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diff --git a/old/62425-h/62425-h.htm b/old/62425-h/62425-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index 022d66e..0000000 --- a/old/62425-h/62425-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3714 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html - PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> -<head> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII" /> -<title>The Ruins of the Roman City of Uriconium, at Wroxeter, near Shrewsbury, by Thomas Wright</title> - <style type="text/css"> -/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ -<!-- - P { margin-top: .75em; - margin-bottom: .75em; - } - P.gutsumm { margin-left: 5%;} - P.poetry {margin-left: 3%; } - .GutSmall { font-size: 0.7em; } - H1, H2 { - text-align: center; - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - } - H3, H4, H5 { - text-align: center; - margin-top: 1em; - margin-bottom: 1em; - } - BODY{margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; - } - table { border-collapse: collapse; } -table {margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;} - td { vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid black;} - td p { margin: 0.2em; } - .blkquot {margin-left: 4em; margin-right: 4em;} /* block indent */ - - .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} - - .pagenum {position: absolute; - left: 92%; - font-size: small; - text-align: right; - font-weight: normal; - color: gray; - } - img { border: none; } - img.dc { float: left; width: 50px; height: 50px; } - p.gutindent { margin-left: 2em; } - p.gutlist { margin-top: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em} - div.gapspace { height: 0.8em; } - div.gapline { height: 0.8em; width: 100%; border-top: 1px solid;} - div.gapmediumline { height: 0.3em; width: 40%; margin-left:30%; - border-top: 1px solid; } - div.gapmediumdoubleline { height: 0.3em; width: 40%; margin-left:30%; - border-top: 1px solid; border-bottom: 1px solid;} - div.gapshortdoubleline { height: 0.3em; width: 20%; - margin-left: 40%; border-top: 1px solid; - border-bottom: 1px solid; } - div.gapdoubleline { height: 0.3em; width: 50%; - margin-left: 25%; border-top: 1px solid; - border-bottom: 1px solid;} - div.gapshortline { height: 0.3em; width: 20%; margin-left:40%; - border-top: 1px solid; } - .citation {vertical-align: super; - font-size: .5em; - text-decoration: none;} - span.red { color: red; } - body {background-color: #ffffc0; } - img.floatleft { float: left; - margin-right: 1em; - margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; } - img.floatright { float: right; - margin-left: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; - margin-bottom: 0.5em; } - img.clearcenter {display: block; - margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.5em; - margin-bottom: 0.5em} - --> - /* XML end ]]>*/ - </style> -</head> -<body> -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Ruins of the Roman City of Uriconium, at -Wroxeter, near Shrewsbury, by Thomas Wright - - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - - -Title: The Ruins of the Roman City of Uriconium, at Wroxeter, near Shrewsbury - - -Author: Thomas Wright - - - -Release Date: June 19, 2020 [eBook #62425] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE RUINS OF THE ROMAN CITY OF -URICONIUM, AT WROXETER, NEAR SHREWSBURY*** -</pre> -<p>Transcribed from the fourth, 1863, edition by David Price, -email ccx074@pglaf.org</p> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/cover.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Book cover" -title= -"Book cover" - src="images/cover.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<h1><span class="GutSmall">THE</span><br /> -RUINS OF THE ROMAN CITY<br /> -<span class="GutSmall">OF</span><br /> -<span class='gutoutline'>Uriconium</span>,<br /> -<span class="GutSmall">AT</span><br /> -WROXETER, NEAR SHREWSBURY.</h1> -<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">BY</span><br -/> -THOMAS WRIGHT, ESQ., M.A., F.S.A.</p> - -<div class="gapspace"> </div> -<p style="text-align: center">Fourth Edition,<br /> -<span class="GutSmall">WITH ILLUSTRATIONS.</span></p> - -<div class="gapspace"> </div> -<p style="text-align: center">SHREWSBURY: J. O. SANDFORD, -HIGH-STREET.<br /> -<span class="GutSmall">LONDON: KENT & CO., -PATERNOSTER-ROW.</span></p> -<p style="text-align: center">1863.</p> -<h2><a name="pageiii"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -iii</span>PREFACE.</h2> -<p><span class="smcap">It</span> is the aim of the following -pages to give the degree and kind of popular information believed -to be wanted by the numerous visitors to the excavations at -Wroxeter, who have no Guide to explain what they see, and are not -possessed of that amount of minute antiquarian knowledge which -would enable them to understand everything without such -explanation. It is the first instance in which there has -been, in this country, the chance of penetrating into a city of -more than fourteen centuries ago, on so large a scale, and with -such extensive remains of its former condition; and when the -visitor has walked over the floors which had been trodden last, -before they were thus uncovered, by the Roman inhabitants of this -island, he will appreciate more justly, and with greater -interest, the objects which have been discovered, and are -deposited in the Museum, at Shrewsbury; and he will learn to look -forward with hope to the light which a continuance of these -excavations must throw upon the condition and history of this -country at so remote a period. Whatever this light may be, -it must not be <a name="pageiv"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -iv</span>forgotten that we shall be indebted for it, in the first -place, to his Grace the Duke of Cleveland, who has shown a -generous public feeling in giving permission and encouragement to -the excavations on his land, and to the late B. Botfield, Esq., -M.P., through whose zeal and liberality in the undertaking the -excavators were set at work, when as yet it was uncertain if -their labours would be attended with any success. I have -endeavoured to fulfil literally the title of this little book, -and to give the visitor such information as he would seek from a -professional Guide, whilst I have gladly left the description of -the Museum, and especially of those rather numerous human remains -which form so remarkable a part of our discoveries, to one best -qualified for that task, Dr. Henry Johnson, who has so ably and -zealously directed the excavations on the spot, and who has thus, -unremunerated, given to the service of the public so much of his -valuable time.</p> -<p style="text-align: right">T. W.</p> -<h2><a name="pagev"></a><span class="pagenum">p. v</span>TO -VISITORS.</h2> -<p><span class="smcap">Parties</span> from a distance wishing to -visit the ruins of the ancient <span -class="smcap">Uriconium</span>, at Wroxeter, will find every -comfort and accommodation at the Lion, the Raven, the George, and -the Crown Hotels, Shrewsbury.</p> -<p><span class="smcap">Wroxeter</span> is a little more than five -miles from Shrewsbury. Conveyances may be obtained at the -Railway Station, Shrewsbury; at any of the above-named Hotels; -and at Howells’s Livery Stables, Cross Hill. Parties -of any reasonable number may be conveyed by either of the latter, -on giving them two days’ notice by letter.</p> -<p><span class="smcap">Upton Magna</span>, on the Shrewsbury and -Wellington Joint Line of Railway, is the nearest Station to -Wroxeter, from whence it is distant about two miles and a half, a -pleasant walk for an active person.</p> -<p><span class="smcap">The Museum</span> of the Shropshire and -North Wales Natural History and Antiquarian Society, College -Hill, where all the moveable articles from Wroxeter are -deposited, is open <span class="GutSmall">DAILY</span> to -visitors, from 10 till 4, on payment of sixpence each, and by an -order from a Subscriber <span -class="GutSmall">GRATUITOUSLY</span>.</p> -<p><span class="smcap">Donations</span> to the Wroxeter Fund will -be gladly received by the Honorary Secretary, <span -class="smcap">Dr. H. Johnson</span>, Dogpole, Shrewsbury.</p> -<h2><a name="pagevii"></a><span class="pagenum">p. vii</span>List -of Plates.</h2> -<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">FROM -DRAWINGS BY MR. HILLARY DAVIES, OF SHREWSBURY.</span></p> -<table> -<tr> -<td></td> -<td><p style="text-align: right"><span -class="GutSmall">PLATE</span></p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>The North Side of the Old Wall, at Wroxeter</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Wroxeter Church, Shropshire (Vignette)</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>First Roman Hypocaust discovered at Uriconium in 1859</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">3</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Roman Tile-Roof, Roman Flag-Roof, Section of Roman -Hypocaust, &c.</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">4</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Plan of Walls, discovered by the Excavations at Wroxeter, -Salop, from February 3rd to September, 1863</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">5</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Column in the Garden of W. H. Oatley, Esq., Wroxeter</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Ancient Stone Font in Wroxeter Church</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">7</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Capitals found at Uriconium</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">8</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Samian, Upchurch, and Romano-Salopian Pottery</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">9</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Rings and Combs (actual size)</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">10</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Hair Pins, &c. (actual size)</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">11</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Skulls from Wroxeter</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">12</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Roman Remains from Wroxeter, in the possession of Samuel -Wood, Esq., and Mask, in the Museum, Shrewsbury.</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">13</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Upchurch Pottery, Adz, Spear Head, and Romano-Salopian -(Red) Ware</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">14</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Carved Stone Fragments from Uriconium, in the Garden of -Edward Stanier, Esq., Wroxeter</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">15</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Sepulchral Stone</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">16</p> -</td> -</tr> -</table> -<h2><a name="page9"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 9</span>The -Ruins of Uriconium.</h2> -<p><span class="smcap">If</span> we leave Shrewsbury by its long -eastern suburb, known, from the important monastic house which -formerly stood at its commencement, as the Abbey Foregate, -passing the more modern monument erected at its extremity, Lord -Hill’s Column, our way lies for about two miles along the -London road, bounded on each side by rich and fertile -fields. At the distance just mentioned, this road -approaches close to the river Severn, and continues to run along -its banks, to the great improvement of the scenery, until we -arrive at the prettily-situated village of Atcham, with Atcham -Church in face of us, and the river winding under its stone -bridge in the foreground. Atcham is three miles from -Shrewsbury. Crossing the bridge, we leave the river, which -here takes a long sweep to the southward, and follow the road, -which skirts for more <a name="page10"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 10</span>than half a mile the extensive park -of Attingham. We here approach another river, the Tern, -which at this point spreads into a fair expanse of water, and -forms, with the mansion of Attingham to the left, and the copses -which skirt it, a scene of striking beauty, while to the right it -divides into two branches which empty themselves into the Severn, -a little lower down. Crossing Tern Bridge, and proceeding a -short distance, still skirting the park, we reach a point where, -opposite the entrance to Attingham Park, a branch road turns off -to the right from the old London road. We must take this -branch road, which will lead us to the village of Wroxeter. -We soon cross a small stream, which is known by the name of the -Bell Brook, and after we have passed this brook, the visitor will -hardly fail to remark, wherever his eye rests upon ploughed -ground, the extraordinary blackness of the soil in comparison -with that of the land over which he has previously passed.</p> -<p>In fact he has now entered upon the site of an ancient Roman -city, which is known, from the circumstance of its being -mentioned by the geographer Ptolemy, to have been standing here -as early as the beginning of the second century, when it was -called Viroconium,—a name which appears to have been -changed in the later Romano-British period to Uriconium; at least -this is the form under which the <a name="page11"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 11</span>name occurs in the later geographers, -and which has been generally adopted by modern antiquaries. -From the point at which we have now arrived, the line of the -ancient town-wall may be traced by a continuous low mound, which -runs southward towards the Severn, the banks of which it follows -for some distance, and, after passing between the river and the -modern village of Wroxeter, turns eastwardly behind the -vicarage-house, and makes a long sweep till it reaches the hamlet -of Norton to the north, whence it turns to the westward again, -and reaches the point from which we started, forming an irregular -oval, rather more than three miles in circumference. A -portion of the Bell Brook runs through the Roman city. -After crossing this brook, we approach ground which rises gently, -and nearly at the highest point we see to the left a -smith’s shop. At this spot, which is rather more than -five miles from Shrewsbury, the road which has brought us from -that town crosses another road, which turns down to the right, to -the village of Wroxeter, not quite half a mile distant. -Wroxeter is an Anglo-Saxon name, the first part of which is -probably corrupted from that of the ancient Roman city of the -site of which it occupies the southern extremity. The road -which has led us to it is called the Watling Street road, and -there is every reason for believing that it occupies in a part of -its course the line of one of the <a name="page12"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 12</span>principal streets of Uriconium. -It crosses the river Severn immediately below the village, where -there was doubtless a bridge in Roman times, for it is in the -highest degree improbable that in approaching a town of such -importance, the Romans would cross a river like the Severn only -by a ford.</p> -<p>On arriving at the smith’s shop just alluded to, the -attention of the visitor will be attracted by a solid mass of -masonry, which forms a very imposing object, and presents those -unmistakable characteristics of Roman work,—the long -string-courses of large flat red bricks. This mass of -masonry, the only portion of the buildings of Uriconium which -remains standing above ground, is upwards of twenty feet high, -and seventy-two feet long, with a uniform thickness of three -feet, and has been long known by the name of “The Old -Wall.” It stands nearly in the centre of the ancient -city, which occupied the highest ground within the walls,—a -commanding position, with the bold isolated form of the Wrekin in -the rear, and in front a panorama of mountains formed by the -Wenlock and Stretton Hills, Caer Caradoc, the Longmynd, the -Breidden, and the still more distant mountains of Wales. -With the exception of this wall, all that remained of the Roman -city, if as some people might perhaps have doubted, anything did -remain,—has been long buried beneath the soil. At the -close of the year 1858, however, <a name="page13"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 13</span>it was resolved to ascertain what -these remains were, and an Excavation Committee was formed at -Shrewsbury, for the purpose of carrying this design into effect -by means of a public subscription. Excavations were, -accordingly, commenced on the 3rd of February, 1859, and they -have already led to results of the most satisfactory -description. But, perhaps, before we proceed to describe -the ruins which have thus been uncovered, it would be well to -tell our readers something of the general character of the Roman -towns in this island, and to explain how some of them were -destroyed, and from what cases and by what circumstances their -remains present themselves in the conditions in which we now find -them.</p> - -<div class="gapshortline"> </div> -<p><span class="smcap">Fifteen</span> hundred years ago, this -island, with the exception of the highlands of Scotland, was -covered with flourishing towns, many of them known to have been -of considerable magnitude, situated on numerous public -roads,—these latter of such excellent construction, that -they have remained to the present day the foundation of most of -our great English high roads. These towns, like those in -other parts of the empire, enjoyed free municipal <a -name="page14"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 14</span>institutions -(from which our own mediæval municipal institutions are -derived), and in all but certain duties towards the imperial -government, formed in themselves so many little republics, -possessing all the ambitions and rivalries which seem inseparable -from republican institutions. Among the slight notices of -this island in ancient writers we learn that the towns of Britain -were remarkable for their turbulence, which was encouraged, no -doubt, by the distance of this province from Rome, and by the -peculiar character of the population of the towns, which -consisted of blood that was foreign to the soil, and which was -not uniform in character in the different towns. We know -further that, during the fourth century, these towns often -confederated together, threw off the imperial yoke, and raised -emperors of their own; and we have every reason for supposing -that, when the restraint imposed by the central power became -slackened, the towns confederated against one another, and that -domestic dissensions and contests troubled the peace of the -island. Such dissensions left the island exposed to the -invasions of its foreign enemies, which had become very frequent -and very formidable during the fourth century. The eastern -coasts were often visited by the Teutonic rovers, Saxons, and -Franks; the barbarous Caledonians, then called Picts, from the -north rushed across the borders, and carried devastation <a -name="page15"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 15</span>through the -land, in which they were assisted by the Irish, or, as they were -then called, Scots, and probably by the Armorican Celts, or -Britons from Gaul. The towns of Britain united would, no -doubt, have presented a force sufficient to meet any of these -invasions, but their very constitution rendered such a union -difficult, except for a short period. Besides their -independence of each other, the towns had only been expected to -defend themselves, while the defence of the province was more -especially the duty of the legions, and on their withdrawal, the -towns seem to have followed their old practice in case of -invasion, and shut themselves within their walls, or, at most, -opposed the invaders without any union, thus leaving the open -country to easy destruction.</p> -<p>The history of the conquest of the Roman provinces by the -barbarians is, in general, simply the successive reduction of one -town after another. Such was eminently the case in Britain, -and the traditionary annals of the early Saxon period present -little more than a list of conquered towns. Sometimes a -town was taken by stratagem or force, and then it was plundered -or destroyed, but in the far greater number of cases the town was -too strong for the assailants and only submitted by composition, -by which it paid a tribute to the conqueror and retained its old -independent municipal institutions. We all <a -name="page16"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 16</span>know how many -of our old cities and early municipal towns are thus the -representatives of the cities of the Romans. In some parts -of the island the destruction was greater than in others, and on -the Welsh border, through the whole space between Chester (called -by the Romans Deva), and Gloucester (which the Romans called -Glevum), the towns seem to have been all ruined. One of the -largest of these towns was no doubt that of Uriconium. We -can only judge by implication, and by a comparison of what -occurred in other places, of the manner in which a town like -Uriconium was treated, when it was overcome by the -barbarians. We know that these invaders were influenced by -a love of plunder, but a love of destruction—we may perhaps -call it an impulse of destruction—was still greater; and it -is probable that the plundering of a town like Uriconium was a -hasty and imperfect operation, and that the plunderers carried -off chiefly objects made of the precious metals, or articles of -dress and arms, or other objects on which they set considerable -value, as they moved about rapidly, and could not be provided -very extensively with the means of conveyance. (We are here -speaking of the earlier plundering invasions of the barbarians, -such as the Picts and Scots, in which perhaps Uriconium perished, -towards the middle of the fifth century, for it is hardly -probable that the Angles or Saxons could have reached this <a -name="page17"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 17</span>part of the -island at so early a period.) The first impulse of the -plunderers was to apply fire to the buildings, and the progress -of the conflagration would hasten their departure. Where -the inhabitants of the conquered town had not made their escape -and abandoned it before it was taken—which was perhaps the -case in some of the smaller towns—there would no doubt be a -dreadful massacre, and the survivors would be dragged away into -captivity, for the various peoples who preyed upon the carcass of -the mighty empire of Rome, whether German or Celt, or Tartar or -Arab, ambitioned, almost above other plunder, the possession of -numerous slaves. Thus the plundered town was left without -inhabitants, and in flames, of which the latter, as may be judged -on the spot from the massive character of the walls of the -houses, were probably partial in their effect, destroying chiefly -the timber and roofs.</p> -<p>Thus the town was left an extensive mass of blackened walls; -and such was the condition in which the ruined Roman towns -remained during several centuries. Roman walls, we all -know, were too strongly built to fall down, and various -circumstances combined for their preservation. In the first -place, the population of the country must have been greatly -reduced, and this part of the island especially was probably very -thinly inhabited after it had been ravaged by the invaders. -The ruins themselves <a name="page18"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 18</span>would in time be overgrown with -plants and trees and would become the haunt of wild beasts, which -were then abundant, thus offering very little encouragement to -anybody to enter them. But they were protected in a still -greater degree by the strong superstitious feelings with which -such ruins were regarded by the people who now occupied the -land. The Teutonic invaders had not only a prejudice -against towns in general, but they believed that all the deserted -buildings of the previous lords of the soil were taken possession -of by powerful evil spirits, on whose limits it was in the -highest degree dangerous to trespass. They imagined, -moreover, that the Romans had the power of casting spells over -buildings, which were no less dangerous than the evil spirits -themselves. It will be remembered how, when Augustine and -his brother missionaries came to convert the Anglo-Saxons to -Christianity, the Kentish king and his court gave them their -first audience in the open air; because, as we are told, the -Anglo-Saxons were afraid that, should they be received in a -covered chamber in the palace, the strangers from Rome would be -able to cast a spell upon them. It is a remarkable proof of -the strength of this superstitious feeling, that all the -Benedictionals of the Anglo-Saxon period contain forms for -blessing the vessels of metal or earthenware found in ancient -sites, and relieving them from the spells which had <a -name="page19"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 19</span>been cast -upon them by the “pagans,” in order that the finders -might be enabled to make use of these vessels without any -personal danger. When the people of the middle ages, -whether Christians or not, found the beautiful bronze figures on -which we set so much store, they were in the greatest -apprehension of personal danger until they had mutilated them so -as to break the charm or spell which they believed to be laid -upon them, for they looked upon these images as the more general -instruments of the ancient magicians. When thus mutilated -they usually threw them into the nearest river. The -numerous bronzes dredged up from the bed of the Thames at London -are almost all mutilated in this manner. This was the case -also with the inscriptions, for the successors of the Romans had -no other notion of an ancient inscription than that it was a -magical charm. This superstition has continued to exist -until very recent times, for it appears that, within the memory -of man, the peasantry of Northumberland, on the line of the great -wall of Hadrian, were accustomed, when they found an inscribed -stone—and inscribed stones are there very abundant—to -hew out at least a part of the letters of the inscription with a -pick or axe, in order to destroy the charm.</p> -<p>We thus understand how a ruined city—like that at -Wroxeter—was allowed to remain untouched for -centuries. Many of these ruined towns became <a -name="page20"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 20</span>the subject -of romantic legends. One of these legends relating to an -ancient ruined city in this neighbourhood, is told in the curious -history of the Fitz-Warines, composed in the thirteenth century, -in Anglo-Norman, no doubt by a border writer. This writer -is describing a visit supposed to have been made by William the -Conqueror to the Welsh border in order to distribute the land to -his followers.</p> -<blockquote><p>“When King William approached the hills and -valleys of Wales he saw a very large town, formerly enclosed with -high walls, which was all burnt and ruined, and in a plain below -the town he caused his tents to be raised, and there he said he -would remain that night. Then the king inquired of a Briton -what was the name of the town, and how it came to be so -ruined. ‘Sire,’ said the Briton, ‘I will -tell you. The Castle was formerly called Castle Bran, but -now it is called the Old March. Formerly there came into -this country Brutus, a very valiant knight, and Corineus, from -whom Cornwall still retains its name, and many others derived -from the lineage of Troy, and none inhabited these parts except -very foul people, great giants, whose king was called -Geomagog. These heard of the arrival of Brutus, and sent -out to encounter him, and at last all the giants were killed -except Geomagog, who was marvellously great. Corineus, the -valiant, said that he would willingly wrestle with Geomagog, to -<a name="page21"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 21</span>try -Geomagog’s strength. The giant, on the first onset, -embraced Corineus so tightly, that he broke three of his -ribs. Corineus became angry, and struck Geomagog with his -foot that he fell from a great rock into the sea, and Geomagog -was drowned. And a spirit of the devil now entered into the -body of Geomagog, and came into these parts, and held possession -of the country long, that never Briton dared to inhabit it. -And long afterwards, King Bran the son of Donwal, caused the city -to be rebuilt, repaired the walls, and strengthened the great -fosses, and he made Burgh and Great March. And the devil -came by night and took away every thing that was therein, since -which time nobody has ever inhabited there.’ The king -marvelled much at this story, and Payn Peverel, the proud and -courageous knight, the king’s cousin, heard it all, and -declared that that night he would essay the marvel. Payn -Peverel armed himself very richly, and took his shield, shining -with gold, with a cross of azure indented, and fifteen knights -and other attendants, and went into the highest palace, and took -up his lodging there. And when it was night the weather -became so foul, black, dark, and such a tempest of lightning and -thunder, that all those who were there became so terrified that -they could not for fear move hand or foot, but lay on the ground -like dead men. The proud Payn was very much frightened <a -name="page22"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 22</span>but he put -his trust in God, whose sign of the cross he carried with him, -and saw that he could have no help but from God. He lay -upon the ground, and with good devotion prayed God and his mother -Mary that they would defend him that night from the power of the -devil. Hardly had he finished his prayer, when the fiend -came in the semblance of Geomagog, and he carried a great club in -his hand, and from his mouth cast fire and smoke, with which the -whole town was illuminated. Payn had a good hope in God, -and signed himself with a cross, and boldly attacked the -fiend. The fiend raised his club and would have struck -Payn, but he avoided the blow. The devil, by virtue of the -cross, was all struck with fear, and lost his strength, for he -could not approach the cross. Payn pursued him till he -struck him with his sword; then he began to cry out, and fell -flat on the ground, and yielded himself vanquished. -‘Knight,’ said he, ‘you have conquered me, not -by your own strength, but by virtue of the cross which you -carry.’ ‘Tell me,’ said Payn, ‘you -foul creature, who you are and what you do in this town, I -conjure you, in the name of God and of the Holy -Cross.’ The fiend began to relate from word to word -as the Briton had said before; and told how, when Geomagog was -dead, he immediately rendered his soul to Beelzebub, their -prince, and he entered the body of Geomagog, and <a -name="page23"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 23</span>came in his -semblance into these parts, and kept the great treasure which -Geomagog had collected and put into a house he had made -underground in that town. Payn demanded of him, ‘What -kind of creature he was?’ and he said, ‘He was -formerly an angel, but now is, by his forfeit, a diabolical -spirit.’ ‘What treasure,’ said Payn, -‘had Geomagog?’ ‘Oxen, cows, swans, -peacocks, horses, and all other animals, made of fine gold; and -there was a golden bull, which, through me, was his prophet, and -in him was all his belief; and he told him the events that were -to come; and twice a year the giants used to honour their god, -the golden bull, whereby so much gold is collected that all this -country was called ‘The White Land.’ And I and -my companion inclosed the land with a high wall and deep fosse, -so that there was no entrance except through this town, which was -full of evil spirits.’ ‘Now, you shall tell -me,’ said Payn, ‘where is the treasure of which you -have spoken?’ ‘Vassal,’ said he, -‘speak no more of that, for it is destined for others; but -you shall be lord of all this honour.’”</p> -</blockquote> -<p>And so the vanquished fiend goes on to tell him the future -fortunes of his house; and after King William had been duly -informed of this adventure, and they had thrown the body of -Geomagog into a great pit, they proceeded on their way to -Oswestry.</p> -<p>In my edition of this history of the Fitz-Warines <a -name="page24"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 24</span>I have -offered some conjectures on the spot to which this legend refers; -but on comparing all the circumstances connected with it, I have -since been led to the conclusion that the “burnt and -ruined” city which had thus been taken possession of by the -evil spirits was no other than the ruins of the ancient -Uriconium. This story implies that the walls of the town -and houses of Uriconium were still standing above ground as late -as the eleventh and twelfth centuries, and very likely a great -portion of them remained thus standing at the time when the -author of the History of the Fitz-Warines wrote. But during -the centuries which had passed since the city of the Romans -became a ruin, it had been undergoing a gradual but continual -change from the accumulation of earth. This rising of the -level of the ground is always found to have taken place under -such circumstances, and may be explained by several causes. -In the first place, the floors must have been covered by a mass -of rubbish formed by the falling in of the roofs and more -perishable parts of the buildings. Vegetation, too, would -in the course of years arise, and the walls would stop and cause -to be deposited the dust and earthy particles carried about in -the atmosphere. This deposit we know by experience to be -considerable. It is now little more than three centuries -since the dissolution of the monasteries, and we have all had -opportunities <a name="page25"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -25</span>of observing the depth of earth under which the floors -of the monastic ruins now lie, sometimes amounting to as much as -three or four feet. What, then, must it have been on an -extensive ruin like that of Uriconium, which had stood in that -ruined and deserted condition from the middle of the fifth -century to the middle of the twelfth?</p> -<p>It was at this latter period that the Roman buildings began to -be systematically destroyed. It appears that still in the -twelfth century, England was covered with the remains of Roman -ruined towns and villas standing above ground, as they are still -seen, though on a larger scale, in the countries which formed the -Roman province in Northern Africa. We have seen the -superstitious feelings which prevented people approaching these -ruins in our island, and it required nothing less than the hand -of the Church to interfere and break the charm which kept the -rest of society aloof. We learn from the history of the -abbots of St Alban’s, written in the thirteenth century by -Matthew Paris, that already in the eleventh century the abbots of -that great religious house had begun to break the ruins of the -Roman city of Verulamium, in order to use them as building -materials. This practice became very general in the twelfth -century, and from that time the Roman ruins were pillaged on an -extensive scale whenever a monastery or a <a -name="page26"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 26</span>church was to -be built. The ancient city at Wroxeter was probably one of -the great quarries from which the builders of Haughmond Abbey -were supplied, and no doubt it contributed materials to other -monastic houses in this part of the country. The church of -Atcham, the adjoining parish, and that of Wroxeter itself, bear -evidence to this appropriation of building materials taken from -ancient Uriconium. At the time when this inroad was made -upon the ruins, the ground, as explained before, was already -raised several feet above the Roman floors; and the -mediæval builders, finding plenty of material above ground, -cleared away the walls down to the surface of the ground as it -then existed, and sought them no further. This accounts for -the condition in which we now find these walls, that is, -remaining tolerably perfect just up to the height of what was the -level of the ground, at the time the rest was destroyed. -The difference between the tops of the walls as they now exist -under ground, and the present surface of the ground, is the -accumulation of earth which has taken place since this -destruction. It was the destruction of the buildings which -first caused this accumulation, by scattering about the fragments -of the plaster of the walls and the broken tiles and stones which -were not worth carrying away. After the walls above ground -disappeared, and the ground was levelled <a -name="page27"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 27</span>and cleared, -such accumulation went on much more slowly.</p> -<p>The sites of the ancient towns, thus cleared, and the spell -which held their invaders at bay having been broken by the -ecclesiastics, became exposed to a new class of -depredators. Coins and objects of some value were no doubt -discovered from time to time by accident, and were greatly -exaggerated by common report, during ages when the existence of -hidden treasure formed a prominent article in the popular -belief. Many a Salopian, doubtless, longed for the hidden -treasures of the city of Geomagog, and many an attempt no doubt -was made to discover and obtain them. Treasure-hunting of -this description was a great pursuit with our mediæval -forefathers, and the same superstitious feelings were connected -with it that were attached to all the remains of more ancient -peoples. The treasure-hunter rarely ventured on his search -without having first secured the aid of a magician for his -protection as well as for his guidance, for the same evil spirits -were believed still to haunt the ruins underground, and it was -hoped that by the power of the conjuror they might not only be -rendered harmless, but be made to give information as to the -exact spot where the treasure lay. Numerous examples might -be quoted of such mediæval treasure-hunting on the Welsh -border, but it will be sufficient <a name="page28"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 28</span>to give one which appears to belong -to the very site on which we are now seeking treasures of another -description. An old manuscript chronicle of the monks of -Worcester, which is printed in Warton’s Anglia Sacra, and -has preserved numerous notices of events which occurred on this -border, informs us that in the year 1287, at a place by Wroxeter, -(that is near the village), called “Bilebury,” the -fiend was compelled by a certain enchanter to appear to a certain -lad and show him where lay buried “urns, and a ship, and a -house, with an immense quantity of gold.” We easily -recognize in the objects described by the false Geomagog, though -not the material, the numerous figures in bronze which are from -time to time found on Roman sites; and the arms and ship may -perhaps admit of as easy an explanation. The -treasure-digger had to encounter sometimes a worse opponent even -than the fiend himself! Treasure-trove belonged to the -feudal lord, and it was a right which he was inclined to enforce -with the utmost severity; and the unfortunate individual who was -caught in the act of trespassing against it found his way -immediately into a feudal dungeon, from which escape was not -always easy or quick. The learned historian of this county, -Mr. Eyton, has met with a record from which we learn that some -individuals towards the close of the thirteenth century were thus -caught <a name="page29"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -29</span>“digging” for a treasure at Wroxeter, and -that they were thrown into prison. On their examination or -trial, however, it appeared that, though they had dug for a -treasure, they had not found one, and on this plea they had the -good fortune to be set at liberty. This process of -treasure-hunting had an effect injurious to the object of our -researches. The mediæval excavator cared very little -about antiquities as monuments of the past, and when, in digging -a hole into the ground, he came upon a pavement, he broke it up -without any scruple. It is to this cause, perhaps, that we -must ascribe in many cases the damaged state in which we find the -floors of the Roman houses, even when they lie at a considerable -depth.</p> -<p>I have thus endeavoured to explain the manner in which a Roman -town like Uriconium was ruined; how its ruin remained several -centuries untouched, while a depth of earth was accumulating on -the floors; how at a later period the ruins themselves began to -be cleared away, and a new accumulation of earth was formed over -the lower part of the walls which had been left, until these -could no longer be traced on the surface, except by the -appearance of the crops in long periods of dry weather. -This double accumulation of the debris of buildings has often led -people to form erroneous conclusions, and in the account of a -former partial <a name="page30"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -30</span>excavation at Wroxeter, published by the Society of -Antiquaries, the writer has fallen upon the rather odd notion -that the Roman town had been burnt twice,—that he saw the -layers of burnt materials from two successive burnings.</p> -<p>The effects of all these causes may be seen in the excavations -at Wroxeter,—the floor sometimes perfect and sometimes -broken up; the walls of the houses remaining to the height of two -or three feet or more, as they were left by the mediæval -builders, when they carried away the upper part of these walls -for material; the original level of the Roman town on which its -inhabitants trod, strewed with roof-tiles and slates and other -material which had fallen in during the conflagration under which -the town sank into ruin, and the upper part of the soil mixed up -with fragments of plaster and cement, bricks and mortar, which -had been scattered about when the walls were broken up.</p> -<p>The site of Uriconium presents one great advantage to the -antiquarian explorer, that only a small and not very important -portion of the area has been exposed to the most destructive of -all encroachments on its sanctity, modern buildings; while the -situation and nature of the ground has not required the deep -draining which would have cut through the ancient floors, and -these lie too far beneath the surface to be touched by the -plough. It will be easily <a name="page31"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 31</span>understood that the preservation of -such remains depends much on the depth of soil which covers -them. The Rev. T. F. More has discovered and made -considerable excavations in a very extensive and most interesting -Roman villa, which occupies part of his beautiful park at Linley -Hall, near Bishop’s Castle, but there the position of the -site, and perhaps other circumstances, have caused the earth to -accumulate much less rapidly, and the floors lay so near to the -surface that they have all been destroyed. Where a fragment -of the concrete of the floor remained, it was hardly six inches -under the ground.</p> -<p>Our means of observation have hitherto been so imperfect, that -we can only form vague conjectures as to the internal aspect and -distribution of the buildings of a Roman town in Britain. -At the close of the Roman period the towns were usually, if not -always, surrounded with defensive walls; but there are several -reasons for believing that the Roman towns in this island were -not walled until a comparatively late date, perhaps not till the -domestic dissensions and foreign invasions of the fourth -century. These town walls, when closely examined into, are -often found to contain materials taken from older buildings of -another kind, which older materials themselves present the -debased style of architecture which belonged to the declining age -of the Roman power. The long straggling line of wall <a -name="page32"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 32</span>which -surrounded Uriconium as we may conclude from its very -irregularity, can only have been built at a late date, after the -city had gone on for ages increasing in its extent. We are -naturally led to suppose that the public buildings would occupy -the central, or at least the more elevated part of the town, and -this has in several instances proved to be the case. The -discoveries made by Sir Christopher Wren, seem to leave no doubt -that a Roman temple occupied the site of the modern cathedral of -St. Paul’s, in London. But buildings of all sorts -would seem to have been mixed very confusedly together; for we -believe that in London, more recent excavations have brought to -light remains of potter’s kilns in close proximity to this -temple. In one or two instances, as at Aldborough, in -Yorkshire, (the Roman Isurium), and in some of the small towns on -the line of Hadrian’s Wall, in Northumberland, masses of -the small houses have been uncovered, and their appearance leads -us to believe that the houses of a Roman town in Britain were -grouped thickly together, that they were mostly separated by -narrow alleys, and that there were in general few streets of any -magnitude.</p> - -<div class="gapshortline"> </div> -<p><a name="page33"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 33</span><span -class="smcap">We</span> will now return to the spot where the -visitor has halted in view of the imposing mass of Roman masonry, -called the Old Wall, situated, as has been stated, in a large -triangular field formed by the divergence of the two roads. -The Old Wall stands not quite east and west, but sufficiently -near it to allow us for sake of convenience to call it east and -west. Its northern side is evidently the outside of a -building, while there could be no doubt that the southern side, -on which the springings of transverse walls and vaulted ceilings -are visible, was the interior. The excavations were begun -on the 3rd of February, 1859, on the northern side, or outside, -of this wall, partly with the object of ascertaining the depth at -which the floors and the foundations of the buildings lay under -the present surface of the ground, which, as we have said before, -was an important fact to ascertain. The bottom of the Old -Wall was found at a depth of fourteen feet, the last ten feet of -which were sunk in the natural substratum of sand, so that the -walls of the buildings in this spot must have had originally very -deep foundations. It was found that this wall was continued -underground to the west, and excavations directed towards the -north brought to light successively three walls running parallel, -or nearly parallel, to this first wall, the first of these -parallel walls being at a uniform distance of fourteen feet from -the Old Wall, <a name="page34"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -34</span>the next at a distance, also uniform, of thirty feet -from this wall, and the third at a distance from the second of -fourteen feet at the western and sixteen at the eastern end, so -that, as the transverse wall at the eastern end of these walls -was not quite at right angles to them, this large building was a -little out of square. This building, therefore, consisted -of three divisions, of which the central enclosure was 226 feet -long by 30 feet wide, and appears to have been paved in its whole -extent with small bricks, three inches long by one inch broad, -set in zig-zags, or, as it is more technically called, -herring-bone fashion. This description of pavement appears -generally to have been used in passages and in open courts, and -it seems probable, even from the magnitude of this enclosure, -that it was not roofed. Nothing was discovered in it to -throw any light on the object of so extensive a paved enclosure, -but there could be little doubt that it must have been a public -building of some importance. Portions of the capitals, -bases, and shafts of columns were found scattered about in -different parts of the area, which show that it was not wanting -in architectural decoration, and on one of the pieces of -wall-stucco, picked up in this part of the excavations, where -three letters of what had been an inscription in large -characters. Among other objects found here were a fragment -of a very strong iron chain, the head of an axe, and an iron -implement <a name="page35"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -35</span>which appears to have been a trident, and to have been -originally placed on a staff, perhaps an ensign of office. -The appearance of the face of the Old Wall, which formed part of -one side of the long narrow enclosure on the south of this -central apartment, would lead us to suppose that this was an open -alley, and this is confirmed by the other circumstances connected -with it. In the continuation of the Old Wall to the -westward, the lower parts of two doorways were found, which were -approached from this alley each by a step formed of a single -squared stone, which, therefore, may have been supposed to have -led from an exterior into an interior. The corresponding -long passage to the north of the central apartment presented -characteristics of another kind. At the eastern end were -found pavements of rather fine mosaic, of which specimens and -admirable drawings, by Mr. George Maw, of Broseley, are preserved -in the Museum. Mosaic of this description was not made to -be exposed to the air, and the building here must not only have -been roofed, but we have reason to suppose that there must have -been a room or rooms of a character on which elegant -ornamentation would be bestowed.</p> -<p>The walls of this building, as we find them under ground, -present from time to time discontinuations, or breaches, caused -no doubt by the breaking up of the walls for materials by the -mediæval builders, who <a name="page36"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 36</span>sometimes went deeper for them than -usual; and it is very likely that this may have been caused, in -some instances at least, by the circumstance that on the site of -these breaches were doors or passages, the jambs and ornamental -parts of which were formed of large stones which were more -tempting to the old excavators. With the exception of these -breaches, there are no traces of doorways from one apartment of -this building to the other. About the middle of the -northernmost wall there is a very wide breach of this kind, which -perhaps represents a grand entrance from the north. -Moreover, in carrying the excavations further towards the north, -it was found that this northernmost wall of the building formed -the side of a street, which was paved in the middle with round -stones, not much unlike the pavements of some of the streets in -Shrewsbury and other old towns as they remain at the present -day. The northern wall just alluded to was traced -eastwardly until the edge of the field in which the excavations -are carried on prevented the workmen from going any -further. Immediately to the east of the building we have -been describing was a not quite rectangular inclosure, which, -from the appearance of the walls, was probably a -court-yard. A doorway, approached by a stone step within -the great inclosure to the west, led into it. Beyond this, -to the eastward, was a much larger inclosure, which as far as it -was explored, had <a name="page37"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -37</span>no tracings of walls or pavement within, and may -possibly have been a garden. At the western end of the -great building, about the middle of the extremity of the great -central inclosure, indications were discovered which probably -belonged also to an entrance. These indications consisted -of two original openings in the wall, within which were found, -evidently in their original position, in one a large squared -stone, and in the other two similarly squared stones placed one -upon another. One of these was bevelled off at the outer -edge into a plain moulding, and their general appearance led to -the belief that they had formed the basis of -something—perhaps of large columns. Here, therefore, -may perhaps have been the principal entrance into the long and -extensive area which occupied the middle of this building. -It faced the modern Watling Street Road, which evidently -represents another street; and it thus seems to admit of no doubt -that this building formed the corner of two principal streets of -the Roman city of Uriconium.</p> -<p>We will now return to the long alley, as we have ventured to -call it, on the southern side of the building we have been -describing. It has been already stated that there were -found in this alley two steps, formed each of a large squared -stone, attached to two doorways in the western continuation of -the Old Wall. The more western of these two <a -name="page38"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 38</span>steps was -very much worn by the feet of the people who had passed over it, -as though it had led to some place of public resort. It was -at the more easterly of these doorways that the excavations were -carried to the southward of the Old Wall. This doorway -apparently led into some open court which communicated with -domestic apartments. A trench carried directly southward -from the doorway, brought the excavators to the semicircular end -of a hypocaust, which had warmed a considerable room thirty-seven -feet long, by twenty-five feet wide, and which was in a state of -very perfect preservation when opened, although the floor which -once covered it had entirely disappeared. The pillars, -which were formed of Roman square bricks, placed one upon another -without mortar, and of which 120 were counted, were above three -feet high. This room has now been completely laid open, and -on the western side has a complicated arrangement of walls, which -evidently served some purpose connected with the heating of the -hypocausts. A considerable quantity of unburnt coal was -found here. The northern end of this hypocaust, the wall of -which remained to the height of several feet, presents an -imposing mass of masonry, and we learn from it the interesting -fact that the Roman houses were plastered and painted externally -as well as internally. The exterior of the semicircular -wall at the north end of this <a name="page39"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 39</span>hypocaust was painted red, with -stripes of yellow. Near it lay an immense stone, hewn into -the shape to fit the semicircular wall of the hypocaust, which -had evidently formed part of a massive band of such stones at -some height in the wall. A strong piece of iron is soldered -into it with lead, for the purpose of attaching something to the -building externally. A little alley, considerably wider -than the spaces between the pillars of bricks, ran across this -hypocaust, and through an opening in the wall, into another -hypocaust, which was entered from without by a large archway, and -this again was approached by a flight of three steps, each step -composed of one large well-squared stone, descending from a -square platform, which was apparently on a level with the -original floors of the rooms. When the steps were -uncovered, a broken shaft of a large column was found lying -across them. The platform at the bottom of the steps, or at -least the corner of it farthest from the arched entrance to the -hypocaust, seems to have been used by the last occupiers of this -building as a receptacle for the dust swept from floors and -passages, for the earth, for about a foot deep on the floor, was -literally filled with coins, hair-pins, fibulæ, broken -pottery and glass, bones of birds and animals which had been -eaten, and a variety of other such objects.</p> -<p>To the east of the entrance to the hypocausts, a small room -only eight feet square was found, which <a -name="page40"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 40</span>had a -herring-bone pavement like that of the great inclosure to the -north of the Old Wall. A rather wide passage through the -eastern wall of this small room led into another room with a -hypocaust, the floor of which is also gone. The pillars of -this hypocaust were rather more neatly constructed, but they seem -to have been considerably lower than those of the hypocausts -previously opened. This hypocaust was the scene of a very -interesting discovery. Abundant traces of burning in all -parts of the site leave no doubt that the city of Uriconium was -plundered, and afterwards burnt by some of the barbarian invaders -of Roman Britain at the close of the Romano-British period, that -is, towards the middle of the fifth century. The human -remains which have been met with in different parts, bear -testimony to a frightful massacre of the inhabitants. It -would seem that a number of persons had been pursued to the -buildings immediately to the south of the line of the Old Wall, -and slaughtered there; for in trenching across what were perhaps -open courts to the south and south-east of the door through the -continuation of the Old Wall, remains of at least four or five -skeletons were found, and in what appears to have been a corner -of a yard, outside the semicircular end of the hypocaust first -discovered, lay the skull and some of the bones of a very young -child. In the last of the hypocausts we have been -describing, <a name="page41"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -41</span>three skeletons were found, that of a person who appears -to have died in a crouching position in one of the corners, and -two others stretched on the ground by the side of the wall. -An examination of the skull of the person in the corner leaves no -room for doubting that he was a very old man. One at least -of the others was a female. Near the old man lay a little -heap of Roman coins, in such a manner as to show that they must -have been contained in a confined receptacle, and a number of -small iron nails scattered among them, with traces of decomposed -wood, prove that this was a little box, or coffer. The -remains of the wood are still attached to two or three of the -coins. We are justified from all these circumstances in -concluding that, in the midst of the massacre of Roman Uriconium, -these three persons—perhaps an old man and two terrified -women—had sought to conceal themselves by creeping into the -hypocaust; and perhaps they were suffocated there, or, when the -house was delivered to the flames, the falling rubbish may have -blocked up the outlet so as to make it impossible for them to -escape. It is not likely that they would have been followed -into such a place as this hypocaust. These coins were 132 -in number, and the following description of them has been given -by Mr. C. Roach Smith:—</p> -<table> -<tr> -<td><p><span class="smcap">Tetricus</span>.</p> -</td> -<td><p>One much worn, of the <i>Fides Militum</i> type</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p><span class="smcap">Claudius</span>.</p> -</td> -<td><p>One, <i>rev.</i> <span -class="GutSmall">CONSECRATIO</span>; an eagle</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p><a name="page42"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -42</span>Constantine the Elder.</p> -</td> -<td><p><i>Obv.</i> <span class="GutSmall">CONSTANTINVS. MAX . -AVG</span>. Head diademed, or wreathed, to the right. -<i>Rev.</i> <span class="GutSmall">GLORIA EXERCITVS</span>. -Two soldiers with spears and shields, standing; between them two -standards; or (in three instances) a single standard.</p> -<p><i>Mint Marks</i> (exergual letters): <span class="GutSmall">P -. CONST.</span>, 3; <span class="GutSmall">TR . P.</span>, 6; -<span class="GutSmall">S . L . C.</span> 1; illegible, 3; -total</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">13</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p><span class="smcap">Constans</span>.</p> -</td> -<td><p><i>Obv.</i> Much worn or decayed. <i>Rev.</i> <span -class="GutSmall">FEL . TEMP . REPARATIO</span>. The emperor -holding a globe and a standard, standing in a galley rowed by a -Victory. This coin is altogether much worn. It -possibly may have been plated</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p><span class="smcap">Constantine</span> II.</p> -</td> -<td><p><i>Obv.</i> <span class="GutSmall">CONSTANTINVS . IVN . -NOB . C.</span> Laureated head, to the right; bust in -armour. <i>Rev.</i> <span class="GutSmall">GLORIA -EXERCITVS</span>. Two soldiers standing; between them two -standards, and on the same a wreath, or other object, in the -field.</p> -<p><i>Exergual letters</i>: <span class="GutSmall">TR . P.</span> -or <span class="GutSmall">TR . S.</span>, 15; <span -class="GutSmall">P . L . C.</span>, 9; <span -class="GutSmall">CONST.</span>, 3; illegible, 9; total</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">36</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p><span class="smcap">Constantius</span> II.</p> -</td> -<td><p><i>Obv.</i> <span class="GutSmall">T . L . IVL . -CONSTANTIVS . NOB . C.</span> Laureated head, to the right; -bust in armour. <i>Rev.</i> <span class="GutSmall">GLORIA -EXERCITVS</span>. Two soldiers, &c., as on the coins of -the preceding.</p> -<p><i>Exergual letters</i>: <span class="GutSmall">TR . -S.</span>, 3; <span class="GutSmall">P.</span>, 1; <span -class="GutSmall">SMTS</span>, 1; total</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">5</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p><span class="smcap">Julian</span>.</p> -</td> -<td><p>A plated denarius. <i>Obv.</i> <span -class="GutSmall">FL . CL . IVLIANVS</span>: <span -class="GutSmall">P. F. AVG</span>. Diademed head to the -right. <i>Rev.</i> <span class="GutSmall">VOTIS V MULTT . -XX</span>, within a wreath</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p><span class="smcap">Helena</span>.</p> -</td> -<td><p><i>Obv.</i> <span class="GutSmall">T . L . IVL . HELENAE -AVG</span>. Head to the right. <i>Rev.</i> <span -class="GutSmall">PAX PVBLICA</span>. A female figure -standing and holding in the right hand a branch, and in the left -hand a <i>hasta pura</i>. In the field, a cross; in the -exergue, <span class="GutSmall">TR . P</span>. Another -without the cross. Total</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p><a name="page43"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -43</span><span class="smcap">Theodora</span>.</p> -</td> -<td><p><i>Obv.</i> <span class="GutSmall">FL . THEODORAE -AVG</span>. Head to the right. <i>Rev.</i> <span -class="GutSmall">PIETAS ROMANA</span>. A female standing -suckling an infant: in the exergue, <span class="GutSmall">TR . -P.</span></p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p><span class="smcap">Urbs Roma</span>.</p> -</td> -<td><p><i>Obv.</i> <span class="GutSmall">VRBS -ROMA</span>. Galeated head of Rome, to the left. -<i>Rev.</i> Romulus and Remus nursed by the wolf; above, two -stars: on two, two stars and a wreath.</p> -<p>In the exergue: <span class="GutSmall">PL . C.</span>, 11; -<span class="GutSmall">TR . P .</span> or <span -class="GutSmall">TR . S.</span>, 10; illegible, 3; total</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">24</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p><span class="smcap">Constantinopolis</span>.</p> -</td> -<td><p><i>Obv.</i> <span -class="GutSmall">CONSTANTINOPOLIS</span>. Bust of -personified Constantinople, helmed, and holding a sceptre, to the -left. <i>Rev.</i> A winged Victory, with <i>hasta pura</i> -and shield; her feet upon the prow of the galley, to the -left.</p> -<p><i>Exergual letters</i>: <span class="GutSmall">TR . -P.</span>, 20; <span class="GutSmall">P . L . C .</span> or <span -class="GutSmall">S . L . C.</span>, 9; <span class="GutSmall">O . -SIS</span>, 1; <span class="GutSmall">S . CONST.</span>, 1; -illegible, 3; total</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">34</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p><span class="smcap">Valens</span>.</p> -</td> -<td><p><i>Obv.</i> <span class="GutSmall">D . N . VALENS</span> . -. . Diademed head, to the right. <i>Rev.</i> <span -class="GutSmall">SECVRITAS</span> . . . Victory with wreath -and palm branch, marching to the left. Much corroded</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td></td> -<td><p>Rude copies of some of the foregoing</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td></td> -<td><p>Extremely corroded</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td></td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">Total number</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">132</p> -</td> -</tr> -</table> -<p>This is, I believe, the first instance which has occurred in -this country, in which we have had the opportunity of -ascertaining what particular coins, as being then in daily -circulation, an inhabitant of a Roman town in Britain, at the -moment when the Roman domination in this country was expiring, -carried about with him. Mr. Roach Smith, speaking <a -name="page44"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 44</span>of the great -majority of these coins, these of the Constantine family, remarks -to me—“I suspect these coins were sent into Britain -even after the time of Valens, because they are all comparatively -sharp and fresh. It is not improbable that the procurators -at Treves and at Lugdunum may have had large stores of these -coins by them, which they sent out at intervals.” A -consideration of these coins gives us an approximation, at least, -towards the date at which Uriconium must have been destroyed; Mr. -Roach Smith agrees in the opinion that a comparison of them -points to the very latest period previous to the establishment of -the Anglo-Saxons. At a later period the freshly struck -coins of the Constantine family could not have been brought -over. They shew us that at that time the great mass of the -circulating medium consisted of coins of the Constantine family, -which again explains to us why the first coinage of the -Anglo-Saxons was nearly all copied from the coins of the emperors -of that family. Again, the care with which these small -copper coins (for only one is of plated silver) seem to have been -hoarded up, and the anxiety of their possessors to preserve them -in the midst of a frightful calamity, may perhaps assist us in -forming an estimate of the relative value of money at this -period.</p> -<p>The rooms which joined up to the south side of the Old Wall, -and which have been more recently <a name="page45"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 45</span>uncovered, were five in number, and -it appears from the remains, which are distinctly visible on the -face of the Old Wall, that they had vaulted roofs of the kind -technically called barrel roofs. In one of these rooms was -found a quantity of burnt wheat, which would lead us to suppose -that this might have been a store room. The most easterly -of these rooms has had the interior surface of its walls -ornamented with tessellated work instead of fresco-painting; the -lower edge of which, consisting of a guilloche border, still -remains. The floor below has a plain pavement of small -white tessellæ, and is apparently that of a bath. To -the south of these rooms a long passage was discovered, which -appears to have communicated at one end with the floor of the -room in the hypocaust of which the skeletons were found. In -this passage was a square pit of very good masonry, through which -a drain runs, nearly north and south. The stucco of the -southern face of the wall, forming the southern side of the -passage just alluded to, presented an inscription scrawled in -large straggling characters incised with some sharp pointed -instrument, and closely resembling in character similar -inscriptions which have been found on walls in Pompeii. -When first uncovered, two lines of this inscription, perhaps the -whole of it, seemed to have been perfectly well <a -name="page46"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 46</span>preserved, -but before anybody had had the opportunity of examining it, two -casual visitors, with walking sticks, amused themselves with -breaking off the plaster, in order apparently to try its -strength, and were not observed by the workmen until the first -line had been completely destroyed, and the second, which had -been a shorter one, was very much broken into, though just enough -remained to show that it must have been written in Latin. -Even this small remnant was nearly destroyed during the -interruption of the excavations, and not a trace of it can now be -seen. Thus all the advantages of a discovery which might -have been singularly important for our knowledge of the state of -Britain at this period, have been lost through mischievous -wantonness.</p> -<p>During the month of May, 1859, the work of the excavators was -interrupted; when it was resumed, they proceeded to explore the -building to which these hypocausts belonged, beginning from the -side of the field adjoining to the Watling Street -Road,—that is, from the side of one of the main streets of -the old Roman town,—and they found walls in the line, or -nearly in the line, of the western wall of the great public -building just described. Another street has since been -discovered to the south, running east and west, parallel to that -met with to the north of the buildings first excavated. The -excavations have since <a name="page47"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 47</span>that time been followed in various -parts of the two acres first inclosed by the Excavation -Committee, and a large extent of ruins is now laid open. -But I will here interrupt my narrative, while I give an account -of the general character of the buildings, the ruins of which -have already been brought to light.</p> - -<div class="gapshortline"> </div> -<p>As yet, the excavations on the site of Uriconium have not been -carried far enough to enable us to form any idea of the general -distribution of the Roman town, but it is evident that the -buildings on which the excavators are employed were inclosed by -three main streets, crossing at right angles, forming a square -mass. It has been stated that the few discoveries hitherto -made as to the character of the streets in the Roman towns in -Britain would lead us to think that they were little more than -narrow alleys, but this was certainly not the case with these -three streets of Roman Uriconium, which seem to have been fine -wide streets, and in the one to the north, the pavement of small -round stones appears to have occupied only the middle part of the -street, designed probably for carriages and horses. A -tolerably wide space on each side seems, as far as can be traced, -to have been <a name="page48"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -48</span>unpaved. But, although we have as yet made little -advance towards discovering the general character of Uriconium as -a city, and the manner in which the houses were distributed over -the Roman town, we had found sufficient fragments of different -kinds to give us a tolerable notion of the houses themselves.</p> -<p>The average thickness of the walls of a house, even where they -only separated one small room from another, was three feet. -They are rarely less than this, and it is only in one or two -cases of what appeared to be very important walls that they -exceed it, when they reach the thickness of four feet. This -measure of three feet was no doubt a well understood one for the -wall of a house, and it was continued in the middle ages, when, -in ordinary dwellings, only the division walls between house and -house were of solid masonry. Municipal regulations then -fixed these partition walls at a minimum of three feet in -thickness, the cause of which limitation was probably the fear of -fires; and in these mediæval municipal regulations, it was -further ordered, that closets or cupboards in the wall should in -no case be made more than one foot deep, so that if your own -cupboard and your neighbour’s happened to back each other, -there would still be a foot of solid masonry between the two -houses. And <a name="page49"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -49</span>the masonry of the Romans may well be called -solid. Its character may be seen perhaps to most advantage -in the Old Wall above ground. The process of building seems -to have been to raise first, gradually, the facings of -neatly-squared stones, supported no doubt between frames of -woodwork, the supports of which left holes which are still seen -in the face of the wall. The interior was then filled up -with rubble mixed with liquid and apparently hot cement, which -formed the mass of the wall, and in setting has become in course -of time harder than the stones themselves. After a certain -number of rows of facing-stones, the Roman builders almost -invariably placed a string-course of broad thin bricks, the -object of which is not at all evident, for they do not go through -the wall so as to form real bonding-courses. The Old Wall -still standing in probably nearly its original height, will also -give us a notion of the elevation of the principal houses of the -Roman towns.</p> -<p>In spite, however, of this rather considerable elevation, -which, reckoning for dilapidation at the top and the portion -buried under ground, cannot have been much less than thirty feet, -it seems nearly certain that the Roman houses in Britain had no -upper stories, and that all the rooms were on the ground -floor. No traces of a staircase have ever been found, <a -name="page50"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 50</span>and all the -fragments which are met with, indicate that the rooms were open -to the roof. These roofs appear to have been of substantial -construction, and were probably supported on a strong frame of -woodwork. The common coverings of the Roman houses of this -island consisted of large square tiles with strongly flanged -edges, and these tiles being joined side to side, a curved tile -forming the half of a cylinder was placed over the flanges of the -two tiles which joined, thus holding them together, and at the -same time protecting the juncture so that rain could not pass -through it. These tiles, and the manner in which they were -arranged, will be understood by our figures, (<i>pl</i>. <span -class="GutSmall">IV.</span>, <i>figs.</i> 1, 2, 3). The -Roman houses were also very commonly roofed with slates, or -rather flags, and this appears to have been the more usual -description of roofing in Uriconium. These roof-flags are -found scattered about abundantly on the floors, sometimes -unbroken. They are formed of a micaceous laminated -sandstone, which is found on the edge of the north Staffordshire -and Shropshire coalfield, at no great distance from Wroxeter, and -must have produced a glittering appearance in the sunshine. -Their form is represented in our cut, (<i>pl</i>. <span -class="GutSmall">IV.</span>, <i>fig.</i> 5); it was that of an -elongated hexagon, with a hole at one end, through which an iron -nail was passed to fix it to the wooden frame-work. The -nail is often found still remaining in the hole. These -flags, <a name="page51"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -51</span>which are very thick and heavy, were placed to lap over -each other, and thus formed a roof in lozenges or diamonds, as -represented in <i>fig.</i> 6. Slates forming one half of -the hexagon (<i>fig.</i> 4), were placed at the top of the roof, -so as to make a strictly horizontal line. It is a curious -circumstance, that in the illuminations of Anglo-Saxon -manuscripts we find roofs of houses which evidently represent -both these methods, and which appear, therefore, to have been -continued long after the Roman period. In fact they are -still used in Yorkshire, and perhaps in other counties, and have -been used very recently on the Welsh border. In the towns -which were the head-quarters of a legion, as at Caerleon, -Chester, and York, or which had been occupied for some length of -time by legionary detachments, we often find the name and number -of the legion stamped on the roof-tiles. These roof-tiles -were frequently used for other purposes. They are sometimes -employed in the string-courses in walls, when the builders appear -to have run short of the ordinary square tiles or flat bricks; -and they are still more frequently used to form the beds of -drains and aqueducts, when the flanged edges were turned up and, -set in the cement, formed the side of the water-course. A -very good example of this use of the roof-tiles may be seen in -the drain at Wroxeter mentioned above.</p> -<p><a name="page52"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -52</span>Internally, the walls of the Roman houses were covered -with fine hard cement, which was painted in fresco, that is, the -colours were laid on the cement while it was wet, and they thus -set with it, and became almost imperishable. In some of the -houses in Roman Britain, and especially in the large villas, the -internal walls were covered with fine historical subjects as in -the walls at Pompeii, and sufficient remains have been found in -this island to show that they were here also executed in no mean -style of art. Nothing of this kind has yet been discovered -in Uriconium; but numerous fragments are picked up in the -diggings, on which the colouring is perfectly fresh, and which -exhibit portions of designs which are always elegant and in good -taste. In one case a piece of the stucco from the internal -surface of a wall contained some letters of an inscription. -One of the walls near the hypocaust where the three skeletons -were found presented a singular and rather laborious method of -ornamenting its interior surface. Instead of being painted, -it was tessellated, the surface being covered with -tessellæ, one half of an inch by three-fifths in dimension, -set in the cement, alternately of dark and light colours, in -horizontal lines, so as to produce somewhat the appearance of -chequer-work. Perhaps, when entire, it presented an -ornamental pattern. I have already stated that a similarly -tessellated wall <a name="page53"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -53</span>was found in the easternmost part of this line of -rooms. Circumstances have come to light which show that the -exterior of the walls of houses were also plastered and -painted. The exterior of the semicircular end of the -largest hypocaust yet opened was thus plastered over, and painted -red with stripes of yellow.</p> -<p>It is worthy of remark that in the walls, to the certainly not -very great elevation they now generally reach, few doorways are -discovered, a circumstance which is by no means easily -explained. Small rooms are found without any apparent means -of access. Perhaps, in such cases, the doorway was at a -certain elevation in the wall, and was approached on both sides -by wooden steps, which have long perished, and left no traces of -the means of entrance. Of course none of the walls of the -houses remain sufficiently high to enable us to judge of the -manner in which light was admitted into the rooms, whether from -side windows, or from openings in the roof. Probability, -however, is in favour of roof-windows being in common use, and an -interesting circumstance connected with the excavations at -Wroxeter seems decisive as to the material of the windows. -Considerable quantities of fine window glass have been found -scattered over the floors of the houses, of an average thickness -of full one-eighth of an inch, which have been duly deposited in -the Museum at Shrewsbury. <a name="page54"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 54</span>It is the more curious as it has been -the common opinion, until recently, that the Romans, especially -in this distant province, did not use window-glass; and the -fragments of window-glass which have been found more recently in -the excavations on the sites of Roman villas have been much -thinner than that found at Wroxeter, and of very inferior -quality. It is evident, that some of the rooms, all the -walls of which were only walls of separation from other rooms, -must have received light from above, or have been quite dark.</p> -<p>I must now describe a peculiar characteristic of the domestic -economy of a Roman house in Britain, and in the other western and -northern provinces of the empire. The Romans did not warm -their apartments by fire lighted in them, as was the case in the -middle ages, and in modern times, but by hot air circulated in -the walls. The floor of the house, formed of a considerable -thickness of cement, was laid upon a number of short pillars, -formed usually of square Roman tiles placed one upon another, and -from two to three feet high. Those of the largest of the -hypocausts yet found at Wroxeter were rather more than three feet -high. Sometimes these supports were of stone, and in one or -two cases in discoveries made in this country, they were -round. They were placed near to each other, and in rows, -and upon them were lain first larger tiles, and over these a <a -name="page55"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 55</span>thick mass of -cement, which formed the floor, and upon the surface of which the -tessellated pavements were set. Sometimes small parallel -walls, forming flues instead of rows of columns, supported the -floors, of which an example has already been found in the -excavations at Wroxeter. Flue-tiles,—that is, square -tubes made of baked clay, with a hole on one side, or sometimes -on two sides,—were placed against the walls end-ways, one -upon another, so as to run up the walls. These -arrangements,—which were called hypocausts, from two Greek -words, signifying <i>heat underneath</i>, and were used in Italy -and Greece chiefly for warming baths, are represented in -<i>plate</i> <span class="GutSmall">IV.</span>, <i>fig.</i> 7, -where <span class="GutSmall">AA</span> is the floor of cement, -<span class="GutSmall">BB</span> the pillars supporting it, and -<span class="GutSmall">CC</span> the flue-tiles running up the -wall of the room. They had an entrance from the outside, -somewhat like the mouth of an oven, and fires being lighted here, -the hot air was driven inward, and not only filled the space -under the floor, but entered the flue-tiles by the holes in the -sides, was carried by them up the inside of the wall, and no -doubt had some way of escape at the roof. The ashes and -soot of the fires have been found in the hypocausts at Uriconium, -just as they were left when the city was overthrown and ruined by -the barbarians. The ashes are chiefly those of wood, but -considerable remains of mineral coal have been discovered. -These hypocausts must sometimes have <a name="page56"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 56</span>become clogged and out of order, and -it would be necessary to cleanse them, as people in aftertimes -cleansed chimneys. A sort of alley across the middle of the -large hypocaust last-mentioned was probably intended for this -purpose. It communicated with another hypocaust adjoining -it to the north by a doorway, and this other hypocaust was -entered by a rather large archway at the foot of the steps -already mentioned. People appear to have been sometimes -satisfied with having the hot air merely under the floor, and the -flue-tiles were not always used. Comparatively few of them, -indeed, have been yet found in the hypocausts of Uriconium.</p> - -<div class="gapshortline"> </div> -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> requirements of agriculture -have rendered it necessary to cover up again all the excavations -to the north of the Old Wall, and the walls of the great public -building at the corner of the two streets can no longer be seen -by the visitor. A piece of ground, however, immediately to -the south of the Old Wall has been taken by the Excavation -Committee at Shrewsbury upon a rent, and in this piece of ground -the excavations are now carried on. It forms a -parallelogram, 319 feet long, by 279 feet wide, containing an -area of exactly two acres, including <a name="page57"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 57</span>the Old Wall at its northern -edge. This piece of ground has been strongly fenced round -with hurdles, and it is entered by a gate from the Watling Street -Road. By the liberality of the Excavation Committee the -public are admitted to this inclosure freely, and it is to be -hoped that the visitors will acknowledge this liberality by -carefully abstaining from committing any injury on the Roman -remains, or by walking upon or entering into the parts in the -course of excavation.</p> -<p>The plan annexed (<i>pl.</i> 5) of the excavations now in -progress will enable me to explain them to the visitor. The -darkly-shaded mass <i>a a</i> represents the Old Wall, or portion -of Roman masonry standing above ground; to the north of which lay -the extensive building formed by the walls <i>b b</i>, <i>c -c</i>, <i>d d</i>, running parallel to the Old Wall. The -wall <i>d d</i>, bordered upon a wide street. To the east -of these walls lay an inclosure, e, perhaps a court-yard, and a -large space, <i>f</i>, which has been conjectured to have been a -garden, but which has been very imperfectly explored. All -these remains have been explained above; they have been buried -again, and the ground is now covered with crops. The Old -Wall, which stands just within the north-eastern corner of the -space separated from the rest of the field by a fence of hurdles, -now forms the northern boundary of the excavations.</p> -<p><a name="page58"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 58</span>The -visitor is introduced into this space by a gateway from the road, -nearly at its north-western corner. Opposite this gateway -he will see an apartment, which the excavators are now in the -course of exploring. It is nearly a square, and is about -thirty-four feet in its longest dimension. The side towards -the street seems to have been open, or at least the masonry of -the wall presents the appearance of having had wide folding -doors, or a framework of wood of some kind in two compartments 6, -6. In the centre of the room is a large pier of masonry -(1), perhaps a table for workmen. More towards the -north-western corner, a sort of furnace or forge (2) was found, -built of red clay, with a hole or cavity in the upper part -sufficiently large for a man to thrust his head in. As the -surface of the cavity, internally, is completely vitrified, and -as there was much charcoal strewed about, there can be no doubt -that the cavity had been occupied by a very fierce fire. A -low wall has been traced, running across the room east and west -in a line with this furnace; and two transverse low walls of -similar character. Upon the low wall a little behind the -forge (at 3), the excavators came upon what was supposed to be -the lower part of a column with its base; but it is formed -roughly, and I think it more probable that it was a stone table -for the use of the workman at the furnace. It was at first -supposed that this might belong to a colonnade running along the -wall; but no trace of such a colonnade <a name="page59"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 59</span>has been found, although a large -piece of a shaft of a column lies in the middle of the -room. This column, however, is of larger dimensions than -the supposed base (3). Had such a colonnade existed, it -seems so little in accordance with the existence of a forge, that -we might be led to suspect that the room had, at some late -period, been diverted from its original purpose, and occupied by -a worker in metals, or even in glass, as fine specimens of glass -were found scattered about, and also many fragments of -metal. But objects of all kinds seem to have been thrown -about in such a manner, when the town was plundered, that it -would be unsafe to argue upon the purpose of any particular -building, merely from moveable articles found in it. Among -other things found in this room were nearly a dozen hair-pins, -two of which were much more ornamental than any we had found -before; a much greater quantity of fragments of Samian ware, and -of higher artistic merit, than had previously been met with in -one spot; a portion of a large bronze fibula; a number of coins, -and other things. One of the vessels of Samian ware is a -fine bowl, with figures in high relief, representing a -stag-hunt. Upon the low wall of the sill (6) a number of -copper Roman coins (about sixty) were found together; and near -them the fragment of a small earthen vessel, in which probably -they had been carried by some one who dropped them here as he was -hurrying out of the place. Turning from the gate of the -field to the right, or south, <a name="page60"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 60</span>along the inside of the hedge, the -visitor will come to a portion of uncovered wall, <i>h h</i>, -running north and south, upwards of eighty feet, in which there -are two entrance gateways, <i>i</i>, <i>p</i>. The first of -these is about twelve feet wide, and was approached by a sort of -inclined plane, formed of three large squared masses of stone, -each about four feet square by eleven inches in thickness. -The other entrance which was only five feet wide, was approached -by two steps, each similarly formed of one mass of stone; of -which the lower step is worn very much at its south-west corner, -in a manner to lead us to believe that the great majority of the -people who passed through this entrance came up the street from -the south. The upper step, or stone, is so much worn by the -feet of those who passed over it, that it broke into three pieces -under the workmen’s picks. On one side of it there is -a deep hollow, representing nearly the form of a small human -foot, which seems to have been scooped into the stone for some -purpose with which we are not acquainted. These two -entrances lead into one square court, the floor of which, proved -by the steps and inclined plane to have been on a higher level -than the street without, was paved with small bricks laid in -herring-bone work, like the great inclosure to the north of the -Old Wall. It is found to have been much damaged and mended -in ancient times, which seems to countenance the supposition <a -name="page61"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 61</span>that the wide -entrance and the inclined plane by which it was approached were -intended for horses and perhaps for carts or for heavy -barrows. Among the objects found in excavating here was a -portion of a horse-shoe. On each side of this court a row -of chambers is found, <i>m m m</i>, four on the north side and -four on the south, from ten to twelve feet square. The -westernmost of these chambers, on the north side of the court, -has been cleared out, and was found to be ten feet deep, with a -low transverse wall at the bottom, the object of which is at -present quite inexplicable. A quantity of charcoal was -found in this room, as though it had been a store-room for that -article. One of the other rooms, on each side of the court, -seemed to have been a receptacle for bones, horns, &c.; and -as some of these had evidently been sawn and cut, and others -partly turned on a lathe, they suggested the idea of having -belonged to manufacturers of the various objects made of this -material which are found so commonly in the course of the -excavations. They may, therefore, have been the magazines -of manufacturers and tradesmen, a notion which is somewhat -confirmed by the circumstance of several weights of different -sizes having been found in this part of the excavations; or they -may have been mere depots for the stores and refuse of a large -mansion or other establishment. These rooms are, perhaps, -all deep <a name="page62"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -62</span>like the one already cleared out, but it is remarkable -that, as high as the walls remain, that is, about two feet above -the floor of the court, there is no trace of entrances to them, -which must, therefore, have been rather high in the wall, and -they were entered perhaps by a ladder.</p> -<p>The back part of this court consists of a long narrow -inclosure, which is divided into compartments by four transverse -walls proceeding from the western wall about halfway across the -inclosure, thus leaving a passage along the eastern side. -These compartments have much the appearance of small shops or -stalls for selling, and seem to confirm the notion that this -building may have been a market-place. The workmen, finding -a doorway in the wall of the back of this inclosure, at <i>n</i> -in the plan, a trench was carried through the ground to the -eastward. At about twelve feet from the opening at -<i>n</i>, they came upon a wall at <i>h</i>, running parallel to -the wall <i>o o</i> of the court, and beyond this they found -first a narrow passage, and then a rise with a pavement of cement -which extended some four or five feet, and then suddenly sank to -a floor of large flag-stones, at a depth of upwards of four feet -from the floor of cement. This flagged floor, the position -of which is marked by the letter <i>q</i> in the plan, was -perhaps a reservoir of water; the bottom was found covered with -black earth filled with broken pottery and other things, such as -may <a name="page63"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 63</span>easily -have been supposed to have been thrown into a pond. The -water appears to have been only between two and three feet deep, -as the floor on the opposite side runs about level with the ledge -or step just mentioned, and is continued eastward until, at -<i>r</i>, we come upon the rather massive walls of a building, -the nature of which cannot be determined without further -investigation. At a short distance within this wall, at a -depth of about three feet below the cement floor, we find a floor -at <i>s</i>, about ten feet wide by thirty long, formed of flat -Roman tiles, twelve inches by eighteen inches square. This -floor has been uncovered, and as there was an indentation in the -middle which seemed to indicate that it was hollow underneath, a -hole was made there, but it led to no discovery. This seems -also to have been a tank of water, perhaps a cold water -bath. The cement floor was continued easterly until it was -terminated by a wall, <i>t</i>, which ran at right angles to the -eastern end of the Old Wall, and appears to be the eastern -termination of the buildings now in course of exploration. -The earth and rubbish from the excavations have been here thrown -into a great mound, from the top of which the visitor can enjoy a -bird’s eye view of the excavations. A few yards to -the north, he will come to the important line of excavations -nearer to the Old Wall. A small chamber, about eight feet -square, with a herring-bone pavement in very good <a -name="page64"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 64</span>preservation, -projects beyond the line of this eastern wall at <i>u</i> in our -plan. To the west of this is a small hypocaust <i>v</i>, -the floor of which has been a little lower than that of the room -<i>u</i>. In this hypocaust were found the remains of two -skeletons, one of which was that of a young person. The -northern wall of the room <i>v</i> is particularly interesting, -because in its whole height of full nine feet, it presents the -remains of the lines of flue-tiles which ran up it, hardly an -inch apart, and which show that this room must have been intended -to be very much heated. It was, perhaps, a -<i>sudatorium</i> or sweating room. The opening from -<i>u</i> to <i>v</i> occupies nearly the whole width of the -former room, and was perhaps closed by a wooden door. On -the western side of the hypocaust, at <i>w</i>, the wall has a -sort of basement, formed of large stones scooped out in a -singular manner, the object of which is by no means -evident. We here come upon a series of passages, <i>x</i>, -to the north of which were four rooms, <i>z z z z</i>, extending -to the Old Wall. On the face of the Old Wall, we can -distinctly trace the springing not only of the walls of division, -the lower parts of which are found underground, but of the -vaulting, from which it appears that these rooms had what are -technically called barrel-roofs of masonry. They were -slightly explored at the beginning of the excavations, and in one -of them was found a quantity of burnt wheat, as though it had -been a store-room.</p> -<p><a name="page65"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 65</span>In the -passages alluded to, there is at <i>y</i>, a square pit, somewhat -like what might be a cess-pool, of very good and substantial -masonry, at the bottom of which runs north and south a very well -formed drain, the bed of which is formed of large -roof-tiles. To the south of this is a hypocaust, <span -class="GutSmall">A</span>, which differs from the other -hypocausts yet opened in being partly formed of low parallel -walls instead of rows of pillars. On the wall of the -passage leading to this hypocaust from the east was found the -inscription mentioned at page <span class="indexpageno"><a -href="#page45">45</a></span>. Westward from the hypocaust -<span class="GutSmall">A</span>, but without any apparent -communication between them, was another hypocaust, <span -class="GutSmall">B</span>, which had been constructed in the -usual manner, the floor supported by rows of low columns formed -of square thin bricks. It was in this hypocaust that the -three skeletons mentioned before (<i>p.</i> 41,) were found, the -man who possessed the money crouching in the north-west corner, -and the two persons supposed to be women, extended along the side -of the northern wall. The opening into this hypocaust was -through its southern wall, from the interior court, so that the -fugitives must have crept along the whole length of the hypocaust -to reach their place of concealment. The part of this -interior court, immediately adjacent to this hypocaust, which has -been excavated to some extent, presents several interesting -features. A breach in the eastern boundary wall had been -newly repaired with much inferior <a name="page66"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 66</span>masonry at the time when the city of -Uriconium was taken and destroyed; and it is a curious -circumstance that some large pieces of stone lie here on the -floor of the court, unfinished by the masons, as though repairs -and alterations in the buildings were going on at the very moment -of the final catastrophe. Adjoining to this hypocaust, at -its north-west corner, is a square room, c, with the herring-bone -pavement, exactly like that at <i>u</i> in character and -dimensions, which had opened into the room above the hypocaust -<span class="GutSmall">B</span>, much in the same manner as -<i>u</i> opened in the room <i>v</i>. Separated from this -room by a wall, but apparently without any communication with it, -is an interesting staircase <span class="GutSmall">D</span>, -leading down, to the entrance to a larger and apparently more -important series of hypocausts. This staircase descended -from a square room, about the same size as the room <span -class="GutSmall">C</span>, which had a smooth pavement of -cement. It is composed of three steps each formed of a -large squared stone. A part of the space at the bottom, the -north-eastern corner, appears to have been used by the later -Roman inhabitants of this building as a receptacle for the -sweeping of the floors, and when it was first opened the earth, -to the height of about sixteen or eighteen inches from the floor, -was filled with all kinds of objects, such as coins, hair-pins, -fibulæ, needles in bone, nails, various articles in iron, -bronze, and lead, glass, broken pottery, bones of edible animals -and <a name="page67"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 67</span>birds, -stags’ horns, tusks and hoofs of wild boars, oyster shells, -in one of which lay the shell of a large nut, &c. A -large shaft of a column lay across the steps. The Roman -masonry here is very good. To the right hand, towards the -south, a rather large arch, turned in Roman bricks, led into the -hypocaust <span class="GutSmall">E</span>, a doorway in the -southern wall of which formed the communication between this -hypocaust and the still larger hypocaust <span -class="GutSmall">F</span>. The latter had supported what -must have been a handsome room, which was about fifty feet long, -including the semicircular northern end, by thirty-five feet in -breadth. When first opened, this hypocaust was in a state -of preservation in which such buildings are seldom found in this -country. A hundred and twenty columns of bricks were -counted, most of them at their original height of rather more -than three feet. At the north-eastern corner, the columns -supported a small portion of the floor in its original -position. It is a mass of cement, eight inches thick, with -the upper surface, which no doubt had formed the floor, perfectly -smooth. During the time that the Excavation Committee were -excluded from the field, all the pillars of this interesting -hypocaust were thrown to the ground, and a great part of the -bricks which formed the supporting columns were broken to -pieces—even the piece of the floor and its supports at the -north-east corner were overthrown. A very exact drawing of -the <a name="page68"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -68</span>latter, however, had been preserved, which served as a -pattern for restoring it; and it is to the ingenuity and labour -of Dr. Henry Johnson that the public owes the restoration of this -hypocaust as far as it was possible to restore it.</p> -<p>Returning to the steps by which these hypocausts were entered, -at <span class="GutSmall">D</span>, the floor from which we -descended appears to have an opening of some kind to the west, -which looked down upon a court outside the semicircular end of -the hypocaust <span class="GutSmall">F</span>, which from this -point presents to the view an imposing mass of masonry. In -the corner just under this opening the remains of a very young -child were found, which we might almost imagine to have been -slaughtered in the room above, and thrown out into the -court. This court, or open space, seems to have been -continued to the wall <i>a a</i>, and to have been entered by a -doorway in that wall at <i>g</i>, which was approached from the -passage to the north by a step formed by a large squared -stone. On the outside of the semicircular end of the -hypocaust <span class="GutSmall">F</span>, lay, as if it had -fallen or been thrown down, an immense stone, carefully worked -into the shape of the arc of a circle, and no doubt forming one -of a course at some unknown elevation in the wall. On the -outward side of it, a large iron pin was soldered into it with -lead, evidently for the purpose of attaching some weighty object -on the outer side of the building.</p> -<p><a name="page69"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 69</span>Another -step and doorway in the wall <i>a a</i> was found at <i>h</i>, -which must have been much more frequented than the other, for the -stone which formed the step was worn in an extraordinary degree -by the rubbing of footsteps. It led to an inclosure <span -class="GutSmall">P</span>, which presents the appearance of -having formed public <i>latrinæ</i>; and which is separated -by a long narrow inclosure from the room already described as -apparently the shop of a worker in metals.</p> -<p>Such is a brief and general description of the ruins of -Uriconium, at present open to the visitor. The real -character of the buildings we have been describing appeared for a -while very doubtful. The first discoveries led to the -belief that it was a great mansion, perhaps the principal mansion -in the Roman city, the residence of the chief municipal officer; -but in this case we might have expected to find some very fine -Mosaic or tessellated pavement, specimens of which had been met -with in other parts of the area of the town. On the -contrary, all the floors yet discovered to the south of the Old -Wall, with the exception of those of herring-bone brickwork, and -that of a supposed bath, seemed to have been of mere smoothed -cement. This led us to suppose that we were still exploring -buildings erected for some public purpose. A comparison of -the character of these various buildings leaves no room for -doubting that they belonged to the public baths of Uriconium; and -further <a name="page70"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -70</span>excavations to the south and west shewed that they -formed an extensive square (<i>k</i>, <i>k</i>, <i>k</i>, -<i>k</i>), the northern side of which was formed by the Old Wall -and its continuation westward; and the southern side of which -bordered upon the other street running east and west, the -pavement of which, similar to that of the street at <i>l</i>, has -been uncovered in its whole extent along the line, <span -class="GutSmall">L L.</span> The western and southern sides -of the square were formed by a wide gallery or cloister -(<i>k</i>, <i>k</i>, <i>k</i>), no doubt the ambulatory, which -was considered as an important part of the public baths of the -Romans. The ground to the eastward, in which no buildings -could be traced, may have been gardens, which were also usually -attached to the baths of the Romans.</p> -<p>Having once decided that the building we have thus explored, -is the public baths, another equally interesting question arises -out of it. The public baths of the Roman towns in Britain -are not unfrequently mentioned in inscriptions commemorating the -repairing or rebuilding of them; but it is a circumstance of some -importance that this building is combined with the basilica, or -town hall. Both seem to have participated in the same -accidents, and to have undergone decay together. Thus an -inscription found at Lanchester in Cumberland (supposed to be the -Roman town of Epiacum) speaks of the baths and basilica (<span -class="GutSmall">BALNEVM CVM BASILICA</span>); and at Ribchester, -in Lancashire, the baths and basilica (<span -class="GutSmall">BALINEVM ET BASILICAM</span>) <a -name="page71"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 71</span>were rebuilt -after having fallen into ruin through age. We are -therefore, I think, justified in concluding that the two great -public buildings, the baths and the basilica, usually joined each -other; and I think we may venture further to assume that the -large building to the north of the Old Wall, the remains of which -are now covered up, was the basilica of Uriconium. The -proportions of this building are rather extraordinary, and cannot -be easily explained; but it is probable that in a provincial town -the basilica served a variety of purposes. An inscription -found at Netherby in Cumberland, speaks of a basilica for -practice in riding (<span class="GutSmall">BASILICAM EQVESTREM -EXERCITATORIAM</span>.)</p> -<p>We may now proceed a little further in identifying the -topography of the ancient town. The line of the buildings -we have traced parallel to the Watling Street Road is at some -distance within the hedge of the field; and I believe that, when -the farm buildings were erected on the opposite side of the road, -what appeared to be the front of buildings facing the opposite -direction, were found likewise at some distance within the -field. This, with the road, would make a very wide space; -very much wider than either of the two transverse streets. -Moreover, a glance at the plan will shew that, beyond the -transverse street to the south, this wide space became -considerably narrowed; and in fact it seems to have been reduced -to the width of an ordinary street. It is my belief that -this wide <a name="page72"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -72</span>space was the forum of Uriconium; and in that case it is -rather remarkable that the basilica held here exactly the same -place, in regard to the forum, as at Pompeii.</p> -<p>We have thus already brought to light a very interesting -portion of the ancient Roman town, and have learnt something more -than we knew before of the character and economy of the Roman -towns in Britain. The basilica, as we have seen, came up to -the front of the street, and formed the side of a transverse -street; but this was not the case with the baths, for a space of -some width between them and the forum was occupied by other -buildings, which I have already described.</p> -<p>Other apartments surrounding the metal-worker’s shop are -in course of exploration, and will, I think, make us better -acquainted with the character of the whole of this line of -buildings which looked upon the open space which I have supposed -to be the forum. I have already said that this open space -contracts to the south of the transverse street <span -class="GutSmall">L L</span>, in what has been no more than the -breadth of an ordinary street, which ran down towards the -river. A gutter, very well made, of carefully squared -stones, and remarkably well preserved, runs near the houses on -the eastern side of the street; the only side which at present -can be explored, as it is near the hedge of the Watling Street -Road. It runs very near the walls of the houses, is a foot -wide, and about a foot deep, and from place to place square <a -name="page73"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 73</span>stones are -laid in lozenge-fashion, apparently intended for stepping stones, -but they must have stopped the current of water down the -channel. The buildings at this corner consist of small -rooms, and were probably private houses. The existence of -walls running parallel and transverse to the street <span -class="GutSmall">L L</span> has been ascertained along the whole -length of its southern side; but they have not yet been -sufficiently explored even to be laid down in the plan.</p> - -<div class="gapshortline"> </div> -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> objects of antiquity found in -the course of the excavations have been so often alluded to, that -the visitor will no doubt expect at least a brief and general -description of them. I have already described those which -illustrate the building and construction of a house, and we -naturally continue the description by turning to those articles -which belong especially to domestic life. Of this class, -the most numerous division, and that which strikes us first, is -the pottery,—of which certainly the most remarkable to the -general observer is the ware resembling in colour and general -appearance bright red sealing wax, known commonly as Samian ware, -a name the propriety of which has been disputed. The Roman -writers speak of an earthenware much used at table, <a -name="page74"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 74</span>and said to -have received its name from having been originally made at -Samos. It is described as being of a red colour, as being -of more value than the common pottery, and as being proverbial -for its brittleness, all which characteristics belonged to the -red ware found in this country, which was covered with tasteful -subjects of all kinds in relief, and was evidently much valued, -as we often find vessels in this ware which had been carefully -mended, and the brittleness of which was such that we seldom find -a specimen unbroken. Such mendings, chiefly by means of -metal rivets, are exhibited in specimens of Samian ware found in -the excavations at Wroxeter, and deposited in the Museum at -Shrewsbury, where there are also several pieces of this pottery, -presenting subjects which are interesting and by no means of -common occurrence. It may be further observed that the -Samian ware in this country resembles a Roman ware of which the -potteries have been found at Aretium, the modern Arezzo, in -Tuscany, but this ware was much superior, especially in the -degree of artistic talent displayed in its ornamentation, to that -which was in use in this island, and which no doubt was imported -from Gaul, where, especially on the banks of the Rhine, the -potteries in which it was made have been found.</p> -<p>Extensive potteries have also been found in this island, -especially at Castor, in Northamptonshire, <a -name="page75"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 75</span>where there -was a Roman town named Durobrivæ, and on the banks of the -Medway, at Upchurch, in Kent. The ware from both these -potteries is of a blue or slate colour, produced by imperfect -firing in what is called a <i>smother-kiln</i>; that is, the air -being excluded and the heat being insufficient thoroughly to bake -the pottery, it retains so much carbonaceous matter as to give it -a black colour. The pottery of these two establishments is -distinguished by the difference of shapes. The -ornamentation of the Upchurch ware is in general of a very simple -character; that of the pottery from Castor is much more -elaborate, and often consists of hunting scenes and other -subjects, laid on in a white substance after the pottery had been -baked. Specimens of both these wares are found at -Wroxeter.</p> -<p>The excavations at Wroxeter have brought to light at least two -new classes of Roman pottery, both evidently made in -Shropshire. The first is a white ware, made of what is -known as the Broseley clay, and consisting chiefly of very -elegantly formed jugs, with narrow necks; mortaria, or vessels -for rubbing or pounding objects in cookery, the interior surface -of which is covered with grains of hard stone; and bowls, which -are often painted with stripes of red and yellow. The other -Romano-Salopian pottery is a red ware, differing in shade from -the red Roman wares usually found, and also made from one of the -<a name="page76"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 76</span>clays of -the Severn valley. Among the vessels in this ware are bowls -pierced all over with small holes, so as to have served the -purpose of colanders. We find also some very curious -specimens of an imitation of the Samian ware; but we have as yet -no means of ascertaining where it was made.</p> -<p>Many very interesting fragments of glass vessels have also -been found in the excavations at Wroxeter. Two or three -other objects intended for domestic purposes have been met with, -such as a small bowl or cup made of lead, and what appears to -have been the handle of some larger vessel, made of block tin, -neither of which metals, used for such purpose, are of common -occurrence among Roman remains in this country. A ladle and -several knives have also been found, and a handle of a knife made -of stone, as well as several whet-stones.</p> -<p>Of personal ornaments the most numerous are the hair-pins, -most of which are made of bone, though there are a few of bronze, -and one of wood. Their use was to hold together the knot -into which the Roman women rolled up their hair behind the head, -and through which the pin was thrust. They are, on an -average, about three inches long, with a large head rudely -ornamented; and it will be remarked that the shank is thicker in -the middle, and that it becomes generally thinner near the head, -no doubt to prevent the pin from slipping out of the <a -name="page77"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 77</span>hair. -Some of these pins had evidently been saturated with an oily -substance, which shews that the ladies in Roman Britain applied -oil to their hair. Several fibulæ of the common Roman -forms, have been met with; they are all of bronze, of superior -workmanship to the hair pins, and most of those hitherto found at -Wroxeter are, or have been, enamelled. Their use was to -fasten the mantle and other parts of the clothing. Among -the personal ornaments found already in the excavations are a -number of buttons, finger rings, bracelets, glass beads, and -other objects, of which it is not necessary here to give a -particular description. Of two combs, both of bone, one is -remarkably neat in its form and make. Several bone needles -may also be mentioned, and a pair of bronze tweezers for -eradicating superfluous hairs.</p> -<p>Roman coins are found in considerable numbers, but many of -them are so worn and defaced that it is no longer possible to -decide to what emperor they belonged. The earliest met with -during the present excavations is of the emperor Domitian. -A great number are small coins of the Constantine family of -emperors. Only two silver coins have yet been found, the -others are of bronze or brass. The peasantry call them -<i>dinders</i>, a name which, though it represents the Latin -<i>denarius</i>, was no doubt derived from the Anglo-Norman -<i>denier</i>.</p> -<p>Many objects of a more miscellaneous character <a -name="page78"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 78</span>have also -been found during the present excavations; or have found their -way into the Museum from former discoveries. Among these -are three artists’ pallettes, for using colour; several -weights, some marked with Roman numerals; a steelyard; several -keys; portions of iron chains; styli, for writing on wax tablets; -an iron trident, which may perhaps have been the head of a staff -of office or authority; one or two spear heads; a strigil for -scraping the skin in the sweating baths; a portion of an iron -horse-shoe; and two or three very nice statuettes in -bronze. The most curious, however, of these miscellaneous -objects is a medicine stamp, intended to mark packets or bottles -of what, in modern times, would be called patent medicines. -A certain number of these Roman medicine stamps have been found -in Britain and on the Continent, and they are all, like this -stamp found at Wroxeter, for salves or washes for the eyes, -diseases of the eyes having been apparently very common among the -inhabitants of the western provinces of the Roman empire. -The Wroxeter stamp, intended for a collyrium or salve for the -eyes called <i>dialebanum</i> or <i>dialibanum</i>, gives us in -all probability the name of a physician resident in -Uriconium. The inscription may be read as follows, filling -up the abbreviations:—<span -class="GutSmall">TIB</span><i>erii</i> <span -class="GutSmall">CL</span><i>audii</i> <span -class="GutSmall">M</span><i>edici</i> <span -class="GutSmall">DIALIBA</span><i>num</i> <span -class="GutSmall">AD OMNE</span> <span -class="GutSmall">VIT</span><i>ium</i> <span -class="GutSmall">O</span><i>culorum</i> <span class="GutSmall">EX -O</span><i>vo</i>, <i>i.e.</i>, the dialebanum of Tiberius -Claudius the <a name="page79"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -79</span>physician, for all complaints of the eyes, to be used -with egg.</p> -<p>A few stones, with Roman inscriptions, chiefly of a sepulchral -character, have been dug up at Wroxeter in the course of -accidental excavations. Three of these were found in 1752, -and are preserved in the library of Shrewsbury School. The -first inscription may be read thus:—</p> -<blockquote><p>C. MANNIVS<br /> -C. F. POL . SECV<br /> -NDVS . POLLEN<br /> -MIL . LEG . XX<br /> -ANORV . LII<br /> -STIP . XXXI<br /> -BEN . LEG . PR<br /> - H . S . E.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>intimating that it marked the grave of a soldier of the -twentieth legion (which was stationed at Chester, the Roman Deva) -named Caius Mannius, of the Pollian tribe. Another -commemorated a soldier of the fourteenth legion, and has been -supposed to belong to a very early period, as that legion was -withdrawn from Britain before <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> -68. It was the legion which suffered so much in the war -against Boadicea, and this soldier may perhaps have been engaged -in that war, although his having died in Britain does not -necessarily imply that the legion to which he had belonged was -there at the time, or indeed that it had ever been there, unless -we had some other <a name="page80"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -80</span>reasons for supposing that it had been there. His -name was Marcus Petronius, the son of Lucius, of the Menenian -tribe, and the inscription may be read as follows:—</p> -<blockquote><p>M. PETRONIVS<br /> -L. F. MEN<br /> -VIC . ANN<br /> -XXXVIII<br /> -MIL. LEG<br /> -XIIII . GEM<br /> -MILITAVIT<br /> -ANN. XVIII<br /> -SIGN . FVIT<br /> - H . S . E.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>The third of these inscribed monuments was divided into three -columns or tables, commemorating three members of the family of a -citizen of Uriconium, named Deuccus. The inscription on the -third column is entirely erased, but the two others may be read -as follows:</p> -<table> -<tr> -<td><p>D. M<br /> -PLACIDA<br /> -AN . LV<br /> -CVR . AG<br /> -CONI . A<br /> -XXX</p> -</td> -<td><p>D. M<br /> -DEVCCV<br /> -S . AN . XV<br /> -CVR . AG<br /> -RATRE</p> -</td> -</tr> -</table> -<p>Another sepulchral stone, also preserved in the Library of -Shrewsbury School, was found in 1810, and bore an inscription -commemorative of Tiberius Claudius Terentius, a soldier of the -cohort of Thracian cavalry, which may be read as -follows:—</p> -<blockquote><p>TIB . CLAVD . TRE<br /> -NTIVS . EQ . COH<br /> -THRACVM . AN<br /> -ORVM . LVII. STIP<br /> -ENDIORVM<br /> - H . S.</p> -</blockquote> -<p><a name="page81"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 81</span>In the -excavations on the site of the cemetery, in the autumn of 1862, a -sepulchral stone was found, which had not improbably been placed -over the door of a sepulchral chamber of masonry. There had -been a figure above, the lower part of the legs and feet of which -alone remain. The slab bears the following inscription, -which from the damage the stone has sustained is very difficult -to decipher, but I owe this reading to the knowledge and -acuteness of my friend Mr. Roach Smith. I may add that some -of the letters are extremely doubtful</p> -<blockquote><p>AMINIVS . T . POL . F . A<br /> -NORVMXXXXVSTIPXXII . MIL . LEG.<br /> -IIGEM . MILITAVITAQNVNC HIC SII<br /> -LEGITE . ET . FELICES . VITA . FLVS . MINV<br /> -IVSTAVINIERAQVATIEGIIIE . INTV<br /> -TANARA . DITIS . VIVITE . DVMSPI . . .<br /> - VITAE . DAT . TEMPVS . HONESTE.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>It is clear, at a glance, that the latter part of this -inscription contains three lines in hexameter verse; -unfortunately they are the lines most rubbed and most difficult -to make out. Dr. Mc. Caul, president of the University of -Toronto, in Canada, in his recent work on “Britanno-Romano -Inscriptions,” suggests that they may be—</p> -<blockquote><p>Perlegite et felices vitâ plus minus -jutâ;<br /> -Omnibus æqua lege iter est ad Tænara Ditis.<br /> -Vivite, dum Stygius vitæ dat tempus, honeste.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>The two last words of the first line are extremely doubtful, -and I confess that I do not believe in <a name="page82"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 82</span>Dr. Mc Caul’s reading, which, -of course is but conjectural. The second does not appear at -all to answer to what remains of the original, with the exception -of the last words Tænara Ditis. But of the last line, -Mr. Smith’s reading is much the best, and indeed appears to -me to be the correct one,—</p> -<blockquote><p>Vivite, dum spatium vitæ dat tempus, -honeste.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>The part preceding the verses may be read—</p> -<blockquote><p>Aminius (perhaps Flaminius), T<i>iti</i> -Pol<i>lioni</i> F<i>ilius</i>, annorum xxxxv., -stip<i>endiorum</i> xxii, mil<i>es</i> leg<i>ionis</i> vii -g<i>e</i>m<i>inæ</i>. Militavit -aq<i>uilifer</i>. Nunc hic si<i>tus est</i>.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>It may be remarked that in many respects this is one of the -most curious Roman inscriptions found in this island, and that it -appears to be of rather an early date.</p> -<p>Another mere fragment of a stone, of the present existence of -which I can learn nothing, is said to have contained the -letters:—</p> -<blockquote><p>LERT<br /> -FGAI<br /> -...TILES.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>Lastly, a monument of stone, which, during the middle ages had -been formed into a holy water stoop, and which is now in the -vicarage garden, presents what has formed part of a Roman -inscription—</p> -<blockquote><p>BONA . REI<br /> -PVBLICÆ<br /> -NATVS.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>It has probably been a dedication to one of the emperors, or -an inscription commemorative of him.</p> - -<div class="gapshortline"> </div> -<p><a name="page83"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 83</span><span -class="smcap">It</span> has been stated before, that the site of -Uriconium is of very great extent. If the visitor, after -having examined the excavations, would seek an agreeable walk, he -may turn off by the smith’s shop already mentioned, along -the northerly continuation of the Watling Street Road, which soon -becomes a deep and pretty country lane, and crosses the Bell -Brook. Soon afterwards, on the rise of a bank, we come to a -spot where the ancient town wall crossed this road, and where -there are said to be traces of one of the gateway entrances to -Uriconium. At the latter part of the year 1862, excavations -were made in an adjoining field to trace the line of the town -wall, which was found remaining to a height of three or four -feet; but it was of very rough construction, built merely of -small stone boulders mixed with clay, and had evidently been -raised hurriedly, at a late period of the history of Uriconium, -to meet some sudden emergency. There had evidently been an -entrance opening here, but there were no traces of gateway -buildings, which were perhaps only of timber. Outside the -walls, on the bank to the right, was one of the principal -cemeteries, and here the sepulchral inscriptions mentioned above -were found. Successful excavations were made in 1862 on the -site of this <a name="page84"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -84</span>cemetery, and many Roman graves were opened which -furnished the Museum in Shrewsbury with another inscribed -monument of great interest, a number of sepulchral urns and -vessels of glass, and various other objects.</p> -<p>If, instead of going northward, the visitor follows the -Watling Street Road towards the south, he will soon reach the -village of Wroxeter, and may examine its church. A new gate -to the churchyard has recently been erected, and Mr. W. H. -Oatley, of Wroxeter, who holds the office of churchwarden, has -contributed a shaft of a Roman column, and two Roman capitals, -which, together with another shaft given by the Rev. E. Egremont, -are now placed on each side of this gateway. The two -capitals, which were dragged out of the river Severn, are worthy -of particular attention. They are singularly rich in -ornament, and mark that late period of Roman architecture which -became the model of the mediæval Byzantine and -Romanesque. I cannot help wishing that they were safely -deposited in the Museum at Shrewsbury, and I think that the Roman -columns would serve as well for gateway supports without the -capitals, which probably did not belong to them. The church -of Wroxeter is a substantial Norman building, with later -alterations, and on the outside of the southern wall of the -chancel are the remains of a very interesting Norman doorway, -which has been built up.</p> -<p><a name="page85"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 85</span>The -chancel internally is chiefly remarkable for some fine monuments -with effigies of the sixteenth and beginning of the seventeenth -centuries, interesting especially for their costume. It has -at present a low flat whitewashed ceiling, but there is a fine -old timber roof above, and it is greatly to be regretted that the -unsightly ceiling has not been removed, so that the chancel might -again be open to its lofty roof of timber. At the western -end of the church is an early font, <i>pl.</i> 7, which has been -formed of a very large Roman capital, taken from some important -building in the city of Uriconium. Such applications of -Roman monuments to later ecclesiastical purposes are by no means -uncommon. In the garden of the vicarage, which adjoins the -churchyard, are a few fragments of Roman architecture and -sculpture, which have been carefully preserved by the present -vicar, the Rev. E. Egremont.</p> -<p>Near the churchyard stands the residence of Mr. Oatley, who -has also collected in his garden a few fragments from the ancient -city and its neighbourhood. Among these is a cylindrical -stone, which at first sight might be taken for part of a column, -but which appears, from a few remaining letters of an -inscription, to have been more probably a Roman milliarium or -mile-stone. Mr. Oatley has placed a Roman capital on the -top of it, and both are represented in <i>pl.</i> 6. -Several architectural fragments are <a name="page86"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 86</span>also preserved in the garden of Mr. -Stanier. Two of the most interesting of these, belonging to -the shaft of the same column, or to those of two similar columns -are represented in <i>pl.</i> 15.</p> -<p>The Watling Street Road leads us direct from the gateway of -the churchyard to the river Severn, which is here crossed at -present by a ford. On the right is a large rugged field -overlooking the river, and occupied by Mr. Oatley, which has been -trenched in several directions, but nothing was discovered except -a Roman well, ten feet deep, which is kept open, and is now -partly filled with clear spring water. In an orchard at the -corner of this field, near the road, were found a number of human -skeletons, attended with some remarkable circumstances, for an -account of which I refer the reader to Dr. Johnson’s -remarks at the end of this little volume. On the other side -of the Watling Street Road, the ground rises to a little knoll, -which looks down upon the river, and seems to have formed the -southern corner of the inclosure of the city of Uriconium. -The top of this knoll has been carefully explored, and the walls -of a square building, perhaps of a tower, were uncovered. -Among the objects found on this spot were a head sculptured in -stone, and a mould for casting Roman coins, both of which are -deposited in the Museum at Shrewsbury. The impress on the -coin-mould is that of a coin of Julia <a name="page87"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 87</span>Domna, the wife of the emperor -Severus, (the commencement of the third century); and it is -rather a curious circumstance that a silver coin of this empress, -which fits the impress exactly, has been found in the excavations -near the Old Wall. This method of multiplying the imperial -coinage by casts seems to have been very common in these distant -provinces, and was perhaps exercised by the imperial or municipal -officers. Another coin-mould, also with the impress of -Julia Domna, was found at Wroxeter in 1747, and two, one of -Severus himself, and the other of Plautilla, in 1722.</p> - -<div class="gapshortline"> </div> -<p><span class="smcap">In</span> conclusion, I may perhaps be -allowed to make a remark on some of the various points on which -the excavations on the site of Uriconium have already thrown more -or less illustrative light during the short period in which they -have as yet been carried on. We see how, by examining their -buildings and comparing the objects that are turned up by the -pick and the spade, we get an insight into the condition of the -inhabitants of Roman Britain, and learn to what degree they -enjoyed the luxuries and comforts of life. We see that they -possessed a great majority <a name="page88"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 88</span>of the refinements of modern -society—far more than can be traced among the population of -the middle ages. We are taught even the character of their -food by remains of edible animals. The comparison of other -objects enables us to judge to a great degree of the state and -extent of manufactures and commerce. We learn from -inscriptions on their sepulchral monuments and altars the names -and occupations of some of the inhabitants of the ancient town, -and the races to which they belonged; and from this partial -information we are enabled by induction to obtain a general view -of the whole. We are thus enabled to form a truer notion of -the manner in which this country had been inhabited and governed -during nearly four centuries; and we have the further hope of -eventually discovering monuments which will throw some light on -the more particular history of this neighbourhood in these remote -ages. We learn, finally, from the condition in which the -ruins of Uriconium are now seen, and especially from the numerous -remains of human beings which are found scattered over its -long-deserted floors, the sad fate under which it finally sank -into ruin, and thus we are made vividly acquainted with the -character and events of a period of history which has hitherto -been but dimly seen through the vague traditions of writers who -at best knew them only by hearsay.</p> -<h2><a name="page89"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -89</span>Catalogue of Wroxeter Antiquities in the Museum at -Shrewsbury.</h2> -<h3>I.<br /> -<span class="GutSmall">OBJECTS CONNECTED WITH THE ARRANGEMENT AND -CONSTRUCTION OF THE HOUSES AND OTHER BUILDINGS.</span></h3> -<p>1. Roofing flags, of micaceous sandstone, form generally -hexagonal, with a hole for the nail.—<i>See pl.</i> <span -class="GutSmall">IV</span>., <i>fig.</i> 1.</p> -<p>2. Tiles of various kinds:—small square tiles, -flue-tiles, roof-tiles, &c. Large oblong square tiles -for bonding-courses in the walls, &c. Square tiles for -making the pillars in the hypocausts.</p> -<p>3. Specimens of the concrete which covered the -hypocaust, to the depth of eight inches or more, forming the -floor of the apartment.</p> -<p>4. Eight different specimens of the tessellated, or -mosaic, pavement, taken up as it was found, and framed.</p> -<p>5. Drawings of the same, made by Mr. George Maw, of -Broseley, and presented by that gentleman to the Museum.</p> -<p><a name="page90"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -90</span>6. Sculpture in sandstone; a head of late Roman -art, which appears to have formed part of the architectural -ornamentation of a building.</p> -<p>7. Bases, capitals, and shafts of columns.</p> -<p>8. Stucco, covering the walls, coloured, plain, and with -some formal patterns. One specimen, bearing the letters A. -R. C. A., having formed part of an inscription on the wall. -Tessellated ornamentation of the surface of a wall, dark and -light tesseræ, so as to form an irregular pattern.</p> -<p>9. <i>Umbilicus</i>, or hinge for a door.</p> -<p>10. Iron bolts, -<a href="images/p90b.jpg"> -<img alt= -"T shaped image" -title= -"T shaped image" - src="images/p90s.jpg" /> -</a> shaped iron stancheons, and nails, for fixing roof and -flue-tiles upon the walls.</p> -<p>11. Many tiles bearing the impression of the foot of -domestic or wild animals,—some of the dog; other, of the -sheep, pig, horse, and ox.</p> -<h3>II.<br /> -<span class="GutSmall">OBJECTS FOR DOMESTIC PURPOSES.</span></h3> -<p>1. <span class="smcap">Pottery</span>:—</p> -<p><i>a</i>. Samian ware.</p> -<p><i>b</i>. Upchurch pottery.</p> -<p><i>c</i>. Durobrivian pottery.</p> -<p><i>d</i>. Romano-Salopian ware, made of clay obtained -from Broseley.</p> -<p><i>e</i>. Pieces of red earthenware, probably made in -Shropshire.</p> -<p>2. <span class="smcap">Glass</span>:—</p> -<p><i>a</i>. Fragments of flat or window glass.</p> -<p><a name="page91"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -91</span><i>b</i>. Portions of bottles, &c., generally -coloured, some opalescent.</p> -<p><i>c</i>. Fragments of a cup, ornamented with spots of -deep purple glass.</p> -<p><i>d</i>. One green glass bottle, 6½ inches high, -with narrow neck, found in the cemetery, quite entire.</p> -<p><i>e</i>. A green glass jar, with wide mouth, about 5 -inches high and 6 inches wide, also found in the cemetery. -It was full of soil, everywhere penetrated by roots of -plants.</p> -<p><i>f</i>. Two metallic mirrors or <i>specula</i>, one in -fragments, the other entire. They are of white metal, a -compound of tin and copper, with a large proportion of the -former.—(Cemetery.)</p> -<p><i>g</i>. Three very pretty lamps. One bears the -figure of Hercules, another that of a dolphin, a third that of a -boy kneeling.—(Cemetery.)</p> -<p><i>h</i>. A silver fibulæ.</p> -<p>3. Bronze statuette of Venus and Mercury.</p> -<p>4. A <i>strigil</i>, (fragment.)</p> -<p>5. Part of an iron horse-shoe. Iron bit of a -bridle. Iron spur.</p> -<p>6. Two masks, one made of terra cotta, the other of -pottery.</p> -<p>7. Anomalous earthenware vessel.</p> -<h3>III.<br /> -<span class="GutSmall">IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS.</span></h3> -<p>1. Weights: one in lead, 20¼oz.; another in -stone, 11½oz.</p> -<p><a name="page92"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 92</span>Weight -in lead, marked ii., weighs 2¼oz.; another also in lead, -weighs 2½oz.</p> -<p>2. Ladle; and neck of some vessel made of block tin.</p> -<p>3. Several keys, of different forms. Iron -padlock.</p> -<p>4. Large shackles, chains, &c., of iron.</p> -<p>5. Knives, spear-heads, and portions of other -weapons. Two axe-heads. Bone handle of a sword, -<i>very curious</i>.</p> -<p>6. Several whet-stones. Stone handle to a -knife. Touchstone.</p> -<p>7. Iron trident.</p> -<p>8. Rings of iron, bronze, and lead.</p> -<p>9. <i>Styli</i> of bronze and iron; bronze tweezers; -bronze and iron spoons; steelyard.</p> -<p>10. Small cup of lead; ditto of thin copper.</p> -<p>11. Large plates of lead, purpose unknown.</p> -<p>12. Cock made of lead, a child’s toy.</p> -<p>13. Fragment of a lamp in red pottery.</p> -<p>14. Three painters’ pallettes.</p> -<p>15. A curious iron box—(ointment box?)</p> -<p>16. Iron trowel.</p> -<p>17. Bronze lancet (?)</p> -<h3>IV.</h3> -<h4><span class="GutSmall">PERSONAL ORNAMENTS.</span></h4> -<p>1. Hair pins, in great variety; more than 30 specimens -<a name="page93"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 93</span>have been -found made usually of bone; with some of bronze, but these are -much more slender. <i>Pl.</i> 11.</p> -<p>2. Bodkins or needles made of bone.</p> -<p>3. Fibulæ, and buckles in great variety.</p> -<p>4. Bracelets or armlets, and brooch.</p> -<p>5. Bronze studs or buttons, some flat, and others very -convex.</p> -<p>6. Finger rings:—<i>a</i>. silver; <i>b</i>. -yellow bronze; <i>c</i>. bronze, with iron wire; <i>d</i>. -bronze, with open work on one side; <i>e</i>. fragment of one of -wood; <i>f</i>. iron signet ring: device engraved upon a blue -stone, a fawn coming out of a nautilus shell.</p> -<p>7. Combs made of bone, one much ornamented. -<i>Pl.</i> 10, <i>figs.</i> 5, 6.</p> -<p>8. Beads of glass of various sizes, some large to -suspend round the neck, others to string together upon a -thread.</p> -<p>9. Bronze bracelet of twisted work.</p> -<h4>COINS.</h4> -<p>1. Coins found in the present excavations at -Wroxeter.</p> -<p>2. Coins found at Wroxeter, at different times, and -given to the Museum.</p> -<p>3. The coins found with a skeleton in the hypocaust.</p> -<p>4. Coining-mould of baked clay. Julia Domna.</p> -<h4><a name="page94"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -94</span>CINERARY URNS.</h4> -<p>1. Large red earthenware urn, containing human hones -(burnt), inclosed in an outer urn of lead, which was brought from -Wroxeter many years ago.</p> -<p>2. Another Cinerary urn of black pottery, containing -burnt human bones, found in a field adjoining the cemetery, and -outside the town walls. Purchased by the secretary.</p> -<p>3. A large Cinerary urn, found in the recent -excavations, ten inches high, and thirty in circumference, almost -entire, containing bones, but not human.—<i>See pl.</i> 13, -<i>fig.</i> 2.</p> -<p>4. Cinerary urns in red and black pottery of various -sizes, from 4 to 12 inches high. Some contained burnt human -bones and unguent bottles.—(Cemetery.) Many small -flask-shaped bottles were found, some broken, some entire, some -which had evidently been exposed to heat. Oily matter was -detected in one; hence they have been termed unguent -bottles.—(Cemetery.)</p> -<h3>V.<br /> -<span class="GutSmall">MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS.</span></h3> -<p><span class="smcap">Medicine Stamp</span>, found at Wroxeter -in 1808, by Mr. Upton; purchased from his family in 1859, by the -late Beriah Botfield, Esq., M.P., who presented it to the -Museum.</p> -<p><a name="page95"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -95</span>1. Oyster shells in great number; shells of some -nut found in an oyster shell.</p> -<p>2. Remains of small animals and birds.</p> -<p>3. Nondescript articles in iron, shapeless masses of -lead, innumerable fragments of pottery, bone, &c.</p> -<p>4. Fragments of horn and bone which have been cut with a -saw or other tool.</p> -<p>5. Fragments of bone, which have been turned in a -lathe.</p> -<p>6. Inscribed sepulchral stone with Latin inscription, -partly legible. There has been a statue on the -top.—(Cemetery.)</p> -<p>7. A skiff-shaped vessel in bronze, with round handle, -and a lid which closed with a catch.</p> -<p>8. Several legs of the fighting cock, with very large -natural spurs.</p> -<p>9. Roundels, formed chiefly from the bottoms of -earthenware vessels, perhaps used in some game; others made with -a hole in the centre.</p> -<p>10. Skulls of the dog; one, that of a dog of the mastiff -kind, of an unknown species. Bones of horse, ox, roe, and -red deer, (<i>Cervus elaphus</i>); also fragments of the horn of -a species allied to the elk of Ireland, (<i>Strongylocerus -spelæus</i>.) Very numerous remains of the wild boar, -including bones of the hoof, jaw, and tusks.</p> -<p>Among other bones of the ox are some of a very large kind, now -unknown in this country.</p> -<p><a name="page96"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 96</span>Also, -the crania of the <i>Bos longifrons</i>, more than one bearing -evident marks of the fatal blow of the axe on the forehead.</p> -<p>11. Specimens of <i>mended</i> pottery:—1. -Samian ware. 2. Upchurch. 3. Romano-British -pottery.</p> -<p>12. Slabs of stone for grinding or mixing colours, -painters’ pallettes.</p> -<p>13. Specimen of Hepatic iron ore. Ditto of Barytes -or heavy spar.</p> -<p>14. Iron tire of a wheel, 3ft. 3ins. in diameter, -1½ inch in breadth. Two iron hoops, supposed to have -belonged to the nave of the same wheel.</p> -<p>15. Two hoops of another nave, with the wood remaining -between them.</p> -<h3>Human Remains.</h3> -<p>1. <span class="smcap">Parts</span> of three human -skeletons found in the hypocaust <span -class="GutSmall">B</span>. Two of the skulls are almost -entire, and one is broken into fragments. The latter is -remarkable for its great thickness. One of the two former -from its form, is most probably the head of a female, and the -bones of the pelvis of one skeleton are also characteristic of -the female sex. One jaw-bone must have belonged to a very -old person, as not only the teeth but even <a -name="page97"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 97</span>the sockets -are gone. One hundred and thirty-two coins were found in -the hypocaust with these skeletons. See page <span -class="indexpageno"><a href="#page41">41</a></span>.</p> -<p>2. Five human heads, and other parts of human skeletons, -were first dug up in the orchard, near the river. Of these, -<i>four</i> were singularly deformed,—the one eye being in -advance of the other and the face oblique. Ten other skulls -have since been found in the same place, and have been arranged -in the Museum. Of the ten above-mentioned <i>three</i> are -deformed like the others, four are so broken and defective that -their form cannot be ascertained, three are not deformed. -One of the latter is a very large skull, well formed, but with -very strong projecting cheek (<i>malar</i>) bones, and a -projecting occiput.</p> -<p>3. The principal bones of a skeleton (female?) belonging -to one of the skulls, stretched on a board (as well as could be -done <i>on the spot</i>) just as it lay in the ground.</p> -<p>The circumstances under which these skeletons were found are -full of interest. The greater part of them (at least twenty -have been found, but not all in a state to be taken up) were -evidently put into the ground with a certain degree of attention, -that is, <i>buried</i>. They were not thrown heedlessly -into a pit, but carefully deposited at full length, and generally -near together, the legs and arms for the most part extended, or, -as in the <a name="page98"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -98</span>case above described, one arm lying across the -body. In general, nothing particular has been found near -them, but only the usual contents of the soil, such as stones, -roots, and fragments of pottery. In one instance an iron -ring, in another, some nails were met with, and in a third a -single coin of Claudius Gothicus. But all these might have -occurred accidentally in the neighbourhood of the bodies, in an -old Roman site, and not have been buried with them. No -vestiges of wood derived from coffins, or of apparel, were -discovered. There were no traces of weapons or articles of -domestic use, which were generally buried by the Romans with -their friends, and the place where these remains were found is -within the walls, and could not, therefore, be a Roman -cemetery.</p> -<p>4. In more than one instance, bones of very young -children have been found; but in one instance, alluded to at page -<span class="indexpageno"><a href="#page68">68</a></span>, almost -an entire skeleton of a child was found, which has been -preserved, and is in the Museum. This was found outside the -semicircular end of the great hypocaust, where there must have -been a small court. From the smallness of the bones of the -skeleton, and from the circumstance of the teeth being still -contained within the jaw-bone, it may be inferred that this was a -very young infant—perhaps still in arms.</p> -<p>5. A thigh bone has been found, which, having been -fractured, has become united during life.</p> -<p><a name="page99"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 99</span>The -most interesting circumstance connected with the human remains -found at Wroxeter, is the large relative proportion of deformed -skulls. Of the nineteen crania found in the orchard and -since deposited in the Museum, eleven are more or less -crooked. It has been supposed, and indeed the opinion is -still entertained by some antiquarians, that this deformity was -<i>congenital</i> and not <i>posthumous</i>, that is to say, that -the persons to whom these skulls belonged lived and died with -deformed heads. And this was my own view before I had -learned that bones are capable of being bent by pressure in the -ground. There can be little doubt that the deformity has -been produced by posthumous pressure, aided by moisture and the -solvent action of certain acids that always exist in vegetable -mould. <a name="citation99a"></a><a href="#footnote99a" -class="citation">[99a]</a> Other instances of a like effect -have been described by Dr. Sherman, <a name="citation99b"></a><a -href="#footnote99b" class="citation">[99b]</a> and, in America, -by the Rev. D. Wilson. <a name="citation99c"></a><a -href="#footnote99c" class="citation">[99c]</a></p> -<p style="text-align: right">H. J.</p> -<h2><a name="page100"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -100</span>APPENDIX.</h2> -<p><span class="smcap">On</span> November the 11th, 1858, at the -General Meeting of the Shropshire and North Wales Natural History -and Antiquarian Society, held at the Museum, Shrewsbury, the -President, Beriah Botfield, Esq., M.P., proposed that excavations -should be commenced at Wroxeter. He had written to the Duke -of Cleveland, and obtained his Grace’s consent to do -so. He also made the very liberal offer to give fifty -guineas towards the expenses, provided that fifty other gentlemen -could be found willing to subscribe one guinea each. A -Committee was formed, consisting of the following noblemen and -gentlemen to carry on the work:—</p> -<p class="gutindent">The Right Hon. the Earl of Powis, Powis -Castle</p> -<p class="gutindent">Beriah Botfield, Esq., M.P., F.R.S., Decker -Hill</p> -<p class="gutindent">R. A. Slaney, Esq., M.P., Walford Manor</p> -<p class="gutindent">Rev. B. H. Kennedy, D.D., Shrewsbury</p> -<p class="gutindent">Rev. E. Egremont, Wroxeter</p> -<p class="gutindent">Rev. R. W. Eyton, Ruyton, Shiffnal</p> -<p class="gutindent">Rev. H. M. Scarth, Bathwick</p> -<p class="gutindent">Samuel Ashdown, Esq., Uppington</p> -<p class="gutindent">W. H. Bayley, Esq., Shrewsbury</p> -<p class="gutindent">William F. F. Foulkes, Esq., Stanley Place, -Chester</p> -<p class="gutindent">Henry Johnson, Esq., M.D., Hon. Sec., -Shrewsbury</p> -<p class="gutindent">George Stanton, Esq., Shrewsbury</p> -<p class="gutindent">Albert Way, Esq., Worham Manor</p> -<p class="gutindent">Samuel Wood, Esq., Shrewsbury</p> -<p class="gutindent">Thomas Wright, Esq., F.S.A., Brompton</p> -<p>A Metropolitan Committee has since been thought desirable, and -held its first meeting August 3rd. It consists of the -following distinguished noblemen and gentlemen:—</p> -<p class="gutindent">The Right Hon. Earl Stanhope, President of -the Royal Society of Antiquaries</p> -<p class="gutindent">The Right Hon. Viscount Hill, Lord -Lieutenant of Shropshire</p> -<p class="gutindent"><a name="page101"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 101</span>The Right Hon. Lord Braybrooke</p> -<p class="gutindent">The Right Hon. Lord Talbot de Malahide</p> -<p class="gutindent">The Right Hon. Lord Lindsay</p> -<p class="gutindent">The Right Hon. Lord Newport, M.P.</p> -<p class="gutindent">The Right Hon. the Lord Chief Baron</p> -<p class="gutindent">Beriah Botfield, Esq., M.P.</p> -<p class="gutindent">The Hon. Rowland C. Hill, M.P.</p> -<p class="gutindent">R. Monckton Milnes, Esq., M.P.</p> -<p class="gutindent">C. Octavius S. Morgan, Esq., M.P.</p> -<p class="gutindent">H. Danby Seymour, Esq., M.P.</p> -<p class="gutindent">W. Tite, Esq., M.P.</p> -<p class="gutindent">C. C. Babington, Esq., F.R.S., St. -John’s Coll., Cambridge</p> -<p class="gutindent">The Rev. E. L. Barnwell, General Secretary -of the Cambrian Archæological Association</p> -<p class="gutindent">Sir John P. Boileau, Bart., F.R.S., -V.P.S.A.</p> -<p class="gutindent">The Rev. Dr. Bosworth, F.R.S., F.S.A., -Professor of Anglo-Saxon, Oxford</p> -<p class="gutindent">The Rev. Dr. J. Collingwood Bruce, F.S.A., -Hon. Sec. of the Society of Antiquaries of -Newcastle-upon-Tyne</p> -<p class="gutindent">Talbot Bury, Esq., F.R.I.B.A., A.I.C.E.</p> -<p class="gutindent">Benjamin Bond Cabbell, Esq., F.R.S., -F.S.A.</p> -<p class="gutindent">Robert Chambers, Esq., Edinburgh</p> -<p class="gutindent">Sir James Clarke, Bart., F.R.S.</p> -<p class="gutindent">James Dearden, Esq., F.S.A.</p> -<p class="gutindent">C. Wentworth Dilke, Esq.</p> -<p class="gutindent">J. Hepworth Dixon, Esq., F.S.A.</p> -<p class="gutindent">Joseph Durham, Esq., F.S.A.</p> -<p class="gutindent">The Rev. E. Egremont, Vicar of Wroxeter</p> -<p class="gutindent">F. W. Fairholt, Esq., F.S.A.</p> -<p class="gutindent">Augustus Guest, Esq., L.L.D., F.S.A.</p> -<p class="gutindent">S. Carter Hall, Esq., F.S.A.</p> -<p class="gutindent">J. O. Halliwell, Esq., F.S.A., F.R.S.</p> -<p class="gutindent">The Rev. C. H. Hartshorne</p> -<p class="gutindent">Fredk. Hindmarsh, Esq., F.R.G.S., F.G.S., -Hon. Sec.</p> -<p class="gutindent">The Rev. T. Hugo, F.S.A.</p> -<p class="gutindent">Dr. Henry Johnson, Hon. Sec. of the -Excavation Committee, Shrewsbury</p> -<p class="gutindent">Joseph Mayer, Esq., F.S.A., Liverpool</p> -<p class="gutindent">Sir Roderick I. Murchison, F.R.S., -&c.</p> -<p class="gutindent">Frederick Ouvry, Esq., F.S.A.</p> -<p class="gutindent">The Rev. H. M. Scarth</p> -<p class="gutindent">Charles Roach Smith, Esq., F.S.A.</p> -<p class="gutindent">Vice-Admiral W. H. Smyth, F.R.S., F.S.A.</p> -<p class="gutindent">W. S. W. Vaux, Esq., F.S.A., President of -the Numismatic Society</p> -<p class="gutindent">Albert Way, Esq., F.S.A.</p> -<p class="gutindent">Thomas Wright, Esq., F.S.A., Treasurer.</p> - -<div class="gapspace"> </div> - -<div class="gapshortline"> </div> -<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">J. O. -SANDFORD, PRINTER, SHREWSBURY.</span></p> - -<div class="gapline"> </div> -<h2>PLATES.</h2> -<h3>Plate 1: The north side of the Old Wall at Wroxeter</h3> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/fp1b.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Plate 1. The north side of the Old Wall at Wroxeter" -title= -"Plate 1. The north side of the Old Wall at Wroxeter" - src="images/fp1s.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<h3>Plate 2: Wroxeter Church, Shropshire (Vignette)</h3> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/fp2b.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Plate 2: Wroxeter Church, Shropshire (Vignette)" -title= -"Plate 2: Wroxeter Church, Shropshire (Vignette)" - src="images/fp2s.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<h3>Plate 3: First Roman Hypocaust Discovered at Uriconium -1859</h3> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/pl3b.jpg"> -<img alt= -"First Roman Hypocaust Discovered at Uriconium" -title= -"First Roman Hypocaust Discovered at Uriconium" - src="images/pl3s.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<h3>Plate 4: Roman Tile-Roof, Roman Flag-Roof, Section of Roman -Hypocaust, &c.</h3> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/pl4b.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Figures 1, 2, 3, 4: Roman Tile Roof; Figures 5 and 6: Roman Flag -Roof; Figure 7: Section of Roman Hypocaust" -title= -"Figures 1, 2, 3, 4: Roman Tile Roof; Figures 5 and 6: Roman Flag -Roof; Figure 7: Section of Roman Hypocaust" - src="images/pl4s.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<h3>Plate 5: Plan of Walls, discovered by the Excavations at -Wroxeter, Salop, from February 3rd to September, 1863.</h3> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/pl5b.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Plan of Walls, discovered by the Excavations at Wroxeter, Salop, -from February 3rd to September, 1863" -title= -"Plan of Walls, discovered by the Excavations at Wroxeter, Salop, -from February 3rd to September, 1863" - src="images/pl5s.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<h3>Plate 6: Column in the garden of W. H. Oatley Esq., -Wroxeter</h3> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/pl6b.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Column in the garden of W. H. Oatley Esq., Wroxeter" -title= -"Column in the garden of W. H. Oatley Esq., Wroxeter" - src="images/pl6s.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<h3>Plate 7: Ancient Stone Font in Wroxeter Church</h3> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/pl7b.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Plate 7: Ancient Stone Font in Wroxeter Church" -title= -"Plate 7: Ancient Stone Font in Wroxeter Church" - src="images/pl7s.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<h3>Plate 8: Capitals found at Uriconium</h3> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/pl8b.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Plate 8: Capitals found at Uriconium" -title= -"Plate 8: Capitals found at Uriconium" - src="images/pl8s.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<h3>Plate 9: Samian, Upchurch, and Romano-Salopian Pottery</h3> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/pl9b.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Plate 9: Samian, Upchurch, and Romano-Salopian Pottery" -title= -"Plate 9: Samian, Upchurch, and Romano-Salopian Pottery" - src="images/pl9s.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<h3>Plate 10: Rings and Combs</h3> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/pl10b.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Rings and Combs (actual size)" -title= -"Rings and Combs (actual size)" - src="images/pl10s.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<h3>Plate 11: Hair Pins &c.</h3> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/pl11b.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Hair Pins &c. (actual size)" -title= -"Hair Pins &c. (actual size)" - src="images/pl11s.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<h3>Plate 12: Skulls from Wroxeter</h3> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/pl12b.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Skulls from Wroxeter" -title= -"Skulls from Wroxeter" - src="images/pl12s.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<h3>Plate 13: Roman Remains from Wroxeter</h3> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/pl13b.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Plate 13: Roman Remains from Wroxeter, in the possession of -Samuel Wood, Esq., and Mask,. in the Museum, Shrewsbury" -title= -"Plate 13: Roman Remains from Wroxeter, in the possession of -Samuel Wood, Esq., and Mask,. in the Museum, Shrewsbury" - src="images/pl13s.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<h3>Plate 14: Upchurch Pottery, Adz, Spear Head, and -Romano-Salopian (Red) Ware</h3> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/pl14b.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Plate 14: Upchurch Pottery, Adz, Spear Head, and Romano-Salopian -(Red) Ware" -title= -"Plate 14: Upchurch Pottery, Adz, Spear Head, and Romano-Salopian -(Red) Ware" - src="images/pl14s.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<h3>Plate 15: Carved stone fragments from Uriconium, in the -Garden of Edward Stanier, Esq., Wroxeter</h3> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/pl15b.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Carved stone fragments from Uriconium, in the Garden of Edward -Stanier, Esq., Wroxeter" -title= -"Carved stone fragments from Uriconium, in the Garden of Edward -Stanier, Esq., Wroxeter" - src="images/pl15s.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<h3>Plate 16: Sepulchral Stone</h3> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/pl16b.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Sepulchral Stone from in the Cemetery, Wroxeter" -title= -"Sepulchral Stone from in the Cemetery, Wroxeter" - src="images/pl16s.jpg" /> -</a></p> - -<div class="gapline"> </div> -<h2>ADVERTISEMENTS. <a name="citation102"></a><a -href="#footnote102" class="citation">[102]</a></h2> -<p style="text-align: center">J. O. SANDFORD.</p> - -<div class="gapmediumline"> </div> -<p style="text-align: center">CARTE DE VISITE ALBUMS.</p> - -<div class="gapshortline"> </div> -<p style="text-align: center">PRESENTATION BOOKS.</p> - -<div class="gapshortline"> </div> -<p style="text-align: center"><span -class='gutoutline'>STATIONARY.</span></p> - -<div class="gapshortline"> </div> -<p style="text-align: center">North and South Wales Guides.</p> - -<div class="gapshortline"> </div> -<p style="text-align: center">TOURISTS CASES.</p> - -<div class="gapshortline"> </div> -<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">SHREWSBURY -AND WROXETER</span></p> -<p style="text-align: center">STEREOSCOPIC SLIDES.</p> - -<div class="gapmediumline"> </div> -<p style="text-align: center"><b>25 High-Street, -Shrewsbury</b>.</p> - -<div class="gapline"> </div> -<p style="text-align: center">J. O. SANDFORD.</p> - -<div class="gapmediumline"> </div> -<p style="text-align: center"><span class='gutoutline'>DRAWING -MATERIALS,</span><br /> -<span class="GutSmall">COMPRISING</span><br /> -WINSOR & NEWTON’S, & ROWNEY’S</p> -<p style="text-align: center">COLOURS,</p> -<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">IN CAKES, -TUBES, AND PANS.</span><br /> -BRISTOL AND LONDON BOARDS.</p> -<p style="text-align: center">Whatman’s Drawing Papers.</p> -<p style="text-align: center"><b>SKETCH BLOCKS & -BOOKS,</b><br /> -<span class="GutSmall">OF VARIOUS SIZES.</span></p> -<p style="text-align: center">PENCILS & BRUSHES.</p> -<p style="text-align: center">CRAYON PAPERS.</p> - -<div class="gapmediumline"> </div> -<p style="text-align: center"><b>25, High-Street, -Shrewsbury</b>.</p> - -<div class="gapline"> </div> -<h3>WATERPROOF TWEED CLOAKS.</h3> - -<div class="gapshortdoubleline"> </div> -<p style="text-align: center">J. E. & W. PHILLIPS,</p> -<p style="text-align: center">TAILORS,<br /> -<span class="GutSmall">AND</span><br /> -<span class='gutoutline'>HABIT MAKERS,</span></p> -<p style="text-align: center">37, HIGH STREET, SHREWSBURY,</p> -<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">ARE THE -ORIGINAL MAKERS OF THE</span></p> -<p style="text-align: center"><b>WATERPROOF TWEED CLOAKS</b></p> -<p style="text-align: center">FOR LADIES,</p> -<p style="text-align: center">Which they continue to supply of -the same quality<br /> -which obtained for them their European reputation.</p> - -<div class="gapshortline"> </div> -<p style="text-align: center">GENTLEMEN’S OVER COATS<br /> -<span class="GutSmall">OF THE SAME MATERIAL.</span></p> - -<div class="gapshortline"> </div> -<p style="text-align: center">Patterns of Material, and -directions for Measurement<br /> -sent (post free) on application.</p> - -<div class="gapline"> </div> -<h3><a name="page103"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 103</span>LION -HOTEL,<br /> -<span class="GutSmall">SHREWSBURY.</span></h3> -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Nobility, Gentry, and Public of -Shrewsbury and its Vicinity, are respectfully informed that this -old-established and well-known Hotel, has undergone considerable -renovation and change in every department, and that nothing will -be spared to make it the most complete and comfortable Hotel in -the county. An entirely new tariff of charges has been -arranged (including servants’ fees) on the most reasonable -charges.</p> -<p style="text-align: center"><i>N.B.—The Lion Omnibus runs -in connection with all the Trains to</i><br /> -<i>and from the Railway Station</i>.</p> -<p style="text-align: center">POST HORSES ALWAYS IN READINESS.<br -/> -Weddings, funerals, &c. as usual.<br /> -<b>ALL ORDERS FOR POST HORSES,</b><br /> -<b>FLYS, &c.</b><br /> -<span class="GutSmall">TO BE ADDRESSED TO</span><br /> -AUGUSTUS LUCAS, <span class="smcap">Proprietor</span>.</p> - -<div class="gapline"> </div> -<p style="text-align: center"><i>Just published</i>, <i>price</i> -1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> <i>cloth</i>; 1<i>s.</i> <i>paper</i>,</p> -<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">AN -HISTORICAL AND ILLUSTRATED</span><br /> -<b>Handbook</b><br /> -<span class="GutSmall">FOR</span><br /> -THE TOWN OF SHREWSBURY:</p> -<p style="text-align: center"><span -class="GutSmall">BEING</span></p> -<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">A GENERAL -GUIDE TO ITS CHURCHES, PUBLIC BUILDINGS, WALKS,</span><br /> -<span class="GutSmall">AND OTHER REMARKABLE OBJECTS; TO WHICH IS -ADDED,</span><br /> -<span class="GutSmall">EXCURSIONS IN THE VICINITY,</span></p> -<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">BY</span><br -/> -HENRY PIDGEON, ESQ.,<br /> -<i>Treasurer of the Corporation of Shrewsbury</i>, <i>Author -of</i> “<i>Memorials of</i><br /> -<i>Shrewsbury</i>,” <i>&c.</i> <i>&c.</i></p> -<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">SHREWSBURY: -J. O. SANDFORD, HIGH STREET.</span></p> - -<div class="gapline"> </div> -<h3><a name="page104"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -104</span>LONDON JEWELLERY<br /> -<span class="GutSmall">ESTABLISHMENT,</span><br /> -38, HIGH-STREET, SHREWSBURY.</h3> - -<div class="gapshortline"> </div> -<p style="text-align: center"><b>J. KENT</b>,<br /> -(SUCCESSOR TO J. T. NIGHTINGALE,)<br /> -<b>PROPRIETOR</b>.</p> - -<div class="gapmediumline"> </div> -<p style="text-align: center">KENT’S LONDON AND GENEVA -WATCHES,<br /> -<span class="GutSmall">ENGLISH AND FOREIGN</span><br /> -<span class='gutoutline'>CLOCKS AND TIMEPIECES,</span></p> -<p>Manufactured to order, expressly for his own sale, by the most -celebrated makers, are warranted to keep accurate time, <i>and -every attention given to them for the first two years free of -charge</i>, unless broken or injured by accident.</p> -<p style="text-align: center">WEDDING AND GUARD RINGS,<br /> -<span class="GutSmall">Of 12, 15, 18, & 22 Carat Gold, -</span><span class="GutSmall"><i>Hall-marked</i></span><span -class="GutSmall">.</span><br /> -<b>GUARD AND ALBERT CHAINS</b><br /> -of the newest London design, and guaranteed as to quality and<br -/> -workmanship.</p> -<p style="text-align: center">HAIR JEWELLERY,</p> -<p>In Brooches, Bracelets, Shawl-pins, Earrings, Lockets, -Necklets, Guard or Albert Chains, Rings, Studs, Sleeve-links, -Scarf-pins, Charms, &c., of the most novel and artistic -designs, made to order, <i>from the hair supplied by the -parties</i>, on the shortest possible notice.</p> -<p>In order to meet the requirement of his increasing connection, -J. K. respectfully announces that, having <i>now on the -premises</i> experienced first-class London Workmen, he can -execute</p> -<p style="text-align: center"><i>Repairs in Jewellery</i>, -<i>Watches</i>, <i>Clocks</i>, <i>Spectacles</i>,<br /> -<i>Plated Goods</i>, <i>Cutlery</i>, <i>&c.</i></p> -<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">IN A FEW -HOURS.</span></p> -<p style="text-align: center">J. KENT,<br /> -<span class="GutSmall">LATE J. T. NIGHTINGALE,</span><br /> -MOURNING JEWELLER, OPTICIAN, &c.<br /> -<b>38</b>, <b>HIGH STREET</b>, <b>SHREWSBURY</b>.</p> - -<div class="gapline"> </div> -<h3>Shrewsbury & Wroxeter Illustrated.</h3> -<p style="text-align: center"><i>A Series of Views for the -Stereoscope</i>, <i>by</i> F. <span class="smcap">Bedford</span>. -1s. <i>each</i>.</p> -<p>1. <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, -Ireland’s Mansion.</p> -<p>2. <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, the Market -House.</p> -<p>3. <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, the Market -Square.</p> -<p>4. <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, Statue of -Clive, in the Market Place.</p> -<p>5. <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, Elizabethan -Houses, in the Market Place.</p> -<p>6. <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, the Cross Keys -Tavern, High Street.</p> -<p>7. <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, Old House, -Princess Street, Market Place.</p> -<p>8. <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, -Shearman’s Hall, and Old Post Office Inn.</p> -<p>9. <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, Old Houses, in -the Wyle Cop.</p> -<p>10. <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, Old Timber -Houses, in the Abbey Foregate.</p> -<p>11. <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, Gate Way to -Council House, St. Nicholas’ Chapel.</p> -<p>12. <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, in the Court -Yard to the Council House.</p> -<p>13. <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, the Royal -Grammar School.</p> -<p>14. <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, the Castle, -Garden Front.</p> -<p>15. <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, the Castle, -from the Entrance Gateway.</p> -<p>16. <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, the last -remaining Tower of the Old Walls.</p> -<p>17. <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, English -Bridge.</p> -<p>18. <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, St. -Giles’s Church.</p> -<p>19. <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, Old Church of -St. Giles.</p> -<p>20. <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, the Abbey, -from the South East.</p> -<p>21. <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, the Abbey, -West Front.</p> -<p>22. <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, Old St. -Chad’s Church.</p> -<p>23. <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, St. -Mary’s Church, view from South West.</p> -<p>24. <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, St. -Mary’s Church, South Porch.</p> -<p>25. <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, St. -Mary’s Church, from the Infirmary.</p> -<p>26. <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, St. -Julian’s Church, and Spire of St. Alkmond.</p> -<p>27. <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, St. -Chad’s Church.</p> -<p>28. <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, the Portal to -the Shoemaker’s Arbour, Kingsland.</p> -<p>29. <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, Lord -Hill’s Column.</p> -<p>30. <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, the Stone -Pulpit.</p> -<p>31. <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, St. -Mary’s Watergate.</p> -<p>32. <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, the Ferry and -House of Industry.</p> -<p>33. <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, Avenue in the -Quarry.</p> -<p>34. <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, the Dingle in -the Quarry.</p> -<p>35. <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, the -Whitehall.</p> -<p>36. <span class="smcap">Wroxeter</span>, remains of -Floor in the Baths.</p> -<p>37. <span class="smcap">Wroxeter</span>, supposed -Enameller’s Shop.</p> -<p>38. <span class="smcap">Wroxeter</span>, Public Baths, -looking West.</p> -<p>39. <span class="smcap">Wroxeter</span>, the Old Wall, -and Hypocaust.</p> -<p>40. <span class="smcap">Wroxeter</span>, Public Baths, -from the S.W.</p> -<p>41. <span class="smcap">Wroxeter</span>, the principal -Hypocaust.</p> -<p>42. <span class="smcap">Wroxeter</span>, Public Baths, -looking East.</p> -<p>43. <span class="smcap">Wroxeter</span>, the -Excavations, seen from W.N.W.</p> -<p style="text-align: center"><i>Published by CATHERALL & -PRICHARD</i>, <i>Eastgate-row</i>,<br /> -<i>Chester</i>, <i>and sold by all dealers in slides</i>.</p> - -<div class="gapline"> </div> -<h3>VINCENT CRUMP,</h3> -<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">BY SPECIAL -APPOINTMENT</span></p> -<table> -<tr> -<td><p style="text-align: center">Bride, Citron,<br /> -and<br /> -Desert Cakes.</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/armsb.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Royal coat of Arms" -title= -"Royal coat of Arms" - src="images/armss.jpg" /> -</a></p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: center">Simmels in<br /> -the<br /> -Season.</p> -</td> -</tr> -</table> -<p style="text-align: center"><span -class='gutoutline'><b>CONFECTIONER</b></span></p> -<p style="text-align: center">To Her Majesty the Queen,</p> -<p style="text-align: center">WYLE COP AND PRIDE HILL,</p> -<p style="text-align: center">SHREWSBURY.</p> - -<div class="gapshortline"> </div> -<p style="text-align: center"><b>ROYAL SHREWSBURY CAKES</b>.</p> - -<div class="gapline"> </div> -<h2>FOOTNOTES.</h2> -<p><a name="footnote99a"></a><a href="#citation99a" -class="footnote">[99a]</a> See Abstract of Proceedings of -Royal Society, June, 1862.</p> -<p><a name="footnote99b"></a><a href="#citation99b" -class="footnote">[99b]</a> Crania Britannia.</p> -<p><a name="footnote99c"></a><a href="#citation99c" -class="footnote">[99c]</a> Pre-Historic Man, vol. ii. p. -306, &c. &c.</p> -<p><a name="footnote102"></a><a href="#citation102" -class="footnote">[102]</a> In this transcription the -advertisements have been moved to the end of the book. In -the original the first two (J. O. Sandford) come before the -frontispiece. The rest then follow after the Appendix and -come before the Plates with the exception of the last two -(Shrewsbury and Wroxeter Illustrated; Vincent Crump) which came -after the plates.—DP.</p> -<pre> - - - - -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE RUINS OF THE ROMAN CITY OF -URICONIUM, AT WROXETER, NEAR SHREWSBURY*** - - -***** This file should be named 62425-h.htm or 62425-h.zip****** - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/6/2/4/2/62425 - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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