1916. In The Numismatist of March 1916, a reproduction with a few -explanatory lines was also published, the medal having been exhibited at -the January meeting of the New York Numismatic Club. - - [Illustration: No. 2 - German Camp Douglas Medal] - -Douglas, Peel and Knockaloe had been chosen as sites for the detention -camps on the Isle of Man. Here many an alien who for years had followed -some profession or trade in Great Britain was interned in 1914 for the -duration of the war. The English and German Relief Committees with the -active cooperation of the American Young Men’s Christian Association -succeeded in performing what seemed to the _New York Times_ -correspondent at that time to have been an unheard-of feat under the -existing conditions: the establishment of an art school for prisoners of -war at Camp Douglas. Beside wooden boxes done in chip carving and in -wood intaglio, the commemorative medals for German war prisoners were -certainly the most artistic objects produced there. Through a strange -irony of fate, they were strictly “made in England.” “Some day they will -be of historic value,” said the _New York Times_ correspondent in -concluding his article. The art school was established in 1915. From the -inscription on the medals “1914-1915” it is clear that they must have -been designed and executed in the latter year, three years before the -war came to an end. - -No other war prisoners medals dating back to the First World War have -come to the attention of the present author. Yet, there may be some that -eluded him. He therefore would appreciate any additional information -that readers should be kind enough to send him (address: 415 West 115th -Street, New York 25, N. Y.) - - - III - American War-Prison Tokens and Medals - - - 1. “Historical Tokens” - -The study of European money and medals issued for prisoners of war in -1914-1918, aroused—little wonder—the curiosity as to whether similar -items came into existence in this country too. No war prisoners money or -medal originating in the last war is known to the author. In his -collection, however, five related items are found, four small tokens and -one large medal, which are deserving the historian’s and medallist’s -attention. All of them picture war prisons of ill fame. Four pertain to -the Revolutionary War, the fifth to the Civil War. Thus it is pertinent -to consider them all in this connection. - - [Illustration: No. 3A - The Old Provoost, New York] - -Nos. 3 A, 3 B, 4 and 5 are copper tokens, each 31 millimeters in -diameter. They are not “historical” items in that they have come down to -us as immediate witnesses from the period of the Revolutionary War. They -are rather medallic creations of an outspoken commercial character, but -nevertheless “historical” tokens. Nos. 3 A and 3 B are identical with -No. 1 of a series of fourteen “Historical Tokens” issued by August B. -Sage, a well-known New York coin dealer, in 1859. No. 4 in the present -numbering is identical with No. 2, and No. 5 with No. 5 of the same -series. On the first page of his _Catalogue of Coins, Medals and -Tokens_, No. 1, of February 1859, Mr. Sage announced that “this series -will consist of about 25 tokens, each one giving a correct -representation of some public building around which there is anything of -an historical interest.” No more than fourteen tokens were actually -issued of this series. All of them were advertised in Mr. Sage’s later -catalogue of June 1859. They were executed in copper plain edge and in -copper and brass with reeded edges. In 1859, the set was offered for -sale for $4.00. Mules in copper, brass, and tin are known. Of No. 1 and -No. 6 two dies were made: in both cases the original die showed some -mistakes in picture or legend which were corrected in the second die. In -Chapman’s catalogue of the Bushnell collection a specimen of No. 1 in -silver is listed as No. 462. It was described as of “weak impression, -but very rare.” - -No. 3 A shows on its obverse a three-story building. On top a -fourth-story attic is added with four dormer windows. Above the roof -rises an octagon-shaped tower surrounded by a balustrade and surmounted -by a cupola ending in a cross. On the front side of the building at the -level of the main floor an empty space is visible. It was probably -designated in the draft for a gate or entrance door which is, however, -missing. The building is surrounded by a fence. In the lowest part of -the obverse, a large asterisk is placed between two smaller ones. The -top space contains the inscription: THE OLD PROVOOST, N. Y. The reverse -has the following legend arranged in five lines A/ BRITISH/ BRISON/ -DURING THE/ REVOLUTION. The third word reads _B_rison, and not Prison. -This inscription is placed within the chain of shackles in a wreath-like -arrangement. The endings converge but do not meet, in the lower part of -the obverse. Between the open ends one reads: NO. 1, and underneath in -smaller letters parallel to the rim: AUG. B. SAGE’S HISTORICAL TOKENS. - - [Illustration: No. 3B - The Old Provoost, New York - (Revised Edition)] - -No. 3 B, of the same type and make looking almost identical with, but -differing in details from No. 3 A, must be considered as a “revised -edition” of the latter. The obverse is identical with that of No. 3 A -with only one deviation: No. 3 B has an entrance door instead of the -empty space in the front wall of the building. The reverse shows more -divergencies. The wording and arrangement of the main inscription are -identical with that of No. 3 A. But the mistake in the word PRISON is -here corrected, the B having been replaced by a P. In 3 B the -surrounding open chain occupies only the upper half of the margin, while -the title of the token series takes its place in the corresponding space -in the lower half: “AUG. B. SAGE’S HISTORICAL TOKENS.” The half-circles -of the chain in the upper part and of the series title in the lower part -thus form a kind of wreath surrounding the main inscription of five -lines. The numeral, No. 1, appears here in the lower part and is -separated from the last line of the inscription, REVOLUTION, by a small -asterisk between two brief exergual lines. Asterisk and lines are -missing in No. 3 A. - -Both types of the token, 3 A as well as 3 B, have on the obverse below -the left corner of the fence, the initial L, representing the name of -the engraver, George H. Lovett, who is listed in the New York City -Directory of 1859 as die-sinker at 131 Fulton Street. He executed all -the Sage tokens and several very pretty Washington medals. - -The medallic picture of the “Old Provoost” is undoubtedly based on -Alexander J. Davis’s (1803-1892) drawing that was engraved by Alexander -Anderson (1775-1870) and reproduced in _The New York Mirror_ of -September 10, 1831, in John Pintard’s article, “The Old Jail.” - -The site of this “modern bastille” was City Hall Park. It was built as -the second jail, in succession, in the City of New York in 1757 and -completed in 1759. In the revolutionary period it was memorable during -the occupation of the City by the British forces, from 1776 to 1783, as -a British military prison, known as “Provost” and later as “Martyr’s -Prison”, still later as “Debtor’s Prison”. In 1830 it was reconstructed -and fitted to receive public records, henceforth known as “Register’s -Office” or “Hall of Records”. It was finally demolished in 1903 to make -way for the Subway. Coins, buttons, and human bones were found in the -excavation. A tablet, erected in 1907, on a granite monument in the Park -still marks the site of the “Old Provost.” - -This British military prison, under the superintendence of the ill-famed -Captain Cunningham, Provost-Marshall—from whom it took its name—and his -deputy, Sergeant Keefe, was the scene of great brutalities to American, -or, in the language of the times, “rebel” prisoners during the -Revolution. The Provost was destined, as John Pintard, the meritorious -New York historian, tells us, for the more notorious rebels, civil, -naval, and military. An admission into this prison was enough to appall -the stoutest heart. On the second floor, called derisively “Congress -Hall,” prisoners of note were confined, citizens of distinction and many -American officers, among them the famous Colonel Ethan Allen and Judge -Fell, of Bergen county, New Jersey. Could these dumb walls speak, John -Pintard exclaims, what scenes of anguish, what tales of agonizing woe, -might they disclose. In his aforementioned article he gave a vivid -account of the “Old Jail’s” history well known to him from the personal -reminiscences of many a distinguished prisoner still living in his day. - -For naval “rebels” a similar function as that of the “Old Provost” for -civil and military “rebels” was fulfilled by “prison-ships.” On board of -such vessels seamen were subjected to every possible hardship, to compel -them to enter into the British service. As is well known, prison-ships -were old vessels-of-war which had been condemned as unseaworthy, and -unfit for store or hospital ships, and converted to this, the last use -to which they could be applied. One of them has gained medallic -interest, the “_Old Jersey Prison Ship_,” which was included as No. 5 in -A. B. Sage’s series of “Historical Tokens.” It is No. 4 in the present -essay. - - [Illustration: No. 4 - The Old Jersey Prison Ship] - -On the obverse the center of the medallic space is occupied by a -representation of the _Jersey_ as it is found on contemporary -engravings. In the upper space one reads: THE OLD JERSEY. Underneath the -ship an anchor is pictured between two skulls and bones. The engraver’s -initial L is missing on this token. The reverse shows the same -arrangement as found in all Sage’s prison tokens. The open shackles in -half-circle in the upper space together with the half-circular -designation AUG. B. SAGE’S HISTORICAL TOKENS surround the following -legend: A/ BRITISH/ PRISON/ DURING THE/ REVOLUTION. The last word stands -between two ornamental lines, the lower consisting of three big stars -flanked on each side by a group of three small stars. Underneath one -reads: No. 5. - -The prison-ship _Jersey_ built in 1736 was a fourth-rate ship of the -line, mounting sixty guns, and carrying a crew of four hundred men. She -was first used as one of the Channel fleet, later sent repeatedly to the -Mediterranean Sea, to Spain, the West Indies, Newfoundland, and was -active in several naval engagements. Already in 1747 the _Jersey_ was -laid up as evidently unfit for active service. On the renewal of -hostilities with France, in 1756, she was refitted for service and again -operated in the Mediterranean. She continued in active service until -1763 when she returned to England and was laid up once more. But in 1766 -the _Jersey_ was again commissioned and sailed for America in 1769. At -that time, the active duty of that ship appears to have been brought to -a close, since she remained out of commission from 1769 to 1776. In this -year the _Jersey_ was ordered, without armament, to New York as a -hospital-ship. In the latter part of the year 1781 she was fitted as a -prison-ship and was used for that purpose during the remainder of the -Revolutionary War. “She remained until the termination of the British -authority in New York, when she was abandoned to the fate to which she -was justly entitled, and was subsequently overwhelmed in the mud of the -Wale bogt, where she remains to this day.” An abundant literature of -memoirs, letters, and lists of the prisoners tells the story of this -prison-ship and its inmates by whose blood and sufferings the -independence of the United States and the civil and religious privileges -all of us can now enjoy, were achieved and purchased. - - [Illustration: No. 5 - City Hall, Wall Street, New York] - -Two more of Sage’s tokens have undertaken to memorialize other Civil War -prisons. In design and execution they are similar to the tokens -described here. No. 2 of Sage’s “Historical Token” series pictures on -its obverse a large building and has the following inscription: CITY -HALL, WALL ST. N. Y. ERECTED IN 1700/ DEMOLISHED/ 1812. The obverse is -very similar to that of No. 3 A, the uncorrected No. 1 of Sage’s -historical series, two skull and bones emblems having been added. A -specimen is in the author’s collection. I. N. Phelps Stokes’ -_Iconography of Manhattan Island: 1498-1909_ (Vol. VI, 1928. p. 539, s. -v. City Hall) does not give, however, any evidence that this building -was used as a British prison during the Revolution. It is different in -the case of _Livingston’s Sugar-House_. which was located on the South -side of Liberty Street, New York City, adjoining the Dutch Church -graveyard east of Nassau Street. This building was chosen by Mr. Sage as -the subject of another token, No. 2 in his series “Odds and Ends,” -executed in the very same manner as all the other tokens. Its obverse -bears the inscription: OLD SUGAR HOUSE LIBERTY ST., N. Y. FOUNDED 1689/ -DEMOLISHED 1840. - - - 2. Historical Medals - -In contrast to the aforementioned tokens, No. 6 and No. 7 are historical -medals in the specific meaning of this term. No description or mention -of either of them have come to this writer’s attention. - -The medal No. 6 measures forty-four millimetres in diameter and was -struck in silver, bronze, and white metal. The American Numismatic -Society has a specimen of each type in its collection. The obverse shows -the “Old Sugar House, Rose Street, N. Y.,” a large five-story building, -of which the front and side are visible. The space between the third and -fourth story of the front is occupied by the number 1763, the year of -its foundation, as the legend says. The space between the uppermost -window on the gable front and the two lower windows has as inscription -these letters: BRS. All windows are grated. Above the representation of -the building one reads the following half-circular inscription: OLD -SUGAR HOUSE ROSE ST. N. Y. Below, there appears this inscription: -FOUNDED 1763 DEMOLISHED 1892. On the reverse the half-circular legend, A -BRITISH PRISON, is placed above a small representation of the frontside -of the gable. The latter shows the uppermost window in the highest -corner, and underneath two more grated windows in a row. Above the left -window the initial I, above the right one the initial S are visible. The -lower part of the reverse is occupied by a key in horizontal situation -being the ill-famed prison-key, underneath shackles are placed. The -ornamental arrangement is in symmetrical correspondence with that in the -upper part. In the middle of the space one reads in two lines: DURING -THE/ REVOLUTION. - - [Illustration: No. 6 - Old Sugar House, Rose Street, New York] - -The “Old Sugar House Rose Street, N. Y.,” which stood on the corner of -Rose and Deane Streets in New York City, was erected by Henry Cuyler, -Jr., for his heir, Barnet Rynders Cuyler, probably in 1763. This date, -which appears on the medal twice, is based on an authority “who had -opportunity to observe.” John Austin Stevens stated from personal -recollection “that he saw the date 1769 high upon the brick wall in iron -figures.” The good engraving which is reproduced in James G. Wilson’s -_Memorial History of the City of New York_ and may well have been the -model for the engraver of the medal, shows the year 1767 on the wall of -the building. As disputed as the date of its erection is also its use as -prison during the Revolution. Wilson writes: “The date and the -architect’s initials are still to be seen on the side of the building, -worked in wrought-iron characters, quaint and old. The Rhinelander -family has owned the property since 1790, and much of the land around it -has been in their possession much longer than that. When first erected -the house was used as a sugar-house, but the great interest in the old -building is in the memory of the use to which it was put in -revolutionary times. The grated windows, the dungeon-like underground -cellars, the general air of solidity and impregnability which impress -the observer at first sight, bear out the assertion, which has become a -creed among the neighbors, that during the Revolution the sugar-house -was diverted from its legitimate use and turned into a British prison, -where many an American patriot suffered not only imprisonment, but -cruelties and starvation.” This was written by Wilson in 1892 in -commemoration of the then recent demolition of the structure. It seems -that it was the very same occasion that caused the issuance of the -medal, bearing the year of the building’s demolition. Nevertheless, the -use of the Rhinelander sugar-house as a prison during the Revolution was -“denied by Stevens and others, who have presented testimony to disprove -it,” as Stokes tells us. It seems almost impossible to decide the issue -which, in turn, renders the historical justification of the issuance of -the medal also doubtful. - - [Illustration: No. 7 - Libby Prison Medal - (Obverse)] - -No. 7 is the only medal known to the author referring to a military -prison in the Civil War. No specimen of it is found in the museum of the -American Numismatic Society. Nor do the catalogues, guide-books, and -other pamphlets published by the Libby Prison War Museum Association in -Chicago mention this medal that was probably issued by this very -association. There is nothing about it in the files of the Chicago -Historical Society. The Chicago newspapers of 1893 might have some -article or note. But as they are not indexed it would take a great deal -of time and labor to search through them. - -The very heavy medal measures seventy-one millimetres in diameter. It is -made of type metal, coated with a bluish-black lacquer. The obverse -shows in its upper part the following legend: LIBBY PRISON; and in the -lower part: WAR MUSEUM/ CHICAGO 1893. The space in the center is -occupied by the picture of Libby Prison as it stood in its original -place in Richmond, Virginia. Four prisoners’ tents are visible in the -foreground. Of course, no barbed wire, and not even a fence are -indicated. Instead sentries can be seen in front of the main building as -well as of the tent-barracks, their number being six _in toto_. The -picture is that well known from contemporary drawings or etchings. - - [Illustration: No. 7 - Libby Prison Medal - (Reverse)] - -The reverse of the medal bears an extensive legend in eighteen lines. -These are surrounded by a circular panel, showing on top clasped hands, -at the bottom crossed sabres. The panel inscription reads: NO -SECTIONALISM—1861—NO NORTH—NO SOUTH—1865—NO ANIMOSITY. The eighteen-line -legend gives an historical account of Libby Prison and its -transformation into the Chicago War Museum: - - 1845 - LIBBY PRISON RICHMOND, VA. - ERECTED IN 1845 BY LUTHER LIBBY. - -OCCUPIED BY LIBBY AND SON, SHIPCHANDLERS AND GROCERS. IN 1861 TAKEN BY -THE CONFEDERATED AND CONVERTED INTO A PRISON. FROM 1861 TO 1864, 40,000 -UNION PRISONERS WERE CONFINED IN IT. LARGEST NUMBER AT ONE TIME 1400. - -FOR OFFICERS EXCLUSIVELY IN 1864-5. FEBRUARY 9 1864, 109 UNION OFFICERS -MADE THEIR ESCAPE BY THE CELEBRATED TUNNEL PLANNED BY COL. THOS. E. -ROSE. MOVED TO CHICAGO IN 1889, CONVERTED INTO A NATIONAL WAR MUSEUM -OWNED BY THE LIBBY PRISON WAR MUSEUM A’SSN. - - C. F. GUNTHER. PRES; - L. MANASSE. VICE PRES; - C. E. KREMER. SEC. AND TREAS. - 1893 - -The history of Libby Prison as sad as it is romantic is too well known -to be retold here even briefly. The New York Public Library has in its -Americana collection no less than 222 items on Civil War prisoners and -prisons. Many of them are devoted exclusively or partially to Libby -Prison. The selected bibliography appended to this article will guide -historically interested readers. With reference to the medal under -consideration it is surprising that the famous commander of the prison, -Major Thomas P. Turner, found no mention in its historical legend. He -“was always a gentleman,” as one of the former prisoners wrote in his -memoirs. - -In view of the fact that the medal is dedicated to the Libby Prison War -Museum in Chicago, the history of the removal of the building from -Richmond may be of interest. The following quotation is an excerpt from -the pertinent introductory chapter in the now rare _Catalogue and -Program_ of the Libby Prison War Museum, first published probably in -1889 and later reprinted in the early eighteen-nineties: - - “The removal of Libby Prison from Richmond, Va. to Chicago was a - project never before equaled in the history of building moving and one - that will not be surpassed for years to come. This famous old - structure as a Confederate prison is too well known to need the - repetition of its history, and it is enough to state that it was the - palace prison of the South, and during the late war it held more than - 40,000 Union officers and enlisted men as prisoners. The project of - removing Libby Prison to Chicago was thought of by a well-known - Chicago business man who interested a syndicate of his business - associates, and as a result they visited Richmond in the latter part - of 1888 and took a thorough look over the ground.... Mr. Louis M. - Hallowell, a well-known and experienced Philadelphia architect, was - engaged to work on the spot. He made all of the working plans for - taking the structure apart, shipping it to the cars and rebuilding it - in Chicago. The work commenced in December, 1888, and as the building - was taken apart each board, beam, timber and block of stone was - numbered and lettered in such a manner that there was not the least - trouble about placing these parts correctly together again in - rebuilding.... Sending to Chicago required 132 twenty-ton cars ... the - re-erection of Libby Prison ... was completed early in September. The - Museum was opened to the public September 21, 1889.... It contains the - most complete and valuable collections of Confederate relics in - existence.” - -The museum was situated on Wabash Avenue between 14th and 16th Streets. -The enterprise proved a failure, however. The Libby Prison War Museum -was torn down in 1899, according to information received from the -Chicago Historical Society. The Coliseum was erected on the site. The -prison wall on the Wabash Avenue is now incorporated in the facade of -the Coliseum, all other material used having been disposed of. - -The officers of the Libby Prison War Museum Association whose names -appear on the medal, are identifiable from their advertisements on the -covers of the _Catalogue_. The President, C. J. Gunther, was a -confectioner who advertised his candies; the Vice President, L. Manasse, -an optician; and the secretary-treasurer was a member of the law firm, -Schuyler and Kremer, “attorneys at law and proctors in Admiralty.” - -One would expect to learn that the medal was struck on some occasion -connected with the Libby Prison War Museum, either on the completion of -its rebuilding in Chicago or on its opening. This was, however, not the -case. There is no other indication as to when the medal was executed -except the year 1893 appearing on its reverse. It proves that the medal -must have been struck in connection with the Columbian Exposition held -in that year in Chicago. This is all that could be explored of its -history. - -Finally a token should be mentioned that refers to Civil War prisons, -though indirectly only. It is representative of a whole group of similar -tokens. In 1864-1865 a special committee of the United States Sanitary -Commission published the gruesome results of an inquiry into the -privations and sufferings of United States officers and soldiers during -their war imprisonment. It aroused, of course, the public at that time. -The United States Sanitary Commission, established in 1861, to cooperate -with the army, arranged a series of great fairs, popularly termed -“Sanitary Fairs,” in order to raise funds for the relief of sickness, -the improvement of hospital sanitation, and the promotion of the health -conditions among the armed forces in general. The Commission distributed -during the war supplies to the value of fifteen million dollars, and -funds amounting to five million more were received into its treasury, at -least two-thirds of which were obtained from the numerous “Sanitary -Fairs.” The first was held at Chicago in 1863, and many other cities -followed. - -Tokens of the kind of that pictured here as No. 8 were given to the -“cheerful givers.” The obverse of No. 8 shows Washington’s head facing -the right, at each side four stars, the legend being: GEO. WASHINGTON / -PRESIDENT. The reverse has the following inscription in nine lines, the -first three and last one curved: GOD LOVETH A CHEERFUL GIVER / GREAT -FAIR / IN AID OF THE / U. S. / SANITARY / COMMISSION / NANTUCKET / MASS. -/ AUGUST 1864. The size is twenty-four millimeters. Specimens were -struck in silver, copper, brass, nickel, and tin. - - [Illustration: No. 8 - “Sanitary Fair” Token] - -To be sure, the present essay represents but a very modest contribution -to the discipline of medallic history. If through the methodological -approach of a specific problem it would aid in stimulating further -research in this little cultivated field, the author would consider this -a highly gratifying reward. - - - - - ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY - - - Prisoners of War in General - -William E. S. Flory, Prisoners of War: A Study in the Development of - International Law. Washington, D. C.: American Council on Public - Affairs, 1942. - - A good survey of all legal aspects of the subject, with a selected - bibliography. - -Georges Werner, “Les Prisonniers de Guerre,” in Académie de Droit - International: Receuil des Cours, 1928, Vol. I, Paris: Librairie - Hachette, 1929, pp. 1-107. - - Scholarly juridical treatise on all legal problems concerning - prisoners of war. - -Franz von Liszt, Das Völkerrecht. Twelfth edition by Max Fleischmann. - Berlin: Julius Springer, 1925, pp. 480-488. - - The standard German work on International Law, with a selected - bibliography. - -André Warnod, Prisonnier de Guerre: Notes et Croquis Rapportés - d’Allemagne. Paris: Librairie Charpentier et Fasquelle, 1915. - - Experiences in a German internment camp, with interesting drawings by - the author as illustrations. - -[Alexander] Backhaus, Die Kriegsgefangenen in Deutschland. - Siegen-Leipzig-Berlin: Verlag Hermann Montanus, 1915. - - About 250 photographs from German prison camps with explanatory - comments. - -[Anonymous]: Deutsche Kriegsgefangene in Feindesland. Berlin and - Leipzig: 1919. - - Official accounts of the German government concerning prisoners of war - in France and England. - -Clemens Plassmann, Die deutschen Kriegsgefangenen in Frankreich, - 1914-1920. Berlin: Verlag der Reichsvereinigung ehemaliger - Kriegsgefangener, 1921. - - A systematical discussion of all legal and social problems concerning - the German prisoners of war in France, 1914-1920. - -Dora Coith, Kriegsgefangen: Erlebnisse einer Deutschen in Frankreich. - Leipzig: Hesse und Becker Verlag, 1915. - - Description of experiences in a French war prison of a German civil - internee. - -Robert Guerlain, A Prisoner in Germany. London: Macmillan and Co. Ltd., - 1944. - - Account of a French soldier who spent more than a year as a prisoner - of war in one of the vast prison camps in Germany, 1940-1941. - - - I. Internment Camp Money - -Bruno Röttinger, Das deutsche Gefangenenlagergeld sowie Gruben und - Zechengeld 1914/1918. (Volume V of Dr. Arnold Keller’s - Notgeldbücher). Frankfurt a. M.: Adolph E. Cahn, 1922. V + 42 pp. - - The most complete check-list of all kinds and varieties of the German - internment camp money superseding previously published lists. - -J. Schulman, La Guerre Européenne 1914-1916: Catalogues, Nos. LXVII, - January, 1917, pp. 99-129, nos. 864-1188, plates IX-XI (Germany, - Austria-Hungary); pp. 152-154, nos. 1387-1400 (Germany); LXX, - March, 1918, pp. 66-70, nos. 745-801 (Germany); pp. 129-131, nos. - 1441-1465 (Austria-Hungary); LXX, pp. 166-168, nos. 1797-1831 a - (France); LXXIII, January, 1919, pp. 19-27, nos. 171-259 (France); - pp. 55-58, nos. 535-573 (Germany); pp. 78-79, nos. 770-773 - (Austria); pp. 104-106, nos. 1049-1064 (France); LXXV, December, - 1919, pp. 10-12, nos. 90-112 (France); pp. 91-96, nos. 832-882 - (Germany); pp. 99-100, nos. 906-917 (Austria-Hungary). - - Many complete sets listed with very fine numismatic descriptions. - -[Anonymous], “The Numismatic Side of the European War.” The Numismatist, - XXIX (July, 1916), p. 328. - - On internment camp money of Freistadt, Grodig, and Kleinmünchen. - -[Anonymous], “Europe’s War Legacy to Collectors.” The Numismatist, XXIX - (1916), pp. 498-499. - - On Austrian war prisoners money “in the war prisoners’ camp at - Braunau, and struck in nickel-aluminum. All are of the same type and - have a small square hole in the center.” Also on war prisoners money - used in the camps at Danzig-Troyl, Prussia, and Kleinmünchen, Austria, - with reproduction of several sets. - -[Anonymous], “European War Prison Camp Tokens.” The Numismatist, XXX - (1917), pp. 18-19. - - Particularly on the prisoners money of the “k. u. k. Offiziersstation - für Kriegsgefangene Mühling,” (1915), with reproductions. - -J. Hunt Deacon, “Isle of Man Internment Camp Money.” The Numismatic - Scrapbook Magazine, IX (June, 1943), pp. 313-314. - - On internment camp money issued in the present war. - -J. Hunt Deacon, “More Internment Camp Money.” The Numismatic Scrapbook - Magazine, IX (July, 1943). pp. 428 f. - - On present war money issued for civilian internment camps. - -Robert Guerlain, A Prisoner in Germany. London: Macmillan and Co. Ltd., - 1944. - - On pp. 71-73, information is found on prices and currency in German - prison camps, during the period of 1939 to 1941. - - - II. European War-Prisoner Medals - - - German Capture Medal by Ludwig Gies - -J. Schulman, La Guerre Européenne 1914-1916. Catalogue LXV, April 1916, - p. 82, no. 809. - - The description reads: - - Prisonniers de guerre. - - Médaille uniface coulée en bronze par L. G(ies). Un soldat allemand - amène un soldat français, un russe, un anglais, un belge, un serbe et - un indigène. Br. mm. 64. Médaille très intéressante. fl. 18. - -Max Bernhart, Die Münchener Medaillenkunst der Gegenwart. Munich-Berlin: - R. Oldenbourg, 1917. - - A photographic reproduction, 60 millimeters in diameter, is found on - Plate 15, no. 102. - - - French War-Prisoner Medal of 1916 - -J. Schulman, La Guerre Européenne 1914-1916. Catalogue LXXIII, p. 8 no. - 52. - - The description reads: - - Pour nos prisonniers. - - Médaille portative par O. Yencesse. Un poilus assis en attitude - accablée. Légende POUR NOS-PRISONNIERS. Rev. Une colombe portant dans - son bec un rameau d’olivier, en bas. 1916. Métal argenté mm. 26, coins - arrondis. fl. 3.50. - - - German Camp Douglas Medal - -[Anonymous], “German Prisoners’ Art School,” in The New York Times, - Sunday, August 20, 1916, p. 12. - -[Anonymous], “Some Interesting Medallic Issues,” The Numismatist, XXIX - (March, 1916), p. 124, no. 4. - - - III. American War Prison Tokens and Medals - - - Civil War Prisons and Prisoners - -Richard F. Hemmerlein, Prisons and Prisoners of the Civil War. Boston: - The Christopher Publishing House, 1934. - - A general survey of the history of the prisons and the treatment of - prisoners during the Civil War, with select bibliography. - - - A. B. Sage’s Historical Prison Tokens - -Augustus B. Sage, Catalogue of Coins, Medals, and Tokens, No. 1, New - York: February, 1859, p. 1. - - Advertisement and description of the series of Sage’s “Historical - Tokens,” nos. 1-10. - -A. B. Sage, Catalogue of Coins, Medals, and Tokens, New York: June, - 1859. - - On inner front-cover advertisement and description of the series of - Sage’s “Historical Tokens,” nos. 1-14, and of another token series, - “Odds and Ends.” These data, though of general numismatic interest, - are not reproduced in L. Forrer’s Biographical Dictionary of - Medalists. Hence they are given here in full. - - - Historical Tokens: - - No. 1. The Old Provoost Prison, 2 dies. - No. 2. The Old City Hall, Wall Street. - No. 3. Faneuil Hall, Boston. - No. 4. Carpenter’s Hall, Philadelphia. - No. 5. Old Jersey Prison Ship. - No. 6. State House, Philadelphia, 2 dies. - No. 7. Mount Vernon, Washington’s Residence. - No. 8. Old Hasbrook House, Newburgh. - No. 9. Richmond Hill House, N. Y. - No. 10. Washington’s Head Quarters, Tappan. - No. 11. Washington’s Head Quarters, Valley Forge. - No. 12. Sir Henry Clinton’s House, N. Y. - No. 13. The Old Swamp Church. - No. 14. The Charter Oak. - -“Upon receipt of $4.00, we will send a complete set of the above tokens - to any place in the United States. The series will be continued - from time to time.“ - - - Odds and Ends: - - No. 1. Crystal Palace. - No. 2. Old Sugar House. - No. 3. Paul Morphy. - - “The above series will be continued from time to time. Struck in good - copper, and sold at the low price of 25 cents each.” - -S. H. and H. Chapman, Catalogue of the Celebrated and Valuable - Collection of American Coins and Medals of the Late Charles I. - Bushnell. Philadelphia: Chapman, 1882, p. 31, nos. 459-462: - “Sage’s Historical Tokens.” - -L. Forrer, Biographical Dictionary of Medallists, Vol. V. London: Spink - and Son, 1912, p. 296. - - Forrer’s pertinent account on Sage’s “Historical Tokens” must be - corrected in accordance with the data given in the present essay. - - - “The Old Provoost” of New York - -I. N. Phelps Stokes, The Iconography of Manhattan Island: 1498-1909. - Vol. III, New York: Robert H. Dodd, 1918. p. 972, s. v. New Gaol - (“Goal”). - -John Pintard, “The Old Jail.” The New York Mirror: A Weekly Journal, - Devoted to Literature and the Fine Arts, Vol. IX, No. 10 (New - York, September 10, 1831), p. 73. - - With a reproduction of “The Old Provoost,” drawn by Alexander J. Davis - and engraved by Alexander Anderson. - -Frank Bergen Kelley, Historical Guide to the City of New York. Revised - Edition. New York: The New York Commercial Tercentenary - Commission, 1913, p. 55. - - - “The Old Jersey Prison Ship” - -Albert G. Greene (editor), Recollections of the Jersey Prison-Ship: - Taken, and Prepared for Publication, from the Original Manuscript - of the Late Captain Thomas Dring, of Providence, R. I., One of the - Prisoners. New York: P. M. Davis, 1831. Re-edited by Henry B. - Dawson. Morrisania, N. Y.: H. B. Dawson, 1865. - - Especially p. 14, note 3; p. 196; reproduction of an engraving of the - “exterior view of the ship,” facing p. 16. - -[Anonymous], 1888. A Christmas Reminder: Being the Names of about Eight - Thousand Persons, A Small Portion of the Number Confined on Board - the British Prison Ships during the War of the Revolution. - Brooklyn, N. Y.: Society of Old Brooklynites. 1888. - - Containing the names of the “prisoners confined on board the British - ship Jersey.” - -Henry R. Stiles, Letters from the Prisons and Prison-Ships of the - Revolution. (The Wallabout Prison-Ship Series, No. 1). New York: - Privately printed, 1865. - - Includes letters written on the Jersey. - - - Livingston’s Sugar House - -I. N. Phelps Stokes, The Iconography of Manhattan Island: 1498-1909. - Vol. V, New York: Robert H. Dodd, 1926, pp. 1042 (1777); 1234 - (1789). - -Thomas E. V. Smith, The City of New York in the Year of Washington’s - Inauguration, 1789. New York: Anson D. F. Randolph and Co., 1889, - pp. 36-37. - - - Rhinelander Sugar-House - -James Grant Wilson, The Memorial History of the City of New York from - Its First Settlement to the Year 1892, Vol. II, New York: New York - History Company, 1892, p. 452 and note 1. - - With a good picture of the Rhinelander Sugar House. A picture of - Livingston’s Sugar House is found, ibidem, p. 457. - -I. N. Phelps Stokes, The Iconography of Manhattan Island: 1498-1909, - Vol. IV, New York: Robert H. Dodd, 1922, p. 790 (anno 1769); cf. - Vol. V, 1926, pp. 1234 (1789); 1699 (Febr. 4, 1831). - -Henry Collins Brown, Book of Old New York. New York: Privately printed, - 1913. - - Opposite p. 308, a good photograph of the Rhinelander Sugar House. - - - Libby Prison and Libby Prison War Museum - -Will Parmiter Kent, The Story of Libby Prison: Also Some Perils and - Sufferings of Certain of Its Inmates. Second edition. Chicago, - Ill.: The Libby Prison War Museum Association [1890]. - - Profusely illustrated. On the cover pictures of Libby Prison “as it - was” and “as it is.” - -[Anonymous], Libby Prison War Museum: Catalogue and Program. Chicago: - Libby Prison War Museum Association, [no year given]; reprinted - several times. - -[Anonymous], A Trip through the Libby Prison War Museum. Chicago: Libby - Prison National War Museum Association, 189?. - -Frank E. Moran, A Thrilling History of the Famous Underground Tunnel of - Libby Prison. New York: Reprinted from the Century Magazine, - 1889-1893. - -F. F. Cavada, Libby Life: Experiences of a Prisoner of War in Richmond, - Va., 1863-64. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott and Co., 1865. - - Most comprehensive description with contemporary illustrations, among - them a reproduction of the best contemporary engraving of Libby Prison - in Richmond, Va. - -Louis Palma di Cesnola, Ten Months in Libby Prison. [Pamphlet, no place, - no date]. [New York, 1865]. - - Description of prison life in Libby prison, 1863-1864. - -Isaac N. Johnston, Four Months in Libby, and the Campaign against - Atlanta. Cincinnati: J. N. Johnston, 1864. - -A. O. Abbott, Prison Life in the South at Richmond, Macon, Savannah, - during the Years 1864 and 1865. New York: Harper and Brothers, - 1865. - - Description of the life in Libby Prison by a former prisoner, on pp. - 22-41. - -Cullen B. (“Doc”) Aubery, Recollections of a Newsboy in the Army of the - Potomac, 1861-1865; His Capture and Confinement in Libby Prison. - [Milwaukee, Wisc.: Doc Aubery, 1904]. - - Memoirs of Libby Prison and its commanders by a former prisoner of - war. - - - United States Sanitary Commission - -United States Sanitary Commission, Narrative of Privations and - Sufferings of United States Officers and Soldiers While Prisoners - of War in the Hands of the Rebel Authorities. Boston: “Little’s - Living Age,” 1865. - - Official report of a commission of inquiry, with an appendix - containing the testimony. See also Arthur C. Cole, The Irrepressible - Conflict, 1850-1865 (A History of American Life, Vol. VII) (New York, - 1934), pp. 322 f., 331 f. - -W. S. Baker, Medallic Portraits of Washington with Historical and - Critical Notes. Philadelphia: Robert M. Lindsay, 1885, pp. 150 - ff., especially No. 364, p. 154. - - -The present bibliography has been completed on April 1, 1945. - -The author wishes gratefully to acknowledge the courtesy of the American -Numismatic Society (Mr. Sawyer Mc. A. Mosser, Librarian) and of the New -York Historical Society (Mr. John T. Washburn, Chief of the Reading -Room) in permitting him use of their collections, without which this -study could never have been completed. - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - -—Silently corrected a few typos. - -—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - -—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's War Prisoner Money and Medals, by Guido Kisch - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WAR PRISONER MONEY AND MEDALS *** - -***** This file should be named 62642-0.txt or 62642-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/2/6/4/62642/ - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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