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} -p.review { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; font-size:80%; } -p.pcap { margin-left:0em; text-indent:0; text-align:left; margin-top:0; font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:90%; } -p.pcapc { margin-left:2em; text-indent:0em; text-align:justify; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:90%; } -span.attr { font-size:80%; font-family:sans-serif; } -span.pn { display:inline-block; width:4.7em; text-align:left; margin-left:0; text-indent:0; } -</style> -</head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The History of Badlands National Monument -and the White River (Big) Badlands of Sou, by Ray H. Mattison and Robert A. Grom and Joanne W. Stockert - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The History of Badlands National Monument and the White River (Big) Badlands of South Dakota - Badlands Natural History Association Bulletin No. 1 - -Author: Ray H. Mattison - Robert A. Grom - Joanne W. Stockert - -Release Date: July 14, 2020 [EBook #62641] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF BADLANDS NATIONAL MONUMENT *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Lisa Corcoran and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -</pre> - -<div id="cover" class="img"> -<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="History of Badlands National Monument" width="500" height="758" /> -</div> -<p class="pcapc"><b>Cover Photo: THE CASTLE</b>, five miles west of Cedar Pass and just west of Norbeck -Pass, is a spectacular saw-tooth ridge which was named by early local ranchers. The -spires rise more than 200 feet above the Fossil Exhibit Trail (see <a href="#fig28">Figure 28</a>) and approximately -450 feet above the lower grassland plains which are out of view on the left. -The ridge is an eroded remnant of rock layers which formerly covered Badlands National -Monument and surrounding areas.</p> -<div class="box"> -<h1><span class="ss">HISTORY -<br />OF -<br />BADLANDS NATIONAL MONUMENT -<br /><span class="small">and -<br />The White River (Big) Badlands of South Dakota</span></span></h1> -<p class="center small"><span class="ss">by -<br />Ray H. Mattison -<br />and -<br />Robert A. Grom</span></p> -<p class="center small"><span class="ss">edited by -<br />Joanne W. Stockert</span></p> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p01.jpg" alt="NATIONAL PARK SERVICE" width="400" height="218" /> -</div> -<p class="center small"><span class="ss">Bulletin No. 1</span></p> -<p class="center small"><span class="ss">Published 1968 by the -<br />Badlands Natural History Association -<br />Badlands National Monument -<br />Interior, South Dakota 57750</span></p> -</div> -<p class="center smaller"><span class="ssn">Printed at Rapid City, South Dakota, U.S.A. -<br />By Espe Printing Company -<br />First Edition -<br />Library of Congress Catalog Number: 68-19055</span></p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_4">4</div> -<p class="tb">This booklet is published by the Badlands Natural History -Association, a nonprofit corporation dedicated to assisting -the National Park Service in its scientific, educational, historical, -and interpretive activities at Badlands National -Monument. Organized in April 1959, the association is -incorporated under the laws of the State of South Dakota. -It is recognized by the National Park Service, United States -Department of the Interior, as an official cooperating organization. -A list of mail-sales items handled by the -association may be obtained free by sending a card or -letter to the address shown on the title page.</p> -<p>The Badlands Natural History Association wishes to thank -the many local people who have contributed their know-how -and resources in making this publication possible.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_5">5</div> -<h2 id="toc" class="center">CONTENTS</h2> -<dl class="toc"> -<dt><a href="#c1">Introduction</a> 7</dt> -<dt><a href="#c2">Chronology of Badlands National Monument and the White River (Big) Badlands</a> 9</dt> -<dt><a href="#c3">Early Indians and Explorers</a> 11</dt> -<dt><a href="#c4">The Settlers Come</a> 23</dt> -<dt><a href="#c5">Legislation for Park Establishment</a> 27</dt> -<dt><a href="#c6">The Depression Years</a> 37</dt> -<dt><a href="#c7">Early Development of the National Monument</a> 43</dt> -<dt><a href="#c8">Mission 66 Development</a> 59</dt> -<dt class="center"><span class="ss">APPENDIX</span></dt> -<dt><a href="#c9">A Annual Visitor Use, 1938-1967</a> 65</dt> -<dt><a href="#c10">B Custodians and Superintendents of Badlands National Monument</a> 67</dt> -<dt><a href="#c11">C Picture Credits</a> 69</dt> -<dt><a href="#c12">D Footnotes and References</a> 71</dt> -<dt><a href="#c13">E Map of Badlands National Monument</a> 79</dt> -</dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_7">7</div> -<h2 id="c1"><span class="small">INTRODUCTION</span></h2> -<p>In 1951 the National Park Service (NPS) launched the concept of -developing a documented history for each unit of the national park system. -Known since 1984 as “park” histories, the studies were to be general -in scope, spanning the history of each area with emphasis on park -origin, legislation, visitor use, and all aspects of management.</p> -<p>Although sporadic research on local area history was done by the -NPS in the 1950’s and early 1960’s, comprehensive research studies -that finally led to a park history for Badlands National Monument did -not start until 1964. In that year Ray H. Mattison, former Visitor Services -Coordinator and Historian for the Midwest Region of the NPS, began -the project by selecting some 300 pages of reference materials from -the National Archives. Additional bibliographical materials were located -in the Congressional Record, NPS historical files, and elsewhere. -Former Chief Park Naturalist Robert A. Grom of Badlands National Monument -did much in gathering photographs, maps, and historical data, and -in writing additions and revising parts of the various drafts prepared -by Mattison. By the end of 1965 a manuscript was completed, but publication -was delayed. Mattison retired from the NPS in 1965 and Grom -was transferred in May 1966.</p> -<p>In 1967 more historical evidence came to light which resulted in -the editing, updating, and expanding of the 1965 manuscript. Much -of this work was done by Joanne W. Stockert, wife of the Chief Park -Naturalist. Copies of all documents and references not found locally -but which were used as bibliography in the final manuscript were -obtained for the files or library of Badlands National Monument. For -those who are interested in learning how this national monument has -evolved to the present time, the Badlands Natural History Association -has published this history with the hope that it will provide a basic -source of historical information on Badlands National Monument.</p> -<p><span class="lr">John W. Stockert</span> -<span class="lr">Executive Secretary</span> -<span class="lr">Badlands Natural History Association</span></p> -<p>February 19, 1968</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_9">9</div> -<h2 id="c2"><span class="small">CHRONOLOGY OF BADLANDS NATIONAL MONUMENT AND THE WHITE RIVER (BIG) BADLANDS OF SOUTH DAKOTA</span></h2> -<dl class="undent"><dt>1823—First known party of white men, led by fur-trader Jedediah Smith, passed through the White River Badlands.</dt> -<dt>1849—First scientific party, under Dr. John Evans, collected paleontological specimens from the Badlands.</dt> -<dt>1855—The General William Harney Expedition, en route from Fort Laramie to Fort Pierre, passed through the present national monument.</dt> -<dt>1868—Present western South Dakota reserved to the Sioux by Fort Laramie Treaty.</dt> -<dt>1874—Dr. O. C. Marsh, distinguished Yale scientist, and party visited Badlands region.</dt> -<dt>1890—Much of the Badlands restored to public domain to be opened eventually to white settlement.</dt> -<dd class="t">A band of Sioux, under Chief Big Foot, passed through the area of the present national monument en route to Wounded Knee, where many were killed in battle with the army.</dd> -<dt>1907—The Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad built through Interior near southern boundary of area, The Chicago and North Western Railway constructed through Philip and Wall near northern boundary.</dt> -<dt>1909—The South Dakota Legislature petitioned Congress to set aside a township in the Badlands region for a national park.</dt> -<dt>1922—Senator Peter Norbeck introduced the first bill in Congress to make a portion of the Badlands a national park.</dt> -<dt>1929—Badlands National Monument, comprising some 50,830 acres, authorized by Congress.</dt> -<dt>1936—Law enacted authorizing enlargement of the proposed national monument to 250,000 acres by presidential proclamation.</dt> -<dt>1939—Badlands National Monument, comprising about 150,000 acres, established by presidential proclamation.</dt> -<dt>1952—Congress authorized reduction in size of national monument. Area reduced by about 27,000 acres.</dt> -<dt>1957—Area further reduced by approximately 11,000 acres, leaving the national monument with an official acreage of 111,529.82 acres.</dt> -<dt>1959—Visitor center completed.</dt> -<dd class="t">Badlands National Monument dedicated by Secretary of the Interior Fred A. Seaton.</dd> -<dt>1963—Bison reintroduced to the Badlands.</dt> -<dt>1964—Bighorn reintroduced to the Badlands.</dt> -<dd class="t">Cedar Pass Lodge acquired by the National Park Service.</dd></dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_10">10</div> -<div class="img" id="fig1"> -<img src="images/p02.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="542" /> -<p class="pcap">Figure 1<span class="center"> LES MAUVAISES TERRES, NEBRASKA</span></p> -<p class="pcapc">This is the earliest published view of the White River Badlands. The sketch was made in 1849 by Dr. John -Evans when he was in the field with the Owen Geological Survey. The region at that time was a part of -Nebraska Territory.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_11">11</div> -<h2 id="c3"><span class="small">EARLY INDIANS AND EXPLORERS</span></h2> -<p>Little is known of the prehistory of the region which comprises Badlands -National Monument. The time of man’s entry into the Badlands-Black -Hills region is unknown. The oldest Indian site found in western -South Dakota is in the Angostura Basin south of Hot Springs. Studies -indicate it to be a little more than 7,000 years old. Evidence shows that -these early people were big-game hunters who preyed upon mammoth, -large bison, and other animals that lived in the lush post-glacial grasslands.<a class="fn" id="fr_1" href="#fn_1">[1]</a></p> -<p>Firepits containing Indian artifacts have been found in the Pinnacles -area of the national monument. Radiocarbon studies leave little doubt -that hunters were already using this site by 900 A.D.<a class="fn" id="fr_2" href="#fn_2">[2]</a> More archeological -research will probably show that man hunted and made his -home in the Badlands long before that date.<a class="fn" id="fr_3" href="#fn_3">[3]</a></p> -<p>Since about 1000 AD. the Black Hills area has been occupied by a -number of nomadic Indian tribes. Some of these subsisted primarily -by hunting, while others lived on local food plants. These tribes probably -belonged to the Caddoan, Athabascan, Kiowa, and Shoshonean -linguistic groups.<a class="fn" id="fr_4" href="#fn_4">[4]</a></p> -<p>During the 18th century, parties of Arikara from the Missouri River -went on buffalo hunts as far west as the Black Hills. There they met -with the Comanche, Arapaho, Kiowa, and Cheyenne at trading fairs -where they acquired horses. The Arikara, in turn, traded horses with -the Teton Sioux who had been slowly migrating south and westward -since about 1670 from the headwaters of the Mississippi River. Around -1775 the Oglala and Brule, tribes of the Teton Sioux, moved west of the -Missouri River to occupy respectively the Bad River country (around the -present town of Philip, S.D.) and the region along the White River -south of the Badlands. Because of their move from a timbered area -to a plains region, the Sioux underwent great adjustment. As the result -of acquiring guns from the whites and horses from other tribes, the Sioux -became primarily a nomadic people, dependent on buffalo for sustenance.<a class="fn" id="fr_5" href="#fn_5">[5]</a></p> -<p>For more than a century prior to 1763, the upper Missouri Valley, including -what is today Badlands National Monument, was under French -control. Under terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1763 French possessions -west of the Mississippi River were ceded to Spain. Spain returned the -area, known as Louisiana, to France in 1800 in the secret Treaty of -San Ildefonso.<a class="fn" id="fr_6" href="#fn_6">[6]</a> In 1803 the entire region, which included all of the -present states of Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, and South Dakota, -plus parts of eight other states, was purchased by the United States from -France for $15,000,000.</p> -<p>The early French-Canadian trappers called the region, which includes -the present day national monument, <b>Les Mauvaises terres a -traverser</b>, which translated means “bad lands to travel across.” Other -traders applied the term “bad lands” to this locality as well as to any -section of the prairie country “where roads are difficult....” The Dakota -Indians called the region <b>Mako Sica</b> (mako, land; sica, bad).<a class="fn" id="fr_7" href="#fn_7">[7]</a></p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_12">12</div> -<p>Father Pierre-Jean de Smet called the White River <b>Mankizita-Watpa</b>. -This Indian word commonly means “white earth river,” or more literally, -“smoking land river.” The priest attributed the name to the river water -which he wrote was “impregnated with a whitish slime.”<a class="fn" id="fr_8" href="#fn_8">[8]</a></p> -<p>Early American trappers and traders called the attention of the -world to the unusual geological features and extensive fossil deposits -of the Badlands along the White River. The earliest known description -of the region, believed to be the White River Badlands, is that of James -Clyman, a member of Jedediah Smith’s 11-man party, who passed -through the area in 1823. Clyman described it as</p> -<blockquote> -<p>... a tract of county whare no vegetation of any kind existed -beeing worn into knobs and gullies and extremely uneven ... a -loose grayish coloured soil verry soluble in water running thick -as it could move of a pale whitish coular and remarkably adhesive ... -there [came] on a misty rain while we were in this pile -of ashes [bad-lands west of the South Fork of the Cheyenne -River] and it loded down our horses feet (feet) in great lumps -it looked a little remarkable that not a foot of level land could -be found the narrow revines going in all manner of directions -and the cobble mound[s] of a regular taper from top to bottom -all of them of the percise same angle and the tops sharp ... the -whole of this region is moveing to the Misourie River as fast as -rain and thawing of Snow can carry it....<a class="fn" id="fr_9" href="#fn_9">[9]</a></p> -</blockquote> -<p>When Maximilian, Prince of Wied, returned to Fort Pierre in 1834 -after making his historic journey up the Missouri with Charles Bodmer, -William Laidlaw, the trader of the fort, gave him a description of the -Badlands. The German prince wrote:</p> -<blockquote> -<p>... I much regretted that I could not remain long enough to -visit the interesting tract of the Mauvaises Terres, which is some -days’ journey from hence. Mr. Laidlow [sic], who had been -there in the winter, gave me a description of it. It is two days’ -journey, he said, south-west of Fort Pierre, and forms, in the -level prairie, an accumulation of hills of most remarkable forms, -looking like fortresses, churches, villages and ruins, and doubtless -consisting of the same sand-stone as the conformations near -the Stone Walls. He further stated that the bighorn abounds -in that tract.<a class="fn" id="fr_10" href="#fn_10">[10]</a></p> -</blockquote> -<p>Father de Smet visited the Badlands region in 1848. He described it as</p> -<blockquote> -<p>... the most extraordinary of any I have met in my journeys -through the wilderness.... Viewed at a distance, these lands -exhibit the appearance of extensive villages and ancient castles, -but under forms so extraordinary, and so capricious a style of -architecture, that we might consider them as appertaining to -some new world, or ages far remote.<a class="fn" id="fr_11" href="#fn_11">[11]</a></p> -</blockquote> -<p>The Jesuit noted further, “The industry of the settler will never succeed -in cultivating and planting this fluctuating and sterile soil....” -However, he believed that the fossil deposits in the region would be of -interest to the geologist and the naturalist.<a class="fn" id="fr_12" href="#fn_12">[12]</a></p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_13">13</div> -<div class="img" id="fig2"> -<img src="images/p03.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="406" /> -<p class="pcap">Figure 2<span class="center"> OREODONT SKELETON</span></p> -<p class="pcapc">Oreodonts are the most common fossil mammals found in the Badlands. Several species -of these now-extinct animals have been scientifically described.<a class="fn" id="fr_13" href="#fn_13">[13]</a></p> -</div> -<p>In the 1840’s the reports of fossil remains in the White River Badlands -aroused the curiosity of scientific circles in the East. In the fall -of 1843(?) Alexander Culbertson, well-known fur trader of the American -Fur Company, made a trip from Fort Pierre to Fort Laramie. Either on -this particular trip or succeeding ones, he made a collection of fossils -and bones in the Badlands.<a class="fn" id="fr_14" href="#fn_14">[14]</a> This collection provided the basis for the -first scientific description of a Badlands fossil. The description was -written by Dr. Hiram A. Prout of St. Louis, published in 1846, and printed -again in 1847 with greater detail. The paper described a lower-jaw fragment -of a large rhinoceros-like animal which later was given the common -name <b>titanothere</b> by Dr. Joseph Leidy in 1852. Another fossil from this -same collection, a fragment of an ancestral camel, was also described -in 1847 by Dr. Leidy, who in a few years became the authority on Badlands -fossils and an outstanding paleontologist.<a class="fn" id="fr_15" href="#fn_15">[15]</a> In the fall of 1847 -the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia became the first known -institution to receive a collection of fossils from this region.<a class="fn" id="fr_16" href="#fn_16">[16]</a></p> -<p>In 1848 another deposit to this institution, made by Culbertson’s -father, Joseph, included “a new fossil genus of Mammalia, found near -the ‘Black Hills’....”<a class="fn" id="fr_17" href="#fn_17">[17]</a> These deposits aroused such interest that in -1849 United States Geologist David Dale Owen sent his assistant, Dr. -John Evans, to the Badlands.<a class="fn" id="fr_18" href="#fn_18">[18]</a></p> -<p>Dr. Evans, accompanied by a fellow geologist, “five Canadian -travelers who were to be our muleteers and cooks, and finally an Indian -guide and an interpreter,”<a class="fn" id="fr_19" href="#fn_19">[19]</a> set out westward from Fort Pierre after -traveling by steamboat from St. Louis. Following five days of overland -travel they reached the Badlands. One of the party was a Frenchman, -E. de Girardin, a soldier of fortune employed as an artist on the expedition. -His story of the trip was published in 1864 in a French travel -magazine, <b>Le Tour du Monde</b>. After climbing a hill about a hundred -meters (about 330 feet) high, he beheld “the strangest and most incomprehensible -view.”<a class="fn" id="fr_20" href="#fn_20">[20]</a> (See <a href="#fig4">Figure 4</a>.)</p> -<blockquote> -<div class="pb" id="Page_14">14</div> -<p>At the horizon, at the end of an immense plain and tinted rose -by the reflection of the setting sun, a city in ruins appears to us, -an immense city surrounded by walls and bulwarks, filled by a -palace crowned with gigantic domes and monuments of the -most fantastic and bizarre architecture. At intervals on a soil -white as snow rise embattled chateaus of brick red, pyramids -with their sharp-pointed summits topped with shapeless masses -which seem to rock in the wind, a pillar of a hundred meters -rises in the midst of this chaos of ruins like a gigantic lighthouse.<a class="fn" id="fr_21" href="#fn_21">[21]</a></p> -</blockquote> -<p>De Girardin was also impressed by the large deposits of fossil remains -in the area. “The soil is formed here and there of a thick bed of -petrified bones,” he wrote, “sometimes in a state perfectly preserved, -sometimes broken and reduced to dust.” The party discovered “petrified -turtles,” some of which were “admirably preserved and weighing -up to 150 pounds....” The expedition also found “a head of a rhinoceros -equally petrified, and the jawbone of a dog or wolf of a special -kind, furnished with all its teeth.” At places the scientists located “heaps -of teeth and scraps of broken jawbones; ... bones and vertebrae of the -oreodon, the mastdon [sic] and the elephant.” However, after exploring -for three days in the region without having discovered “the elephants, -the buffaloes, and the petrified men of which they had spoken to us so -much,” the party began its journey back to Fort Pierre.<a class="fn" id="fr_22" href="#fn_22">[22]</a></p> -<p>Dr. Evans himself was not only impressed by the scenic qualities of -the Badlands but by the scientific importance of the region as well. He -wrote:</p> -<blockquote> -<p>After leaving the locality on Sage Creek, affording the above-mentioned -fossils, crossing that stream, and proceeding in the -direction of White River, about twelve or fifteen miles, the formation -of the Mauvaises Terres proper bursts into view, disclosing -as here depicted, one of the most extraordinary and picturesque -sights that can be found in the whole Missouri country.</p> -<p>From the high prairies, that rise in the background, by a series -of terraces or benches, towards the spurs of the Rocky Mountains, -the traveller looks down into an extensive valley, that may -be said to constitute a world of its own, and which appears to -have been formed, partly by an extensive vertical fault, partly -by the long-continued influence of the scooping action of denudation.</p> -<p>The width of this valley may be about thirty miles, and its whole -length about ninety, as it stretches away westwardly, towards -the base of the gloomy and dark range of mountains known as -the Black Hills. Its most depressed portion, three hundred feet -below the general level of the surrounding country, is clothed -with scanty grasses, and covered by a soil similar to that of the -higher ground.</p> -<p>To the surrounding country, however, the Mauvaises Terres present -the most striking contrast. From the uniform, monotonous, -<span class="pb" id="Page_15">15</span> -open prairie, the traveller suddenly descends, one or two hundred -feet, into a valley that looks as if it had sunk away from the -surrounding world; leaving standing, all over it, thousands of -abrupt, irregular, prismatic, and columnar masses, frequently -capped with irregular pyramids, and stretching up to a height -of from one to two hundred feet, or more.</p> -<p>So thickly are these natural towers studded over the surface of -this extraordinary region, that the traveller threads his way -through deep, confined, labyrinthine passages, not unlike the -narrow, irregular streets and lanes of some quaint old town of -the European Continent. Viewed in the distance, indeed, these -rocky piles, in their endless succession, assume the appearance -of massive, artificial structures, decked out with all the accessories -of buttress and turret, arched doorway and clustered shaft, -pinnacle, and finial, and tapering spire.</p> -<p>One might almost imagine oneself approaching some magnificent -city of the dead, where the labour and the genius of forgotten -nations had left behind them a multitude of monuments of -art and skill.<a class="fn" id="fr_23" href="#fn_23">[23]</a></p> -</blockquote> -<p>Dr. Evans was equally awed by the rich paleontological deposits -of the Badlands region. After describing the extreme heat of the region, -he continued:</p> -<blockquote> -<p>At every step, objects of the highest interest present themselves. -Embedded in the debris, lie strewn, in the greatest profusion, -organic relics of extinct animals. All speak of a vast freshwater -deposit of the early Tertiary Period, and disclose the -former existence of most remarkable races, that roamed about -in bygone ages high up in the Valley of the Missouri, towards -the sources of its western tributaries; where now pastures the -big-horned <b>Ovis montana</b>, the shaggy buffalo or American bison, -and the elegant and slenderly-constructed antelope.</p> -<p>Every specimen as yet brought from the Bad Lands, proves to -be of species that became exterminated before the mammoth -and mastodon lived, and differ in their specific character, not -alone from all living animals, but also from all fossils obtained -even from cotemporaneous [sic] geological formations elsewhere.<a class="fn" id="fr_24" href="#fn_24">[24]</a></p> -</blockquote> -<p>Dr. Evans drew a map (See <a href="#fig3">Figure 3</a>) of <b>Mauvaises Terres</b> (Bad -Lands) and Dr. Joseph Leidy prepared a catalog as well as sketches of -the most significant fossils the Owen Geological Survey Party found on -its journey to the region.<a class="fn" id="fr_25" href="#fn_25">[25]</a></p> -<p>In 1850 Spencer F. Baird of the Smithsonian Institution arranged -for Thaddeus Culbertson, a younger brother of Alexander Culbertson, -to visit the Badlands under the auspices of the Institution. Born in 1823 -at Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, young Culbertson, a student at Princeton -Theological Seminary, set out with his brother, Alexander, from -Chambersburg in mid-February. The brothers left St. Louis by steamboat -on March 19 and arrived at Fort Pierre May 4. With his brother -supplying the equipment, Thaddeus and two others set out from the -fur-trading establishment three days later. On May 11 they encamped -at Sage Creek in the White River Badlands.<a class="fn" id="fr_26" href="#fn_26">[26]</a></p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_16">16</div> -<div class="img" id="fig3"> -<img src="images/p04.jpg" alt="" width="614" height="800" /> -<p class="pcap">Figure 3<span class="center"> AN EARLY MAP OF THE WHITE RIVER BAD LANDS</span></p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_17">17</div> -<p>Culbertson, too, was very much impressed by the Badlands as he -approached them:</p> -<blockquote> -<p>The road now lay over hills which became more steep and frequent -as we approached the Bad Lands. These occasionally -appeared in the distance and never before did I see anything -that so resembled a large city; so complete was this deception -that I could point out the public buildings; one appeared to have -a large dome which might be the town Hall; another would have -a large angular, cone shape top, which would suggest the court -house or some magnificent buildings for public purposes: then -would appear a long row of palaces, great in number and superb -in all their arrangements. Indeed the thought frequently -occurred as we rode along that at a distance this portion of the -grounds looked like a city of palaces—everything arranged -upon the grandest scale and adapted for the habitation, not -of pigmies such as now inhabit the earth, but of giants such as -would be fit to rule over the immense animals whose remains -are still found there.<a class="fn" id="fr_27" href="#fn_27">[27]</a></p> -</blockquote> -<p>Culbertson was also moved by the complete desolation of the Badlands:</p> -<blockquote> -<p>Fancy yourself on the hottest day in summer in the hottest spot -of such a place without water—without an animal and scarce an -insect astir—without a single flower to speak pleasant things -to you and you will have some idea of the utter loneliness of -the Bad Lands.<a class="fn" id="fr_28" href="#fn_28">[28]</a></p> -</blockquote> -<p>The young scientist was disappointed, however, with the fossils. Instead -of finding well-preserved skeletons of different animals, he located -only the imperfect remains of several turtles, a number of excellent teeth -and jawbones, and several good skulls of animals.<a class="fn" id="fr_29" href="#fn_29">[29]</a></p> -<p>After rejoining his brother at Fort Pierre, young Culbertson proceeded -up the river to Fort Union. On his trip he collected not only fossils but -skulls, skins, and skeletons of buffalo, grizzly bear, white wolf, prairie -wolf, and other animals. He also collected plants along the Missouri. -Surprisingly, the fossil remains Culbertson collected were declared by -Baird as “an exceedingly interesting series of Mammalian and Reptilian -species including many that had never been described.”<a class="fn" id="fr_30" href="#fn_30">[30]</a></p> -<p>In poor health, young Culbertson died in late August 1850, soon -after his return to Chambersburg.<a class="fn" id="fr_31" href="#fn_31">[31]</a></p> -<p>In 1853 two geologists, Dr. F.V. Hayden and F.B. Meek, visited the -Badlands region. Both were to receive national recognition later as distinguished -scientists. They spent several days at Sage Creek, noted by -travellers for the purgative qualities of its water. Both men and their -horses experienced a weakening effect after drinking from the stream.<a class="fn" id="fr_32" href="#fn_32">[32]</a></p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_18">18</div> -<p>Brevet Brigadier-General William S. Harney’s expedition, in its -punitive campaign against the Brule Sioux in 1855, crossed overland -through a portion of the Badlands en route from Fort Laramie (old Ft. -William) to Fort Pierre (old Fort Tecumseh) on the Missouri. Accompanying -the expedition were Lt. G.K. Warren, U.S. topographical engineer, -and Dr. Hayden who had visited the Badlands region two years earlier.<a class="fn" id="fr_33" href="#fn_33">[33]</a></p> -<div class="img" id="fig4"> -<img src="images/p05.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="614" /> -<p class="pcap">Figure 4<span class="center"> REMAINS OF THE FORT LARAMIE-FORT PIERRE TRAIL</span></p> -<p class="pcapc">Here, just outside the most northern boundary of the present national monument, it is -believed E. de Girardin made his poetic observations of the Badlands on the horizon, -as recorded on <a href="#Page_14">page 14</a>. Wagon-wheel ruts along the old trail—in the foreground—can -still be traced for miles in unplowed terrain.</p> -</div> -<p>Warren was authorized to map the trail over which the expedition -passed. This route, which crosses the western edge of Badlands National -Monument, had been used since at least the early 1830’s primarily by -trappers and traders to transport furs and supplies between the two forts. -Fort Pierre was abandoned as a military post in early 1857 soon after -the route was mapped, and the trail fell into disuse as a major overland -thoroughfare.<a class="fn" id="fr_34" href="#fn_34">[34]</a> Remains of this historic route can still be seen.</p> -<p>Dr. Hayden and his party camped on Bear Creek, west of the present -national monument, where Alexander Culbertson, Dr. Evans, and others -had obtained their valuable collections in the 1840’s. Dr. Hayden wrote, -“We spent five days at this locality, and with the mammalian remains -already collected in other places, our carts were loaded to their utmost.”<a class="fn" id="fr_35" href="#fn_35">[35]</a> -Unlike his predecessors who had visited the region, Hayden -was favorably impressed by the White River region. “Contrasted with -<span class="pb" id="Page_19">19</span> -most of the country on the upper Missouri, The White river valley is a -paradise, and the Indians consider it one of the choice spots of earth.”<a class="fn" id="fr_36" href="#fn_36">[36]</a></p> -<p>Hayden revisited the White River Badlands in 1857 and in the 1860’s. -His records may be found in government reports and in several scientific -publications.<a class="fn" id="fr_37" href="#fn_37">[37]</a></p> -<p>Captain John B.S. Todd, a cousin of the wife of Abraham Lincoln -and later governor of Dakota Territory, also accompanied the Harney -Expedition of 1855 and was impressed by the scenic grandeur of the -Badlands.<a class="fn" id="fr_38" href="#fn_38">[38]</a> On October 12, the day the expedition broke camp at Ash -Grove Spring (now known as Harney Spring) southeast of Sheep Mountain -Table, he recorded in his journal:</p> -<blockquote> -<p>After leaving camp, we continued to ascend the gentle slope -upon which it had been pitched, for nearly a mile, and on reaching -the crest, the most superbly grand and beautiful sight burst -upon our view, that my eye ever rested upon. Down for a thousand -feet and more, the road abruptly wound into the valley -below; while far away, on all sides, spread this magnificent -panorama of mountain precipice and vale—solitary, grand, -chaotic, as it came from the hands of Him “who doeth all things -well.” What a scene for the painter, what a wonderous field for -the Naturalist!<a class="fn" id="fr_39" href="#fn_39">[39]</a></p> -</blockquote> -<p>Todd also described “the remains of turtle, petrified, of all sizes, -shattered and perfect, some not larger than the crown of a hat, others -of huge proportions....”<a class="fn" id="fr_40" href="#fn_40">[40]</a></p> -<p>Beginning in 1870 other organizations began making important collections. -Among these were the United States Geological Survey, Yale -University, Princeton University, American Museum of Natural History, -University of Nebraska, Carnegie Museum, University of South Dakota, -and the South Dakota State School of Mines and Technology.<a class="fn" id="fr_41" href="#fn_41">[41]</a></p> -<p>In 1874 the Badlands were visited by the distinguished paleontologist -Dr. O.C. Marsh of Yale University and his party. At that time the Indians -in the region were in a very ugly temper as a result of the discovery of -gold in the Black Hills by the Custer Expedition. Guaranteed much of -present northwestern Nebraska and all of South Dakota west of the -Missouri by the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868, they regarded white visitors -to the western Dakota region as intruders. Accompanied by an army -escort, Dr. Marsh and his party slipped into the reservation through the -Red Cloud Agency (located along the banks of the White River near -the present town of Crawford, Nebraska) at night without arousing the -Indian sentinels and reached the fossil region. Hurriedly gathering and -packing its specimens, the party returned to the agency less than 24 -hours before a war party scoured the region for “the Big Bone Chief.” -At the agency, Chief Red Cloud informed Dr. Marsh of the manner in -which the Indian Bureau was fleecing the Indians in their rations. Dr. -Marsh carried this information to Washington, which resulted in a Congressional -investigation of the agency.<a class="fn" id="fr_42" href="#fn_42">[42]</a></p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_20">20</div> -<div class="img" id="fig5"> -<img src="images/p06.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="349" /> -<p class="pcap">Figure 5<span class="center"> MUSEUM OF GEOLOGY, SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES AND TECHNOLOGY</span></p> -<p class="pcapc">The finest exhibits of Badlands fossils are on display in this museum. It is open to the public without -charge throughout the year.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_21">21</div> -<p>Mr. John Bell Hatcher did much of the collecting for Dr. Marsh, under -the auspices of the United States Geological Survey, and is considered -to be one of the most successful and original of all collectors who have -worked in the Badlands.<a class="fn" id="fr_43" href="#fn_43">[43]</a> He is responsible for beginning the practice -of collecting and preserving complete skeletons of fossilized animals.<a class="fn" id="fr_44" href="#fn_44">[44]</a></p> -<p>While considerable collecting of fossils in the Badlands has been -done by various organizations since 1870, it was conducted in a somewhat -random manner at first. Since 1899 the South Dakota State School -of Mines and Technology has sent students into the Badlands for brief -field studies.<a class="fn" id="fr_45" href="#fn_45">[45]</a> However, it was not until 1924 that a systematic means of -collecting fossils in the Badlands was begun by a Princeton University -professor, Glenn L. Jepsen, who was studying at the South Dakota State -School of Mines and Technology. He organized the first School of Mines -Badlands Expedition, which met with immediate success and laid the -foundation for the present extensive paleontological collections of that -school (See <a href="#fig5">Figure 5</a>).<a class="fn" id="fr_46" href="#fn_46">[46]</a></p> -<p>For many years large herds of bison roamed the Badlands during -the summer months. About 1861, the year that the Dakota Territory was -established, a drought began and continued for three years. The buffalo -which used the region as their summer range left during that period. -After the passing of the drought years, the herds, which had been driven -far to the west by hunters, returned only in small bands. For a time great -herds of mountain sheep, elk, antelope, whitetail and mule deer continued -to roam the area in large numbers. The elk wintered in the -southern Black Hills and went down into the Badlands in early spring. -In 1877 residents of the Rapid City area and market hunters from the -gold camps in the northern Black Hills killed large numbers, which -ended the elk migration to the Badlands. Antelope as well as whitetail -and mule deer were killed by market hunters and settlers. The mountain -sheep was the last of the big game animals to disappear.<a class="fn" id="fr_47" href="#fn_47">[47]</a></p> -<div class="img" id="fig6"> -<img src="images/p07.jpg" alt="" width="585" height="800" /> -<p class="pcap">Figure 6</p> -<p class="pcapc">Jim Hart of Scenic, South Dakota, displays -a trophy of an Audubon Bighorn Sheep -shot on Sheep Mountain in 1903 by -Charley Jones. These animals were last -recorded on Sheep Mountain Table about -1910 and are now extinct.<a class="fn" id="fr_48" href="#fn_48">[48]</a></p> -</div> -<p>Predatory animals such as coyotes, wolves, and black and grizzly -bears were likewise common. Bears were exterminated early. It was -<span class="pb" id="Page_22">22</span> -during the second decade of this century that coyotes and wolves disappeared -from the Badlands, largely as a result of the work of the -Biological Survey in its predatory-animal extermination program.<a class="fn" id="fr_49" href="#fn_49">[49]</a></p> -<div class="img" id="fig7"> -<img src="images/p08.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="406" /> -<p class="pcap">Figure 7<span class="center"> GRAY WOLF</span></p> -<p class="pcapc">Adult animals weigh between 70 and 120 pounds -and are the largest of the wild dogs. They were -last seen in the present Badlands National Monument -around 1913.<a class="fn" id="fr_50" href="#fn_50">[50]</a></p> -</div> -<p>The region which comprises western Dakota was a part of the Great -Sioux Reservation recognized as such by the Fort Laramie treaties of -1851 and 1868. In the late nineteenth century the tide of white settlement -had been steadily pushing westward. By an agreement on September -26, 1876, later formalized by U.S. Statute, the Black Hills region was -opened to white settlement. An Act of Congress approved on March 2, -1889 (the same year South Dakota became a state), and proclaimed by -President Harrison on February 10, 1890, restored to public domain the -area between the White and Cheyenne Rivers. This included the present -area of Badlands National Monument.<a class="fn" id="fr_51" href="#fn_51">[51]</a></p> -<p>On December 24, 1890, after escaping from military surveillance at -Camp Cheyenne on the Cheyenne River, Chief Big Foot and his band of -Miniconjous Sioux fled through what is now Big Foot Pass in Badlands -National Monument to the White River where they camped. When the -Indians reached Pine Creek on December 28, they were intercepted by -the army. In attempting to disarm them the next day, the military precipitated -the infamous “Wounded Knee Massacre” of December 29, 1890, -when more than 150 Indians and 39 whites were killed. This was the -last major clash between Indians and the United States Army.<a class="fn" id="fr_52" href="#fn_52">[52]</a></p> -<p>The famous western artist Frederic Remington was attached to a -scouting party which went into the Badlands in search of Big Foot and his -band. The first camp Remington made with the soldiers was on Christmas -night with the thermometer well below zero. In an article written for -<b>Harper’s Weekly</b>, January 21, 1891, he described his trip into the region:</p> -<blockquote> -<p>It was twelve miles through the defiles of the Bad Lands to the -blue ridge of the high mesa where the hostiles had lived. The -trail was strewn with dead cattle, some of them having never -been touched with a knife. Here and there a dead pony, ridden -to a stand-still and left nerveless on the trail. No words of mine -can describe these Bad Lands. They are somewhat as Dore -pictured hell. One set of buttes, with cones and minarets, gives -place in the next mile to natural freaks of a different variety, -never dreamed of by mortal man. It is the action of water on -clay; there are ashes or what looks like them. The painter’s -whole palette is in one bluff.<a class="fn" id="fr_53" href="#fn_53">[53]</a></p> -</blockquote> -<div class="pb" id="Page_23">23</div> -<h2 id="c4"><span class="small">THE SETTLERS COME</span></h2> -<p>White settlement of the Badlands region was slow. Suited for -grazing, the region in the 1890’s was primarily the domain of cattlemen -and sheepmen. At that time the region was surveyed by the Government.<a class="fn" id="fr_54" href="#fn_54">[54]</a></p> -<div class="img" id="fig8"> -<img src="images/p08a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="429" /> -<p class="pcap">Figure 8<span class="center"> OLD INTERIOR, 1906</span></p> -<p class="pcapc">Settled in about 1881, the town was known as Black until the name was changed -around 1895. It was located about two miles southeast of the present town of Interior. -In 1907, old Interior was abandoned in favor of the present townsite when the Milwaukee -Road was built.<a class="fn" id="fr_55" href="#fn_55">[55]</a></p> -</div> -<p>Bruce Siberts, a Dakota cowboy, was in the Badlands several times -during the early 1890’s. He stated:</p> -<blockquote> -<p>The big pasture west of the Missouri that the Sioux had turned -over to Uncle Sam had few ranchers in it when I went there in -1890, but within another year or so there were all kinds of livestock -roaming over it.<a class="fn" id="fr_56" href="#fn_56">[56]</a></p> -</blockquote> -<p>Siberts’ acquaintance with the Badlands was the result of his experience -with cattle thieves who “holed up” there. The outlaws, after -stealing Siberts’ cattle, drove them to the Badlands.</p> -<p>Siberts started out in pursuit. During a week’s stay in the Badlands, -he saw thousands of head of stock, many of which were unbranded. -Unable to recover his stolen cattle, he returned to his home on Plum -Creek, a tributary of the Cheyenne River. He obtained a companion -and went back to the Badlands. There the two men built several horse -traps, captured a number of unbranded horses, branded them, and later -sold the horses for $600.<a class="fn" id="fr_57" href="#fn_57">[57]</a> Siberts returned alone to the region the following -year to obtain more unbranded horses, but lost his horses to -outlaws. As a result he was left afoot many miles from home. Siberts -succeeded in taking the horse of Bill Newsom, head of a group of cattle -rustlers, and made his way to a railroad town in Nebraska. He returned -to South Dakota by rail.<a class="fn" id="fr_58" href="#fn_58">[58]</a></p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_24">24</div> -<div class="img" id="fig9"> -<img src="images/p09.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="601" /> -<p class="pcap">Figure 9<span class="center"> FIRST TRAIN PENETRATING SOUTH DAKOTA BADLANDS, 1907</span></p> -</div> -<p>Isolated from natural transportation routes, few settlers moved into -the region until the coming of railroads. In 1907 the Chicago and North -Western Railway Company built its line from Pierre through Philip and -Wall to Rapid City. During the same year, the Chicago, Milwaukee -and St. Paul Railroad Company (now known as the Chicago, Milwaukee, -St. Paul and Pacific Railroad Company or, simply, the Milwaukee Road) -completed its line from Chamberlain to Rapid City along the White River -through Kadoka and Interior.<a class="fn" id="fr_59" href="#fn_59">[59]</a></p> -<p>There was considerable homestead activity in 1906 under the original -homestead law of 1862, despite the fact that the 160-acre farm unit was -inadequate in the region. Leonel Jensen, a long-time resident in the -vicinity of the Badlands, stated that when his father came to the region -in May 1906 there were few homestead buildings. In the fall of that -year there was a homestead shack on practically every quarter-section -of land, because many settlers had anticipated the coming of the railroads.<a class="fn" id="fr_60" href="#fn_60">[60]</a> -In 1912 the period to “prove up” on the lands was liberalized -by changing the time of residence from five to three years. The Enlarged -Homestead Act of 1909 was applied to South Dakota by Congress in -1915, enabling settlers to acquire 320 acres instead of 160.<a class="fn" id="fr_61" href="#fn_61">[61]</a></p> -<p>The homestead laws were liberalized again in 1916 by the enactment -of the Stock-Raising Homestead Act. This provided for 640-acre homesteads -on lands officially designated as nonirrigable grazing lands.<a class="fn" id="fr_63" href="#fn_63">[63]</a></p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_25">25</div> -<div class="img" id="fig10"> -<img src="images/p09a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="443" /> -<p class="pcap">Figure 10<span class="center"> A BADLANDS HOMESTEAD</span></p> -<p class="pcapc">Newly plowed sod marks the beginning of a farm in 1911 northwest of Interior near -the badlands wall.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig11"> -<img src="images/p09b.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="483" /> -<p class="pcap">Figure 11<span class="center"> GOOD GIRLS IN BAD LANDS S. D.</span></p> -<p class="pcapc">Some Badlands homesteaders lived first in dugouts similar to the one belonging to the -Josh Sullivan family as shown on this postcard mailed in 1909. It was located one half -mile south of the present national monument boundary just off the Cedar Pass-Interior -highway.<a class="fn" id="fr_62" href="#fn_62">[62]</a></p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_26">26</div> -<div class="img" id="fig12"> -<img src="images/p10.jpg" alt="" width="629" height="700" /> -<p class="pcap">Figure 12</p> -<p class="pcapc">Lumber to build the Louis J. Jensen home, located just west of the Badlands, was hauled -by rail from the Black Hills to Wall, South Dakota. Taken in 1908, this photograph -represents a typical house of the Badlands homesteading era.<a class="fn" id="fr_68" href="#fn_68">[68]</a></p> -</div> -<p>From 1900 to 1905 the population in western South Dakota increased -from 43,782 to 57,575; by 1910 it was 137,687.<a class="fn" id="fr_64" href="#fn_64">[64]</a> From 1910 to 1930 it continued -to increase, but at a slower pace. In the decade following 1910 -the population of Pennington County increased slightly from 12,453 to -12,720; by 1930 it was 20,079. In Jackson County, which contained no -urban centers, the increase was much smaller. From 1920 to 1930 (no -figures are available for 1910 to 1920) the population went from 2,472 to -2,636.<a class="fn" id="fr_65" href="#fn_65">[65]</a> For a comparison with recent trends, the populations of Jackson -and Pennington counties in 1960 were 1,985 and 58,195 respectively.<a class="fn" id="fr_66" href="#fn_66">[66]</a> -(The western or 87 percent of the present Badlands National Monument is -located in Pennington County; the eastern section is in Jackson County.)</p> -<p>Between 1910 and 1920, increasing amounts of land in western South -Dakota passed out of the public domain and into private ownership. -Encouraged by the high prices for farm and ranch products resulting -from World War I, many farmers and ranchers took advantage of the -liberalized homestead acts. By 1922 less than half of the land which was -later included in Badlands National Monument was publicly owned.<a class="fn" id="fr_67" href="#fn_67">[67]</a></p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_27">27</div> -<h2 id="c5"><span class="small">LEGISLATION FOR PARK ESTABLISHMENT</span></h2> -<p>Stimulated in part by various individuals and groups, the South Dakota -Legislature in 1909 petitioned the federal government to establish -a township of Badlands as a national park. As read before both houses -of Congress on March 16, 1909, the petition stated in part:</p> -<blockquote> -<p>Whereas there is a small section of country about the headwaters -of the White River in South Dakota where nature has -carved the surface of the earth into most unique and interesting -forms, and has exposed to an extent perhaps not elsewhere -found; and</p> -<p>Whereas this formation is so unique, picturesque, and valuable -for the purpose of study that a portion of it should be retained -in its native state....<a class="fn" id="fr_69" href="#fn_69">[69]</a></p> -</blockquote> -<p>However, no legislation was introduced on the proposal until more -than a decade later.</p> -<p>A 1919 report by the U.S. Forest Service recommended that the Badlands -area be set aside as a national park. The report also recorded -considerable tourist travel to the Badlands. “The travel this year was -several hundred times greater than in any former year....” Many -visitors came over state route 40 (the Washington Highway) which connects -the towns of Interior and Scenic with Rapid City. This road was -under construction in 1919 and followed, more or less, the Chicago, Milwaukee -and St. Paul Railroad. Visitors also came on passenger trains.<a class="fn" id="fr_70" href="#fn_70">[70]</a></p> -<p>However, accessibility to the scenic sections of the Badlands Wall -from the Washington Highway were already being closed in 1919 by the -construction of fences, except for a few low passes in the wall where side -roads had been constructed. The Washington Highway and the railroad -are both located two to six miles from the most picturesque Badlands -features. The same report recommended that a road be built -“along the course of the scenic points of interest” and that campgrounds -should be constructed “at well chosen camp sites.”<a class="fn" id="fr_71" href="#fn_71">[71]</a> (Such a road was -completed 16 years later by the State of South Dakota; see <a href="#Page_43">page 43</a>).</p> -<p>While other individuals and organizations played an important part -in the establishment of Badlands National Monument, Senator Peter -Norbeck deserves more credit than any other legislator. Norbeck was -born on a farm in Clay County in southeastern South Dakota, August -27, 1870, and was the son of a member of the 1871 Dakota Territorial -Legislature. His public career began when he was elected to the state -senate in 1908 and he served there until 1915. In 1914 Norbeck was voted -lieutenant-governor of the state, and was elected governor in 1916 and -1918. His achievements as governor were many, including the founding -of a state-enterprise program designed to help farmers. Another of his -great accomplishments was the establishment of Custer State Park.</p> -<p>In 1920 Norbeck was elected to the United States Senate where he -served continuously until his death in 1936. Although his chief interest -was in farm-relief legislation, he was instrumental in passing the Migratory -<span class="pb" id="Page_28">28</span> -Bird Act of 1929 and in securing federal funds for the carving of -Mount Rushmore National Memorial.<a class="fn" id="fr_72" href="#fn_72">[72]</a></p> -<p>South Dakota’s congressmen, William Williamson from Oacoma and -Charles A. Christopherson from Sioux Falls, assisted Norbeck by their -work in the U.S. House of Representatives. Christopherson’s services -in the House began in 1919, Williamson’s in 1921.<a class="fn" id="fr_73" href="#fn_73">[73]</a></p> -<div class="img" id="fig13"> -<img src="images/p11.jpg" alt="" width="563" height="900" /> -<p class="pcap">Figure 13<span class="center"> EARLY ROAD THROUGH CEDAR PASS, 1908 or earlier</span></p> -</div> -<p>On May 2, 1922, during the second session of the 67th Congress, -Senator Norbeck introduced the first bill (S. 3541) for making the Badlands -area a national park. Entitled “A bill to establish the Wonderland -National Park in the State of South Dakota,” it proposed to set aside and -withdraw from entry “all public lands lying and being within townships -two and three south, ranges fifteen and sixteen east of the Black Hills -meridian, and township three south, ranges seventeen, eighteen, and -nineteen east of the Black Hills meridian.”<a class="fn" id="fr_74" href="#fn_74">[74]</a> The proposal provided that -the Secretary of the Interior might add to the park from time to time any -lands which may be donated to the United States for such purposes. It -also stated that the Secretary of the Interior may authorize exchange of -non-federal lands in the park for certain public lands of equal value outside -the park. Finally, the bill provided that a sum not exceeding $5,000 -annually be appropriated by Congress for the maintenance and improvement -of the park, if the State of South Dakota made an equal contribution. -After the bill was read, it was referred to the Committee of Public Lands -and Surveys.<a class="fn" id="fr_75" href="#fn_75">[75]</a></p> -<p>On the same day, Congressman Williamson introduced a bill (H.R. -11514) in the House of Representatives, identical to the first one submitted -<span class="pb" id="Page_29">29</span> -by Norbeck in the Senate. This bill was referred to the Committee on -the Public Lands and ordered to be printed.<a class="fn" id="fr_76" href="#fn_76">[76]</a> No further action was -taken on either the Norbeck or Williamson bills in the 67th Congress.</p> -<p>However, in October 1922 President Harding issued an executive -order temporarily withdrawing all public lands in the seven townships -to be included in the proposed park for the purpose of classifying them -“pending enactment of appropriate legislation.”<a class="fn" id="fr_77" href="#fn_77">[77]</a> The total area within -the seven townships was about 161,000 acres, of which 35,410 were classified -as vacant.<a class="fn" id="fr_78" href="#fn_78">[78]</a></p> -<p>On March 3, 1923, Congressmen Christopherson and Williamson -presented memorials from “the Legislature of the State of South Dakota -urging Congress to set aside the Bad Lands as a national park....”<a class="fn" id="fr_79" href="#fn_79">[79]</a></p> -<p>In December 1923, in the 68th Congress, Williamson again introduced -a bill (H.R. 2810) to establish Wonderland National Park. This proposal -was identical to the one he and Norbeck introduced in the preceding -Congress.<a class="fn" id="fr_80" href="#fn_80">[80]</a> Like the earlier bill it, too, died in committee.</p> -<p>If the Norbeck papers, now at the University of South Dakota, are any -indication of the public support the Senator received for his park proposal, -only a few people in the early 1920’s shared his views. Attorney General -Byron S. Payne of South Dakota, Professor W.C. Toepelman of the -University of South Dakota Geology Department, and W.H. Tompkins of -the U.S. Land Office in Rapid City, all endorsed the Wonderland National -Park proposal.<a class="fn" id="fr_81" href="#fn_81">[81]</a> However, at that time the highways were relatively -undeveloped. The automobile industry and tourism were both -in their infancies. It was to take nearly another decade to gain the support -of local and state chambers of commerce and other promotional -groups for national parks and monuments.</p> -<p>It appears that the National Park Service did not give Norbeck encouragement -for his idea of a national park in the Badlands. In a letter -to a constituent in May 1924, the Senator wrote:</p> -<blockquote> -<p>... regarding the Bad Lands National Park, [I] will state that the -Park Service here will not approve a bill of that kind,—and -therefore, we can not secure the legislation. They are, however, -willing to approve the plan of having it designated by the President -as a “National Monument”. In practice, this means nearly -the same thing, so Congressman Williamson and I have come -to an agreement that we are going to accept that plan and work -it out that way.<a class="fn" id="fr_82" href="#fn_82">[82]</a></p> -</blockquote> -<p>Nevertheless, Norbeck continued to work for a national park instead -of a national monument.</p> -<p>To insure that he would include the most scenic parts of the region -in the proposed park, Norbeck made frequent trips there. In answer to -a constituent’s letter, he wrote in November 1927, “I have visited the Bad -Lands every year for sixteen years. A year ago I spent four or five days -in them and this year I have made five trips into that area.”<a class="fn" id="fr_84" href="#fn_84">[84]</a> -During 1927 a number of eastern newspapers carried photographs of the Badlands -in their Sunday photo sections.<a class="fn" id="fr_85" href="#fn_85">[85]</a></p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_30">30</div> -<div class="img" id="fig14"> -<img src="images/p12.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="445" /> -<p class="pcap">Figure 14<span class="center"> VAMPIRE PEAK, 1930’s</span></p> -<p class="pcapc">Located near the present national monument visitor center, the peak has since lost its -spires to erosion. According to local tradition the presence of bats around the formation -caused J.I. Peterkin, a traveling artist, to give it this name around 1915.<a class="fn" id="fr_83" href="#fn_83">[83]</a></p> -</div> -<p>In the late 1920’s Badlands visitors who arrived from the east via -Kadoka or Cottonwood probably used Cedar Pass. The narrow and -precipitous route through Cedar Pass was aptly described by one of -those early visitors:</p> -<blockquote> -<p>The passes become more crooked and the grades more steep. -The road is bordered by profuse scrub cedar trees. There is a -thrill in that drive! At first it looks dangerous, but the danger -seems to minimize as we approach each more steep and more -crooked and more narrow section. By taking it slowly the risk -is small.<a class="fn" id="fr_86" href="#fn_86">[86]</a></p> -</blockquote> -<p>The route passed the new Cedar Pass Camp (now Cedar Pass Lodge) -and took visitors to the railroad town of Interior where they may have -spent some time at Palmer’s Curio shop and at Henry Thompson’s souvenir -stand which he called “The Wonderland.” From Interior visitors -traveled west over the Washington Highway to the railroad town of -Scenic. In the late 1920’s the Museum Filling Station in Scenic was -widely known for its collection of Badlands fossils and Indian artifacts. -They also provided guide services to visitors desiring to see Badlands -features located off the road. Rapid City was reached by traveling northwest -over 45 miles of good dirt road—except during rains.<a class="fn" id="fr_87" href="#fn_87">[87]</a></p> -<p>Support for the park proposal grew in the late 1920’s. In October -1927 the Wonderland Hiway Association, in a letter to Senator Norbeck, -wrote:</p> -<blockquote> -<p>At a meeting of the Wonderland Hiway Association, an orgization -[sic] comprising the business men and local residenters [sic] -of the Towns through the Bad Lands, It was resolved; -<span class="pb" id="Page_31">31</span> -That the Association would ask and petition the State Hiway -Commission ... for a State Hiway, Starting from Kadoka, West -over Cedar Pass to Interior, S. Dak. West through The Bad Lands -to Scenic over Hiway #40 and from Scenic to Hermosa, S. Dak., -Providing a sutable [sic] location can be found.<a class="fn" id="fr_88" href="#fn_88">[88]</a></p> -</blockquote> -<p>The State Highway Commission gave the proposal its wholehearted -support.<a class="fn" id="fr_89" href="#fn_89">[89]</a></p> -<p>The National Park Service, however, continued to oppose the area as -a national park on two grounds. For one thing much of the land was in -private ownership. Senator Norbeck explained in a 1927 letter:</p> -<blockquote> -<p>The Park program is not as easy as it seems on account of so -much of the land having gone into Private ownership. The -Federal Government will not purchase land for park purposes. -They never have. The State must and that will come slow.<a class="fn" id="fr_90" href="#fn_90">[90]</a></p> -</blockquote> -<p>In the second place, the National Park Service believed that the area -was more suitable as a national monument. The Senator continued in -the same letter:</p> -<blockquote> -<p>The Park Service is opposed to making it a National Park as they -try to limit the Parks to the areas that are principally recreational. -They would favor a plan to make the Bad Lands a -“National Monument.”<a class="fn" id="fr_91" href="#fn_91">[91]</a></p> -</blockquote> -<p>Despite the objections of the Service to the Senator’s park proposal, -Norbeck’s continued desire for a national park in the Badlands was -stated in a letter written in November 1927 to Hubert Work, Secretary -of the Interior:</p> -<blockquote> -<p>The Congressional delegation from this state will be united in -an effort to create a Bad Lands National Park in South Dakota. -If this is impossible they will desire to have certain areas set -aside as national monuments.<a class="fn" id="fr_92" href="#fn_92">[92]</a></p> -</blockquote> -<p>In April 1928 Norbeck wrote Representative Williamson asking him -to help draft a bill for the park. The first part of the bill, Norbeck indicated, -would “include the Badlands Wall proper, from a point about 4 -miles east of Interior to a point 12 or 14 miles southwest of Wall.”<a class="fn" id="fr_93" href="#fn_93">[93]</a> The -establishment of the park would be contingent on the building of a road -by the State through the proposed area and the State acquiring 90 percent -of the privately owned lands within it. The second part of the bill -would authorize a national monument which would include Sheep -Mountain and the surrounding area, some six to seven miles southwest -of Scenic. The authorization of this area would be conditional upon the -construction of a highway from Scenic to the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation -and acquisition of the lands within the proposed monument by the -State of South Dakota. The third portion of the bill would authorize the -abandonment of Wind Cave National Park!<a class="fn" id="fr_94" href="#fn_94">[94]</a></p> -<p>The bills as finally presented to Congress by Norbeck and Williamson -were somewhat different from the one which the Senator planned.</p> -<p>During the first session of the 70th Congress, Norbeck and Williamson -<span class="pb" id="Page_32">32</span> -introduced identical legislation in their respective houses on May 8, 1928, -to set aside the Badlands as a national park. Norbeck introduced S. 4385, -“A Bill To establish Teton National Park in the State of South Dakota....” -The bill authorized the Secretary of the Interior, through negotiation, -to exchange privately owned lands within the proposed park for -public lands of equal value outside. The bill contained a provision -that when 90 percent of the privately owned lands within the proposed -area had been acquired without expense to the federal treasury and -transferred to the government for park purposes, the park would be set -aside for the people, “... <b>Provided</b>, That the State of South Dakota shall -have first constructed” approximately 40 miles of suitable road to specified -points inside and outside the proposed park.<a class="fn" id="fr_95" href="#fn_95">[95]</a></p> -<div class="img" id="fig15"> -<img src="images/p13.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="417" /> -<p class="pcap">Figure 15<span class="center"> SENATOR PETER NORBECK (1870-1936)</span></p> -</div> -<p>Norbeck’s bill was referred to the Committee on Public Lands and -Surveys. On May 19 the bill was reported out without amendment. The -accompanying report (No. 1246) gave a strong endorsement to the proposal.<a class="fn" id="fr_96" href="#fn_96">[96]</a> -On May 23, the bill was considered as in Committee of the -Whole and passed the Senate.<a class="fn" id="fr_97" href="#fn_97">[97]</a></p> -<p>However, in the House where Williamson had introduced an identical -bill (H.R. 13618), the park proposal ran into trouble. In a circular -letter dated November 7, 1928, the National Parks Association claimed -that the proposed Teton National Park had not been examined for standards -by the National Park Service before the Senate acted on the proposal -and that the bill was hurried through that body. Asserting that -the proposed area was reported below standard by the National Park -Service, the association charged:</p> -<blockquote> -<p>Neither of these Senators [Norbeck and Nye], nor the Public -Lands Committee which reported the bill and resolution, nor the -Senate sessions which carelessly passed them, discussed the -national aspects of this legislation. They did not consider the -plan and standards of the national system which Congress had -been building unit by unit, each painstakingly chosen, since 1872. -They ignored the half century Congressional custom of awaiting -the report of the Interior Department, to which Congress had entrusted -the System’s shaping from the beginning. They ignored -the American people’s enthusiastic interest in the plan and purpose -of this unique world-famous institution, and its insistence -in recent years upon park selection by the expert National -Park Service....</p> -<p>Thoughtlessness, apparently, but in practice this amounts to -<span class="pb" id="Page_33">33</span> -localism defying national aspirations. It seriously threatens -national park standards.<a class="fn" id="fr_98" href="#fn_98">[98]</a></p> -</blockquote> -<div class="img" id="fig16"> -<img src="images/p13a.jpg" alt="" width="472" height="600" /> -<p class="pcap">Figure 16<span class="center"> BEN MILLARD (1872-1956)</span></p> -</div> -<p>In a letter to Robert S. Yard, Executive Secretary of the association, -Senator Norbeck accused the association of sending out a misleading -report:</p> -<blockquote> -<p>You criticise me for introducing and securing action in the Senate -on a bill fifteen days after it was introduced and especially in -view of the fact that it had not been investigated by the National -Park Service.</p> -<p>You could truthfully have said that this legislation has been -pending for a great many years—at least five years.</p> -<p>You could also have said that I have been trying all these years -to get the Park Service to investigate the proposed area.</p> -<p>You could also have added that the Government land in this -area was withdrawn by Presidential Proclamation many years -ago in anticipation of park legislation. Why carry the idea that -it was all a fifteen day affair when it is all of five years? It -would be a hard rule to apply that the failure of the Park Service -to investigate an important project should preclude a member -of Congress from taking any action whatever....</p> -<p>You also state that the project has been investigated by the Park -Service and reported adversely. It is an astonishing fact that -the knowledge of such reports should be withheld from me. -Therefore, I doubt very much that any report has been made. -I therefore wired the Park Service, asking who made the report -and when. I have no response.<a class="fn" id="fr_99" href="#fn_99">[99]</a></p> -</blockquote> -<p>Acting Director Arthur E. Demaray of the National Park Service, -meanwhile, wrote Norbeck advising him that the Service had never prepared -an official report on the park proposal and that the statement by -the association that the proposed park was “reported below standard by -the National Park Service” was without authority.<a class="fn" id="fr_100" href="#fn_100">[100]</a></p> -<p>In the House of Representatives where the proposal was considered -in the second session, the bill (S. 4385) underwent substantial revision. -After being considered by the Committee on the Public Lands, it was -<span class="pb" id="Page_34">34</span> -reported out with amendments on February 19, 1929.<a class="fn" id="fr_101" href="#fn_101">[101]</a> The revised -bill changed the boundary of the proposed area, reducing it from 69,120 -acres to about 50,760 acres<a class="fn" id="fr_102" href="#fn_102">[102]</a> (50,830 acres according to another -source<a class="fn" id="fr_103" href="#fn_103">[103]</a>). The name was changed from Teton National Park to Badlands -National Monument. It modified the requirements for the road -which the state had to construct from 40 miles to 30 miles of total length. -The requirement that 90 percent of the privately owned lands had to be -acquired before the park could be established was dropped. Instead, -it was now at the discretion of the Secretary of the Interior to decide when -enough privately owned lands within the proposed boundary had been -purchased so that the area could be proclaimed a national monument -by the President. As before, the bill stipulated that the lands would have -to be acquired without cost to the federal treasury. The amended bill -had a new provision that the Department of the Interior could grant hotel -and lodge franchises in advance of the fulfillment of the conditions.<a class="fn" id="fr_104" href="#fn_104">[104]</a></p> -<p>The amended bill was considered by the Committee of the Whole -House on February 25, six days after the Committee on the Public Lands -had acted on it. Two additional amendments were offered on the floor -of the House and were accepted. The idea that the Secretary of the -Interior could decide when enough privately owned land had been purchased -so that the area could be proclaimed as a national monument -was dropped in favor of requiring all privately owned land within the -proposed boundary be purchased before the area could be established. -The provision giving the Department of the Interior authority to grant -franchises in advance of the establishment of the national monument -was also deleted. This amended form passed the House of Representatives -on the same day, February 25.<a class="fn" id="fr_105" href="#fn_105">[105]</a></p> -<p>When the House act was referred to the Senate on the next day, -Norbeck asked his colleagues not to concur with the amended proposal. -He asked instead that the modified bill be considered in a conference -committee of the House and Senate.<a class="fn" id="fr_106" href="#fn_106">[106]</a> On March 2, the conference -committee recommended that the two amendments that were attached to -the bill on the floor of the House on February 25 be dropped, returning -the bill to the form it had when it was originally reported out on February -19.<a class="fn" id="fr_107" href="#fn_107">[107]</a></p> -<p>On the same day, March 2, the final bill was passed by both -houses.<a class="fn" id="fr_108" href="#fn_108">[108]</a> Known as Public Law No. 1021, the act authorizing Badlands -National Monument was approved by President Calvin Coolidge on -March 4, 1929. The signing of the act took place on the last day of -Coolidge’s term as President of the United States.<a class="fn" id="fr_109" href="#fn_109">[109]</a></p> -<p>The area authorized under this act (45 Stat. 1553) included 50,830.40 -acres; of this amount, 39,893.85 acres were in the public domain. The -remainder was state land or privately owned land.<a class="fn" id="fr_110" href="#fn_110">[110]</a></p> -<p>It is interesting to note that Senator Norbeck introduced a new bill -(S. 5779) to establish Badlands National Monument on February 11, 1929. -It was identical with the House amendments proposed for S. 4385 which -were later reported out by the Committee on the Public Lands on February 19. -<span class="pb" id="Page_35">35</span> -The new bill, after being referred to the Committee on Public -Lands and Surveys, was returned on February 20 with Senate Report -1842.<a class="fn" id="fr_111" href="#fn_111">[111]</a> Meanwhile, Williamson introduced H. 17102 in the House, -which was identical to S. 5779; it was referred to the Committee on the -Public Lands.<a class="fn" id="fr_112" href="#fn_112">[112]</a> Both of these bills died without further consideration.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_36">36</div> -<div class="img" id="fig17"> -<img src="images/p14.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="497" /> -<p class="pcap">Figure 17<span class="center"> THE PINNACLES CONCESSION</span></p> -<p class="pcapc">Operating since about 1935, this development was run on a seasonal basis. It offered -summer visitors a few accommodations, souvenirs, refreshments, and gasoline until -abandoned in 1950. The buildings were removed shortly afterward.<a class="fn" id="fr_118" href="#fn_118">[118]</a></p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_37">37</div> -<h2 id="c6"><span class="small">THE DEPRESSION YEARS</span></h2> -<p>Among local persons who worked hard toward the establishment of -Badlands National Monument after it was authorized in 1929 were Ben -H. Millard, the original owner of Cedar Pass Lodge; A.G. Granger of -Kadoka; Leonel Jensen, local rancher; Ted E. Hustead, owner and operator -of the well-known Wall Drug Store; and Dr. G.W. Mills of Wall.<a class="fn" id="fr_113" href="#fn_113">[113]</a></p> -<p>Of these individuals, Mr. Millard made the greatest contribution to -the establishment and development of the national monument. Born September -15, 1872, in Minnesota, he moved to South Dakota in 1893 with -his parents. Millard entered the banking business in Sanborn County -in 1899. In 1917 he sold his banking interests and entered the State of -South Dakota Banking Department. On an assignment to Philip, South -Dakota, Millard first saw the Badlands and became interested in them. -He left the Banking Department and moved into the Badlands in 1927, -homesteading below Cedar Pass on the present site of Cedar Pass Lodge, -which he later built and operated.<a class="fn" id="fr_114" href="#fn_114">[114]</a></p> -<p>Millard worked closely with Senator Norbeck on development plans -for the proposed Badlands National Monument. From September 1934 -through July 1936, he was employed as a local Resettlement Administration -project manager. In this capacity he was responsible for federal -acquisition of private lands, most of which later became part of the national -monument after it was established in 1939. The alignment of the -first Badlands road, alternate U.S. 16, was largely a result of his ideas. -In 1931 he selected what he believed to be the most scenic route, and -staked it out with the aid of his employee, E.N. “Curley” Nelson (who returned -to the Badlands in 1964 to become the first concessioner of Cedar -Pass Lodge). Millard and his sister, Mrs. Clara Jennings, and later his -son, Herbert, operated the Pinnacles concession from about 1935 to -1950.<a class="fn" id="fr_115" href="#fn_115">[115]</a> Three important parcels of land were donated by Millard to the -NPS in 1941, 1946, and 1955 for inclusion in Badlands National Monument.<a class="fn" id="fr_116" href="#fn_116">[116]</a> -Millard died at Cedar Pass Lodge in March 1956.</p> -<p>In special ceremonies on June 28, 1957, Millard Ridge, a prominent -portion of the Badlands wall six-tenths of a mile long just east of Cedar -Pass, was named and dedicated to his memory.<a class="fn" id="fr_117" href="#fn_117">[117]</a></p> -<p>In 1929 western South Dakota, in common with most of the farm belt, -had been suffering almost a decade from the deflation which followed -World War I. Both farmers and ranchers had been unable to fulfill -obligations assumed during an earlier period of high prices. Many of -the banks of the state were forced to close.<a class="fn" id="fr_119" href="#fn_119">[119]</a></p> -<p>With the beginning of the Great Depression in the fall of 1929, conditions -became increasingly worse. A combination of disasters which -included grasshopper infestations, crop failures, and drought struck the -country. The south central and western counties of the state were most -severely affected by these disasters.<a class="fn" id="fr_120" href="#fn_120">[120]</a></p> -<p>Several government programs on both the federal and state levels -were authorized to assist those in need. The NPS made use of a number -of these programs in various ways during the 1930’s.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_38">38</div> -<p>In November 1934, NPS Director Arno B. Cammerer recommended to -Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes that additional area be approved -for inclusion in the proposed Badlands National Monument. He contended -that the proposed additions, which included a portion of Sheep Mountain, -were as outstanding as the area originally authorized by Congress -in 1929. Wildlife problems and administrative difficulties of the originally -proposed area would be lessened by the change in boundary.<a class="fn" id="fr_121" href="#fn_121">[121]</a></p> -<p>In order to implement the proposed boundary change Mr. Cammerer -recommended (1) that the President should be asked to issue an Executive -Order withdrawing all public lands involved; (2) that all privately owned -lands be acquired through an existing federal government relief program; -and (3) that the next session of Congress be asked to establish the Badlands -National Monument with the boundaries now recommended.<a class="fn" id="fr_122" href="#fn_122">[122]</a></p> -<p>The Secretary of the Interior approved the proposal for the boundary -extension and in the same month President Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered -that all unreserved and unappropriated public lands in Pennington, -Jackson, Fall River, and Custer Counties be</p> -<blockquote> -<p>temporarily withdrawn from settlement, location, sale, or entry, -for classification and use as a grazing project pursuant to the -submarginal land program of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration.<a class="fn" id="fr_123" href="#fn_123">[123]</a></p> -</blockquote> -<p>By January 1, 1935, the NPS had already obtained options for 23,000 -acres from private land owners living within the proposed boundary -extension area. This work was being done under the auspices of the -Land Program section of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration -(FERA) which had been authorized by Congress in 1933.<a class="fn" id="fr_124" href="#fn_124">[124]</a></p> -<p>Early in April 1935, the NPS completed the “Final Report on the Badlands -National Monument Extension Project, South Dakota R-1.” The -report included both the area previously authorized under Public Law 1021 -and the proposed extension. The area, to be known as the Badlands -Recreational Demonstration Project, would include 119,557.88 acres, of -which 72,316.22 were privately owned. The proposed boundary extension -received the support of Governor Tom Berry, Senator Norbeck, -President C.C. O’Harra of the South Dakota School of Mines, and a -number of prominent geologists, naturalists, educators, and others.<a class="fn" id="fr_125" href="#fn_125">[125]</a></p> -<p>In a letter to Harry L. Hopkins, FERA Administrator, on April 15, 1935, -Acting Secretary of the Interior T.A. Walters wrote:</p> -<blockquote> -<p>I hereby recommend for purchase certain lands for a project -known as the Badlands National Monument Extension in Jackson, -Pennington, Washington and Washabaugh Counties, South -Dakota, proposed by the National Park Service of this Department -for the conservation and development of the natural resources -of the United States, within the meaning of Section 202 -of Title II of the National Industrial Recovery Act, pursuant to -which funds have been allotted and transferred to the Land Program, -Federal Emergency Relief Administration.<a class="fn" id="fr_126" href="#fn_126">[126]</a></p> -</blockquote> -<p>Secretary Walters further stated that this project came within the -<span class="pb" id="Page_39">39</span> -classification of lands as stated in a memorandum to him dated July -16, 1934. In it the Director of the Land Program said:</p> -<blockquote> -<p><span class="u">Demonstration Recreational Projects:</span> These include projects in -which the land to be purchased is to be used primarily for recreational -purposes, as submitted by the National Park Service, -Department of the Interior.<a class="fn" id="fr_127" href="#fn_127">[127]</a></p> -</blockquote> -<p>The Secretary of the Interior recommended that the Badlands National -Monument Extension be accepted as a Demonstration Recreational -Project of the Land Program, FERA. The project was approved and -adopted by the Land Program. The NPS expected that the cost of all -the lands considered would not average more than $2.66 per acre.<a class="fn" id="fr_128" href="#fn_128">[128]</a></p> -<p>Meanwhile, President Roosevelt, by a series of executive orders, -created the Resettlement Administration, an independent agency, and -transferred to it the land and related activities of the FERA. The Resettlement -Administration operated until the end of 1936 when its powers, -functions, and duties were transferred to the Secretary of Agriculture. -Later, the name “Resettlement Administration” was changed to the Farm -Security Administration.<a class="fn" id="fr_129" href="#fn_129">[129]</a></p> -<p>The work of appraising, securing options on, and purchasing private -lands, begun under the submarginal land program of the FERA, continued -under the Resettlement Administration.</p> -<p>In a 1935 letter to Assistant NPS Director Conrad L. Wirth, Senator -Norbeck pointed out some of the problems and drawbacks of the land -acquisition program by writing:</p> -<blockquote> -<p>The land varies a great deal in quality, and the poor lands are -being obtained for the scheduled price, but the good lands are -not.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>He went on to say that</p> -<blockquote> -<p>A very large percentage of this land, maybe thirty to fifty per -cent, is on the tax delinquency list, with about four years of -taxes. The price offered is less than the taxes held against the -land, and the owner is not anxious to sell if he cannot get a -nickel out of it....</p> -<p>Considerable of these lands, however, have already been abandoned -by the owner on account of the amount of taxes due.<a class="fn" id="fr_130" href="#fn_130">[130]</a></p> -</blockquote> -<p>Counties were reluctant to sell land to the federal government because -this would mean withdrawal from the tax lists, thus reducing the -counties’ incomes. Norbeck recommended that the federal government -pay more for the land by a “boost of one dollar an acre....”<a class="fn" id="fr_131" href="#fn_131">[131]</a> Meetings -were being held in various parts of the region to protest the low -prices being offered.<a class="fn" id="fr_132" href="#fn_132">[132]</a></p> -<p>The desperate situation of the times was expressed well in a letter -dated September 2, 1935, from a local rancher’s wife who wrote:</p> -<blockquote> -<p>After 6 years [of] crop failures on the so called submarginal land -of Western South Dakota we are facing financial disaster unless -we sell our land to the government.<a class="fn" id="fr_133" href="#fn_133">[133]</a></p> -</blockquote> -<div class="pb" id="Page_40">40</div> -<div class="img" id="fig18"> -<img src="images/p15.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="477" /> -<p class="pcap">Figure 18<span class="center"> CEDAR PASS WINTER WONDERLAND</span></p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_41">41</div> -<p>During the same month, the average price being offered per acre -was $2.85.<a class="fn" id="fr_134" href="#fn_134">[134]</a></p> -<p>To gain Congressional approval for the boundary extension of the -proposed Badlands National Monument, the proponents secured the attachment -of a rider to the Taylor Grazing Bill revision authorizing the -enlargement. The grazing bill was vetoed in 1935 although there was -no opposition to the rider.<a class="fn" id="fr_135" href="#fn_135">[135]</a></p> -<p>The bill was reintroduced the following year and was passed. Approved -June 26, 1936 (49 Stat. 1979), the law authorized the President to -round out the authorized national monument boundary by proclamation -within five years and stipulated that the entire area could not exceed -250,000 acres. Lands to be included must be “adjacent or contiguous -thereto, ... including, but not being restricted to, lands designated as submarginal -by the Resettlement Administration....”<a class="fn" id="fr_136" href="#fn_136">[136]</a> This law gave -the NPS sufficient flexibility in fixing a suitable boundary.</p> -<p>Norbeck worked tirelessly in promoting every aspect of the area’s -development until his death in December 1936. He actively participated -in securing aid from various governmental relief agencies for the land -acquisition program of the area, and for building roads, erecting buildings, -and other purposes.<a class="fn" id="fr_137" href="#fn_137">[137]</a></p> -<p>As early as February 1935 Governor Tom Berry of South Dakota -urged Secretary Ickes to establish the national monument formally -through a presidential proclamation. He pointed out that the basic -conditions of Public Law 1021 had been met: (1) a 30-mile highway, -built at a cost of approximately $320,000, starting at Interior and going -over Big Foot Pass and on to Sage Creek, was completed in 1935 by -the state and approved by the NPS; (2) the state had acquired such -privately owned lands within the area as were required by the Secretary -of the Interior.<a class="fn" id="fr_138" href="#fn_138">[138]</a></p> -<p>However, NPS Director Cammerer deferred making such a recommendation -until some 9,780 acres of state lands, located within the authorized -national monument boundary, had been transferred to the Service.<a class="fn" id="fr_139" href="#fn_139">[139]</a></p> -<p>Also, it was not until three years later, in 1938, that the United States -formally accepted title to 1,395.79 acres of land donated by the trustees -of the Custer State Park board who acted as purchasing agents for the -State of South Dakota. Senator Norbeck had been a member of this -board. The land was purchased from private owners with funds authorized -by the state legislature for the expressed purpose of fulfilling partial -requirements of Public Law 1021. Cost to the state was approximately -$12,000 for 1,280 acres of this donated land.<a class="fn" id="fr_141" href="#fn_141">[141]</a></p> -<p>By early July 1938 Director Cammerer considered that South Dakota -had met all the conditions of Public Law 1021. Under this act the federal -government had acquired title to about 48,000 acres of the 50,830 authorized. -Within the extension authorized by the act of June 26, 1936, the -NPS included an additional 97,976 acres. In all, the boundary recommended -by the Service included some 148,806 acres (later revised to -150,103.41, and still later revised again to 154,119.46 acres for the same -amount of land<a class="fn" id="fr_142" href="#fn_142">[142]</a>) of which the government owned 113,578.59 acres. -<span class="pb" id="Page_42">42</span> -Director Cammerer therefore asked the Secretary of the Interior to approve -the establishment of the national monument and that a proclamation -be submitted to the President for final approval.<a class="fn" id="fr_143" href="#fn_143">[143]</a> On January 25, -1939, President Roosevelt formally proclaimed the establishment of Badlands -National Monument.<a class="fn" id="fr_144" href="#fn_144">[144]</a> It became the 77th national monument and -the 151st area in the federal park system which is administered by the -National Park Service.<a class="fn" id="fr_145" href="#fn_145">[145]</a></p> -<div class="img" id="fig19"> -<img src="images/p16.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="543" /> -<p class="pcap">Figure 19<span class="center"> UPPER (PINNACLES) TUNNEL, 1938</span></p> -<p class="pcapc">This 175-foot by 16-foot tunnel was located in the national monument about two miles -southeast of the present Pinnacles Ranger Station. It and Lower (Norbeck) Tunnel, -situated about three miles west of Cedar Pass Lodge near the base of Norbeck Pass, -were in use only about four years before being obliterated.<a class="fn" id="fr_140" href="#fn_140">[140]</a></p> -</div> -<p>The complicated land-ownership pattern in the national monument -along with grazing would plague the NPS for years. When the area -was proclaimed in 1939, the NPS administered substantial tracts of land -outside the national monument’s boundary. These tracts were located -in the land utilization projects of the Department of Agriculture’s Soil -Conservation Service. On the other hand, the SCS had land utilization -tracts under its jurisdiction within the boundary.<a class="fn" id="fr_146" href="#fn_146">[146]</a></p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_43">43</div> -<h2 id="c7"><span class="small">EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONAL MONUMENT</span></h2> -<p>Under the general direction of the NPS, various relief agencies such -as the Emergency Relief Administration (ERA), the Resettlement Administration, -the Works Progress Administration (WPA), and the Civilian Conservation -Corps (CCC) worked on development projects in the area. -Only a few scattered reports are now available on the work of these -agencies. About 150 persons were employed at the area in January 1937 -on such projects as resurfacing, backsloping, ditching, and grading -roads.<a class="fn" id="fr_147" href="#fn_147">[147]</a> This included major reconstruction of the Sheep Mountain -Canyon road, completed the same year.<a class="fn" id="fr_148" href="#fn_148">[148]</a></p> -<p>One project of interest completed June 30, 1940 by ERA labor, under -the Public Roads Administration, was the obliteration of two tunnels -along the Pinnacles-Cedar Pass road. They were constructed during -the first half of the 1930’s (see <a href="#fig19">Figure 19</a>) when the road was built by the -State of South Dakota; the road was completed in 1935. The tunnels -proved to be impractical because of inadequate width and maintenance -problems.<a class="fn" id="fr_149" href="#fn_149">[149]</a></p> -<p>In July 1940 the ERA project in the area was discontinued. Among -the types of work accomplished since July 1, 1938, when the project was -initiated, were the construction of five project headquarters buildings, -prospecting for water on the national monument, the development of a -well near the site of the old Pinnacles Checking Station, and ten road -jobs which included road construction, widening, graveling, building culverts, -and banksloping. The construction of parking overlooks, and the -obliteration of buildings and clearing of 16 farmstead tracts, also took -place during that time.<a class="fn" id="fr_150" href="#fn_150">[150]</a></p> -<p>During the 12 months between July 1939 and July 1940, the ERA project -employed an average of 150 relief workers.<a class="fn" id="fr_151" href="#fn_151">[151]</a></p> -<p>Since the national monument is located a relatively short distance -from Wind Cave National Park, the older area co-ordinated the business -of Badlands during its early years. On August 11, 1939, Chief Ranger -Howard B. Stricklin of Wind Cave became acting custodian of the newly -designated area and was later placed in charge of the local ERA and -CCC projects.<a class="fn" id="fr_152" href="#fn_152">[152]</a> Although the ERA project was terminated in July 1940, -the CCC work continued until June 1942.<a class="fn" id="fr_153" href="#fn_153">[153]</a></p> -<p>When Stricklin arrived to take charge, there were no living quarters -of any kind in the area. He lived at the CCC camp at Quinn Table while -his family remained at Wind Cave. Temporary offices were established -in Wall pending a decision regarding the location of permanent headquarters.<a class="fn" id="fr_154" href="#fn_154">[154]</a></p> -<p>Considerable thought was given to the selection of a headquarters -site. For a time the Pinnacles area was considered.<a class="fn" id="fr_155" href="#fn_155">[155]</a> However, in late -1939 it was finally decided to locate the center of operations at Cedar -Pass.<a class="fn" id="fr_156" href="#fn_156">[156]</a> This decision was due, in part, to the offer by Mr. Ben H. Millard, -owner of Cedar Pass Lodge,</p> -<blockquote> -<p>to donate approximately 28 acres of strategically located land -in the Cedar Pass area to the Service to be used as a headquarters -area.<a class="fn" id="fr_157" href="#fn_157">[157]</a></p> -</blockquote> -<div class="pb" id="Page_44">44</div> -<div class="img" id="fig20"> -<img src="images/p17.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="442" /> -<p class="pcap">Figure 20<span class="center"> CEDAR PASS LODGE, early 1930’s</span></p> -<p class="pcapc">The lodge was begun in 1928 at about the same time the large dance pavillion building -in the background was constructed. People from as distant as Rapid City came here -to dance to the music of Lawrence Welk and other name bands. More cabins for the -lodge were built from its lumber when the pavillion was removed in about 1934.<a class="fn" id="fr_159" href="#fn_159">[159]</a></p> -</div> -<p>The Department of the Interior accepted Millard’s donation in May -1941.<a class="fn" id="fr_158" href="#fn_158">[158]</a></p> -<p>The decision to develop the Cedar Pass area for headquarters greatly -altered development plans. The CCC enrollees numbering 207 in -February 1940 were encamped at Quinn Table some 35 miles west of -Cedar Pass. Since much of the development was taking place at Cedar -Pass, it was necessary to drive them between these two points each -day.<a class="fn" id="fr_160" href="#fn_160">[160]</a></p> -<p>One of the great handicaps of Cedar Pass as a headquarters area -was the lack of water. To develop a satisfactory supply, the NPS found -it necessary to go to the White River, three miles south. One of the major -projects undertaken soon after selecting the headquarters site was to -dig a trench and lay pipe to the river. Since this stream is intermittent -above ground, but has a dependable subsurface flow, water was collected -in perforated pipes laid on hard clay and shale about eight feet -below the river bed. The pipe brought water to a sump on the river -bank where it was pumped to a 100,000-gallon storage tank above the -headquarters area.<a class="fn" id="fr_161" href="#fn_161">[161]</a> Work was begun on this reservoir in April 1940 -and completed by the CCC in September 1941. At the same time the -CCC also erected a checking station at Pinnacles which Stricklin and -his family occupied from November 15, 1940, until about May 15, 1943.<a class="fn" id="fr_162" href="#fn_162">[162]</a></p> -<p>Handicapped by the location of the original CCC camp at Quinn -Table, a new camp was authorized at Cedar Pass and work on it began -in June 1941. Five months later the new camp was occupied.<a class="fn" id="fr_164" href="#fn_164">[164]</a></p> -<p>At that time the only visitor-contact point in the Cedar Pass area was -at Cedar Pass Lodge. During the summer season Mr. Millard lectured -<span class="pb" id="Page_45">45</span> -nightly to lodge guests on the geologic history of the Badlands, thereby -initiating interpretive programs. He also showed movies of the Badlands -and other scenic areas. A temporary park ranger, who checked travel in -the Cedar Pass area during the day, took part in the evening programs.<a class="fn" id="fr_165" href="#fn_165">[165]</a></p> -<div class="img" id="fig21"> -<img src="images/p17a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="473" /> -<p class="pcap">Figure 21<span class="center"> PINNACLES RANGER STATION AND CHECKING STATION, 1941</span></p> -<p class="pcapc">Completed in 1941, the ranger station also served as quarters until January 1965 when -the new Pinnacles ranger station-residence was completed. The checking station was -removed about 1958 to make way for road improvement, and the old ranger station was -razed in April 1967.<a class="fn" id="fr_163" href="#fn_163">[163]</a></p> -</div> -<p>The problem of stock grazing in the national monument grew increasingly -worse during the 1940’s. The acting custodian complained early -in 1940:</p> -<blockquote> -<p>Until the boundary is fenced and we are in a better position to -know what is private and what is monument land, there appears -to be very little that can be done to prevent this.<a class="fn" id="fr_166" href="#fn_166">[166]</a></p> -</blockquote> -<p>In December 1941 he wrote in a similar vein:</p> -<blockquote> -<p>During past winters it has been the practice of local stockmen -to allow herds of horses and cattle to drift into the monument -area to graze unrestrictedly over public as well as private lands -and along the monument highways. There is such a large -amount of private and county-owned land within the monument -boundaries (31,000 acres out of a total of 150,000) that it is difficult -to restrain stock from grazing on National Park Service land as -well as on the land that is owned or leased by private individuals.<a class="fn" id="fr_167" href="#fn_167">[167]</a></p> -</blockquote> -<p>It soon became obvious that Badlands National Monument would be -a popular attraction because of its location near U.S. Highways 14 and -16, both well-known national highways going through the Black Hills. -In 1941 there were 70.02 miles of road in the national monument. Of this, -<span class="pb" id="Page_46">46</span> -61.52 miles were constructed by the state and 8.5 miles by the federal -government; 29.87 miles were graveled and 40.15 were dirt roads.<a class="fn" id="fr_168" href="#fn_168">[168]</a></p> -<p>Although the roads through the area were only partially developed, -thousands of travelers turned off the through highways to view the scenic -Badlands.</p> -<p>Stricklin reported in September 1941:</p> -<blockquote> -<p>More than a quarter of a million visitors had passed through Badlands -National Monument by the close of the travel season on -September 30, representing an increase of approximately 30 percent -over the previous year, for the period during which an -actual count was made.<a class="fn" id="fr_169" href="#fn_169">[169]</a></p> -</blockquote> -<p>The entrance of the United States into World War II in December -1941 had a great impact on the area and its operations. Since many of -the CCC enrollees would be absorbed into the armed forces, the project -work soon came to an end. The acting custodian reported in the spring -of 1942, “On March 25, after two years and five months of productive -work in Badlands National Monument, CCC Camp Badlands, NP-3 -[located at Cedar Pass], was abandoned.”<a class="fn" id="fr_170" href="#fn_170">[170]</a> Work was continued on -several projects undertaken at Camp Badlands by a CCC side camp -with the view toward completing the projects or leaving them “in such -condition that the facilities involved may be used, and the materials, all -of which have been on hand for some time, may be protected against -deterioration and loss.”<a class="fn" id="fr_171" href="#fn_171">[171]</a> However, the side camp was also closed in -the following June, leaving practically all of the construction projects in -various states of completion.<a class="fn" id="fr_172" href="#fn_172">[172]</a> In December 1942 most of the CCC buildings -at Cedar Pass were dismantled and removed by the armed services.<a class="fn" id="fr_173" href="#fn_173">[173]</a></p> -<p>Another result of the nation’s entrance into the war was a sharp drop -in visitors to the Badlands. Stricklin wrote in June 1942 that “Most of -these visitors appeared to be genuine vacationists ... [who] had a -vacation coming, and were trying to get it in before gas rationing became -nation-wide.”<a class="fn" id="fr_174" href="#fn_174">[174]</a> He estimated that travel in March 1943 was 87 percent -under that for March 1942, and that “All foreign [out-of-state] visitor cars -stopping for information were headed for defense jobs, or were military -personnel, changing their headquarters from one part of the country to -another.”<a class="fn" id="fr_175" href="#fn_175">[175]</a> The effect of the war on travel to the national monument -is reflected in the travel figures of the area for the years from 1941 to -1945. (See <a href="#c9">Appendix A</a>.)</p> -<p>Efforts at the national monument during the war were devoted largely -to preventive maintenance. Changing his headquarters from Pinnacles -to Cedar Pass in June 1943, Stricklin was able to give closer attention -to the headquarters area.<a class="fn" id="fr_176" href="#fn_176">[176]</a> Such routine tasks as filling washouts, -cleaning ditches, reclaiming gravel, cutting roadside weeds, repairing -guard rails, cleaning up debris, and temporary patching of roads occupied -most of the staff’s time. Other tasks, such as repairing water lines, -painting signs, keeping the buildings in repair, and servicing and repairing -the area equipment also required much attention.<a class="fn" id="fr_177" href="#fn_177">[177]</a> The cottage -that the custodian and his family rented from Millard at Cedar Pass was -destroyed by fire on November 27, 1943.<a class="fn" id="fr_178" href="#fn_178">[178]</a></p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_47">47</div> -<div class="img" id="fig22"> -<img src="images/p18.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="562" /> -<p class="pcap">Figure 22<span class="center"> CEDAR PASS, June 1950</span></p> -<p class="pcapc">The buildings of Cedar Pass Lodge can be seen behind the white frame structure, which -served as a visitor center and headquarters until 1959. Remnants of two spires on -Vampire Peak remain on the left. It was observed on November 22, 1950, that one of the -two spires of this famous landmark had fallen, apparently during a thunder storm.<a class="fn" id="fr_189" href="#fn_189">[189]</a></p> -</div> -<p>During the ten years following the end of World War II, there was -slow progress in the area’s development. Work on the custodian’s residence -at Cedar Pass, begun in 1941, was completed in 1946.<a class="fn" id="fr_179" href="#fn_179">[179]</a> Early -in 1953 two additional houses, both prefabricated, were completed.<a class="fn" id="fr_180" href="#fn_180">[180]</a> -In January 1948 commercial power was brought to Cedar Pass and Interior -with the completion of a single-phase power line by the Rural -Electrification Administration.<a class="fn" id="fr_181" href="#fn_181">[181]</a> The Northwestern Bell Telephone Company -extended telephone service to the national monument headquarters -in September 1952.<a class="fn" id="fr_182" href="#fn_182">[182]</a> (This service was officially taken over by the -Golden West Telephone Cooperative, Inc., in October 1960.)<a class="fn" id="fr_183" href="#fn_183">[183]</a></p> -<p>During the travel seasons of 1946 and 1947 there was much adverse -criticism of the national monument roads. The maintenance equipment -was in poor condition and usually undergoing repairs when most -needed.<a class="fn" id="fr_184" href="#fn_184">[184]</a> In the summer of 1948 about 4 miles of road was black-topped -between the Cedar Pass junction and Norbeck Pass; this represented -the first paving of U.S. Route 16A in the national monument.<a class="fn" id="fr_185" href="#fn_185">[185]</a> -The present northeast entrance road, about 3½ miles long, was completed -in October 1951. It opened up a new area of the Badlands known -as the Window Section.<a class="fn" id="fr_186" href="#fn_186">[186]</a> This road was made possible by the donation -in 1946 of a 160-acre, strategically located land parcel by Mr. Ben Millard -who had purchased it from Jackson County in March 1941 for this purpose.<a class="fn" id="fr_187" href="#fn_187">[187]</a></p> -<p>During the late 1940’s and early 1950’s buildings constructed as temporary -<span class="pb" id="Page_48">48</span> -structures in the ERA and CCC period were remodeled and continued -in use for headquarters and utility purposes.<a class="fn" id="fr_188" href="#fn_188">[188]</a></p> -<p>Both the grazing and the land ownership problems at the national -monument were compounded by the war. With increased rainfall in -the region during the decade of the 1940’s and the rising price of beef, -the situation of the ranchers greatly improved. Under a plan suggested -by Congressman Case in January 1943 to help in the “Beef for Victory -Program,” the Service authorized for the first time in April the issuance -of grazing permits on federally owned grasslands within the national -monument. Under this program, the lands were divided into seven grazing -units. An orderly grazing plan was established with the cooperation -of the Soil Conservation Service.<a class="fn" id="fr_190" href="#fn_190">[190]</a> Stricklin was able to identify and -locate all cattle and sheep outfits that claimed to be using the national -monument lands in conjunction with their SCS allotments.<a class="fn" id="fr_191" href="#fn_191">[191]</a> Following -the war authorized grazing remained one of the area’s major management -problems for over a decade.</p> -<p>Stricklin wrote about an interesting sidelight of the grazing problem:</p> -<blockquote> -<p>The roundup and disposal of several hundred head of unclaimed -and so-called wild horses in the Sage Creek basin was a source -of much concern on the part of both ranchers and the Custodian, -the ranchers claiming the wild stallions were enticing away -their mares. The Custodian’s concern was partly because of the -damage these herds were doing to the range, but largely because -it was practically the only program of any kind on which -the National Park Service and the ranchers could even remotely -agree. Several roundups were collaborated in, during which the -herds were drastically reduced. Airplanes were used on at -least one of the roundups to flush horses out of the canyons and -keep them from breaking back on their route to Scenic and the -loading chutes. Jack and Mamie Close, ranchers on Quinn -Table, were the leaders among the ranchers in this work.<a class="fn" id="fr_192" href="#fn_192">[192]</a></p> -</blockquote> -<p>Feral horses were eventually eliminated through roundups and returned -to their owners. The last roundup took place in the national -monument in 1963.<a class="fn" id="fr_193" href="#fn_193">[193]</a></p> -<p>With the improvement of their lot, many ranchers who had been -destitute only a few years earlier were in a position to purchase county -lands within the national monument boundary. The custodian reported -in April 1943 that practically all such land within the boundary was leased -for grazing and that much of it was recently bought by sheep and -cattle ranchers.<a class="fn" id="fr_194" href="#fn_194">[194]</a> In 1946 Stricklin reported a considerable change in -land ownership where much of the land formerly controlled by Pennington -County had passed into private ownership.<a class="fn" id="fr_195" href="#fn_195">[195]</a> Later the same year -Jackson County auctioned all of its 3,000 acres of land within the boundary -to private individuals. Practically all of the 14,000 acres which was -owned by the two counties two years earlier had passed into private -ownership.<a class="fn" id="fr_196" href="#fn_196">[196]</a></p> -<p>The location of the boundary had been a subject of discussion since -the national monument was established in 1939. The area contained a -<span class="pb" id="Page_49">49</span> -large acreage of grassland which the Soil Conservation Service believed -should be released for grazing purposes. There was also overlapping -jurisdiction between the two federal agencies.<a class="fn" id="fr_197" href="#fn_197">[197]</a></p> -<p>After several years of study, the NPS and the SCS arrived at an -understanding on the national monument boundary and mutual land -problems. In 1946 the two agencies signed an agreement known as -<b>Recommended Program of Procedure</b> for boundary adjustment of Badlands -National Monument. The NPS agreed:</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="revint">(1) to transfer to the Soil Conservation Service NPS lands outside -the existing national monument boundary in order to compensate -for 1,220 acres the SCS had turned over for inclusion -in the national monument prior to its establishment in 1939;</p> -<p class="revint">(2) to transfer to the SCS equivalent lands (computed on a livestock-carrying-capacity -basis) for lands that were to be acquired -from the SCS by the NPS as the result of revised boundary -studies;</p> -<p class="revint">(3) to transfer to the SCS federal lands which the NPS planned -to eliminate from the national monument to use in exchange -for non-federal lands remaining in the national monument -after the boundary changes were made.<a class="fn" id="fr_198" href="#fn_198">[198]</a></p> -</blockquote> -<p>The plan made it possible to transfer, without legislation, 3,678.19 -acres of NPS lands lying outside the park boundary to the SCS. This -was done by order of the Secretary of the Interior in July 1949.<a class="fn" id="fr_199" href="#fn_199">[199]</a> These -lands were acquired under the Resettlement Administration program -and, in 1936 were transferred to the NPS. When Badlands National -Monument was established in 1939, these lands were not within the -boundary.<a class="fn" id="fr_200" href="#fn_200">[200]</a></p> -<p>In order to carry out the main objectives of the plan, Congressional -action was necessary. In 1950 bills (H.R. 7342 and S. 3081) were introduced -in the 81st Congress by Representative Case and Senator Chandler -Gurney to implement the proposed land exchange. H.R. 7342 was passed -by the House without amendment, but later the bill died in the Senate. -The senate bill (S. 3081) was not considered.</p> -<p>In 1951 Senator Francis H. Case, who had just been elected to that -office, and Congressman E.Y. Berry introduced identical bills (S. 896 and -HR. 3540) in the 82nd Congress. These were similar to the ones proposed -a year earlier. Berry’s bill passed the House on July 2, 1951, without -amendment. The House Act was referred to the Senate Committee -on Interior and Insular Affairs, which recommended that section five of -H.R. 3540 be dropped. This section would have provided authority to -include 4,000 acres of the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in the Sheep -Mountain area provided certain conditions were met. The committee -believed “that a satisfactory solution should be worked out with the -Tribal Council of the Oglala Sioux Tribe of Indians, and any others -interested, before legislation with regard to these lands is enacted.”<a class="fn" id="fr_201" href="#fn_201">[201]</a> -The bill in its amended form, including another minor change recommended -by the committee, passed the Senate on January 24, 1952.<a class="fn" id="fr_202" href="#fn_202">[202]</a></p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_50">50</div> -<div class="img" id="fig23"> -<img src="images/p19.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="456" /> -<p class="pcap">Figure 23<span class="center"> AREA CHANGES IN BADLANDS NATIONAL MONUMENT<a class="fn" id="fr_203" href="#fn_203">[203]</a></span></p> -</div> -<table class="center" summary=""> -<tr><td class="l">Area authorized in 1929 (dashed line) </td><td class="r">50,830.40 acres</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Area upon establishment in 1939 </td><td class="r">154,119.46 acres</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Area after changes of 1952 </td><td class="r">122,642.52 acres</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Area after changes of 1957 (heavy line) </td><td class="r">111,529.82 acres</td></tr> -</table> -<p>Acreage figures are latest available and may be different from figures -which were current during each of the four times the park boundary -has been redesignated. Because of these acreage revisions, additions -to and deletions from the park do not total correctly.</p> -<table class="center" summary=""> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="2">Badlands National Monument</th></tr> -<tr class="th"><th colspan="2">South Dakota</th></tr> -<tr><td colspan="2" class="l">One section (1 mile square—640 acres)</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Eliminated in 1952 </td><td class="r">31,442.52 acres</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Added in 1952 </td><td class="r">4,449.29 acres</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Eliminated in 1957 </td><td class="r">11,234.09 acres</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Added in 1957 </td><td class="r">241.39 acres</td></tr> -</table> -<div class="pb" id="Page_51">51</div> -<p>Shortly afterwards on February 8, telegrams were sent to Congressmen -Berry, Senator Case, and Senator Karl Mundt by the executive committee -of the tribal council of the Oglala Sioux Tribe. The messages -urged the congressmen to do their best to get Section 5 restored so it -would be possible for the tribe to negotiate with the federal government -for exchange of the land in the Sheep Mountain area for other lands.<a class="fn" id="fr_204" href="#fn_204">[204]</a> -The House, however, did not heed this resolution but voted instead to -concur with the Senate’s amended version. The bill became Public Law -328 after being signed by President Harry S Truman on May 7, 1952.<a class="fn" id="fr_205" href="#fn_205">[205]</a></p> -<p>Under this law, the Secretary of the Interior was authorized to adjust -and redefine at his discretion the exterior boundary of the national monument -by appropriate reductions or additions. The law specified, among -other things, that the adjusted area could not exceed the existing 154,119 -acres.<a class="fn" id="fr_206" href="#fn_206">[206]</a> (An official figure of 150,103.41 acres was used as the total -acreage of the area at the time it was proclaimed as a national monument -in 1939. A revised figure, listing 154,119.46 acres for the same area, -was used as the total acreage from about 1943 until October 1952.<a class="fn" id="fr_207" href="#fn_207">[207]</a>)</p> -<p>Immediately after the bill became law, proposed boundary changes -received considerable attention. Some believed that the area of the -national monument should be reduced. A strong supporter of this view -was the South Dakota Stock Growers Association. It was the organization’s -belief that the size could be reduced by about one-half without -destroying any of its scenic value. They estimated that 3,000 head of -cattle would be without grass if the NPS carried through its plan to fence -the area and eliminate grazing from the national monument. One of the -biggest problems was the large acreage of private lands located within -its boundary. Many ranchers believed that these lands ought to be -eliminated “from the Badlands National Monument wherever a reasonable -boundary adjustment can be made.”<a class="fn" id="fr_208" href="#fn_208">[208]</a> Others contended “that -all of the grassland west of Pinnacles [Sage Creek Basin] could be removed -from the Park and that such removal would in no way destroy -the attraction to the tourist.”<a class="fn" id="fr_209" href="#fn_209">[209]</a></p> -<p>A 1953 memorandum from the Regional Director to NPS Director -Conrad L. Wirth explained how Sage Creek Basin had become largely -government-owned:</p> -<blockquote> -<p>Sage Creek Basin was a submarginal waste in the 1930’s due to -prolonged and severe drought conditions and considerable -acreages of private lands were acquired by the Resettlement -Administration in connection with its submarginal land program.... -Other private parcels became tax delinquent and were ultimately -sold to private owners by Pennington County in the -1940’s. Because of favorable climatic conditions of the past -several years, the basin has recovered from its condition of the -1930’s; it now contains a considerable acreage of good grasslands.... -We venture the opinion that had vegetative conditions -of the basin in the 1930’s resembled those of today, a submarginal -land program would not have been undertaken so far -as the basin is concerned.<a class="fn" id="fr_210" href="#fn_210">[210]</a></p> -</blockquote> -<p>Owing to the great interest generated by the proposed boundary -<span class="pb" id="Page_52">52</span> -changes, the NPS issued a statement in July 1952 giving reasons why it -would not be “advisable to eliminate from the Monument the grasslands -west of the Pinnacles, as suggested by the South Dakota Stock Growers -Association.”<a class="fn" id="fr_211" href="#fn_211">[211]</a> It said in part that</p> -<blockquote> -<p>These flatter lands with their cover of native grasses and wildflowers, -typical of the surrounding prairie country, are valuable -for park and wildlife purposes. The preservation of this relatively -small exhibit of native grass is an important responsibility -in itself, since no comparable section of the Great Plains has -been set apart to be preserved in its natural condition.<a class="fn" id="fr_212" href="#fn_212">[212]</a></p> -</blockquote> -<p>The statement also indicated that about 31,700 acres of other lands -were to be eliminated from the national monument, including more than -12,000 acres of privately owned lands. It indicated that the Soil Conservation -Service agreed to these revisions and that they were “the same -as those which the Congress considered when it authorized boundary -revisions by enacting Public Law 328.”<a class="fn" id="fr_213" href="#fn_213">[213]</a></p> -<p>On October 3, 1952, Assistant Secretary of the Interior Joel D. Wolfsohn -issued an order revising the boundary of the national monument. -The order showed that 30,802.52 acres, more or less, were “hereby transferred -from the Department of the Interior to the Department of Agriculture -for use, administration, and disposition in accordance with the -provisions of Title III of the Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act....” -This reduced the size of Badlands National Monument, according to the -order, to 121,883.12 acres.<a class="fn" id="fr_214" href="#fn_214">[214]</a></p> -<blockquote> -<p>The Order was performed to provide lands for the Soil Conservation -Service to enable those persons having private land in the -monument to trade for Soil Conservation Service lands outside -the monument, and to make a few administrative adjustments in -the monument boundary.<a class="fn" id="fr_215" href="#fn_215">[215]</a></p> -</blockquote> -<p>However, discrepancies in the land records led the NPS to investigate -the status of lands within the former boundary.<a class="fn" id="fr_216" href="#fn_216">[216]</a> By late 1953 it -was found that 31,442.52 acres were eliminated from the national monument -by the October 3 order instead of 30,802.52 acres. Of these -12,916.32 acres were private lands; the remaining 18,526.20 acres were -transferred to the Soil Conservation Service of the Department of Agriculture.<a class="fn" id="fr_217" href="#fn_217">[217]</a></p> -<p>There were also lands totaling about 4,449 acres added to the national -monument by the October 3 order; these lands included</p> -<blockquote> -<p>“2,581.88 acres of public domain, 336.88 acres of purchased land, -981.79 acres of Soil Conservation Service land and 548.56 acres -of private land.... The net result of the boundary adjustments -was a loss of 26,993.23 acres of land in Badlands National Monument.”<a class="fn" id="fr_218" href="#fn_218">[218]</a></p> -</blockquote> -<p>Even before the October 3 order was enacted there was already talk -about further reduction of the area boundary. In a memorandum dated -December 5, 1952, Director Wirth wrote to the Regional Director in charge -of Badlands National Monument:</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_53">53</div> -<div class="img" id="fig24"> -<img src="images/p20.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="602" /> -<p class="pcap">Figure 24<span class="center"> A PORTION OF SAGE CREEK BASIN</span></p> -<p class="pcapc">In 1953 over 25,000 acres were recommended by the NPS for deletion from this section -of the national monument.<a class="fn" id="fr_219" href="#fn_219">[219]</a> Later, studies revealed that the area should be retained. -Today it is home for bison, deer, pronghorn, prairie dogs, and other animals. Sage Creek -Primitive Campground is located in its northwest section.</p> -</div> -<blockquote> -<p>The basis for a final solution [of the boundary problem at Badlands -National Monument] lies in a reassessment and restatement -of Monument objectives and significance. If it is found, as -appears likely, that our chief concern and purpose should be -with the badlands formations, then the boundaries should be -drawn accordingly, with due regard for badlands protection, -interpretation and attendant development needs. If we are to -retain some or all of the grasslands, we must have strong and -valid justification for doing so and be prepared to disclose and -defend what specific Monument purposes and uses they are to -serve.<a class="fn" id="fr_220" href="#fn_220">[220]</a></p> -</blockquote> -<p>In order to determine if the grasslands west of Pinnacles should be -kept, the NPS contracted with a number of prominent scientists to make -studies of the area in 1953. Dr. Theodore E. White, a paleontologist with -the Smithsonian Institution, determined in June 1953 whether or not -potentially fossiliferous areas would be excluded by proposed boundary -readjustments.<a class="fn" id="fr_221" href="#fn_221">[221]</a> Late that summer archeological investigations were -undertaken by Archeologist Paul L. Beaubien of the NPS Regional Office -in Omaha, Nebraska. He recorded some 30 prehistoric Indian sites -and one historic Indian site believed to have been used by Chief Big -Foot’s band a few days before the infamous battle at Wounded Knee in -December 1890.<a class="fn" id="fr_222" href="#fn_222">[222]</a></p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_54">54</div> -<p>Professor F.W. Albertson of Fort Hays Kansas State College submitted -a <b>Report of Study of Grassland Areas of Badlands National Monument</b> -in September. In brief he said, “it seems to me that the Park Service -has an extremely interesting area, which should be preserved for -all interested public through the years to come.”<a class="fn" id="fr_223" href="#fn_223">[223]</a></p> -<p>Meanwhile, support grew for retention of the boundaries as spelled -out by the October 3, 1952, secretarial order. The Rapid City Chapter of -the Izaak Walton League of America, the South Dakota State Highway -Commission, the South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks, -the Black Hills and Badlands Association, and prominent local persons, -including Sid Soma, Dr. G.W. Mills, Ted Hustead, and Leonel Jensen, all -from the town of Wall, were but a few of the many who advocated retention -of the present boundary.<a class="fn" id="fr_224" href="#fn_224">[224]</a></p> -<p>Although the South Dakota Stock Growers Association and some -local ranching interests continued to advocate “the transfer of administration -of all grazing lands within the monument not needed for road -and development purposes,” it became evident to these people that opposition -was building up against further acreage reduction in the park.<a class="fn" id="fr_225" href="#fn_225">[225]</a></p> -<p>In April 1954 the NPS recommended no boundary changes until the -problem was explored further. Director Wirth said:</p> -<blockquote> -<p>it seems apparent that there is a very considerable number of -people ... which strongly support the retention of the Badlands -National Monument not only as a striking example of geological -formations, with areas of paleontological interest, but also for -preservation of a segment of the plains grassland and native -wildlife as added attractions. On the other hand, there is also -a difficult problem of inholdings and grazing complications, -with strong sentiment from the livestock owners for a reduction -of the Monument.<a class="fn" id="fr_226" href="#fn_226">[226]</a></p> -</blockquote> -<p>He recommended, among other things, that exchanges of private land -inside the boundary for federal lands outside be pushed vigorously, -and that Dr. Adolph Murie, NPS Biologist, should study the wildlife possibilities -of the national monument.<a class="fn" id="fr_227" href="#fn_227">[227]</a></p> -<p>In his report Dr. Murie said:</p> -<blockquote> -<p>Badlands National Monument has national significance, first of -all because it is a sample of the Badlands. The values of this -monument are of outstanding significance in the fields of geology, -paleontology, archeology, and biology. The eroded terrain -has scenic value for many, and in Sage Creek Basin and in -the section north of Cedar Pass one finds the atmosphere of the -early scene, when this country was far beyond the frontier....</p> -<p>In Sage Creek Basin we have an opportunity to preserve the -prairie dog-blackfooted ferret community, with many other associated -species of the region.... Likewise the rare kit fox may -possibly be preserved in the basin. The value of Sage Creek -Basin for preserving these rare native species is contingent -on size and its present size is none too large....</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_55">55</div> -<p>Concerning boundaries in general over the monument it appears -that any eliminations would be harmful to public values. Only -in minor details, in connection with land adjustments, should -any territory be sacrificed. Sage Creek Basin, especially, -should not be reduced....<a class="fn" id="fr_228" href="#fn_228">[228]</a></p> -</blockquote> -<p>Also during the summer of 1954, the NPS requested Dr. James D. -Bump, Director of Museum of Geology of the South Dakota School of -Mines and Technology at Rapid City, to make a geological and paleontological -appraisal of Badlands National Monument. Quotations from his -report point out his strong feelings for the area:</p> -<blockquote> -<p>The Big Badlands of South Dakota, from a paleontological standpoint, -probably constitutes the richest Oligocene region in the -world.... [The quantity of] paleontological materials given -up to man over the past 100 years is of astounding proportions. -This prehistorical treasure represents more than 250 species of -the vertebrate life of thirty million years ago....</p> -<p>The Badlands National Monument is a part of the greatest badland-eroded -section in North America.... I can think of no -other geographic area of like-size that has the unusual natural -beauty, the undisturbed plant and animal life and the wealth of -scientific information to offer the public....<a class="fn" id="fr_229" href="#fn_229">[229]</a></p> -</blockquote> -<p>He ended his report by making a number of recommendations, some -of which follow:</p> -<blockquote> -<p>The present boundaries must remain intact. Removal of any -lands, except perhaps some thin scattered fringes, would seriously -cripple future development and greatly reduce the attractiveness -of the Monument....</p> -<p>Under no circumstances should any part of the Sage Creek Basin -be withdrawn. Its scientific and natural value cannot be overestimated -and it is my opinion that this section will in the -future become one of the most interesting and educational of -the entire Monument.<a class="fn" id="fr_230" href="#fn_230">[230]</a></p> -</blockquote> -<p>As a result of Dr. Murie’s wildlife study and Dr. Bump’s geological -and paleontological appraisal, the Service began formulating definite -ideas in April 1955 concerning further revision of the boundary. An -elimination of 11,124 acres including 4,234 acres of privately owned lands -was proposed. This is only about one-third of the 32,000 acres which -was being widely talked about as a possible reduction in size during -1953. The larger reduction would have included much of the grasslands -west of Pinnacles. Addition of 4,460 acres, including 3,954 acres of Pine -Ridge Indian Reservation lands and 246 acres of Department of the -Army lands located on the Indian reservation, was also proposed. Net -reduction in area would be about 6,664 acres.<a class="fn" id="fr_231" href="#fn_231">[231]</a></p> -<p>Since the mid-1930’s there have been various suggestions that a -road be constructed to connect Sage Creek Basin with the Sheep Mountain -locality. Although it was not in the master plan for the national -monument in the 1950’s, planning for the ultimate boundary was done -so that the road could be built if ultimately needed.<a class="fn" id="fr_232" href="#fn_232">[232]</a> However, Dr. -Murie recommended against the road proposal in his report.<a class="fn" id="fr_233" href="#fn_233">[233]</a></p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_56">56</div> -<div class="img" id="fig25"> -<img src="images/p21.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="466" /> -<p class="pcap">Figure 25<span class="center"> BADLANDS NATIONAL MONUMENT VISITOR CENTER</span></p> -<p class="pcapc">Dedicated in 1959, the building houses the national monument’s administrative offices, -exhibits on the Badlands, and a small theater in which there are narrated slide programs -on the highlights of the Badlands. The facility is open all year.</p> -</div> -<p>On April 12, 1956, an open meeting was held in Wall, South Dakota, -to discuss proposed boundary changes with ranchers, stockmen, and -local businessmen. No opposition to the proposals was voiced. The -meeting also provided an opportunity for discussion of development -plans, including fencing and grazing matters.<a class="fn" id="fr_234" href="#fn_234">[234]</a></p> -<p>On March 22, 1957, Acting Secretary of the Interior Hatfield Chilson -issued an order eliminating 11,234.09 acres from the national monument, -of which about 4,000 acres were private land. The total area of Badlands -National Monument was fixed at 111,529.82 acres. This also included -an addition of 240 acres of federal land which, among other things, increased -the utility area at headquarters and provided a much needed -disposal area. An additional 1.39 acres of federal land, located along -the White River three miles south of headquarters, were added, since -water storage tanks and a water pump, all part of the area’s water system, -are located there. More than 7,000 acres of the 11,234.09-acre reduction -were transferred to the Department of Agriculture, under provisions -of the Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act, and became available for exchange -for private land remaining inside the new boundary. As a result -of the secretarial order, there was a net reduction of 10,992.70 acres in -the size of the national monument. The new boundary included 98,486.39 -acres in federal ownership and 13,043.43 acres of non-federal land.<a class="fn" id="fr_235" href="#fn_235">[235]</a> -Since then, the Service has acquired title to 6,356.71 acres of the non-federal -land within the boundary. As of December 1967 there were -104,843.10 acres of federal land and 6,686.72 acres of non-federal land -within the boundary of Badlands National Monument.<a class="fn" id="fr_236" href="#fn_236">[236]</a></p> -<p>On January 2, 1954, the Secretary of Agriculture transferred the Land -Utilization Program, including lands in the vicinity of the national monument, -<span class="pb" id="Page_57">57</span> -from the Soil Conservation Service to the U.S. Forest Service.<a class="fn" id="fr_237" href="#fn_237">[237]</a> -This, in part, prompted a <b>Program of Procedure for Land Exchanges</b>, a -revision of the <b>Recommended Program of Procedure</b>, to be drafted. The -new agreement was signed in September 1954 by officials of both services. -It states in part that all future land exchanges are to be handled -by the Forest Service. This includes exchanges with private parties -who own land inside the national monument boundary. One objective -of such land exchanges is to eliminate all non-federal lands from within -Badlands National Monument.<a class="fn" id="fr_238" href="#fn_238">[238]</a> Since 1954 elimination of such lands -has come about largely through exchanges, although in a few instances -actual purchases were made.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig26"> -<img src="images/p21a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="429" /> -<p class="pcap">Figure 26<span class="center"> RIBBON-CUTTING CEREMONY AT BADLANDS NATIONAL MONUMENT DEDICATION, SEPTEMBER 16, 1959</span></p> -<p class="pcapc">Left to Right: NPS Regional Director Howard Baker, Region Two (now Midwest Region); -Conrad Wirth, NPS Director; Fred Seaton, Secretary of the Interior; Congressman -E.Y. Berry; Mrs. George H. Sholly, widow of Badlands National Monument Superintendent; -Mrs. Ralph Herseth; and Governor Ralph Herseth of South Dakota.</p> -</div> -<p>Concurrently with boundary adjustments, the NPS gave considerable -thought to a grazing management plan for the area whereby grazing -might be eliminated without serious hardship to the local ranchers. As -a result the Service presented a plan in May 1948 to grazing permittees -outlining a schedule for the gradual termination of grazing on federally -owned national monument lands by December 31, 1961.<a class="fn" id="fr_239" href="#fn_239">[239]</a></p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_59">59</div> -<h2 id="c8"><span class="small">MISSION 66 DEVELOPMENT</span></h2> -<p>In 1956, the National Park Service launched a 10-year park conservation -development program known as Mission 66. This was to have -great impact on the national monument. Under the program an expenditure -of nearly $5,000,000 for roads, trails, buildings, and utilities was planned. -Among the major projects undertaken and completed between 1956 -and 1960 were a realinement and oil surfacing of main roads, the development -of the Conata Picnic Area and the Cedar Pass and Dillon -Pass campgrounds, and the erection of utility and storage buildings, -three multiple-housing units, five employee residences, and an amphitheater.<a class="fn" id="fr_240" href="#fn_240">[240]</a></p> -<p>In May 1955 the Millard family donated two tracts of land totaling -18.50 acres to the NPS. Of this total, 5.85 acres, located in front of Cedar -Pass Lodge, were donated for the right-of-way of the relocated highway; -the remaining 12.65 acres made possible the development of Cedar Pass -Campground.<a class="fn" id="fr_241" href="#fn_241">[241]</a></p> -<p>The visitor center was completed in May 1959. This large structure -houses the national monument headquarters, interpretive exhibits, and -an audiovisual presentation of the Badlands story.<a class="fn" id="fr_242" href="#fn_242">[242]</a></p> -<p>The installation of exhibits in the visitor center was essentially completed -by November 1960.<a class="fn" id="fr_243" href="#fn_243">[243]</a> Some of the materials used in the exhibits -were donated by a number of individuals and institutions. Mr. Herbert -Millard, son of the late Ben Millard, gave a large mass of sand calcite -crystals now in the Small Wonders Exhibit. Dr. Winter of the University -of South Dakota at Vermillion donated the plant collection in the Great -Plains Grasslands Exhibit. The mounted badger in the Wildlife of the -Grassland Exhibit was a gift from Orville Sandall of Kadoka, South -Dakota. The skull of an Audubon Bighorn, on display above the Breaks -in the Grassland Exhibit, was donated by Willard Sharp of Interior, -South Dakota. In the exhibit showing a number of Indian artifacts are -casts of early-man points donated by the University of Nebraska State -Museum.<a class="fn" id="fr_244" href="#fn_244">[244]</a></p> -<p>The South Dakota School of Mines and Technology in Rapid City, -South Dakota, donated both the lower jaw and the upper jaw, including -skull, of a fossilized titanothere, which is in the Badlands Bones Exhibit. -The materials for the articulated oreodont fossil in the same exhibit were -also donated by the school. The oreodont fossil is of particular interest -because it was found northwest of Imlay, South Dakota about 100 feet -from where a famous fossilized oreodont with unborn twins was excavated. -The latter fossil is on display at the Museum of Geology at -the school (see <a href="#fig5">Figure 5</a>).<a class="fn" id="fr_245" href="#fn_245">[245]</a></p> -<p>The first full-time resident park naturalist for Badlands National -Monument was assigned in June 1958 to aid with the local interpretive -program.<a class="fn" id="fr_246" href="#fn_246">[246]</a> For a number of years previously, a park naturalist who -had been assigned to Black Hills areas of the NPS also served the national -monument on an irregular basis.<a class="fn" id="fr_247" href="#fn_247">[247]</a></p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_60">60</div> -<div class="img" id="fig27"> -<img src="images/p22.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="632" /> -<p class="pcap">Figure 27<span class="center"> CLIFF SHELF NATURE TRAIL</span></p> -<p class="pcapc">The loop trail, completed in 1962, is constructed over a geological slump which has lush -plant cover. To acquaint the visitor with the area’s natural history, a trail leaflet is -provided. Here, naturalist-guided walks are offered daily during the summer months.<a class="fn" id="fr_250" href="#fn_250">[250]</a></p> -</div> -<p>On September 16, 1959, following the completion of the visitor center, -the NPS dedicated Badlands National Monument. The featured speaker -for the event was Fred A. Seaton, Secretary of the Interior, who gave the -dedicatory address. Some 350 persons attended the ceremony.<a class="fn" id="fr_248" href="#fn_248">[248]</a></p> -<p>Tragedy struck a short time prior to the dedication with the sudden -death of Superintendent George H. Sholly on August 19. As a tribute -to him, the new amphitheater was named the George H. Sholly Memorial -Amphitheater.<a class="fn" id="fr_249" href="#fn_249">[249]</a></p> -<p>After the boundary of Badlands National Monument was redefined -by secretarial order in March 1957, the NPS began a long-range program -for fencing it. The first segment of fencing was completed in 1957. By -early 1961 some 108 miles were fenced with 20 miles still to be completed. -To fence non-federal land excluding state land within the national -monument would require an additional 92 miles of fence.<a class="fn" id="fr_252" href="#fn_252">[252]</a></p> -<p>In December 1961 letters were delivered to all inholding owners and -to all persons who grazed stock within the national monument in that -year. The letters terminated all grazing on federal lands within Badlands, -and gave a short history of grazing in the national monument, the -reason for termination, and the objectives and plans of the Service now -that grazing was no longer permitted. Most of the private land located -<span class="pb" id="Page_61">61</span> -inside the boundary was not fenced, so unless steps were taken to fence -the tracts used for grazing, stock would still trespass on federally owned -lands.<a class="fn" id="fr_253" href="#fn_253">[253]</a> Superintendent John W. Jay and Chief Park Ranger James F. -Batman attended the legislative-committee meeting of the South Dakota -Stockgrowers Association in Rapid City on November 30, 1961, where the -matter of fencing the inholdings was discussed. Although at the time -of this meeting the Service had no plans to fence any of the private -inholdings, it later decided to assist with the fencing on an equal cost-sharing -basis in the interest of better landowner-Service relations and in -consideration of special situations relating to livestock management that -faced some of the owners of private land in the national monument.<a class="fn" id="fr_254" href="#fn_254">[254]</a> -This offer was made to the landowners by letter from Superintendent Jay -dated May 9, 1962. As a result three landowners accepted the offer.<a class="fn" id="fr_255" href="#fn_255">[255]</a> -By 1964 all of the inholdings on which grazing was being done were -fenced either on a 50-50 basis or by the individual owners.<a class="fn" id="fr_256" href="#fn_256">[256]</a></p> -<div class="img" id="fig28"> -<img src="images/p22a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="553" /> -<p class="pcap">Figure 28<span class="center"> FOSSIL EXHIBIT TRAIL</span></p> -<p class="pcapc">Completed in 1962, this paved trail is unique in that along it are displayed partially -excavated fossils protected by clear plastic domes. A shelter, located midway along the -trail, houses exhibits which tell a brief story of Badlands fossils.<a class="fn" id="fr_251" href="#fn_251">[251]</a></p> -</div> -<p>Despite the Service’s hope that grazing on the national monument’s -federally owned land would be terminated at the end of 1961, it continued. -Due to drought conditions of 1961 and early 1962, Congressman -Berry requested on behalf of the ranchers that grazing be continued during -1962. NPS Director Wirth decided to set up an emergency grazing -program that would include only those ranchers who held permits in -1961. Accordingly, special-use permits were issued to 26 ranchers during -1962. This was the last year that grazing was permitted on federally -owned lands in the national monument.<a class="fn" id="fr_257" href="#fn_257">[257]</a></p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_62">62</div> -<p>Some livestock trespassing by local ranchers continued, nevertheless. -In November 1962, the United States Attorney took direct action against -five ranchers who had been in trespass for some time.<a class="fn" id="fr_258" href="#fn_258">[258]</a></p> -<p>As early as 1919 a U.S. Forest Service report expressed the idea that -“Sage Creek Basin contains a large acreage of land that can be used -for a game preserve for buffalo, elk, deer, antelope and mountain -sheep.”<a class="fn" id="fr_259" href="#fn_259">[259]</a> In 1935 the proposed Badlands National Monument plus the -Badlands Recreational Demonstrational Area (most of which was later -included in the national monument when it was established in 1939) -were considered to be favorable localities for the reintroduction of buffalo, -mountain sheep, and pronghorn.<a class="fn" id="fr_260" href="#fn_260">[260]</a></p> -<p>However, after the national monument was established, the NPS -believed that the area was too small to provide a wildlife range.<a class="fn" id="fr_261" href="#fn_261">[261]</a> Dr. -Murie’s report</p> -<blockquote> -<p>recommended that no buffalo be introduced on the monument -because of the artificial conditions under which they would have -to be maintained. If it were deemed desirable to fence an -area for buffalo the most suitable spot would be north of Cedar -Pass.<a class="fn" id="fr_262" href="#fn_262">[262]</a></p> -</blockquote> -<p>Concerning bighorn sheep he “recommended that the bighorn be -introduced when the opportunity develops, and that Sheep Mountain -Peak be added to the monument for the use of the bighorn.”<a class="fn" id="fr_263" href="#fn_263">[263]</a></p> -<p>Pronghorn, commonly referred to as antelope, were seen during the -1940’s on rare occasions in Badlands National Monument and just outside -the north boundary. However since 1959, 100 or more head have -been reported annually in the national monument. These animals have -come from the outside since there has not been any formal reintroduction -of pronghorn inside the boundary.<a class="fn" id="fr_264" href="#fn_264">[264]</a></p> -<div class="img" id="fig29"> -<img src="images/p23.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="398" /> -<p class="pcap">Figure 29<span class="center"> AMERICAN BISON AGAIN IN THE BADLANDS</span></p> -<p class="pcapc">After an absence of about a century, buffalo were reintroduced into the national monument -in 1963. The fast-increasing herd roams largely in the 45,000 acres of Sage Creek -and Tyree Basins.<a class="fn" id="fr_268" href="#fn_268">[268]</a></p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_63">63</div> -<div class="img" id="fig30"> -<img src="images/p23a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="452" /> -<p class="pcap">Figure 30<span class="center"> REINTRODUCTION OF BIGHORN SHEEP, 1964</span></p> -<p class="pcapc">These Rocky Mountain Bighorns are closely related to the now-extinct Audubon Bighorns.<a class="fn" id="fr_269" href="#fn_269">[269]</a></p> -</div> -<p>Immediately after grazing was terminated on national monument -lands in 1962, the range underwent a remarkable recovery, due to the -abundant rainfall of the 1962 and 1963 seasons. Questions arose as to -why the range was not being utilized. Superintendent Frank Hjort recommended -that bison be reintroduced as a means of getting the wildlife -restoration program underway.<a class="fn" id="fr_265" href="#fn_265">[265]</a></p> -<p>In November 1963 the first herd of bison, comprised of 28 head from -Theodore Roosevelt National Memorial Park in North Dakota and Fort -Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge in Nebraska, were released in Sage -Creek Basin. In October of the following year, this herd was enlarged -by an additional 25 head from Theodore Roosevelt. The herd has done -well and by the end of 1967 numbered 122 individuals.<a class="fn" id="fr_266" href="#fn_266">[266]</a></p> -<p>Since 1963 the buffalo have shown that they prefer the remoteness -of Sage Creek Basin and have demonstrated little desire to leave that -area.<a class="fn" id="fr_267" href="#fn_267">[267]</a></p> -<p>In January 1964 in cooperation with the South Dakota Game, Fish -and Parks Department, bighorn sheep were reintroduced. Twelve head -of Rocky Mountain Bighorns from Colorado were released in a 370-acre -holding pen with the view toward eventually restocking Badlands National -Monument and other parts of South Dakota. This flock was supplemented -by ten more animals the following month.<a class="fn" id="fr_270" href="#fn_270">[270]</a></p> -<p>Unfortunately, losses were suffered by both adults and lambs during -the first two and one-half years. The situation improved early in 1966 -with no further losses until the summer of 1967 when the peak flock of -27 individuals suffered a severe setback. In September, when all but -13 had succumbed to a respiratory infection, the bighorn were released -<span class="pb" id="Page_64">64</span> -from the holding pasture. They now roam the rugged Badlands south -of Pinnacles Overlook.<a class="fn" id="fr_271" href="#fn_271">[271]</a></p> -<p>In February 1964, the NPS purchased Cedar Pass Lodge, together -with 72 acres of the surrounding land, for $275,000 from the Millard family. -The lodge is now being run on a contract basis by a concessioner.<a class="fn" id="fr_272" href="#fn_272">[272]</a></p> -<p>Increased travel to the area during the years of Mission 66 fully -justified the expanded development program of the national monument. -From 1956 to 1966 the number of visitors increased 65 percent (see <a href="#c9">Appendix A</a>).</p> -<p>Because of this great increase in travel, the summer visitor may find -some of the scenic-overlook parking areas full, the visitor center crowded, -and the nightly campground amphitheater program with “standing room -only.” Since increased visitor use is practically assured in the foreseeable -future, plans are already being made to provide additional facilities -for visitors to Badlands National Monument.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_65">65</div> -<h2 id="c9"><span class="small">APPENDIX A</span> -<br />ANNUAL NUMBER OF VISITS TO BADLANDS NATIONAL MONUMENT SINCE ITS ESTABLISHMENT<a class="fn" id="fr_273" href="#fn_273">[273]</a></h2> -<table class="center" summary=""> -<tr class="th"><th>Year </th><th>Total Visits </th><th colspan="2">Percent increase or decrease over previous year</th></tr> -<tr><td class="l">1938<a class="fn" id="fr_a" href="#fn_a">[a]</a> </td><td class="r">175,000 </td><td class="r"></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">1939 </td><td class="r">205,100 </td><td class="r">17.2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">1940 </td><td class="r">190,243 </td><td class="r">-7.2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">1941 </td><td class="r">252,878 </td><td class="r">32.9</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">1942 </td><td class="r">87,231 </td><td class="r">-65.5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">1943 </td><td class="r">10,149 </td><td class="r">-88.4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">1944 </td><td class="r">10,349 </td><td class="r">2.0</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">1945 </td><td class="r">31,377 </td><td class="r">203.2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">1946 </td><td class="r">230,403 </td><td class="r">634.3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">1947 </td><td class="r">339,843 </td><td class="r">47.5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">1948 </td><td class="r">384,133 </td><td class="r">13.0</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">1949 </td><td class="r">373,076 </td><td class="r">-2.9</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">1950 </td><td class="r">447,654 </td><td class="r">20.0</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">1951 </td><td class="r">607,965 </td><td class="r">35.8</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">1952 </td><td class="r">580,902 </td><td class="r">-4.5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">1953 </td><td class="r">658,691 </td><td class="r">13.4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">1954 </td><td class="r">664,997 </td><td class="r">1.0</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">1955 </td><td class="r">630,881 </td><td class="r">-5.1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">1956 </td><td class="r">663,246 </td><td class="r">5.1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">1957 </td><td class="r">701,094 </td><td class="r">5.7</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">1958 </td><td class="r">810,837 </td><td class="r">15.7</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">1959 </td><td class="r">825,184 </td><td class="r">1.8</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">1960 </td><td class="r">878,625 </td><td class="r">6.5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">1961 </td><td class="r">833,279 </td><td class="r">-5.2</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">1962 </td><td class="r">1,044,768 </td><td class="r">25.4</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">1963 </td><td class="r">1,073,971 </td><td class="r">2.8</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">1964 </td><td class="r">1,079,837 </td><td class="r">0.5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">1965 </td><td class="r">1,091,261 </td><td class="r">1.1</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">1966 </td><td class="r">1,094,754 </td><td class="r">0.3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">1967 </td><td class="r">1,188,666 </td><td class="r">8.6</td></tr> -</table> -<div class="fnblock"> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_a" href="#fr_a">[a]</a>The figures for 1938 have not been used to calculate total visitation -to the national monument since the year is before the area was -officially established.</div> -</div> -<p>Average annual increase in number of visits in the last 15 years has -been about 5%.</p> -<p>In September 1954, 15½ years after the national monument was -established, the five millionth visit was recorded. A total of ten million -visits was attained just seven years later in July 1961. On August 16, -1966, Superintendent Frank A. Hjort officially welcomed a traveler and -his family who represented the 15 millionth visit to Badlands National -<span class="pb" id="Page_66">66</span> -Monument. At the present rate of travel increase, the 20 millionth visit -is expected in 1970. As of December 31, 1967, the total number of visits -to the national monument since its establishment in 1939 is 16,991,394.</p> -<p>The NPS travel year has been the same as a regular calendar year -since January 1, 1953. Before that date, the NPS travel year was from -October through September. However, total visits prior to 1953 have -been recalculated to show actual calendar year totals.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_67">67</div> -<h2 id="c10"><span class="small">APPENDIX B</span> -<br />CUSTODIANS AND SUPERINTENDENTS of Badlands National Monument<a class="fn" id="fr_274" href="#fn_274">[274]</a></h2> -<table class="center" summary=""> -<tr><td class="r">1. </td><td class="l">Howard B. Stricklin </td><td class="l">Acting Custodian </td><td class="l">August 11, 1939-December 31, 1943</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r"> </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Custodian </td><td class="l">January 1, 1944-July 18, 1944</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r"> </td><td class="l"> </td><td colspan="2" class="l">(Military furlough; July 19, 1944-January 13, 1946)</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r"> </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Custodian </td><td class="l">January 14, 1946-July 13, 1948</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">2. </td><td class="l">Warren K. Leland </td><td class="l">Custodian </td><td class="l">July 19, 1944-March 20, 1945</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">3. </td><td class="l">Lyle K. Linch </td><td class="l">Acting Custodian </td><td class="l">June 22, 1945-January 13, 1946</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">4. </td><td class="l">John E. Suter </td><td class="l">Custodian </td><td class="l">July 27, 1948-December 31, 1948</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r"> </td><td class="l">John E. Suter </td><td class="l">Superintendent </td><td class="l">January 1, 1949-January 8, 1953</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">5. </td><td class="l">John A. Rutter </td><td class="l">Superintendent </td><td class="l">April 12, 1953-November 30, 1957</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">6. </td><td class="l">George H. Sholly </td><td class="l">Superintendent </td><td class="l">January 26, 1958-August 19, 1959<a class="fn" id="fr_b" href="#fn_b">[b]</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">7. </td><td class="l">Frank E. Sylvester </td><td class="l">Superintendent </td><td class="l">February 15, 1960-October 29, 1960</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">8. </td><td class="l">John W. Jay, Jr. </td><td class="l">Superintendent </td><td class="l">December 11, 1960-October 31, 1962</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">9. </td><td class="l">Frank A. Hjort </td><td class="l">Superintendent </td><td class="l">February 10, 1963-September 23, 1967</td></tr> -<tr><td class="r">10. </td><td class="l">John R. Earnst </td><td class="l">Superintendent </td><td class="l">October 22, 1967-</td></tr> -</table> -<div class="fnblock"> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_b" href="#fr_b">[b]</a>Mr. Sholly died from a heart attack on the evening of this date.</div> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_69">69</div> -<h2 id="c11"><span class="small">APPENDIX C</span> -<br />PICTURE CREDITS</h2> -<p>The sources for illustrations used in this publication are shown below. Dates when -each of the photographic illustrations was taken are noted, if known, in parentheses. -<b>Department of the Interior, National Park Service</b> has been abbreviated to DINPS for -use in designating illustrations supplied by the NPS. The numbers to the left correspond -to figure numbers under the illustrations in the text.</p> -<dl class="undent"><dt>1. <b>Report of a Geological Survey of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota; and incidentally of a portion of Nebraska Territory</b>, 1852, page 196.</dt> -<dt>2. Figure 64, page 127, South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin 13, November 1920.</dt> -<dt>3. <b>Report of a Geological Survey of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota; and incidentally of a portion of Nebraska Territory</b>, 1852, between pages 196 and 197.</dt> -<dt>4. DINPS (November 20, 1967). Note: The Badlands Natural History Association is grateful to Mr. Leonel Jensen, local rancher, for help in locating the site of this trail. It is in S-1/2 sec. 30, T. 1 S., R. 15 E. of the Black Hills Meridian.</dt> -<dt>5. South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota.</dt> -<dt>6. <b>The Rapid City Daily Journal</b>, Monday, September 27, 1965.</dt> -<dt>7. Louis Blumer, Wall, South Dakota (about 1911).</dt> -<dt>8. A.E. Johnson, Interior, South Dakota (December 1906).</dt> -<dt>9. Ted E. Hustead, Wall Drug Store, Wall, South Dakota (1907).</dt> -<dt>10. Plate No. 56B, South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin 13, November 1920.</dt> -<dt>11. Keith Crew, Interior, South Dakota; from a postcard mailed June 5, 1909.</dt> -<dt>12. Leonel Jensen, Wall, South Dakota (fall 1908; Louis J. Jensen family).</dt> -<dt>13. Leslie Crew, Interior, South Dakota; from a postcard mailed December 19, 1908.</dt> -<dt>14. Rise Studio, Rapid City, South Dakota.</dt> -<dt>15. Black Hills Studios, Inc., Spearfish, South Dakota.</dt> -<dt>16. DINPS.</dt> -<dt>17. DINPS.</dt> -<dt>18. DINPS (December 6, 1964).</dt> -<dt>19. DINPS (1938).</dt> -<dt>20. DINPS (about 1934).</dt> -<dt>21. DINPS (June 1941).</dt> -<dt>22. DINPS (June 7, 1950).</dt> -<dt>23. DINPS.</dt> -<dt>24. DINPS (spring 1964).</dt> -<dt>25. DINPS (August 1960).</dt> -<dt>26. DINPS (September 16, 1959).</dt> -<dt>27. DINPS (summer 1962).</dt> -<dt>28. DINPS (July 1962).</dt> -<dt>29. DINPS (January 9, 1964).</dt> -<dt>30. DINPS (January 25, 1964).</dt></dl> -<p>The Badlands Natural History Association wishes to extend its sincere thanks to -these individuals and organizations for granting the association permission to use the -illustrations.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_71">71</div> -<h2 id="c12"><span class="small">APPENDIX D</span> -<br />Footnotes and References</h2> -<p>All references used in compiling this history are on hand in the Badlands National -Monument library or files for further study. Where actual reports, correspondence, or -books were not available, copies have been obtained from such sources as the National -Archives, Library of Congress, National Park Service, and various public and university -libraries.</p> -<p>For the sake of simplicity, the following abbreviation has been used where -appropriate:</p> -<blockquote> -<p>PNC—copies of items from the Peter Norbeck Collections, University -of South Dakota, Vermillion, which pertain to the establishment of -Badlands National Monument are in a bound volume in the national -monument library.</p> -</blockquote> -<div class="fnblock"> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_1" href="#fr_1">[1]</a>Dee C. Taylor, <b>Salvage Archeology in Badlands National Monument, South -Dakota</b> (Missoula: Montana State University, 1961), pp. 79, 80.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_2" href="#fr_2">[2]</a><b>Ibid.</b>, p. 75.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_3" href="#fr_3">[3]</a><b>Ibid.</b>, p. 80.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_4" href="#fr_4">[4]</a>Herbert S. Schell, <b>History of South Dakota</b> (Lincoln: University of Nebraska -Press, 1961), p. 16.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_5" href="#fr_5">[5]</a><b>Ibid.</b>, pp. 17-23.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_6" href="#fr_6">[6]</a><b>Ibid.</b>, pp. 24-36.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_7" href="#fr_7">[7]</a>Lt. G.K. Warren, <b>Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota -in the Years 1855-’56-’57</b> (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1875), -p. 26; J.R. Macdonald, “The History and Exploration of the Big Badlands of -South Dakota,” <b>Guide Book Fifth Field Conference of the Society of Vertebrate -Paleontology in Western South Dakota</b>, ed. James D. Bump (Sponsored by the -Museum of Geology of the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, -Rapid City, August 29-September 1, 1951), p. 31.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_8" href="#fr_8">[8]</a>Hiram M. Chittenden, and Alfred T. Richardson, eds., <b>Life, Letters and Travels of -Father Pierre-Jean De Smet. S.J., 1801-1873</b> (New York: Francis P. Harper, 1905), -vol. 2, pp. 622, 623.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_9" href="#fr_9">[9]</a>Charles L. Camp, ed., <b>James Clyman American Frontiersman 1792-1881</b> (Cleveland: -The Arthur H. Clark Company, 1928), p. 24.</div> -<div class="fncont">Note: Dale Morgan was of the opinion that the <b>jornada</b> which Clyman -describes was through country south of the White River, and that Smith’s -party by-passed almost entirely that portion of the South Dakota Badlands -now set apart as a national monument [Dale L. Morgan, <b>Jedediah -Smith and the Opening of the West</b> (Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill -Company, Inc., 1953), p. 386, f.n. 10]. Just a year later, however, Morgan -published new evidence found in the Gibbs map to back up the opposite -interpretation of Clyman’s journals. He now believes that the Smith party -followed the White River exclusively, keeping to the north bank all the -way to possibly near the mouth of Willow Creek, located east and a little -south from the present town of Hot Springs, South Dakota. This means -the party would have at least seen, and perhaps passed through the present -Badlands National Monument. [Dale L. Morgan and Carl I. Wheat, -<b>Jedediah Smith and his Maps of the American West</b> (California Historical -Society, 1954), p. 49.]</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_10" href="#fr_10">[10]</a>Reuben G. Thwaites, ed., <b>Travels in the Interior of North America by Maximilian, -Prince of Wied</b> (Cleveland: The A.H. Clark Company, 1906), vol. 3, p. 90.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_11" href="#fr_11">[11]</a>Chittenden and Richardson, op. cit., p. 624.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_12" href="#fr_12">[12]</a><b>Ibid.</b>, pp. 624, 625.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_13" href="#fr_13">[13]</a>Cleophas C. O’Harra, <b>The White River Badlands</b> (Rapid City: South Dakota -School of Mines, Bulletin No. 13, Department of Geology, November 1920), pp. -123, 128.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_14" href="#fr_14">[14]</a>John Francis McDermott, ed., <b>Journal of an Expedition to the Mauvaises Terres -and the Upper Missouri in 1850</b>, Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American -Ethnology, Bulletin 147 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1952), p. 1.</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_72">72</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_15" href="#fr_15">[15]</a>Macdonald, op. cit., p. 31; <b>American Journal of Science</b>, vol. 3, no. 7, 2d series, -January 1847, pp. 248-250; O’Harra, op. cit., pp. 23, 24, 110-117, 161.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_16" href="#fr_16">[16]</a>McDermott, <b>op. cit.</b>, p. 1.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_17" href="#fr_17">[17]</a><b>Ibid.</b></div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_18" href="#fr_18">[18]</a><b>Ibid.</b>, p. 2; Macdonald, <b>op. cit.</b>, p. 31.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_19" href="#fr_19">[19]</a>E. de Girardin, “A Trip to the Bad Lands in 1849,” <b>South Dakota Historical -Review, I</b> (January 1936), 60.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_20" href="#fr_20">[20]</a><b>Ibid.</b>, p. 62.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_21" href="#fr_21">[21]</a><b>Ibid.</b></div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_22" href="#fr_22">[22]</a><b>Ibid.</b>, pp. 64, 65.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_23" href="#fr_23">[23]</a>David Dale Owen, <b>Report of a Geological Survey of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota; -and Incidentally of a Portion of Nebraska Territory</b> (Philadelphia: Lippincott, -Grambo, and Co., 1852), pp. 196, 197.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_24" href="#fr_24">[24]</a><b>Ibid.</b>, pp. 197, 198.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_25" href="#fr_25">[25]</a><b>Ibid.</b>, pp. 198-206, 539-572.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_26" href="#fr_26">[26]</a>McDermott, <b>op. cit.</b>, pp. 2, 3, 54, 55, 59.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_27" href="#fr_27">[27]</a><b>Ibid.</b>, pp. 60, 61.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_28" href="#fr_28">[28]</a><b>Ibid.</b>, p. 65.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_29" href="#fr_29">[29]</a><b>Ibid.</b>, p. 64.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_30" href="#fr_30">[30]</a><b>Ibid.</b>, pp. 3, 4.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_31" href="#fr_31">[31]</a><b>Ibid.</b>, p. 2.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_32" href="#fr_32">[32]</a>Lt. G.K. Warren, “Explorations in the Dacota Country in the Year 1855,” <b>Senate -Ex. Doc. No. 76, 34th Congress, 1st Session</b> (Washington: U.S. Government Printing -Office, 1956), p. 76.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_33" href="#fr_33">[33]</a><b>Ibid.</b>, pp. 66-76.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_34" href="#fr_34">[34]</a>Letter, Will G. Robinson, Secretary, South Dakota State Historical Society, to -John W. Stockert, September 26, 1967; South Dakota Historical Society, <b>South -Dakota Department of History Report and Historical Collections</b> (Pierre, S.D.: -State Publishing Company, 1962), vol. XXXI, p. 280.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_35" href="#fr_35">[35]</a>Warren, <b>op. cit.</b>, p. 76.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_36" href="#fr_36">[36]</a><b>Ibid.</b>, p. 74.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_37" href="#fr_37">[37]</a>O’Harra, <b>op. cit.</b>, pp. 24, 161-163.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_38" href="#fr_38">[38]</a>Ray H. Mattison, ed., “The Harney Expedition Against the Sioux: The Journal -of Captain John B.S. Todd,” <b>Nebraska History</b>, XLIII (June 1962), 92, 130.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_39" href="#fr_39">[39]</a><b>Ibid.</b>, p. 122.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_40" href="#fr_40">[40]</a><b>Ibid.</b></div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_41" href="#fr_41">[41]</a>O’Harra, <b>op. cit.</b>, p. 25.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_42" href="#fr_42">[42]</a>Charles Schuchert, and Clara Mae LeVene, <b>O.C. Marsh, Pioneer in Paleontology</b> -(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1940), pp. 139-168; U.S. National Park Service, -<b>Soldier and Brave</b> (New York: Harper and Row, 1963), pp. 135, 136.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_43" href="#fr_43">[43]</a>O’Harra, <b>op. cit.</b>, p. 26.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_44" href="#fr_44">[44]</a>Macdonald, <b>op. cit.</b>, p. 32.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_45" href="#fr_45">[45]</a>O’Harra, <b>op. cit.</b>, p. 29.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_46" href="#fr_46">[46]</a>Macdonald, <b>op. cit.</b>, p. 33.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_47" href="#fr_47">[47]</a>Louis Knoles, Forest Ranger, “A Report on the Bad Lands of South Dakota,” 1919, -pp. 20, 21.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_48" href="#fr_48">[48]</a><b>Ibid.</b>, p. 2; Letter, Mrs. E.T. Jurisch, Farmingdale, South Dakota, to George Crouch, -Wall, South Dakota, May 24, 1965.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_49" href="#fr_49">[49]</a>Knoles, <b>op. cit.</b>, p. 22.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_50" href="#fr_50">[50]</a>Jackson-Washabaugh County Historical Society, <b>Jackson-Washabaugh Counties -1915-1965</b> (Marceline, Mo.: Walsworth, n.d.), p. 11; Interview, A.E. Johnson, -Interior, S.D., by John W. Stockert, January 30, 1968.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_51" href="#fr_51">[51]</a>Robert M. Utley, <b>The Last Days of the Sioux Nation</b> (New Haven: Yale University -Press, 1963), pp. 40-59.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_52" href="#fr_52">[52]</a><b>Ibid.</b>, pp. 184-199.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_53" href="#fr_53">[53]</a>Frederic Remington, “Lieutenant Casey’s Last Scout,” <b>Harper’s Weekly</b>, XXXV -(January 31, 1891), 86.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_54" href="#fr_54">[54]</a>Knoles, <b>op. cit.</b>, p. 4.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_55" href="#fr_55">[55]</a>William H. Burt, and Richard P. Grossenheider, <b>A Field Guide to the Mammals</b> -(Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1964), p. 75; Knowles, <b>op. cit.</b>, p. 22; Louis -Blumer, Wall, S.D., interview by John W. Stockert, January 15, 1968.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_56" href="#fr_56">[56]</a>Walker D. Wyman, Recorder, <b>Nothing But Prairie and Sky</b> (Norman: University -of Oklahoma Press, 1954), p. 46.</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_73">73</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_57" href="#fr_57">[57]</a><b>Ibid.</b>, pp. 47-52.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_58" href="#fr_58">[58]</a><b>Ibid.</b>, pp. 75-81.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_59" href="#fr_59">[59]</a>Jackson-Washabaugh County Historical Society, <b>op. cit.</b>, pp. 11, 136, 142.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_60" href="#fr_60">[60]</a>Interview, Leonel Jensen, Wall, S.D., by Ray H. Mattison, June 2, 1965; statement -confirmed by A.E. Johnson, Interior, S.D., February 10, 1968.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_61" href="#fr_61">[61]</a>Schell, <b>op. cit.</b>, p. 343.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_62" href="#fr_62">[62]</a>Photograph identified by Grace Sullivan Blair, Martin, S.D., A.E. Johnson and -Rolla J. Burkholder, Interior, S.D.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_63" href="#fr_63">[63]</a>Schell, <b>op. cit.</b>, p. 343.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_64" href="#fr_64">[64]</a><b>Ibid.</b>, p. 256.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_65" href="#fr_65">[65]</a>U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, <b>Fifteenth Census of the -United States: 1930 Population</b>, Vol. I (Washington: U.S. Government Printing -Office, 1931), pp. 1015, 1019.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_66" href="#fr_66">[66]</a>Luman H. Long, ed., <b>The World Almanac 1966</b> (New York: New York World-Telegram -and The Sun, 1966), p. 375.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_67" href="#fr_67">[67]</a>Letter, Senator Peter Norbeck to Prof. W.C. Toepelman, University of South -Dakota, May 22, 1922, PNC, p. 3.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_68" href="#fr_68">[68]</a>Interview, Leonel Jensen, Wall, S.D., by John W. Stockert, March 20, 1967.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_69" href="#fr_69">[69]</a><b>Congressional Record</b>, 61st Cong., 1st Sess., 44:50, 58, 115, 128.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_70" href="#fr_70">[70]</a>Knoles, <b>op. cit.</b>, pp. 17, 18.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_71" href="#fr_71">[71]</a><b>Ibid.</b></div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_72" href="#fr_72">[72]</a>Gilbert C. Fite, “Peter Norbeck,” <b>Dictionary of American Biography</b>, ed. Robert -L. Schuyler (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1958), XXII, 491, 492.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_73" href="#fr_73">[73]</a>Bernice White, ed., <b>Who’s Who for South Dakota</b> (Pierre, 1956), p. 103; <b>South -Dakota Legislative Manual, 1931</b> (Pierre: State Publishing Company, 1931), p. 455.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_74" href="#fr_74">[74]</a>Edmund B. Rogers, comp., <b>History of Legislation Relating to the National Park -System Through the 82d Congress: Badlands National Monument South Dakota</b> -(1958), S. 3541, 67th Cong., 2d Sess.; <b>Congressional Record</b>, 67th Cong., 2d Sess., -62: 6173.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_75" href="#fr_75">[75]</a><b>Ibid.</b></div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_76" href="#fr_76">[76]</a><b>Congressional Record</b>, 67th Cong., 2d Sess., 62:6233; Rogers, <b>op. cit.</b>, H.R. 11514, -67th Cong., 2d Sess.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_77" href="#fr_77">[77]</a>Rogers, <b>op. cit.</b>, Executive Order of Warren G. Harding, October 23, 1922.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_78" href="#fr_78">[78]</a>Letter, Commissioner, General Land Office, to Senator Norbeck, August 28, 1923, -PNC, p. 11.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_79" href="#fr_79">[79]</a><b>Congressional Record</b>, 67th Cong., 4th Sess., 64:5573.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_80" href="#fr_80">[80]</a><b>Congressional Record</b>, 68th Cong., 1st Sess., 65:215; Rogers, <b>op. cit.</b>, H.R. 2810, -68th Cong., 1st Sess., S. 3541, 67th Cong., 2d Sess.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_81" href="#fr_81">[81]</a>Letters, Senator Norbeck from Attorney General B.S. Payne, January 11, 1922, -Prof. W.C. Toepelman, May 17, 1922, and W.H. Tompkins, U.S. Land Office, May -26, 1922, PNC, pp. 1, 3-7.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_82" href="#fr_82">[82]</a>Letter, Senator Norbeck to Vice President H.E. Beebe, Bank of Ipswich (S.D.), -May 5, 1924, PNC, p. 15.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_83" href="#fr_83">[83]</a>Interview, M. Emma Quevli, Interior, S.D., by John W. Stockert, February 6, 1968.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_84" href="#fr_84">[84]</a>Letter, Senator Norbeck to J.W. Parmley, Ipswich, S.D., November 7, 1927, -PNC, p. 32.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_85" href="#fr_85">[85]</a><b>Ibid.</b></div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_86" href="#fr_86">[86]</a>P.D. Peterson, <b>Through the Black Hills and Bad Lands of South Dakota</b> (Pierre, -S.D.: J. Fred Olander Company, 1929), p. 23.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_87" href="#fr_87">[87]</a><b>Ibid.</b>, pp. 23-33.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_88" href="#fr_88">[88]</a>Letter, James M. Palmer, Secretary, Wonderland Hiway Association, to Senator -Norbeck, October 22, 1927, PNC, p. 20.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_89" href="#fr_89">[89]</a>Letter, Senator Norbeck to Parmley, November 7, 1927, PNC, p. 32.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_90" href="#fr_90">[90]</a><b>Ibid.</b></div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_91" href="#fr_91">[91]</a><b>Ibid.</b></div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_92" href="#fr_92">[92]</a>Letter, Senator Norbeck to Secretary of the Interior Hubert Work, November -2, 1927, PNC, p. 31.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_93" href="#fr_93">[93]</a>Letter, Senator Norbeck to Representative Williamson, April 10, 1928, PNC, p. 49.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_94" href="#fr_94">[94]</a><b>Ibid.</b>, pp. 49, 50.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_95" href="#fr_95">[95]</a>Rogers, <b>op. cit.</b>, S. 4385, Calendar No. 1280, 70th Cong., 1st Sess.; H.R. 13618, 70th -Cong., 1st Sess.; <b>Congressional Record</b>, 70th Cong., 1st Sess., 69:8046.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_96" href="#fr_96">[96]</a><b>Congressional Record</b>, 70th Cong., 1st Sess., 69:9224; Rogers, <b>op. cit.</b>, Senate Report -No. 1246, Calendar No. 1280, 70th Cong., 1st Sess.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_97" href="#fr_97">[97]</a><b>Congressional Record</b>, 70th Cong., 1st Sess., 69:9589.</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_74">74</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_98" href="#fr_98">[98]</a>Robert S. Yard, “National Parks Situation Critical,” National Parks Association, -November 7, 1928, PNC, p. 129.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_99" href="#fr_99">[99]</a>Letter, Senator Norbeck to Yard, December 3, 1928, PNC, pp. 126, 127.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_100" href="#fr_100">[100]</a>Letter, NPS Acting Director A.E. Demaray to Senator Norbeck, December 1, 1928, -PNC, p. 122.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_101" href="#fr_101">[101]</a><b>Congressional Record</b>, 70th Cong., 1st Sess., 69:10007; 2d Sess., 70:3807.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_102" href="#fr_102">[102]</a>Rogers, <b>op. cit.</b>, House of Representatives Report No. 2607, 70th Cong., 2d Sess.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_103" href="#fr_103">[103]</a>Memorandum, NPS Director Arno B. Cammerer to Secretary of the Interior, -July 6, 1938.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_104" href="#fr_104">[104]</a>Rogers, <b>op. cit.</b>, House of Representatives Report No. 2607, 70th Cong., 2d Sess.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_105" href="#fr_105">[105]</a><b>Congressional Record</b>, 70th Cong., 2d Sess., 70:4302, 4303.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_106" href="#fr_106">[106]</a><b>Congressional Record</b>, 70th Cong., 2d Sess., 70:4404.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_107" href="#fr_107">[107]</a><b>Congressional Record</b>, 70th Cong., 2d Sess., 70:5015, 5089; Rogers, <b>op. cit.</b>, House -of Representatives Report No. 2808, 70th Cong., 2d Sess.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_108" href="#fr_108">[108]</a><b>Ibid.</b></div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_109" href="#fr_109">[109]</a><b>Congressional Record</b>, 70th Cong., 2d Sess., 70:5225.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_110" href="#fr_110">[110]</a>Memorandum, NPS Director Cammerer to the Secretary of the Interior, July -6, 1938; Hillory A. Tolson, <b>Laws Relating to the National Park Service, the -National Parks and Monuments</b> (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, -1933), pp. 302-305.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_111" href="#fr_111">[111]</a><b>Congressional Record</b>, 70th Cong., 2d Sess., 70:3198, 3812; Rogers, <b>op. cit.</b>, S. 5779, -70th Cong., 2d Sess.; Senate Report No. 1842, Calendar No. 1869, 70th Cong., -2d Sess.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_112" href="#fr_112">[112]</a><b>Congressional Record</b>, 70th Cong., 2d Sess., 70:3490; Rogers, <b>op. cit.</b>, H.R. 17102, -70th Cong., 2d Sess.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_113" href="#fr_113">[113]</a>Interview, Ted E. Hustead, Wall, S. D., by Ray H. Mattison, June 2, 1965; “Bad -Lands Becomes National Monument,” <b>The Rapid City Daily Journal</b>, January -28, 1939.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_114" href="#fr_114">[114]</a>Memorandum, NPS Regional Director Howard Baker to the NPS Director, June -6, 1956 (includes copy of “Proposal of Name for an Unnamed Domestic Feature,” -Board of Geographic Names).</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_115" href="#fr_115">[115]</a><b>Ibid.</b>, Weldon W. Gratton, “History of the Operator’s Development at the Pinnacles -Area Badlands National Monument” (NPS Region Two, Land and Recreation -Planning Division, September 23, 1948; Information from E.N. (Curley) -and Ilo Nelson (Cedar Pass Lodge concessioner, 1964-____), February 9, 1968.</div> -<div class="fncont">Note: Not only were Norbeck and Millard linked together by their common -interest in the Badlands, but also through the marriage of Mr. Norbeck’s -daughter to Mrs. Clara (Millard) Jennings’ son (information from Nelsons, -February 9, 1968).</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_116" href="#fr_116">[116]</a>Memorandum, G.A. Moskey, Chief Counsel, NPS, to NPS Regional Director, -Region Two, May 20, 1941; Receipt signed by B.H. Millard and S.N. Millard dated -October 24, 1946; Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Report for March 1955.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_117" href="#fr_117">[117]</a>Program, “Millard Ridge Dedication,” Badlands National Monument, Interior, -South Dakota, June 28, 1957.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_118" href="#fr_118">[118]</a>Information from E.N. (Curley) and Ilo Nelson, February 9, 1968; Gratton, <b>op. cit.</b>; -Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Report for October 1950.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_119" href="#fr_119">[119]</a>Schell, <b>op. cit.</b>, p. 277.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_120" href="#fr_120">[120]</a><b>Ibid.</b>, p. 282.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_121" href="#fr_121">[121]</a>Memorandum, NPS Director Cammerer to the Secretary of the Interior, November -28, 1934.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_122" href="#fr_122">[122]</a><b>Ibid.</b></div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_123" href="#fr_123">[123]</a>Rogers, <b>op. cit.</b>, Executive Order of Franklin D. Roosevelt, November 21, 1934.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_124" href="#fr_124">[124]</a>Letter, Fred Bess, FERA, to Tilford E. Dudley, The Land Program, FERA, January -1, 1935; Lewis Meriam, <b>Relief and Social Security</b> (Washington: The Brookings -Institution, 1946), p. 283.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_125" href="#fr_125">[125]</a>Final Report on the “Badlands National Monument Extension, South Dakota—R-1,” -Third District Office, Branch of Planning, NPS, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, -submitted April 2, 1935, cover letter and pp. 30-45, 79; Letter, NPS Assistant -Director Wirth to Sixth Regional Officer, NPS, August 1, 1935.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_126" href="#fr_126">[126]</a>Letter, T.A. Walters, Acting Secretary of the Interior, to Harry L. Hopkins, -Administrator, FERA, April 15, 1935.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_127" href="#fr_127">[127]</a><b>Ibid.</b></div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_128" href="#fr_128">[128]</a><b>Ibid.</b>; Letter, Director J.S. Lansill, The Land Program, to T.E. Dudley, The Land -Program, FERA, April 17, 1935.</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_75">75</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_129" href="#fr_129">[129]</a>Meriam, <b>op. cit.</b>, pp. 286, 287.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_130" href="#fr_130">[130]</a>Letter, Senator Norbeck to NPS Assistant Director Wirth, February 13, 1935.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_131" href="#fr_131">[131]</a><b>Ibid.</b></div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_132" href="#fr_132">[132]</a>Letter, Senator Norbeck to Herbert Evison, NPS Acting Assistant Director -March 8, 1935.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_133" href="#fr_133">[133]</a>Letter, Mrs. Eva Stevens Roberts, Imlay, S.D., to NPS Assistant Director Wirth, -September 2, 1935.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_134" href="#fr_134">[134]</a>Letter, George Gibbs, Regional Officer, Region VI, NPS, to M.C. Huppuch, Recreational -Demonstration Projects, September 18, 1935.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_135" href="#fr_135">[135]</a>Letter, Senator Norbeck to R.G. Tugwell, Administrator, Resettlement Administration, -November 25, 1935.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_136" href="#fr_136">[136]</a>Thomas A. Sullivan, <b>Laws Relating to the National Park Service, Supp. I</b> (Washington: -U.S. Government Printing Office, 1944), p. 149.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_137" href="#fr_137">[137]</a>Various correspondence pertaining to the establishment of Badlands National -Monument.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_138" href="#fr_138">[138]</a>Letter, Governor Tom Berry to Secretary of the Interior Ickes, February 26, 1935; -Letter, NPS Superintendent Harry J. Liek to C. Irvin Krumm, Executive Manager, -Greater South Dakota Association, November 20, 1953.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_139" href="#fr_139">[139]</a>Letter, D.K. Parrott, Acting Assistant Commissioner, General Land Office, to -Senator Case, June 11, 1937; Memorandum, Neal A. Butterfield, NPS, to Mr. -Thompson, February 13, 1937, “Badlands National Monument Extension, South -Dakota—R-1,” <b>op. cit.</b>, p. 113.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_140" href="#fr_140">[140]</a>L.U. Foreman, Final Report (1938-1939) on “Badlands Tunnel Engineering,” -Federal Works Agency, Public Roads Administration; Custodian’s Monthly Narrative -Report for June 1940.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_141" href="#fr_141">[141]</a>Memorandum, NPS Director Cammerer to the Secretary of the Interior, July -6, 1938; “Badlands National Monument Extension, South Dakota—R-1,” <b>op. cit.</b>, -pp. 116, 117; Letter, Senator Norbeck to NPS Director Cammerer, July 30, 1935.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_142" href="#fr_142">[142]</a>Memorandum, Antoinette Funk, Assistant Commissioner, General Land Office, -to the NPS, November 8, 1938; <b>Grazing History, Badlands National Monument</b> -(September 1963), p. 88.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_143" href="#fr_143">[143]</a>Memorandum, NPS Director Cammerer to the Secretary of the Interior, July -6, 1938.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_144" href="#fr_144">[144]</a>Thomas A. Sullivan, <b>Proclamations and Orders Relating to the National Park -Service up to January 1, 1945</b> (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, -1947), pp. 118-120.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_145" href="#fr_145">[145]</a>Memorandum, U.S. Department of the Interior for the Press, February 4, 1939.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_146" href="#fr_146">[146]</a>Letter, F. Hopkins, Acting Chief, SCS, to NPS Director Newton B. Drury, -December 27, 1941.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_147" href="#fr_147">[147]</a>Project Manager’s Monthly Narrative Report for January 1937.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_148" href="#fr_148">[148]</a>Project Manager’s Monthly Narrative Report for April 1937.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_149" href="#fr_149">[149]</a>Howard W. Baker, NPS Resident Landscape Architect, “Report to the Deputy -Chief Architect on Development of Proposed Badlands National Monument, -November 13 and 14, 1935,” December 30, 1935; “Badlands National Monument -Extension, South Dakota—R-1,” <b>op. cit.</b>, cover letter and p. 15; “Badlands Tunnel -Engineering,” <b>op. cit.</b>; Summary of Activities at Badlands National Monument, -Fiscal Year 1940 (included in Superintendent’s Fiscal Annual Narrative Report -File).</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_150" href="#fr_150">[150]</a>Summary of Activities at Badlands National Monument, Fiscal Year 1940; Custodian’s -Monthly Narrative Report for June 1940.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_151" href="#fr_151">[151]</a><b>Ibid.</b></div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_152" href="#fr_152">[152]</a>Memorandum, Superintendent Liek to the NPS Director, August 11, 1939; Custodian’s -Monthly Narrative Report for February 1940.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_153" href="#fr_153">[153]</a>Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for July 1940; Summary of Activities at -Badlands National Monument, Fiscal Years 1941, 1942.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_154" href="#fr_154">[154]</a>Memorandum, Superintendent Howard B. Stricklin to the NPS Regional Director, -Midwest Region, March 17, 1965.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_155" href="#fr_155">[155]</a>Baker, <b>op. cit.</b>, p. 4; Memorandum, NPS Associate Director Demaray to NPS -Regional Director, Region II, November 4, 1939; “Badlands National Monument -Extension, South Dakota—R-1,” <b>op. cit.</b>, p. 64.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_156" href="#fr_156">[156]</a>Memorandum, Chief, Project Development Division, NPS, to the files, December -20, 1939; Memorandum, NPS Acting Regional Director Paul V. Brown to Regional -Attorney Taylor, February 23, 1940.</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_76">76</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_157" href="#fr_157">[157]</a>Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for April 1940.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_158" href="#fr_158">[158]</a>Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for May 1941; Summary of Activities at -Badlands National Monument, Fiscal Year 1940; Memorandum, NPS Chief Counsel -Moskey to the NPS Regional Director, Region II, May 20, 1941.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_159" href="#fr_159">[159]</a>Memorandum, NPS Regional Director Baker to the NPS Director, June 6, 1956; -Weldon W. Gratton, <b>op. cit.</b>; Information from E.N. (Curley) and Ilo Nelson, -Cedar Pass Lodge, February 9, 1968.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_160" href="#fr_160">[160]</a>Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for February 1940.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_161" href="#fr_161">[161]</a>Memorandum, NPS Acting Regional Director Brown to Regional Attorney Taylor, -February 23, 1940.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_162" href="#fr_162">[162]</a>Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Reports for April 1940, November 1940, September -1941, and April 1943.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_163" href="#fr_163">[163]</a>Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Reports for January 1965 and April 1967; -1958 date deduced from various government memorandums 1956-1958.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_164" href="#fr_164">[164]</a>Summary of Activities at Badlands National Monument, Fiscal Year 1942.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_165" href="#fr_165">[165]</a>Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for July 1940.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_166" href="#fr_166">[166]</a>Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for March 1940.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_167" href="#fr_167">[167]</a>Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for November 1941.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_168" href="#fr_168">[168]</a>Letter, NPS Acting Director Demaray to Representative Case, May 21, 1941.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_169" href="#fr_169">[169]</a>Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for September 1941.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_170" href="#fr_170">[170]</a>Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for March 1942.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_171" href="#fr_171">[171]</a><b>Ibid.</b></div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_172" href="#fr_172">[172]</a>Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for May 1942.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_173" href="#fr_173">[173]</a>Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for December 1942.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_174" href="#fr_174">[174]</a>Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for May 1942.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_175" href="#fr_175">[175]</a>Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for March 1943.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_176" href="#fr_176">[176]</a>Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for June 1943.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_177" href="#fr_177">[177]</a>Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Reports and Annual Fiscal Reports for the war -years, <b>passim</b>.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_178" href="#fr_178">[178]</a>Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for November 1943.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_179" href="#fr_179">[179]</a>Summary of Activities at Badlands National Monument, Fiscal Year 1942; Coordinating -Superintendent’s Annual Narrative Report for Fiscal Year 1947.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_180" href="#fr_180">[180]</a>Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Report for January 1953.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_181" href="#fr_181">[181]</a>Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for January 1948.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_182" href="#fr_182">[182]</a>Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Report for September 1952.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_183" href="#fr_183">[183]</a>Purchase Order, Superintendent, Badlands National Monument, to Golden West -Telephone Coop., Inc., October 17, 1960; Special Use Permit BADL 61-1, July -20, 1961.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_184" href="#fr_184">[184]</a>Coordinating Superintendent’s Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1947.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_185" href="#fr_185">[185]</a>Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Reports for May through September 1948; Fiscal -Annual Reports 1947 and 1949.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_186" href="#fr_186">[186]</a>Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Report for October 1951; NPS Report 1a1, -Annual Report of Officials in Charge of Field Areas and the Regional Directors, -June 1, 1952.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_187" href="#fr_187">[187]</a>Receipt, signed by B.H. Millard and S.N. Millard, October 24, 1946; Badlands -National Monument Land Records.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_188" href="#fr_188">[188]</a>NPS Report 1a1, Annual Report of Officials in Charge of Field Areas and the -Regional Directors, May 11, 1951.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_189" href="#fr_189">[189]</a>Superintendent’s Annual Fiscal Narrative Report, June 8, 1960; Superintendent’s -Monthly Narrative Report for November 1950.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_190" href="#fr_190">[190]</a><b>Grazing History</b>, <b>op. cit.</b>, pp. 2, 3.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_191" href="#fr_191">[191]</a>Memorandum, Superintendent Stricklin to the NPS Regional Director, Midwest -Region, March 17, 1965.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_192" href="#fr_192">[192]</a><b>Ibid.</b></div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_193" href="#fr_193">[193]</a>Information from Chief Park Ranger Byron A. Hazeltine, Badlands National -Monument, November 1967.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_194" href="#fr_194">[194]</a>Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for March 1943.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_195" href="#fr_195">[195]</a>Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for February 1946.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_196" href="#fr_196">[196]</a>Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for November 1946.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_197" href="#fr_197">[197]</a>Memorandum, Lawrence C. Merriam, NPS Regional Director, Region Two to -the NPS Director, December 6, 1946; Letter, Secretary of the Interior J.A. Krug -to the President of the United States, May 21, 1949.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_198" href="#fr_198">[198]</a><b>Ibid.</b></div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_77">77</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_199" href="#fr_199">[199]</a>Memorandum, NPS Associate Regional Director, Region Two to Superintendent, -Wind Cave National Park, August 31, 1949.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_200" href="#fr_200">[200]</a>Krug to the President, May 21, 1949.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_201" href="#fr_201">[201]</a>Rogers, <b>op. cit.</b>, Senate Report No. 1064, Calendar No. 1005, 82d Cong., 2d Sess.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_202" href="#fr_202">[202]</a><b>Ibid.</b>, Bills and Reports named in the text by number.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_203" href="#fr_203">[203]</a><b>Grazing History</b>, <b>op. cit.</b>; Badlands National Monument map file.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_204" href="#fr_204">[204]</a>Telegram, Ben Chief, Pine Ridge Indian Agency, to Senator Mundt, February -8, 1952; Resolution of the Executive Committee of the Tribal Council of the -Oglala Sioux Tribe, February 8, 1952.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_205" href="#fr_205">[205]</a>Rogers, <b>op. cit.</b>; Hillory A. Tolson, comp., <b>Laws Relating to the National Park -Service, Supp. II.</b> (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1963), pp. 387, 388.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_206" href="#fr_206">[206]</a><b>Ibid.</b></div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_207" href="#fr_207">[207]</a>Memorandum, Department of the Interior to the Press, February 4, 1939; <b>Grazing -History</b>, <b>op. cit.</b>, p. 88.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_208" href="#fr_208">[208]</a>Letter, Congressman Berry to NPS Director Wirth, July 9, 1952; Resolution of the -Cane Creek Cooperative Grazing District, Walter Kruse, President, n.d.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_209" href="#fr_209">[209]</a>Letter, Senator Case to NPS Director Wirth, July 16, 1952.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_210" href="#fr_210">[210]</a>Letter, NPS Regional Director Baker to the NPS Director, January 16, 1953.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_211" href="#fr_211">[211]</a>Letter, NPS Acting Director Tolson to Congressman Berry, July 2, 1952.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_212" href="#fr_212">[212]</a>Statement, “Boundary Revisions, Badlands National Monument, South Dakota,” -NPS, July 1952.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_213" href="#fr_213">[213]</a><b>Ibid.</b></div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_214" href="#fr_214">[214]</a><b>Federal Register</b>, October 10, 1952, pp. 9051, 9052.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_215" href="#fr_215">[215]</a>Letter, General Superintendent Liek, to C. Irvin Krumm, Executive Manager, -Greater South Dakota Association, November 20, 1953.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_216" href="#fr_216">[216]</a>Memorandum, NPS Assistant Regional Director John S. McLaughlin to the NPS -Director, April 14, 1953.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_217" href="#fr_217">[217]</a>Letter, General Superintendent Liek to C. Irvin Krumm, November 20, 1953.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_218" href="#fr_218">[218]</a><b>Ibid.</b>; Memorandum, Superintendent John A. Rutter to NPS Regional Director, -Region Two, October 14, 1955.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_219" href="#fr_219">[219]</a>Land Status Map, Drawing No. NM-BL-2036-C-2, January 15, 1953.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_220" href="#fr_220">[220]</a>Memorandum, NPS Director Wirth to NPS Regional Director, Region Two, -December 5, 1952.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_221" href="#fr_221">[221]</a>Theodore E. White, <b>Report of the Paleontological Survey of Certain Peripheral -Areas of the Badlands National Monument South Dakota</b> (River Basin Surveys, -Smithsonian Institution, June 1953).</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_222" href="#fr_222">[222]</a>Paul L. Beaubein, <b>Preliminary Report of Archeological Reconnaissance, Badlands -National Monument, 1953</b>, November 3, 1953, p. 3.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_223" href="#fr_223">[223]</a>F.W. Albertson, <b>Report of Study of Grassland Areas of Badlands National Monument, -South Dakota...</b>, September 26, 1953.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_224" href="#fr_224">[224]</a>Resolution (No. 7615), Frank W. Mitchell, Secretary, State Highway Commission, -November 17, 1953; Letters: F.W. Mitchell to Senator Case, November 24, 1953; -F. Web Hill, Chairman, Conservation Committee, Rapid City Chapter Izaak -Walton League of America, to NPS Director Wirth, November 4, 1953; Leonel M. -Jensen, Game, Fish and Parks Commissioner, to Dr. G.W. Mills, March 18, 1954; -Dr. G.W. Mills, President, Black Hills and Badlands Association to NPS Director -Wirth, December 2, 1953; Memorandum, General Superintendent Liek to NPS -Regional Director, Region Two, November 4, 1953.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_225" href="#fr_225">[225]</a>Resolutions: Board of Directors, White River Cooperative Grazing District, -November 24, 1953; W.M. Rasmussen, Executive Secretary, South Dakota Stockgrowers -Association, December 11, 1953; Memorandum, Superintendent Rutter to -NPS Regional Director, April 28, 1954.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_226" href="#fr_226">[226]</a>Memorandum, NPS Director Wirth to NPS Regional Director, Region Two, April -5, 1954.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_227" href="#fr_227">[227]</a><b>Ibid.</b></div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_228" href="#fr_228">[228]</a>Adolph Murie, “Wildlife Values in Badlands National Monument,” 1954, pp. 16, 17.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_229" href="#fr_229">[229]</a>James D. Rump, “A Geological and Paleontological Appraisal of the Badlands -National Monument,” September 15, 1954, p. 1.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_230" href="#fr_230">[230]</a><b>Ibid.</b>, pp. 3, 4.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_231" href="#fr_231">[231]</a>Memorandum, NPS Acting Regional Director McLaughlin to the NPS Director, -April 20, 1955; Resolutions: Clark Chamber of Commerce, J.W. Lockhart, Secretary, -December 16, 1953; Black Hills and Badlands Association, G.W. Mills, President, -December 2, 1953.</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_78">78</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_232" href="#fr_232">[232]</a>Development Outline, Badlands National Monument (1947), February 28, 1947, -p. 14; Tract map of Badlands National Monument, South Dakota R-1, Dates: -January 21, 1936, September 1936, and June 30, 1939; Memorandums: NPS Regional -Director Baker to the NPS Director, October 28, 1952; NPS Acting Regional -Director McLaughlin to the NPS Director, April 20, 1955.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_233" href="#fr_233">[233]</a>Murie, <b>op. cit.</b>, p. 7.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_234" href="#fr_234">[234]</a>Minutes of Open Meeting Concerning Badlands Boundary Revisions, Wall, South -Dakota, April 12, 1956; Memorandum, NPS Regional Director Baker to the NPS -Director, April 17, 1956.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_235" href="#fr_235">[235]</a><b>Federal Register</b>, March 29, 1957, pp. 2052, 2053; Minutes of Open Meeting Concerning -Badlands Boundary Revisions, Wall, South Dakota, April 12, 1956; -Badlands National Monument Land Ownership Record, Deed 182, April 1958.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_236" href="#fr_236">[236]</a>Information from Badlands National Monument files, December 1967.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_237" href="#fr_237">[237]</a>Letter, Joy J. Deuser, Chief, Regional Land Management Division, SCS, to NPS -Regional Director Baker, December 10, 1953.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_238" href="#fr_238">[238]</a><b>Grazing History</b>, <b>op. cit.</b>, Appendix p. 30.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_239" href="#fr_239">[239]</a><b>Ibid.</b>, pp. 6-9.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_240" href="#fr_240">[240]</a>“Summary of <b>Mission 66</b> Objectives and Program for Badlands National Monument,” -NPS Region Two, Omaha, Nebraska, April 6, 1956; Superintendent’s -Annual Reports, Fiscal Years, 1956-1961.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_241" href="#fr_241">[241]</a>Badlands National Monument Land Ownership Record, Deed No. 178, August -25, 1955.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_242" href="#fr_242">[242]</a>Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Report for May 1959.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_243" href="#fr_243">[243]</a>Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Report for November 1960.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_244" href="#fr_244">[244]</a>Badlands National Monument Museum Accession Book.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_245" href="#fr_245">[245]</a><b>Ibid.</b>; Letter, Harold Martin, Museum of Geology to John J. Palmer, November -21, 1960.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_246" href="#fr_246">[246]</a>Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Report for June 1958.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_247" href="#fr_247">[247]</a>Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Reports prior to 1959; Information from -Elloween M. Saunders, Secretary, Badlands National Monument, February 9, 1968.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_248" href="#fr_248">[248]</a>Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Report for September 1959.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_249" href="#fr_249">[249]</a><b>Ibid.</b>; Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Report for August 1959.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_250" href="#fr_250">[250]</a>Superintendent’s Annual Narrative Reports, Fiscal Years 1962, 1963.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_251" href="#fr_251">[251]</a><b>Ibid.</b></div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_252" href="#fr_252">[252]</a><b>Grazing History</b>, <b>op. cit.</b>, pp. 13, 14.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_253" href="#fr_253">[253]</a><b>Ibid.</b>, p. 15.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_254" href="#fr_254">[254]</a><b>Ibid.</b>, pp. 15-19: Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Report for November 1961.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_255" href="#fr_255">[255]</a><b>Grazing History</b>, <b>op. cit.</b>, p. 19.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_256" href="#fr_256">[256]</a>Information from Chief Park Ranger Hazeltine, February 9, 1968.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_257" href="#fr_257">[257]</a><b>Grazing History</b>, <b>op. cit.</b>, pp. 16-20.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_258" href="#fr_258">[258]</a><b>Ibid.</b>, p. 19.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_259" href="#fr_259">[259]</a>Knoles, <b>op. cit.</b>, p. 5.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_260" href="#fr_260">[260]</a>“Badlands National Monument Extension, South Dakota—R-1,” <b>op. cit.</b>, p. 5.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_261" href="#fr_261">[261]</a>Memorandums, NPS Regional Director Baker to the NPS Director, October 28, -1952, and January 16, 1953.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_262" href="#fr_262">[262]</a>Murie, <b>op. cit.</b>, p. 17.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_263" href="#fr_263">[263]</a><b>Ibid.</b></div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_264" href="#fr_264">[264]</a>Badlands National Monument Annual Wildlife Census Reports, 1943-1946; Superintendent’s -Monthly Narrative Report for May 1959.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_265" href="#fr_265">[265]</a>“Long Range Wildlife and Range Management Plan, Badlands National Monument -for Period 1965-1969,” p. 6.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_266" href="#fr_266">[266]</a><b>Ibid.</b>; “Badlands Wildlife Restoration Plan,” September 9, 1965; Superintendent’s -Monthly Narrative Reports for November 1963 and October 1964; Information -from Chief Park Ranger Hazeltine, February 10, 1968.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_267" href="#fr_267">[267]</a>Information from Chief Park Ranger Hazeltine, February 10, 1968.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_268" href="#fr_268">[268]</a>Knoles, <b>op. cit.</b>, p. 20: “Badlands Wildlife Restoration Plan,” <b>op. cit.</b></div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_269" href="#fr_269">[269]</a>“Badlands Wildlife Restoration Plan,” <b>op. cit.</b></div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_270" href="#fr_270">[270]</a>Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Reports for January and February 1964.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_271" href="#fr_271">[271]</a>Information from Chief Park Ranger Hazeltine, November 1967.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_272" href="#fr_272">[272]</a>Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Report for February 1964.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_273" href="#fr_273">[273]</a>Badlands Monthly Public Use Reports, 1939-1967: “Bad Lands Becomes National -Monument,” <b>The Rapid City Daily Journal</b>, January 28, 1939.</div> -<div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_274" href="#fr_274">[274]</a>Hillory A. Tolson, comp., <b>National Park Service Officials</b>, U.S. Department of -the Interior, NPS, January 1, 1964, p. 41.</div> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_79">79</div> -<h2 id="c13"><span class="small">APPENDIX E</span></h2> -<div class="pb" id="Page_80">80</div> -<div class="img" id="map1"> -<img src="images/map_lr.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="559" /> -<p class="pcap">APPENDIX E<span class="center"> Map of Badlands National Monument</span></p><p class="center"><a class="ab1" href="images/map_hr.jpg">High-resolution Version</a></p> -</div> -<h2>Transcriber’s Notes</h2> -<ul> -<li>Silently corrected a few typos.</li> -<li>Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.</li> -<li>In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.</li> -</ul> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The History of Badlands National -Monument and the White River (Bi, by Ray H. 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