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diff --git a/old/62641-0.txt b/old/62641-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index fffdc00..0000000 --- a/old/62641-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3739 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The History of Badlands National Monument -and the White River (Big) Badlands of Sou, by Ray H. Mattison and Robert A. Grom and Joanne W. Stockert - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The History of Badlands National Monument and the White River (Big) Badlands of South Dakota - Badlands Natural History Association Bulletin No. 1 - -Author: Ray H. Mattison - Robert A. Grom - Joanne W. Stockert - -Release Date: July 14, 2020 [EBook #62641] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF BADLANDS NATIONAL MONUMENT *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Lisa Corcoran and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - Cover Photo: THE CASTLE, five miles west of Cedar Pass and just west - of Norbeck Pass, is a spectacular saw-tooth ridge which was named by - early local ranchers. The spires rise more than 200 feet above the - Fossil Exhibit Trail (see Figure 28) and approximately 450 feet - above the lower grassland plains which are out of view on the left. - The ridge is an eroded remnant of rock layers which formerly covered - Badlands National Monument and surrounding areas. - - - - - HISTORY - OF - BADLANDS NATIONAL MONUMENT - and - The White River (Big) Badlands of South Dakota - - - by - Ray H. Mattison - and - Robert A. Grom - - edited by - Joanne W. Stockert - - [Illustration: NATIONAL PARK SERVICE] - - Bulletin No. 1 - - Published 1968 by the - Badlands Natural History Association - Badlands National Monument - Interior, South Dakota 57750 - - Printed at Rapid City, South Dakota, U.S.A. - By Espe Printing Company - First Edition - Library of Congress Catalog Number: 68-19055 - - -This booklet is published by the Badlands Natural History Association, a -nonprofit corporation dedicated to assisting the National Park Service -in its scientific, educational, historical, and interpretive activities -at Badlands National Monument. Organized in April 1959, the association -is incorporated under the laws of the State of South Dakota. It is -recognized by the National Park Service, United States Department of the -Interior, as an official cooperating organization. A list of mail-sales -items handled by the association may be obtained free by sending a card -or letter to the address shown on the title page. - -The Badlands Natural History Association wishes to thank the many local -people who have contributed their know-how and resources in making this -publication possible. - - - - - CONTENTS - - - Introduction 7 - Chronology of Badlands National Monument and the White River (Big) - Badlands 9 - Early Indians and Explorers 11 - The Settlers Come 23 - Legislation for Park Establishment 27 - The Depression Years 37 - Early Development of the National Monument 43 - Mission 66 Development 59 - - - APPENDIX - A Annual Visitor Use, 1938-1967 65 - B Custodians and Superintendents of Badlands National Monument 67 - C Picture Credits 69 - D Footnotes and References 71 - E Map of Badlands National Monument 79 - - - - - INTRODUCTION - - -In 1951 the National Park Service (NPS) launched the concept of -developing a documented history for each unit of the national park -system. Known since 1984 as “park” histories, the studies were to be -general in scope, spanning the history of each area with emphasis on -park origin, legislation, visitor use, and all aspects of management. - -Although sporadic research on local area history was done by the NPS in -the 1950’s and early 1960’s, comprehensive research studies that finally -led to a park history for Badlands National Monument did not start until -1964. In that year Ray H. Mattison, former Visitor Services Coordinator -and Historian for the Midwest Region of the NPS, began the project by -selecting some 300 pages of reference materials from the National -Archives. Additional bibliographical materials were located in the -Congressional Record, NPS historical files, and elsewhere. Former Chief -Park Naturalist Robert A. Grom of Badlands National Monument did much in -gathering photographs, maps, and historical data, and in writing -additions and revising parts of the various drafts prepared by Mattison. -By the end of 1965 a manuscript was completed, but publication was -delayed. Mattison retired from the NPS in 1965 and Grom was transferred -in May 1966. - -In 1967 more historical evidence came to light which resulted in the -editing, updating, and expanding of the 1965 manuscript. Much of this -work was done by Joanne W. Stockert, wife of the Chief Park Naturalist. -Copies of all documents and references not found locally but which were -used as bibliography in the final manuscript were obtained for the files -or library of Badlands National Monument. For those who are interested -in learning how this national monument has evolved to the present time, -the Badlands Natural History Association has published this history with -the hope that it will provide a basic source of historical information -on Badlands National Monument. - - John W. Stockert - Executive Secretary - Badlands Natural History Association - -February 19, 1968 - - - - - CHRONOLOGY OF BADLANDS NATIONAL MONUMENT AND THE WHITE RIVER (BIG) - BADLANDS OF SOUTH DAKOTA - - - 1823—First known party of white men, led by fur-trader Jedediah Smith, - passed through the White River Badlands. - 1849—First scientific party, under Dr. John Evans, collected - paleontological specimens from the Badlands. - 1855—The General William Harney Expedition, en route from Fort Laramie - to Fort Pierre, passed through the present national monument. - 1868—Present western South Dakota reserved to the Sioux by Fort - Laramie Treaty. - 1874—Dr. O. C. Marsh, distinguished Yale scientist, and party visited - Badlands region. - 1890—Much of the Badlands restored to public domain to be opened - eventually to white settlement. - A band of Sioux, under Chief Big Foot, passed through the area of - the present national monument en route to Wounded Knee, where - many were killed in battle with the army. - 1907—The Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad built through - Interior near southern boundary of area, The Chicago and North - Western Railway constructed through Philip and Wall near - northern boundary. - 1909—The South Dakota Legislature petitioned Congress to set aside a - township in the Badlands region for a national park. - 1922—Senator Peter Norbeck introduced the first bill in Congress to - make a portion of the Badlands a national park. - 1929—Badlands National Monument, comprising some 50,830 acres, - authorized by Congress. - 1936—Law enacted authorizing enlargement of the proposed national - monument to 250,000 acres by presidential proclamation. - 1939—Badlands National Monument, comprising about 150,000 acres, - established by presidential proclamation. - 1952—Congress authorized reduction in size of national monument. Area - reduced by about 27,000 acres. - 1957—Area further reduced by approximately 11,000 acres, leaving the - national monument with an official acreage of 111,529.82 - acres. - 1959—Visitor center completed. - Badlands National Monument dedicated by Secretary of the Interior - Fred A. Seaton. - 1963—Bison reintroduced to the Badlands. - 1964—Bighorn reintroduced to the Badlands. - Cedar Pass Lodge acquired by the National Park Service. - - [Illustration: Figure 1 LES MAUVAISES TERRES, - NEBRASKA - - This is the earliest published view of the White River Badlands. The - sketch was made in 1849 by Dr. John Evans when he was in the field - with the Owen Geological Survey. The region at that time was a part - of Nebraska Territory.] - - - - - EARLY INDIANS AND EXPLORERS - - -Little is known of the prehistory of the region which comprises Badlands -National Monument. The time of man’s entry into the Badlands-Black Hills -region is unknown. The oldest Indian site found in western South Dakota -is in the Angostura Basin south of Hot Springs. Studies indicate it to -be a little more than 7,000 years old. Evidence shows that these early -people were big-game hunters who preyed upon mammoth, large bison, and -other animals that lived in the lush post-glacial grasslands.[1] - -Firepits containing Indian artifacts have been found in the Pinnacles -area of the national monument. Radiocarbon studies leave little doubt -that hunters were already using this site by 900 A.D.[2] More -archeological research will probably show that man hunted and made his -home in the Badlands long before that date.[3] - -Since about 1000 AD. the Black Hills area has been occupied by a number -of nomadic Indian tribes. Some of these subsisted primarily by hunting, -while others lived on local food plants. These tribes probably belonged -to the Caddoan, Athabascan, Kiowa, and Shoshonean linguistic groups.[4] - -During the 18th century, parties of Arikara from the Missouri River went -on buffalo hunts as far west as the Black Hills. There they met with the -Comanche, Arapaho, Kiowa, and Cheyenne at trading fairs where they -acquired horses. The Arikara, in turn, traded horses with the Teton -Sioux who had been slowly migrating south and westward since about 1670 -from the headwaters of the Mississippi River. Around 1775 the Oglala and -Brule, tribes of the Teton Sioux, moved west of the Missouri River to -occupy respectively the Bad River country (around the present town of -Philip, S.D.) and the region along the White River south of the -Badlands. Because of their move from a timbered area to a plains region, -the Sioux underwent great adjustment. As the result of acquiring guns -from the whites and horses from other tribes, the Sioux became primarily -a nomadic people, dependent on buffalo for sustenance.[5] - -For more than a century prior to 1763, the upper Missouri Valley, -including what is today Badlands National Monument, was under French -control. Under terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1763 French possessions -west of the Mississippi River were ceded to Spain. Spain returned the -area, known as Louisiana, to France in 1800 in the secret Treaty of San -Ildefonso.[6] In 1803 the entire region, which included all of the -present states of Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, and South Dakota, -plus parts of eight other states, was purchased by the United States -from France for $15,000,000. - -The early French-Canadian trappers called the region, which includes the -present day national monument, Les Mauvaises terres a traverser, which -translated means “bad lands to travel across.” Other traders applied the -term “bad lands” to this locality as well as to any section of the -prairie country “where roads are difficult....” The Dakota Indians -called the region Mako Sica (mako, land; sica, bad).[7] - -Father Pierre-Jean de Smet called the White River Mankizita-Watpa. This -Indian word commonly means “white earth river,” or more literally, -“smoking land river.” The priest attributed the name to the river water -which he wrote was “impregnated with a whitish slime.”[8] - -Early American trappers and traders called the attention of the world to -the unusual geological features and extensive fossil deposits of the -Badlands along the White River. The earliest known description of the -region, believed to be the White River Badlands, is that of James -Clyman, a member of Jedediah Smith’s 11-man party, who passed through -the area in 1823. Clyman described it as - - ... a tract of county whare no vegetation of any kind existed beeing - worn into knobs and gullies and extremely uneven ... a loose grayish - coloured soil verry soluble in water running thick as it could move of - a pale whitish coular and remarkably adhesive ... there [came] on a - misty rain while we were in this pile of ashes [bad-lands west of the - South Fork of the Cheyenne River] and it loded down our horses feet - (feet) in great lumps it looked a little remarkable that not a foot of - level land could be found the narrow revines going in all manner of - directions and the cobble mound[s] of a regular taper from top to - bottom all of them of the percise same angle and the tops sharp ... - the whole of this region is moveing to the Misourie River as fast as - rain and thawing of Snow can carry it....[9] - -When Maximilian, Prince of Wied, returned to Fort Pierre in 1834 after -making his historic journey up the Missouri with Charles Bodmer, William -Laidlaw, the trader of the fort, gave him a description of the Badlands. -The German prince wrote: - - ... I much regretted that I could not remain long enough to visit the - interesting tract of the Mauvaises Terres, which is some days’ journey - from hence. Mr. Laidlow [sic], who had been there in the winter, gave - me a description of it. It is two days’ journey, he said, south-west - of Fort Pierre, and forms, in the level prairie, an accumulation of - hills of most remarkable forms, looking like fortresses, churches, - villages and ruins, and doubtless consisting of the same sand-stone as - the conformations near the Stone Walls. He further stated that the - bighorn abounds in that tract.[10] - -Father de Smet visited the Badlands region in 1848. He described it as - - ... the most extraordinary of any I have met in my journeys through - the wilderness.... Viewed at a distance, these lands exhibit the - appearance of extensive villages and ancient castles, but under forms - so extraordinary, and so capricious a style of architecture, that we - might consider them as appertaining to some new world, or ages far - remote.[11] - -The Jesuit noted further, “The industry of the settler will never -succeed in cultivating and planting this fluctuating and sterile -soil....” However, he believed that the fossil deposits in the region -would be of interest to the geologist and the naturalist.[12] - - [Illustration: Figure 2 OREODONT SKELETON - - Oreodonts are the most common fossil mammals found in the Badlands. - Several species of these now-extinct animals have been - scientifically described.[13]] - -In the 1840’s the reports of fossil remains in the White River Badlands -aroused the curiosity of scientific circles in the East. In the fall of -1843(?) Alexander Culbertson, well-known fur trader of the American Fur -Company, made a trip from Fort Pierre to Fort Laramie. Either on this -particular trip or succeeding ones, he made a collection of fossils and -bones in the Badlands.[14] This collection provided the basis for the -first scientific description of a Badlands fossil. The description was -written by Dr. Hiram A. Prout of St. Louis, published in 1846, and -printed again in 1847 with greater detail. The paper described a -lower-jaw fragment of a large rhinoceros-like animal which later was -given the common name titanothere by Dr. Joseph Leidy in 1852. Another -fossil from this same collection, a fragment of an ancestral camel, was -also described in 1847 by Dr. Leidy, who in a few years became the -authority on Badlands fossils and an outstanding paleontologist.[15] In -the fall of 1847 the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia became -the first known institution to receive a collection of fossils from this -region.[16] - -In 1848 another deposit to this institution, made by Culbertson’s -father, Joseph, included “a new fossil genus of Mammalia, found near the -‘Black Hills’....”[17] These deposits aroused such interest that in 1849 -United States Geologist David Dale Owen sent his assistant, Dr. John -Evans, to the Badlands.[18] - -Dr. Evans, accompanied by a fellow geologist, “five Canadian travelers -who were to be our muleteers and cooks, and finally an Indian guide and -an interpreter,”[19] set out westward from Fort Pierre after traveling -by steamboat from St. Louis. Following five days of overland travel they -reached the Badlands. One of the party was a Frenchman, E. de Girardin, -a soldier of fortune employed as an artist on the expedition. His story -of the trip was published in 1864 in a French travel magazine, Le Tour -du Monde. After climbing a hill about a hundred meters (about 330 feet) -high, he beheld “the strangest and most incomprehensible view.”[20] (See -Figure 4.) - - At the horizon, at the end of an immense plain and tinted rose by the - reflection of the setting sun, a city in ruins appears to us, an - immense city surrounded by walls and bulwarks, filled by a palace - crowned with gigantic domes and monuments of the most fantastic and - bizarre architecture. At intervals on a soil white as snow rise - embattled chateaus of brick red, pyramids with their sharp-pointed - summits topped with shapeless masses which seem to rock in the wind, a - pillar of a hundred meters rises in the midst of this chaos of ruins - like a gigantic lighthouse.[21] - -De Girardin was also impressed by the large deposits of fossil remains -in the area. “The soil is formed here and there of a thick bed of -petrified bones,” he wrote, “sometimes in a state perfectly preserved, -sometimes broken and reduced to dust.” The party discovered “petrified -turtles,” some of which were “admirably preserved and weighing up to 150 -pounds....” The expedition also found “a head of a rhinoceros equally -petrified, and the jawbone of a dog or wolf of a special kind, furnished -with all its teeth.” At places the scientists located “heaps of teeth -and scraps of broken jawbones; ... bones and vertebrae of the oreodon, -the mastdon [sic] and the elephant.” However, after exploring for three -days in the region without having discovered “the elephants, the -buffaloes, and the petrified men of which they had spoken to us so -much,” the party began its journey back to Fort Pierre.[22] - -Dr. Evans himself was not only impressed by the scenic qualities of the -Badlands but by the scientific importance of the region as well. He -wrote: - - After leaving the locality on Sage Creek, affording the - above-mentioned fossils, crossing that stream, and proceeding in the - direction of White River, about twelve or fifteen miles, the formation - of the Mauvaises Terres proper bursts into view, disclosing as here - depicted, one of the most extraordinary and picturesque sights that - can be found in the whole Missouri country. - - From the high prairies, that rise in the background, by a series of - terraces or benches, towards the spurs of the Rocky Mountains, the - traveller looks down into an extensive valley, that may be said to - constitute a world of its own, and which appears to have been formed, - partly by an extensive vertical fault, partly by the long-continued - influence of the scooping action of denudation. - - The width of this valley may be about thirty miles, and its whole - length about ninety, as it stretches away westwardly, towards the base - of the gloomy and dark range of mountains known as the Black Hills. - Its most depressed portion, three hundred feet below the general level - of the surrounding country, is clothed with scanty grasses, and - covered by a soil similar to that of the higher ground. - - To the surrounding country, however, the Mauvaises Terres present the - most striking contrast. From the uniform, monotonous, open prairie, - the traveller suddenly descends, one or two hundred feet, into a - valley that looks as if it had sunk away from the surrounding world; - leaving standing, all over it, thousands of abrupt, irregular, - prismatic, and columnar masses, frequently capped with irregular - pyramids, and stretching up to a height of from one to two hundred - feet, or more. - - So thickly are these natural towers studded over the surface of this - extraordinary region, that the traveller threads his way through deep, - confined, labyrinthine passages, not unlike the narrow, irregular - streets and lanes of some quaint old town of the European Continent. - Viewed in the distance, indeed, these rocky piles, in their endless - succession, assume the appearance of massive, artificial structures, - decked out with all the accessories of buttress and turret, arched - doorway and clustered shaft, pinnacle, and finial, and tapering spire. - - One might almost imagine oneself approaching some magnificent city of - the dead, where the labour and the genius of forgotten nations had - left behind them a multitude of monuments of art and skill.[23] - -Dr. Evans was equally awed by the rich paleontological deposits of the -Badlands region. After describing the extreme heat of the region, he -continued: - - At every step, objects of the highest interest present themselves. - Embedded in the debris, lie strewn, in the greatest profusion, organic - relics of extinct animals. All speak of a vast freshwater deposit of - the early Tertiary Period, and disclose the former existence of most - remarkable races, that roamed about in bygone ages high up in the - Valley of the Missouri, towards the sources of its western - tributaries; where now pastures the big-horned Ovis montana, the - shaggy buffalo or American bison, and the elegant and - slenderly-constructed antelope. - - Every specimen as yet brought from the Bad Lands, proves to be of - species that became exterminated before the mammoth and mastodon - lived, and differ in their specific character, not alone from all - living animals, but also from all fossils obtained even from - cotemporaneous [sic] geological formations elsewhere.[24] - -Dr. Evans drew a map (See Figure 3) of Mauvaises Terres (Bad Lands) and -Dr. Joseph Leidy prepared a catalog as well as sketches of the most -significant fossils the Owen Geological Survey Party found on its -journey to the region.[25] - -In 1850 Spencer F. Baird of the Smithsonian Institution arranged for -Thaddeus Culbertson, a younger brother of Alexander Culbertson, to visit -the Badlands under the auspices of the Institution. Born in 1823 at -Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, young Culbertson, a student at Princeton -Theological Seminary, set out with his brother, Alexander, from -Chambersburg in mid-February. The brothers left St. Louis by steamboat -on March 19 and arrived at Fort Pierre May 4. With his brother supplying -the equipment, Thaddeus and two others set out from the fur-trading -establishment three days later. On May 11 they encamped at Sage Creek in -the White River Badlands.[26] - - [Illustration: Figure 3 AN EARLY MAP OF THE - WHITE RIVER BAD LANDS] - -Culbertson, too, was very much impressed by the Badlands as he -approached them: - - The road now lay over hills which became more steep and frequent as we - approached the Bad Lands. These occasionally appeared in the distance - and never before did I see anything that so resembled a large city; so - complete was this deception that I could point out the public - buildings; one appeared to have a large dome which might be the town - Hall; another would have a large angular, cone shape top, which would - suggest the court house or some magnificent buildings for public - purposes: then would appear a long row of palaces, great in number and - superb in all their arrangements. Indeed the thought frequently - occurred as we rode along that at a distance this portion of the - grounds looked like a city of palaces—everything arranged upon the - grandest scale and adapted for the habitation, not of pigmies such as - now inhabit the earth, but of giants such as would be fit to rule over - the immense animals whose remains are still found there.[27] - -Culbertson was also moved by the complete desolation of the Badlands: - - Fancy yourself on the hottest day in summer in the hottest spot of - such a place without water—without an animal and scarce an insect - astir—without a single flower to speak pleasant things to you and you - will have some idea of the utter loneliness of the Bad Lands.[28] - -The young scientist was disappointed, however, with the fossils. Instead -of finding well-preserved skeletons of different animals, he located -only the imperfect remains of several turtles, a number of excellent -teeth and jawbones, and several good skulls of animals.[29] - -After rejoining his brother at Fort Pierre, young Culbertson proceeded -up the river to Fort Union. On his trip he collected not only fossils -but skulls, skins, and skeletons of buffalo, grizzly bear, white wolf, -prairie wolf, and other animals. He also collected plants along the -Missouri. Surprisingly, the fossil remains Culbertson collected were -declared by Baird as “an exceedingly interesting series of Mammalian and -Reptilian species including many that had never been described.”[30] - -In poor health, young Culbertson died in late August 1850, soon after -his return to Chambersburg.[31] - -In 1853 two geologists, Dr. F.V. Hayden and F.B. Meek, visited the -Badlands region. Both were to receive national recognition later as -distinguished scientists. They spent several days at Sage Creek, noted -by travellers for the purgative qualities of its water. Both men and -their horses experienced a weakening effect after drinking from the -stream.[32] - -Brevet Brigadier-General William S. Harney’s expedition, in its punitive -campaign against the Brule Sioux in 1855, crossed overland through a -portion of the Badlands en route from Fort Laramie (old Ft. William) to -Fort Pierre (old Fort Tecumseh) on the Missouri. Accompanying the -expedition were Lt. G.K. Warren, U.S. topographical engineer, and Dr. -Hayden who had visited the Badlands region two years earlier.[33] - - [Illustration: Figure 4 REMAINS OF THE FORT - LARAMIE-FORT PIERRE TRAIL - - Here, just outside the most northern boundary of the present - national monument, it is believed E. de Girardin made his poetic - observations of the Badlands on the horizon, as recorded on page 14. - Wagon-wheel ruts along the old trail—in the foreground—can still be - traced for miles in unplowed terrain.] - -Warren was authorized to map the trail over which the expedition passed. -This route, which crosses the western edge of Badlands National -Monument, had been used since at least the early 1830’s primarily by -trappers and traders to transport furs and supplies between the two -forts. Fort Pierre was abandoned as a military post in early 1857 soon -after the route was mapped, and the trail fell into disuse as a major -overland thoroughfare.[34] Remains of this historic route can still be -seen. - -Dr. Hayden and his party camped on Bear Creek, west of the present -national monument, where Alexander Culbertson, Dr. Evans, and others had -obtained their valuable collections in the 1840’s. Dr. Hayden wrote, “We -spent five days at this locality, and with the mammalian remains already -collected in other places, our carts were loaded to their utmost.”[35] -Unlike his predecessors who had visited the region, Hayden was favorably -impressed by the White River region. “Contrasted with most of the -country on the upper Missouri, The White river valley is a paradise, and -the Indians consider it one of the choice spots of earth.”[36] - -Hayden revisited the White River Badlands in 1857 and in the 1860’s. His -records may be found in government reports and in several scientific -publications.[37] - -Captain John B.S. Todd, a cousin of the wife of Abraham Lincoln and -later governor of Dakota Territory, also accompanied the Harney -Expedition of 1855 and was impressed by the scenic grandeur of the -Badlands.[38] On October 12, the day the expedition broke camp at Ash -Grove Spring (now known as Harney Spring) southeast of Sheep Mountain -Table, he recorded in his journal: - - After leaving camp, we continued to ascend the gentle slope upon which - it had been pitched, for nearly a mile, and on reaching the crest, the - most superbly grand and beautiful sight burst upon our view, that my - eye ever rested upon. Down for a thousand feet and more, the road - abruptly wound into the valley below; while far away, on all sides, - spread this magnificent panorama of mountain precipice and - vale—solitary, grand, chaotic, as it came from the hands of Him “who - doeth all things well.” What a scene for the painter, what a wonderous - field for the Naturalist![39] - -Todd also described “the remains of turtle, petrified, of all sizes, -shattered and perfect, some not larger than the crown of a hat, others -of huge proportions....”[40] - -Beginning in 1870 other organizations began making important -collections. Among these were the United States Geological Survey, Yale -University, Princeton University, American Museum of Natural History, -University of Nebraska, Carnegie Museum, University of South Dakota, and -the South Dakota State School of Mines and Technology.[41] - -In 1874 the Badlands were visited by the distinguished paleontologist -Dr. O.C. Marsh of Yale University and his party. At that time the -Indians in the region were in a very ugly temper as a result of the -discovery of gold in the Black Hills by the Custer Expedition. -Guaranteed much of present northwestern Nebraska and all of South Dakota -west of the Missouri by the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868, they regarded -white visitors to the western Dakota region as intruders. Accompanied by -an army escort, Dr. Marsh and his party slipped into the reservation -through the Red Cloud Agency (located along the banks of the White River -near the present town of Crawford, Nebraska) at night without arousing -the Indian sentinels and reached the fossil region. Hurriedly gathering -and packing its specimens, the party returned to the agency less than 24 -hours before a war party scoured the region for “the Big Bone Chief.” At -the agency, Chief Red Cloud informed Dr. Marsh of the manner in which -the Indian Bureau was fleecing the Indians in their rations. Dr. Marsh -carried this information to Washington, which resulted in a -Congressional investigation of the agency.[42] - - [Illustration: Figure 5 MUSEUM OF GEOLOGY, - SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES AND TECHNOLOGY - - The finest exhibits of Badlands fossils are on display in this - museum. It is open to the public without charge throughout the - year.] - -Mr. John Bell Hatcher did much of the collecting for Dr. Marsh, under -the auspices of the United States Geological Survey, and is considered -to be one of the most successful and original of all collectors who have -worked in the Badlands.[43] He is responsible for beginning the practice -of collecting and preserving complete skeletons of fossilized -animals.[44] - -While considerable collecting of fossils in the Badlands has been done -by various organizations since 1870, it was conducted in a somewhat -random manner at first. Since 1899 the South Dakota State School of -Mines and Technology has sent students into the Badlands for brief field -studies.[45] However, it was not until 1924 that a systematic means of -collecting fossils in the Badlands was begun by a Princeton University -professor, Glenn L. Jepsen, who was studying at the South Dakota State -School of Mines and Technology. He organized the first School of Mines -Badlands Expedition, which met with immediate success and laid the -foundation for the present extensive paleontological collections of that -school (See Figure 5).[46] - -For many years large herds of bison roamed the Badlands during the -summer months. About 1861, the year that the Dakota Territory was -established, a drought began and continued for three years. The buffalo -which used the region as their summer range left during that period. -After the passing of the drought years, the herds, which had been driven -far to the west by hunters, returned only in small bands. For a time -great herds of mountain sheep, elk, antelope, whitetail and mule deer -continued to roam the area in large numbers. The elk wintered in the -southern Black Hills and went down into the Badlands in early spring. In -1877 residents of the Rapid City area and market hunters from the gold -camps in the northern Black Hills killed large numbers, which ended the -elk migration to the Badlands. Antelope as well as whitetail and mule -deer were killed by market hunters and settlers. The mountain sheep was -the last of the big game animals to disappear.[47] - - [Illustration: Figure 6 - - Jim Hart of Scenic, South Dakota, displays a trophy of an Audubon - Bighorn Sheep shot on Sheep Mountain in 1903 by Charley Jones. These - animals were last recorded on Sheep Mountain Table about 1910 and - are now extinct.[48]] - -Predatory animals such as coyotes, wolves, and black and grizzly bears -were likewise common. Bears were exterminated early. It was during the -second decade of this century that coyotes and wolves disappeared from -the Badlands, largely as a result of the work of the Biological Survey -in its predatory-animal extermination program.[49] - - [Illustration: Figure 7 GRAY WOLF - - Adult animals weigh between 70 and 120 pounds and are the largest of - the wild dogs. They were last seen in the present Badlands National - Monument around 1913.[50]] - -The region which comprises western Dakota was a part of the Great Sioux -Reservation recognized as such by the Fort Laramie treaties of 1851 and -1868. In the late nineteenth century the tide of white settlement had -been steadily pushing westward. By an agreement on September 26, 1876, -later formalized by U.S. Statute, the Black Hills region was opened to -white settlement. An Act of Congress approved on March 2, 1889 (the same -year South Dakota became a state), and proclaimed by President Harrison -on February 10, 1890, restored to public domain the area between the -White and Cheyenne Rivers. This included the present area of Badlands -National Monument.[51] - -On December 24, 1890, after escaping from military surveillance at Camp -Cheyenne on the Cheyenne River, Chief Big Foot and his band of -Miniconjous Sioux fled through what is now Big Foot Pass in Badlands -National Monument to the White River where they camped. When the Indians -reached Pine Creek on December 28, they were intercepted by the army. In -attempting to disarm them the next day, the military precipitated the -infamous “Wounded Knee Massacre” of December 29, 1890, when more than -150 Indians and 39 whites were killed. This was the last major clash -between Indians and the United States Army.[52] - -The famous western artist Frederic Remington was attached to a scouting -party which went into the Badlands in search of Big Foot and his band. -The first camp Remington made with the soldiers was on Christmas night -with the thermometer well below zero. In an article written for Harper’s -Weekly, January 21, 1891, he described his trip into the region: - - It was twelve miles through the defiles of the Bad Lands to the blue - ridge of the high mesa where the hostiles had lived. The trail was - strewn with dead cattle, some of them having never been touched with a - knife. Here and there a dead pony, ridden to a stand-still and left - nerveless on the trail. No words of mine can describe these Bad Lands. - They are somewhat as Dore pictured hell. One set of buttes, with cones - and minarets, gives place in the next mile to natural freaks of a - different variety, never dreamed of by mortal man. It is the action of - water on clay; there are ashes or what looks like them. The painter’s - whole palette is in one bluff.[53] - - - - - THE SETTLERS COME - - -White settlement of the Badlands region was slow. Suited for grazing, -the region in the 1890’s was primarily the domain of cattlemen and -sheepmen. At that time the region was surveyed by the Government.[54] - - [Illustration: Figure 8 OLD INTERIOR, 1906 - - Settled in about 1881, the town was known as Black until the name - was changed around 1895. It was located about two miles southeast of - the present town of Interior. In 1907, old Interior was abandoned in - favor of the present townsite when the Milwaukee Road was - built.[55]] - -Bruce Siberts, a Dakota cowboy, was in the Badlands several times during -the early 1890’s. He stated: - - The big pasture west of the Missouri that the Sioux had turned over to - Uncle Sam had few ranchers in it when I went there in 1890, but within - another year or so there were all kinds of livestock roaming over - it.[56] - -Siberts’ acquaintance with the Badlands was the result of his experience -with cattle thieves who “holed up” there. The outlaws, after stealing -Siberts’ cattle, drove them to the Badlands. - -Siberts started out in pursuit. During a week’s stay in the Badlands, he -saw thousands of head of stock, many of which were unbranded. Unable to -recover his stolen cattle, he returned to his home on Plum Creek, a -tributary of the Cheyenne River. He obtained a companion and went back -to the Badlands. There the two men built several horse traps, captured a -number of unbranded horses, branded them, and later sold the horses for -$600.[57] Siberts returned alone to the region the following year to -obtain more unbranded horses, but lost his horses to outlaws. As a -result he was left afoot many miles from home. Siberts succeeded in -taking the horse of Bill Newsom, head of a group of cattle rustlers, and -made his way to a railroad town in Nebraska. He returned to South Dakota -by rail.[58] - - [Illustration: Figure 9 FIRST TRAIN PENETRATING - SOUTH DAKOTA BADLANDS, 1907] - -Isolated from natural transportation routes, few settlers moved into the -region until the coming of railroads. In 1907 the Chicago and North -Western Railway Company built its line from Pierre through Philip and -Wall to Rapid City. During the same year, the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. -Paul Railroad Company (now known as the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and -Pacific Railroad Company or, simply, the Milwaukee Road) completed its -line from Chamberlain to Rapid City along the White River through Kadoka -and Interior.[59] - -There was considerable homestead activity in 1906 under the original -homestead law of 1862, despite the fact that the 160-acre farm unit was -inadequate in the region. Leonel Jensen, a long-time resident in the -vicinity of the Badlands, stated that when his father came to the region -in May 1906 there were few homestead buildings. In the fall of that year -there was a homestead shack on practically every quarter-section of -land, because many settlers had anticipated the coming of the -railroads.[60] In 1912 the period to “prove up” on the lands was -liberalized by changing the time of residence from five to three years. -The Enlarged Homestead Act of 1909 was applied to South Dakota by -Congress in 1915, enabling settlers to acquire 320 acres instead of -160.[61] - -The homestead laws were liberalized again in 1916 by the enactment of -the Stock-Raising Homestead Act. This provided for 640-acre homesteads -on lands officially designated as nonirrigable grazing lands.[63] - - [Illustration: Figure 10 A BADLANDS HOMESTEAD - - Newly plowed sod marks the beginning of a farm in 1911 northwest of - Interior near the badlands wall.] - - [Illustration: Figure 11 GOOD GIRLS IN BAD - LANDS S. D. - - Some Badlands homesteaders lived first in dugouts similar to the one - belonging to the Josh Sullivan family as shown on this postcard - mailed in 1909. It was located one half mile south of the present - national monument boundary just off the Cedar Pass-Interior - highway.[62]] - - [Illustration: Figure 12 - - Lumber to build the Louis J. Jensen home, located just west of the - Badlands, was hauled by rail from the Black Hills to Wall, South - Dakota. Taken in 1908, this photograph represents a typical house of - the Badlands homesteading era.[68]] - -From 1900 to 1905 the population in western South Dakota increased from -43,782 to 57,575; by 1910 it was 137,687.[64] From 1910 to 1930 it -continued to increase, but at a slower pace. In the decade following -1910 the population of Pennington County increased slightly from 12,453 -to 12,720; by 1930 it was 20,079. In Jackson County, which contained no -urban centers, the increase was much smaller. From 1920 to 1930 (no -figures are available for 1910 to 1920) the population went from 2,472 -to 2,636.[65] For a comparison with recent trends, the populations of -Jackson and Pennington counties in 1960 were 1,985 and 58,195 -respectively.[66] (The western or 87 percent of the present Badlands -National Monument is located in Pennington County; the eastern section -is in Jackson County.) - -Between 1910 and 1920, increasing amounts of land in western South -Dakota passed out of the public domain and into private ownership. -Encouraged by the high prices for farm and ranch products resulting from -World War I, many farmers and ranchers took advantage of the liberalized -homestead acts. By 1922 less than half of the land which was later -included in Badlands National Monument was publicly owned.[67] - - - - - LEGISLATION FOR PARK ESTABLISHMENT - - -Stimulated in part by various individuals and groups, the South Dakota -Legislature in 1909 petitioned the federal government to establish a -township of Badlands as a national park. As read before both houses of -Congress on March 16, 1909, the petition stated in part: - - Whereas there is a small section of country about the headwaters of - the White River in South Dakota where nature has carved the surface of - the earth into most unique and interesting forms, and has exposed to - an extent perhaps not elsewhere found; and - - Whereas this formation is so unique, picturesque, and valuable for the - purpose of study that a portion of it should be retained in its native - state....[69] - -However, no legislation was introduced on the proposal until more than a -decade later. - -A 1919 report by the U.S. Forest Service recommended that the Badlands -area be set aside as a national park. The report also recorded -considerable tourist travel to the Badlands. “The travel this year was -several hundred times greater than in any former year....” Many visitors -came over state route 40 (the Washington Highway) which connects the -towns of Interior and Scenic with Rapid City. This road was under -construction in 1919 and followed, more or less, the Chicago, Milwaukee -and St. Paul Railroad. Visitors also came on passenger trains.[70] - -However, accessibility to the scenic sections of the Badlands Wall from -the Washington Highway were already being closed in 1919 by the -construction of fences, except for a few low passes in the wall where -side roads had been constructed. The Washington Highway and the railroad -are both located two to six miles from the most picturesque Badlands -features. The same report recommended that a road be built “along the -course of the scenic points of interest” and that campgrounds should be -constructed “at well chosen camp sites.”[71] (Such a road was completed -16 years later by the State of South Dakota; see page 43). - -While other individuals and organizations played an important part in -the establishment of Badlands National Monument, Senator Peter Norbeck -deserves more credit than any other legislator. Norbeck was born on a -farm in Clay County in southeastern South Dakota, August 27, 1870, and -was the son of a member of the 1871 Dakota Territorial Legislature. His -public career began when he was elected to the state senate in 1908 and -he served there until 1915. In 1914 Norbeck was voted -lieutenant-governor of the state, and was elected governor in 1916 and -1918. His achievements as governor were many, including the founding of -a state-enterprise program designed to help farmers. Another of his -great accomplishments was the establishment of Custer State Park. - -In 1920 Norbeck was elected to the United States Senate where he served -continuously until his death in 1936. Although his chief interest was in -farm-relief legislation, he was instrumental in passing the Migratory -Bird Act of 1929 and in securing federal funds for the carving of Mount -Rushmore National Memorial.[72] - -South Dakota’s congressmen, William Williamson from Oacoma and Charles -A. Christopherson from Sioux Falls, assisted Norbeck by their work in -the U.S. House of Representatives. Christopherson’s services in the -House began in 1919, Williamson’s in 1921.[73] - - [Illustration: Figure 13 EARLY ROAD THROUGH - CEDAR PASS, 1908 or earlier] - -On May 2, 1922, during the second session of the 67th Congress, Senator -Norbeck introduced the first bill (S. 3541) for making the Badlands area -a national park. Entitled “A bill to establish the Wonderland National -Park in the State of South Dakota,” it proposed to set aside and -withdraw from entry “all public lands lying and being within townships -two and three south, ranges fifteen and sixteen east of the Black Hills -meridian, and township three south, ranges seventeen, eighteen, and -nineteen east of the Black Hills meridian.”[74] The proposal provided -that the Secretary of the Interior might add to the park from time to -time any lands which may be donated to the United States for such -purposes. It also stated that the Secretary of the Interior may -authorize exchange of non-federal lands in the park for certain public -lands of equal value outside the park. Finally, the bill provided that a -sum not exceeding $5,000 annually be appropriated by Congress for the -maintenance and improvement of the park, if the State of South Dakota -made an equal contribution. After the bill was read, it was referred to -the Committee of Public Lands and Surveys.[75] - -On the same day, Congressman Williamson introduced a bill (H.R. 11514) -in the House of Representatives, identical to the first one submitted by -Norbeck in the Senate. This bill was referred to the Committee on the -Public Lands and ordered to be printed.[76] No further action was taken -on either the Norbeck or Williamson bills in the 67th Congress. - -However, in October 1922 President Harding issued an executive order -temporarily withdrawing all public lands in the seven townships to be -included in the proposed park for the purpose of classifying them -“pending enactment of appropriate legislation.”[77] The total area -within the seven townships was about 161,000 acres, of which 35,410 were -classified as vacant.[78] - -On March 3, 1923, Congressmen Christopherson and Williamson presented -memorials from “the Legislature of the State of South Dakota urging -Congress to set aside the Bad Lands as a national park....”[79] - -In December 1923, in the 68th Congress, Williamson again introduced a -bill (H.R. 2810) to establish Wonderland National Park. This proposal -was identical to the one he and Norbeck introduced in the preceding -Congress.[80] Like the earlier bill it, too, died in committee. - -If the Norbeck papers, now at the University of South Dakota, are any -indication of the public support the Senator received for his park -proposal, only a few people in the early 1920’s shared his views. -Attorney General Byron S. Payne of South Dakota, Professor W.C. -Toepelman of the University of South Dakota Geology Department, and W.H. -Tompkins of the U.S. Land Office in Rapid City, all endorsed the -Wonderland National Park proposal.[81] However, at that time the -highways were relatively undeveloped. The automobile industry and -tourism were both in their infancies. It was to take nearly another -decade to gain the support of local and state chambers of commerce and -other promotional groups for national parks and monuments. - -It appears that the National Park Service did not give Norbeck -encouragement for his idea of a national park in the Badlands. In a -letter to a constituent in May 1924, the Senator wrote: - - ... regarding the Bad Lands National Park, [I] will state that the - Park Service here will not approve a bill of that kind,—and therefore, - we can not secure the legislation. They are, however, willing to - approve the plan of having it designated by the President as a - “National Monument”. In practice, this means nearly the same thing, so - Congressman Williamson and I have come to an agreement that we are - going to accept that plan and work it out that way.[82] - -Nevertheless, Norbeck continued to work for a national park instead of a -national monument. - -To insure that he would include the most scenic parts of the region in -the proposed park, Norbeck made frequent trips there. In answer to a -constituent’s letter, he wrote in November 1927, “I have visited the Bad -Lands every year for sixteen years. A year ago I spent four or five days -in them and this year I have made five trips into that area.”[84] During -1927 a number of eastern newspapers carried photographs of the Badlands -in their Sunday photo sections.[85] - - [Illustration: Figure 14 VAMPIRE PEAK, 1930’s - - Located near the present national monument visitor center, the peak - has since lost its spires to erosion. According to local tradition - the presence of bats around the formation caused J.I. Peterkin, a - traveling artist, to give it this name around 1915.[83]] - -In the late 1920’s Badlands visitors who arrived from the east via -Kadoka or Cottonwood probably used Cedar Pass. The narrow and -precipitous route through Cedar Pass was aptly described by one of those -early visitors: - - The passes become more crooked and the grades more steep. The road is - bordered by profuse scrub cedar trees. There is a thrill in that - drive! At first it looks dangerous, but the danger seems to minimize - as we approach each more steep and more crooked and more narrow - section. By taking it slowly the risk is small.[86] - -The route passed the new Cedar Pass Camp (now Cedar Pass Lodge) and took -visitors to the railroad town of Interior where they may have spent some -time at Palmer’s Curio shop and at Henry Thompson’s souvenir stand which -he called “The Wonderland.” From Interior visitors traveled west over -the Washington Highway to the railroad town of Scenic. In the late -1920’s the Museum Filling Station in Scenic was widely known for its -collection of Badlands fossils and Indian artifacts. They also provided -guide services to visitors desiring to see Badlands features located off -the road. Rapid City was reached by traveling northwest over 45 miles of -good dirt road—except during rains.[87] - -Support for the park proposal grew in the late 1920’s. In October 1927 -the Wonderland Hiway Association, in a letter to Senator Norbeck, wrote: - - At a meeting of the Wonderland Hiway Association, an orgization [sic] - comprising the business men and local residenters [sic] of the Towns - through the Bad Lands, It was resolved; That the Association would ask - and petition the State Hiway Commission ... for a State Hiway, - Starting from Kadoka, West over Cedar Pass to Interior, S. Dak. West - through The Bad Lands to Scenic over Hiway #40 and from Scenic to - Hermosa, S. Dak., Providing a sutable [sic] location can be found.[88] - -The State Highway Commission gave the proposal its wholehearted -support.[89] - -The National Park Service, however, continued to oppose the area as a -national park on two grounds. For one thing much of the land was in -private ownership. Senator Norbeck explained in a 1927 letter: - - The Park program is not as easy as it seems on account of so much of - the land having gone into Private ownership. The Federal Government - will not purchase land for park purposes. They never have. The State - must and that will come slow.[90] - -In the second place, the National Park Service believed that the area -was more suitable as a national monument. The Senator continued in the -same letter: - - The Park Service is opposed to making it a National Park as they try - to limit the Parks to the areas that are principally recreational. - They would favor a plan to make the Bad Lands a “National - Monument.”[91] - -Despite the objections of the Service to the Senator’s park proposal, -Norbeck’s continued desire for a national park in the Badlands was -stated in a letter written in November 1927 to Hubert Work, Secretary of -the Interior: - - The Congressional delegation from this state will be united in an - effort to create a Bad Lands National Park in South Dakota. If this is - impossible they will desire to have certain areas set aside as - national monuments.[92] - -In April 1928 Norbeck wrote Representative Williamson asking him to help -draft a bill for the park. The first part of the bill, Norbeck -indicated, would “include the Badlands Wall proper, from a point about 4 -miles east of Interior to a point 12 or 14 miles southwest of Wall.”[93] -The establishment of the park would be contingent on the building of a -road by the State through the proposed area and the State acquiring 90 -percent of the privately owned lands within it. The second part of the -bill would authorize a national monument which would include Sheep -Mountain and the surrounding area, some six to seven miles southwest of -Scenic. The authorization of this area would be conditional upon the -construction of a highway from Scenic to the Pine Ridge Indian -Reservation and acquisition of the lands within the proposed monument by -the State of South Dakota. The third portion of the bill would authorize -the abandonment of Wind Cave National Park![94] - -The bills as finally presented to Congress by Norbeck and Williamson -were somewhat different from the one which the Senator planned. - -During the first session of the 70th Congress, Norbeck and Williamson -introduced identical legislation in their respective houses on May 8, -1928, to set aside the Badlands as a national park. Norbeck introduced -S. 4385, “A Bill To establish Teton National Park in the State of South -Dakota....” The bill authorized the Secretary of the Interior, through -negotiation, to exchange privately owned lands within the proposed park -for public lands of equal value outside. The bill contained a provision -that when 90 percent of the privately owned lands within the proposed -area had been acquired without expense to the federal treasury and -transferred to the government for park purposes, the park would be set -aside for the people, “... Provided, That the State of South Dakota -shall have first constructed” approximately 40 miles of suitable road to -specified points inside and outside the proposed park.[95] - - [Illustration: Figure 15 SENATOR PETER NORBECK - (1870-1936)] - -Norbeck’s bill was referred to the Committee on Public Lands and -Surveys. On May 19 the bill was reported out without amendment. The -accompanying report (No. 1246) gave a strong endorsement to the -proposal.[96] On May 23, the bill was considered as in Committee of the -Whole and passed the Senate.[97] - -However, in the House where Williamson had introduced an identical bill -(H.R. 13618), the park proposal ran into trouble. In a circular letter -dated November 7, 1928, the National Parks Association claimed that the -proposed Teton National Park had not been examined for standards by the -National Park Service before the Senate acted on the proposal and that -the bill was hurried through that body. Asserting that the proposed area -was reported below standard by the National Park Service, the -association charged: - - Neither of these Senators [Norbeck and Nye], nor the Public Lands - Committee which reported the bill and resolution, nor the Senate - sessions which carelessly passed them, discussed the national aspects - of this legislation. They did not consider the plan and standards of - the national system which Congress had been building unit by unit, - each painstakingly chosen, since 1872. They ignored the half century - Congressional custom of awaiting the report of the Interior - Department, to which Congress had entrusted the System’s shaping from - the beginning. They ignored the American people’s enthusiastic - interest in the plan and purpose of this unique world-famous - institution, and its insistence in recent years upon park selection by - the expert National Park Service.... - - Thoughtlessness, apparently, but in practice this amounts to localism - defying national aspirations. It seriously threatens national park - standards.[98] - - [Illustration: Figure 16 BEN MILLARD (1872-1956)] - -In a letter to Robert S. Yard, Executive Secretary of the association, -Senator Norbeck accused the association of sending out a misleading -report: - - You criticise me for introducing and securing action in the Senate on - a bill fifteen days after it was introduced and especially in view of - the fact that it had not been investigated by the National Park - Service. - - You could truthfully have said that this legislation has been pending - for a great many years—at least five years. - - You could also have said that I have been trying all these years to - get the Park Service to investigate the proposed area. - - You could also have added that the Government land in this area was - withdrawn by Presidential Proclamation many years ago in anticipation - of park legislation. Why carry the idea that it was all a fifteen day - affair when it is all of five years? It would be a hard rule to apply - that the failure of the Park Service to investigate an important - project should preclude a member of Congress from taking any action - whatever.... - - You also state that the project has been investigated by the Park - Service and reported adversely. It is an astonishing fact that the - knowledge of such reports should be withheld from me. Therefore, I - doubt very much that any report has been made. I therefore wired the - Park Service, asking who made the report and when. I have no - response.[99] - -Acting Director Arthur E. Demaray of the National Park Service, -meanwhile, wrote Norbeck advising him that the Service had never -prepared an official report on the park proposal and that the statement -by the association that the proposed park was “reported below standard -by the National Park Service” was without authority.[100] - -In the House of Representatives where the proposal was considered in the -second session, the bill (S. 4385) underwent substantial revision. After -being considered by the Committee on the Public Lands, it was reported -out with amendments on February 19, 1929.[101] The revised bill changed -the boundary of the proposed area, reducing it from 69,120 acres to -about 50,760 acres[102] (50,830 acres according to another source[103]). -The name was changed from Teton National Park to Badlands National -Monument. It modified the requirements for the road which the state had -to construct from 40 miles to 30 miles of total length. The requirement -that 90 percent of the privately owned lands had to be acquired before -the park could be established was dropped. Instead, it was now at the -discretion of the Secretary of the Interior to decide when enough -privately owned lands within the proposed boundary had been purchased so -that the area could be proclaimed a national monument by the President. -As before, the bill stipulated that the lands would have to be acquired -without cost to the federal treasury. The amended bill had a new -provision that the Department of the Interior could grant hotel and -lodge franchises in advance of the fulfillment of the conditions.[104] - -The amended bill was considered by the Committee of the Whole House on -February 25, six days after the Committee on the Public Lands had acted -on it. Two additional amendments were offered on the floor of the House -and were accepted. The idea that the Secretary of the Interior could -decide when enough privately owned land had been purchased so that the -area could be proclaimed as a national monument was dropped in favor of -requiring all privately owned land within the proposed boundary be -purchased before the area could be established. The provision giving the -Department of the Interior authority to grant franchises in advance of -the establishment of the national monument was also deleted. This -amended form passed the House of Representatives on the same day, -February 25.[105] - -When the House act was referred to the Senate on the next day, Norbeck -asked his colleagues not to concur with the amended proposal. He asked -instead that the modified bill be considered in a conference committee -of the House and Senate.[106] On March 2, the conference committee -recommended that the two amendments that were attached to the bill on -the floor of the House on February 25 be dropped, returning the bill to -the form it had when it was originally reported out on February 19.[107] - -On the same day, March 2, the final bill was passed by both houses.[108] -Known as Public Law No. 1021, the act authorizing Badlands National -Monument was approved by President Calvin Coolidge on March 4, 1929. The -signing of the act took place on the last day of Coolidge’s term as -President of the United States.[109] - -The area authorized under this act (45 Stat. 1553) included 50,830.40 -acres; of this amount, 39,893.85 acres were in the public domain. The -remainder was state land or privately owned land.[110] - -It is interesting to note that Senator Norbeck introduced a new bill (S. -5779) to establish Badlands National Monument on February 11, 1929. It -was identical with the House amendments proposed for S. 4385 which were -later reported out by the Committee on the Public Lands on February 19. -The new bill, after being referred to the Committee on Public Lands and -Surveys, was returned on February 20 with Senate Report 1842.[111] -Meanwhile, Williamson introduced H. 17102 in the House, which was -identical to S. 5779; it was referred to the Committee on the Public -Lands.[112] Both of these bills died without further consideration. - - [Illustration: Figure 17 THE PINNACLES - CONCESSION - - Operating since about 1935, this development was run on a seasonal - basis. It offered summer visitors a few accommodations, souvenirs, - refreshments, and gasoline until abandoned in 1950. The buildings - were removed shortly afterward.[118]] - - - - - THE DEPRESSION YEARS - - -Among local persons who worked hard toward the establishment of Badlands -National Monument after it was authorized in 1929 were Ben H. Millard, -the original owner of Cedar Pass Lodge; A.G. Granger of Kadoka; Leonel -Jensen, local rancher; Ted E. Hustead, owner and operator of the -well-known Wall Drug Store; and Dr. G.W. Mills of Wall.[113] - -Of these individuals, Mr. Millard made the greatest contribution to the -establishment and development of the national monument. Born September -15, 1872, in Minnesota, he moved to South Dakota in 1893 with his -parents. Millard entered the banking business in Sanborn County in 1899. -In 1917 he sold his banking interests and entered the State of South -Dakota Banking Department. On an assignment to Philip, South Dakota, -Millard first saw the Badlands and became interested in them. He left -the Banking Department and moved into the Badlands in 1927, homesteading -below Cedar Pass on the present site of Cedar Pass Lodge, which he later -built and operated.[114] - -Millard worked closely with Senator Norbeck on development plans for the -proposed Badlands National Monument. From September 1934 through July -1936, he was employed as a local Resettlement Administration project -manager. In this capacity he was responsible for federal acquisition of -private lands, most of which later became part of the national monument -after it was established in 1939. The alignment of the first Badlands -road, alternate U.S. 16, was largely a result of his ideas. In 1931 he -selected what he believed to be the most scenic route, and staked it out -with the aid of his employee, E.N. “Curley” Nelson (who returned to the -Badlands in 1964 to become the first concessioner of Cedar Pass Lodge). -Millard and his sister, Mrs. Clara Jennings, and later his son, Herbert, -operated the Pinnacles concession from about 1935 to 1950.[115] Three -important parcels of land were donated by Millard to the NPS in 1941, -1946, and 1955 for inclusion in Badlands National Monument.[116] Millard -died at Cedar Pass Lodge in March 1956. - -In special ceremonies on June 28, 1957, Millard Ridge, a prominent -portion of the Badlands wall six-tenths of a mile long just east of -Cedar Pass, was named and dedicated to his memory.[117] - -In 1929 western South Dakota, in common with most of the farm belt, had -been suffering almost a decade from the deflation which followed World -War I. Both farmers and ranchers had been unable to fulfill obligations -assumed during an earlier period of high prices. Many of the banks of -the state were forced to close.[119] - -With the beginning of the Great Depression in the fall of 1929, -conditions became increasingly worse. A combination of disasters which -included grasshopper infestations, crop failures, and drought struck the -country. The south central and western counties of the state were most -severely affected by these disasters.[120] - -Several government programs on both the federal and state levels were -authorized to assist those in need. The NPS made use of a number of -these programs in various ways during the 1930’s. - -In November 1934, NPS Director Arno B. Cammerer recommended to Secretary -of the Interior Harold L. Ickes that additional area be approved for -inclusion in the proposed Badlands National Monument. He contended that -the proposed additions, which included a portion of Sheep Mountain, were -as outstanding as the area originally authorized by Congress in 1929. -Wildlife problems and administrative difficulties of the originally -proposed area would be lessened by the change in boundary.[121] - -In order to implement the proposed boundary change Mr. Cammerer -recommended (1) that the President should be asked to issue an Executive -Order withdrawing all public lands involved; (2) that all privately -owned lands be acquired through an existing federal government relief -program; and (3) that the next session of Congress be asked to establish -the Badlands National Monument with the boundaries now recommended.[122] - -The Secretary of the Interior approved the proposal for the boundary -extension and in the same month President Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered -that all unreserved and unappropriated public lands in Pennington, -Jackson, Fall River, and Custer Counties be - - temporarily withdrawn from settlement, location, sale, or entry, for - classification and use as a grazing project pursuant to the - submarginal land program of the Federal Emergency Relief - Administration.[123] - -By January 1, 1935, the NPS had already obtained options for 23,000 -acres from private land owners living within the proposed boundary -extension area. This work was being done under the auspices of the Land -Program section of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) -which had been authorized by Congress in 1933.[124] - -Early in April 1935, the NPS completed the “Final Report on the Badlands -National Monument Extension Project, South Dakota R-1.” The report -included both the area previously authorized under Public Law 1021 and -the proposed extension. The area, to be known as the Badlands -Recreational Demonstration Project, would include 119,557.88 acres, of -which 72,316.22 were privately owned. The proposed boundary extension -received the support of Governor Tom Berry, Senator Norbeck, President -C.C. O’Harra of the South Dakota School of Mines, and a number of -prominent geologists, naturalists, educators, and others.[125] - -In a letter to Harry L. Hopkins, FERA Administrator, on April 15, 1935, -Acting Secretary of the Interior T.A. Walters wrote: - - I hereby recommend for purchase certain lands for a project known as - the Badlands National Monument Extension in Jackson, Pennington, - Washington and Washabaugh Counties, South Dakota, proposed by the - National Park Service of this Department for the conservation and - development of the natural resources of the United States, within the - meaning of Section 202 of Title II of the National Industrial Recovery - Act, pursuant to which funds have been allotted and transferred to the - Land Program, Federal Emergency Relief Administration.[126] - -Secretary Walters further stated that this project came within the -classification of lands as stated in a memorandum to him dated July 16, -1934. In it the Director of the Land Program said: - - Demonstration Recreational Projects: These include projects in which - the land to be purchased is to be used primarily for recreational - purposes, as submitted by the National Park Service, Department of the - Interior.[127] - -The Secretary of the Interior recommended that the Badlands National -Monument Extension be accepted as a Demonstration Recreational Project -of the Land Program, FERA. The project was approved and adopted by the -Land Program. The NPS expected that the cost of all the lands considered -would not average more than $2.66 per acre.[128] - -Meanwhile, President Roosevelt, by a series of executive orders, created -the Resettlement Administration, an independent agency, and transferred -to it the land and related activities of the FERA. The Resettlement -Administration operated until the end of 1936 when its powers, -functions, and duties were transferred to the Secretary of Agriculture. -Later, the name “Resettlement Administration” was changed to the Farm -Security Administration.[129] - -The work of appraising, securing options on, and purchasing private -lands, begun under the submarginal land program of the FERA, continued -under the Resettlement Administration. - -In a 1935 letter to Assistant NPS Director Conrad L. Wirth, Senator -Norbeck pointed out some of the problems and drawbacks of the land -acquisition program by writing: - - The land varies a great deal in quality, and the poor lands are being - obtained for the scheduled price, but the good lands are not. - -He went on to say that - - A very large percentage of this land, maybe thirty to fifty per cent, - is on the tax delinquency list, with about four years of taxes. The - price offered is less than the taxes held against the land, and the - owner is not anxious to sell if he cannot get a nickel out of it.... - - Considerable of these lands, however, have already been abandoned by - the owner on account of the amount of taxes due.[130] - -Counties were reluctant to sell land to the federal government because -this would mean withdrawal from the tax lists, thus reducing the -counties’ incomes. Norbeck recommended that the federal government pay -more for the land by a “boost of one dollar an acre....”[131] Meetings -were being held in various parts of the region to protest the low prices -being offered.[132] - -The desperate situation of the times was expressed well in a letter -dated September 2, 1935, from a local rancher’s wife who wrote: - - After 6 years [of] crop failures on the so called submarginal land of - Western South Dakota we are facing financial disaster unless we sell - our land to the government.[133] - - [Illustration: Figure 18 CEDAR PASS WINTER - WONDERLAND] - -During the same month, the average price being offered per acre was -$2.85.[134] - -To gain Congressional approval for the boundary extension of the -proposed Badlands National Monument, the proponents secured the -attachment of a rider to the Taylor Grazing Bill revision authorizing -the enlargement. The grazing bill was vetoed in 1935 although there was -no opposition to the rider.[135] - -The bill was reintroduced the following year and was passed. Approved -June 26, 1936 (49 Stat. 1979), the law authorized the President to round -out the authorized national monument boundary by proclamation within -five years and stipulated that the entire area could not exceed 250,000 -acres. Lands to be included must be “adjacent or contiguous thereto, ... -including, but not being restricted to, lands designated as submarginal -by the Resettlement Administration....”[136] This law gave the NPS -sufficient flexibility in fixing a suitable boundary. - -Norbeck worked tirelessly in promoting every aspect of the area’s -development until his death in December 1936. He actively participated -in securing aid from various governmental relief agencies for the land -acquisition program of the area, and for building roads, erecting -buildings, and other purposes.[137] - -As early as February 1935 Governor Tom Berry of South Dakota urged -Secretary Ickes to establish the national monument formally through a -presidential proclamation. He pointed out that the basic conditions of -Public Law 1021 had been met: (1) a 30-mile highway, built at a cost of -approximately $320,000, starting at Interior and going over Big Foot -Pass and on to Sage Creek, was completed in 1935 by the state and -approved by the NPS; (2) the state had acquired such privately owned -lands within the area as were required by the Secretary of the -Interior.[138] - -However, NPS Director Cammerer deferred making such a recommendation -until some 9,780 acres of state lands, located within the authorized -national monument boundary, had been transferred to the Service.[139] - -Also, it was not until three years later, in 1938, that the United -States formally accepted title to 1,395.79 acres of land donated by the -trustees of the Custer State Park board who acted as purchasing agents -for the State of South Dakota. Senator Norbeck had been a member of this -board. The land was purchased from private owners with funds authorized -by the state legislature for the expressed purpose of fulfilling partial -requirements of Public Law 1021. Cost to the state was approximately -$12,000 for 1,280 acres of this donated land.[141] - -By early July 1938 Director Cammerer considered that South Dakota had -met all the conditions of Public Law 1021. Under this act the federal -government had acquired title to about 48,000 acres of the 50,830 -authorized. Within the extension authorized by the act of June 26, 1936, -the NPS included an additional 97,976 acres. In all, the boundary -recommended by the Service included some 148,806 acres (later revised to -150,103.41, and still later revised again to 154,119.46 acres for the -same amount of land[142]) of which the government owned 113,578.59 -acres. Director Cammerer therefore asked the Secretary of the Interior -to approve the establishment of the national monument and that a -proclamation be submitted to the President for final approval.[143] On -January 25, 1939, President Roosevelt formally proclaimed the -establishment of Badlands National Monument.[144] It became the 77th -national monument and the 151st area in the federal park system which is -administered by the National Park Service.[145] - - [Illustration: Figure 19 UPPER (PINNACLES) - TUNNEL, 1938 - - This 175-foot by 16-foot tunnel was located in the national monument - about two miles southeast of the present Pinnacles Ranger Station. - It and Lower (Norbeck) Tunnel, situated about three miles west of - Cedar Pass Lodge near the base of Norbeck Pass, were in use only - about four years before being obliterated.[140]] - -The complicated land-ownership pattern in the national monument along -with grazing would plague the NPS for years. When the area was -proclaimed in 1939, the NPS administered substantial tracts of land -outside the national monument’s boundary. These tracts were located in -the land utilization projects of the Department of Agriculture’s Soil -Conservation Service. On the other hand, the SCS had land utilization -tracts under its jurisdiction within the boundary.[146] - - - - - EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONAL MONUMENT - - -Under the general direction of the NPS, various relief agencies such as -the Emergency Relief Administration (ERA), the Resettlement -Administration, the Works Progress Administration (WPA), and the -Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) worked on development projects in the -area. Only a few scattered reports are now available on the work of -these agencies. About 150 persons were employed at the area in January -1937 on such projects as resurfacing, backsloping, ditching, and grading -roads.[147] This included major reconstruction of the Sheep Mountain -Canyon road, completed the same year.[148] - -One project of interest completed June 30, 1940 by ERA labor, under the -Public Roads Administration, was the obliteration of two tunnels along -the Pinnacles-Cedar Pass road. They were constructed during the first -half of the 1930’s (see Figure 19) when the road was built by the State -of South Dakota; the road was completed in 1935. The tunnels proved to -be impractical because of inadequate width and maintenance -problems.[149] - -In July 1940 the ERA project in the area was discontinued. Among the -types of work accomplished since July 1, 1938, when the project was -initiated, were the construction of five project headquarters buildings, -prospecting for water on the national monument, the development of a -well near the site of the old Pinnacles Checking Station, and ten road -jobs which included road construction, widening, graveling, building -culverts, and banksloping. The construction of parking overlooks, and -the obliteration of buildings and clearing of 16 farmstead tracts, also -took place during that time.[150] - -During the 12 months between July 1939 and July 1940, the ERA project -employed an average of 150 relief workers.[151] - -Since the national monument is located a relatively short distance from -Wind Cave National Park, the older area co-ordinated the business of -Badlands during its early years. On August 11, 1939, Chief Ranger Howard -B. Stricklin of Wind Cave became acting custodian of the newly -designated area and was later placed in charge of the local ERA and CCC -projects.[152] Although the ERA project was terminated in July 1940, the -CCC work continued until June 1942.[153] - -When Stricklin arrived to take charge, there were no living quarters of -any kind in the area. He lived at the CCC camp at Quinn Table while his -family remained at Wind Cave. Temporary offices were established in Wall -pending a decision regarding the location of permanent -headquarters.[154] - -Considerable thought was given to the selection of a headquarters site. -For a time the Pinnacles area was considered.[155] However, in late 1939 -it was finally decided to locate the center of operations at Cedar -Pass.[156] This decision was due, in part, to the offer by Mr. Ben H. -Millard, owner of Cedar Pass Lodge, - - to donate approximately 28 acres of strategically located land in the - Cedar Pass area to the Service to be used as a headquarters area.[157] - - [Illustration: Figure 20 CEDAR PASS LODGE, - early 1930’s - - The lodge was begun in 1928 at about the same time the large dance - pavillion building in the background was constructed. People from as - distant as Rapid City came here to dance to the music of Lawrence - Welk and other name bands. More cabins for the lodge were built from - its lumber when the pavillion was removed in about 1934.[159]] - -The Department of the Interior accepted Millard’s donation in May -1941.[158] - -The decision to develop the Cedar Pass area for headquarters greatly -altered development plans. The CCC enrollees numbering 207 in February -1940 were encamped at Quinn Table some 35 miles west of Cedar Pass. -Since much of the development was taking place at Cedar Pass, it was -necessary to drive them between these two points each day.[160] - -One of the great handicaps of Cedar Pass as a headquarters area was the -lack of water. To develop a satisfactory supply, the NPS found it -necessary to go to the White River, three miles south. One of the major -projects undertaken soon after selecting the headquarters site was to -dig a trench and lay pipe to the river. Since this stream is -intermittent above ground, but has a dependable subsurface flow, water -was collected in perforated pipes laid on hard clay and shale about -eight feet below the river bed. The pipe brought water to a sump on the -river bank where it was pumped to a 100,000-gallon storage tank above -the headquarters area.[161] Work was begun on this reservoir in April -1940 and completed by the CCC in September 1941. At the same time the -CCC also erected a checking station at Pinnacles which Stricklin and his -family occupied from November 15, 1940, until about May 15, 1943.[162] - -Handicapped by the location of the original CCC camp at Quinn Table, a -new camp was authorized at Cedar Pass and work on it began in June 1941. -Five months later the new camp was occupied.[164] - -At that time the only visitor-contact point in the Cedar Pass area was -at Cedar Pass Lodge. During the summer season Mr. Millard lectured -nightly to lodge guests on the geologic history of the Badlands, thereby -initiating interpretive programs. He also showed movies of the Badlands -and other scenic areas. A temporary park ranger, who checked travel in -the Cedar Pass area during the day, took part in the evening -programs.[165] - - [Illustration: Figure 21 PINNACLES RANGER - STATION AND CHECKING STATION, 1941 - - Completed in 1941, the ranger station also served as quarters until - January 1965 when the new Pinnacles ranger station-residence was - completed. The checking station was removed about 1958 to make way - for road improvement, and the old ranger station was razed in April - 1967.[163]] - -The problem of stock grazing in the national monument grew increasingly -worse during the 1940’s. The acting custodian complained early in 1940: - - Until the boundary is fenced and we are in a better position to know - what is private and what is monument land, there appears to be very - little that can be done to prevent this.[166] - -In December 1941 he wrote in a similar vein: - - During past winters it has been the practice of local stockmen to - allow herds of horses and cattle to drift into the monument area to - graze unrestrictedly over public as well as private lands and along - the monument highways. There is such a large amount of private and - county-owned land within the monument boundaries (31,000 acres out of - a total of 150,000) that it is difficult to restrain stock from - grazing on National Park Service land as well as on the land that is - owned or leased by private individuals.[167] - -It soon became obvious that Badlands National Monument would be a -popular attraction because of its location near U.S. Highways 14 and 16, -both well-known national highways going through the Black Hills. In 1941 -there were 70.02 miles of road in the national monument. Of this, 61.52 -miles were constructed by the state and 8.5 miles by the federal -government; 29.87 miles were graveled and 40.15 were dirt roads.[168] - -Although the roads through the area were only partially developed, -thousands of travelers turned off the through highways to view the -scenic Badlands. - -Stricklin reported in September 1941: - - More than a quarter of a million visitors had passed through Badlands - National Monument by the close of the travel season on September 30, - representing an increase of approximately 30 percent over the previous - year, for the period during which an actual count was made.[169] - -The entrance of the United States into World War II in December 1941 had -a great impact on the area and its operations. Since many of the CCC -enrollees would be absorbed into the armed forces, the project work soon -came to an end. The acting custodian reported in the spring of 1942, “On -March 25, after two years and five months of productive work in Badlands -National Monument, CCC Camp Badlands, NP-3 [located at Cedar Pass], was -abandoned.”[170] Work was continued on several projects undertaken at -Camp Badlands by a CCC side camp with the view toward completing the -projects or leaving them “in such condition that the facilities involved -may be used, and the materials, all of which have been on hand for some -time, may be protected against deterioration and loss.”[171] However, -the side camp was also closed in the following June, leaving practically -all of the construction projects in various states of completion.[172] -In December 1942 most of the CCC buildings at Cedar Pass were dismantled -and removed by the armed services.[173] - -Another result of the nation’s entrance into the war was a sharp drop in -visitors to the Badlands. Stricklin wrote in June 1942 that “Most of -these visitors appeared to be genuine vacationists ... [who] had a -vacation coming, and were trying to get it in before gas rationing -became nation-wide.”[174] He estimated that travel in March 1943 was 87 -percent under that for March 1942, and that “All foreign [out-of-state] -visitor cars stopping for information were headed for defense jobs, or -were military personnel, changing their headquarters from one part of -the country to another.”[175] The effect of the war on travel to the -national monument is reflected in the travel figures of the area for the -years from 1941 to 1945. (See Appendix A.) - -Efforts at the national monument during the war were devoted largely to -preventive maintenance. Changing his headquarters from Pinnacles to -Cedar Pass in June 1943, Stricklin was able to give closer attention to -the headquarters area.[176] Such routine tasks as filling washouts, -cleaning ditches, reclaiming gravel, cutting roadside weeds, repairing -guard rails, cleaning up debris, and temporary patching of roads -occupied most of the staff’s time. Other tasks, such as repairing water -lines, painting signs, keeping the buildings in repair, and servicing -and repairing the area equipment also required much attention.[177] The -cottage that the custodian and his family rented from Millard at Cedar -Pass was destroyed by fire on November 27, 1943.[178] - - [Illustration: Figure 22 CEDAR PASS, June 1950 - - The buildings of Cedar Pass Lodge can be seen behind the white frame - structure, which served as a visitor center and headquarters until - 1959. Remnants of two spires on Vampire Peak remain on the left. It - was observed on November 22, 1950, that one of the two spires of - this famous landmark had fallen, apparently during a thunder - storm.[189]] - -During the ten years following the end of World War II, there was slow -progress in the area’s development. Work on the custodian’s residence at -Cedar Pass, begun in 1941, was completed in 1946.[179] Early in 1953 two -additional houses, both prefabricated, were completed.[180] In January -1948 commercial power was brought to Cedar Pass and Interior with the -completion of a single-phase power line by the Rural Electrification -Administration.[181] The Northwestern Bell Telephone Company extended -telephone service to the national monument headquarters in September -1952.[182] (This service was officially taken over by the Golden West -Telephone Cooperative, Inc., in October 1960.)[183] - -During the travel seasons of 1946 and 1947 there was much adverse -criticism of the national monument roads. The maintenance equipment was -in poor condition and usually undergoing repairs when most needed.[184] -In the summer of 1948 about 4 miles of road was black-topped between the -Cedar Pass junction and Norbeck Pass; this represented the first paving -of U.S. Route 16A in the national monument.[185] The present northeast -entrance road, about 3½ miles long, was completed in October 1951. It -opened up a new area of the Badlands known as the Window Section.[186] -This road was made possible by the donation in 1946 of a 160-acre, -strategically located land parcel by Mr. Ben Millard who had purchased -it from Jackson County in March 1941 for this purpose.[187] - -During the late 1940’s and early 1950’s buildings constructed as -temporary structures in the ERA and CCC period were remodeled and -continued in use for headquarters and utility purposes.[188] - -Both the grazing and the land ownership problems at the national -monument were compounded by the war. With increased rainfall in the -region during the decade of the 1940’s and the rising price of beef, the -situation of the ranchers greatly improved. Under a plan suggested by -Congressman Case in January 1943 to help in the “Beef for Victory -Program,” the Service authorized for the first time in April the -issuance of grazing permits on federally owned grasslands within the -national monument. Under this program, the lands were divided into seven -grazing units. An orderly grazing plan was established with the -cooperation of the Soil Conservation Service.[190] Stricklin was able to -identify and locate all cattle and sheep outfits that claimed to be -using the national monument lands in conjunction with their SCS -allotments.[191] Following the war authorized grazing remained one of -the area’s major management problems for over a decade. - -Stricklin wrote about an interesting sidelight of the grazing problem: - - The roundup and disposal of several hundred head of unclaimed and - so-called wild horses in the Sage Creek basin was a source of much - concern on the part of both ranchers and the Custodian, the ranchers - claiming the wild stallions were enticing away their mares. The - Custodian’s concern was partly because of the damage these herds were - doing to the range, but largely because it was practically the only - program of any kind on which the National Park Service and the - ranchers could even remotely agree. Several roundups were collaborated - in, during which the herds were drastically reduced. Airplanes were - used on at least one of the roundups to flush horses out of the - canyons and keep them from breaking back on their route to Scenic and - the loading chutes. Jack and Mamie Close, ranchers on Quinn Table, - were the leaders among the ranchers in this work.[192] - -Feral horses were eventually eliminated through roundups and returned to -their owners. The last roundup took place in the national monument in -1963.[193] - -With the improvement of their lot, many ranchers who had been destitute -only a few years earlier were in a position to purchase county lands -within the national monument boundary. The custodian reported in April -1943 that practically all such land within the boundary was leased for -grazing and that much of it was recently bought by sheep and cattle -ranchers.[194] In 1946 Stricklin reported a considerable change in land -ownership where much of the land formerly controlled by Pennington -County had passed into private ownership.[195] Later the same year -Jackson County auctioned all of its 3,000 acres of land within the -boundary to private individuals. Practically all of the 14,000 acres -which was owned by the two counties two years earlier had passed into -private ownership.[196] - -The location of the boundary had been a subject of discussion since the -national monument was established in 1939. The area contained a large -acreage of grassland which the Soil Conservation Service believed should -be released for grazing purposes. There was also overlapping -jurisdiction between the two federal agencies.[197] - -After several years of study, the NPS and the SCS arrived at an -understanding on the national monument boundary and mutual land -problems. In 1946 the two agencies signed an agreement known as -Recommended Program of Procedure for boundary adjustment of Badlands -National Monument. The NPS agreed: - -(1) to transfer to the Soil Conservation Service NPS lands outside the - existing national monument boundary in order to compensate for - 1,220 acres the SCS had turned over for inclusion in the national - monument prior to its establishment in 1939; - -(2) to transfer to the SCS equivalent lands (computed on a - livestock-carrying-capacity basis) for lands that were to be - acquired from the SCS by the NPS as the result of revised boundary - studies; - -(3) to transfer to the SCS federal lands which the NPS planned to - eliminate from the national monument to use in exchange for - non-federal lands remaining in the national monument after the - boundary changes were made.[198] - -The plan made it possible to transfer, without legislation, 3,678.19 -acres of NPS lands lying outside the park boundary to the SCS. This was -done by order of the Secretary of the Interior in July 1949.[199] These -lands were acquired under the Resettlement Administration program and, -in 1936 were transferred to the NPS. When Badlands National Monument was -established in 1939, these lands were not within the boundary.[200] - -In order to carry out the main objectives of the plan, Congressional -action was necessary. In 1950 bills (H.R. 7342 and S. 3081) were -introduced in the 81st Congress by Representative Case and Senator -Chandler Gurney to implement the proposed land exchange. H.R. 7342 was -passed by the House without amendment, but later the bill died in the -Senate. The senate bill (S. 3081) was not considered. - -In 1951 Senator Francis H. Case, who had just been elected to that -office, and Congressman E.Y. Berry introduced identical bills (S. 896 -and HR. 3540) in the 82nd Congress. These were similar to the ones -proposed a year earlier. Berry’s bill passed the House on July 2, 1951, -without amendment. The House Act was referred to the Senate Committee on -Interior and Insular Affairs, which recommended that section five of -H.R. 3540 be dropped. This section would have provided authority to -include 4,000 acres of the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in the Sheep -Mountain area provided certain conditions were met. The committee -believed “that a satisfactory solution should be worked out with the -Tribal Council of the Oglala Sioux Tribe of Indians, and any others -interested, before legislation with regard to these lands is -enacted.”[201] The bill in its amended form, including another minor -change recommended by the committee, passed the Senate on January 24, -1952.[202] - - [Illustration: Figure 23 AREA CHANGES IN - BADLANDS NATIONAL MONUMENT[203]] - - Area authorized in 1929 (dashed line) 50,830.40 acres - Area upon establishment in 1939 154,119.46 acres - Area after changes of 1952 122,642.52 acres - Area after changes of 1957 (heavy line) 111,529.82 acres - -Acreage figures are latest available and may be different from figures -which were current during each of the four times the park boundary has -been redesignated. Because of these acreage revisions, additions to and -deletions from the park do not total correctly. - - Badlands National Monument - South Dakota - - One section (1 mile square—640 acres) - Eliminated in 1952 31,442.52 acres - Added in 1952 4,449.29 acres - Eliminated in 1957 11,234.09 acres - Added in 1957 241.39 acres - -Shortly afterwards on February 8, telegrams were sent to Congressmen -Berry, Senator Case, and Senator Karl Mundt by the executive committee -of the tribal council of the Oglala Sioux Tribe. The messages urged the -congressmen to do their best to get Section 5 restored so it would be -possible for the tribe to negotiate with the federal government for -exchange of the land in the Sheep Mountain area for other lands.[204] -The House, however, did not heed this resolution but voted instead to -concur with the Senate’s amended version. The bill became Public Law 328 -after being signed by President Harry S Truman on May 7, 1952.[205] - -Under this law, the Secretary of the Interior was authorized to adjust -and redefine at his discretion the exterior boundary of the national -monument by appropriate reductions or additions. The law specified, -among other things, that the adjusted area could not exceed the existing -154,119 acres.[206] (An official figure of 150,103.41 acres was used as -the total acreage of the area at the time it was proclaimed as a -national monument in 1939. A revised figure, listing 154,119.46 acres -for the same area, was used as the total acreage from about 1943 until -October 1952.[207]) - -Immediately after the bill became law, proposed boundary changes -received considerable attention. Some believed that the area of the -national monument should be reduced. A strong supporter of this view was -the South Dakota Stock Growers Association. It was the organization’s -belief that the size could be reduced by about one-half without -destroying any of its scenic value. They estimated that 3,000 head of -cattle would be without grass if the NPS carried through its plan to -fence the area and eliminate grazing from the national monument. One of -the biggest problems was the large acreage of private lands located -within its boundary. Many ranchers believed that these lands ought to be -eliminated “from the Badlands National Monument wherever a reasonable -boundary adjustment can be made.”[208] Others contended “that all of the -grassland west of Pinnacles [Sage Creek Basin] could be removed from the -Park and that such removal would in no way destroy the attraction to the -tourist.”[209] - -A 1953 memorandum from the Regional Director to NPS Director Conrad L. -Wirth explained how Sage Creek Basin had become largely -government-owned: - - Sage Creek Basin was a submarginal waste in the 1930’s due to - prolonged and severe drought conditions and considerable acreages of - private lands were acquired by the Resettlement Administration in - connection with its submarginal land program.... Other private parcels - became tax delinquent and were ultimately sold to private owners by - Pennington County in the 1940’s. Because of favorable climatic - conditions of the past several years, the basin has recovered from its - condition of the 1930’s; it now contains a considerable acreage of - good grasslands.... We venture the opinion that had vegetative - conditions of the basin in the 1930’s resembled those of today, a - submarginal land program would not have been undertaken so far as the - basin is concerned.[210] - -Owing to the great interest generated by the proposed boundary changes, -the NPS issued a statement in July 1952 giving reasons why it would not -be “advisable to eliminate from the Monument the grasslands west of the -Pinnacles, as suggested by the South Dakota Stock Growers -Association.”[211] It said in part that - - These flatter lands with their cover of native grasses and - wildflowers, typical of the surrounding prairie country, are valuable - for park and wildlife purposes. The preservation of this relatively - small exhibit of native grass is an important responsibility in - itself, since no comparable section of the Great Plains has been set - apart to be preserved in its natural condition.[212] - -The statement also indicated that about 31,700 acres of other lands were -to be eliminated from the national monument, including more than 12,000 -acres of privately owned lands. It indicated that the Soil Conservation -Service agreed to these revisions and that they were “the same as those -which the Congress considered when it authorized boundary revisions by -enacting Public Law 328.”[213] - -On October 3, 1952, Assistant Secretary of the Interior Joel D. Wolfsohn -issued an order revising the boundary of the national monument. The -order showed that 30,802.52 acres, more or less, were “hereby -transferred from the Department of the Interior to the Department of -Agriculture for use, administration, and disposition in accordance with -the provisions of Title III of the Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act....” -This reduced the size of Badlands National Monument, according to the -order, to 121,883.12 acres.[214] - - The Order was performed to provide lands for the Soil Conservation - Service to enable those persons having private land in the monument to - trade for Soil Conservation Service lands outside the monument, and to - make a few administrative adjustments in the monument boundary.[215] - -However, discrepancies in the land records led the NPS to investigate -the status of lands within the former boundary.[216] By late 1953 it was -found that 31,442.52 acres were eliminated from the national monument by -the October 3 order instead of 30,802.52 acres. Of these 12,916.32 acres -were private lands; the remaining 18,526.20 acres were transferred to -the Soil Conservation Service of the Department of Agriculture.[217] - -There were also lands totaling about 4,449 acres added to the national -monument by the October 3 order; these lands included - - “2,581.88 acres of public domain, 336.88 acres of purchased land, - 981.79 acres of Soil Conservation Service land and 548.56 acres of - private land.... The net result of the boundary adjustments was a loss - of 26,993.23 acres of land in Badlands National Monument.”[218] - -Even before the October 3 order was enacted there was already talk about -further reduction of the area boundary. In a memorandum dated December -5, 1952, Director Wirth wrote to the Regional Director in charge of -Badlands National Monument: - - [Illustration: Figure 24 A PORTION OF SAGE - CREEK BASIN - - In 1953 over 25,000 acres were recommended by the NPS for deletion - from this section of the national monument.[219] Later, studies - revealed that the area should be retained. Today it is home for - bison, deer, pronghorn, prairie dogs, and other animals. Sage Creek - Primitive Campground is located in its northwest section.] - - The basis for a final solution [of the boundary problem at Badlands - National Monument] lies in a reassessment and restatement of Monument - objectives and significance. If it is found, as appears likely, that - our chief concern and purpose should be with the badlands formations, - then the boundaries should be drawn accordingly, with due regard for - badlands protection, interpretation and attendant development needs. - If we are to retain some or all of the grasslands, we must have strong - and valid justification for doing so and be prepared to disclose and - defend what specific Monument purposes and uses they are to - serve.[220] - -In order to determine if the grasslands west of Pinnacles should be -kept, the NPS contracted with a number of prominent scientists to make -studies of the area in 1953. Dr. Theodore E. White, a paleontologist -with the Smithsonian Institution, determined in June 1953 whether or not -potentially fossiliferous areas would be excluded by proposed boundary -readjustments.[221] Late that summer archeological investigations were -undertaken by Archeologist Paul L. Beaubien of the NPS Regional Office -in Omaha, Nebraska. He recorded some 30 prehistoric Indian sites and one -historic Indian site believed to have been used by Chief Big Foot’s band -a few days before the infamous battle at Wounded Knee in December -1890.[222] - -Professor F.W. Albertson of Fort Hays Kansas State College submitted a -Report of Study of Grassland Areas of Badlands National Monument in -September. In brief he said, “it seems to me that the Park Service has -an extremely interesting area, which should be preserved for all -interested public through the years to come.”[223] - -Meanwhile, support grew for retention of the boundaries as spelled out -by the October 3, 1952, secretarial order. The Rapid City Chapter of the -Izaak Walton League of America, the South Dakota State Highway -Commission, the South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks, the -Black Hills and Badlands Association, and prominent local persons, -including Sid Soma, Dr. G.W. Mills, Ted Hustead, and Leonel Jensen, all -from the town of Wall, were but a few of the many who advocated -retention of the present boundary.[224] - -Although the South Dakota Stock Growers Association and some local -ranching interests continued to advocate “the transfer of administration -of all grazing lands within the monument not needed for road and -development purposes,” it became evident to these people that opposition -was building up against further acreage reduction in the park.[225] - -In April 1954 the NPS recommended no boundary changes until the problem -was explored further. Director Wirth said: - - it seems apparent that there is a very considerable number of people - ... which strongly support the retention of the Badlands National - Monument not only as a striking example of geological formations, with - areas of paleontological interest, but also for preservation of a - segment of the plains grassland and native wildlife as added - attractions. On the other hand, there is also a difficult problem of - inholdings and grazing complications, with strong sentiment from the - livestock owners for a reduction of the Monument.[226] - -He recommended, among other things, that exchanges of private land -inside the boundary for federal lands outside be pushed vigorously, and -that Dr. Adolph Murie, NPS Biologist, should study the wildlife -possibilities of the national monument.[227] - -In his report Dr. Murie said: - - Badlands National Monument has national significance, first of all - because it is a sample of the Badlands. The values of this monument - are of outstanding significance in the fields of geology, - paleontology, archeology, and biology. The eroded terrain has scenic - value for many, and in Sage Creek Basin and in the section north of - Cedar Pass one finds the atmosphere of the early scene, when this - country was far beyond the frontier.... - - In Sage Creek Basin we have an opportunity to preserve the prairie - dog-blackfooted ferret community, with many other associated species - of the region.... Likewise the rare kit fox may possibly be preserved - in the basin. The value of Sage Creek Basin for preserving these rare - native species is contingent on size and its present size is none too - large.... - - Concerning boundaries in general over the monument it appears that any - eliminations would be harmful to public values. Only in minor details, - in connection with land adjustments, should any territory be - sacrificed. Sage Creek Basin, especially, should not be - reduced....[228] - -Also during the summer of 1954, the NPS requested Dr. James D. Bump, -Director of Museum of Geology of the South Dakota School of Mines and -Technology at Rapid City, to make a geological and paleontological -appraisal of Badlands National Monument. Quotations from his report -point out his strong feelings for the area: - - The Big Badlands of South Dakota, from a paleontological standpoint, - probably constitutes the richest Oligocene region in the world.... - [The quantity of] paleontological materials given up to man over the - past 100 years is of astounding proportions. This prehistorical - treasure represents more than 250 species of the vertebrate life of - thirty million years ago.... - - The Badlands National Monument is a part of the greatest - badland-eroded section in North America.... I can think of no other - geographic area of like-size that has the unusual natural beauty, the - undisturbed plant and animal life and the wealth of scientific - information to offer the public....[229] - -He ended his report by making a number of recommendations, some of which -follow: - - The present boundaries must remain intact. Removal of any lands, - except perhaps some thin scattered fringes, would seriously cripple - future development and greatly reduce the attractiveness of the - Monument.... - - Under no circumstances should any part of the Sage Creek Basin be - withdrawn. Its scientific and natural value cannot be overestimated - and it is my opinion that this section will in the future become one - of the most interesting and educational of the entire Monument.[230] - -As a result of Dr. Murie’s wildlife study and Dr. Bump’s geological and -paleontological appraisal, the Service began formulating definite ideas -in April 1955 concerning further revision of the boundary. An -elimination of 11,124 acres including 4,234 acres of privately owned -lands was proposed. This is only about one-third of the 32,000 acres -which was being widely talked about as a possible reduction in size -during 1953. The larger reduction would have included much of the -grasslands west of Pinnacles. Addition of 4,460 acres, including 3,954 -acres of Pine Ridge Indian Reservation lands and 246 acres of Department -of the Army lands located on the Indian reservation, was also proposed. -Net reduction in area would be about 6,664 acres.[231] - -Since the mid-1930’s there have been various suggestions that a road be -constructed to connect Sage Creek Basin with the Sheep Mountain -locality. Although it was not in the master plan for the national -monument in the 1950’s, planning for the ultimate boundary was done so -that the road could be built if ultimately needed.[232] However, Dr. -Murie recommended against the road proposal in his report.[233] - - [Illustration: Figure 25 BADLANDS NATIONAL - MONUMENT VISITOR CENTER - - Dedicated in 1959, the building houses the national monument’s - administrative offices, exhibits on the Badlands, and a small - theater in which there are narrated slide programs on the highlights - of the Badlands. The facility is open all year.] - -On April 12, 1956, an open meeting was held in Wall, South Dakota, to -discuss proposed boundary changes with ranchers, stockmen, and local -businessmen. No opposition to the proposals was voiced. The meeting also -provided an opportunity for discussion of development plans, including -fencing and grazing matters.[234] - -On March 22, 1957, Acting Secretary of the Interior Hatfield Chilson -issued an order eliminating 11,234.09 acres from the national monument, -of which about 4,000 acres were private land. The total area of Badlands -National Monument was fixed at 111,529.82 acres. This also included an -addition of 240 acres of federal land which, among other things, -increased the utility area at headquarters and provided a much needed -disposal area. An additional 1.39 acres of federal land, located along -the White River three miles south of headquarters, were added, since -water storage tanks and a water pump, all part of the area’s water -system, are located there. More than 7,000 acres of the 11,234.09-acre -reduction were transferred to the Department of Agriculture, under -provisions of the Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act, and became available -for exchange for private land remaining inside the new boundary. As a -result of the secretarial order, there was a net reduction of 10,992.70 -acres in the size of the national monument. The new boundary included -98,486.39 acres in federal ownership and 13,043.43 acres of non-federal -land.[235] Since then, the Service has acquired title to 6,356.71 acres -of the non-federal land within the boundary. As of December 1967 there -were 104,843.10 acres of federal land and 6,686.72 acres of non-federal -land within the boundary of Badlands National Monument.[236] - -On January 2, 1954, the Secretary of Agriculture transferred the Land -Utilization Program, including lands in the vicinity of the national -monument, from the Soil Conservation Service to the U.S. Forest -Service.[237] This, in part, prompted a Program of Procedure for Land -Exchanges, a revision of the Recommended Program of Procedure, to be -drafted. The new agreement was signed in September 1954 by officials of -both services. It states in part that all future land exchanges are to -be handled by the Forest Service. This includes exchanges with private -parties who own land inside the national monument boundary. One -objective of such land exchanges is to eliminate all non-federal lands -from within Badlands National Monument.[238] Since 1954 elimination of -such lands has come about largely through exchanges, although in a few -instances actual purchases were made. - - [Illustration: Figure 26 RIBBON-CUTTING CEREMONY - AT BADLANDS NATIONAL MONUMENT DEDICATION, SEPTEMBER 16, 1959 - - Left to Right: NPS Regional Director Howard Baker, Region Two (now - Midwest Region); Conrad Wirth, NPS Director; Fred Seaton, Secretary - of the Interior; Congressman E.Y. Berry; Mrs. George H. Sholly, - widow of Badlands National Monument Superintendent; Mrs. Ralph - Herseth; and Governor Ralph Herseth of South Dakota.] - -Concurrently with boundary adjustments, the NPS gave considerable -thought to a grazing management plan for the area whereby grazing might -be eliminated without serious hardship to the local ranchers. As a -result the Service presented a plan in May 1948 to grazing permittees -outlining a schedule for the gradual termination of grazing on federally -owned national monument lands by December 31, 1961.[239] - - - - - MISSION 66 DEVELOPMENT - - -In 1956, the National Park Service launched a 10-year park conservation -development program known as Mission 66. This was to have great impact -on the national monument. Under the program an expenditure of nearly -$5,000,000 for roads, trails, buildings, and utilities was planned. -Among the major projects undertaken and completed between 1956 and 1960 -were a realinement and oil surfacing of main roads, the development of -the Conata Picnic Area and the Cedar Pass and Dillon Pass campgrounds, -and the erection of utility and storage buildings, three -multiple-housing units, five employee residences, and an -amphitheater.[240] - -In May 1955 the Millard family donated two tracts of land totaling 18.50 -acres to the NPS. Of this total, 5.85 acres, located in front of Cedar -Pass Lodge, were donated for the right-of-way of the relocated highway; -the remaining 12.65 acres made possible the development of Cedar Pass -Campground.[241] - -The visitor center was completed in May 1959. This large structure -houses the national monument headquarters, interpretive exhibits, and an -audiovisual presentation of the Badlands story.[242] - -The installation of exhibits in the visitor center was essentially -completed by November 1960.[243] Some of the materials used in the -exhibits were donated by a number of individuals and institutions. Mr. -Herbert Millard, son of the late Ben Millard, gave a large mass of sand -calcite crystals now in the Small Wonders Exhibit. Dr. Winter of the -University of South Dakota at Vermillion donated the plant collection in -the Great Plains Grasslands Exhibit. The mounted badger in the Wildlife -of the Grassland Exhibit was a gift from Orville Sandall of Kadoka, -South Dakota. The skull of an Audubon Bighorn, on display above the -Breaks in the Grassland Exhibit, was donated by Willard Sharp of -Interior, South Dakota. In the exhibit showing a number of Indian -artifacts are casts of early-man points donated by the University of -Nebraska State Museum.[244] - -The South Dakota School of Mines and Technology in Rapid City, South -Dakota, donated both the lower jaw and the upper jaw, including skull, -of a fossilized titanothere, which is in the Badlands Bones Exhibit. The -materials for the articulated oreodont fossil in the same exhibit were -also donated by the school. The oreodont fossil is of particular -interest because it was found northwest of Imlay, South Dakota about 100 -feet from where a famous fossilized oreodont with unborn twins was -excavated. The latter fossil is on display at the Museum of Geology at -the school (see Figure 5).[245] - -The first full-time resident park naturalist for Badlands National -Monument was assigned in June 1958 to aid with the local interpretive -program.[246] For a number of years previously, a park naturalist who -had been assigned to Black Hills areas of the NPS also served the -national monument on an irregular basis.[247] - - [Illustration: Figure 27 CLIFF SHELF NATURE - TRAIL - - The loop trail, completed in 1962, is constructed over a geological - slump which has lush plant cover. To acquaint the visitor with the - area’s natural history, a trail leaflet is provided. Here, - naturalist-guided walks are offered daily during the summer - months.[250]] - -On September 16, 1959, following the completion of the visitor center, -the NPS dedicated Badlands National Monument. The featured speaker for -the event was Fred A. Seaton, Secretary of the Interior, who gave the -dedicatory address. Some 350 persons attended the ceremony.[248] - -Tragedy struck a short time prior to the dedication with the sudden -death of Superintendent George H. Sholly on August 19. As a tribute to -him, the new amphitheater was named the George H. Sholly Memorial -Amphitheater.[249] - -After the boundary of Badlands National Monument was redefined by -secretarial order in March 1957, the NPS began a long-range program for -fencing it. The first segment of fencing was completed in 1957. By early -1961 some 108 miles were fenced with 20 miles still to be completed. To -fence non-federal land excluding state land within the national monument -would require an additional 92 miles of fence.[252] - -In December 1961 letters were delivered to all inholding owners and to -all persons who grazed stock within the national monument in that year. -The letters terminated all grazing on federal lands within Badlands, and -gave a short history of grazing in the national monument, the reason for -termination, and the objectives and plans of the Service now that -grazing was no longer permitted. Most of the private land located inside -the boundary was not fenced, so unless steps were taken to fence the -tracts used for grazing, stock would still trespass on federally owned -lands.[253] Superintendent John W. Jay and Chief Park Ranger James F. -Batman attended the legislative-committee meeting of the South Dakota -Stockgrowers Association in Rapid City on November 30, 1961, where the -matter of fencing the inholdings was discussed. Although at the time of -this meeting the Service had no plans to fence any of the private -inholdings, it later decided to assist with the fencing on an equal -cost-sharing basis in the interest of better landowner-Service relations -and in consideration of special situations relating to livestock -management that faced some of the owners of private land in the national -monument.[254] This offer was made to the landowners by letter from -Superintendent Jay dated May 9, 1962. As a result three landowners -accepted the offer.[255] By 1964 all of the inholdings on which grazing -was being done were fenced either on a 50-50 basis or by the individual -owners.[256] - - [Illustration: Figure 28 FOSSIL EXHIBIT TRAIL - - Completed in 1962, this paved trail is unique in that along it are - displayed partially excavated fossils protected by clear plastic - domes. A shelter, located midway along the trail, houses exhibits - which tell a brief story of Badlands fossils.[251]] - -Despite the Service’s hope that grazing on the national monument’s -federally owned land would be terminated at the end of 1961, it -continued. Due to drought conditions of 1961 and early 1962, Congressman -Berry requested on behalf of the ranchers that grazing be continued -during 1962. NPS Director Wirth decided to set up an emergency grazing -program that would include only those ranchers who held permits in 1961. -Accordingly, special-use permits were issued to 26 ranchers during 1962. -This was the last year that grazing was permitted on federally owned -lands in the national monument.[257] - -Some livestock trespassing by local ranchers continued, nevertheless. In -November 1962, the United States Attorney took direct action against -five ranchers who had been in trespass for some time.[258] - -As early as 1919 a U.S. Forest Service report expressed the idea that -“Sage Creek Basin contains a large acreage of land that can be used for -a game preserve for buffalo, elk, deer, antelope and mountain -sheep.”[259] In 1935 the proposed Badlands National Monument plus the -Badlands Recreational Demonstrational Area (most of which was later -included in the national monument when it was established in 1939) were -considered to be favorable localities for the reintroduction of buffalo, -mountain sheep, and pronghorn.[260] - -However, after the national monument was established, the NPS believed -that the area was too small to provide a wildlife range.[261] Dr. -Murie’s report - - recommended that no buffalo be introduced on the monument because of - the artificial conditions under which they would have to be - maintained. If it were deemed desirable to fence an area for buffalo - the most suitable spot would be north of Cedar Pass.[262] - -Concerning bighorn sheep he “recommended that the bighorn be introduced -when the opportunity develops, and that Sheep Mountain Peak be added to -the monument for the use of the bighorn.”[263] - -Pronghorn, commonly referred to as antelope, were seen during the 1940’s -on rare occasions in Badlands National Monument and just outside the -north boundary. However since 1959, 100 or more head have been reported -annually in the national monument. These animals have come from the -outside since there has not been any formal reintroduction of pronghorn -inside the boundary.[264] - - [Illustration: Figure 29 AMERICAN BISON AGAIN - IN THE BADLANDS - - After an absence of about a century, buffalo were reintroduced into - the national monument in 1963. The fast-increasing herd roams - largely in the 45,000 acres of Sage Creek and Tyree Basins.[268]] - - [Illustration: Figure 30 REINTRODUCTION OF - BIGHORN SHEEP, 1964 - - These Rocky Mountain Bighorns are closely related to the now-extinct - Audubon Bighorns.[269]] - -Immediately after grazing was terminated on national monument lands in -1962, the range underwent a remarkable recovery, due to the abundant -rainfall of the 1962 and 1963 seasons. Questions arose as to why the -range was not being utilized. Superintendent Frank Hjort recommended -that bison be reintroduced as a means of getting the wildlife -restoration program underway.[265] - -In November 1963 the first herd of bison, comprised of 28 head from -Theodore Roosevelt National Memorial Park in North Dakota and Fort -Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge in Nebraska, were released in Sage -Creek Basin. In October of the following year, this herd was enlarged by -an additional 25 head from Theodore Roosevelt. The herd has done well -and by the end of 1967 numbered 122 individuals.[266] - -Since 1963 the buffalo have shown that they prefer the remoteness of -Sage Creek Basin and have demonstrated little desire to leave that -area.[267] - -In January 1964 in cooperation with the South Dakota Game, Fish and -Parks Department, bighorn sheep were reintroduced. Twelve head of Rocky -Mountain Bighorns from Colorado were released in a 370-acre holding pen -with the view toward eventually restocking Badlands National Monument -and other parts of South Dakota. This flock was supplemented by ten more -animals the following month.[270] - -Unfortunately, losses were suffered by both adults and lambs during the -first two and one-half years. The situation improved early in 1966 with -no further losses until the summer of 1967 when the peak flock of 27 -individuals suffered a severe setback. In September, when all but 13 had -succumbed to a respiratory infection, the bighorn were released from the -holding pasture. They now roam the rugged Badlands south of Pinnacles -Overlook.[271] - -In February 1964, the NPS purchased Cedar Pass Lodge, together with 72 -acres of the surrounding land, for $275,000 from the Millard family. The -lodge is now being run on a contract basis by a concessioner.[272] - -Increased travel to the area during the years of Mission 66 fully -justified the expanded development program of the national monument. -From 1956 to 1966 the number of visitors increased 65 percent (see -Appendix A). - -Because of this great increase in travel, the summer visitor may find -some of the scenic-overlook parking areas full, the visitor center -crowded, and the nightly campground amphitheater program with “standing -room only.” Since increased visitor use is practically assured in the -foreseeable future, plans are already being made to provide additional -facilities for visitors to Badlands National Monument. - - - - - APPENDIX A - ANNUAL NUMBER OF VISITS TO BADLANDS NATIONAL MONUMENT SINCE ITS - ESTABLISHMENT[273] - - - Year Total Visits Percent increase or decrease - over previous year - - 1938[a] 175,000 - 1939 205,100 17.2 - 1940 190,243 -7.2 - 1941 252,878 32.9 - 1942 87,231 -65.5 - 1943 10,149 -88.4 - 1944 10,349 2.0 - 1945 31,377 203.2 - 1946 230,403 634.3 - 1947 339,843 47.5 - 1948 384,133 13.0 - 1949 373,076 -2.9 - 1950 447,654 20.0 - 1951 607,965 35.8 - 1952 580,902 -4.5 - 1953 658,691 13.4 - 1954 664,997 1.0 - 1955 630,881 -5.1 - 1956 663,246 5.1 - 1957 701,094 5.7 - 1958 810,837 15.7 - 1959 825,184 1.8 - 1960 878,625 6.5 - 1961 833,279 -5.2 - 1962 1,044,768 25.4 - 1963 1,073,971 2.8 - 1964 1,079,837 0.5 - 1965 1,091,261 1.1 - 1966 1,094,754 0.3 - 1967 1,188,666 8.6 - - -[a]The figures for 1938 have not been used to calculate total visitation - to the national monument since the year is before the area was - officially established. - - -Average annual increase in number of visits in the last 15 years has -been about 5%. - -In September 1954, 15½ years after the national monument was -established, the five millionth visit was recorded. A total of ten -million visits was attained just seven years later in July 1961. On -August 16, 1966, Superintendent Frank A. Hjort officially welcomed a -traveler and his family who represented the 15 millionth visit to -Badlands National Monument. At the present rate of travel increase, the -20 millionth visit is expected in 1970. As of December 31, 1967, the -total number of visits to the national monument since its establishment -in 1939 is 16,991,394. - -The NPS travel year has been the same as a regular calendar year since -January 1, 1953. Before that date, the NPS travel year was from October -through September. However, total visits prior to 1953 have been -recalculated to show actual calendar year totals. - - - - - APPENDIX B - CUSTODIANS AND SUPERINTENDENTS of Badlands National Monument[274] - - - 1. Howard B. Stricklin Acting Custodian August 11, 1939-December 31, 1943 - Custodian January 1, 1944-July 18, 1944 - (Military furlough; July 19, 1944-January 13, 1946) - Custodian January 14, 1946-July 13, 1948 - 2. Warren K. Leland Custodian July 19, 1944-March 20, 1945 - 3. Lyle K. Linch Acting Custodian June 22, 1945-January 13, 1946 - 4. John E. Suter Custodian July 27, 1948-December 31, 1948 - John E. Suter Superintendent January 1, 1949-January 8, 1953 - 5. John A. Rutter Superintendent April 12, 1953-November 30, 1957 - 6. George H. Sholly Superintendent January 26, 1958-August 19, 1959[b] - 7. Frank E. Sylvester Superintendent February 15, 1960-October 29, 1960 - 8. John W. Jay, Jr. Superintendent December 11, 1960-October 31, 1962 - 9. Frank A. Hjort Superintendent February 10, 1963-September 23, 1967 - 10. John R. Earnst Superintendent October 22, 1967- - - -[b]Mr. Sholly died from a heart attack on the evening of this date. - - - - - APPENDIX C - PICTURE CREDITS - - -The sources for illustrations used in this publication are shown below. -Dates when each of the photographic illustrations was taken are noted, -if known, in parentheses. Department of the Interior, National Park -Service has been abbreviated to DINPS for use in designating -illustrations supplied by the NPS. The numbers to the left correspond to -figure numbers under the illustrations in the text. - - 1. Report of a Geological Survey of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota; - and incidentally of a portion of Nebraska Territory, 1852, - page 196. - 2. Figure 64, page 127, South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin 13, - November 1920. - 3. Report of a Geological Survey of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota; - and incidentally of a portion of Nebraska Territory, 1852, - between pages 196 and 197. - 4. DINPS (November 20, 1967). Note: The Badlands Natural History - Association is grateful to Mr. Leonel Jensen, local rancher, - for help in locating the site of this trail. It is in S-1/2 - sec. 30, T. 1 S., R. 15 E. of the Black Hills Meridian. - 5. South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South - Dakota. - 6. The Rapid City Daily Journal, Monday, September 27, 1965. - 7. Louis Blumer, Wall, South Dakota (about 1911). - 8. A.E. Johnson, Interior, South Dakota (December 1906). - 9. Ted E. Hustead, Wall Drug Store, Wall, South Dakota (1907). - 10. Plate No. 56B, South Dakota School of Mines Bulletin 13, November - 1920. - 11. Keith Crew, Interior, South Dakota; from a postcard mailed June 5, - 1909. - 12. Leonel Jensen, Wall, South Dakota (fall 1908; Louis J. Jensen - family). - 13. Leslie Crew, Interior, South Dakota; from a postcard mailed - December 19, 1908. - 14. Rise Studio, Rapid City, South Dakota. - 15. Black Hills Studios, Inc., Spearfish, South Dakota. - 16. DINPS. - 17. DINPS. - 18. DINPS (December 6, 1964). - 19. DINPS (1938). - 20. DINPS (about 1934). - 21. DINPS (June 1941). - 22. DINPS (June 7, 1950). - 23. DINPS. - 24. DINPS (spring 1964). - 25. DINPS (August 1960). - 26. DINPS (September 16, 1959). - 27. DINPS (summer 1962). - 28. DINPS (July 1962). - 29. DINPS (January 9, 1964). - 30. DINPS (January 25, 1964). - -The Badlands Natural History Association wishes to extend its sincere -thanks to these individuals and organizations for granting the -association permission to use the illustrations. - - - - - APPENDIX D - Footnotes and References - - -All references used in compiling this history are on hand in the -Badlands National Monument library or files for further study. Where -actual reports, correspondence, or books were not available, copies have -been obtained from such sources as the National Archives, Library of -Congress, National Park Service, and various public and university -libraries. - -For the sake of simplicity, the following abbreviation has been used -where appropriate: - - PNC—copies of items from the Peter Norbeck Collections, University of - South Dakota, Vermillion, which pertain to the establishment of - Badlands National Monument are in a bound volume in the national - monument library. - - -[1]Dee C. Taylor, Salvage Archeology in Badlands National Monument, - South Dakota (Missoula: Montana State University, 1961), pp. 79, 80. - -[2]Ibid., p. 75. - -[3]Ibid., p. 80. - -[4]Herbert S. Schell, History of South Dakota (Lincoln: University of - Nebraska Press, 1961), p. 16. - -[5]Ibid., pp. 17-23. - -[6]Ibid., pp. 24-36. - -[7]Lt. G.K. Warren, Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and - Dakota in the Years 1855-’56-’57 (Washington: U.S. Government - Printing Office, 1875), p. 26; J.R. Macdonald, “The History and - Exploration of the Big Badlands of South Dakota,” Guide Book Fifth - Field Conference of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology in - Western South Dakota, ed. James D. Bump (Sponsored by the Museum of - Geology of the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid - City, August 29-September 1, 1951), p. 31. - -[8]Hiram M. Chittenden, and Alfred T. Richardson, eds., Life, Letters - and Travels of Father Pierre-Jean De Smet. S.J., 1801-1873 (New - York: Francis P. Harper, 1905), vol. 2, pp. 622, 623. - -[9]Charles L. Camp, ed., James Clyman American Frontiersman 1792-1881 - (Cleveland: The Arthur H. Clark Company, 1928), p. 24. - - Note: Dale Morgan was of the opinion that the jornada which Clyman - describes was through country south of the White River, and that - Smith’s party by-passed almost entirely that portion of the South - Dakota Badlands now set apart as a national monument [Dale L. - Morgan, Jedediah Smith and the Opening of the West (Indianapolis: - The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc., 1953), p. 386, f.n. 10]. Just a - year later, however, Morgan published new evidence found in the - Gibbs map to back up the opposite interpretation of Clyman’s - journals. He now believes that the Smith party followed the White - River exclusively, keeping to the north bank all the way to possibly - near the mouth of Willow Creek, located east and a little south from - the present town of Hot Springs, South Dakota. This means the party - would have at least seen, and perhaps passed through the present - Badlands National Monument. [Dale L. Morgan and Carl I. Wheat, - Jedediah Smith and his Maps of the American West (California - Historical Society, 1954), p. 49.] - -[10]Reuben G. Thwaites, ed., Travels in the Interior of North America by - Maximilian, Prince of Wied (Cleveland: The A.H. Clark Company, - 1906), vol. 3, p. 90. - -[11]Chittenden and Richardson, op. cit., p. 624. - -[12]Ibid., pp. 624, 625. - -[13]Cleophas C. O’Harra, The White River Badlands (Rapid City: South - Dakota School of Mines, Bulletin No. 13, Department of Geology, - November 1920), pp. 123, 128. - -[14]John Francis McDermott, ed., Journal of an Expedition to the - Mauvaises Terres and the Upper Missouri in 1850, Smithsonian - Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 147 (Washington: - U.S. Government Printing Office, 1952), p. 1. - -[15]Macdonald, op. cit., p. 31; American Journal of Science, vol. 3, no. - 7, 2d series, January 1847, pp. 248-250; O’Harra, op. cit., pp. 23, - 24, 110-117, 161. - -[16]McDermott, op. cit., p. 1. - -[17]Ibid. - -[18]Ibid., p. 2; Macdonald, op. cit., p. 31. - -[19]E. de Girardin, “A Trip to the Bad Lands in 1849,” South Dakota - Historical Review, I (January 1936), 60. - -[20]Ibid., p. 62. - -[21]Ibid. - -[22]Ibid., pp. 64, 65. - -[23]David Dale Owen, Report of a Geological Survey of Wisconsin, Iowa, - and Minnesota; and Incidentally of a Portion of Nebraska Territory - (Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo, and Co., 1852), pp. 196, 197. - -[24]Ibid., pp. 197, 198. - -[25]Ibid., pp. 198-206, 539-572. - -[26]McDermott, op. cit., pp. 2, 3, 54, 55, 59. - -[27]Ibid., pp. 60, 61. - -[28]Ibid., p. 65. - -[29]Ibid., p. 64. - -[30]Ibid., pp. 3, 4. - -[31]Ibid., p. 2. - -[32]Lt. G.K. Warren, “Explorations in the Dacota Country in the Year - 1855,” Senate Ex. Doc. No. 76, 34th Congress, 1st Session - (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1956), p. 76. - -[33]Ibid., pp. 66-76. - -[34]Letter, Will G. Robinson, Secretary, South Dakota State Historical - Society, to John W. Stockert, September 26, 1967; South Dakota - Historical Society, South Dakota Department of History Report and - Historical Collections (Pierre, S.D.: State Publishing Company, - 1962), vol. XXXI, p. 280. - -[35]Warren, op. cit., p. 76. - -[36]Ibid., p. 74. - -[37]O’Harra, op. cit., pp. 24, 161-163. - -[38]Ray H. Mattison, ed., “The Harney Expedition Against the Sioux: The - Journal of Captain John B.S. Todd,” Nebraska History, XLIII (June - 1962), 92, 130. - -[39]Ibid., p. 122. - -[40]Ibid. - -[41]O’Harra, op. cit., p. 25. - -[42]Charles Schuchert, and Clara Mae LeVene, O.C. Marsh, Pioneer in - Paleontology (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1940), pp. 139-168; - U.S. National Park Service, Soldier and Brave (New York: Harper and - Row, 1963), pp. 135, 136. - -[43]O’Harra, op. cit., p. 26. - -[44]Macdonald, op. cit., p. 32. - -[45]O’Harra, op. cit., p. 29. - -[46]Macdonald, op. cit., p. 33. - -[47]Louis Knoles, Forest Ranger, “A Report on the Bad Lands of South - Dakota,” 1919, pp. 20, 21. - -[48]Ibid., p. 2; Letter, Mrs. E.T. Jurisch, Farmingdale, South Dakota, - to George Crouch, Wall, South Dakota, May 24, 1965. - -[49]Knoles, op. cit., p. 22. - -[50]Jackson-Washabaugh County Historical Society, Jackson-Washabaugh - Counties 1915-1965 (Marceline, Mo.: Walsworth, n.d.), p. 11; - Interview, A.E. Johnson, Interior, S.D., by John W. Stockert, - January 30, 1968. - -[51]Robert M. Utley, The Last Days of the Sioux Nation (New Haven: Yale - University Press, 1963), pp. 40-59. - -[52]Ibid., pp. 184-199. - -[53]Frederic Remington, “Lieutenant Casey’s Last Scout,” Harper’s - Weekly, XXXV (January 31, 1891), 86. - -[54]Knoles, op. cit., p. 4. - -[55]William H. Burt, and Richard P. Grossenheider, A Field Guide to the - Mammals (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1964), p. 75; Knowles, - op. cit., p. 22; Louis Blumer, Wall, S.D., interview by John W. - Stockert, January 15, 1968. - -[56]Walker D. Wyman, Recorder, Nothing But Prairie and Sky (Norman: - University of Oklahoma Press, 1954), p. 46. - -[57]Ibid., pp. 47-52. - -[58]Ibid., pp. 75-81. - -[59]Jackson-Washabaugh County Historical Society, op. cit., pp. 11, 136, - 142. - -[60]Interview, Leonel Jensen, Wall, S.D., by Ray H. Mattison, June 2, - 1965; statement confirmed by A.E. Johnson, Interior, S.D., February - 10, 1968. - -[61]Schell, op. cit., p. 343. - -[62]Photograph identified by Grace Sullivan Blair, Martin, S.D., A.E. - Johnson and Rolla J. Burkholder, Interior, S.D. - -[63]Schell, op. cit., p. 343. - -[64]Ibid., p. 256. - -[65]U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Fifteenth Census - of the United States: 1930 Population, Vol. I (Washington: U.S. - Government Printing Office, 1931), pp. 1015, 1019. - -[66]Luman H. Long, ed., The World Almanac 1966 (New York: New York - World-Telegram and The Sun, 1966), p. 375. - -[67]Letter, Senator Peter Norbeck to Prof. W.C. Toepelman, University of - South Dakota, May 22, 1922, PNC, p. 3. - -[68]Interview, Leonel Jensen, Wall, S.D., by John W. Stockert, March 20, - 1967. - -[69]Congressional Record, 61st Cong., 1st Sess., 44:50, 58, 115, 128. - -[70]Knoles, op. cit., pp. 17, 18. - -[71]Ibid. - -[72]Gilbert C. Fite, “Peter Norbeck,” Dictionary of American Biography, - ed. Robert L. Schuyler (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1958), - XXII, 491, 492. - -[73]Bernice White, ed., Who’s Who for South Dakota (Pierre, 1956), p. - 103; South Dakota Legislative Manual, 1931 (Pierre: State Publishing - Company, 1931), p. 455. - -[74]Edmund B. Rogers, comp., History of Legislation Relating to the - National Park System Through the 82d Congress: Badlands National - Monument South Dakota (1958), S. 3541, 67th Cong., 2d Sess.; - Congressional Record, 67th Cong., 2d Sess., 62: 6173. - -[75]Ibid. - -[76]Congressional Record, 67th Cong., 2d Sess., 62:6233; Rogers, op. - cit., H.R. 11514, 67th Cong., 2d Sess. - -[77]Rogers, op. cit., Executive Order of Warren G. Harding, October 23, - 1922. - -[78]Letter, Commissioner, General Land Office, to Senator Norbeck, - August 28, 1923, PNC, p. 11. - -[79]Congressional Record, 67th Cong., 4th Sess., 64:5573. - -[80]Congressional Record, 68th Cong., 1st Sess., 65:215; Rogers, op. - cit., H.R. 2810, 68th Cong., 1st Sess., S. 3541, 67th Cong., 2d - Sess. - -[81]Letters, Senator Norbeck from Attorney General B.S. Payne, January - 11, 1922, Prof. W.C. Toepelman, May 17, 1922, and W.H. Tompkins, - U.S. Land Office, May 26, 1922, PNC, pp. 1, 3-7. - -[82]Letter, Senator Norbeck to Vice President H.E. Beebe, Bank of - Ipswich (S.D.), May 5, 1924, PNC, p. 15. - -[83]Interview, M. Emma Quevli, Interior, S.D., by John W. Stockert, - February 6, 1968. - -[84]Letter, Senator Norbeck to J.W. Parmley, Ipswich, S.D., November 7, - 1927, PNC, p. 32. - -[85]Ibid. - -[86]P.D. Peterson, Through the Black Hills and Bad Lands of South Dakota - (Pierre, S.D.: J. Fred Olander Company, 1929), p. 23. - -[87]Ibid., pp. 23-33. - -[88]Letter, James M. Palmer, Secretary, Wonderland Hiway Association, to - Senator Norbeck, October 22, 1927, PNC, p. 20. - -[89]Letter, Senator Norbeck to Parmley, November 7, 1927, PNC, p. 32. - -[90]Ibid. - -[91]Ibid. - -[92]Letter, Senator Norbeck to Secretary of the Interior Hubert Work, - November 2, 1927, PNC, p. 31. - -[93]Letter, Senator Norbeck to Representative Williamson, April 10, - 1928, PNC, p. 49. - -[94]Ibid., pp. 49, 50. - -[95]Rogers, op. cit., S. 4385, Calendar No. 1280, 70th Cong., 1st Sess.; - H.R. 13618, 70th Cong., 1st Sess.; Congressional Record, 70th Cong., - 1st Sess., 69:8046. - -[96]Congressional Record, 70th Cong., 1st Sess., 69:9224; Rogers, op. - cit., Senate Report No. 1246, Calendar No. 1280, 70th Cong., 1st - Sess. - -[97]Congressional Record, 70th Cong., 1st Sess., 69:9589. - -[98]Robert S. Yard, “National Parks Situation Critical,” National Parks - Association, November 7, 1928, PNC, p. 129. - -[99]Letter, Senator Norbeck to Yard, December 3, 1928, PNC, pp. 126, - 127. - -[100]Letter, NPS Acting Director A.E. Demaray to Senator Norbeck, - December 1, 1928, PNC, p. 122. - -[101]Congressional Record, 70th Cong., 1st Sess., 69:10007; 2d Sess., - 70:3807. - -[102]Rogers, op. cit., House of Representatives Report No. 2607, 70th - Cong., 2d Sess. - -[103]Memorandum, NPS Director Arno B. Cammerer to Secretary of the - Interior, July 6, 1938. - -[104]Rogers, op. cit., House of Representatives Report No. 2607, 70th - Cong., 2d Sess. - -[105]Congressional Record, 70th Cong., 2d Sess., 70:4302, 4303. - -[106]Congressional Record, 70th Cong., 2d Sess., 70:4404. - -[107]Congressional Record, 70th Cong., 2d Sess., 70:5015, 5089; Rogers, - op. cit., House of Representatives Report No. 2808, 70th Cong., 2d - Sess. - -[108]Ibid. - -[109]Congressional Record, 70th Cong., 2d Sess., 70:5225. - -[110]Memorandum, NPS Director Cammerer to the Secretary of the Interior, - July 6, 1938; Hillory A. Tolson, Laws Relating to the National Park - Service, the National Parks and Monuments (Washington: U.S. - Government Printing Office, 1933), pp. 302-305. - -[111]Congressional Record, 70th Cong., 2d Sess., 70:3198, 3812; Rogers, - op. cit., S. 5779, 70th Cong., 2d Sess.; Senate Report No. 1842, - Calendar No. 1869, 70th Cong., 2d Sess. - -[112]Congressional Record, 70th Cong., 2d Sess., 70:3490; Rogers, op. - cit., H.R. 17102, 70th Cong., 2d Sess. - -[113]Interview, Ted E. Hustead, Wall, S. D., by Ray H. Mattison, June 2, - 1965; “Bad Lands Becomes National Monument,” The Rapid City Daily - Journal, January 28, 1939. - -[114]Memorandum, NPS Regional Director Howard Baker to the NPS Director, - June 6, 1956 (includes copy of “Proposal of Name for an Unnamed - Domestic Feature,” Board of Geographic Names). - -[115]Ibid., Weldon W. Gratton, “History of the Operator’s Development at - the Pinnacles Area Badlands National Monument” (NPS Region Two, Land - and Recreation Planning Division, September 23, 1948; Information - from E.N. (Curley) and Ilo Nelson (Cedar Pass Lodge concessioner, - 1964-____), February 9, 1968. - - Note: Not only were Norbeck and Millard linked together by their - common interest in the Badlands, but also through the marriage of - Mr. Norbeck’s daughter to Mrs. Clara (Millard) Jennings’ son - (information from Nelsons, February 9, 1968). - -[116]Memorandum, G.A. Moskey, Chief Counsel, NPS, to NPS Regional - Director, Region Two, May 20, 1941; Receipt signed by B.H. Millard - and S.N. Millard dated October 24, 1946; Superintendent’s Monthly - Narrative Report for March 1955. - -[117]Program, “Millard Ridge Dedication,” Badlands National Monument, - Interior, South Dakota, June 28, 1957. - -[118]Information from E.N. (Curley) and Ilo Nelson, February 9, 1968; - Gratton, op. cit.; Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Report for - October 1950. - -[119]Schell, op. cit., p. 277. - -[120]Ibid., p. 282. - -[121]Memorandum, NPS Director Cammerer to the Secretary of the Interior, - November 28, 1934. - -[122]Ibid. - -[123]Rogers, op. cit., Executive Order of Franklin D. Roosevelt, - November 21, 1934. - -[124]Letter, Fred Bess, FERA, to Tilford E. Dudley, The Land Program, - FERA, January 1, 1935; Lewis Meriam, Relief and Social Security - (Washington: The Brookings Institution, 1946), p. 283. - -[125]Final Report on the “Badlands National Monument Extension, South - Dakota—R-1,” Third District Office, Branch of Planning, NPS, - Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, submitted April 2, 1935, cover letter and - pp. 30-45, 79; Letter, NPS Assistant Director Wirth to Sixth - Regional Officer, NPS, August 1, 1935. - -[126]Letter, T.A. Walters, Acting Secretary of the Interior, to Harry L. - Hopkins, Administrator, FERA, April 15, 1935. - -[127]Ibid. - -[128]Ibid.; Letter, Director J.S. Lansill, The Land Program, to T.E. - Dudley, The Land Program, FERA, April 17, 1935. - -[129]Meriam, op. cit., pp. 286, 287. - -[130]Letter, Senator Norbeck to NPS Assistant Director Wirth, February - 13, 1935. - -[131]Ibid. - -[132]Letter, Senator Norbeck to Herbert Evison, NPS Acting Assistant - Director March 8, 1935. - -[133]Letter, Mrs. Eva Stevens Roberts, Imlay, S.D., to NPS Assistant - Director Wirth, September 2, 1935. - -[134]Letter, George Gibbs, Regional Officer, Region VI, NPS, to M.C. - Huppuch, Recreational Demonstration Projects, September 18, 1935. - -[135]Letter, Senator Norbeck to R.G. Tugwell, Administrator, - Resettlement Administration, November 25, 1935. - -[136]Thomas A. Sullivan, Laws Relating to the National Park Service, - Supp. I (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1944), p. 149. - -[137]Various correspondence pertaining to the establishment of Badlands - National Monument. - -[138]Letter, Governor Tom Berry to Secretary of the Interior Ickes, - February 26, 1935; Letter, NPS Superintendent Harry J. Liek to C. - Irvin Krumm, Executive Manager, Greater South Dakota Association, - November 20, 1953. - -[139]Letter, D.K. Parrott, Acting Assistant Commissioner, General Land - Office, to Senator Case, June 11, 1937; Memorandum, Neal A. - Butterfield, NPS, to Mr. Thompson, February 13, 1937, “Badlands - National Monument Extension, South Dakota—R-1,” op. cit., p. 113. - -[140]L.U. Foreman, Final Report (1938-1939) on “Badlands Tunnel - Engineering,” Federal Works Agency, Public Roads Administration; - Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for June 1940. - -[141]Memorandum, NPS Director Cammerer to the Secretary of the Interior, - July 6, 1938; “Badlands National Monument Extension, South - Dakota—R-1,” op. cit., pp. 116, 117; Letter, Senator Norbeck to NPS - Director Cammerer, July 30, 1935. - -[142]Memorandum, Antoinette Funk, Assistant Commissioner, General Land - Office, to the NPS, November 8, 1938; Grazing History, Badlands - National Monument (September 1963), p. 88. - -[143]Memorandum, NPS Director Cammerer to the Secretary of the Interior, - July 6, 1938. - -[144]Thomas A. Sullivan, Proclamations and Orders Relating to the - National Park Service up to January 1, 1945 (Washington: U.S. - Government Printing Office, 1947), pp. 118-120. - -[145]Memorandum, U.S. Department of the Interior for the Press, February - 4, 1939. - -[146]Letter, F. Hopkins, Acting Chief, SCS, to NPS Director Newton B. - Drury, December 27, 1941. - -[147]Project Manager’s Monthly Narrative Report for January 1937. - -[148]Project Manager’s Monthly Narrative Report for April 1937. - -[149]Howard W. Baker, NPS Resident Landscape Architect, “Report to the - Deputy Chief Architect on Development of Proposed Badlands National - Monument, November 13 and 14, 1935,” December 30, 1935; “Badlands - National Monument Extension, South Dakota—R-1,” op. cit., cover - letter and p. 15; “Badlands Tunnel Engineering,” op. cit.; Summary - of Activities at Badlands National Monument, Fiscal Year 1940 - (included in Superintendent’s Fiscal Annual Narrative Report File). - -[150]Summary of Activities at Badlands National Monument, Fiscal Year - 1940; Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for June 1940. - -[151]Ibid. - -[152]Memorandum, Superintendent Liek to the NPS Director, August 11, - 1939; Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for February 1940. - -[153]Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for July 1940; Summary of - Activities at Badlands National Monument, Fiscal Years 1941, 1942. - -[154]Memorandum, Superintendent Howard B. Stricklin to the NPS Regional - Director, Midwest Region, March 17, 1965. - -[155]Baker, op. cit., p. 4; Memorandum, NPS Associate Director Demaray - to NPS Regional Director, Region II, November 4, 1939; “Badlands - National Monument Extension, South Dakota—R-1,” op. cit., p. 64. - -[156]Memorandum, Chief, Project Development Division, NPS, to the files, - December 20, 1939; Memorandum, NPS Acting Regional Director Paul V. - Brown to Regional Attorney Taylor, February 23, 1940. - -[157]Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for April 1940. - -[158]Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for May 1941; Summary of - Activities at Badlands National Monument, Fiscal Year 1940; - Memorandum, NPS Chief Counsel Moskey to the NPS Regional Director, - Region II, May 20, 1941. - -[159]Memorandum, NPS Regional Director Baker to the NPS Director, June - 6, 1956; Weldon W. Gratton, op. cit.; Information from E.N. (Curley) - and Ilo Nelson, Cedar Pass Lodge, February 9, 1968. - -[160]Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for February 1940. - -[161]Memorandum, NPS Acting Regional Director Brown to Regional Attorney - Taylor, February 23, 1940. - -[162]Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Reports for April 1940, November - 1940, September 1941, and April 1943. - -[163]Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Reports for January 1965 and - April 1967; 1958 date deduced from various government memorandums - 1956-1958. - -[164]Summary of Activities at Badlands National Monument, Fiscal Year - 1942. - -[165]Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for July 1940. - -[166]Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for March 1940. - -[167]Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for November 1941. - -[168]Letter, NPS Acting Director Demaray to Representative Case, May 21, - 1941. - -[169]Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for September 1941. - -[170]Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for March 1942. - -[171]Ibid. - -[172]Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for May 1942. - -[173]Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for December 1942. - -[174]Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for May 1942. - -[175]Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for March 1943. - -[176]Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for June 1943. - -[177]Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Reports and Annual Fiscal Reports for - the war years, passim. - -[178]Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for November 1943. - -[179]Summary of Activities at Badlands National Monument, Fiscal Year - 1942; Coordinating Superintendent’s Annual Narrative Report for - Fiscal Year 1947. - -[180]Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Report for January 1953. - -[181]Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for January 1948. - -[182]Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Report for September 1952. - -[183]Purchase Order, Superintendent, Badlands National Monument, to - Golden West Telephone Coop., Inc., October 17, 1960; Special Use - Permit BADL 61-1, July 20, 1961. - -[184]Coordinating Superintendent’s Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1947. - -[185]Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Reports for May through September - 1948; Fiscal Annual Reports 1947 and 1949. - -[186]Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Report for October 1951; NPS - Report 1a1, Annual Report of Officials in Charge of Field Areas and - the Regional Directors, June 1, 1952. - -[187]Receipt, signed by B.H. Millard and S.N. Millard, October 24, 1946; - Badlands National Monument Land Records. - -[188]NPS Report 1a1, Annual Report of Officials in Charge of Field Areas - and the Regional Directors, May 11, 1951. - -[189]Superintendent’s Annual Fiscal Narrative Report, June 8, 1960; - Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Report for November 1950. - -[190]Grazing History, op. cit., pp. 2, 3. - -[191]Memorandum, Superintendent Stricklin to the NPS Regional Director, - Midwest Region, March 17, 1965. - -[192]Ibid. - -[193]Information from Chief Park Ranger Byron A. Hazeltine, Badlands - National Monument, November 1967. - -[194]Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for March 1943. - -[195]Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for February 1946. - -[196]Custodian’s Monthly Narrative Report for November 1946. - -[197]Memorandum, Lawrence C. Merriam, NPS Regional Director, Region Two - to the NPS Director, December 6, 1946; Letter, Secretary of the - Interior J.A. Krug to the President of the United States, May 21, - 1949. - -[198]Ibid. - -[199]Memorandum, NPS Associate Regional Director, Region Two to - Superintendent, Wind Cave National Park, August 31, 1949. - -[200]Krug to the President, May 21, 1949. - -[201]Rogers, op. cit., Senate Report No. 1064, Calendar No. 1005, 82d - Cong., 2d Sess. - -[202]Ibid., Bills and Reports named in the text by number. - -[203]Grazing History, op. cit.; Badlands National Monument map file. - -[204]Telegram, Ben Chief, Pine Ridge Indian Agency, to Senator Mundt, - February 8, 1952; Resolution of the Executive Committee of the - Tribal Council of the Oglala Sioux Tribe, February 8, 1952. - -[205]Rogers, op. cit.; Hillory A. Tolson, comp., Laws Relating to the - National Park Service, Supp. II. (Washington: U.S. Government - Printing Office, 1963), pp. 387, 388. - -[206]Ibid. - -[207]Memorandum, Department of the Interior to the Press, February 4, - 1939; Grazing History, op. cit., p. 88. - -[208]Letter, Congressman Berry to NPS Director Wirth, July 9, 1952; - Resolution of the Cane Creek Cooperative Grazing District, Walter - Kruse, President, n.d. - -[209]Letter, Senator Case to NPS Director Wirth, July 16, 1952. - -[210]Letter, NPS Regional Director Baker to the NPS Director, January - 16, 1953. - -[211]Letter, NPS Acting Director Tolson to Congressman Berry, July 2, - 1952. - -[212]Statement, “Boundary Revisions, Badlands National Monument, South - Dakota,” NPS, July 1952. - -[213]Ibid. - -[214]Federal Register, October 10, 1952, pp. 9051, 9052. - -[215]Letter, General Superintendent Liek, to C. Irvin Krumm, Executive - Manager, Greater South Dakota Association, November 20, 1953. - -[216]Memorandum, NPS Assistant Regional Director John S. McLaughlin to - the NPS Director, April 14, 1953. - -[217]Letter, General Superintendent Liek to C. Irvin Krumm, November 20, - 1953. - -[218]Ibid.; Memorandum, Superintendent John A. Rutter to NPS Regional - Director, Region Two, October 14, 1955. - -[219]Land Status Map, Drawing No. NM-BL-2036-C-2, January 15, 1953. - -[220]Memorandum, NPS Director Wirth to NPS Regional Director, Region - Two, December 5, 1952. - -[221]Theodore E. White, Report of the Paleontological Survey of Certain - Peripheral Areas of the Badlands National Monument South Dakota - (River Basin Surveys, Smithsonian Institution, June 1953). - -[222]Paul L. Beaubein, Preliminary Report of Archeological - Reconnaissance, Badlands National Monument, 1953, November 3, 1953, - p. 3. - -[223]F.W. Albertson, Report of Study of Grassland Areas of Badlands - National Monument, South Dakota..., September 26, 1953. - -[224]Resolution (No. 7615), Frank W. Mitchell, Secretary, State Highway - Commission, November 17, 1953; Letters: F.W. Mitchell to Senator - Case, November 24, 1953; F. Web Hill, Chairman, Conservation - Committee, Rapid City Chapter Izaak Walton League of America, to NPS - Director Wirth, November 4, 1953; Leonel M. Jensen, Game, Fish and - Parks Commissioner, to Dr. G.W. Mills, March 18, 1954; Dr. G.W. - Mills, President, Black Hills and Badlands Association to NPS - Director Wirth, December 2, 1953; Memorandum, General Superintendent - Liek to NPS Regional Director, Region Two, November 4, 1953. - -[225]Resolutions: Board of Directors, White River Cooperative Grazing - District, November 24, 1953; W.M. Rasmussen, Executive Secretary, - South Dakota Stockgrowers Association, December 11, 1953; - Memorandum, Superintendent Rutter to NPS Regional Director, April - 28, 1954. - -[226]Memorandum, NPS Director Wirth to NPS Regional Director, Region - Two, April 5, 1954. - -[227]Ibid. - -[228]Adolph Murie, “Wildlife Values in Badlands National Monument,” - 1954, pp. 16, 17. - -[229]James D. Rump, “A Geological and Paleontological Appraisal of the - Badlands National Monument,” September 15, 1954, p. 1. - -[230]Ibid., pp. 3, 4. - -[231]Memorandum, NPS Acting Regional Director McLaughlin to the NPS - Director, April 20, 1955; Resolutions: Clark Chamber of Commerce, - J.W. Lockhart, Secretary, December 16, 1953; Black Hills and - Badlands Association, G.W. Mills, President, December 2, 1953. - -[232]Development Outline, Badlands National Monument (1947), February - 28, 1947, p. 14; Tract map of Badlands National Monument, South - Dakota R-1, Dates: January 21, 1936, September 1936, and June 30, - 1939; Memorandums: NPS Regional Director Baker to the NPS Director, - October 28, 1952; NPS Acting Regional Director McLaughlin to the NPS - Director, April 20, 1955. - -[233]Murie, op. cit., p. 7. - -[234]Minutes of Open Meeting Concerning Badlands Boundary Revisions, - Wall, South Dakota, April 12, 1956; Memorandum, NPS Regional - Director Baker to the NPS Director, April 17, 1956. - -[235]Federal Register, March 29, 1957, pp. 2052, 2053; Minutes of Open - Meeting Concerning Badlands Boundary Revisions, Wall, South Dakota, - April 12, 1956; Badlands National Monument Land Ownership Record, - Deed 182, April 1958. - -[236]Information from Badlands National Monument files, December 1967. - -[237]Letter, Joy J. Deuser, Chief, Regional Land Management Division, - SCS, to NPS Regional Director Baker, December 10, 1953. - -[238]Grazing History, op. cit., Appendix p. 30. - -[239]Ibid., pp. 6-9. - -[240]“Summary of Mission 66 Objectives and Program for Badlands National - Monument,” NPS Region Two, Omaha, Nebraska, April 6, 1956; - Superintendent’s Annual Reports, Fiscal Years, 1956-1961. - -[241]Badlands National Monument Land Ownership Record, Deed No. 178, - August 25, 1955. - -[242]Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Report for May 1959. - -[243]Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Report for November 1960. - -[244]Badlands National Monument Museum Accession Book. - -[245]Ibid.; Letter, Harold Martin, Museum of Geology to John J. Palmer, - November 21, 1960. - -[246]Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Report for June 1958. - -[247]Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Reports prior to 1959; - Information from Elloween M. Saunders, Secretary, Badlands National - Monument, February 9, 1968. - -[248]Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Report for September 1959. - -[249]Ibid.; Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Report for August 1959. - -[250]Superintendent’s Annual Narrative Reports, Fiscal Years 1962, 1963. - -[251]Ibid. - -[252]Grazing History, op. cit., pp. 13, 14. - -[253]Ibid., p. 15. - -[254]Ibid., pp. 15-19: Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Report for - November 1961. - -[255]Grazing History, op. cit., p. 19. - -[256]Information from Chief Park Ranger Hazeltine, February 9, 1968. - -[257]Grazing History, op. cit., pp. 16-20. - -[258]Ibid., p. 19. - -[259]Knoles, op. cit., p. 5. - -[260]“Badlands National Monument Extension, South Dakota—R-1,” op. cit., - p. 5. - -[261]Memorandums, NPS Regional Director Baker to the NPS Director, - October 28, 1952, and January 16, 1953. - -[262]Murie, op. cit., p. 17. - -[263]Ibid. - -[264]Badlands National Monument Annual Wildlife Census Reports, - 1943-1946; Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Report for May 1959. - -[265]“Long Range Wildlife and Range Management Plan, Badlands National - Monument for Period 1965-1969,” p. 6. - -[266]Ibid.; “Badlands Wildlife Restoration Plan,” September 9, 1965; - Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Reports for November 1963 and - October 1964; Information from Chief Park Ranger Hazeltine, February - 10, 1968. - -[267]Information from Chief Park Ranger Hazeltine, February 10, 1968. - -[268]Knoles, op. cit., p. 20: “Badlands Wildlife Restoration Plan,” op. - cit. - -[269]“Badlands Wildlife Restoration Plan,” op. cit. - -[270]Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Reports for January and February - 1964. - -[271]Information from Chief Park Ranger Hazeltine, November 1967. - -[272]Superintendent’s Monthly Narrative Report for February 1964. - -[273]Badlands Monthly Public Use Reports, 1939-1967: “Bad Lands Becomes - National Monument,” The Rapid City Daily Journal, January 28, 1939. - -[274]Hillory A. Tolson, comp., National Park Service Officials, U.S. - Department of the Interior, NPS, January 1, 1964, p. 41. - - - - - APPENDIX E - - - [Illustration: APPENDIX E Map of Badlands - National Monument] - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - -—Silently corrected a few typos. - -—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - -—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The History of Badlands National -Monument and the White River (Bi, by Ray H. Mattison and Robert A. Grom and Joanne W. 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