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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #62425 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/62425)
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-The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Ruins of the Roman City of Uriconium, at
-Wroxeter, near Shrewsbury, by Thomas Wright
-
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions 
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at 
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-
-
-
-Title: The Ruins of the Roman City of Uriconium, at Wroxeter, near Shrewsbury
-
-
-Author: Thomas Wright
-
-
-
-Release Date: June 19, 2020  [eBook #62425]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-
-***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE RUINS OF THE ROMAN CITY OF
-URICONIUM, AT WROXETER, NEAR SHREWSBURY***
-
-
-Transcribed from the fourth, 1863, edition by David Price, email
-ccx074@pglaf.org
-
-                          [Picture: Book cover]
-
-
-
-
-
-                                   THE
-                         RUINS OF THE ROMAN CITY
-                                    OF
-                                Uriconium,
-                                    AT
-                        WROXETER, NEAR SHREWSBURY.
-
-
-                                    BY
-                    THOMAS WRIGHT, ESQ., M.A., F.S.A.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-                             Fourth Edition,
-                           WITH ILLUSTRATIONS.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-                 SHREWSBURY: J. O. SANDFORD, HIGH-STREET.
-                   LONDON: KENT & CO., PATERNOSTER-ROW.
-
-                                  1863.
-
-
-
-
-PREFACE.
-
-
-IT is the aim of the following pages to give the degree and kind of
-popular information believed to be wanted by the numerous visitors to the
-excavations at Wroxeter, who have no Guide to explain what they see, and
-are not possessed of that amount of minute antiquarian knowledge which
-would enable them to understand everything without such explanation.  It
-is the first instance in which there has been, in this country, the
-chance of penetrating into a city of more than fourteen centuries ago, on
-so large a scale, and with such extensive remains of its former
-condition; and when the visitor has walked over the floors which had been
-trodden last, before they were thus uncovered, by the Roman inhabitants
-of this island, he will appreciate more justly, and with greater
-interest, the objects which have been discovered, and are deposited in
-the Museum, at Shrewsbury; and he will learn to look forward with hope to
-the light which a continuance of these excavations must throw upon the
-condition and history of this country at so remote a period.  Whatever
-this light may be, it must not be forgotten that we shall be indebted for
-it, in the first place, to his Grace the Duke of Cleveland, who has shown
-a generous public feeling in giving permission and encouragement to the
-excavations on his land, and to the late B. Botfield, Esq., M.P., through
-whose zeal and liberality in the undertaking the excavators were set at
-work, when as yet it was uncertain if their labours would be attended
-with any success.  I have endeavoured to fulfil literally the title of
-this little book, and to give the visitor such information as he would
-seek from a professional Guide, whilst I have gladly left the description
-of the Museum, and especially of those rather numerous human remains
-which form so remarkable a part of our discoveries, to one best qualified
-for that task, Dr. Henry Johnson, who has so ably and zealously directed
-the excavations on the spot, and who has thus, unremunerated, given to
-the service of the public so much of his valuable time.
-
-                                                                     T. W.
-
-
-
-
-TO VISITORS.
-
-
-PARTIES from a distance wishing to visit the ruins of the ancient
-URICONIUM, at Wroxeter, will find every comfort and accommodation at the
-Lion, the Raven, the George, and the Crown Hotels, Shrewsbury.
-
-WROXETER is a little more than five miles from Shrewsbury.  Conveyances
-may be obtained at the Railway Station, Shrewsbury; at any of the
-above-named Hotels; and at Howells’s Livery Stables, Cross Hill.  Parties
-of any reasonable number may be conveyed by either of the latter, on
-giving them two days’ notice by letter.
-
-UPTON MAGNA, on the Shrewsbury and Wellington Joint Line of Railway, is
-the nearest Station to Wroxeter, from whence it is distant about two
-miles and a half, a pleasant walk for an active person.
-
-THE MUSEUM of the Shropshire and North Wales Natural History and
-Antiquarian Society, College Hill, where all the moveable articles from
-Wroxeter are deposited, is open DAILY to visitors, from 10 till 4, on
-payment of sixpence each, and by an order from a Subscriber GRATUITOUSLY.
-
-DONATIONS to the Wroxeter Fund will be gladly received by the Honorary
-Secretary, DR. H. JOHNSON, Dogpole, Shrewsbury.
-
-
-
-
-List of Plates.
-
-
-           FROM DRAWINGS BY MR. HILLARY DAVIES, OF SHREWSBURY.
-
-                                                                 PLATE
-The North Side of the Old Wall, at Wroxeter                          1
-Wroxeter Church, Shropshire (Vignette)                               2
-First Roman Hypocaust discovered at Uriconium in 1859                3
-Roman Tile-Roof, Roman Flag-Roof, Section of Roman                   4
-Hypocaust, &c.
-Plan of Walls, discovered by the Excavations at Wroxeter,            5
-Salop, from February 3rd to September, 1863
-Column in the Garden of W. H. Oatley, Esq., Wroxeter                 6
-Ancient Stone Font in Wroxeter Church                                7
-Capitals found at Uriconium                                          8
-Samian, Upchurch, and Romano-Salopian Pottery                        9
-Rings and Combs (actual size)                                       10
-Hair Pins, &c. (actual size)                                        11
-Skulls from Wroxeter                                                12
-Roman Remains from Wroxeter, in the possession of Samuel            13
-Wood, Esq., and Mask, in the Museum, Shrewsbury.
-Upchurch Pottery, Adz, Spear Head, and Romano-Salopian              14
-(Red) Ware
-Carved Stone Fragments from Uriconium, in the Garden of             15
-Edward Stanier, Esq., Wroxeter
-Sepulchral Stone                                                    16
-
-
-
-The Ruins of Uriconium.
-
-
-IF we leave Shrewsbury by its long eastern suburb, known, from the
-important monastic house which formerly stood at its commencement, as the
-Abbey Foregate, passing the more modern monument erected at its
-extremity, Lord Hill’s Column, our way lies for about two miles along the
-London road, bounded on each side by rich and fertile fields.  At the
-distance just mentioned, this road approaches close to the river Severn,
-and continues to run along its banks, to the great improvement of the
-scenery, until we arrive at the prettily-situated village of Atcham, with
-Atcham Church in face of us, and the river winding under its stone bridge
-in the foreground.  Atcham is three miles from Shrewsbury.  Crossing the
-bridge, we leave the river, which here takes a long sweep to the
-southward, and follow the road, which skirts for more than half a mile
-the extensive park of Attingham.  We here approach another river, the
-Tern, which at this point spreads into a fair expanse of water, and
-forms, with the mansion of Attingham to the left, and the copses which
-skirt it, a scene of striking beauty, while to the right it divides into
-two branches which empty themselves into the Severn, a little lower down.
-Crossing Tern Bridge, and proceeding a short distance, still skirting the
-park, we reach a point where, opposite the entrance to Attingham Park, a
-branch road turns off to the right from the old London road.  We must
-take this branch road, which will lead us to the village of Wroxeter.  We
-soon cross a small stream, which is known by the name of the Bell Brook,
-and after we have passed this brook, the visitor will hardly fail to
-remark, wherever his eye rests upon ploughed ground, the extraordinary
-blackness of the soil in comparison with that of the land over which he
-has previously passed.
-
-In fact he has now entered upon the site of an ancient Roman city, which
-is known, from the circumstance of its being mentioned by the geographer
-Ptolemy, to have been standing here as early as the beginning of the
-second century, when it was called Viroconium,—a name which appears to
-have been changed in the later Romano-British period to Uriconium; at
-least this is the form under which the name occurs in the later
-geographers, and which has been generally adopted by modern antiquaries.
-From the point at which we have now arrived, the line of the ancient
-town-wall may be traced by a continuous low mound, which runs southward
-towards the Severn, the banks of which it follows for some distance, and,
-after passing between the river and the modern village of Wroxeter, turns
-eastwardly behind the vicarage-house, and makes a long sweep till it
-reaches the hamlet of Norton to the north, whence it turns to the
-westward again, and reaches the point from which we started, forming an
-irregular oval, rather more than three miles in circumference.  A portion
-of the Bell Brook runs through the Roman city.  After crossing this
-brook, we approach ground which rises gently, and nearly at the highest
-point we see to the left a smith’s shop.  At this spot, which is rather
-more than five miles from Shrewsbury, the road which has brought us from
-that town crosses another road, which turns down to the right, to the
-village of Wroxeter, not quite half a mile distant.  Wroxeter is an
-Anglo-Saxon name, the first part of which is probably corrupted from that
-of the ancient Roman city of the site of which it occupies the southern
-extremity.  The road which has led us to it is called the Watling Street
-road, and there is every reason for believing that it occupies in a part
-of its course the line of one of the principal streets of Uriconium.  It
-crosses the river Severn immediately below the village, where there was
-doubtless a bridge in Roman times, for it is in the highest degree
-improbable that in approaching a town of such importance, the Romans
-would cross a river like the Severn only by a ford.
-
-On arriving at the smith’s shop just alluded to, the attention of the
-visitor will be attracted by a solid mass of masonry, which forms a very
-imposing object, and presents those unmistakable characteristics of Roman
-work,—the long string-courses of large flat red bricks.  This mass of
-masonry, the only portion of the buildings of Uriconium which remains
-standing above ground, is upwards of twenty feet high, and seventy-two
-feet long, with a uniform thickness of three feet, and has been long
-known by the name of “The Old Wall.”  It stands nearly in the centre of
-the ancient city, which occupied the highest ground within the walls,—a
-commanding position, with the bold isolated form of the Wrekin in the
-rear, and in front a panorama of mountains formed by the Wenlock and
-Stretton Hills, Caer Caradoc, the Longmynd, the Breidden, and the still
-more distant mountains of Wales.  With the exception of this wall, all
-that remained of the Roman city, if as some people might perhaps have
-doubted, anything did remain,—has been long buried beneath the soil.  At
-the close of the year 1858, however, it was resolved to ascertain what
-these remains were, and an Excavation Committee was formed at Shrewsbury,
-for the purpose of carrying this design into effect by means of a public
-subscription.  Excavations were, accordingly, commenced on the 3rd of
-February, 1859, and they have already led to results of the most
-satisfactory description.  But, perhaps, before we proceed to describe
-the ruins which have thus been uncovered, it would be well to tell our
-readers something of the general character of the Roman towns in this
-island, and to explain how some of them were destroyed, and from what
-cases and by what circumstances their remains present themselves in the
-conditions in which we now find them.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-FIFTEEN hundred years ago, this island, with the exception of the
-highlands of Scotland, was covered with flourishing towns, many of them
-known to have been of considerable magnitude, situated on numerous public
-roads,—these latter of such excellent construction, that they have
-remained to the present day the foundation of most of our great English
-high roads.  These towns, like those in other parts of the empire,
-enjoyed free municipal institutions (from which our own mediæval
-municipal institutions are derived), and in all but certain duties
-towards the imperial government, formed in themselves so many little
-republics, possessing all the ambitions and rivalries which seem
-inseparable from republican institutions.  Among the slight notices of
-this island in ancient writers we learn that the towns of Britain were
-remarkable for their turbulence, which was encouraged, no doubt, by the
-distance of this province from Rome, and by the peculiar character of the
-population of the towns, which consisted of blood that was foreign to the
-soil, and which was not uniform in character in the different towns.  We
-know further that, during the fourth century, these towns often
-confederated together, threw off the imperial yoke, and raised emperors
-of their own; and we have every reason for supposing that, when the
-restraint imposed by the central power became slackened, the towns
-confederated against one another, and that domestic dissensions and
-contests troubled the peace of the island.  Such dissensions left the
-island exposed to the invasions of its foreign enemies, which had become
-very frequent and very formidable during the fourth century.  The eastern
-coasts were often visited by the Teutonic rovers, Saxons, and Franks; the
-barbarous Caledonians, then called Picts, from the north rushed across
-the borders, and carried devastation through the land, in which they were
-assisted by the Irish, or, as they were then called, Scots, and probably
-by the Armorican Celts, or Britons from Gaul.  The towns of Britain
-united would, no doubt, have presented a force sufficient to meet any of
-these invasions, but their very constitution rendered such a union
-difficult, except for a short period.  Besides their independence of each
-other, the towns had only been expected to defend themselves, while the
-defence of the province was more especially the duty of the legions, and
-on their withdrawal, the towns seem to have followed their old practice
-in case of invasion, and shut themselves within their walls, or, at most,
-opposed the invaders without any union, thus leaving the open country to
-easy destruction.
-
-The history of the conquest of the Roman provinces by the barbarians is,
-in general, simply the successive reduction of one town after another.
-Such was eminently the case in Britain, and the traditionary annals of
-the early Saxon period present little more than a list of conquered
-towns.  Sometimes a town was taken by stratagem or force, and then it was
-plundered or destroyed, but in the far greater number of cases the town
-was too strong for the assailants and only submitted by composition, by
-which it paid a tribute to the conqueror and retained its old independent
-municipal institutions.  We all know how many of our old cities and early
-municipal towns are thus the representatives of the cities of the Romans.
-In some parts of the island the destruction was greater than in others,
-and on the Welsh border, through the whole space between Chester (called
-by the Romans Deva), and Gloucester (which the Romans called Glevum), the
-towns seem to have been all ruined.  One of the largest of these towns
-was no doubt that of Uriconium.  We can only judge by implication, and by
-a comparison of what occurred in other places, of the manner in which a
-town like Uriconium was treated, when it was overcome by the barbarians.
-We know that these invaders were influenced by a love of plunder, but a
-love of destruction—we may perhaps call it an impulse of destruction—was
-still greater; and it is probable that the plundering of a town like
-Uriconium was a hasty and imperfect operation, and that the plunderers
-carried off chiefly objects made of the precious metals, or articles of
-dress and arms, or other objects on which they set considerable value, as
-they moved about rapidly, and could not be provided very extensively with
-the means of conveyance.  (We are here speaking of the earlier plundering
-invasions of the barbarians, such as the Picts and Scots, in which
-perhaps Uriconium perished, towards the middle of the fifth century, for
-it is hardly probable that the Angles or Saxons could have reached this
-part of the island at so early a period.)  The first impulse of the
-plunderers was to apply fire to the buildings, and the progress of the
-conflagration would hasten their departure.  Where the inhabitants of the
-conquered town had not made their escape and abandoned it before it was
-taken—which was perhaps the case in some of the smaller towns—there would
-no doubt be a dreadful massacre, and the survivors would be dragged away
-into captivity, for the various peoples who preyed upon the carcass of
-the mighty empire of Rome, whether German or Celt, or Tartar or Arab,
-ambitioned, almost above other plunder, the possession of numerous
-slaves.  Thus the plundered town was left without inhabitants, and in
-flames, of which the latter, as may be judged on the spot from the
-massive character of the walls of the houses, were probably partial in
-their effect, destroying chiefly the timber and roofs.
-
-Thus the town was left an extensive mass of blackened walls; and such was
-the condition in which the ruined Roman towns remained during several
-centuries.  Roman walls, we all know, were too strongly built to fall
-down, and various circumstances combined for their preservation.  In the
-first place, the population of the country must have been greatly
-reduced, and this part of the island especially was probably very thinly
-inhabited after it had been ravaged by the invaders.  The ruins
-themselves would in time be overgrown with plants and trees and would
-become the haunt of wild beasts, which were then abundant, thus offering
-very little encouragement to anybody to enter them.  But they were
-protected in a still greater degree by the strong superstitious feelings
-with which such ruins were regarded by the people who now occupied the
-land.  The Teutonic invaders had not only a prejudice against towns in
-general, but they believed that all the deserted buildings of the
-previous lords of the soil were taken possession of by powerful evil
-spirits, on whose limits it was in the highest degree dangerous to
-trespass.  They imagined, moreover, that the Romans had the power of
-casting spells over buildings, which were no less dangerous than the evil
-spirits themselves.  It will be remembered how, when Augustine and his
-brother missionaries came to convert the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity,
-the Kentish king and his court gave them their first audience in the open
-air; because, as we are told, the Anglo-Saxons were afraid that, should
-they be received in a covered chamber in the palace, the strangers from
-Rome would be able to cast a spell upon them.  It is a remarkable proof
-of the strength of this superstitious feeling, that all the
-Benedictionals of the Anglo-Saxon period contain forms for blessing the
-vessels of metal or earthenware found in ancient sites, and relieving
-them from the spells which had been cast upon them by the “pagans,” in
-order that the finders might be enabled to make use of these vessels
-without any personal danger.  When the people of the middle ages, whether
-Christians or not, found the beautiful bronze figures on which we set so
-much store, they were in the greatest apprehension of personal danger
-until they had mutilated them so as to break the charm or spell which
-they believed to be laid upon them, for they looked upon these images as
-the more general instruments of the ancient magicians.  When thus
-mutilated they usually threw them into the nearest river.  The numerous
-bronzes dredged up from the bed of the Thames at London are almost all
-mutilated in this manner.  This was the case also with the inscriptions,
-for the successors of the Romans had no other notion of an ancient
-inscription than that it was a magical charm.  This superstition has
-continued to exist until very recent times, for it appears that, within
-the memory of man, the peasantry of Northumberland, on the line of the
-great wall of Hadrian, were accustomed, when they found an inscribed
-stone—and inscribed stones are there very abundant—to hew out at least a
-part of the letters of the inscription with a pick or axe, in order to
-destroy the charm.
-
-We thus understand how a ruined city—like that at Wroxeter—was allowed to
-remain untouched for centuries.  Many of these ruined towns became the
-subject of romantic legends.  One of these legends relating to an ancient
-ruined city in this neighbourhood, is told in the curious history of the
-Fitz-Warines, composed in the thirteenth century, in Anglo-Norman, no
-doubt by a border writer.  This writer is describing a visit supposed to
-have been made by William the Conqueror to the Welsh border in order to
-distribute the land to his followers.
-
-    “When King William approached the hills and valleys of Wales he saw a
-    very large town, formerly enclosed with high walls, which was all
-    burnt and ruined, and in a plain below the town he caused his tents
-    to be raised, and there he said he would remain that night.  Then the
-    king inquired of a Briton what was the name of the town, and how it
-    came to be so ruined.  ‘Sire,’ said the Briton, ‘I will tell you.
-    The Castle was formerly called Castle Bran, but now it is called the
-    Old March.  Formerly there came into this country Brutus, a very
-    valiant knight, and Corineus, from whom Cornwall still retains its
-    name, and many others derived from the lineage of Troy, and none
-    inhabited these parts except very foul people, great giants, whose
-    king was called Geomagog.  These heard of the arrival of Brutus, and
-    sent out to encounter him, and at last all the giants were killed
-    except Geomagog, who was marvellously great.  Corineus, the valiant,
-    said that he would willingly wrestle with Geomagog, to try Geomagog’s
-    strength.  The giant, on the first onset, embraced Corineus so
-    tightly, that he broke three of his ribs.  Corineus became angry, and
-    struck Geomagog with his foot that he fell from a great rock into the
-    sea, and Geomagog was drowned.  And a spirit of the devil now entered
-    into the body of Geomagog, and came into these parts, and held
-    possession of the country long, that never Briton dared to inhabit
-    it.  And long afterwards, King Bran the son of Donwal, caused the
-    city to be rebuilt, repaired the walls, and strengthened the great
-    fosses, and he made Burgh and Great March.  And the devil came by
-    night and took away every thing that was therein, since which time
-    nobody has ever inhabited there.’  The king marvelled much at this
-    story, and Payn Peverel, the proud and courageous knight, the king’s
-    cousin, heard it all, and declared that that night he would essay the
-    marvel.  Payn Peverel armed himself very richly, and took his shield,
-    shining with gold, with a cross of azure indented, and fifteen
-    knights and other attendants, and went into the highest palace, and
-    took up his lodging there.  And when it was night the weather became
-    so foul, black, dark, and such a tempest of lightning and thunder,
-    that all those who were there became so terrified that they could not
-    for fear move hand or foot, but lay on the ground like dead men.  The
-    proud Payn was very much frightened but he put his trust in God,
-    whose sign of the cross he carried with him, and saw that he could
-    have no help but from God.  He lay upon the ground, and with good
-    devotion prayed God and his mother Mary that they would defend him
-    that night from the power of the devil.  Hardly had he finished his
-    prayer, when the fiend came in the semblance of Geomagog, and he
-    carried a great club in his hand, and from his mouth cast fire and
-    smoke, with which the whole town was illuminated.  Payn had a good
-    hope in God, and signed himself with a cross, and boldly attacked the
-    fiend.  The fiend raised his club and would have struck Payn, but he
-    avoided the blow.  The devil, by virtue of the cross, was all struck
-    with fear, and lost his strength, for he could not approach the
-    cross.  Payn pursued him till he struck him with his sword; then he
-    began to cry out, and fell flat on the ground, and yielded himself
-    vanquished.  ‘Knight,’ said he, ‘you have conquered me, not by your
-    own strength, but by virtue of the cross which you carry.’  ‘Tell
-    me,’ said Payn, ‘you foul creature, who you are and what you do in
-    this town, I conjure you, in the name of God and of the Holy Cross.’
-    The fiend began to relate from word to word as the Briton had said
-    before; and told how, when Geomagog was dead, he immediately rendered
-    his soul to Beelzebub, their prince, and he entered the body of
-    Geomagog, and came in his semblance into these parts, and kept the
-    great treasure which Geomagog had collected and put into a house he
-    had made underground in that town.  Payn demanded of him, ‘What kind
-    of creature he was?’ and he said, ‘He was formerly an angel, but now
-    is, by his forfeit, a diabolical spirit.’  ‘What treasure,’ said
-    Payn, ‘had Geomagog?’  ‘Oxen, cows, swans, peacocks, horses, and all
-    other animals, made of fine gold; and there was a golden bull, which,
-    through me, was his prophet, and in him was all his belief; and he
-    told him the events that were to come; and twice a year the giants
-    used to honour their god, the golden bull, whereby so much gold is
-    collected that all this country was called ‘The White Land.’  And I
-    and my companion inclosed the land with a high wall and deep fosse,
-    so that there was no entrance except through this town, which was
-    full of evil spirits.’  ‘Now, you shall tell me,’ said Payn, ‘where
-    is the treasure of which you have spoken?’  ‘Vassal,’ said he, ‘speak
-    no more of that, for it is destined for others; but you shall be lord
-    of all this honour.’”
-
-And so the vanquished fiend goes on to tell him the future fortunes of
-his house; and after King William had been duly informed of this
-adventure, and they had thrown the body of Geomagog into a great pit,
-they proceeded on their way to Oswestry.
-
-In my edition of this history of the Fitz-Warines I have offered some
-conjectures on the spot to which this legend refers; but on comparing all
-the circumstances connected with it, I have since been led to the
-conclusion that the “burnt and ruined” city which had thus been taken
-possession of by the evil spirits was no other than the ruins of the
-ancient Uriconium.  This story implies that the walls of the town and
-houses of Uriconium were still standing above ground as late as the
-eleventh and twelfth centuries, and very likely a great portion of them
-remained thus standing at the time when the author of the History of the
-Fitz-Warines wrote.  But during the centuries which had passed since the
-city of the Romans became a ruin, it had been undergoing a gradual but
-continual change from the accumulation of earth.  This rising of the
-level of the ground is always found to have taken place under such
-circumstances, and may be explained by several causes.  In the first
-place, the floors must have been covered by a mass of rubbish formed by
-the falling in of the roofs and more perishable parts of the buildings.
-Vegetation, too, would in the course of years arise, and the walls would
-stop and cause to be deposited the dust and earthy particles carried
-about in the atmosphere.  This deposit we know by experience to be
-considerable.  It is now little more than three centuries since the
-dissolution of the monasteries, and we have all had opportunities of
-observing the depth of earth under which the floors of the monastic ruins
-now lie, sometimes amounting to as much as three or four feet.  What,
-then, must it have been on an extensive ruin like that of Uriconium,
-which had stood in that ruined and deserted condition from the middle of
-the fifth century to the middle of the twelfth?
-
-It was at this latter period that the Roman buildings began to be
-systematically destroyed.  It appears that still in the twelfth century,
-England was covered with the remains of Roman ruined towns and villas
-standing above ground, as they are still seen, though on a larger scale,
-in the countries which formed the Roman province in Northern Africa.  We
-have seen the superstitious feelings which prevented people approaching
-these ruins in our island, and it required nothing less than the hand of
-the Church to interfere and break the charm which kept the rest of
-society aloof.  We learn from the history of the abbots of St Alban’s,
-written in the thirteenth century by Matthew Paris, that already in the
-eleventh century the abbots of that great religious house had begun to
-break the ruins of the Roman city of Verulamium, in order to use them as
-building materials.  This practice became very general in the twelfth
-century, and from that time the Roman ruins were pillaged on an extensive
-scale whenever a monastery or a church was to be built.  The ancient city
-at Wroxeter was probably one of the great quarries from which the
-builders of Haughmond Abbey were supplied, and no doubt it contributed
-materials to other monastic houses in this part of the country.  The
-church of Atcham, the adjoining parish, and that of Wroxeter itself, bear
-evidence to this appropriation of building materials taken from ancient
-Uriconium.  At the time when this inroad was made upon the ruins, the
-ground, as explained before, was already raised several feet above the
-Roman floors; and the mediæval builders, finding plenty of material above
-ground, cleared away the walls down to the surface of the ground as it
-then existed, and sought them no further.  This accounts for the
-condition in which we now find these walls, that is, remaining tolerably
-perfect just up to the height of what was the level of the ground, at the
-time the rest was destroyed.  The difference between the tops of the
-walls as they now exist under ground, and the present surface of the
-ground, is the accumulation of earth which has taken place since this
-destruction.  It was the destruction of the buildings which first caused
-this accumulation, by scattering about the fragments of the plaster of
-the walls and the broken tiles and stones which were not worth carrying
-away.  After the walls above ground disappeared, and the ground was
-levelled and cleared, such accumulation went on much more slowly.
-
-The sites of the ancient towns, thus cleared, and the spell which held
-their invaders at bay having been broken by the ecclesiastics, became
-exposed to a new class of depredators.  Coins and objects of some value
-were no doubt discovered from time to time by accident, and were greatly
-exaggerated by common report, during ages when the existence of hidden
-treasure formed a prominent article in the popular belief.  Many a
-Salopian, doubtless, longed for the hidden treasures of the city of
-Geomagog, and many an attempt no doubt was made to discover and obtain
-them.  Treasure-hunting of this description was a great pursuit with our
-mediæval forefathers, and the same superstitious feelings were connected
-with it that were attached to all the remains of more ancient peoples.
-The treasure-hunter rarely ventured on his search without having first
-secured the aid of a magician for his protection as well as for his
-guidance, for the same evil spirits were believed still to haunt the
-ruins underground, and it was hoped that by the power of the conjuror
-they might not only be rendered harmless, but be made to give information
-as to the exact spot where the treasure lay.  Numerous examples might be
-quoted of such mediæval treasure-hunting on the Welsh border, but it will
-be sufficient to give one which appears to belong to the very site on
-which we are now seeking treasures of another description.  An old
-manuscript chronicle of the monks of Worcester, which is printed in
-Warton’s Anglia Sacra, and has preserved numerous notices of events which
-occurred on this border, informs us that in the year 1287, at a place by
-Wroxeter, (that is near the village), called “Bilebury,” the fiend was
-compelled by a certain enchanter to appear to a certain lad and show him
-where lay buried “urns, and a ship, and a house, with an immense quantity
-of gold.”  We easily recognize in the objects described by the false
-Geomagog, though not the material, the numerous figures in bronze which
-are from time to time found on Roman sites; and the arms and ship may
-perhaps admit of as easy an explanation.  The treasure-digger had to
-encounter sometimes a worse opponent even than the fiend himself!
-Treasure-trove belonged to the feudal lord, and it was a right which he
-was inclined to enforce with the utmost severity; and the unfortunate
-individual who was caught in the act of trespassing against it found his
-way immediately into a feudal dungeon, from which escape was not always
-easy or quick.  The learned historian of this county, Mr. Eyton, has met
-with a record from which we learn that some individuals towards the close
-of the thirteenth century were thus caught “digging” for a treasure at
-Wroxeter, and that they were thrown into prison.  On their examination or
-trial, however, it appeared that, though they had dug for a treasure,
-they had not found one, and on this plea they had the good fortune to be
-set at liberty.  This process of treasure-hunting had an effect injurious
-to the object of our researches.  The mediæval excavator cared very
-little about antiquities as monuments of the past, and when, in digging a
-hole into the ground, he came upon a pavement, he broke it up without any
-scruple.  It is to this cause, perhaps, that we must ascribe in many
-cases the damaged state in which we find the floors of the Roman houses,
-even when they lie at a considerable depth.
-
-I have thus endeavoured to explain the manner in which a Roman town like
-Uriconium was ruined; how its ruin remained several centuries untouched,
-while a depth of earth was accumulating on the floors; how at a later
-period the ruins themselves began to be cleared away, and a new
-accumulation of earth was formed over the lower part of the walls which
-had been left, until these could no longer be traced on the surface,
-except by the appearance of the crops in long periods of dry weather.
-This double accumulation of the debris of buildings has often led people
-to form erroneous conclusions, and in the account of a former partial
-excavation at Wroxeter, published by the Society of Antiquaries, the
-writer has fallen upon the rather odd notion that the Roman town had been
-burnt twice,—that he saw the layers of burnt materials from two
-successive burnings.
-
-The effects of all these causes may be seen in the excavations at
-Wroxeter,—the floor sometimes perfect and sometimes broken up; the walls
-of the houses remaining to the height of two or three feet or more, as
-they were left by the mediæval builders, when they carried away the upper
-part of these walls for material; the original level of the Roman town on
-which its inhabitants trod, strewed with roof-tiles and slates and other
-material which had fallen in during the conflagration under which the
-town sank into ruin, and the upper part of the soil mixed up with
-fragments of plaster and cement, bricks and mortar, which had been
-scattered about when the walls were broken up.
-
-The site of Uriconium presents one great advantage to the antiquarian
-explorer, that only a small and not very important portion of the area
-has been exposed to the most destructive of all encroachments on its
-sanctity, modern buildings; while the situation and nature of the ground
-has not required the deep draining which would have cut through the
-ancient floors, and these lie too far beneath the surface to be touched
-by the plough.  It will be easily understood that the preservation of
-such remains depends much on the depth of soil which covers them.  The
-Rev. T. F. More has discovered and made considerable excavations in a
-very extensive and most interesting Roman villa, which occupies part of
-his beautiful park at Linley Hall, near Bishop’s Castle, but there the
-position of the site, and perhaps other circumstances, have caused the
-earth to accumulate much less rapidly, and the floors lay so near to the
-surface that they have all been destroyed.  Where a fragment of the
-concrete of the floor remained, it was hardly six inches under the
-ground.
-
-Our means of observation have hitherto been so imperfect, that we can
-only form vague conjectures as to the internal aspect and distribution of
-the buildings of a Roman town in Britain.  At the close of the Roman
-period the towns were usually, if not always, surrounded with defensive
-walls; but there are several reasons for believing that the Roman towns
-in this island were not walled until a comparatively late date, perhaps
-not till the domestic dissensions and foreign invasions of the fourth
-century.  These town walls, when closely examined into, are often found
-to contain materials taken from older buildings of another kind, which
-older materials themselves present the debased style of architecture
-which belonged to the declining age of the Roman power.  The long
-straggling line of wall which surrounded Uriconium as we may conclude
-from its very irregularity, can only have been built at a late date,
-after the city had gone on for ages increasing in its extent.  We are
-naturally led to suppose that the public buildings would occupy the
-central, or at least the more elevated part of the town, and this has in
-several instances proved to be the case.  The discoveries made by Sir
-Christopher Wren, seem to leave no doubt that a Roman temple occupied the
-site of the modern cathedral of St. Paul’s, in London.  But buildings of
-all sorts would seem to have been mixed very confusedly together; for we
-believe that in London, more recent excavations have brought to light
-remains of potter’s kilns in close proximity to this temple.  In one or
-two instances, as at Aldborough, in Yorkshire, (the Roman Isurium), and
-in some of the small towns on the line of Hadrian’s Wall, in
-Northumberland, masses of the small houses have been uncovered, and their
-appearance leads us to believe that the houses of a Roman town in Britain
-were grouped thickly together, that they were mostly separated by narrow
-alleys, and that there were in general few streets of any magnitude.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-WE will now return to the spot where the visitor has halted in view of
-the imposing mass of Roman masonry, called the Old Wall, situated, as has
-been stated, in a large triangular field formed by the divergence of the
-two roads.  The Old Wall stands not quite east and west, but sufficiently
-near it to allow us for sake of convenience to call it east and west.
-Its northern side is evidently the outside of a building, while there
-could be no doubt that the southern side, on which the springings of
-transverse walls and vaulted ceilings are visible, was the interior.  The
-excavations were begun on the 3rd of February, 1859, on the northern
-side, or outside, of this wall, partly with the object of ascertaining
-the depth at which the floors and the foundations of the buildings lay
-under the present surface of the ground, which, as we have said before,
-was an important fact to ascertain.  The bottom of the Old Wall was found
-at a depth of fourteen feet, the last ten feet of which were sunk in the
-natural substratum of sand, so that the walls of the buildings in this
-spot must have had originally very deep foundations.  It was found that
-this wall was continued underground to the west, and excavations directed
-towards the north brought to light successively three walls running
-parallel, or nearly parallel, to this first wall, the first of these
-parallel walls being at a uniform distance of fourteen feet from the Old
-Wall, the next at a distance, also uniform, of thirty feet from this
-wall, and the third at a distance from the second of fourteen feet at the
-western and sixteen at the eastern end, so that, as the transverse wall
-at the eastern end of these walls was not quite at right angles to them,
-this large building was a little out of square.  This building,
-therefore, consisted of three divisions, of which the central enclosure
-was 226 feet long by 30 feet wide, and appears to have been paved in its
-whole extent with small bricks, three inches long by one inch broad, set
-in zig-zags, or, as it is more technically called, herring-bone fashion.
-This description of pavement appears generally to have been used in
-passages and in open courts, and it seems probable, even from the
-magnitude of this enclosure, that it was not roofed.  Nothing was
-discovered in it to throw any light on the object of so extensive a paved
-enclosure, but there could be little doubt that it must have been a
-public building of some importance.  Portions of the capitals, bases, and
-shafts of columns were found scattered about in different parts of the
-area, which show that it was not wanting in architectural decoration, and
-on one of the pieces of wall-stucco, picked up in this part of the
-excavations, where three letters of what had been an inscription in large
-characters.  Among other objects found here were a fragment of a very
-strong iron chain, the head of an axe, and an iron implement which
-appears to have been a trident, and to have been originally placed on a
-staff, perhaps an ensign of office.  The appearance of the face of the
-Old Wall, which formed part of one side of the long narrow enclosure on
-the south of this central apartment, would lead us to suppose that this
-was an open alley, and this is confirmed by the other circumstances
-connected with it.  In the continuation of the Old Wall to the westward,
-the lower parts of two doorways were found, which were approached from
-this alley each by a step formed of a single squared stone, which,
-therefore, may have been supposed to have led from an exterior into an
-interior.  The corresponding long passage to the north of the central
-apartment presented characteristics of another kind.  At the eastern end
-were found pavements of rather fine mosaic, of which specimens and
-admirable drawings, by Mr. George Maw, of Broseley, are preserved in the
-Museum.  Mosaic of this description was not made to be exposed to the
-air, and the building here must not only have been roofed, but we have
-reason to suppose that there must have been a room or rooms of a
-character on which elegant ornamentation would be bestowed.
-
-The walls of this building, as we find them under ground, present from
-time to time discontinuations, or breaches, caused no doubt by the
-breaking up of the walls for materials by the mediæval builders, who
-sometimes went deeper for them than usual; and it is very likely that
-this may have been caused, in some instances at least, by the
-circumstance that on the site of these breaches were doors or passages,
-the jambs and ornamental parts of which were formed of large stones which
-were more tempting to the old excavators.  With the exception of these
-breaches, there are no traces of doorways from one apartment of this
-building to the other.  About the middle of the northernmost wall there
-is a very wide breach of this kind, which perhaps represents a grand
-entrance from the north.  Moreover, in carrying the excavations further
-towards the north, it was found that this northernmost wall of the
-building formed the side of a street, which was paved in the middle with
-round stones, not much unlike the pavements of some of the streets in
-Shrewsbury and other old towns as they remain at the present day.  The
-northern wall just alluded to was traced eastwardly until the edge of the
-field in which the excavations are carried on prevented the workmen from
-going any further.  Immediately to the east of the building we have been
-describing was a not quite rectangular inclosure, which, from the
-appearance of the walls, was probably a court-yard.  A doorway,
-approached by a stone step within the great inclosure to the west, led
-into it.  Beyond this, to the eastward, was a much larger inclosure,
-which as far as it was explored, had no tracings of walls or pavement
-within, and may possibly have been a garden.  At the western end of the
-great building, about the middle of the extremity of the great central
-inclosure, indications were discovered which probably belonged also to an
-entrance.  These indications consisted of two original openings in the
-wall, within which were found, evidently in their original position, in
-one a large squared stone, and in the other two similarly squared stones
-placed one upon another.  One of these was bevelled off at the outer edge
-into a plain moulding, and their general appearance led to the belief
-that they had formed the basis of something—perhaps of large columns.
-Here, therefore, may perhaps have been the principal entrance into the
-long and extensive area which occupied the middle of this building.  It
-faced the modern Watling Street Road, which evidently represents another
-street; and it thus seems to admit of no doubt that this building formed
-the corner of two principal streets of the Roman city of Uriconium.
-
-We will now return to the long alley, as we have ventured to call it, on
-the southern side of the building we have been describing.  It has been
-already stated that there were found in this alley two steps, formed each
-of a large squared stone, attached to two doorways in the western
-continuation of the Old Wall.  The more western of these two steps was
-very much worn by the feet of the people who had passed over it, as
-though it had led to some place of public resort.  It was at the more
-easterly of these doorways that the excavations were carried to the
-southward of the Old Wall.  This doorway apparently led into some open
-court which communicated with domestic apartments.  A trench carried
-directly southward from the doorway, brought the excavators to the
-semicircular end of a hypocaust, which had warmed a considerable room
-thirty-seven feet long, by twenty-five feet wide, and which was in a
-state of very perfect preservation when opened, although the floor which
-once covered it had entirely disappeared.  The pillars, which were formed
-of Roman square bricks, placed one upon another without mortar, and of
-which 120 were counted, were above three feet high.  This room has now
-been completely laid open, and on the western side has a complicated
-arrangement of walls, which evidently served some purpose connected with
-the heating of the hypocausts.  A considerable quantity of unburnt coal
-was found here.  The northern end of this hypocaust, the wall of which
-remained to the height of several feet, presents an imposing mass of
-masonry, and we learn from it the interesting fact that the Roman houses
-were plastered and painted externally as well as internally.  The
-exterior of the semicircular wall at the north end of this hypocaust was
-painted red, with stripes of yellow.  Near it lay an immense stone, hewn
-into the shape to fit the semicircular wall of the hypocaust, which had
-evidently formed part of a massive band of such stones at some height in
-the wall.  A strong piece of iron is soldered into it with lead, for the
-purpose of attaching something to the building externally.  A little
-alley, considerably wider than the spaces between the pillars of bricks,
-ran across this hypocaust, and through an opening in the wall, into
-another hypocaust, which was entered from without by a large archway, and
-this again was approached by a flight of three steps, each step composed
-of one large well-squared stone, descending from a square platform, which
-was apparently on a level with the original floors of the rooms.  When
-the steps were uncovered, a broken shaft of a large column was found
-lying across them.  The platform at the bottom of the steps, or at least
-the corner of it farthest from the arched entrance to the hypocaust,
-seems to have been used by the last occupiers of this building as a
-receptacle for the dust swept from floors and passages, for the earth,
-for about a foot deep on the floor, was literally filled with coins,
-hair-pins, fibulæ, broken pottery and glass, bones of birds and animals
-which had been eaten, and a variety of other such objects.
-
-To the east of the entrance to the hypocausts, a small room only eight
-feet square was found, which had a herring-bone pavement like that of the
-great inclosure to the north of the Old Wall.  A rather wide passage
-through the eastern wall of this small room led into another room with a
-hypocaust, the floor of which is also gone.  The pillars of this
-hypocaust were rather more neatly constructed, but they seem to have been
-considerably lower than those of the hypocausts previously opened.  This
-hypocaust was the scene of a very interesting discovery.  Abundant traces
-of burning in all parts of the site leave no doubt that the city of
-Uriconium was plundered, and afterwards burnt by some of the barbarian
-invaders of Roman Britain at the close of the Romano-British period, that
-is, towards the middle of the fifth century.  The human remains which
-have been met with in different parts, bear testimony to a frightful
-massacre of the inhabitants.  It would seem that a number of persons had
-been pursued to the buildings immediately to the south of the line of the
-Old Wall, and slaughtered there; for in trenching across what were
-perhaps open courts to the south and south-east of the door through the
-continuation of the Old Wall, remains of at least four or five skeletons
-were found, and in what appears to have been a corner of a yard, outside
-the semicircular end of the hypocaust first discovered, lay the skull and
-some of the bones of a very young child.  In the last of the hypocausts
-we have been describing, three skeletons were found, that of a person who
-appears to have died in a crouching position in one of the corners, and
-two others stretched on the ground by the side of the wall.  An
-examination of the skull of the person in the corner leaves no room for
-doubting that he was a very old man.  One at least of the others was a
-female.  Near the old man lay a little heap of Roman coins, in such a
-manner as to show that they must have been contained in a confined
-receptacle, and a number of small iron nails scattered among them, with
-traces of decomposed wood, prove that this was a little box, or coffer.
-The remains of the wood are still attached to two or three of the coins.
-We are justified from all these circumstances in concluding that, in the
-midst of the massacre of Roman Uriconium, these three persons—perhaps an
-old man and two terrified women—had sought to conceal themselves by
-creeping into the hypocaust; and perhaps they were suffocated there, or,
-when the house was delivered to the flames, the falling rubbish may have
-blocked up the outlet so as to make it impossible for them to escape.  It
-is not likely that they would have been followed into such a place as
-this hypocaust.  These coins were 132 in number, and the following
-description of them has been given by Mr. C. Roach Smith:—
-
-TETRICUS.                One much worn, of the _Fides                1
-                         Militum_ type
-CLAUDIUS.                One, _rev._ CONSECRATIO; an eagle           1
-Constantine the Elder.   _Obv._ CONSTANTINVS. MAX . AVG.            13
-                         Head diademed, or wreathed, to the
-                         right.  _Rev._ GLORIA EXERCITVS.
-                         Two soldiers with spears and
-                         shields, standing; between them two
-                         standards; or (in three instances)
-                         a single standard.
-
-                         _Mint Marks_ (exergual letters): P
-                         . CONST., 3; TR . P., 6; S . L . C.
-                         1; illegible, 3; total
-CONSTANS.                _Obv._ Much worn or decayed.                1
-                         _Rev._ FEL . TEMP . REPARATIO.  The
-                         emperor holding a globe and a
-                         standard, standing in a galley
-                         rowed by a Victory.  This coin is
-                         altogether much worn.  It possibly
-                         may have been plated
-CONSTANTINE II.          _Obv._ CONSTANTINVS . IVN . NOB .          36
-                         C.  Laureated head, to the right;
-                         bust in armour.  _Rev._ GLORIA
-                         EXERCITVS.  Two soldiers standing;
-                         between them two standards, and on
-                         the same a wreath, or other object,
-                         in the field.
-
-                         _Exergual letters_: TR . P. or TR .
-                         S., 15; P . L . C., 9; CONST., 3;
-                         illegible, 9; total
-CONSTANTIUS II.          _Obv._ T . L . IVL . CONSTANTIVS .          5
-                         NOB . C.  Laureated head, to the
-                         right; bust in armour.  _Rev._
-                         GLORIA EXERCITVS.  Two soldiers,
-                         &c., as on the coins of the
-                         preceding.
-
-                         _Exergual letters_: TR . S., 3; P.,
-                         1; SMTS, 1; total
-JULIAN.                  A plated denarius.  _Obv._ FL . CL          1
-                         . IVLIANVS: P. F. AVG.  Diademed
-                         head to the right.  _Rev._ VOTIS V
-                         MULTT . XX, within a wreath
-HELENA.                  _Obv._ T . L . IVL . HELENAE AVG.           2
-                         Head to the right.  _Rev._ PAX
-                         PVBLICA.  A female figure standing
-                         and holding in the right hand a
-                         branch, and in the left hand a
-                         _hasta pura_.  In the field, a
-                         cross; in the exergue, TR . P.
-                         Another without the cross.  Total
-THEODORA.                _Obv._  FL . THEODORAE AVG.  Head           1
-                         to the right.  _Rev._ PIETAS
-                         ROMANA.  A female standing suckling
-                         an infant: in the exergue, TR . P.
-URBS ROMA.               _Obv._  VRBS ROMA.  Galeated head          24
-                         of Rome, to the left.  _Rev._
-                         Romulus and Remus nursed by the
-                         wolf; above, two stars: on two, two
-                         stars and a wreath.
-
-                         In the exergue: PL . C., 11; TR . P
-                         . or TR . S., 10; illegible, 3;
-                         total
-CONSTANTINOPOLIS.        _Obv._ CONSTANTINOPOLIS.  Bust of          34
-                         personified Constantinople, helmed,
-                         and holding a sceptre, to the left.
-                         _Rev._ A winged Victory, with
-                         _hasta pura_ and shield; her feet
-                         upon the prow of the galley, to the
-                         left.
-
-                         _Exergual letters_: TR . P., 20; P
-                         . L . C . or S . L . C., 9; O .
-                         SIS, 1; S . CONST., 1; illegible,
-                         3; total
-VALENS.                  _Obv._ D . N . VALENS . . .                 1
-                         Diademed head, to the right.
-                         _Rev._ SECVRITAS . . .  Victory
-                         with wreath and palm branch,
-                         marching to the left.  Much
-                         corroded
-                         Rude copies of some of the                  6
-                         foregoing
-                         Extremely corroded                          6
-                                                 Total number      132
-
-This is, I believe, the first instance which has occurred in this
-country, in which we have had the opportunity of ascertaining what
-particular coins, as being then in daily circulation, an inhabitant of a
-Roman town in Britain, at the moment when the Roman domination in this
-country was expiring, carried about with him.  Mr. Roach Smith, speaking
-of the great majority of these coins, these of the Constantine family,
-remarks to me—“I suspect these coins were sent into Britain even after
-the time of Valens, because they are all comparatively sharp and fresh.
-It is not improbable that the procurators at Treves and at Lugdunum may
-have had large stores of these coins by them, which they sent out at
-intervals.”  A consideration of these coins gives us an approximation, at
-least, towards the date at which Uriconium must have been destroyed; Mr.
-Roach Smith agrees in the opinion that a comparison of them points to the
-very latest period previous to the establishment of the Anglo-Saxons.  At
-a later period the freshly struck coins of the Constantine family could
-not have been brought over.  They shew us that at that time the great
-mass of the circulating medium consisted of coins of the Constantine
-family, which again explains to us why the first coinage of the
-Anglo-Saxons was nearly all copied from the coins of the emperors of that
-family.  Again, the care with which these small copper coins (for only
-one is of plated silver) seem to have been hoarded up, and the anxiety of
-their possessors to preserve them in the midst of a frightful calamity,
-may perhaps assist us in forming an estimate of the relative value of
-money at this period.
-
-The rooms which joined up to the south side of the Old Wall, and which
-have been more recently uncovered, were five in number, and it appears
-from the remains, which are distinctly visible on the face of the Old
-Wall, that they had vaulted roofs of the kind technically called barrel
-roofs.  In one of these rooms was found a quantity of burnt wheat, which
-would lead us to suppose that this might have been a store room.  The
-most easterly of these rooms has had the interior surface of its walls
-ornamented with tessellated work instead of fresco-painting; the lower
-edge of which, consisting of a guilloche border, still remains.  The
-floor below has a plain pavement of small white tessellæ, and is
-apparently that of a bath.  To the south of these rooms a long passage
-was discovered, which appears to have communicated at one end with the
-floor of the room in the hypocaust of which the skeletons were found.  In
-this passage was a square pit of very good masonry, through which a drain
-runs, nearly north and south.  The stucco of the southern face of the
-wall, forming the southern side of the passage just alluded to, presented
-an inscription scrawled in large straggling characters incised with some
-sharp pointed instrument, and closely resembling in character similar
-inscriptions which have been found on walls in Pompeii.  When first
-uncovered, two lines of this inscription, perhaps the whole of it, seemed
-to have been perfectly well preserved, but before anybody had had the
-opportunity of examining it, two casual visitors, with walking sticks,
-amused themselves with breaking off the plaster, in order apparently to
-try its strength, and were not observed by the workmen until the first
-line had been completely destroyed, and the second, which had been a
-shorter one, was very much broken into, though just enough remained to
-show that it must have been written in Latin.  Even this small remnant
-was nearly destroyed during the interruption of the excavations, and not
-a trace of it can now be seen.  Thus all the advantages of a discovery
-which might have been singularly important for our knowledge of the state
-of Britain at this period, have been lost through mischievous wantonness.
-
-During the month of May, 1859, the work of the excavators was
-interrupted; when it was resumed, they proceeded to explore the building
-to which these hypocausts belonged, beginning from the side of the field
-adjoining to the Watling Street Road,—that is, from the side of one of
-the main streets of the old Roman town,—and they found walls in the line,
-or nearly in the line, of the western wall of the great public building
-just described.  Another street has since been discovered to the south,
-running east and west, parallel to that met with to the north of the
-buildings first excavated.  The excavations have since that time been
-followed in various parts of the two acres first inclosed by the
-Excavation Committee, and a large extent of ruins is now laid open.  But
-I will here interrupt my narrative, while I give an account of the
-general character of the buildings, the ruins of which have already been
-brought to light.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-As yet, the excavations on the site of Uriconium have not been carried
-far enough to enable us to form any idea of the general distribution of
-the Roman town, but it is evident that the buildings on which the
-excavators are employed were inclosed by three main streets, crossing at
-right angles, forming a square mass.  It has been stated that the few
-discoveries hitherto made as to the character of the streets in the Roman
-towns in Britain would lead us to think that they were little more than
-narrow alleys, but this was certainly not the case with these three
-streets of Roman Uriconium, which seem to have been fine wide streets,
-and in the one to the north, the pavement of small round stones appears
-to have occupied only the middle part of the street, designed probably
-for carriages and horses.  A tolerably wide space on each side seems, as
-far as can be traced, to have been unpaved.  But, although we have as yet
-made little advance towards discovering the general character of
-Uriconium as a city, and the manner in which the houses were distributed
-over the Roman town, we had found sufficient fragments of different kinds
-to give us a tolerable notion of the houses themselves.
-
-The average thickness of the walls of a house, even where they only
-separated one small room from another, was three feet.  They are rarely
-less than this, and it is only in one or two cases of what appeared to be
-very important walls that they exceed it, when they reach the thickness
-of four feet.  This measure of three feet was no doubt a well understood
-one for the wall of a house, and it was continued in the middle ages,
-when, in ordinary dwellings, only the division walls between house and
-house were of solid masonry.  Municipal regulations then fixed these
-partition walls at a minimum of three feet in thickness, the cause of
-which limitation was probably the fear of fires; and in these mediæval
-municipal regulations, it was further ordered, that closets or cupboards
-in the wall should in no case be made more than one foot deep, so that if
-your own cupboard and your neighbour’s happened to back each other, there
-would still be a foot of solid masonry between the two houses.  And the
-masonry of the Romans may well be called solid.  Its character may be
-seen perhaps to most advantage in the Old Wall above ground.  The process
-of building seems to have been to raise first, gradually, the facings of
-neatly-squared stones, supported no doubt between frames of woodwork, the
-supports of which left holes which are still seen in the face of the
-wall.  The interior was then filled up with rubble mixed with liquid and
-apparently hot cement, which formed the mass of the wall, and in setting
-has become in course of time harder than the stones themselves.  After a
-certain number of rows of facing-stones, the Roman builders almost
-invariably placed a string-course of broad thin bricks, the object of
-which is not at all evident, for they do not go through the wall so as to
-form real bonding-courses.  The Old Wall still standing in probably
-nearly its original height, will also give us a notion of the elevation
-of the principal houses of the Roman towns.
-
-In spite, however, of this rather considerable elevation, which,
-reckoning for dilapidation at the top and the portion buried under
-ground, cannot have been much less than thirty feet, it seems nearly
-certain that the Roman houses in Britain had no upper stories, and that
-all the rooms were on the ground floor.  No traces of a staircase have
-ever been found, and all the fragments which are met with, indicate that
-the rooms were open to the roof.  These roofs appear to have been of
-substantial construction, and were probably supported on a strong frame
-of woodwork.  The common coverings of the Roman houses of this island
-consisted of large square tiles with strongly flanged edges, and these
-tiles being joined side to side, a curved tile forming the half of a
-cylinder was placed over the flanges of the two tiles which joined, thus
-holding them together, and at the same time protecting the juncture so
-that rain could not pass through it.  These tiles, and the manner in
-which they were arranged, will be understood by our figures, (_pl_. IV.,
-_figs._ 1, 2, 3).  The Roman houses were also very commonly roofed with
-slates, or rather flags, and this appears to have been the more usual
-description of roofing in Uriconium.  These roof-flags are found
-scattered about abundantly on the floors, sometimes unbroken.  They are
-formed of a micaceous laminated sandstone, which is found on the edge of
-the north Staffordshire and Shropshire coalfield, at no great distance
-from Wroxeter, and must have produced a glittering appearance in the
-sunshine.  Their form is represented in our cut, (_pl_. IV., _fig._ 5);
-it was that of an elongated hexagon, with a hole at one end, through
-which an iron nail was passed to fix it to the wooden frame-work.  The
-nail is often found still remaining in the hole.  These flags, which are
-very thick and heavy, were placed to lap over each other, and thus formed
-a roof in lozenges or diamonds, as represented in _fig._ 6.  Slates
-forming one half of the hexagon (_fig._ 4), were placed at the top of the
-roof, so as to make a strictly horizontal line.  It is a curious
-circumstance, that in the illuminations of Anglo-Saxon manuscripts we
-find roofs of houses which evidently represent both these methods, and
-which appear, therefore, to have been continued long after the Roman
-period.  In fact they are still used in Yorkshire, and perhaps in other
-counties, and have been used very recently on the Welsh border.  In the
-towns which were the head-quarters of a legion, as at Caerleon, Chester,
-and York, or which had been occupied for some length of time by legionary
-detachments, we often find the name and number of the legion stamped on
-the roof-tiles.  These roof-tiles were frequently used for other
-purposes.  They are sometimes employed in the string-courses in walls,
-when the builders appear to have run short of the ordinary square tiles
-or flat bricks; and they are still more frequently used to form the beds
-of drains and aqueducts, when the flanged edges were turned up and, set
-in the cement, formed the side of the water-course.  A very good example
-of this use of the roof-tiles may be seen in the drain at Wroxeter
-mentioned above.
-
-Internally, the walls of the Roman houses were covered with fine hard
-cement, which was painted in fresco, that is, the colours were laid on
-the cement while it was wet, and they thus set with it, and became almost
-imperishable.  In some of the houses in Roman Britain, and especially in
-the large villas, the internal walls were covered with fine historical
-subjects as in the walls at Pompeii, and sufficient remains have been
-found in this island to show that they were here also executed in no mean
-style of art.  Nothing of this kind has yet been discovered in Uriconium;
-but numerous fragments are picked up in the diggings, on which the
-colouring is perfectly fresh, and which exhibit portions of designs which
-are always elegant and in good taste.  In one case a piece of the stucco
-from the internal surface of a wall contained some letters of an
-inscription.  One of the walls near the hypocaust where the three
-skeletons were found presented a singular and rather laborious method of
-ornamenting its interior surface.  Instead of being painted, it was
-tessellated, the surface being covered with tessellæ, one half of an inch
-by three-fifths in dimension, set in the cement, alternately of dark and
-light colours, in horizontal lines, so as to produce somewhat the
-appearance of chequer-work.  Perhaps, when entire, it presented an
-ornamental pattern.  I have already stated that a similarly tessellated
-wall was found in the easternmost part of this line of rooms.
-Circumstances have come to light which show that the exterior of the
-walls of houses were also plastered and painted.  The exterior of the
-semicircular end of the largest hypocaust yet opened was thus plastered
-over, and painted red with stripes of yellow.
-
-It is worthy of remark that in the walls, to the certainly not very great
-elevation they now generally reach, few doorways are discovered, a
-circumstance which is by no means easily explained.  Small rooms are
-found without any apparent means of access.  Perhaps, in such cases, the
-doorway was at a certain elevation in the wall, and was approached on
-both sides by wooden steps, which have long perished, and left no traces
-of the means of entrance.  Of course none of the walls of the houses
-remain sufficiently high to enable us to judge of the manner in which
-light was admitted into the rooms, whether from side windows, or from
-openings in the roof.  Probability, however, is in favour of roof-windows
-being in common use, and an interesting circumstance connected with the
-excavations at Wroxeter seems decisive as to the material of the windows.
-Considerable quantities of fine window glass have been found scattered
-over the floors of the houses, of an average thickness of full one-eighth
-of an inch, which have been duly deposited in the Museum at Shrewsbury.
-It is the more curious as it has been the common opinion, until recently,
-that the Romans, especially in this distant province, did not use
-window-glass; and the fragments of window-glass which have been found
-more recently in the excavations on the sites of Roman villas have been
-much thinner than that found at Wroxeter, and of very inferior quality.
-It is evident, that some of the rooms, all the walls of which were only
-walls of separation from other rooms, must have received light from
-above, or have been quite dark.
-
-I must now describe a peculiar characteristic of the domestic economy of
-a Roman house in Britain, and in the other western and northern provinces
-of the empire.  The Romans did not warm their apartments by fire lighted
-in them, as was the case in the middle ages, and in modern times, but by
-hot air circulated in the walls.  The floor of the house, formed of a
-considerable thickness of cement, was laid upon a number of short
-pillars, formed usually of square Roman tiles placed one upon another,
-and from two to three feet high.  Those of the largest of the hypocausts
-yet found at Wroxeter were rather more than three feet high.  Sometimes
-these supports were of stone, and in one or two cases in discoveries made
-in this country, they were round.  They were placed near to each other,
-and in rows, and upon them were lain first larger tiles, and over these a
-thick mass of cement, which formed the floor, and upon the surface of
-which the tessellated pavements were set.  Sometimes small parallel
-walls, forming flues instead of rows of columns, supported the floors, of
-which an example has already been found in the excavations at Wroxeter.
-Flue-tiles,—that is, square tubes made of baked clay, with a hole on one
-side, or sometimes on two sides,—were placed against the walls end-ways,
-one upon another, so as to run up the walls.  These arrangements,—which
-were called hypocausts, from two Greek words, signifying _heat
-underneath_, and were used in Italy and Greece chiefly for warming baths,
-are represented in _plate_ IV., _fig._ 7, where AA is the floor of
-cement, BB the pillars supporting it, and CC the flue-tiles running up
-the wall of the room.  They had an entrance from the outside, somewhat
-like the mouth of an oven, and fires being lighted here, the hot air was
-driven inward, and not only filled the space under the floor, but entered
-the flue-tiles by the holes in the sides, was carried by them up the
-inside of the wall, and no doubt had some way of escape at the roof.  The
-ashes and soot of the fires have been found in the hypocausts at
-Uriconium, just as they were left when the city was overthrown and ruined
-by the barbarians.  The ashes are chiefly those of wood, but considerable
-remains of mineral coal have been discovered.  These hypocausts must
-sometimes have become clogged and out of order, and it would be necessary
-to cleanse them, as people in aftertimes cleansed chimneys.  A sort of
-alley across the middle of the large hypocaust last-mentioned was
-probably intended for this purpose.  It communicated with another
-hypocaust adjoining it to the north by a doorway, and this other
-hypocaust was entered by a rather large archway at the foot of the steps
-already mentioned.  People appear to have been sometimes satisfied with
-having the hot air merely under the floor, and the flue-tiles were not
-always used.  Comparatively few of them, indeed, have been yet found in
-the hypocausts of Uriconium.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-THE requirements of agriculture have rendered it necessary to cover up
-again all the excavations to the north of the Old Wall, and the walls of
-the great public building at the corner of the two streets can no longer
-be seen by the visitor.  A piece of ground, however, immediately to the
-south of the Old Wall has been taken by the Excavation Committee at
-Shrewsbury upon a rent, and in this piece of ground the excavations are
-now carried on.  It forms a parallelogram, 319 feet long, by 279 feet
-wide, containing an area of exactly two acres, including the Old Wall at
-its northern edge.  This piece of ground has been strongly fenced round
-with hurdles, and it is entered by a gate from the Watling Street Road.
-By the liberality of the Excavation Committee the public are admitted to
-this inclosure freely, and it is to be hoped that the visitors will
-acknowledge this liberality by carefully abstaining from committing any
-injury on the Roman remains, or by walking upon or entering into the
-parts in the course of excavation.
-
-The plan annexed (_pl._ 5) of the excavations now in progress will enable
-me to explain them to the visitor.  The darkly-shaded mass _a a_
-represents the Old Wall, or portion of Roman masonry standing above
-ground; to the north of which lay the extensive building formed by the
-walls _b b_, _c c_, _d d_, running parallel to the Old Wall.  The wall _d
-d_, bordered upon a wide street.  To the east of these walls lay an
-inclosure, e, perhaps a court-yard, and a large space, _f_, which has
-been conjectured to have been a garden, but which has been very
-imperfectly explored.  All these remains have been explained above; they
-have been buried again, and the ground is now covered with crops.  The
-Old Wall, which stands just within the north-eastern corner of the space
-separated from the rest of the field by a fence of hurdles, now forms the
-northern boundary of the excavations.
-
-The visitor is introduced into this space by a gateway from the road,
-nearly at its north-western corner.  Opposite this gateway he will see an
-apartment, which the excavators are now in the course of exploring.  It
-is nearly a square, and is about thirty-four feet in its longest
-dimension.  The side towards the street seems to have been open, or at
-least the masonry of the wall presents the appearance of having had wide
-folding doors, or a framework of wood of some kind in two compartments 6,
-6.  In the centre of the room is a large pier of masonry (1), perhaps a
-table for workmen.  More towards the north-western corner, a sort of
-furnace or forge (2) was found, built of red clay, with a hole or cavity
-in the upper part sufficiently large for a man to thrust his head in.  As
-the surface of the cavity, internally, is completely vitrified, and as
-there was much charcoal strewed about, there can be no doubt that the
-cavity had been occupied by a very fierce fire.  A low wall has been
-traced, running across the room east and west in a line with this
-furnace; and two transverse low walls of similar character.  Upon the low
-wall a little behind the forge (at 3), the excavators came upon what was
-supposed to be the lower part of a column with its base; but it is formed
-roughly, and I think it more probable that it was a stone table for the
-use of the workman at the furnace.  It was at first supposed that this
-might belong to a colonnade running along the wall; but no trace of such
-a colonnade has been found, although a large piece of a shaft of a column
-lies in the middle of the room.  This column, however, is of larger
-dimensions than the supposed base (3).  Had such a colonnade existed, it
-seems so little in accordance with the existence of a forge, that we
-might be led to suspect that the room had, at some late period, been
-diverted from its original purpose, and occupied by a worker in metals,
-or even in glass, as fine specimens of glass were found scattered about,
-and also many fragments of metal.  But objects of all kinds seem to have
-been thrown about in such a manner, when the town was plundered, that it
-would be unsafe to argue upon the purpose of any particular building,
-merely from moveable articles found in it.  Among other things found in
-this room were nearly a dozen hair-pins, two of which were much more
-ornamental than any we had found before; a much greater quantity of
-fragments of Samian ware, and of higher artistic merit, than had
-previously been met with in one spot; a portion of a large bronze fibula;
-a number of coins, and other things.  One of the vessels of Samian ware
-is a fine bowl, with figures in high relief, representing a stag-hunt.
-Upon the low wall of the sill (6) a number of copper Roman coins (about
-sixty) were found together; and near them the fragment of a small earthen
-vessel, in which probably they had been carried by some one who dropped
-them here as he was hurrying out of the place.  Turning from the gate of
-the field to the right, or south, along the inside of the hedge, the
-visitor will come to a portion of uncovered wall, _h h_, running north
-and south, upwards of eighty feet, in which there are two entrance
-gateways, _i_, _p_.  The first of these is about twelve feet wide, and
-was approached by a sort of inclined plane, formed of three large squared
-masses of stone, each about four feet square by eleven inches in
-thickness.  The other entrance which was only five feet wide, was
-approached by two steps, each similarly formed of one mass of stone; of
-which the lower step is worn very much at its south-west corner, in a
-manner to lead us to believe that the great majority of the people who
-passed through this entrance came up the street from the south.  The
-upper step, or stone, is so much worn by the feet of those who passed
-over it, that it broke into three pieces under the workmen’s picks.  On
-one side of it there is a deep hollow, representing nearly the form of a
-small human foot, which seems to have been scooped into the stone for
-some purpose with which we are not acquainted.  These two entrances lead
-into one square court, the floor of which, proved by the steps and
-inclined plane to have been on a higher level than the street without,
-was paved with small bricks laid in herring-bone work, like the great
-inclosure to the north of the Old Wall.  It is found to have been much
-damaged and mended in ancient times, which seems to countenance the
-supposition that the wide entrance and the inclined plane by which it was
-approached were intended for horses and perhaps for carts or for heavy
-barrows.  Among the objects found in excavating here was a portion of a
-horse-shoe.  On each side of this court a row of chambers is found, _m m
-m_, four on the north side and four on the south, from ten to twelve feet
-square.  The westernmost of these chambers, on the north side of the
-court, has been cleared out, and was found to be ten feet deep, with a
-low transverse wall at the bottom, the object of which is at present
-quite inexplicable.  A quantity of charcoal was found in this room, as
-though it had been a store-room for that article.  One of the other
-rooms, on each side of the court, seemed to have been a receptacle for
-bones, horns, &c.; and as some of these had evidently been sawn and cut,
-and others partly turned on a lathe, they suggested the idea of having
-belonged to manufacturers of the various objects made of this material
-which are found so commonly in the course of the excavations.  They may,
-therefore, have been the magazines of manufacturers and tradesmen, a
-notion which is somewhat confirmed by the circumstance of several weights
-of different sizes having been found in this part of the excavations; or
-they may have been mere depots for the stores and refuse of a large
-mansion or other establishment.  These rooms are, perhaps, all deep like
-the one already cleared out, but it is remarkable that, as high as the
-walls remain, that is, about two feet above the floor of the court, there
-is no trace of entrances to them, which must, therefore, have been rather
-high in the wall, and they were entered perhaps by a ladder.
-
-The back part of this court consists of a long narrow inclosure, which is
-divided into compartments by four transverse walls proceeding from the
-western wall about halfway across the inclosure, thus leaving a passage
-along the eastern side.  These compartments have much the appearance of
-small shops or stalls for selling, and seem to confirm the notion that
-this building may have been a market-place.  The workmen, finding a
-doorway in the wall of the back of this inclosure, at _n_ in the plan, a
-trench was carried through the ground to the eastward.  At about twelve
-feet from the opening at _n_, they came upon a wall at _h_, running
-parallel to the wall _o o_ of the court, and beyond this they found first
-a narrow passage, and then a rise with a pavement of cement which
-extended some four or five feet, and then suddenly sank to a floor of
-large flag-stones, at a depth of upwards of four feet from the floor of
-cement.  This flagged floor, the position of which is marked by the
-letter _q_ in the plan, was perhaps a reservoir of water; the bottom was
-found covered with black earth filled with broken pottery and other
-things, such as may easily have been supposed to have been thrown into a
-pond.  The water appears to have been only between two and three feet
-deep, as the floor on the opposite side runs about level with the ledge
-or step just mentioned, and is continued eastward until, at _r_, we come
-upon the rather massive walls of a building, the nature of which cannot
-be determined without further investigation.  At a short distance within
-this wall, at a depth of about three feet below the cement floor, we find
-a floor at _s_, about ten feet wide by thirty long, formed of flat Roman
-tiles, twelve inches by eighteen inches square.  This floor has been
-uncovered, and as there was an indentation in the middle which seemed to
-indicate that it was hollow underneath, a hole was made there, but it led
-to no discovery.  This seems also to have been a tank of water, perhaps a
-cold water bath.  The cement floor was continued easterly until it was
-terminated by a wall, _t_, which ran at right angles to the eastern end
-of the Old Wall, and appears to be the eastern termination of the
-buildings now in course of exploration.  The earth and rubbish from the
-excavations have been here thrown into a great mound, from the top of
-which the visitor can enjoy a bird’s eye view of the excavations.  A few
-yards to the north, he will come to the important line of excavations
-nearer to the Old Wall.  A small chamber, about eight feet square, with a
-herring-bone pavement in very good preservation, projects beyond the line
-of this eastern wall at _u_ in our plan.  To the west of this is a small
-hypocaust _v_, the floor of which has been a little lower than that of
-the room _u_.  In this hypocaust were found the remains of two skeletons,
-one of which was that of a young person.  The northern wall of the room
-_v_ is particularly interesting, because in its whole height of full nine
-feet, it presents the remains of the lines of flue-tiles which ran up it,
-hardly an inch apart, and which show that this room must have been
-intended to be very much heated.  It was, perhaps, a _sudatorium_ or
-sweating room.  The opening from _u_ to _v_ occupies nearly the whole
-width of the former room, and was perhaps closed by a wooden door.  On
-the western side of the hypocaust, at _w_, the wall has a sort of
-basement, formed of large stones scooped out in a singular manner, the
-object of which is by no means evident.  We here come upon a series of
-passages, _x_, to the north of which were four rooms, _z z z z_,
-extending to the Old Wall.  On the face of the Old Wall, we can
-distinctly trace the springing not only of the walls of division, the
-lower parts of which are found underground, but of the vaulting, from
-which it appears that these rooms had what are technically called
-barrel-roofs of masonry.  They were slightly explored at the beginning of
-the excavations, and in one of them was found a quantity of burnt wheat,
-as though it had been a store-room.
-
-In the passages alluded to, there is at _y_, a square pit, somewhat like
-what might be a cess-pool, of very good and substantial masonry, at the
-bottom of which runs north and south a very well formed drain, the bed of
-which is formed of large roof-tiles.  To the south of this is a
-hypocaust, A, which differs from the other hypocausts yet opened in being
-partly formed of low parallel walls instead of rows of pillars.  On the
-wall of the passage leading to this hypocaust from the east was found the
-inscription mentioned at page 45.  Westward from the hypocaust A, but
-without any apparent communication between them, was another hypocaust,
-B, which had been constructed in the usual manner, the floor supported by
-rows of low columns formed of square thin bricks.  It was in this
-hypocaust that the three skeletons mentioned before (_p._ 41,) were
-found, the man who possessed the money crouching in the north-west
-corner, and the two persons supposed to be women, extended along the side
-of the northern wall.  The opening into this hypocaust was through its
-southern wall, from the interior court, so that the fugitives must have
-crept along the whole length of the hypocaust to reach their place of
-concealment.  The part of this interior court, immediately adjacent to
-this hypocaust, which has been excavated to some extent, presents several
-interesting features.  A breach in the eastern boundary wall had been
-newly repaired with much inferior masonry at the time when the city of
-Uriconium was taken and destroyed; and it is a curious circumstance that
-some large pieces of stone lie here on the floor of the court, unfinished
-by the masons, as though repairs and alterations in the buildings were
-going on at the very moment of the final catastrophe.  Adjoining to this
-hypocaust, at its north-west corner, is a square room, c, with the
-herring-bone pavement, exactly like that at _u_ in character and
-dimensions, which had opened into the room above the hypocaust B, much in
-the same manner as _u_ opened in the room _v_.  Separated from this room
-by a wall, but apparently without any communication with it, is an
-interesting staircase D, leading down, to the entrance to a larger and
-apparently more important series of hypocausts.  This staircase descended
-from a square room, about the same size as the room C, which had a smooth
-pavement of cement.  It is composed of three steps each formed of a large
-squared stone.  A part of the space at the bottom, the north-eastern
-corner, appears to have been used by the later Roman inhabitants of this
-building as a receptacle for the sweeping of the floors, and when it was
-first opened the earth, to the height of about sixteen or eighteen inches
-from the floor, was filled with all kinds of objects, such as coins,
-hair-pins, fibulæ, needles in bone, nails, various articles in iron,
-bronze, and lead, glass, broken pottery, bones of edible animals and
-birds, stags’ horns, tusks and hoofs of wild boars, oyster shells, in one
-of which lay the shell of a large nut, &c.  A large shaft of a column lay
-across the steps.  The Roman masonry here is very good.  To the right
-hand, towards the south, a rather large arch, turned in Roman bricks, led
-into the hypocaust E, a doorway in the southern wall of which formed the
-communication between this hypocaust and the still larger hypocaust F.
-The latter had supported what must have been a handsome room, which was
-about fifty feet long, including the semicircular northern end, by
-thirty-five feet in breadth.  When first opened, this hypocaust was in a
-state of preservation in which such buildings are seldom found in this
-country.  A hundred and twenty columns of bricks were counted, most of
-them at their original height of rather more than three feet.  At the
-north-eastern corner, the columns supported a small portion of the floor
-in its original position.  It is a mass of cement, eight inches thick,
-with the upper surface, which no doubt had formed the floor, perfectly
-smooth.  During the time that the Excavation Committee were excluded from
-the field, all the pillars of this interesting hypocaust were thrown to
-the ground, and a great part of the bricks which formed the supporting
-columns were broken to pieces—even the piece of the floor and its
-supports at the north-east corner were overthrown.  A very exact drawing
-of the latter, however, had been preserved, which served as a pattern for
-restoring it; and it is to the ingenuity and labour of Dr. Henry Johnson
-that the public owes the restoration of this hypocaust as far as it was
-possible to restore it.
-
-Returning to the steps by which these hypocausts were entered, at D, the
-floor from which we descended appears to have an opening of some kind to
-the west, which looked down upon a court outside the semicircular end of
-the hypocaust F, which from this point presents to the view an imposing
-mass of masonry.  In the corner just under this opening the remains of a
-very young child were found, which we might almost imagine to have been
-slaughtered in the room above, and thrown out into the court.  This
-court, or open space, seems to have been continued to the wall _a a_, and
-to have been entered by a doorway in that wall at _g_, which was
-approached from the passage to the north by a step formed by a large
-squared stone.  On the outside of the semicircular end of the hypocaust
-F, lay, as if it had fallen or been thrown down, an immense stone,
-carefully worked into the shape of the arc of a circle, and no doubt
-forming one of a course at some unknown elevation in the wall.  On the
-outward side of it, a large iron pin was soldered into it with lead,
-evidently for the purpose of attaching some weighty object on the outer
-side of the building.
-
-Another step and doorway in the wall _a a_ was found at _h_, which must
-have been much more frequented than the other, for the stone which formed
-the step was worn in an extraordinary degree by the rubbing of footsteps.
-It led to an inclosure P, which presents the appearance of having formed
-public _latrinæ_; and which is separated by a long narrow inclosure from
-the room already described as apparently the shop of a worker in metals.
-
-Such is a brief and general description of the ruins of Uriconium, at
-present open to the visitor.  The real character of the buildings we have
-been describing appeared for a while very doubtful.  The first
-discoveries led to the belief that it was a great mansion, perhaps the
-principal mansion in the Roman city, the residence of the chief municipal
-officer; but in this case we might have expected to find some very fine
-Mosaic or tessellated pavement, specimens of which had been met with in
-other parts of the area of the town.  On the contrary, all the floors yet
-discovered to the south of the Old Wall, with the exception of those of
-herring-bone brickwork, and that of a supposed bath, seemed to have been
-of mere smoothed cement.  This led us to suppose that we were still
-exploring buildings erected for some public purpose.  A comparison of the
-character of these various buildings leaves no room for doubting that
-they belonged to the public baths of Uriconium; and further excavations
-to the south and west shewed that they formed an extensive square (_k_,
-_k_, _k_, _k_), the northern side of which was formed by the Old Wall and
-its continuation westward; and the southern side of which bordered upon
-the other street running east and west, the pavement of which, similar to
-that of the street at _l_, has been uncovered in its whole extent along
-the line, L L.  The western and southern sides of the square were formed
-by a wide gallery or cloister (_k_, _k_, _k_), no doubt the ambulatory,
-which was considered as an important part of the public baths of the
-Romans.  The ground to the eastward, in which no buildings could be
-traced, may have been gardens, which were also usually attached to the
-baths of the Romans.
-
-Having once decided that the building we have thus explored, is the
-public baths, another equally interesting question arises out of it.  The
-public baths of the Roman towns in Britain are not unfrequently mentioned
-in inscriptions commemorating the repairing or rebuilding of them; but it
-is a circumstance of some importance that this building is combined with
-the basilica, or town hall.  Both seem to have participated in the same
-accidents, and to have undergone decay together.  Thus an inscription
-found at Lanchester in Cumberland (supposed to be the Roman town of
-Epiacum) speaks of the baths and basilica (BALNEVM CVM BASILICA); and at
-Ribchester, in Lancashire, the baths and basilica (BALINEVM ET BASILICAM)
-were rebuilt after having fallen into ruin through age.  We are
-therefore, I think, justified in concluding that the two great public
-buildings, the baths and the basilica, usually joined each other; and I
-think we may venture further to assume that the large building to the
-north of the Old Wall, the remains of which are now covered up, was the
-basilica of Uriconium.  The proportions of this building are rather
-extraordinary, and cannot be easily explained; but it is probable that in
-a provincial town the basilica served a variety of purposes.  An
-inscription found at Netherby in Cumberland, speaks of a basilica for
-practice in riding (BASILICAM EQVESTREM EXERCITATORIAM.)
-
-We may now proceed a little further in identifying the topography of the
-ancient town.  The line of the buildings we have traced parallel to the
-Watling Street Road is at some distance within the hedge of the field;
-and I believe that, when the farm buildings were erected on the opposite
-side of the road, what appeared to be the front of buildings facing the
-opposite direction, were found likewise at some distance within the
-field.  This, with the road, would make a very wide space; very much
-wider than either of the two transverse streets.  Moreover, a glance at
-the plan will shew that, beyond the transverse street to the south, this
-wide space became considerably narrowed; and in fact it seems to have
-been reduced to the width of an ordinary street.  It is my belief that
-this wide space was the forum of Uriconium; and in that case it is rather
-remarkable that the basilica held here exactly the same place, in regard
-to the forum, as at Pompeii.
-
-We have thus already brought to light a very interesting portion of the
-ancient Roman town, and have learnt something more than we knew before of
-the character and economy of the Roman towns in Britain.  The basilica,
-as we have seen, came up to the front of the street, and formed the side
-of a transverse street; but this was not the case with the baths, for a
-space of some width between them and the forum was occupied by other
-buildings, which I have already described.
-
-Other apartments surrounding the metal-worker’s shop are in course of
-exploration, and will, I think, make us better acquainted with the
-character of the whole of this line of buildings which looked upon the
-open space which I have supposed to be the forum.  I have already said
-that this open space contracts to the south of the transverse street L L,
-in what has been no more than the breadth of an ordinary street, which
-ran down towards the river.  A gutter, very well made, of carefully
-squared stones, and remarkably well preserved, runs near the houses on
-the eastern side of the street; the only side which at present can be
-explored, as it is near the hedge of the Watling Street Road.  It runs
-very near the walls of the houses, is a foot wide, and about a foot deep,
-and from place to place square stones are laid in lozenge-fashion,
-apparently intended for stepping stones, but they must have stopped the
-current of water down the channel.  The buildings at this corner consist
-of small rooms, and were probably private houses.  The existence of walls
-running parallel and transverse to the street L L has been ascertained
-along the whole length of its southern side; but they have not yet been
-sufficiently explored even to be laid down in the plan.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-THE objects of antiquity found in the course of the excavations have been
-so often alluded to, that the visitor will no doubt expect at least a
-brief and general description of them.  I have already described those
-which illustrate the building and construction of a house, and we
-naturally continue the description by turning to those articles which
-belong especially to domestic life.  Of this class, the most numerous
-division, and that which strikes us first, is the pottery,—of which
-certainly the most remarkable to the general observer is the ware
-resembling in colour and general appearance bright red sealing wax, known
-commonly as Samian ware, a name the propriety of which has been disputed.
-The Roman writers speak of an earthenware much used at table, and said to
-have received its name from having been originally made at Samos.  It is
-described as being of a red colour, as being of more value than the
-common pottery, and as being proverbial for its brittleness, all which
-characteristics belonged to the red ware found in this country, which was
-covered with tasteful subjects of all kinds in relief, and was evidently
-much valued, as we often find vessels in this ware which had been
-carefully mended, and the brittleness of which was such that we seldom
-find a specimen unbroken.  Such mendings, chiefly by means of metal
-rivets, are exhibited in specimens of Samian ware found in the
-excavations at Wroxeter, and deposited in the Museum at Shrewsbury, where
-there are also several pieces of this pottery, presenting subjects which
-are interesting and by no means of common occurrence.  It may be further
-observed that the Samian ware in this country resembles a Roman ware of
-which the potteries have been found at Aretium, the modern Arezzo, in
-Tuscany, but this ware was much superior, especially in the degree of
-artistic talent displayed in its ornamentation, to that which was in use
-in this island, and which no doubt was imported from Gaul, where,
-especially on the banks of the Rhine, the potteries in which it was made
-have been found.
-
-Extensive potteries have also been found in this island, especially at
-Castor, in Northamptonshire, where there was a Roman town named
-Durobrivæ, and on the banks of the Medway, at Upchurch, in Kent.  The
-ware from both these potteries is of a blue or slate colour, produced by
-imperfect firing in what is called a _smother-kiln_; that is, the air
-being excluded and the heat being insufficient thoroughly to bake the
-pottery, it retains so much carbonaceous matter as to give it a black
-colour.  The pottery of these two establishments is distinguished by the
-difference of shapes.  The ornamentation of the Upchurch ware is in
-general of a very simple character; that of the pottery from Castor is
-much more elaborate, and often consists of hunting scenes and other
-subjects, laid on in a white substance after the pottery had been baked.
-Specimens of both these wares are found at Wroxeter.
-
-The excavations at Wroxeter have brought to light at least two new
-classes of Roman pottery, both evidently made in Shropshire.  The first
-is a white ware, made of what is known as the Broseley clay, and
-consisting chiefly of very elegantly formed jugs, with narrow necks;
-mortaria, or vessels for rubbing or pounding objects in cookery, the
-interior surface of which is covered with grains of hard stone; and
-bowls, which are often painted with stripes of red and yellow.  The other
-Romano-Salopian pottery is a red ware, differing in shade from the red
-Roman wares usually found, and also made from one of the clays of the
-Severn valley.  Among the vessels in this ware are bowls pierced all over
-with small holes, so as to have served the purpose of colanders.  We find
-also some very curious specimens of an imitation of the Samian ware; but
-we have as yet no means of ascertaining where it was made.
-
-Many very interesting fragments of glass vessels have also been found in
-the excavations at Wroxeter.  Two or three other objects intended for
-domestic purposes have been met with, such as a small bowl or cup made of
-lead, and what appears to have been the handle of some larger vessel,
-made of block tin, neither of which metals, used for such purpose, are of
-common occurrence among Roman remains in this country.  A ladle and
-several knives have also been found, and a handle of a knife made of
-stone, as well as several whet-stones.
-
-Of personal ornaments the most numerous are the hair-pins, most of which
-are made of bone, though there are a few of bronze, and one of wood.
-Their use was to hold together the knot into which the Roman women rolled
-up their hair behind the head, and through which the pin was thrust.
-They are, on an average, about three inches long, with a large head
-rudely ornamented; and it will be remarked that the shank is thicker in
-the middle, and that it becomes generally thinner near the head, no doubt
-to prevent the pin from slipping out of the hair.  Some of these pins had
-evidently been saturated with an oily substance, which shews that the
-ladies in Roman Britain applied oil to their hair.  Several fibulæ of the
-common Roman forms, have been met with; they are all of bronze, of
-superior workmanship to the hair pins, and most of those hitherto found
-at Wroxeter are, or have been, enamelled.  Their use was to fasten the
-mantle and other parts of the clothing.  Among the personal ornaments
-found already in the excavations are a number of buttons, finger rings,
-bracelets, glass beads, and other objects, of which it is not necessary
-here to give a particular description.  Of two combs, both of bone, one
-is remarkably neat in its form and make.  Several bone needles may also
-be mentioned, and a pair of bronze tweezers for eradicating superfluous
-hairs.
-
-Roman coins are found in considerable numbers, but many of them are so
-worn and defaced that it is no longer possible to decide to what emperor
-they belonged.  The earliest met with during the present excavations is
-of the emperor Domitian.  A great number are small coins of the
-Constantine family of emperors.  Only two silver coins have yet been
-found, the others are of bronze or brass.  The peasantry call them
-_dinders_, a name which, though it represents the Latin _denarius_, was
-no doubt derived from the Anglo-Norman _denier_.
-
-Many objects of a more miscellaneous character have also been found
-during the present excavations; or have found their way into the Museum
-from former discoveries.  Among these are three artists’ pallettes, for
-using colour; several weights, some marked with Roman numerals; a
-steelyard; several keys; portions of iron chains; styli, for writing on
-wax tablets; an iron trident, which may perhaps have been the head of a
-staff of office or authority; one or two spear heads; a strigil for
-scraping the skin in the sweating baths; a portion of an iron horse-shoe;
-and two or three very nice statuettes in bronze.  The most curious,
-however, of these miscellaneous objects is a medicine stamp, intended to
-mark packets or bottles of what, in modern times, would be called patent
-medicines.  A certain number of these Roman medicine stamps have been
-found in Britain and on the Continent, and they are all, like this stamp
-found at Wroxeter, for salves or washes for the eyes, diseases of the
-eyes having been apparently very common among the inhabitants of the
-western provinces of the Roman empire.  The Wroxeter stamp, intended for
-a collyrium or salve for the eyes called _dialebanum_ or _dialibanum_,
-gives us in all probability the name of a physician resident in
-Uriconium.  The inscription may be read as follows, filling up the
-abbreviations:—TIB_erii_ CL_audii_ M_edici_ DIALIBA_num_ AD OMNE VIT_ium_
-O_culorum_ EX O_vo_, _i.e._, the dialebanum of Tiberius Claudius the
-physician, for all complaints of the eyes, to be used with egg.
-
-A few stones, with Roman inscriptions, chiefly of a sepulchral character,
-have been dug up at Wroxeter in the course of accidental excavations.
-Three of these were found in 1752, and are preserved in the library of
-Shrewsbury School.  The first inscription may be read thus:—
-
-    C. MANNIVS
-    C. F. POL . SECV
-    NDVS . POLLEN
-    MIL . LEG . XX
-    ANORV . LII
-    STIP . XXXI
-    BEN . LEG . PR
-          H . S . E.
-
-intimating that it marked the grave of a soldier of the twentieth legion
-(which was stationed at Chester, the Roman Deva) named Caius Mannius, of
-the Pollian tribe.  Another commemorated a soldier of the fourteenth
-legion, and has been supposed to belong to a very early period, as that
-legion was withdrawn from Britain before A.D. 68.  It was the legion
-which suffered so much in the war against Boadicea, and this soldier may
-perhaps have been engaged in that war, although his having died in
-Britain does not necessarily imply that the legion to which he had
-belonged was there at the time, or indeed that it had ever been there,
-unless we had some other reasons for supposing that it had been there.
-His name was Marcus Petronius, the son of Lucius, of the Menenian tribe,
-and the inscription may be read as follows:—
-
-    M. PETRONIVS
-    L. F. MEN
-    VIC . ANN
-    XXXVIII
-    MIL. LEG
-    XIIII . GEM
-    MILITAVIT
-    ANN.  XVIII
-    SIGN . FVIT
-       H . S . E.
-
-The third of these inscribed monuments was divided into three columns or
-tables, commemorating three members of the family of a citizen of
-Uriconium, named Deuccus.  The inscription on the third column is
-entirely erased, but the two others may be read as follows:
-
-D. M                                D. M
-PLACIDA                             DEVCCV
-AN . LV                             S . AN . XV
-CVR . AG                            CVR . AG
-CONI . A                            RATRE
-XXX
-
-Another sepulchral stone, also preserved in the Library of Shrewsbury
-School, was found in 1810, and bore an inscription commemorative of
-Tiberius Claudius Terentius, a soldier of the cohort of Thracian cavalry,
-which may be read as follows:—
-
-    TIB . CLAVD . TRE
-    NTIVS . EQ . COH
-    THRACVM . AN
-    ORVM . LVII. STIP
-    ENDIORVM
-       H . S.
-
-In the excavations on the site of the cemetery, in the autumn of 1862, a
-sepulchral stone was found, which had not improbably been placed over the
-door of a sepulchral chamber of masonry.  There had been a figure above,
-the lower part of the legs and feet of which alone remain.  The slab
-bears the following inscription, which from the damage the stone has
-sustained is very difficult to decipher, but I owe this reading to the
-knowledge and acuteness of my friend Mr. Roach Smith.  I may add that
-some of the letters are extremely doubtful
-
-    AMINIVS . T . POL . F . A
-    NORVMXXXXVSTIPXXII . MIL . LEG.
-    IIGEM . MILITAVITAQNVNC HIC SII
-    LEGITE . ET . FELICES . VITA . FLVS . MINV
-    IVSTAVINIERAQVATIEGIIIE . INTV
-    TANARA . DITIS . VIVITE . DVMSPI . . .
-       VITAE . DAT . TEMPVS .  HONESTE.
-
-It is clear, at a glance, that the latter part of this inscription
-contains three lines in hexameter verse; unfortunately they are the lines
-most rubbed and most difficult to make out.  Dr. Mc. Caul, president of
-the University of Toronto, in Canada, in his recent work on
-“Britanno-Romano Inscriptions,” suggests that they may be—
-
-    Perlegite et felices vitâ plus minus jutâ;
-    Omnibus æqua lege iter est ad Tænara Ditis.
-    Vivite, dum Stygius vitæ dat tempus, honeste.
-
-The two last words of the first line are extremely doubtful, and I
-confess that I do not believe in Dr. Mc Caul’s reading, which, of course
-is but conjectural.  The second does not appear at all to answer to what
-remains of the original, with the exception of the last words Tænara
-Ditis.  But of the last line, Mr. Smith’s reading is much the best, and
-indeed appears to me to be the correct one,—
-
-    Vivite, dum spatium vitæ dat tempus, honeste.
-
-The part preceding the verses may be read—
-
-    Aminius (perhaps Flaminius), T_iti_ Pol_lioni_ F_ilius_, annorum
-    xxxxv., stip_endiorum_ xxii, mil_es_ leg_ionis_ vii g_e_m_inæ_.
-    Militavit aq_uilifer_.  Nunc hic si_tus est_.
-
-It may be remarked that in many respects this is one of the most curious
-Roman inscriptions found in this island, and that it appears to be of
-rather an early date.
-
-Another mere fragment of a stone, of the present existence of which I can
-learn nothing, is said to have contained the letters:—
-
-    LERT
-    FGAI
-    ...TILES.
-
-Lastly, a monument of stone, which, during the middle ages had been
-formed into a holy water stoop, and which is now in the vicarage garden,
-presents what has formed part of a Roman inscription—
-
-    BONA . REI
-    PVBLICÆ
-    NATVS.
-
-It has probably been a dedication to one of the emperors, or an
-inscription commemorative of him.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-IT has been stated before, that the site of Uriconium is of very great
-extent.  If the visitor, after having examined the excavations, would
-seek an agreeable walk, he may turn off by the smith’s shop already
-mentioned, along the northerly continuation of the Watling Street Road,
-which soon becomes a deep and pretty country lane, and crosses the Bell
-Brook.  Soon afterwards, on the rise of a bank, we come to a spot where
-the ancient town wall crossed this road, and where there are said to be
-traces of one of the gateway entrances to Uriconium.  At the latter part
-of the year 1862, excavations were made in an adjoining field to trace
-the line of the town wall, which was found remaining to a height of three
-or four feet; but it was of very rough construction, built merely of
-small stone boulders mixed with clay, and had evidently been raised
-hurriedly, at a late period of the history of Uriconium, to meet some
-sudden emergency.  There had evidently been an entrance opening here, but
-there were no traces of gateway buildings, which were perhaps only of
-timber.  Outside the walls, on the bank to the right, was one of the
-principal cemeteries, and here the sepulchral inscriptions mentioned
-above were found.  Successful excavations were made in 1862 on the site
-of this cemetery, and many Roman graves were opened which furnished the
-Museum in Shrewsbury with another inscribed monument of great interest, a
-number of sepulchral urns and vessels of glass, and various other
-objects.
-
-If, instead of going northward, the visitor follows the Watling Street
-Road towards the south, he will soon reach the village of Wroxeter, and
-may examine its church.  A new gate to the churchyard has recently been
-erected, and Mr. W. H. Oatley, of Wroxeter, who holds the office of
-churchwarden, has contributed a shaft of a Roman column, and two Roman
-capitals, which, together with another shaft given by the Rev. E.
-Egremont, are now placed on each side of this gateway.  The two capitals,
-which were dragged out of the river Severn, are worthy of particular
-attention.  They are singularly rich in ornament, and mark that late
-period of Roman architecture which became the model of the mediæval
-Byzantine and Romanesque.  I cannot help wishing that they were safely
-deposited in the Museum at Shrewsbury, and I think that the Roman columns
-would serve as well for gateway supports without the capitals, which
-probably did not belong to them.  The church of Wroxeter is a substantial
-Norman building, with later alterations, and on the outside of the
-southern wall of the chancel are the remains of a very interesting Norman
-doorway, which has been built up.
-
-The chancel internally is chiefly remarkable for some fine monuments with
-effigies of the sixteenth and beginning of the seventeenth centuries,
-interesting especially for their costume.  It has at present a low flat
-whitewashed ceiling, but there is a fine old timber roof above, and it is
-greatly to be regretted that the unsightly ceiling has not been removed,
-so that the chancel might again be open to its lofty roof of timber.  At
-the western end of the church is an early font, _pl._ 7, which has been
-formed of a very large Roman capital, taken from some important building
-in the city of Uriconium.  Such applications of Roman monuments to later
-ecclesiastical purposes are by no means uncommon.  In the garden of the
-vicarage, which adjoins the churchyard, are a few fragments of Roman
-architecture and sculpture, which have been carefully preserved by the
-present vicar, the Rev. E. Egremont.
-
-Near the churchyard stands the residence of Mr. Oatley, who has also
-collected in his garden a few fragments from the ancient city and its
-neighbourhood.  Among these is a cylindrical stone, which at first sight
-might be taken for part of a column, but which appears, from a few
-remaining letters of an inscription, to have been more probably a Roman
-milliarium or mile-stone.  Mr. Oatley has placed a Roman capital on the
-top of it, and both are represented in _pl._ 6.  Several architectural
-fragments are also preserved in the garden of Mr. Stanier.  Two of the
-most interesting of these, belonging to the shaft of the same column, or
-to those of two similar columns are represented in _pl._ 15.
-
-The Watling Street Road leads us direct from the gateway of the
-churchyard to the river Severn, which is here crossed at present by a
-ford.  On the right is a large rugged field overlooking the river, and
-occupied by Mr. Oatley, which has been trenched in several directions,
-but nothing was discovered except a Roman well, ten feet deep, which is
-kept open, and is now partly filled with clear spring water.  In an
-orchard at the corner of this field, near the road, were found a number
-of human skeletons, attended with some remarkable circumstances, for an
-account of which I refer the reader to Dr. Johnson’s remarks at the end
-of this little volume.  On the other side of the Watling Street Road, the
-ground rises to a little knoll, which looks down upon the river, and
-seems to have formed the southern corner of the inclosure of the city of
-Uriconium.  The top of this knoll has been carefully explored, and the
-walls of a square building, perhaps of a tower, were uncovered.  Among
-the objects found on this spot were a head sculptured in stone, and a
-mould for casting Roman coins, both of which are deposited in the Museum
-at Shrewsbury.  The impress on the coin-mould is that of a coin of Julia
-Domna, the wife of the emperor Severus, (the commencement of the third
-century); and it is rather a curious circumstance that a silver coin of
-this empress, which fits the impress exactly, has been found in the
-excavations near the Old Wall.  This method of multiplying the imperial
-coinage by casts seems to have been very common in these distant
-provinces, and was perhaps exercised by the imperial or municipal
-officers.  Another coin-mould, also with the impress of Julia Domna, was
-found at Wroxeter in 1747, and two, one of Severus himself, and the other
-of Plautilla, in 1722.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-IN conclusion, I may perhaps be allowed to make a remark on some of the
-various points on which the excavations on the site of Uriconium have
-already thrown more or less illustrative light during the short period in
-which they have as yet been carried on.  We see how, by examining their
-buildings and comparing the objects that are turned up by the pick and
-the spade, we get an insight into the condition of the inhabitants of
-Roman Britain, and learn to what degree they enjoyed the luxuries and
-comforts of life.  We see that they possessed a great majority of the
-refinements of modern society—far more than can be traced among the
-population of the middle ages.  We are taught even the character of their
-food by remains of edible animals.  The comparison of other objects
-enables us to judge to a great degree of the state and extent of
-manufactures and commerce.  We learn from inscriptions on their
-sepulchral monuments and altars the names and occupations of some of the
-inhabitants of the ancient town, and the races to which they belonged;
-and from this partial information we are enabled by induction to obtain a
-general view of the whole.  We are thus enabled to form a truer notion of
-the manner in which this country had been inhabited and governed during
-nearly four centuries; and we have the further hope of eventually
-discovering monuments which will throw some light on the more particular
-history of this neighbourhood in these remote ages.  We learn, finally,
-from the condition in which the ruins of Uriconium are now seen, and
-especially from the numerous remains of human beings which are found
-scattered over its long-deserted floors, the sad fate under which it
-finally sank into ruin, and thus we are made vividly acquainted with the
-character and events of a period of history which has hitherto been but
-dimly seen through the vague traditions of writers who at best knew them
-only by hearsay.
-
-
-
-
-Catalogue of Wroxeter Antiquities in the Museum at Shrewsbury.
-
-
-I.
-OBJECTS CONNECTED WITH THE ARRANGEMENT AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE HOUSES AND
-OTHER BUILDINGS.
-
-
-1.  Roofing flags, of micaceous sandstone, form generally hexagonal, with
-a hole for the nail.—_See pl._ IV., _fig._ 1.
-
-2.  Tiles of various kinds:—small square tiles, flue-tiles, roof-tiles,
-&c.  Large oblong square tiles for bonding-courses in the walls, &c.
-Square tiles for making the pillars in the hypocausts.
-
-3.  Specimens of the concrete which covered the hypocaust, to the depth
-of eight inches or more, forming the floor of the apartment.
-
-4.  Eight different specimens of the tessellated, or mosaic, pavement,
-taken up as it was found, and framed.
-
-5.  Drawings of the same, made by Mr. George Maw, of Broseley, and
-presented by that gentleman to the Museum.
-
-6.  Sculpture in sandstone; a head of late Roman art, which appears to
-have formed part of the architectural ornamentation of a building.
-
-7.  Bases, capitals, and shafts of columns.
-
-8.  Stucco, covering the walls, coloured, plain, and with some formal
-patterns.  One specimen, bearing the letters A. R. C. A., having formed
-part of an inscription on the wall.  Tessellated ornamentation of the
-surface of a wall, dark and light tesseræ, so as to form an irregular
-pattern.
-
-9.  _Umbilicus_, or hinge for a door.
-
-10.  Iron bolts, [Picture: T shaped image] shaped iron stancheons, and
-nails, for fixing roof and flue-tiles upon the walls.
-
-11.  Many tiles bearing the impression of the foot of domestic or wild
-animals,—some of the dog; other, of the sheep, pig, horse, and ox.
-
-
-
-II.
-OBJECTS FOR DOMESTIC PURPOSES.
-
-
-1.  POTTERY:—
-
-_a_.  Samian ware.
-
-_b_.  Upchurch pottery.
-
-_c_.  Durobrivian pottery.
-
-_d_.  Romano-Salopian ware, made of clay obtained from Broseley.
-
-_e_.  Pieces of red earthenware, probably made in Shropshire.
-
-2.  GLASS:—
-
-_a_.  Fragments of flat or window glass.
-
-_b_.  Portions of bottles, &c., generally coloured, some opalescent.
-
-_c_.  Fragments of a cup, ornamented with spots of deep purple glass.
-
-_d_.  One green glass bottle, 6½ inches high, with narrow neck, found in
-the cemetery, quite entire.
-
-_e_.  A green glass jar, with wide mouth, about 5 inches high and 6
-inches wide, also found in the cemetery.  It was full of soil, everywhere
-penetrated by roots of plants.
-
-_f_.  Two metallic mirrors or _specula_, one in fragments, the other
-entire.  They are of white metal, a compound of tin and copper, with a
-large proportion of the former.—(Cemetery.)
-
-_g_.  Three very pretty lamps.  One bears the figure of Hercules, another
-that of a dolphin, a third that of a boy kneeling.—(Cemetery.)
-
-_h_.  A silver fibulæ.
-
-3.  Bronze statuette of Venus and Mercury.
-
-4.  A _strigil_, (fragment.)
-
-5.  Part of an iron horse-shoe.  Iron bit of a bridle.  Iron spur.
-
-6.  Two masks, one made of terra cotta, the other of pottery.
-
-7.  Anomalous earthenware vessel.
-
-
-
-III.
-IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS.
-
-
-1.  Weights: one in lead, 20¼oz.; another in stone, 11½oz.
-
-Weight in lead, marked ii., weighs 2¼oz.; another also in lead, weighs
-2½oz.
-
-2.  Ladle; and neck of some vessel made of block tin.
-
-3.  Several keys, of different forms.  Iron padlock.
-
-4.  Large shackles, chains, &c., of iron.
-
-5.  Knives, spear-heads, and portions of other weapons.  Two axe-heads.
-Bone handle of a sword, _very curious_.
-
-6.  Several whet-stones.  Stone handle to a knife.  Touchstone.
-
-7.  Iron trident.
-
-8.  Rings of iron, bronze, and lead.
-
-9.  _Styli_ of bronze and iron; bronze tweezers; bronze and iron spoons;
-steelyard.
-
-10.  Small cup of lead; ditto of thin copper.
-
-11.  Large plates of lead, purpose unknown.
-
-12.  Cock made of lead, a child’s toy.
-
-13.  Fragment of a lamp in red pottery.
-
-14.  Three painters’ pallettes.
-
-15.  A curious iron box—(ointment box?)
-
-16.  Iron trowel.
-
-17.  Bronze lancet (?)
-
-
-
-IV.
-
-
-PERSONAL ORNAMENTS.
-
-
-1.  Hair pins, in great variety; more than 30 specimens have been found
-made usually of bone; with some of bronze, but these are much more
-slender.  _Pl._ 11.
-
-2.  Bodkins or needles made of bone.
-
-3.  Fibulæ, and buckles in great variety.
-
-4.  Bracelets or armlets, and brooch.
-
-5.  Bronze studs or buttons, some flat, and others very convex.
-
-6.  Finger rings:—_a_. silver; _b_. yellow bronze; _c_. bronze, with iron
-wire; _d_. bronze, with open work on one side; _e_. fragment of one of
-wood; _f_. iron signet ring: device engraved upon a blue stone, a fawn
-coming out of a nautilus shell.
-
-7.  Combs made of bone, one much ornamented.  _Pl._ 10, _figs._ 5, 6.
-
-8.  Beads of glass of various sizes, some large to suspend round the
-neck, others to string together upon a thread.
-
-9.  Bronze bracelet of twisted work.
-
-
-COINS.
-
-
-1.  Coins found in the present excavations at Wroxeter.
-
-2.  Coins found at Wroxeter, at different times, and given to the Museum.
-
-3.  The coins found with a skeleton in the hypocaust.
-
-4.  Coining-mould of baked clay.  Julia Domna.
-
-
-CINERARY URNS.
-
-
-1.  Large red earthenware urn, containing human hones (burnt), inclosed
-in an outer urn of lead, which was brought from Wroxeter many years ago.
-
-2.  Another Cinerary urn of black pottery, containing burnt human bones,
-found in a field adjoining the cemetery, and outside the town walls.
-Purchased by the secretary.
-
-3.  A large Cinerary urn, found in the recent excavations, ten inches
-high, and thirty in circumference, almost entire, containing bones, but
-not human.—_See pl._ 13, _fig._ 2.
-
-4.  Cinerary urns in red and black pottery of various sizes, from 4 to 12
-inches high.  Some contained burnt human bones and unguent
-bottles.—(Cemetery.)  Many small flask-shaped bottles were found, some
-broken, some entire, some which had evidently been exposed to heat.  Oily
-matter was detected in one; hence they have been termed unguent
-bottles.—(Cemetery.)
-
-
-
-V.
-MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS.
-
-
-MEDICINE STAMP, found at Wroxeter in 1808, by Mr. Upton; purchased from
-his family in 1859, by the late Beriah Botfield, Esq., M.P., who
-presented it to the Museum.
-
-1.  Oyster shells in great number; shells of some nut found in an oyster
-shell.
-
-2.  Remains of small animals and birds.
-
-3.  Nondescript articles in iron, shapeless masses of lead, innumerable
-fragments of pottery, bone, &c.
-
-4.  Fragments of horn and bone which have been cut with a saw or other
-tool.
-
-5.  Fragments of bone, which have been turned in a lathe.
-
-6.  Inscribed sepulchral stone with Latin inscription, partly legible.
-There has been a statue on the top.—(Cemetery.)
-
-7.  A skiff-shaped vessel in bronze, with round handle, and a lid which
-closed with a catch.
-
-8.  Several legs of the fighting cock, with very large natural spurs.
-
-9.  Roundels, formed chiefly from the bottoms of earthenware vessels,
-perhaps used in some game; others made with a hole in the centre.
-
-10.  Skulls of the dog; one, that of a dog of the mastiff kind, of an
-unknown species.  Bones of horse, ox, roe, and red deer, (_Cervus
-elaphus_); also fragments of the horn of a species allied to the elk of
-Ireland, (_Strongylocerus spelæus_.)  Very numerous remains of the wild
-boar, including bones of the hoof, jaw, and tusks.
-
-Among other bones of the ox are some of a very large kind, now unknown in
-this country.
-
-Also, the crania of the _Bos longifrons_, more than one bearing evident
-marks of the fatal blow of the axe on the forehead.
-
-11.  Specimens of _mended_ pottery:—1.  Samian ware. 2.  Upchurch. 3.
-Romano-British pottery.
-
-12.  Slabs of stone for grinding or mixing colours, painters’ pallettes.
-
-13.  Specimen of Hepatic iron ore.  Ditto of Barytes or heavy spar.
-
-14.  Iron tire of a wheel, 3ft. 3ins. in diameter, 1½ inch in breadth.
-Two iron hoops, supposed to have belonged to the nave of the same wheel.
-
-15.  Two hoops of another nave, with the wood remaining between them.
-
-
-
-Human Remains.
-
-
-1.  PARTS of three human skeletons found in the hypocaust B.  Two of the
-skulls are almost entire, and one is broken into fragments.  The latter
-is remarkable for its great thickness.  One of the two former from its
-form, is most probably the head of a female, and the bones of the pelvis
-of one skeleton are also characteristic of the female sex.  One jaw-bone
-must have belonged to a very old person, as not only the teeth but even
-the sockets are gone.  One hundred and thirty-two coins were found in the
-hypocaust with these skeletons.  See page 41.
-
-2.  Five human heads, and other parts of human skeletons, were first dug
-up in the orchard, near the river.  Of these, _four_ were singularly
-deformed,—the one eye being in advance of the other and the face oblique.
-Ten other skulls have since been found in the same place, and have been
-arranged in the Museum.  Of the ten above-mentioned _three_ are deformed
-like the others, four are so broken and defective that their form cannot
-be ascertained, three are not deformed.  One of the latter is a very
-large skull, well formed, but with very strong projecting cheek (_malar_)
-bones, and a projecting occiput.
-
-3.  The principal bones of a skeleton (female?) belonging to one of the
-skulls, stretched on a board (as well as could be done _on the spot_)
-just as it lay in the ground.
-
-The circumstances under which these skeletons were found are full of
-interest.  The greater part of them (at least twenty have been found, but
-not all in a state to be taken up) were evidently put into the ground
-with a certain degree of attention, that is, _buried_.  They were not
-thrown heedlessly into a pit, but carefully deposited at full length, and
-generally near together, the legs and arms for the most part extended,
-or, as in the case above described, one arm lying across the body.  In
-general, nothing particular has been found near them, but only the usual
-contents of the soil, such as stones, roots, and fragments of pottery.
-In one instance an iron ring, in another, some nails were met with, and
-in a third a single coin of Claudius Gothicus.  But all these might have
-occurred accidentally in the neighbourhood of the bodies, in an old Roman
-site, and not have been buried with them.  No vestiges of wood derived
-from coffins, or of apparel, were discovered.  There were no traces of
-weapons or articles of domestic use, which were generally buried by the
-Romans with their friends, and the place where these remains were found
-is within the walls, and could not, therefore, be a Roman cemetery.
-
-4.  In more than one instance, bones of very young children have been
-found; but in one instance, alluded to at page 68, almost an entire
-skeleton of a child was found, which has been preserved, and is in the
-Museum.  This was found outside the semicircular end of the great
-hypocaust, where there must have been a small court.  From the smallness
-of the bones of the skeleton, and from the circumstance of the teeth
-being still contained within the jaw-bone, it may be inferred that this
-was a very young infant—perhaps still in arms.
-
-5.  A thigh bone has been found, which, having been fractured, has become
-united during life.
-
-The most interesting circumstance connected with the human remains found
-at Wroxeter, is the large relative proportion of deformed skulls.  Of the
-nineteen crania found in the orchard and since deposited in the Museum,
-eleven are more or less crooked.  It has been supposed, and indeed the
-opinion is still entertained by some antiquarians, that this deformity
-was _congenital_ and not _posthumous_, that is to say, that the persons
-to whom these skulls belonged lived and died with deformed heads.  And
-this was my own view before I had learned that bones are capable of being
-bent by pressure in the ground.  There can be little doubt that the
-deformity has been produced by posthumous pressure, aided by moisture and
-the solvent action of certain acids that always exist in vegetable mould.
-{99a}  Other instances of a like effect have been described by Dr.
-Sherman, {99b} and, in America, by the Rev. D. Wilson. {99c}
-
-                                                                     H. J.
-
-
-
-
-APPENDIX.
-
-
-ON November the 11th, 1858, at the General Meeting of the Shropshire and
-North Wales Natural History and Antiquarian Society, held at the Museum,
-Shrewsbury, the President, Beriah Botfield, Esq., M.P., proposed that
-excavations should be commenced at Wroxeter.  He had written to the Duke
-of Cleveland, and obtained his Grace’s consent to do so.  He also made
-the very liberal offer to give fifty guineas towards the expenses,
-provided that fifty other gentlemen could be found willing to subscribe
-one guinea each.  A Committee was formed, consisting of the following
-noblemen and gentlemen to carry on the work:—
-
-  The Right Hon. the Earl of Powis, Powis Castle
-
-  Beriah Botfield, Esq., M.P., F.R.S., Decker Hill
-
-  R. A. Slaney, Esq., M.P., Walford Manor
-
-  Rev. B. H. Kennedy, D.D., Shrewsbury
-
-  Rev. E. Egremont, Wroxeter
-
-  Rev. R. W. Eyton, Ruyton, Shiffnal
-
-  Rev. H. M. Scarth, Bathwick
-
-  Samuel Ashdown, Esq., Uppington
-
-  W. H. Bayley, Esq., Shrewsbury
-
-  William F. F. Foulkes, Esq., Stanley Place, Chester
-
-  Henry Johnson, Esq., M.D., Hon. Sec., Shrewsbury
-
-  George Stanton, Esq., Shrewsbury
-
-  Albert Way, Esq., Worham Manor
-
-  Samuel Wood, Esq., Shrewsbury
-
-  Thomas Wright, Esq., F.S.A., Brompton
-
-A Metropolitan Committee has since been thought desirable, and held its
-first meeting August 3rd.  It consists of the following distinguished
-noblemen and gentlemen:—
-
-  The Right Hon. Earl Stanhope, President of the Royal Society of
-  Antiquaries
-
-  The Right Hon. Viscount Hill, Lord Lieutenant of Shropshire
-
-  The Right Hon. Lord Braybrooke
-
-  The Right Hon. Lord Talbot de Malahide
-
-  The Right Hon. Lord Lindsay
-
-  The Right Hon. Lord Newport, M.P.
-
-  The Right Hon. the Lord Chief Baron
-
-  Beriah Botfield, Esq., M.P.
-
-  The Hon. Rowland C. Hill, M.P.
-
-  R. Monckton Milnes, Esq., M.P.
-
-  C. Octavius S. Morgan, Esq., M.P.
-
-  H. Danby Seymour, Esq., M.P.
-
-  W. Tite, Esq., M.P.
-
-  C. C. Babington, Esq., F.R.S., St. John’s Coll., Cambridge
-
-  The Rev. E. L. Barnwell, General Secretary of the Cambrian
-  Archæological Association
-
-  Sir John P. Boileau, Bart., F.R.S., V.P.S.A.
-
-  The Rev. Dr. Bosworth, F.R.S., F.S.A., Professor of Anglo-Saxon, Oxford
-
-  The Rev. Dr. J. Collingwood Bruce, F.S.A., Hon. Sec. of the Society of
-  Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne
-
-  Talbot Bury, Esq., F.R.I.B.A., A.I.C.E.
-
-  Benjamin Bond Cabbell, Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A.
-
-  Robert Chambers, Esq., Edinburgh
-
-  Sir James Clarke, Bart., F.R.S.
-
-  James Dearden, Esq., F.S.A.
-
-  C. Wentworth Dilke, Esq.
-
-  J. Hepworth Dixon, Esq., F.S.A.
-
-  Joseph Durham, Esq., F.S.A.
-
-  The Rev. E. Egremont, Vicar of Wroxeter
-
-  F. W. Fairholt, Esq., F.S.A.
-
-  Augustus Guest, Esq., L.L.D., F.S.A.
-
-  S. Carter Hall, Esq., F.S.A.
-
-  J. O. Halliwell, Esq., F.S.A., F.R.S.
-
-  The Rev. C. H. Hartshorne
-
-  Fredk. Hindmarsh, Esq., F.R.G.S., F.G.S., Hon. Sec.
-
-  The Rev. T. Hugo, F.S.A.
-
-  Dr. Henry Johnson, Hon. Sec. of the Excavation Committee, Shrewsbury
-
-  Joseph Mayer, Esq., F.S.A., Liverpool
-
-  Sir Roderick I. Murchison, F.R.S., &c.
-
-  Frederick Ouvry, Esq., F.S.A.
-
-  The Rev. H. M. Scarth
-
-  Charles Roach Smith, Esq., F.S.A.
-
-  Vice-Admiral W. H. Smyth, F.R.S., F.S.A.
-
-  W. S. W. Vaux, Esq., F.S.A., President of the Numismatic Society
-
-  Albert Way, Esq., F.S.A.
-
-  Thomas Wright, Esq., F.S.A., Treasurer.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-                   J. O. SANDFORD, PRINTER, SHREWSBURY.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-
-PLATES.
-
-
-Plate 1: The north side of the Old Wall at Wroxeter
-
-
-     [Picture: Plate 1.  The north side of the Old Wall at Wroxeter]
-
-
-
-Plate 2: Wroxeter Church, Shropshire (Vignette)
-
-
-        [Picture: Plate 2: Wroxeter Church, Shropshire (Vignette)]
-
-
-
-Plate 3: First Roman Hypocaust Discovered at Uriconium 1859
-
-
-[Picture: First Roman Hypocaust Discovered at Uriconium]
-
-
-
-Plate 4: Roman Tile-Roof, Roman Flag-Roof, Section of Roman Hypocaust,
-&c.
-
-
-  [Picture: Figures 1, 2, 3, 4: Roman Tile Roof; Figures 5 and 6: Roman
-             Flag Roof; Figure 7: Section of Roman Hypocaust]
-
-
-
-Plate 5: Plan of Walls, discovered by the Excavations at Wroxeter, Salop,
-from February 3rd to September, 1863.
-
-
-   [Picture: Plan of Walls, discovered by the Excavations at Wroxeter,
-               Salop, from February 3rd to September, 1863]
-
-
-
-Plate 6: Column in the garden of W. H. Oatley Esq., Wroxeter
-
-
-      [Picture: Column in the garden of W. H. Oatley Esq., Wroxeter]
-
-
-
-Plate 7: Ancient Stone Font in Wroxeter Church
-
-
-        [Picture: Plate 7: Ancient Stone Font in Wroxeter Church]
-
-
-
-Plate 8: Capitals found at Uriconium
-
-
-             [Picture: Plate 8: Capitals found at Uriconium]
-
-
-
-Plate 9: Samian, Upchurch, and Romano-Salopian Pottery
-
-
-    [Picture: Plate 9: Samian, Upchurch, and Romano-Salopian Pottery]
-
-
-
-Plate 10: Rings and Combs
-
-
-                 [Picture: Rings and Combs (actual size)]
-
-
-
-Plate 11: Hair Pins &c.
-
-
-                  [Picture: Hair Pins &c. (actual size)]
-
-
-
-Plate 12: Skulls from Wroxeter
-
-
-                     [Picture: Skulls from Wroxeter]
-
-
-
-Plate 13: Roman Remains from Wroxeter
-
-
-  [Picture: Plate 13: Roman Remains from Wroxeter, in the possession of
-         Samuel Wood, Esq., and Mask,. in the Museum, Shrewsbury]
-
-
-
-Plate 14: Upchurch Pottery, Adz, Spear Head, and Romano-Salopian (Red)
-Ware
-
-
-        [Picture: Plate 14: Upchurch Pottery, Adz, Spear Head, and
-                       Romano-Salopian (Red) Ware]
-
-
-
-Plate 15: Carved stone fragments from Uriconium, in the Garden of Edward
-Stanier, Esq., Wroxeter
-
-
- [Picture: Carved stone fragments from Uriconium, in the Garden of Edward
-                         Stanier, Esq., Wroxeter]
-
-
-
-Plate 16: Sepulchral Stone
-
-
-        [Picture: Sepulchral Stone from in the Cemetery, Wroxeter]
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-
-ADVERTISEMENTS. {102}
-
-
-                             J. O. SANDFORD.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
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-
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-
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-
-                                * * * * *
-
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-
-                                * * * * *
-
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-
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-
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-
-                                * * * * *
-
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-
-                           STEREOSCOPIC SLIDES.
-
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-
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-
-                                * * * * *
-
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-
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-
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-                                COMPRISING
-                      WINSOR & NEWTON’S, & ROWNEY’S
-
-                                 COLOURS,
-
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-                        BRISTOL AND LONDON BOARDS.
-
-                        Whatman’s Drawing Papers.
-
-                          SKETCH BLOCKS & BOOKS,
-                            OF VARIOUS SIZES.
-
-                            PENCILS & BRUSHES.
-
-                              CRAYON PAPERS.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-                       25, High-Street, Shrewsbury.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-WATERPROOF TWEED CLOAKS.
-
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-                           J. E. & W. PHILLIPS,
-
-                                 TAILORS,
-                                   AND
-                              HABIT MAKERS,
-
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-
-                      ARE THE ORIGINAL MAKERS OF THE
-
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-
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-
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-            which obtained for them their European reputation.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
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-                          OF THE SAME MATERIAL.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
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-                     sent (post free) on application.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-LION HOTEL,
-SHREWSBURY.
-
-
-THE Nobility, Gentry, and Public of Shrewsbury and its Vicinity, are
-respectfully informed that this old-established and well-known Hotel, has
-undergone considerable renovation and change in every department, and
-that nothing will be spared to make it the most complete and comfortable
-Hotel in the county.  An entirely new tariff of charges has been arranged
-(including servants’ fees) on the most reasonable charges.
-
-    _N.B.—The Lion Omnibus runs in connection with all the Trains to_
-                     _and from the Railway Station_.
-
-                     POST HORSES ALWAYS IN READINESS.
-                    Weddings, funerals, &c. as usual.
-                       ALL ORDERS FOR POST HORSES,
-                                FLYS, &c.
-                            TO BE ADDRESSED TO
-                       AUGUSTUS LUCAS, PROPRIETOR.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-      _Just published_, _price_ 1_s._ 6_d._ _cloth_; 1_s._ _paper_,
-
-                      AN HISTORICAL AND ILLUSTRATED
-                                 Handbook
-                                   FOR
-                         THE TOWN OF SHREWSBURY:
-
-                                  BEING
-
-        A GENERAL GUIDE TO ITS CHURCHES, PUBLIC BUILDINGS, WALKS,
-             AND OTHER REMARKABLE OBJECTS; TO WHICH IS ADDED,
-                       EXCURSIONS IN THE VICINITY,
-
-                                    BY
-                           HENRY PIDGEON, ESQ.,
-_Treasurer of the Corporation of Shrewsbury_, _Author of_ “_Memorials of_
-                        _Shrewsbury_,” _&c._ _&c._
-
-                 SHREWSBURY: J. O. SANDFORD, HIGH STREET.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-LONDON JEWELLERY
-ESTABLISHMENT,
-38, HIGH-STREET, SHREWSBURY.
-
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-                                 J. KENT,
-                    (SUCCESSOR TO J. T. NIGHTINGALE,)
-                               PROPRIETOR.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-                    KENT’S LONDON AND GENEVA WATCHES,
-                           ENGLISH AND FOREIGN
-                          CLOCKS AND TIMEPIECES,
-
-Manufactured to order, expressly for his own sale, by the most celebrated
-makers, are warranted to keep accurate time, _and every attention given
-to them for the first two years free of charge_, unless broken or injured
-by accident.
-
-                         WEDDING AND GUARD RINGS,
-              Of 12, 15, 18, & 22 Carat Gold, _Hall-marked_.
-                         GUARD AND ALBERT CHAINS
-      of the newest London design, and guaranteed as to quality and
-                               workmanship.
-
-                             HAIR JEWELLERY,
-
-In Brooches, Bracelets, Shawl-pins, Earrings, Lockets, Necklets, Guard or
-Albert Chains, Rings, Studs, Sleeve-links, Scarf-pins, Charms, &c., of
-the most novel and artistic designs, made to order, _from the hair
-supplied by the parties_, on the shortest possible notice.
-
-In order to meet the requirement of his increasing connection, J. K.
-respectfully announces that, having _now on the premises_ experienced
-first-class London Workmen, he can execute
-
-        _Repairs in Jewellery_, _Watches_, _Clocks_, _Spectacles_,
-                     _Plated Goods_, _Cutlery_, _&c._
-
-                             IN A FEW HOURS.
-
-                                 J. KENT,
-                         LATE J. T. NIGHTINGALE,
-                     MOURNING JEWELLER, OPTICIAN, &c.
-                       38, HIGH STREET, SHREWSBURY.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-Shrewsbury & Wroxeter Illustrated.
-
-
-  _A Series of Views for the Stereoscope_, _by_ F. BEDFORD. 1s. _each_.
-
-1.  SHREWSBURY, Ireland’s Mansion.
-
-2.  SHREWSBURY, the Market House.
-
-3.  SHREWSBURY, the Market Square.
-
-4.  SHREWSBURY, Statue of Clive, in the Market Place.
-
-5.  SHREWSBURY, Elizabethan Houses, in the Market Place.
-
-6.  SHREWSBURY, the Cross Keys Tavern, High Street.
-
-7.  SHREWSBURY, Old House, Princess Street, Market Place.
-
-8.  SHREWSBURY, Shearman’s Hall, and Old Post Office Inn.
-
-9.  SHREWSBURY, Old Houses, in the Wyle Cop.
-
-10.  SHREWSBURY, Old Timber Houses, in the Abbey Foregate.
-
-11.  SHREWSBURY, Gate Way to Council House, St. Nicholas’ Chapel.
-
-12.  SHREWSBURY, in the Court Yard to the Council House.
-
-13.  SHREWSBURY, the Royal Grammar School.
-
-14.  SHREWSBURY, the Castle, Garden Front.
-
-15.  SHREWSBURY, the Castle, from the Entrance Gateway.
-
-16.  SHREWSBURY, the last remaining Tower of the Old Walls.
-
-17.  SHREWSBURY, English Bridge.
-
-18.  SHREWSBURY, St. Giles’s Church.
-
-19.  SHREWSBURY, Old Church of St. Giles.
-
-20.  SHREWSBURY, the Abbey, from the South East.
-
-21.  SHREWSBURY, the Abbey, West Front.
-
-22.  SHREWSBURY, Old St. Chad’s Church.
-
-23.  SHREWSBURY, St. Mary’s Church, view from South West.
-
-24.  SHREWSBURY, St. Mary’s Church, South Porch.
-
-25.  SHREWSBURY, St. Mary’s Church, from the Infirmary.
-
-26.  SHREWSBURY, St. Julian’s Church, and Spire of St. Alkmond.
-
-27.  SHREWSBURY, St. Chad’s Church.
-
-28.  SHREWSBURY, the Portal to the Shoemaker’s Arbour, Kingsland.
-
-29.  SHREWSBURY, Lord Hill’s Column.
-
-30.  SHREWSBURY, the Stone Pulpit.
-
-31.  SHREWSBURY, St. Mary’s Watergate.
-
-32.  SHREWSBURY, the Ferry and House of Industry.
-
-33.  SHREWSBURY, Avenue in the Quarry.
-
-34.  SHREWSBURY, the Dingle in the Quarry.
-
-35.  SHREWSBURY, the Whitehall.
-
-36.  WROXETER, remains of Floor in the Baths.
-
-37.  WROXETER, supposed Enameller’s Shop.
-
-38.  WROXETER, Public Baths, looking West.
-
-39.  WROXETER, the Old Wall, and Hypocaust.
-
-40.  WROXETER, Public Baths, from the S.W.
-
-41.  WROXETER, the principal Hypocaust.
-
-42.  WROXETER, Public Baths, looking East.
-
-43.  WROXETER, the Excavations, seen from W.N.W.
-
-           _Published by CATHERALL & PRICHARD_, _Eastgate-row_,
-             _Chester_, _and sold by all dealers in slides_.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-VINCENT CRUMP,
-
-
-                          BY SPECIAL APPOINTMENT
-
-    Bride, Citron,       [Picture: Royal coat         Simmels in
-         and                   of Arms]                  the
-    Desert Cakes.                                      Season.
-
-                               CONFECTIONER
-
-                        To Her Majesty the Queen,
-
-                         WYLE COP AND PRIDE HILL,
-
-                               SHREWSBURY.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-                         ROYAL SHREWSBURY CAKES.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-
-FOOTNOTES.
-
-
-{99a}  See Abstract of Proceedings of Royal Society, June, 1862.
-
-{99b}  Crania Britannia.
-
-{99c}  Pre-Historic Man, vol. ii. p. 306, &c. &c.
-
-{102}  In this transcription the advertisements have been moved to the
-end of the book.  In the original the first two (J. O. Sandford) come
-before the frontispiece.  The rest then follow after the Appendix and
-come before the Plates with the exception of the last two (Shrewsbury and
-Wroxeter Illustrated; Vincent Crump) which came after the plates.—DP.
-
-
-
-
-***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE RUINS OF THE ROMAN CITY OF
-URICONIUM, AT WROXETER, NEAR SHREWSBURY***
-
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-
-The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Ruins of the Roman City of Uriconium, at
-Wroxeter, near Shrewsbury, by Thomas Wright
-
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-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
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-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
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-Title: The Ruins of the Roman City of Uriconium, at Wroxeter, near Shrewsbury
-
-
-Author: Thomas Wright
-
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-Release Date: June 19, 2020  [eBook #62425]
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-
-***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE RUINS OF THE ROMAN CITY OF
-URICONIUM, AT WROXETER, NEAR SHREWSBURY***
-</pre>
-<p>Transcribed from the fourth, 1863, edition by David Price,
-email ccx074@pglaf.org</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/cover.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Book cover"
-title=
-"Book cover"
- src="images/cover.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<h1><span class="GutSmall">THE</span><br />
-RUINS OF THE ROMAN CITY<br />
-<span class="GutSmall">OF</span><br />
-<span class='gutoutline'>Uriconium</span>,<br />
-<span class="GutSmall">AT</span><br />
-WROXETER, NEAR SHREWSBURY.</h1>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">BY</span><br
-/>
-THOMAS WRIGHT, ESQ., M.A., F.S.A.</p>
-
-<div class="gapspace">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center">Fourth Edition,<br />
-<span class="GutSmall">WITH ILLUSTRATIONS.</span></p>
-
-<div class="gapspace">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center">SHREWSBURY: J. O. SANDFORD,
-HIGH-STREET.<br />
-<span class="GutSmall">LONDON: KENT &amp; CO.,
-PATERNOSTER-ROW.</span></p>
-<p style="text-align: center">1863.</p>
-<h2><a name="pageiii"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-iii</span>PREFACE.</h2>
-<p><span class="smcap">It</span> is the aim of the following
-pages to give the degree and kind of popular information believed
-to be wanted by the numerous visitors to the excavations at
-Wroxeter, who have no Guide to explain what they see, and are not
-possessed of that amount of minute antiquarian knowledge which
-would enable them to understand everything without such
-explanation.&nbsp; It is the first instance in which there has
-been, in this country, the chance of penetrating into a city of
-more than fourteen centuries ago, on so large a scale, and with
-such extensive remains of its former condition; and when the
-visitor has walked over the floors which had been trodden last,
-before they were thus uncovered, by the Roman inhabitants of this
-island, he will appreciate more justly, and with greater
-interest, the objects which have been discovered, and are
-deposited in the Museum, at Shrewsbury; and he will learn to look
-forward with hope to the light which a continuance of these
-excavations must throw upon the condition and history of this
-country at so remote a period.&nbsp; Whatever this light may be,
-it must not be <a name="pageiv"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-iv</span>forgotten that we shall be indebted for it, in the first
-place, to his Grace the Duke of Cleveland, who has shown a
-generous public feeling in giving permission and encouragement to
-the excavations on his land, and to the late B. Botfield, Esq.,
-M.P., through whose zeal and liberality in the undertaking the
-excavators were set at work, when as yet it was uncertain if
-their labours would be attended with any success.&nbsp; I have
-endeavoured to fulfil literally the title of this little book,
-and to give the visitor such information as he would seek from a
-professional Guide, whilst I have gladly left the description of
-the Museum, and especially of those rather numerous human remains
-which form so remarkable a part of our discoveries, to one best
-qualified for that task, Dr. Henry Johnson, who has so ably and
-zealously directed the excavations on the spot, and who has thus,
-unremunerated, given to the service of the public so much of his
-valuable time.</p>
-<p style="text-align: right">T. W.</p>
-<h2><a name="pagev"></a><span class="pagenum">p. v</span>TO
-VISITORS.</h2>
-<p><span class="smcap">Parties</span> from a distance wishing to
-visit the ruins of the ancient <span
-class="smcap">Uriconium</span>, at Wroxeter, will find every
-comfort and accommodation at the Lion, the Raven, the George, and
-the Crown Hotels, Shrewsbury.</p>
-<p><span class="smcap">Wroxeter</span> is a little more than five
-miles from Shrewsbury.&nbsp; Conveyances may be obtained at the
-Railway Station, Shrewsbury; at any of the above-named Hotels;
-and at Howells&rsquo;s Livery Stables, Cross Hill.&nbsp; Parties
-of any reasonable number may be conveyed by either of the latter,
-on giving them two days&rsquo; notice by letter.</p>
-<p><span class="smcap">Upton Magna</span>, on the Shrewsbury and
-Wellington Joint Line of Railway, is the nearest Station to
-Wroxeter, from whence it is distant about two miles and a half, a
-pleasant walk for an active person.</p>
-<p><span class="smcap">The Museum</span> of the Shropshire and
-North Wales Natural History and Antiquarian Society, College
-Hill, where all the moveable articles from Wroxeter are
-deposited, is open <span class="GutSmall">DAILY</span> to
-visitors, from 10 till 4, on payment of sixpence each, and by an
-order from a Subscriber <span
-class="GutSmall">GRATUITOUSLY</span>.</p>
-<p><span class="smcap">Donations</span> to the Wroxeter Fund will
-be gladly received by the Honorary Secretary, <span
-class="smcap">Dr. H. Johnson</span>, Dogpole, Shrewsbury.</p>
-<h2><a name="pagevii"></a><span class="pagenum">p. vii</span>List
-of Plates.</h2>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">FROM
-DRAWINGS BY MR. HILLARY DAVIES, OF SHREWSBURY.</span></p>
-<table>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span
-class="GutSmall">PLATE</span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>The North Side of the Old Wall, at Wroxeter</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Wroxeter Church, Shropshire (Vignette)</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>First Roman Hypocaust discovered at Uriconium in 1859</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">3</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Roman Tile-Roof, Roman Flag-Roof, Section of Roman
-Hypocaust, &amp;c.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">4</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Plan of Walls, discovered by the Excavations at Wroxeter,
-Salop, from February 3rd to September, 1863</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">5</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Column in the Garden of W. H. Oatley, Esq., Wroxeter</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Ancient Stone Font in Wroxeter Church</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">7</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Capitals found at Uriconium</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">8</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Samian, Upchurch, and Romano-Salopian Pottery</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">9</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Rings and Combs (actual size)</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">10</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Hair Pins, &amp;c. (actual size)</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">11</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Skulls from Wroxeter</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">12</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Roman Remains from Wroxeter, in the possession of Samuel
-Wood, Esq., and Mask, in the Museum, Shrewsbury.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">13</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Upchurch Pottery, Adz, Spear Head, and Romano-Salopian
-(Red) Ware</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">14</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Carved Stone Fragments from Uriconium, in the Garden of
-Edward Stanier, Esq., Wroxeter</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">15</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Sepulchral Stone</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">16</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-<h2><a name="page9"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 9</span>The
-Ruins of Uriconium.</h2>
-<p><span class="smcap">If</span> we leave Shrewsbury by its long
-eastern suburb, known, from the important monastic house which
-formerly stood at its commencement, as the Abbey Foregate,
-passing the more modern monument erected at its extremity, Lord
-Hill&rsquo;s Column, our way lies for about two miles along the
-London road, bounded on each side by rich and fertile
-fields.&nbsp; At the distance just mentioned, this road
-approaches close to the river Severn, and continues to run along
-its banks, to the great improvement of the scenery, until we
-arrive at the prettily-situated village of Atcham, with Atcham
-Church in face of us, and the river winding under its stone
-bridge in the foreground.&nbsp; Atcham is three miles from
-Shrewsbury.&nbsp; Crossing the bridge, we leave the river, which
-here takes a long sweep to the southward, and follow the road,
-which skirts for more <a name="page10"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 10</span>than half a mile the extensive park
-of Attingham.&nbsp; We here approach another river, the Tern,
-which at this point spreads into a fair expanse of water, and
-forms, with the mansion of Attingham to the left, and the copses
-which skirt it, a scene of striking beauty, while to the right it
-divides into two branches which empty themselves into the Severn,
-a little lower down.&nbsp; Crossing Tern Bridge, and proceeding a
-short distance, still skirting the park, we reach a point where,
-opposite the entrance to Attingham Park, a branch road turns off
-to the right from the old London road.&nbsp; We must take this
-branch road, which will lead us to the village of Wroxeter.&nbsp;
-We soon cross a small stream, which is known by the name of the
-Bell Brook, and after we have passed this brook, the visitor will
-hardly fail to remark, wherever his eye rests upon ploughed
-ground, the extraordinary blackness of the soil in comparison
-with that of the land over which he has previously passed.</p>
-<p>In fact he has now entered upon the site of an ancient Roman
-city, which is known, from the circumstance of its being
-mentioned by the geographer Ptolemy, to have been standing here
-as early as the beginning of the second century, when it was
-called Viroconium,&mdash;a name which appears to have been
-changed in the later Romano-British period to Uriconium; at least
-this is the form under which the <a name="page11"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 11</span>name occurs in the later geographers,
-and which has been generally adopted by modern antiquaries.&nbsp;
-From the point at which we have now arrived, the line of the
-ancient town-wall may be traced by a continuous low mound, which
-runs southward towards the Severn, the banks of which it follows
-for some distance, and, after passing between the river and the
-modern village of Wroxeter, turns eastwardly behind the
-vicarage-house, and makes a long sweep till it reaches the hamlet
-of Norton to the north, whence it turns to the westward again,
-and reaches the point from which we started, forming an irregular
-oval, rather more than three miles in circumference.&nbsp; A
-portion of the Bell Brook runs through the Roman city.&nbsp;
-After crossing this brook, we approach ground which rises gently,
-and nearly at the highest point we see to the left a
-smith&rsquo;s shop.&nbsp; At this spot, which is rather more than
-five miles from Shrewsbury, the road which has brought us from
-that town crosses another road, which turns down to the right, to
-the village of Wroxeter, not quite half a mile distant.&nbsp;
-Wroxeter is an Anglo-Saxon name, the first part of which is
-probably corrupted from that of the ancient Roman city of the
-site of which it occupies the southern extremity.&nbsp; The road
-which has led us to it is called the Watling Street road, and
-there is every reason for believing that it occupies in a part of
-its course the line of one of the <a name="page12"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 12</span>principal streets of Uriconium.&nbsp;
-It crosses the river Severn immediately below the village, where
-there was doubtless a bridge in Roman times, for it is in the
-highest degree improbable that in approaching a town of such
-importance, the Romans would cross a river like the Severn only
-by a ford.</p>
-<p>On arriving at the smith&rsquo;s shop just alluded to, the
-attention of the visitor will be attracted by a solid mass of
-masonry, which forms a very imposing object, and presents those
-unmistakable characteristics of Roman work,&mdash;the long
-string-courses of large flat red bricks.&nbsp; This mass of
-masonry, the only portion of the buildings of Uriconium which
-remains standing above ground, is upwards of twenty feet high,
-and seventy-two feet long, with a uniform thickness of three
-feet, and has been long known by the name of &ldquo;The Old
-Wall.&rdquo;&nbsp; It stands nearly in the centre of the ancient
-city, which occupied the highest ground within the walls,&mdash;a
-commanding position, with the bold isolated form of the Wrekin in
-the rear, and in front a panorama of mountains formed by the
-Wenlock and Stretton Hills, Caer Caradoc, the Longmynd, the
-Breidden, and the still more distant mountains of Wales.&nbsp;
-With the exception of this wall, all that remained of the Roman
-city, if as some people might perhaps have doubted, anything did
-remain,&mdash;has been long buried beneath the soil.&nbsp; At the
-close of the year 1858, however, <a name="page13"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 13</span>it was resolved to ascertain what
-these remains were, and an Excavation Committee was formed at
-Shrewsbury, for the purpose of carrying this design into effect
-by means of a public subscription.&nbsp; Excavations were,
-accordingly, commenced on the 3rd of February, 1859, and they
-have already led to results of the most satisfactory
-description.&nbsp; But, perhaps, before we proceed to describe
-the ruins which have thus been uncovered, it would be well to
-tell our readers something of the general character of the Roman
-towns in this island, and to explain how some of them were
-destroyed, and from what cases and by what circumstances their
-remains present themselves in the conditions in which we now find
-them.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p><span class="smcap">Fifteen</span> hundred years ago, this
-island, with the exception of the highlands of Scotland, was
-covered with flourishing towns, many of them known to have been
-of considerable magnitude, situated on numerous public
-roads,&mdash;these latter of such excellent construction, that
-they have remained to the present day the foundation of most of
-our great English high roads.&nbsp; These towns, like those in
-other parts of the empire, enjoyed free municipal <a
-name="page14"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 14</span>institutions
-(from which our own medi&aelig;val municipal institutions are
-derived), and in all but certain duties towards the imperial
-government, formed in themselves so many little republics,
-possessing all the ambitions and rivalries which seem inseparable
-from republican institutions.&nbsp; Among the slight notices of
-this island in ancient writers we learn that the towns of Britain
-were remarkable for their turbulence, which was encouraged, no
-doubt, by the distance of this province from Rome, and by the
-peculiar character of the population of the towns, which
-consisted of blood that was foreign to the soil, and which was
-not uniform in character in the different towns.&nbsp; We know
-further that, during the fourth century, these towns often
-confederated together, threw off the imperial yoke, and raised
-emperors of their own; and we have every reason for supposing
-that, when the restraint imposed by the central power became
-slackened, the towns confederated against one another, and that
-domestic dissensions and contests troubled the peace of the
-island.&nbsp; Such dissensions left the island exposed to the
-invasions of its foreign enemies, which had become very frequent
-and very formidable during the fourth century.&nbsp; The eastern
-coasts were often visited by the Teutonic rovers, Saxons, and
-Franks; the barbarous Caledonians, then called Picts, from the
-north rushed across the borders, and carried devastation <a
-name="page15"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 15</span>through the
-land, in which they were assisted by the Irish, or, as they were
-then called, Scots, and probably by the Armorican Celts, or
-Britons from Gaul.&nbsp; The towns of Britain united would, no
-doubt, have presented a force sufficient to meet any of these
-invasions, but their very constitution rendered such a union
-difficult, except for a short period.&nbsp; Besides their
-independence of each other, the towns had only been expected to
-defend themselves, while the defence of the province was more
-especially the duty of the legions, and on their withdrawal, the
-towns seem to have followed their old practice in case of
-invasion, and shut themselves within their walls, or, at most,
-opposed the invaders without any union, thus leaving the open
-country to easy destruction.</p>
-<p>The history of the conquest of the Roman provinces by the
-barbarians is, in general, simply the successive reduction of one
-town after another.&nbsp; Such was eminently the case in Britain,
-and the traditionary annals of the early Saxon period present
-little more than a list of conquered towns.&nbsp; Sometimes a
-town was taken by stratagem or force, and then it was plundered
-or destroyed, but in the far greater number of cases the town was
-too strong for the assailants and only submitted by composition,
-by which it paid a tribute to the conqueror and retained its old
-independent municipal institutions.&nbsp; We all <a
-name="page16"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 16</span>know how many
-of our old cities and early municipal towns are thus the
-representatives of the cities of the Romans.&nbsp; In some parts
-of the island the destruction was greater than in others, and on
-the Welsh border, through the whole space between Chester (called
-by the Romans Deva), and Gloucester (which the Romans called
-Glevum), the towns seem to have been all ruined.&nbsp; One of the
-largest of these towns was no doubt that of Uriconium.&nbsp; We
-can only judge by implication, and by a comparison of what
-occurred in other places, of the manner in which a town like
-Uriconium was treated, when it was overcome by the
-barbarians.&nbsp; We know that these invaders were influenced by
-a love of plunder, but a love of destruction&mdash;we may perhaps
-call it an impulse of destruction&mdash;was still greater; and it
-is probable that the plundering of a town like Uriconium was a
-hasty and imperfect operation, and that the plunderers carried
-off chiefly objects made of the precious metals, or articles of
-dress and arms, or other objects on which they set considerable
-value, as they moved about rapidly, and could not be provided
-very extensively with the means of conveyance.&nbsp; (We are here
-speaking of the earlier plundering invasions of the barbarians,
-such as the Picts and Scots, in which perhaps Uriconium perished,
-towards the middle of the fifth century, for it is hardly
-probable that the Angles or Saxons could have reached this <a
-name="page17"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 17</span>part of the
-island at so early a period.)&nbsp; The first impulse of the
-plunderers was to apply fire to the buildings, and the progress
-of the conflagration would hasten their departure.&nbsp; Where
-the inhabitants of the conquered town had not made their escape
-and abandoned it before it was taken&mdash;which was perhaps the
-case in some of the smaller towns&mdash;there would no doubt be a
-dreadful massacre, and the survivors would be dragged away into
-captivity, for the various peoples who preyed upon the carcass of
-the mighty empire of Rome, whether German or Celt, or Tartar or
-Arab, ambitioned, almost above other plunder, the possession of
-numerous slaves.&nbsp; Thus the plundered town was left without
-inhabitants, and in flames, of which the latter, as may be judged
-on the spot from the massive character of the walls of the
-houses, were probably partial in their effect, destroying chiefly
-the timber and roofs.</p>
-<p>Thus the town was left an extensive mass of blackened walls;
-and such was the condition in which the ruined Roman towns
-remained during several centuries.&nbsp; Roman walls, we all
-know, were too strongly built to fall down, and various
-circumstances combined for their preservation.&nbsp; In the first
-place, the population of the country must have been greatly
-reduced, and this part of the island especially was probably very
-thinly inhabited after it had been ravaged by the invaders.&nbsp;
-The ruins themselves <a name="page18"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 18</span>would in time be overgrown with
-plants and trees and would become the haunt of wild beasts, which
-were then abundant, thus offering very little encouragement to
-anybody to enter them.&nbsp; But they were protected in a still
-greater degree by the strong superstitious feelings with which
-such ruins were regarded by the people who now occupied the
-land.&nbsp; The Teutonic invaders had not only a prejudice
-against towns in general, but they believed that all the deserted
-buildings of the previous lords of the soil were taken possession
-of by powerful evil spirits, on whose limits it was in the
-highest degree dangerous to trespass.&nbsp; They imagined,
-moreover, that the Romans had the power of casting spells over
-buildings, which were no less dangerous than the evil spirits
-themselves.&nbsp; It will be remembered how, when Augustine and
-his brother missionaries came to convert the Anglo-Saxons to
-Christianity, the Kentish king and his court gave them their
-first audience in the open air; because, as we are told, the
-Anglo-Saxons were afraid that, should they be received in a
-covered chamber in the palace, the strangers from Rome would be
-able to cast a spell upon them.&nbsp; It is a remarkable proof of
-the strength of this superstitious feeling, that all the
-Benedictionals of the Anglo-Saxon period contain forms for
-blessing the vessels of metal or earthenware found in ancient
-sites, and relieving them from the spells which had <a
-name="page19"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 19</span>been cast
-upon them by the &ldquo;pagans,&rdquo; in order that the finders
-might be enabled to make use of these vessels without any
-personal danger.&nbsp; When the people of the middle ages,
-whether Christians or not, found the beautiful bronze figures on
-which we set so much store, they were in the greatest
-apprehension of personal danger until they had mutilated them so
-as to break the charm or spell which they believed to be laid
-upon them, for they looked upon these images as the more general
-instruments of the ancient magicians.&nbsp; When thus mutilated
-they usually threw them into the nearest river.&nbsp; The
-numerous bronzes dredged up from the bed of the Thames at London
-are almost all mutilated in this manner.&nbsp; This was the case
-also with the inscriptions, for the successors of the Romans had
-no other notion of an ancient inscription than that it was a
-magical charm.&nbsp; This superstition has continued to exist
-until very recent times, for it appears that, within the memory
-of man, the peasantry of Northumberland, on the line of the great
-wall of Hadrian, were accustomed, when they found an inscribed
-stone&mdash;and inscribed stones are there very abundant&mdash;to
-hew out at least a part of the letters of the inscription with a
-pick or axe, in order to destroy the charm.</p>
-<p>We thus understand how a ruined city&mdash;like that at
-Wroxeter&mdash;was allowed to remain untouched for
-centuries.&nbsp; Many of these ruined towns became <a
-name="page20"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 20</span>the subject
-of romantic legends.&nbsp; One of these legends relating to an
-ancient ruined city in this neighbourhood, is told in the curious
-history of the Fitz-Warines, composed in the thirteenth century,
-in Anglo-Norman, no doubt by a border writer.&nbsp; This writer
-is describing a visit supposed to have been made by William the
-Conqueror to the Welsh border in order to distribute the land to
-his followers.</p>
-<blockquote><p>&ldquo;When King William approached the hills and
-valleys of Wales he saw a very large town, formerly enclosed with
-high walls, which was all burnt and ruined, and in a plain below
-the town he caused his tents to be raised, and there he said he
-would remain that night.&nbsp; Then the king inquired of a Briton
-what was the name of the town, and how it came to be so
-ruined.&nbsp; &lsquo;Sire,&rsquo; said the Briton, &lsquo;I will
-tell you.&nbsp; The Castle was formerly called Castle Bran, but
-now it is called the Old March.&nbsp; Formerly there came into
-this country Brutus, a very valiant knight, and Corineus, from
-whom Cornwall still retains its name, and many others derived
-from the lineage of Troy, and none inhabited these parts except
-very foul people, great giants, whose king was called
-Geomagog.&nbsp; These heard of the arrival of Brutus, and sent
-out to encounter him, and at last all the giants were killed
-except Geomagog, who was marvellously great.&nbsp; Corineus, the
-valiant, said that he would willingly wrestle with Geomagog, to
-<a name="page21"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 21</span>try
-Geomagog&rsquo;s strength.&nbsp; The giant, on the first onset,
-embraced Corineus so tightly, that he broke three of his
-ribs.&nbsp; Corineus became angry, and struck Geomagog with his
-foot that he fell from a great rock into the sea, and Geomagog
-was drowned.&nbsp; And a spirit of the devil now entered into the
-body of Geomagog, and came into these parts, and held possession
-of the country long, that never Briton dared to inhabit it.&nbsp;
-And long afterwards, King Bran the son of Donwal, caused the city
-to be rebuilt, repaired the walls, and strengthened the great
-fosses, and he made Burgh and Great March.&nbsp; And the devil
-came by night and took away every thing that was therein, since
-which time nobody has ever inhabited there.&rsquo;&nbsp; The king
-marvelled much at this story, and Payn Peverel, the proud and
-courageous knight, the king&rsquo;s cousin, heard it all, and
-declared that that night he would essay the marvel.&nbsp; Payn
-Peverel armed himself very richly, and took his shield, shining
-with gold, with a cross of azure indented, and fifteen knights
-and other attendants, and went into the highest palace, and took
-up his lodging there.&nbsp; And when it was night the weather
-became so foul, black, dark, and such a tempest of lightning and
-thunder, that all those who were there became so terrified that
-they could not for fear move hand or foot, but lay on the ground
-like dead men.&nbsp; The proud Payn was very much frightened <a
-name="page22"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 22</span>but he put
-his trust in God, whose sign of the cross he carried with him,
-and saw that he could have no help but from God.&nbsp; He lay
-upon the ground, and with good devotion prayed God and his mother
-Mary that they would defend him that night from the power of the
-devil.&nbsp; Hardly had he finished his prayer, when the fiend
-came in the semblance of Geomagog, and he carried a great club in
-his hand, and from his mouth cast fire and smoke, with which the
-whole town was illuminated.&nbsp; Payn had a good hope in God,
-and signed himself with a cross, and boldly attacked the
-fiend.&nbsp; The fiend raised his club and would have struck
-Payn, but he avoided the blow.&nbsp; The devil, by virtue of the
-cross, was all struck with fear, and lost his strength, for he
-could not approach the cross.&nbsp; Payn pursued him till he
-struck him with his sword; then he began to cry out, and fell
-flat on the ground, and yielded himself vanquished.&nbsp;
-&lsquo;Knight,&rsquo; said he, &lsquo;you have conquered me, not
-by your own strength, but by virtue of the cross which you
-carry.&rsquo;&nbsp; &lsquo;Tell me,&rsquo; said Payn, &lsquo;you
-foul creature, who you are and what you do in this town, I
-conjure you, in the name of God and of the Holy
-Cross.&rsquo;&nbsp; The fiend began to relate from word to word
-as the Briton had said before; and told how, when Geomagog was
-dead, he immediately rendered his soul to Beelzebub, their
-prince, and he entered the body of Geomagog, and <a
-name="page23"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 23</span>came in his
-semblance into these parts, and kept the great treasure which
-Geomagog had collected and put into a house he had made
-underground in that town.&nbsp; Payn demanded of him, &lsquo;What
-kind of creature he was?&rsquo; and he said, &lsquo;He was
-formerly an angel, but now is, by his forfeit, a diabolical
-spirit.&rsquo;&nbsp; &lsquo;What treasure,&rsquo; said Payn,
-&lsquo;had Geomagog?&rsquo;&nbsp; &lsquo;Oxen, cows, swans,
-peacocks, horses, and all other animals, made of fine gold; and
-there was a golden bull, which, through me, was his prophet, and
-in him was all his belief; and he told him the events that were
-to come; and twice a year the giants used to honour their god,
-the golden bull, whereby so much gold is collected that all this
-country was called &lsquo;The White Land.&rsquo;&nbsp; And I and
-my companion inclosed the land with a high wall and deep fosse,
-so that there was no entrance except through this town, which was
-full of evil spirits.&rsquo;&nbsp; &lsquo;Now, you shall tell
-me,&rsquo; said Payn, &lsquo;where is the treasure of which you
-have spoken?&rsquo;&nbsp; &lsquo;Vassal,&rsquo; said he,
-&lsquo;speak no more of that, for it is destined for others; but
-you shall be lord of all this honour.&rsquo;&rdquo;</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>And so the vanquished fiend goes on to tell him the future
-fortunes of his house; and after King William had been duly
-informed of this adventure, and they had thrown the body of
-Geomagog into a great pit, they proceeded on their way to
-Oswestry.</p>
-<p>In my edition of this history of the Fitz-Warines <a
-name="page24"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 24</span>I have
-offered some conjectures on the spot to which this legend refers;
-but on comparing all the circumstances connected with it, I have
-since been led to the conclusion that the &ldquo;burnt and
-ruined&rdquo; city which had thus been taken possession of by the
-evil spirits was no other than the ruins of the ancient
-Uriconium.&nbsp; This story implies that the walls of the town
-and houses of Uriconium were still standing above ground as late
-as the eleventh and twelfth centuries, and very likely a great
-portion of them remained thus standing at the time when the
-author of the History of the Fitz-Warines wrote.&nbsp; But during
-the centuries which had passed since the city of the Romans
-became a ruin, it had been undergoing a gradual but continual
-change from the accumulation of earth.&nbsp; This rising of the
-level of the ground is always found to have taken place under
-such circumstances, and may be explained by several causes.&nbsp;
-In the first place, the floors must have been covered by a mass
-of rubbish formed by the falling in of the roofs and more
-perishable parts of the buildings.&nbsp; Vegetation, too, would
-in the course of years arise, and the walls would stop and cause
-to be deposited the dust and earthy particles carried about in
-the atmosphere.&nbsp; This deposit we know by experience to be
-considerable.&nbsp; It is now little more than three centuries
-since the dissolution of the monasteries, and we have all had
-opportunities <a name="page25"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-25</span>of observing the depth of earth under which the floors
-of the monastic ruins now lie, sometimes amounting to as much as
-three or four feet.&nbsp; What, then, must it have been on an
-extensive ruin like that of Uriconium, which had stood in that
-ruined and deserted condition from the middle of the fifth
-century to the middle of the twelfth?</p>
-<p>It was at this latter period that the Roman buildings began to
-be systematically destroyed.&nbsp; It appears that still in the
-twelfth century, England was covered with the remains of Roman
-ruined towns and villas standing above ground, as they are still
-seen, though on a larger scale, in the countries which formed the
-Roman province in Northern Africa.&nbsp; We have seen the
-superstitious feelings which prevented people approaching these
-ruins in our island, and it required nothing less than the hand
-of the Church to interfere and break the charm which kept the
-rest of society aloof.&nbsp; We learn from the history of the
-abbots of St Alban&rsquo;s, written in the thirteenth century by
-Matthew Paris, that already in the eleventh century the abbots of
-that great religious house had begun to break the ruins of the
-Roman city of Verulamium, in order to use them as building
-materials.&nbsp; This practice became very general in the twelfth
-century, and from that time the Roman ruins were pillaged on an
-extensive scale whenever a monastery or a <a
-name="page26"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 26</span>church was to
-be built.&nbsp; The ancient city at Wroxeter was probably one of
-the great quarries from which the builders of Haughmond Abbey
-were supplied, and no doubt it contributed materials to other
-monastic houses in this part of the country.&nbsp; The church of
-Atcham, the adjoining parish, and that of Wroxeter itself, bear
-evidence to this appropriation of building materials taken from
-ancient Uriconium.&nbsp; At the time when this inroad was made
-upon the ruins, the ground, as explained before, was already
-raised several feet above the Roman floors; and the
-medi&aelig;val builders, finding plenty of material above ground,
-cleared away the walls down to the surface of the ground as it
-then existed, and sought them no further.&nbsp; This accounts for
-the condition in which we now find these walls, that is,
-remaining tolerably perfect just up to the height of what was the
-level of the ground, at the time the rest was destroyed.&nbsp;
-The difference between the tops of the walls as they now exist
-under ground, and the present surface of the ground, is the
-accumulation of earth which has taken place since this
-destruction.&nbsp; It was the destruction of the buildings which
-first caused this accumulation, by scattering about the fragments
-of the plaster of the walls and the broken tiles and stones which
-were not worth carrying away.&nbsp; After the walls above ground
-disappeared, and the ground was levelled <a
-name="page27"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 27</span>and cleared,
-such accumulation went on much more slowly.</p>
-<p>The sites of the ancient towns, thus cleared, and the spell
-which held their invaders at bay having been broken by the
-ecclesiastics, became exposed to a new class of
-depredators.&nbsp; Coins and objects of some value were no doubt
-discovered from time to time by accident, and were greatly
-exaggerated by common report, during ages when the existence of
-hidden treasure formed a prominent article in the popular
-belief.&nbsp; Many a Salopian, doubtless, longed for the hidden
-treasures of the city of Geomagog, and many an attempt no doubt
-was made to discover and obtain them.&nbsp; Treasure-hunting of
-this description was a great pursuit with our medi&aelig;val
-forefathers, and the same superstitious feelings were connected
-with it that were attached to all the remains of more ancient
-peoples.&nbsp; The treasure-hunter rarely ventured on his search
-without having first secured the aid of a magician for his
-protection as well as for his guidance, for the same evil spirits
-were believed still to haunt the ruins underground, and it was
-hoped that by the power of the conjuror they might not only be
-rendered harmless, but be made to give information as to the
-exact spot where the treasure lay.&nbsp; Numerous examples might
-be quoted of such medi&aelig;val treasure-hunting on the Welsh
-border, but it will be sufficient <a name="page28"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 28</span>to give one which appears to belong
-to the very site on which we are now seeking treasures of another
-description.&nbsp; An old manuscript chronicle of the monks of
-Worcester, which is printed in Warton&rsquo;s Anglia Sacra, and
-has preserved numerous notices of events which occurred on this
-border, informs us that in the year 1287, at a place by Wroxeter,
-(that is near the village), called &ldquo;Bilebury,&rdquo; the
-fiend was compelled by a certain enchanter to appear to a certain
-lad and show him where lay buried &ldquo;urns, and a ship, and a
-house, with an immense quantity of gold.&rdquo;&nbsp; We easily
-recognize in the objects described by the false Geomagog, though
-not the material, the numerous figures in bronze which are from
-time to time found on Roman sites; and the arms and ship may
-perhaps admit of as easy an explanation.&nbsp; The
-treasure-digger had to encounter sometimes a worse opponent even
-than the fiend himself!&nbsp; Treasure-trove belonged to the
-feudal lord, and it was a right which he was inclined to enforce
-with the utmost severity; and the unfortunate individual who was
-caught in the act of trespassing against it found his way
-immediately into a feudal dungeon, from which escape was not
-always easy or quick.&nbsp; The learned historian of this county,
-Mr. Eyton, has met with a record from which we learn that some
-individuals towards the close of the thirteenth century were thus
-caught <a name="page29"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-29</span>&ldquo;digging&rdquo; for a treasure at Wroxeter, and
-that they were thrown into prison.&nbsp; On their examination or
-trial, however, it appeared that, though they had dug for a
-treasure, they had not found one, and on this plea they had the
-good fortune to be set at liberty.&nbsp; This process of
-treasure-hunting had an effect injurious to the object of our
-researches.&nbsp; The medi&aelig;val excavator cared very little
-about antiquities as monuments of the past, and when, in digging
-a hole into the ground, he came upon a pavement, he broke it up
-without any scruple.&nbsp; It is to this cause, perhaps, that we
-must ascribe in many cases the damaged state in which we find the
-floors of the Roman houses, even when they lie at a considerable
-depth.</p>
-<p>I have thus endeavoured to explain the manner in which a Roman
-town like Uriconium was ruined; how its ruin remained several
-centuries untouched, while a depth of earth was accumulating on
-the floors; how at a later period the ruins themselves began to
-be cleared away, and a new accumulation of earth was formed over
-the lower part of the walls which had been left, until these
-could no longer be traced on the surface, except by the
-appearance of the crops in long periods of dry weather.&nbsp;
-This double accumulation of the debris of buildings has often led
-people to form erroneous conclusions, and in the account of a
-former partial <a name="page30"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-30</span>excavation at Wroxeter, published by the Society of
-Antiquaries, the writer has fallen upon the rather odd notion
-that the Roman town had been burnt twice,&mdash;that he saw the
-layers of burnt materials from two successive burnings.</p>
-<p>The effects of all these causes may be seen in the excavations
-at Wroxeter,&mdash;the floor sometimes perfect and sometimes
-broken up; the walls of the houses remaining to the height of two
-or three feet or more, as they were left by the medi&aelig;val
-builders, when they carried away the upper part of these walls
-for material; the original level of the Roman town on which its
-inhabitants trod, strewed with roof-tiles and slates and other
-material which had fallen in during the conflagration under which
-the town sank into ruin, and the upper part of the soil mixed up
-with fragments of plaster and cement, bricks and mortar, which
-had been scattered about when the walls were broken up.</p>
-<p>The site of Uriconium presents one great advantage to the
-antiquarian explorer, that only a small and not very important
-portion of the area has been exposed to the most destructive of
-all encroachments on its sanctity, modern buildings; while the
-situation and nature of the ground has not required the deep
-draining which would have cut through the ancient floors, and
-these lie too far beneath the surface to be touched by the
-plough.&nbsp; It will be easily <a name="page31"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 31</span>understood that the preservation of
-such remains depends much on the depth of soil which covers
-them.&nbsp; The Rev. T. F. More has discovered and made
-considerable excavations in a very extensive and most interesting
-Roman villa, which occupies part of his beautiful park at Linley
-Hall, near Bishop&rsquo;s Castle, but there the position of the
-site, and perhaps other circumstances, have caused the earth to
-accumulate much less rapidly, and the floors lay so near to the
-surface that they have all been destroyed.&nbsp; Where a fragment
-of the concrete of the floor remained, it was hardly six inches
-under the ground.</p>
-<p>Our means of observation have hitherto been so imperfect, that
-we can only form vague conjectures as to the internal aspect and
-distribution of the buildings of a Roman town in Britain.&nbsp;
-At the close of the Roman period the towns were usually, if not
-always, surrounded with defensive walls; but there are several
-reasons for believing that the Roman towns in this island were
-not walled until a comparatively late date, perhaps not till the
-domestic dissensions and foreign invasions of the fourth
-century.&nbsp; These town walls, when closely examined into, are
-often found to contain materials taken from older buildings of
-another kind, which older materials themselves present the
-debased style of architecture which belonged to the declining age
-of the Roman power.&nbsp; The long straggling line of wall <a
-name="page32"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 32</span>which
-surrounded Uriconium as we may conclude from its very
-irregularity, can only have been built at a late date, after the
-city had gone on for ages increasing in its extent.&nbsp; We are
-naturally led to suppose that the public buildings would occupy
-the central, or at least the more elevated part of the town, and
-this has in several instances proved to be the case.&nbsp; The
-discoveries made by Sir Christopher Wren, seem to leave no doubt
-that a Roman temple occupied the site of the modern cathedral of
-St. Paul&rsquo;s, in London.&nbsp; But buildings of all sorts
-would seem to have been mixed very confusedly together; for we
-believe that in London, more recent excavations have brought to
-light remains of potter&rsquo;s kilns in close proximity to this
-temple.&nbsp; In one or two instances, as at Aldborough, in
-Yorkshire, (the Roman Isurium), and in some of the small towns on
-the line of Hadrian&rsquo;s Wall, in Northumberland, masses of
-the small houses have been uncovered, and their appearance leads
-us to believe that the houses of a Roman town in Britain were
-grouped thickly together, that they were mostly separated by
-narrow alleys, and that there were in general few streets of any
-magnitude.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p><a name="page33"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 33</span><span
-class="smcap">We</span> will now return to the spot where the
-visitor has halted in view of the imposing mass of Roman masonry,
-called the Old Wall, situated, as has been stated, in a large
-triangular field formed by the divergence of the two roads.&nbsp;
-The Old Wall stands not quite east and west, but sufficiently
-near it to allow us for sake of convenience to call it east and
-west.&nbsp; Its northern side is evidently the outside of a
-building, while there could be no doubt that the southern side,
-on which the springings of transverse walls and vaulted ceilings
-are visible, was the interior.&nbsp; The excavations were begun
-on the 3rd of February, 1859, on the northern side, or outside,
-of this wall, partly with the object of ascertaining the depth at
-which the floors and the foundations of the buildings lay under
-the present surface of the ground, which, as we have said before,
-was an important fact to ascertain.&nbsp; The bottom of the Old
-Wall was found at a depth of fourteen feet, the last ten feet of
-which were sunk in the natural substratum of sand, so that the
-walls of the buildings in this spot must have had originally very
-deep foundations.&nbsp; It was found that this wall was continued
-underground to the west, and excavations directed towards the
-north brought to light successively three walls running parallel,
-or nearly parallel, to this first wall, the first of these
-parallel walls being at a uniform distance of fourteen feet from
-the Old Wall, <a name="page34"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-34</span>the next at a distance, also uniform, of thirty feet
-from this wall, and the third at a distance from the second of
-fourteen feet at the western and sixteen at the eastern end, so
-that, as the transverse wall at the eastern end of these walls
-was not quite at right angles to them, this large building was a
-little out of square.&nbsp; This building, therefore, consisted
-of three divisions, of which the central enclosure was 226 feet
-long by 30 feet wide, and appears to have been paved in its whole
-extent with small bricks, three inches long by one inch broad,
-set in zig-zags, or, as it is more technically called,
-herring-bone fashion.&nbsp; This description of pavement appears
-generally to have been used in passages and in open courts, and
-it seems probable, even from the magnitude of this enclosure,
-that it was not roofed.&nbsp; Nothing was discovered in it to
-throw any light on the object of so extensive a paved enclosure,
-but there could be little doubt that it must have been a public
-building of some importance.&nbsp; Portions of the capitals,
-bases, and shafts of columns were found scattered about in
-different parts of the area, which show that it was not wanting
-in architectural decoration, and on one of the pieces of
-wall-stucco, picked up in this part of the excavations, where
-three letters of what had been an inscription in large
-characters.&nbsp; Among other objects found here were a fragment
-of a very strong iron chain, the head of an axe, and an iron
-implement <a name="page35"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-35</span>which appears to have been a trident, and to have been
-originally placed on a staff, perhaps an ensign of office.&nbsp;
-The appearance of the face of the Old Wall, which formed part of
-one side of the long narrow enclosure on the south of this
-central apartment, would lead us to suppose that this was an open
-alley, and this is confirmed by the other circumstances connected
-with it.&nbsp; In the continuation of the Old Wall to the
-westward, the lower parts of two doorways were found, which were
-approached from this alley each by a step formed of a single
-squared stone, which, therefore, may have been supposed to have
-led from an exterior into an interior.&nbsp; The corresponding
-long passage to the north of the central apartment presented
-characteristics of another kind.&nbsp; At the eastern end were
-found pavements of rather fine mosaic, of which specimens and
-admirable drawings, by Mr. George Maw, of Broseley, are preserved
-in the Museum.&nbsp; Mosaic of this description was not made to
-be exposed to the air, and the building here must not only have
-been roofed, but we have reason to suppose that there must have
-been a room or rooms of a character on which elegant
-ornamentation would be bestowed.</p>
-<p>The walls of this building, as we find them under ground,
-present from time to time discontinuations, or breaches, caused
-no doubt by the breaking up of the walls for materials by the
-medi&aelig;val builders, who <a name="page36"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 36</span>sometimes went deeper for them than
-usual; and it is very likely that this may have been caused, in
-some instances at least, by the circumstance that on the site of
-these breaches were doors or passages, the jambs and ornamental
-parts of which were formed of large stones which were more
-tempting to the old excavators.&nbsp; With the exception of these
-breaches, there are no traces of doorways from one apartment of
-this building to the other.&nbsp; About the middle of the
-northernmost wall there is a very wide breach of this kind, which
-perhaps represents a grand entrance from the north.&nbsp;
-Moreover, in carrying the excavations further towards the north,
-it was found that this northernmost wall of the building formed
-the side of a street, which was paved in the middle with round
-stones, not much unlike the pavements of some of the streets in
-Shrewsbury and other old towns as they remain at the present
-day.&nbsp; The northern wall just alluded to was traced
-eastwardly until the edge of the field in which the excavations
-are carried on prevented the workmen from going any
-further.&nbsp; Immediately to the east of the building we have
-been describing was a not quite rectangular inclosure, which,
-from the appearance of the walls, was probably a
-court-yard.&nbsp; A doorway, approached by a stone step within
-the great inclosure to the west, led into it.&nbsp; Beyond this,
-to the eastward, was a much larger inclosure, which as far as it
-was explored, had <a name="page37"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-37</span>no tracings of walls or pavement within, and may
-possibly have been a garden.&nbsp; At the western end of the
-great building, about the middle of the extremity of the great
-central inclosure, indications were discovered which probably
-belonged also to an entrance.&nbsp; These indications consisted
-of two original openings in the wall, within which were found,
-evidently in their original position, in one a large squared
-stone, and in the other two similarly squared stones placed one
-upon another.&nbsp; One of these was bevelled off at the outer
-edge into a plain moulding, and their general appearance led to
-the belief that they had formed the basis of
-something&mdash;perhaps of large columns.&nbsp; Here, therefore,
-may perhaps have been the principal entrance into the long and
-extensive area which occupied the middle of this building.&nbsp;
-It faced the modern Watling Street Road, which evidently
-represents another street; and it thus seems to admit of no doubt
-that this building formed the corner of two principal streets of
-the Roman city of Uriconium.</p>
-<p>We will now return to the long alley, as we have ventured to
-call it, on the southern side of the building we have been
-describing.&nbsp; It has been already stated that there were
-found in this alley two steps, formed each of a large squared
-stone, attached to two doorways in the western continuation of
-the Old Wall.&nbsp; The more western of these two <a
-name="page38"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 38</span>steps was
-very much worn by the feet of the people who had passed over it,
-as though it had led to some place of public resort.&nbsp; It was
-at the more easterly of these doorways that the excavations were
-carried to the southward of the Old Wall.&nbsp; This doorway
-apparently led into some open court which communicated with
-domestic apartments.&nbsp; A trench carried directly southward
-from the doorway, brought the excavators to the semicircular end
-of a hypocaust, which had warmed a considerable room thirty-seven
-feet long, by twenty-five feet wide, and which was in a state of
-very perfect preservation when opened, although the floor which
-once covered it had entirely disappeared.&nbsp; The pillars,
-which were formed of Roman square bricks, placed one upon another
-without mortar, and of which 120 were counted, were above three
-feet high.&nbsp; This room has now been completely laid open, and
-on the western side has a complicated arrangement of walls, which
-evidently served some purpose connected with the heating of the
-hypocausts.&nbsp; A considerable quantity of unburnt coal was
-found here.&nbsp; The northern end of this hypocaust, the wall of
-which remained to the height of several feet, presents an
-imposing mass of masonry, and we learn from it the interesting
-fact that the Roman houses were plastered and painted externally
-as well as internally.&nbsp; The exterior of the semicircular
-wall at the north end of this <a name="page39"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 39</span>hypocaust was painted red, with
-stripes of yellow.&nbsp; Near it lay an immense stone, hewn into
-the shape to fit the semicircular wall of the hypocaust, which
-had evidently formed part of a massive band of such stones at
-some height in the wall.&nbsp; A strong piece of iron is soldered
-into it with lead, for the purpose of attaching something to the
-building externally.&nbsp; A little alley, considerably wider
-than the spaces between the pillars of bricks, ran across this
-hypocaust, and through an opening in the wall, into another
-hypocaust, which was entered from without by a large archway, and
-this again was approached by a flight of three steps, each step
-composed of one large well-squared stone, descending from a
-square platform, which was apparently on a level with the
-original floors of the rooms.&nbsp; When the steps were
-uncovered, a broken shaft of a large column was found lying
-across them.&nbsp; The platform at the bottom of the steps, or at
-least the corner of it farthest from the arched entrance to the
-hypocaust, seems to have been used by the last occupiers of this
-building as a receptacle for the dust swept from floors and
-passages, for the earth, for about a foot deep on the floor, was
-literally filled with coins, hair-pins, fibul&aelig;, broken
-pottery and glass, bones of birds and animals which had been
-eaten, and a variety of other such objects.</p>
-<p>To the east of the entrance to the hypocausts, a small room
-only eight feet square was found, which <a
-name="page40"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 40</span>had a
-herring-bone pavement like that of the great inclosure to the
-north of the Old Wall.&nbsp; A rather wide passage through the
-eastern wall of this small room led into another room with a
-hypocaust, the floor of which is also gone.&nbsp; The pillars of
-this hypocaust were rather more neatly constructed, but they seem
-to have been considerably lower than those of the hypocausts
-previously opened.&nbsp; This hypocaust was the scene of a very
-interesting discovery.&nbsp; Abundant traces of burning in all
-parts of the site leave no doubt that the city of Uriconium was
-plundered, and afterwards burnt by some of the barbarian invaders
-of Roman Britain at the close of the Romano-British period, that
-is, towards the middle of the fifth century.&nbsp; The human
-remains which have been met with in different parts, bear
-testimony to a frightful massacre of the inhabitants.&nbsp; It
-would seem that a number of persons had been pursued to the
-buildings immediately to the south of the line of the Old Wall,
-and slaughtered there; for in trenching across what were perhaps
-open courts to the south and south-east of the door through the
-continuation of the Old Wall, remains of at least four or five
-skeletons were found, and in what appears to have been a corner
-of a yard, outside the semicircular end of the hypocaust first
-discovered, lay the skull and some of the bones of a very young
-child.&nbsp; In the last of the hypocausts we have been
-describing, <a name="page41"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-41</span>three skeletons were found, that of a person who appears
-to have died in a crouching position in one of the corners, and
-two others stretched on the ground by the side of the wall.&nbsp;
-An examination of the skull of the person in the corner leaves no
-room for doubting that he was a very old man.&nbsp; One at least
-of the others was a female.&nbsp; Near the old man lay a little
-heap of Roman coins, in such a manner as to show that they must
-have been contained in a confined receptacle, and a number of
-small iron nails scattered among them, with traces of decomposed
-wood, prove that this was a little box, or coffer.&nbsp; The
-remains of the wood are still attached to two or three of the
-coins.&nbsp; We are justified from all these circumstances in
-concluding that, in the midst of the massacre of Roman Uriconium,
-these three persons&mdash;perhaps an old man and two terrified
-women&mdash;had sought to conceal themselves by creeping into the
-hypocaust; and perhaps they were suffocated there, or, when the
-house was delivered to the flames, the falling rubbish may have
-blocked up the outlet so as to make it impossible for them to
-escape.&nbsp; It is not likely that they would have been followed
-into such a place as this hypocaust.&nbsp; These coins were 132
-in number, and the following description of them has been given
-by Mr. C. Roach Smith:&mdash;</p>
-<table>
-<tr>
-<td><p><span class="smcap">Tetricus</span>.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>One much worn, of the <i>Fides Militum</i> type</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p><span class="smcap">Claudius</span>.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>One, <i>rev.</i> <span
-class="GutSmall">CONSECRATIO</span>; an eagle</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p><a name="page42"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-42</span>Constantine the Elder.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p><i>Obv.</i> <span class="GutSmall">CONSTANTINVS. MAX .
-AVG</span>.&nbsp; Head diademed, or wreathed, to the right.&nbsp;
-<i>Rev.</i> <span class="GutSmall">GLORIA EXERCITVS</span>.&nbsp;
-Two soldiers with spears and shields, standing; between them two
-standards; or (in three instances) a single standard.</p>
-<p><i>Mint Marks</i> (exergual letters): <span class="GutSmall">P
-. CONST.</span>, 3; <span class="GutSmall">TR . P.</span>, 6;
-<span class="GutSmall">S . L . C.</span> 1; illegible, 3;
-total</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">13</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p><span class="smcap">Constans</span>.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p><i>Obv.</i> Much worn or decayed.&nbsp; <i>Rev.</i> <span
-class="GutSmall">FEL . TEMP . REPARATIO</span>.&nbsp; The emperor
-holding a globe and a standard, standing in a galley rowed by a
-Victory.&nbsp; This coin is altogether much worn.&nbsp; It
-possibly may have been plated</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p><span class="smcap">Constantine</span> II.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p><i>Obv.</i> <span class="GutSmall">CONSTANTINVS . IVN .
-NOB . C.</span>&nbsp; Laureated head, to the right; bust in
-armour.&nbsp; <i>Rev.</i> <span class="GutSmall">GLORIA
-EXERCITVS</span>.&nbsp; Two soldiers standing; between them two
-standards, and on the same a wreath, or other object, in the
-field.</p>
-<p><i>Exergual letters</i>: <span class="GutSmall">TR . P.</span>
-or <span class="GutSmall">TR . S.</span>, 15; <span
-class="GutSmall">P . L . C.</span>, 9; <span
-class="GutSmall">CONST.</span>, 3; illegible, 9; total</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">36</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p><span class="smcap">Constantius</span> II.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p><i>Obv.</i> <span class="GutSmall">T . L . IVL .
-CONSTANTIVS . NOB . C.</span>&nbsp; Laureated head, to the right;
-bust in armour.&nbsp; <i>Rev.</i> <span class="GutSmall">GLORIA
-EXERCITVS</span>.&nbsp; Two soldiers, &amp;c., as on the coins of
-the preceding.</p>
-<p><i>Exergual letters</i>: <span class="GutSmall">TR .
-S.</span>, 3; <span class="GutSmall">P.</span>, 1; <span
-class="GutSmall">SMTS</span>, 1; total</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">5</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p><span class="smcap">Julian</span>.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>A plated denarius.&nbsp; <i>Obv.</i> <span
-class="GutSmall">FL . CL . IVLIANVS</span>: <span
-class="GutSmall">P. F. AVG</span>.&nbsp; Diademed head to the
-right.&nbsp; <i>Rev.</i> <span class="GutSmall">VOTIS V MULTT .
-XX</span>, within a wreath</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p><span class="smcap">Helena</span>.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p><i>Obv.</i> <span class="GutSmall">T . L . IVL . HELENAE
-AVG</span>.&nbsp; Head to the right.&nbsp; <i>Rev.</i> <span
-class="GutSmall">PAX PVBLICA</span>.&nbsp; A female figure
-standing and holding in the right hand a branch, and in the left
-hand a <i>hasta pura</i>.&nbsp; In the field, a cross; in the
-exergue, <span class="GutSmall">TR . P</span>.&nbsp; Another
-without the cross.&nbsp; Total</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p><a name="page43"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-43</span><span class="smcap">Theodora</span>.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p><i>Obv.</i>&nbsp; <span class="GutSmall">FL . THEODORAE
-AVG</span>.&nbsp; Head to the right.&nbsp; <i>Rev.</i> <span
-class="GutSmall">PIETAS ROMANA</span>.&nbsp; A female standing
-suckling an infant: in the exergue, <span class="GutSmall">TR .
-P.</span></p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p><span class="smcap">Urbs Roma</span>.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p><i>Obv.</i>&nbsp; <span class="GutSmall">VRBS
-ROMA</span>.&nbsp; Galeated head of Rome, to the left.&nbsp;
-<i>Rev.</i> Romulus and Remus nursed by the wolf; above, two
-stars: on two, two stars and a wreath.</p>
-<p>In the exergue: <span class="GutSmall">PL . C.</span>, 11;
-<span class="GutSmall">TR . P .</span> or <span
-class="GutSmall">TR . S.</span>, 10; illegible, 3; total</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">24</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p><span class="smcap">Constantinopolis</span>.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p><i>Obv.</i> <span
-class="GutSmall">CONSTANTINOPOLIS</span>.&nbsp; Bust of
-personified Constantinople, helmed, and holding a sceptre, to the
-left.&nbsp; <i>Rev.</i> A winged Victory, with <i>hasta pura</i>
-and shield; her feet upon the prow of the galley, to the
-left.</p>
-<p><i>Exergual letters</i>: <span class="GutSmall">TR .
-P.</span>, 20; <span class="GutSmall">P . L . C .</span> or <span
-class="GutSmall">S . L . C.</span>, 9; <span class="GutSmall">O .
-SIS</span>, 1; <span class="GutSmall">S . CONST.</span>, 1;
-illegible, 3; total</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">34</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p><span class="smcap">Valens</span>.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p><i>Obv.</i> <span class="GutSmall">D . N . VALENS</span> .
-. .&nbsp; Diademed head, to the right.&nbsp; <i>Rev.</i> <span
-class="GutSmall">SECVRITAS</span> . . .&nbsp; Victory with wreath
-and palm branch, marching to the left.&nbsp; Much corroded</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td><p>Rude copies of some of the foregoing</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td><p>Extremely corroded</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">Total number</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">132</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-<p>This is, I believe, the first instance which has occurred in
-this country, in which we have had the opportunity of
-ascertaining what particular coins, as being then in daily
-circulation, an inhabitant of a Roman town in Britain, at the
-moment when the Roman domination in this country was expiring,
-carried about with him.&nbsp; Mr. Roach Smith, speaking <a
-name="page44"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 44</span>of the great
-majority of these coins, these of the Constantine family, remarks
-to me&mdash;&ldquo;I suspect these coins were sent into Britain
-even after the time of Valens, because they are all comparatively
-sharp and fresh.&nbsp; It is not improbable that the procurators
-at Treves and at Lugdunum may have had large stores of these
-coins by them, which they sent out at intervals.&rdquo;&nbsp; A
-consideration of these coins gives us an approximation, at least,
-towards the date at which Uriconium must have been destroyed; Mr.
-Roach Smith agrees in the opinion that a comparison of them
-points to the very latest period previous to the establishment of
-the Anglo-Saxons.&nbsp; At a later period the freshly struck
-coins of the Constantine family could not have been brought
-over.&nbsp; They shew us that at that time the great mass of the
-circulating medium consisted of coins of the Constantine family,
-which again explains to us why the first coinage of the
-Anglo-Saxons was nearly all copied from the coins of the emperors
-of that family.&nbsp; Again, the care with which these small
-copper coins (for only one is of plated silver) seem to have been
-hoarded up, and the anxiety of their possessors to preserve them
-in the midst of a frightful calamity, may perhaps assist us in
-forming an estimate of the relative value of money at this
-period.</p>
-<p>The rooms which joined up to the south side of the Old Wall,
-and which have been more recently <a name="page45"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 45</span>uncovered, were five in number, and
-it appears from the remains, which are distinctly visible on the
-face of the Old Wall, that they had vaulted roofs of the kind
-technically called barrel roofs.&nbsp; In one of these rooms was
-found a quantity of burnt wheat, which would lead us to suppose
-that this might have been a store room.&nbsp; The most easterly
-of these rooms has had the interior surface of its walls
-ornamented with tessellated work instead of fresco-painting; the
-lower edge of which, consisting of a guilloche border, still
-remains.&nbsp; The floor below has a plain pavement of small
-white tessell&aelig;, and is apparently that of a bath.&nbsp; To
-the south of these rooms a long passage was discovered, which
-appears to have communicated at one end with the floor of the
-room in the hypocaust of which the skeletons were found.&nbsp; In
-this passage was a square pit of very good masonry, through which
-a drain runs, nearly north and south.&nbsp; The stucco of the
-southern face of the wall, forming the southern side of the
-passage just alluded to, presented an inscription scrawled in
-large straggling characters incised with some sharp pointed
-instrument, and closely resembling in character similar
-inscriptions which have been found on walls in Pompeii.&nbsp;
-When first uncovered, two lines of this inscription, perhaps the
-whole of it, seemed to have been perfectly well <a
-name="page46"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 46</span>preserved,
-but before anybody had had the opportunity of examining it, two
-casual visitors, with walking sticks, amused themselves with
-breaking off the plaster, in order apparently to try its
-strength, and were not observed by the workmen until the first
-line had been completely destroyed, and the second, which had
-been a shorter one, was very much broken into, though just enough
-remained to show that it must have been written in Latin.&nbsp;
-Even this small remnant was nearly destroyed during the
-interruption of the excavations, and not a trace of it can now be
-seen.&nbsp; Thus all the advantages of a discovery which might
-have been singularly important for our knowledge of the state of
-Britain at this period, have been lost through mischievous
-wantonness.</p>
-<p>During the month of May, 1859, the work of the excavators was
-interrupted; when it was resumed, they proceeded to explore the
-building to which these hypocausts belonged, beginning from the
-side of the field adjoining to the Watling Street
-Road,&mdash;that is, from the side of one of the main streets of
-the old Roman town,&mdash;and they found walls in the line, or
-nearly in the line, of the western wall of the great public
-building just described.&nbsp; Another street has since been
-discovered to the south, running east and west, parallel to that
-met with to the north of the buildings first excavated.&nbsp; The
-excavations have since <a name="page47"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 47</span>that time been followed in various
-parts of the two acres first inclosed by the Excavation
-Committee, and a large extent of ruins is now laid open.&nbsp;
-But I will here interrupt my narrative, while I give an account
-of the general character of the buildings, the ruins of which
-have already been brought to light.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p>As yet, the excavations on the site of Uriconium have not been
-carried far enough to enable us to form any idea of the general
-distribution of the Roman town, but it is evident that the
-buildings on which the excavators are employed were inclosed by
-three main streets, crossing at right angles, forming a square
-mass.&nbsp; It has been stated that the few discoveries hitherto
-made as to the character of the streets in the Roman towns in
-Britain would lead us to think that they were little more than
-narrow alleys, but this was certainly not the case with these
-three streets of Roman Uriconium, which seem to have been fine
-wide streets, and in the one to the north, the pavement of small
-round stones appears to have occupied only the middle part of the
-street, designed probably for carriages and horses.&nbsp; A
-tolerably wide space on each side seems, as far as can be traced,
-to have been <a name="page48"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-48</span>unpaved.&nbsp; But, although we have as yet made little
-advance towards discovering the general character of Uriconium as
-a city, and the manner in which the houses were distributed over
-the Roman town, we had found sufficient fragments of different
-kinds to give us a tolerable notion of the houses themselves.</p>
-<p>The average thickness of the walls of a house, even where they
-only separated one small room from another, was three feet.&nbsp;
-They are rarely less than this, and it is only in one or two
-cases of what appeared to be very important walls that they
-exceed it, when they reach the thickness of four feet.&nbsp; This
-measure of three feet was no doubt a well understood one for the
-wall of a house, and it was continued in the middle ages, when,
-in ordinary dwellings, only the division walls between house and
-house were of solid masonry.&nbsp; Municipal regulations then
-fixed these partition walls at a minimum of three feet in
-thickness, the cause of which limitation was probably the fear of
-fires; and in these medi&aelig;val municipal regulations, it was
-further ordered, that closets or cupboards in the wall should in
-no case be made more than one foot deep, so that if your own
-cupboard and your neighbour&rsquo;s happened to back each other,
-there would still be a foot of solid masonry between the two
-houses.&nbsp; And <a name="page49"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-49</span>the masonry of the Romans may well be called
-solid.&nbsp; Its character may be seen perhaps to most advantage
-in the Old Wall above ground.&nbsp; The process of building seems
-to have been to raise first, gradually, the facings of
-neatly-squared stones, supported no doubt between frames of
-woodwork, the supports of which left holes which are still seen
-in the face of the wall.&nbsp; The interior was then filled up
-with rubble mixed with liquid and apparently hot cement, which
-formed the mass of the wall, and in setting has become in course
-of time harder than the stones themselves.&nbsp; After a certain
-number of rows of facing-stones, the Roman builders almost
-invariably placed a string-course of broad thin bricks, the
-object of which is not at all evident, for they do not go through
-the wall so as to form real bonding-courses.&nbsp; The Old Wall
-still standing in probably nearly its original height, will also
-give us a notion of the elevation of the principal houses of the
-Roman towns.</p>
-<p>In spite, however, of this rather considerable elevation,
-which, reckoning for dilapidation at the top and the portion
-buried under ground, cannot have been much less than thirty feet,
-it seems nearly certain that the Roman houses in Britain had no
-upper stories, and that all the rooms were on the ground
-floor.&nbsp; No traces of a staircase have ever been found, <a
-name="page50"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 50</span>and all the
-fragments which are met with, indicate that the rooms were open
-to the roof.&nbsp; These roofs appear to have been of substantial
-construction, and were probably supported on a strong frame of
-woodwork.&nbsp; The common coverings of the Roman houses of this
-island consisted of large square tiles with strongly flanged
-edges, and these tiles being joined side to side, a curved tile
-forming the half of a cylinder was placed over the flanges of the
-two tiles which joined, thus holding them together, and at the
-same time protecting the juncture so that rain could not pass
-through it.&nbsp; These tiles, and the manner in which they were
-arranged, will be understood by our figures, (<i>pl</i>. <span
-class="GutSmall">IV.</span>, <i>figs.</i> 1, 2, 3).&nbsp; The
-Roman houses were also very commonly roofed with slates, or
-rather flags, and this appears to have been the more usual
-description of roofing in Uriconium.&nbsp; These roof-flags are
-found scattered about abundantly on the floors, sometimes
-unbroken.&nbsp; They are formed of a micaceous laminated
-sandstone, which is found on the edge of the north Staffordshire
-and Shropshire coalfield, at no great distance from Wroxeter, and
-must have produced a glittering appearance in the sunshine.&nbsp;
-Their form is represented in our cut, (<i>pl</i>. <span
-class="GutSmall">IV.</span>, <i>fig.</i> 5); it was that of an
-elongated hexagon, with a hole at one end, through which an iron
-nail was passed to fix it to the wooden frame-work.&nbsp; The
-nail is often found still remaining in the hole.&nbsp; These
-flags, <a name="page51"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-51</span>which are very thick and heavy, were placed to lap over
-each other, and thus formed a roof in lozenges or diamonds, as
-represented in <i>fig.</i> 6.&nbsp; Slates forming one half of
-the hexagon (<i>fig.</i> 4), were placed at the top of the roof,
-so as to make a strictly horizontal line.&nbsp; It is a curious
-circumstance, that in the illuminations of Anglo-Saxon
-manuscripts we find roofs of houses which evidently represent
-both these methods, and which appear, therefore, to have been
-continued long after the Roman period.&nbsp; In fact they are
-still used in Yorkshire, and perhaps in other counties, and have
-been used very recently on the Welsh border.&nbsp; In the towns
-which were the head-quarters of a legion, as at Caerleon,
-Chester, and York, or which had been occupied for some length of
-time by legionary detachments, we often find the name and number
-of the legion stamped on the roof-tiles.&nbsp; These roof-tiles
-were frequently used for other purposes.&nbsp; They are sometimes
-employed in the string-courses in walls, when the builders appear
-to have run short of the ordinary square tiles or flat bricks;
-and they are still more frequently used to form the beds of
-drains and aqueducts, when the flanged edges were turned up and,
-set in the cement, formed the side of the water-course.&nbsp; A
-very good example of this use of the roof-tiles may be seen in
-the drain at Wroxeter mentioned above.</p>
-<p><a name="page52"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-52</span>Internally, the walls of the Roman houses were covered
-with fine hard cement, which was painted in fresco, that is, the
-colours were laid on the cement while it was wet, and they thus
-set with it, and became almost imperishable.&nbsp; In some of the
-houses in Roman Britain, and especially in the large villas, the
-internal walls were covered with fine historical subjects as in
-the walls at Pompeii, and sufficient remains have been found in
-this island to show that they were here also executed in no mean
-style of art.&nbsp; Nothing of this kind has yet been discovered
-in Uriconium; but numerous fragments are picked up in the
-diggings, on which the colouring is perfectly fresh, and which
-exhibit portions of designs which are always elegant and in good
-taste.&nbsp; In one case a piece of the stucco from the internal
-surface of a wall contained some letters of an inscription.&nbsp;
-One of the walls near the hypocaust where the three skeletons
-were found presented a singular and rather laborious method of
-ornamenting its interior surface.&nbsp; Instead of being painted,
-it was tessellated, the surface being covered with
-tessell&aelig;, one half of an inch by three-fifths in dimension,
-set in the cement, alternately of dark and light colours, in
-horizontal lines, so as to produce somewhat the appearance of
-chequer-work.&nbsp; Perhaps, when entire, it presented an
-ornamental pattern.&nbsp; I have already stated that a similarly
-tessellated wall <a name="page53"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-53</span>was found in the easternmost part of this line of
-rooms.&nbsp; Circumstances have come to light which show that the
-exterior of the walls of houses were also plastered and
-painted.&nbsp; The exterior of the semicircular end of the
-largest hypocaust yet opened was thus plastered over, and painted
-red with stripes of yellow.</p>
-<p>It is worthy of remark that in the walls, to the certainly not
-very great elevation they now generally reach, few doorways are
-discovered, a circumstance which is by no means easily
-explained.&nbsp; Small rooms are found without any apparent means
-of access.&nbsp; Perhaps, in such cases, the doorway was at a
-certain elevation in the wall, and was approached on both sides
-by wooden steps, which have long perished, and left no traces of
-the means of entrance.&nbsp; Of course none of the walls of the
-houses remain sufficiently high to enable us to judge of the
-manner in which light was admitted into the rooms, whether from
-side windows, or from openings in the roof.&nbsp; Probability,
-however, is in favour of roof-windows being in common use, and an
-interesting circumstance connected with the excavations at
-Wroxeter seems decisive as to the material of the windows.&nbsp;
-Considerable quantities of fine window glass have been found
-scattered over the floors of the houses, of an average thickness
-of full one-eighth of an inch, which have been duly deposited in
-the Museum at Shrewsbury.&nbsp; <a name="page54"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 54</span>It is the more curious as it has been
-the common opinion, until recently, that the Romans, especially
-in this distant province, did not use window-glass; and the
-fragments of window-glass which have been found more recently in
-the excavations on the sites of Roman villas have been much
-thinner than that found at Wroxeter, and of very inferior
-quality.&nbsp; It is evident, that some of the rooms, all the
-walls of which were only walls of separation from other rooms,
-must have received light from above, or have been quite dark.</p>
-<p>I must now describe a peculiar characteristic of the domestic
-economy of a Roman house in Britain, and in the other western and
-northern provinces of the empire.&nbsp; The Romans did not warm
-their apartments by fire lighted in them, as was the case in the
-middle ages, and in modern times, but by hot air circulated in
-the walls.&nbsp; The floor of the house, formed of a considerable
-thickness of cement, was laid upon a number of short pillars,
-formed usually of square Roman tiles placed one upon another, and
-from two to three feet high.&nbsp; Those of the largest of the
-hypocausts yet found at Wroxeter were rather more than three feet
-high.&nbsp; Sometimes these supports were of stone, and in one or
-two cases in discoveries made in this country, they were
-round.&nbsp; They were placed near to each other, and in rows,
-and upon them were lain first larger tiles, and over these a <a
-name="page55"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 55</span>thick mass of
-cement, which formed the floor, and upon the surface of which the
-tessellated pavements were set.&nbsp; Sometimes small parallel
-walls, forming flues instead of rows of columns, supported the
-floors, of which an example has already been found in the
-excavations at Wroxeter.&nbsp; Flue-tiles,&mdash;that is, square
-tubes made of baked clay, with a hole on one side, or sometimes
-on two sides,&mdash;were placed against the walls end-ways, one
-upon another, so as to run up the walls.&nbsp; These
-arrangements,&mdash;which were called hypocausts, from two Greek
-words, signifying <i>heat underneath</i>, and were used in Italy
-and Greece chiefly for warming baths, are represented in
-<i>plate</i> <span class="GutSmall">IV.</span>, <i>fig.</i> 7,
-where <span class="GutSmall">AA</span> is the floor of cement,
-<span class="GutSmall">BB</span> the pillars supporting it, and
-<span class="GutSmall">CC</span> the flue-tiles running up the
-wall of the room.&nbsp; They had an entrance from the outside,
-somewhat like the mouth of an oven, and fires being lighted here,
-the hot air was driven inward, and not only filled the space
-under the floor, but entered the flue-tiles by the holes in the
-sides, was carried by them up the inside of the wall, and no
-doubt had some way of escape at the roof.&nbsp; The ashes and
-soot of the fires have been found in the hypocausts at Uriconium,
-just as they were left when the city was overthrown and ruined by
-the barbarians.&nbsp; The ashes are chiefly those of wood, but
-considerable remains of mineral coal have been discovered.&nbsp;
-These hypocausts must sometimes have <a name="page56"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 56</span>become clogged and out of order, and
-it would be necessary to cleanse them, as people in aftertimes
-cleansed chimneys.&nbsp; A sort of alley across the middle of the
-large hypocaust last-mentioned was probably intended for this
-purpose.&nbsp; It communicated with another hypocaust adjoining
-it to the north by a doorway, and this other hypocaust was
-entered by a rather large archway at the foot of the steps
-already mentioned.&nbsp; People appear to have been sometimes
-satisfied with having the hot air merely under the floor, and the
-flue-tiles were not always used.&nbsp; Comparatively few of them,
-indeed, have been yet found in the hypocausts of Uriconium.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p><span class="smcap">The</span> requirements of agriculture
-have rendered it necessary to cover up again all the excavations
-to the north of the Old Wall, and the walls of the great public
-building at the corner of the two streets can no longer be seen
-by the visitor.&nbsp; A piece of ground, however, immediately to
-the south of the Old Wall has been taken by the Excavation
-Committee at Shrewsbury upon a rent, and in this piece of ground
-the excavations are now carried on.&nbsp; It forms a
-parallelogram, 319 feet long, by 279 feet wide, containing an
-area of exactly two acres, including <a name="page57"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 57</span>the Old Wall at its northern
-edge.&nbsp; This piece of ground has been strongly fenced round
-with hurdles, and it is entered by a gate from the Watling Street
-Road.&nbsp; By the liberality of the Excavation Committee the
-public are admitted to this inclosure freely, and it is to be
-hoped that the visitors will acknowledge this liberality by
-carefully abstaining from committing any injury on the Roman
-remains, or by walking upon or entering into the parts in the
-course of excavation.</p>
-<p>The plan annexed (<i>pl.</i> 5) of the excavations now in
-progress will enable me to explain them to the visitor.&nbsp; The
-darkly-shaded mass <i>a a</i> represents the Old Wall, or portion
-of Roman masonry standing above ground; to the north of which lay
-the extensive building formed by the walls <i>b b</i>, <i>c
-c</i>, <i>d d</i>, running parallel to the Old Wall.&nbsp; The
-wall <i>d d</i>, bordered upon a wide street.&nbsp; To the east
-of these walls lay an inclosure, e, perhaps a court-yard, and a
-large space, <i>f</i>, which has been conjectured to have been a
-garden, but which has been very imperfectly explored.&nbsp; All
-these remains have been explained above; they have been buried
-again, and the ground is now covered with crops.&nbsp; The Old
-Wall, which stands just within the north-eastern corner of the
-space separated from the rest of the field by a fence of hurdles,
-now forms the northern boundary of the excavations.</p>
-<p><a name="page58"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 58</span>The
-visitor is introduced into this space by a gateway from the road,
-nearly at its north-western corner.&nbsp; Opposite this gateway
-he will see an apartment, which the excavators are now in the
-course of exploring.&nbsp; It is nearly a square, and is about
-thirty-four feet in its longest dimension.&nbsp; The side towards
-the street seems to have been open, or at least the masonry of
-the wall presents the appearance of having had wide folding
-doors, or a framework of wood of some kind in two compartments 6,
-6.&nbsp; In the centre of the room is a large pier of masonry
-(1), perhaps a table for workmen.&nbsp; More towards the
-north-western corner, a sort of furnace or forge (2) was found,
-built of red clay, with a hole or cavity in the upper part
-sufficiently large for a man to thrust his head in.&nbsp; As the
-surface of the cavity, internally, is completely vitrified, and
-as there was much charcoal strewed about, there can be no doubt
-that the cavity had been occupied by a very fierce fire.&nbsp; A
-low wall has been traced, running across the room east and west
-in a line with this furnace; and two transverse low walls of
-similar character.&nbsp; Upon the low wall a little behind the
-forge (at 3), the excavators came upon what was supposed to be
-the lower part of a column with its base; but it is formed
-roughly, and I think it more probable that it was a stone table
-for the use of the workman at the furnace.&nbsp; It was at first
-supposed that this might belong to a colonnade running along the
-wall; but no trace of such a colonnade <a name="page59"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 59</span>has been found, although a large
-piece of a shaft of a column lies in the middle of the
-room.&nbsp; This column, however, is of larger dimensions than
-the supposed base (3).&nbsp; Had such a colonnade existed, it
-seems so little in accordance with the existence of a forge, that
-we might be led to suspect that the room had, at some late
-period, been diverted from its original purpose, and occupied by
-a worker in metals, or even in glass, as fine specimens of glass
-were found scattered about, and also many fragments of
-metal.&nbsp; But objects of all kinds seem to have been thrown
-about in such a manner, when the town was plundered, that it
-would be unsafe to argue upon the purpose of any particular
-building, merely from moveable articles found in it.&nbsp; Among
-other things found in this room were nearly a dozen hair-pins,
-two of which were much more ornamental than any we had found
-before; a much greater quantity of fragments of Samian ware, and
-of higher artistic merit, than had previously been met with in
-one spot; a portion of a large bronze fibula; a number of coins,
-and other things.&nbsp; One of the vessels of Samian ware is a
-fine bowl, with figures in high relief, representing a
-stag-hunt.&nbsp; Upon the low wall of the sill (6) a number of
-copper Roman coins (about sixty) were found together; and near
-them the fragment of a small earthen vessel, in which probably
-they had been carried by some one who dropped them here as he was
-hurrying out of the place.&nbsp; Turning from the gate of the
-field to the right, or south, <a name="page60"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 60</span>along the inside of the hedge, the
-visitor will come to a portion of uncovered wall, <i>h h</i>,
-running north and south, upwards of eighty feet, in which there
-are two entrance gateways, <i>i</i>, <i>p</i>.&nbsp; The first of
-these is about twelve feet wide, and was approached by a sort of
-inclined plane, formed of three large squared masses of stone,
-each about four feet square by eleven inches in thickness.&nbsp;
-The other entrance which was only five feet wide, was approached
-by two steps, each similarly formed of one mass of stone; of
-which the lower step is worn very much at its south-west corner,
-in a manner to lead us to believe that the great majority of the
-people who passed through this entrance came up the street from
-the south.&nbsp; The upper step, or stone, is so much worn by the
-feet of those who passed over it, that it broke into three pieces
-under the workmen&rsquo;s picks.&nbsp; On one side of it there is
-a deep hollow, representing nearly the form of a small human
-foot, which seems to have been scooped into the stone for some
-purpose with which we are not acquainted.&nbsp; These two
-entrances lead into one square court, the floor of which, proved
-by the steps and inclined plane to have been on a higher level
-than the street without, was paved with small bricks laid in
-herring-bone work, like the great inclosure to the north of the
-Old Wall.&nbsp; It is found to have been much damaged and mended
-in ancient times, which seems to countenance the supposition <a
-name="page61"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 61</span>that the wide
-entrance and the inclined plane by which it was approached were
-intended for horses and perhaps for carts or for heavy
-barrows.&nbsp; Among the objects found in excavating here was a
-portion of a horse-shoe.&nbsp; On each side of this court a row
-of chambers is found, <i>m m m</i>, four on the north side and
-four on the south, from ten to twelve feet square.&nbsp; The
-westernmost of these chambers, on the north side of the court,
-has been cleared out, and was found to be ten feet deep, with a
-low transverse wall at the bottom, the object of which is at
-present quite inexplicable.&nbsp; A quantity of charcoal was
-found in this room, as though it had been a store-room for that
-article.&nbsp; One of the other rooms, on each side of the court,
-seemed to have been a receptacle for bones, horns, &amp;c.; and
-as some of these had evidently been sawn and cut, and others
-partly turned on a lathe, they suggested the idea of having
-belonged to manufacturers of the various objects made of this
-material which are found so commonly in the course of the
-excavations.&nbsp; They may, therefore, have been the magazines
-of manufacturers and tradesmen, a notion which is somewhat
-confirmed by the circumstance of several weights of different
-sizes having been found in this part of the excavations; or they
-may have been mere depots for the stores and refuse of a large
-mansion or other establishment.&nbsp; These rooms are, perhaps,
-all deep <a name="page62"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-62</span>like the one already cleared out, but it is remarkable
-that, as high as the walls remain, that is, about two feet above
-the floor of the court, there is no trace of entrances to them,
-which must, therefore, have been rather high in the wall, and
-they were entered perhaps by a ladder.</p>
-<p>The back part of this court consists of a long narrow
-inclosure, which is divided into compartments by four transverse
-walls proceeding from the western wall about halfway across the
-inclosure, thus leaving a passage along the eastern side.&nbsp;
-These compartments have much the appearance of small shops or
-stalls for selling, and seem to confirm the notion that this
-building may have been a market-place.&nbsp; The workmen, finding
-a doorway in the wall of the back of this inclosure, at <i>n</i>
-in the plan, a trench was carried through the ground to the
-eastward.&nbsp; At about twelve feet from the opening at
-<i>n</i>, they came upon a wall at <i>h</i>, running parallel to
-the wall <i>o o</i> of the court, and beyond this they found
-first a narrow passage, and then a rise with a pavement of cement
-which extended some four or five feet, and then suddenly sank to
-a floor of large flag-stones, at a depth of upwards of four feet
-from the floor of cement.&nbsp; This flagged floor, the position
-of which is marked by the letter <i>q</i> in the plan, was
-perhaps a reservoir of water; the bottom was found covered with
-black earth filled with broken pottery and other things, such as
-may <a name="page63"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 63</span>easily
-have been supposed to have been thrown into a pond.&nbsp; The
-water appears to have been only between two and three feet deep,
-as the floor on the opposite side runs about level with the ledge
-or step just mentioned, and is continued eastward until, at
-<i>r</i>, we come upon the rather massive walls of a building,
-the nature of which cannot be determined without further
-investigation.&nbsp; At a short distance within this wall, at a
-depth of about three feet below the cement floor, we find a floor
-at <i>s</i>, about ten feet wide by thirty long, formed of flat
-Roman tiles, twelve inches by eighteen inches square.&nbsp; This
-floor has been uncovered, and as there was an indentation in the
-middle which seemed to indicate that it was hollow underneath, a
-hole was made there, but it led to no discovery.&nbsp; This seems
-also to have been a tank of water, perhaps a cold water
-bath.&nbsp; The cement floor was continued easterly until it was
-terminated by a wall, <i>t</i>, which ran at right angles to the
-eastern end of the Old Wall, and appears to be the eastern
-termination of the buildings now in course of exploration.&nbsp;
-The earth and rubbish from the excavations have been here thrown
-into a great mound, from the top of which the visitor can enjoy a
-bird&rsquo;s eye view of the excavations.&nbsp; A few yards to
-the north, he will come to the important line of excavations
-nearer to the Old Wall.&nbsp; A small chamber, about eight feet
-square, with a herring-bone pavement in very good <a
-name="page64"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 64</span>preservation,
-projects beyond the line of this eastern wall at <i>u</i> in our
-plan.&nbsp; To the west of this is a small hypocaust <i>v</i>,
-the floor of which has been a little lower than that of the room
-<i>u</i>.&nbsp; In this hypocaust were found the remains of two
-skeletons, one of which was that of a young person.&nbsp; The
-northern wall of the room <i>v</i> is particularly interesting,
-because in its whole height of full nine feet, it presents the
-remains of the lines of flue-tiles which ran up it, hardly an
-inch apart, and which show that this room must have been intended
-to be very much heated.&nbsp; It was, perhaps, a
-<i>sudatorium</i> or sweating room.&nbsp; The opening from
-<i>u</i> to <i>v</i> occupies nearly the whole width of the
-former room, and was perhaps closed by a wooden door.&nbsp; On
-the western side of the hypocaust, at <i>w</i>, the wall has a
-sort of basement, formed of large stones scooped out in a
-singular manner, the object of which is by no means
-evident.&nbsp; We here come upon a series of passages, <i>x</i>,
-to the north of which were four rooms, <i>z z z z</i>, extending
-to the Old Wall.&nbsp; On the face of the Old Wall, we can
-distinctly trace the springing not only of the walls of division,
-the lower parts of which are found underground, but of the
-vaulting, from which it appears that these rooms had what are
-technically called barrel-roofs of masonry.&nbsp; They were
-slightly explored at the beginning of the excavations, and in one
-of them was found a quantity of burnt wheat, as though it had
-been a store-room.</p>
-<p><a name="page65"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 65</span>In the
-passages alluded to, there is at <i>y</i>, a square pit, somewhat
-like what might be a cess-pool, of very good and substantial
-masonry, at the bottom of which runs north and south a very well
-formed drain, the bed of which is formed of large
-roof-tiles.&nbsp; To the south of this is a hypocaust, <span
-class="GutSmall">A</span>, which differs from the other
-hypocausts yet opened in being partly formed of low parallel
-walls instead of rows of pillars.&nbsp; On the wall of the
-passage leading to this hypocaust from the east was found the
-inscription mentioned at page <span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page45">45</a></span>.&nbsp; Westward from the hypocaust
-<span class="GutSmall">A</span>, but without any apparent
-communication between them, was another hypocaust, <span
-class="GutSmall">B</span>, which had been constructed in the
-usual manner, the floor supported by rows of low columns formed
-of square thin bricks.&nbsp; It was in this hypocaust that the
-three skeletons mentioned before (<i>p.</i> 41,) were found, the
-man who possessed the money crouching in the north-west corner,
-and the two persons supposed to be women, extended along the side
-of the northern wall.&nbsp; The opening into this hypocaust was
-through its southern wall, from the interior court, so that the
-fugitives must have crept along the whole length of the hypocaust
-to reach their place of concealment.&nbsp; The part of this
-interior court, immediately adjacent to this hypocaust, which has
-been excavated to some extent, presents several interesting
-features.&nbsp; A breach in the eastern boundary wall had been
-newly repaired with much inferior <a name="page66"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 66</span>masonry at the time when the city of
-Uriconium was taken and destroyed; and it is a curious
-circumstance that some large pieces of stone lie here on the
-floor of the court, unfinished by the masons, as though repairs
-and alterations in the buildings were going on at the very moment
-of the final catastrophe.&nbsp; Adjoining to this hypocaust, at
-its north-west corner, is a square room, c, with the herring-bone
-pavement, exactly like that at <i>u</i> in character and
-dimensions, which had opened into the room above the hypocaust
-<span class="GutSmall">B</span>, much in the same manner as
-<i>u</i> opened in the room <i>v</i>.&nbsp; Separated from this
-room by a wall, but apparently without any communication with it,
-is an interesting staircase <span class="GutSmall">D</span>,
-leading down, to the entrance to a larger and apparently more
-important series of hypocausts.&nbsp; This staircase descended
-from a square room, about the same size as the room <span
-class="GutSmall">C</span>, which had a smooth pavement of
-cement.&nbsp; It is composed of three steps each formed of a
-large squared stone.&nbsp; A part of the space at the bottom, the
-north-eastern corner, appears to have been used by the later
-Roman inhabitants of this building as a receptacle for the
-sweeping of the floors, and when it was first opened the earth,
-to the height of about sixteen or eighteen inches from the floor,
-was filled with all kinds of objects, such as coins, hair-pins,
-fibul&aelig;, needles in bone, nails, various articles in iron,
-bronze, and lead, glass, broken pottery, bones of edible animals
-and <a name="page67"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 67</span>birds,
-stags&rsquo; horns, tusks and hoofs of wild boars, oyster shells,
-in one of which lay the shell of a large nut, &amp;c.&nbsp; A
-large shaft of a column lay across the steps.&nbsp; The Roman
-masonry here is very good.&nbsp; To the right hand, towards the
-south, a rather large arch, turned in Roman bricks, led into the
-hypocaust <span class="GutSmall">E</span>, a doorway in the
-southern wall of which formed the communication between this
-hypocaust and the still larger hypocaust <span
-class="GutSmall">F</span>.&nbsp; The latter had supported what
-must have been a handsome room, which was about fifty feet long,
-including the semicircular northern end, by thirty-five feet in
-breadth.&nbsp; When first opened, this hypocaust was in a state
-of preservation in which such buildings are seldom found in this
-country.&nbsp; A hundred and twenty columns of bricks were
-counted, most of them at their original height of rather more
-than three feet.&nbsp; At the north-eastern corner, the columns
-supported a small portion of the floor in its original
-position.&nbsp; It is a mass of cement, eight inches thick, with
-the upper surface, which no doubt had formed the floor, perfectly
-smooth.&nbsp; During the time that the Excavation Committee were
-excluded from the field, all the pillars of this interesting
-hypocaust were thrown to the ground, and a great part of the
-bricks which formed the supporting columns were broken to
-pieces&mdash;even the piece of the floor and its supports at the
-north-east corner were overthrown.&nbsp; A very exact drawing of
-the <a name="page68"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-68</span>latter, however, had been preserved, which served as a
-pattern for restoring it; and it is to the ingenuity and labour
-of Dr. Henry Johnson that the public owes the restoration of this
-hypocaust as far as it was possible to restore it.</p>
-<p>Returning to the steps by which these hypocausts were entered,
-at <span class="GutSmall">D</span>, the floor from which we
-descended appears to have an opening of some kind to the west,
-which looked down upon a court outside the semicircular end of
-the hypocaust <span class="GutSmall">F</span>, which from this
-point presents to the view an imposing mass of masonry.&nbsp; In
-the corner just under this opening the remains of a very young
-child were found, which we might almost imagine to have been
-slaughtered in the room above, and thrown out into the
-court.&nbsp; This court, or open space, seems to have been
-continued to the wall <i>a a</i>, and to have been entered by a
-doorway in that wall at <i>g</i>, which was approached from the
-passage to the north by a step formed by a large squared
-stone.&nbsp; On the outside of the semicircular end of the
-hypocaust <span class="GutSmall">F</span>, lay, as if it had
-fallen or been thrown down, an immense stone, carefully worked
-into the shape of the arc of a circle, and no doubt forming one
-of a course at some unknown elevation in the wall.&nbsp; On the
-outward side of it, a large iron pin was soldered into it with
-lead, evidently for the purpose of attaching some weighty object
-on the outer side of the building.</p>
-<p><a name="page69"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 69</span>Another
-step and doorway in the wall <i>a a</i> was found at <i>h</i>,
-which must have been much more frequented than the other, for the
-stone which formed the step was worn in an extraordinary degree
-by the rubbing of footsteps.&nbsp; It led to an inclosure <span
-class="GutSmall">P</span>, which presents the appearance of
-having formed public <i>latrin&aelig;</i>; and which is separated
-by a long narrow inclosure from the room already described as
-apparently the shop of a worker in metals.</p>
-<p>Such is a brief and general description of the ruins of
-Uriconium, at present open to the visitor.&nbsp; The real
-character of the buildings we have been describing appeared for a
-while very doubtful.&nbsp; The first discoveries led to the
-belief that it was a great mansion, perhaps the principal mansion
-in the Roman city, the residence of the chief municipal officer;
-but in this case we might have expected to find some very fine
-Mosaic or tessellated pavement, specimens of which had been met
-with in other parts of the area of the town.&nbsp; On the
-contrary, all the floors yet discovered to the south of the Old
-Wall, with the exception of those of herring-bone brickwork, and
-that of a supposed bath, seemed to have been of mere smoothed
-cement.&nbsp; This led us to suppose that we were still exploring
-buildings erected for some public purpose.&nbsp; A comparison of
-the character of these various buildings leaves no room for
-doubting that they belonged to the public baths of Uriconium; and
-further <a name="page70"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-70</span>excavations to the south and west shewed that they
-formed an extensive square (<i>k</i>, <i>k</i>, <i>k</i>,
-<i>k</i>), the northern side of which was formed by the Old Wall
-and its continuation westward; and the southern side of which
-bordered upon the other street running east and west, the
-pavement of which, similar to that of the street at <i>l</i>, has
-been uncovered in its whole extent along the line, <span
-class="GutSmall">L L.</span>&nbsp; The western and southern sides
-of the square were formed by a wide gallery or cloister
-(<i>k</i>, <i>k</i>, <i>k</i>), no doubt the ambulatory, which
-was considered as an important part of the public baths of the
-Romans.&nbsp; The ground to the eastward, in which no buildings
-could be traced, may have been gardens, which were also usually
-attached to the baths of the Romans.</p>
-<p>Having once decided that the building we have thus explored,
-is the public baths, another equally interesting question arises
-out of it.&nbsp; The public baths of the Roman towns in Britain
-are not unfrequently mentioned in inscriptions commemorating the
-repairing or rebuilding of them; but it is a circumstance of some
-importance that this building is combined with the basilica, or
-town hall.&nbsp; Both seem to have participated in the same
-accidents, and to have undergone decay together.&nbsp; Thus an
-inscription found at Lanchester in Cumberland (supposed to be the
-Roman town of Epiacum) speaks of the baths and basilica (<span
-class="GutSmall">BALNEVM CVM BASILICA</span>); and at Ribchester,
-in Lancashire, the baths and basilica (<span
-class="GutSmall">BALINEVM ET BASILICAM</span>) <a
-name="page71"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 71</span>were rebuilt
-after having fallen into ruin through age.&nbsp; We are
-therefore, I think, justified in concluding that the two great
-public buildings, the baths and the basilica, usually joined each
-other; and I think we may venture further to assume that the
-large building to the north of the Old Wall, the remains of which
-are now covered up, was the basilica of Uriconium.&nbsp; The
-proportions of this building are rather extraordinary, and cannot
-be easily explained; but it is probable that in a provincial town
-the basilica served a variety of purposes.&nbsp; An inscription
-found at Netherby in Cumberland, speaks of a basilica for
-practice in riding (<span class="GutSmall">BASILICAM EQVESTREM
-EXERCITATORIAM</span>.)</p>
-<p>We may now proceed a little further in identifying the
-topography of the ancient town.&nbsp; The line of the buildings
-we have traced parallel to the Watling Street Road is at some
-distance within the hedge of the field; and I believe that, when
-the farm buildings were erected on the opposite side of the road,
-what appeared to be the front of buildings facing the opposite
-direction, were found likewise at some distance within the
-field.&nbsp; This, with the road, would make a very wide space;
-very much wider than either of the two transverse streets.&nbsp;
-Moreover, a glance at the plan will shew that, beyond the
-transverse street to the south, this wide space became
-considerably narrowed; and in fact it seems to have been reduced
-to the width of an ordinary street.&nbsp; It is my belief that
-this wide <a name="page72"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-72</span>space was the forum of Uriconium; and in that case it is
-rather remarkable that the basilica held here exactly the same
-place, in regard to the forum, as at Pompeii.</p>
-<p>We have thus already brought to light a very interesting
-portion of the ancient Roman town, and have learnt something more
-than we knew before of the character and economy of the Roman
-towns in Britain.&nbsp; The basilica, as we have seen, came up to
-the front of the street, and formed the side of a transverse
-street; but this was not the case with the baths, for a space of
-some width between them and the forum was occupied by other
-buildings, which I have already described.</p>
-<p>Other apartments surrounding the metal-worker&rsquo;s shop are
-in course of exploration, and will, I think, make us better
-acquainted with the character of the whole of this line of
-buildings which looked upon the open space which I have supposed
-to be the forum.&nbsp; I have already said that this open space
-contracts to the south of the transverse street <span
-class="GutSmall">L L</span>, in what has been no more than the
-breadth of an ordinary street, which ran down towards the
-river.&nbsp; A gutter, very well made, of carefully squared
-stones, and remarkably well preserved, runs near the houses on
-the eastern side of the street; the only side which at present
-can be explored, as it is near the hedge of the Watling Street
-Road.&nbsp; It runs very near the walls of the houses, is a foot
-wide, and about a foot deep, and from place to place square <a
-name="page73"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 73</span>stones are
-laid in lozenge-fashion, apparently intended for stepping stones,
-but they must have stopped the current of water down the
-channel.&nbsp; The buildings at this corner consist of small
-rooms, and were probably private houses.&nbsp; The existence of
-walls running parallel and transverse to the street <span
-class="GutSmall">L L</span> has been ascertained along the whole
-length of its southern side; but they have not yet been
-sufficiently explored even to be laid down in the plan.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p><span class="smcap">The</span> objects of antiquity found in
-the course of the excavations have been so often alluded to, that
-the visitor will no doubt expect at least a brief and general
-description of them.&nbsp; I have already described those which
-illustrate the building and construction of a house, and we
-naturally continue the description by turning to those articles
-which belong especially to domestic life.&nbsp; Of this class,
-the most numerous division, and that which strikes us first, is
-the pottery,&mdash;of which certainly the most remarkable to the
-general observer is the ware resembling in colour and general
-appearance bright red sealing wax, known commonly as Samian ware,
-a name the propriety of which has been disputed.&nbsp; The Roman
-writers speak of an earthenware much used at table, <a
-name="page74"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 74</span>and said to
-have received its name from having been originally made at
-Samos.&nbsp; It is described as being of a red colour, as being
-of more value than the common pottery, and as being proverbial
-for its brittleness, all which characteristics belonged to the
-red ware found in this country, which was covered with tasteful
-subjects of all kinds in relief, and was evidently much valued,
-as we often find vessels in this ware which had been carefully
-mended, and the brittleness of which was such that we seldom find
-a specimen unbroken.&nbsp; Such mendings, chiefly by means of
-metal rivets, are exhibited in specimens of Samian ware found in
-the excavations at Wroxeter, and deposited in the Museum at
-Shrewsbury, where there are also several pieces of this pottery,
-presenting subjects which are interesting and by no means of
-common occurrence.&nbsp; It may be further observed that the
-Samian ware in this country resembles a Roman ware of which the
-potteries have been found at Aretium, the modern Arezzo, in
-Tuscany, but this ware was much superior, especially in the
-degree of artistic talent displayed in its ornamentation, to that
-which was in use in this island, and which no doubt was imported
-from Gaul, where, especially on the banks of the Rhine, the
-potteries in which it was made have been found.</p>
-<p>Extensive potteries have also been found in this island,
-especially at Castor, in Northamptonshire, <a
-name="page75"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 75</span>where there
-was a Roman town named Durobriv&aelig;, and on the banks of the
-Medway, at Upchurch, in Kent.&nbsp; The ware from both these
-potteries is of a blue or slate colour, produced by imperfect
-firing in what is called a <i>smother-kiln</i>; that is, the air
-being excluded and the heat being insufficient thoroughly to bake
-the pottery, it retains so much carbonaceous matter as to give it
-a black colour.&nbsp; The pottery of these two establishments is
-distinguished by the difference of shapes.&nbsp; The
-ornamentation of the Upchurch ware is in general of a very simple
-character; that of the pottery from Castor is much more
-elaborate, and often consists of hunting scenes and other
-subjects, laid on in a white substance after the pottery had been
-baked.&nbsp; Specimens of both these wares are found at
-Wroxeter.</p>
-<p>The excavations at Wroxeter have brought to light at least two
-new classes of Roman pottery, both evidently made in
-Shropshire.&nbsp; The first is a white ware, made of what is
-known as the Broseley clay, and consisting chiefly of very
-elegantly formed jugs, with narrow necks; mortaria, or vessels
-for rubbing or pounding objects in cookery, the interior surface
-of which is covered with grains of hard stone; and bowls, which
-are often painted with stripes of red and yellow.&nbsp; The other
-Romano-Salopian pottery is a red ware, differing in shade from
-the red Roman wares usually found, and also made from one of the
-<a name="page76"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 76</span>clays of
-the Severn valley.&nbsp; Among the vessels in this ware are bowls
-pierced all over with small holes, so as to have served the
-purpose of colanders.&nbsp; We find also some very curious
-specimens of an imitation of the Samian ware; but we have as yet
-no means of ascertaining where it was made.</p>
-<p>Many very interesting fragments of glass vessels have also
-been found in the excavations at Wroxeter.&nbsp; Two or three
-other objects intended for domestic purposes have been met with,
-such as a small bowl or cup made of lead, and what appears to
-have been the handle of some larger vessel, made of block tin,
-neither of which metals, used for such purpose, are of common
-occurrence among Roman remains in this country.&nbsp; A ladle and
-several knives have also been found, and a handle of a knife made
-of stone, as well as several whet-stones.</p>
-<p>Of personal ornaments the most numerous are the hair-pins,
-most of which are made of bone, though there are a few of bronze,
-and one of wood.&nbsp; Their use was to hold together the knot
-into which the Roman women rolled up their hair behind the head,
-and through which the pin was thrust.&nbsp; They are, on an
-average, about three inches long, with a large head rudely
-ornamented; and it will be remarked that the shank is thicker in
-the middle, and that it becomes generally thinner near the head,
-no doubt to prevent the pin from slipping out of the <a
-name="page77"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 77</span>hair.&nbsp;
-Some of these pins had evidently been saturated with an oily
-substance, which shews that the ladies in Roman Britain applied
-oil to their hair.&nbsp; Several fibul&aelig; of the common Roman
-forms, have been met with; they are all of bronze, of superior
-workmanship to the hair pins, and most of those hitherto found at
-Wroxeter are, or have been, enamelled.&nbsp; Their use was to
-fasten the mantle and other parts of the clothing.&nbsp; Among
-the personal ornaments found already in the excavations are a
-number of buttons, finger rings, bracelets, glass beads, and
-other objects, of which it is not necessary here to give a
-particular description.&nbsp; Of two combs, both of bone, one is
-remarkably neat in its form and make.&nbsp; Several bone needles
-may also be mentioned, and a pair of bronze tweezers for
-eradicating superfluous hairs.</p>
-<p>Roman coins are found in considerable numbers, but many of
-them are so worn and defaced that it is no longer possible to
-decide to what emperor they belonged.&nbsp; The earliest met with
-during the present excavations is of the emperor Domitian.&nbsp;
-A great number are small coins of the Constantine family of
-emperors.&nbsp; Only two silver coins have yet been found, the
-others are of bronze or brass.&nbsp; The peasantry call them
-<i>dinders</i>, a name which, though it represents the Latin
-<i>denarius</i>, was no doubt derived from the Anglo-Norman
-<i>denier</i>.</p>
-<p>Many objects of a more miscellaneous character <a
-name="page78"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 78</span>have also
-been found during the present excavations; or have found their
-way into the Museum from former discoveries.&nbsp; Among these
-are three artists&rsquo; pallettes, for using colour; several
-weights, some marked with Roman numerals; a steelyard; several
-keys; portions of iron chains; styli, for writing on wax tablets;
-an iron trident, which may perhaps have been the head of a staff
-of office or authority; one or two spear heads; a strigil for
-scraping the skin in the sweating baths; a portion of an iron
-horse-shoe; and two or three very nice statuettes in
-bronze.&nbsp; The most curious, however, of these miscellaneous
-objects is a medicine stamp, intended to mark packets or bottles
-of what, in modern times, would be called patent medicines.&nbsp;
-A certain number of these Roman medicine stamps have been found
-in Britain and on the Continent, and they are all, like this
-stamp found at Wroxeter, for salves or washes for the eyes,
-diseases of the eyes having been apparently very common among the
-inhabitants of the western provinces of the Roman empire.&nbsp;
-The Wroxeter stamp, intended for a collyrium or salve for the
-eyes called <i>dialebanum</i> or <i>dialibanum</i>, gives us in
-all probability the name of a physician resident in
-Uriconium.&nbsp; The inscription may be read as follows, filling
-up the abbreviations:&mdash;<span
-class="GutSmall">TIB</span><i>erii</i> <span
-class="GutSmall">CL</span><i>audii</i> <span
-class="GutSmall">M</span><i>edici</i> <span
-class="GutSmall">DIALIBA</span><i>num</i> <span
-class="GutSmall">AD OMNE</span> <span
-class="GutSmall">VIT</span><i>ium</i> <span
-class="GutSmall">O</span><i>culorum</i> <span class="GutSmall">EX
-O</span><i>vo</i>, <i>i.e.</i>, the dialebanum of Tiberius
-Claudius the <a name="page79"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-79</span>physician, for all complaints of the eyes, to be used
-with egg.</p>
-<p>A few stones, with Roman inscriptions, chiefly of a sepulchral
-character, have been dug up at Wroxeter in the course of
-accidental excavations.&nbsp; Three of these were found in 1752,
-and are preserved in the library of Shrewsbury School.&nbsp; The
-first inscription may be read thus:&mdash;</p>
-<blockquote><p>C. MANNIVS<br />
-C. F. POL . SECV<br />
-NDVS . POLLEN<br />
-MIL . LEG . XX<br />
-ANORV . LII<br />
-STIP . XXXI<br />
-BEN . LEG . PR<br />
-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; H . S . E.</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>intimating that it marked the grave of a soldier of the
-twentieth legion (which was stationed at Chester, the Roman Deva)
-named Caius Mannius, of the Pollian tribe.&nbsp; Another
-commemorated a soldier of the fourteenth legion, and has been
-supposed to belong to a very early period, as that legion was
-withdrawn from Britain before <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span>
-68.&nbsp; It was the legion which suffered so much in the war
-against Boadicea, and this soldier may perhaps have been engaged
-in that war, although his having died in Britain does not
-necessarily imply that the legion to which he had belonged was
-there at the time, or indeed that it had ever been there, unless
-we had some other <a name="page80"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-80</span>reasons for supposing that it had been there.&nbsp; His
-name was Marcus Petronius, the son of Lucius, of the Menenian
-tribe, and the inscription may be read as follows:&mdash;</p>
-<blockquote><p>M. PETRONIVS<br />
-L. F. MEN<br />
-VIC . ANN<br />
-XXXVIII<br />
-MIL. LEG<br />
-XIIII . GEM<br />
-MILITAVIT<br />
-ANN.&nbsp; XVIII<br />
-SIGN . FVIT<br />
-&nbsp;&nbsp; H . S . E.</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>The third of these inscribed monuments was divided into three
-columns or tables, commemorating three members of the family of a
-citizen of Uriconium, named Deuccus.&nbsp; The inscription on the
-third column is entirely erased, but the two others may be read
-as follows:</p>
-<table>
-<tr>
-<td><p>D. M<br />
-PLACIDA<br />
-AN . LV<br />
-CVR . AG<br />
-CONI . A<br />
-XXX</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>D. M<br />
-DEVCCV<br />
-S . AN . XV<br />
-CVR . AG<br />
-RATRE</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-<p>Another sepulchral stone, also preserved in the Library of
-Shrewsbury School, was found in 1810, and bore an inscription
-commemorative of Tiberius Claudius Terentius, a soldier of the
-cohort of Thracian cavalry, which may be read as
-follows:&mdash;</p>
-<blockquote><p>TIB . CLAVD . TRE<br />
-NTIVS . EQ . COH<br />
-THRACVM . AN<br />
-ORVM . LVII. STIP<br />
-ENDIORVM<br />
-&nbsp;&nbsp; H . S.</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p><a name="page81"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 81</span>In the
-excavations on the site of the cemetery, in the autumn of 1862, a
-sepulchral stone was found, which had not improbably been placed
-over the door of a sepulchral chamber of masonry.&nbsp; There had
-been a figure above, the lower part of the legs and feet of which
-alone remain.&nbsp; The slab bears the following inscription,
-which from the damage the stone has sustained is very difficult
-to decipher, but I owe this reading to the knowledge and
-acuteness of my friend Mr. Roach Smith.&nbsp; I may add that some
-of the letters are extremely doubtful</p>
-<blockquote><p>AMINIVS . T . POL . F . A<br />
-NORVMXXXXVSTIPXXII . MIL . LEG.<br />
-IIGEM . MILITAVITAQNVNC HIC SII<br />
-LEGITE . ET . FELICES . VITA . FLVS . MINV<br />
-IVSTAVINIERAQVATIEGIIIE . INTV<br />
-TANARA . DITIS . VIVITE . DVMSPI . . .<br />
-&nbsp;&nbsp; VITAE . DAT . TEMPVS .&nbsp; HONESTE.</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>It is clear, at a glance, that the latter part of this
-inscription contains three lines in hexameter verse;
-unfortunately they are the lines most rubbed and most difficult
-to make out.&nbsp; Dr. Mc. Caul, president of the University of
-Toronto, in Canada, in his recent work on &ldquo;Britanno-Romano
-Inscriptions,&rdquo; suggests that they may be&mdash;</p>
-<blockquote><p>Perlegite et felices vit&acirc; plus minus
-jut&acirc;;<br />
-Omnibus &aelig;qua lege iter est ad T&aelig;nara Ditis.<br />
-Vivite, dum Stygius vit&aelig; dat tempus, honeste.</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>The two last words of the first line are extremely doubtful,
-and I confess that I do not believe in <a name="page82"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 82</span>Dr. Mc Caul&rsquo;s reading, which,
-of course is but conjectural.&nbsp; The second does not appear at
-all to answer to what remains of the original, with the exception
-of the last words T&aelig;nara Ditis.&nbsp; But of the last line,
-Mr. Smith&rsquo;s reading is much the best, and indeed appears to
-me to be the correct one,&mdash;</p>
-<blockquote><p>Vivite, dum spatium vit&aelig; dat tempus,
-honeste.</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>The part preceding the verses may be read&mdash;</p>
-<blockquote><p>Aminius (perhaps Flaminius), T<i>iti</i>
-Pol<i>lioni</i> F<i>ilius</i>, annorum xxxxv.,
-stip<i>endiorum</i> xxii, mil<i>es</i> leg<i>ionis</i> vii
-g<i>e</i>m<i>in&aelig;</i>.&nbsp; Militavit
-aq<i>uilifer</i>.&nbsp; Nunc hic si<i>tus est</i>.</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>It may be remarked that in many respects this is one of the
-most curious Roman inscriptions found in this island, and that it
-appears to be of rather an early date.</p>
-<p>Another mere fragment of a stone, of the present existence of
-which I can learn nothing, is said to have contained the
-letters:&mdash;</p>
-<blockquote><p>LERT<br />
-FGAI<br />
-...TILES.</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>Lastly, a monument of stone, which, during the middle ages had
-been formed into a holy water stoop, and which is now in the
-vicarage garden, presents what has formed part of a Roman
-inscription&mdash;</p>
-<blockquote><p>BONA . REI<br />
-PVBLIC&AElig;<br />
-NATVS.</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>It has probably been a dedication to one of the emperors, or
-an inscription commemorative of him.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p><a name="page83"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 83</span><span
-class="smcap">It</span> has been stated before, that the site of
-Uriconium is of very great extent.&nbsp; If the visitor, after
-having examined the excavations, would seek an agreeable walk, he
-may turn off by the smith&rsquo;s shop already mentioned, along
-the northerly continuation of the Watling Street Road, which soon
-becomes a deep and pretty country lane, and crosses the Bell
-Brook.&nbsp; Soon afterwards, on the rise of a bank, we come to a
-spot where the ancient town wall crossed this road, and where
-there are said to be traces of one of the gateway entrances to
-Uriconium.&nbsp; At the latter part of the year 1862, excavations
-were made in an adjoining field to trace the line of the town
-wall, which was found remaining to a height of three or four
-feet; but it was of very rough construction, built merely of
-small stone boulders mixed with clay, and had evidently been
-raised hurriedly, at a late period of the history of Uriconium,
-to meet some sudden emergency.&nbsp; There had evidently been an
-entrance opening here, but there were no traces of gateway
-buildings, which were perhaps only of timber.&nbsp; Outside the
-walls, on the bank to the right, was one of the principal
-cemeteries, and here the sepulchral inscriptions mentioned above
-were found.&nbsp; Successful excavations were made in 1862 on the
-site of this <a name="page84"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-84</span>cemetery, and many Roman graves were opened which
-furnished the Museum in Shrewsbury with another inscribed
-monument of great interest, a number of sepulchral urns and
-vessels of glass, and various other objects.</p>
-<p>If, instead of going northward, the visitor follows the
-Watling Street Road towards the south, he will soon reach the
-village of Wroxeter, and may examine its church.&nbsp; A new gate
-to the churchyard has recently been erected, and Mr. W. H.
-Oatley, of Wroxeter, who holds the office of churchwarden, has
-contributed a shaft of a Roman column, and two Roman capitals,
-which, together with another shaft given by the Rev. E. Egremont,
-are now placed on each side of this gateway.&nbsp; The two
-capitals, which were dragged out of the river Severn, are worthy
-of particular attention.&nbsp; They are singularly rich in
-ornament, and mark that late period of Roman architecture which
-became the model of the medi&aelig;val Byzantine and
-Romanesque.&nbsp; I cannot help wishing that they were safely
-deposited in the Museum at Shrewsbury, and I think that the Roman
-columns would serve as well for gateway supports without the
-capitals, which probably did not belong to them.&nbsp; The church
-of Wroxeter is a substantial Norman building, with later
-alterations, and on the outside of the southern wall of the
-chancel are the remains of a very interesting Norman doorway,
-which has been built up.</p>
-<p><a name="page85"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 85</span>The
-chancel internally is chiefly remarkable for some fine monuments
-with effigies of the sixteenth and beginning of the seventeenth
-centuries, interesting especially for their costume.&nbsp; It has
-at present a low flat whitewashed ceiling, but there is a fine
-old timber roof above, and it is greatly to be regretted that the
-unsightly ceiling has not been removed, so that the chancel might
-again be open to its lofty roof of timber.&nbsp; At the western
-end of the church is an early font, <i>pl.</i> 7, which has been
-formed of a very large Roman capital, taken from some important
-building in the city of Uriconium.&nbsp; Such applications of
-Roman monuments to later ecclesiastical purposes are by no means
-uncommon.&nbsp; In the garden of the vicarage, which adjoins the
-churchyard, are a few fragments of Roman architecture and
-sculpture, which have been carefully preserved by the present
-vicar, the Rev. E. Egremont.</p>
-<p>Near the churchyard stands the residence of Mr. Oatley, who
-has also collected in his garden a few fragments from the ancient
-city and its neighbourhood.&nbsp; Among these is a cylindrical
-stone, which at first sight might be taken for part of a column,
-but which appears, from a few remaining letters of an
-inscription, to have been more probably a Roman milliarium or
-mile-stone.&nbsp; Mr. Oatley has placed a Roman capital on the
-top of it, and both are represented in <i>pl.</i> 6.&nbsp;
-Several architectural fragments are <a name="page86"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 86</span>also preserved in the garden of Mr.
-Stanier.&nbsp; Two of the most interesting of these, belonging to
-the shaft of the same column, or to those of two similar columns
-are represented in <i>pl.</i> 15.</p>
-<p>The Watling Street Road leads us direct from the gateway of
-the churchyard to the river Severn, which is here crossed at
-present by a ford.&nbsp; On the right is a large rugged field
-overlooking the river, and occupied by Mr. Oatley, which has been
-trenched in several directions, but nothing was discovered except
-a Roman well, ten feet deep, which is kept open, and is now
-partly filled with clear spring water.&nbsp; In an orchard at the
-corner of this field, near the road, were found a number of human
-skeletons, attended with some remarkable circumstances, for an
-account of which I refer the reader to Dr. Johnson&rsquo;s
-remarks at the end of this little volume.&nbsp; On the other side
-of the Watling Street Road, the ground rises to a little knoll,
-which looks down upon the river, and seems to have formed the
-southern corner of the inclosure of the city of Uriconium.&nbsp;
-The top of this knoll has been carefully explored, and the walls
-of a square building, perhaps of a tower, were uncovered.&nbsp;
-Among the objects found on this spot were a head sculptured in
-stone, and a mould for casting Roman coins, both of which are
-deposited in the Museum at Shrewsbury.&nbsp; The impress on the
-coin-mould is that of a coin of Julia <a name="page87"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 87</span>Domna, the wife of the emperor
-Severus, (the commencement of the third century); and it is
-rather a curious circumstance that a silver coin of this empress,
-which fits the impress exactly, has been found in the excavations
-near the Old Wall.&nbsp; This method of multiplying the imperial
-coinage by casts seems to have been very common in these distant
-provinces, and was perhaps exercised by the imperial or municipal
-officers.&nbsp; Another coin-mould, also with the impress of
-Julia Domna, was found at Wroxeter in 1747, and two, one of
-Severus himself, and the other of Plautilla, in 1722.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p><span class="smcap">In</span> conclusion, I may perhaps be
-allowed to make a remark on some of the various points on which
-the excavations on the site of Uriconium have already thrown more
-or less illustrative light during the short period in which they
-have as yet been carried on.&nbsp; We see how, by examining their
-buildings and comparing the objects that are turned up by the
-pick and the spade, we get an insight into the condition of the
-inhabitants of Roman Britain, and learn to what degree they
-enjoyed the luxuries and comforts of life.&nbsp; We see that they
-possessed a great majority <a name="page88"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 88</span>of the refinements of modern
-society&mdash;far more than can be traced among the population of
-the middle ages.&nbsp; We are taught even the character of their
-food by remains of edible animals.&nbsp; The comparison of other
-objects enables us to judge to a great degree of the state and
-extent of manufactures and commerce.&nbsp; We learn from
-inscriptions on their sepulchral monuments and altars the names
-and occupations of some of the inhabitants of the ancient town,
-and the races to which they belonged; and from this partial
-information we are enabled by induction to obtain a general view
-of the whole.&nbsp; We are thus enabled to form a truer notion of
-the manner in which this country had been inhabited and governed
-during nearly four centuries; and we have the further hope of
-eventually discovering monuments which will throw some light on
-the more particular history of this neighbourhood in these remote
-ages.&nbsp; We learn, finally, from the condition in which the
-ruins of Uriconium are now seen, and especially from the numerous
-remains of human beings which are found scattered over its
-long-deserted floors, the sad fate under which it finally sank
-into ruin, and thus we are made vividly acquainted with the
-character and events of a period of history which has hitherto
-been but dimly seen through the vague traditions of writers who
-at best knew them only by hearsay.</p>
-<h2><a name="page89"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-89</span>Catalogue of Wroxeter Antiquities in the Museum at
-Shrewsbury.</h2>
-<h3>I.<br />
-<span class="GutSmall">OBJECTS CONNECTED WITH THE ARRANGEMENT AND
-CONSTRUCTION OF THE HOUSES AND OTHER BUILDINGS.</span></h3>
-<p>1.&nbsp; Roofing flags, of micaceous sandstone, form generally
-hexagonal, with a hole for the nail.&mdash;<i>See pl.</i> <span
-class="GutSmall">IV</span>., <i>fig.</i> 1.</p>
-<p>2.&nbsp; Tiles of various kinds:&mdash;small square tiles,
-flue-tiles, roof-tiles, &amp;c.&nbsp; Large oblong square tiles
-for bonding-courses in the walls, &amp;c.&nbsp; Square tiles for
-making the pillars in the hypocausts.</p>
-<p>3.&nbsp; Specimens of the concrete which covered the
-hypocaust, to the depth of eight inches or more, forming the
-floor of the apartment.</p>
-<p>4.&nbsp; Eight different specimens of the tessellated, or
-mosaic, pavement, taken up as it was found, and framed.</p>
-<p>5.&nbsp; Drawings of the same, made by Mr. George Maw, of
-Broseley, and presented by that gentleman to the Museum.</p>
-<p><a name="page90"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-90</span>6.&nbsp; Sculpture in sandstone; a head of late Roman
-art, which appears to have formed part of the architectural
-ornamentation of a building.</p>
-<p>7.&nbsp; Bases, capitals, and shafts of columns.</p>
-<p>8.&nbsp; Stucco, covering the walls, coloured, plain, and with
-some formal patterns.&nbsp; One specimen, bearing the letters A.
-R. C. A., having formed part of an inscription on the wall.&nbsp;
-Tessellated ornamentation of the surface of a wall, dark and
-light tesser&aelig;, so as to form an irregular pattern.</p>
-<p>9.&nbsp; <i>Umbilicus</i>, or hinge for a door.</p>
-<p>10.&nbsp; Iron bolts, 
-<a href="images/p90b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"T shaped image"
-title=
-"T shaped image"
- src="images/p90s.jpg" />
-</a> shaped iron stancheons, and nails, for fixing roof and
-flue-tiles upon the walls.</p>
-<p>11.&nbsp; Many tiles bearing the impression of the foot of
-domestic or wild animals,&mdash;some of the dog; other, of the
-sheep, pig, horse, and ox.</p>
-<h3>II.<br />
-<span class="GutSmall">OBJECTS FOR DOMESTIC PURPOSES.</span></h3>
-<p>1.&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Pottery</span>:&mdash;</p>
-<p><i>a</i>.&nbsp; Samian ware.</p>
-<p><i>b</i>.&nbsp; Upchurch pottery.</p>
-<p><i>c</i>.&nbsp; Durobrivian pottery.</p>
-<p><i>d</i>.&nbsp; Romano-Salopian ware, made of clay obtained
-from Broseley.</p>
-<p><i>e</i>.&nbsp; Pieces of red earthenware, probably made in
-Shropshire.</p>
-<p>2.&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Glass</span>:&mdash;</p>
-<p><i>a</i>.&nbsp; Fragments of flat or window glass.</p>
-<p><a name="page91"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-91</span><i>b</i>.&nbsp; Portions of bottles, &amp;c., generally
-coloured, some opalescent.</p>
-<p><i>c</i>.&nbsp; Fragments of a cup, ornamented with spots of
-deep purple glass.</p>
-<p><i>d</i>.&nbsp; One green glass bottle, 6&frac12; inches high,
-with narrow neck, found in the cemetery, quite entire.</p>
-<p><i>e</i>.&nbsp; A green glass jar, with wide mouth, about 5
-inches high and 6 inches wide, also found in the cemetery.&nbsp;
-It was full of soil, everywhere penetrated by roots of
-plants.</p>
-<p><i>f</i>.&nbsp; Two metallic mirrors or <i>specula</i>, one in
-fragments, the other entire.&nbsp; They are of white metal, a
-compound of tin and copper, with a large proportion of the
-former.&mdash;(Cemetery.)</p>
-<p><i>g</i>.&nbsp; Three very pretty lamps.&nbsp; One bears the
-figure of Hercules, another that of a dolphin, a third that of a
-boy kneeling.&mdash;(Cemetery.)</p>
-<p><i>h</i>.&nbsp; A silver fibul&aelig;.</p>
-<p>3.&nbsp; Bronze statuette of Venus and Mercury.</p>
-<p>4.&nbsp; A <i>strigil</i>, (fragment.)</p>
-<p>5.&nbsp; Part of an iron horse-shoe.&nbsp; Iron bit of a
-bridle.&nbsp; Iron spur.</p>
-<p>6.&nbsp; Two masks, one made of terra cotta, the other of
-pottery.</p>
-<p>7.&nbsp; Anomalous earthenware vessel.</p>
-<h3>III.<br />
-<span class="GutSmall">IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS.</span></h3>
-<p>1.&nbsp; Weights: one in lead, 20&frac14;oz.; another in
-stone, 11&frac12;oz.</p>
-<p><a name="page92"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 92</span>Weight
-in lead, marked ii., weighs 2&frac14;oz.; another also in lead,
-weighs 2&frac12;oz.</p>
-<p>2.&nbsp; Ladle; and neck of some vessel made of block tin.</p>
-<p>3.&nbsp; Several keys, of different forms.&nbsp; Iron
-padlock.</p>
-<p>4.&nbsp; Large shackles, chains, &amp;c., of iron.</p>
-<p>5.&nbsp; Knives, spear-heads, and portions of other
-weapons.&nbsp; Two axe-heads.&nbsp; Bone handle of a sword,
-<i>very curious</i>.</p>
-<p>6.&nbsp; Several whet-stones.&nbsp; Stone handle to a
-knife.&nbsp; Touchstone.</p>
-<p>7.&nbsp; Iron trident.</p>
-<p>8.&nbsp; Rings of iron, bronze, and lead.</p>
-<p>9.&nbsp; <i>Styli</i> of bronze and iron; bronze tweezers;
-bronze and iron spoons; steelyard.</p>
-<p>10.&nbsp; Small cup of lead; ditto of thin copper.</p>
-<p>11.&nbsp; Large plates of lead, purpose unknown.</p>
-<p>12.&nbsp; Cock made of lead, a child&rsquo;s toy.</p>
-<p>13.&nbsp; Fragment of a lamp in red pottery.</p>
-<p>14.&nbsp; Three painters&rsquo; pallettes.</p>
-<p>15.&nbsp; A curious iron box&mdash;(ointment box?)</p>
-<p>16.&nbsp; Iron trowel.</p>
-<p>17.&nbsp; Bronze lancet (?)</p>
-<h3>IV.</h3>
-<h4><span class="GutSmall">PERSONAL ORNAMENTS.</span></h4>
-<p>1.&nbsp; Hair pins, in great variety; more than 30 specimens
-<a name="page93"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 93</span>have been
-found made usually of bone; with some of bronze, but these are
-much more slender.&nbsp; <i>Pl.</i> 11.</p>
-<p>2.&nbsp; Bodkins or needles made of bone.</p>
-<p>3.&nbsp; Fibul&aelig;, and buckles in great variety.</p>
-<p>4.&nbsp; Bracelets or armlets, and brooch.</p>
-<p>5.&nbsp; Bronze studs or buttons, some flat, and others very
-convex.</p>
-<p>6.&nbsp; Finger rings:&mdash;<i>a</i>. silver; <i>b</i>.
-yellow bronze; <i>c</i>. bronze, with iron wire; <i>d</i>.
-bronze, with open work on one side; <i>e</i>. fragment of one of
-wood; <i>f</i>. iron signet ring: device engraved upon a blue
-stone, a fawn coming out of a nautilus shell.</p>
-<p>7.&nbsp; Combs made of bone, one much ornamented.&nbsp;
-<i>Pl.</i> 10, <i>figs.</i> 5, 6.</p>
-<p>8.&nbsp; Beads of glass of various sizes, some large to
-suspend round the neck, others to string together upon a
-thread.</p>
-<p>9.&nbsp; Bronze bracelet of twisted work.</p>
-<h4>COINS.</h4>
-<p>1.&nbsp; Coins found in the present excavations at
-Wroxeter.</p>
-<p>2.&nbsp; Coins found at Wroxeter, at different times, and
-given to the Museum.</p>
-<p>3.&nbsp; The coins found with a skeleton in the hypocaust.</p>
-<p>4.&nbsp; Coining-mould of baked clay.&nbsp; Julia Domna.</p>
-<h4><a name="page94"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-94</span>CINERARY URNS.</h4>
-<p>1.&nbsp; Large red earthenware urn, containing human hones
-(burnt), inclosed in an outer urn of lead, which was brought from
-Wroxeter many years ago.</p>
-<p>2.&nbsp; Another Cinerary urn of black pottery, containing
-burnt human bones, found in a field adjoining the cemetery, and
-outside the town walls.&nbsp; Purchased by the secretary.</p>
-<p>3.&nbsp; A large Cinerary urn, found in the recent
-excavations, ten inches high, and thirty in circumference, almost
-entire, containing bones, but not human.&mdash;<i>See pl.</i> 13,
-<i>fig.</i> 2.</p>
-<p>4.&nbsp; Cinerary urns in red and black pottery of various
-sizes, from 4 to 12 inches high.&nbsp; Some contained burnt human
-bones and unguent bottles.&mdash;(Cemetery.)&nbsp; Many small
-flask-shaped bottles were found, some broken, some entire, some
-which had evidently been exposed to heat.&nbsp; Oily matter was
-detected in one; hence they have been termed unguent
-bottles.&mdash;(Cemetery.)</p>
-<h3>V.<br />
-<span class="GutSmall">MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS.</span></h3>
-<p><span class="smcap">Medicine Stamp</span>, found at Wroxeter
-in 1808, by Mr. Upton; purchased from his family in 1859, by the
-late Beriah Botfield, Esq., M.P., who presented it to the
-Museum.</p>
-<p><a name="page95"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-95</span>1.&nbsp; Oyster shells in great number; shells of some
-nut found in an oyster shell.</p>
-<p>2.&nbsp; Remains of small animals and birds.</p>
-<p>3.&nbsp; Nondescript articles in iron, shapeless masses of
-lead, innumerable fragments of pottery, bone, &amp;c.</p>
-<p>4.&nbsp; Fragments of horn and bone which have been cut with a
-saw or other tool.</p>
-<p>5.&nbsp; Fragments of bone, which have been turned in a
-lathe.</p>
-<p>6.&nbsp; Inscribed sepulchral stone with Latin inscription,
-partly legible.&nbsp; There has been a statue on the
-top.&mdash;(Cemetery.)</p>
-<p>7.&nbsp; A skiff-shaped vessel in bronze, with round handle,
-and a lid which closed with a catch.</p>
-<p>8.&nbsp; Several legs of the fighting cock, with very large
-natural spurs.</p>
-<p>9.&nbsp; Roundels, formed chiefly from the bottoms of
-earthenware vessels, perhaps used in some game; others made with
-a hole in the centre.</p>
-<p>10.&nbsp; Skulls of the dog; one, that of a dog of the mastiff
-kind, of an unknown species.&nbsp; Bones of horse, ox, roe, and
-red deer, (<i>Cervus elaphus</i>); also fragments of the horn of
-a species allied to the elk of Ireland, (<i>Strongylocerus
-spel&aelig;us</i>.)&nbsp; Very numerous remains of the wild boar,
-including bones of the hoof, jaw, and tusks.</p>
-<p>Among other bones of the ox are some of a very large kind, now
-unknown in this country.</p>
-<p><a name="page96"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 96</span>Also,
-the crania of the <i>Bos longifrons</i>, more than one bearing
-evident marks of the fatal blow of the axe on the forehead.</p>
-<p>11.&nbsp; Specimens of <i>mended</i> pottery:&mdash;1.&nbsp;
-Samian ware. 2.&nbsp; Upchurch. 3.&nbsp; Romano-British
-pottery.</p>
-<p>12.&nbsp; Slabs of stone for grinding or mixing colours,
-painters&rsquo; pallettes.</p>
-<p>13.&nbsp; Specimen of Hepatic iron ore.&nbsp; Ditto of Barytes
-or heavy spar.</p>
-<p>14.&nbsp; Iron tire of a wheel, 3ft. 3ins. in diameter,
-1&frac12; inch in breadth.&nbsp; Two iron hoops, supposed to have
-belonged to the nave of the same wheel.</p>
-<p>15.&nbsp; Two hoops of another nave, with the wood remaining
-between them.</p>
-<h3>Human Remains.</h3>
-<p>1.&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Parts</span> of three human
-skeletons found in the hypocaust <span
-class="GutSmall">B</span>.&nbsp; Two of the skulls are almost
-entire, and one is broken into fragments.&nbsp; The latter is
-remarkable for its great thickness.&nbsp; One of the two former
-from its form, is most probably the head of a female, and the
-bones of the pelvis of one skeleton are also characteristic of
-the female sex.&nbsp; One jaw-bone must have belonged to a very
-old person, as not only the teeth but even <a
-name="page97"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 97</span>the sockets
-are gone.&nbsp; One hundred and thirty-two coins were found in
-the hypocaust with these skeletons.&nbsp; See page <span
-class="indexpageno"><a href="#page41">41</a></span>.</p>
-<p>2.&nbsp; Five human heads, and other parts of human skeletons,
-were first dug up in the orchard, near the river.&nbsp; Of these,
-<i>four</i> were singularly deformed,&mdash;the one eye being in
-advance of the other and the face oblique.&nbsp; Ten other skulls
-have since been found in the same place, and have been arranged
-in the Museum.&nbsp; Of the ten above-mentioned <i>three</i> are
-deformed like the others, four are so broken and defective that
-their form cannot be ascertained, three are not deformed.&nbsp;
-One of the latter is a very large skull, well formed, but with
-very strong projecting cheek (<i>malar</i>) bones, and a
-projecting occiput.</p>
-<p>3.&nbsp; The principal bones of a skeleton (female?) belonging
-to one of the skulls, stretched on a board (as well as could be
-done <i>on the spot</i>) just as it lay in the ground.</p>
-<p>The circumstances under which these skeletons were found are
-full of interest.&nbsp; The greater part of them (at least twenty
-have been found, but not all in a state to be taken up) were
-evidently put into the ground with a certain degree of attention,
-that is, <i>buried</i>.&nbsp; They were not thrown heedlessly
-into a pit, but carefully deposited at full length, and generally
-near together, the legs and arms for the most part extended, or,
-as in the <a name="page98"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-98</span>case above described, one arm lying across the
-body.&nbsp; In general, nothing particular has been found near
-them, but only the usual contents of the soil, such as stones,
-roots, and fragments of pottery.&nbsp; In one instance an iron
-ring, in another, some nails were met with, and in a third a
-single coin of Claudius Gothicus.&nbsp; But all these might have
-occurred accidentally in the neighbourhood of the bodies, in an
-old Roman site, and not have been buried with them.&nbsp; No
-vestiges of wood derived from coffins, or of apparel, were
-discovered.&nbsp; There were no traces of weapons or articles of
-domestic use, which were generally buried by the Romans with
-their friends, and the place where these remains were found is
-within the walls, and could not, therefore, be a Roman
-cemetery.</p>
-<p>4.&nbsp; In more than one instance, bones of very young
-children have been found; but in one instance, alluded to at page
-<span class="indexpageno"><a href="#page68">68</a></span>, almost
-an entire skeleton of a child was found, which has been
-preserved, and is in the Museum.&nbsp; This was found outside the
-semicircular end of the great hypocaust, where there must have
-been a small court.&nbsp; From the smallness of the bones of the
-skeleton, and from the circumstance of the teeth being still
-contained within the jaw-bone, it may be inferred that this was a
-very young infant&mdash;perhaps still in arms.</p>
-<p>5.&nbsp; A thigh bone has been found, which, having been
-fractured, has become united during life.</p>
-<p><a name="page99"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 99</span>The
-most interesting circumstance connected with the human remains
-found at Wroxeter, is the large relative proportion of deformed
-skulls.&nbsp; Of the nineteen crania found in the orchard and
-since deposited in the Museum, eleven are more or less
-crooked.&nbsp; It has been supposed, and indeed the opinion is
-still entertained by some antiquarians, that this deformity was
-<i>congenital</i> and not <i>posthumous</i>, that is to say, that
-the persons to whom these skulls belonged lived and died with
-deformed heads.&nbsp; And this was my own view before I had
-learned that bones are capable of being bent by pressure in the
-ground.&nbsp; There can be little doubt that the deformity has
-been produced by posthumous pressure, aided by moisture and the
-solvent action of certain acids that always exist in vegetable
-mould. <a name="citation99a"></a><a href="#footnote99a"
-class="citation">[99a]</a>&nbsp; Other instances of a like effect
-have been described by Dr. Sherman, <a name="citation99b"></a><a
-href="#footnote99b" class="citation">[99b]</a> and, in America,
-by the Rev. D. Wilson. <a name="citation99c"></a><a
-href="#footnote99c" class="citation">[99c]</a></p>
-<p style="text-align: right">H. J.</p>
-<h2><a name="page100"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-100</span>APPENDIX.</h2>
-<p><span class="smcap">On</span> November the 11th, 1858, at the
-General Meeting of the Shropshire and North Wales Natural History
-and Antiquarian Society, held at the Museum, Shrewsbury, the
-President, Beriah Botfield, Esq., M.P., proposed that excavations
-should be commenced at Wroxeter.&nbsp; He had written to the Duke
-of Cleveland, and obtained his Grace&rsquo;s consent to do
-so.&nbsp; He also made the very liberal offer to give fifty
-guineas towards the expenses, provided that fifty other gentlemen
-could be found willing to subscribe one guinea each.&nbsp; A
-Committee was formed, consisting of the following noblemen and
-gentlemen to carry on the work:&mdash;</p>
-<p class="gutindent">The Right Hon. the Earl of Powis, Powis
-Castle</p>
-<p class="gutindent">Beriah Botfield, Esq., M.P., F.R.S., Decker
-Hill</p>
-<p class="gutindent">R. A. Slaney, Esq., M.P., Walford Manor</p>
-<p class="gutindent">Rev. B. H. Kennedy, D.D., Shrewsbury</p>
-<p class="gutindent">Rev. E. Egremont, Wroxeter</p>
-<p class="gutindent">Rev. R. W. Eyton, Ruyton, Shiffnal</p>
-<p class="gutindent">Rev. H. M. Scarth, Bathwick</p>
-<p class="gutindent">Samuel Ashdown, Esq., Uppington</p>
-<p class="gutindent">W. H. Bayley, Esq., Shrewsbury</p>
-<p class="gutindent">William F. F. Foulkes, Esq., Stanley Place,
-Chester</p>
-<p class="gutindent">Henry Johnson, Esq., M.D., Hon. Sec.,
-Shrewsbury</p>
-<p class="gutindent">George Stanton, Esq., Shrewsbury</p>
-<p class="gutindent">Albert Way, Esq., Worham Manor</p>
-<p class="gutindent">Samuel Wood, Esq., Shrewsbury</p>
-<p class="gutindent">Thomas Wright, Esq., F.S.A., Brompton</p>
-<p>A Metropolitan Committee has since been thought desirable, and
-held its first meeting August 3rd.&nbsp; It consists of the
-following distinguished noblemen and gentlemen:&mdash;</p>
-<p class="gutindent">The Right Hon. Earl Stanhope, President of
-the Royal Society of Antiquaries</p>
-<p class="gutindent">The Right Hon. Viscount Hill, Lord
-Lieutenant of Shropshire</p>
-<p class="gutindent"><a name="page101"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 101</span>The Right Hon. Lord Braybrooke</p>
-<p class="gutindent">The Right Hon. Lord Talbot de Malahide</p>
-<p class="gutindent">The Right Hon. Lord Lindsay</p>
-<p class="gutindent">The Right Hon. Lord Newport, M.P.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">The Right Hon. the Lord Chief Baron</p>
-<p class="gutindent">Beriah Botfield, Esq., M.P.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">The Hon. Rowland C. Hill, M.P.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">R. Monckton Milnes, Esq., M.P.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">C. Octavius S. Morgan, Esq., M.P.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">H. Danby Seymour, Esq., M.P.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">W. Tite, Esq., M.P.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">C. C. Babington, Esq., F.R.S., St.
-John&rsquo;s Coll., Cambridge</p>
-<p class="gutindent">The Rev. E. L. Barnwell, General Secretary
-of the Cambrian Arch&aelig;ological Association</p>
-<p class="gutindent">Sir John P. Boileau, Bart., F.R.S.,
-V.P.S.A.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">The Rev. Dr. Bosworth, F.R.S., F.S.A.,
-Professor of Anglo-Saxon, Oxford</p>
-<p class="gutindent">The Rev. Dr. J. Collingwood Bruce, F.S.A.,
-Hon. Sec. of the Society of Antiquaries of
-Newcastle-upon-Tyne</p>
-<p class="gutindent">Talbot Bury, Esq., F.R.I.B.A., A.I.C.E.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">Benjamin Bond Cabbell, Esq., F.R.S.,
-F.S.A.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">Robert Chambers, Esq., Edinburgh</p>
-<p class="gutindent">Sir James Clarke, Bart., F.R.S.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">James Dearden, Esq., F.S.A.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">C. Wentworth Dilke, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">J. Hepworth Dixon, Esq., F.S.A.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">Joseph Durham, Esq., F.S.A.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">The Rev. E. Egremont, Vicar of Wroxeter</p>
-<p class="gutindent">F. W. Fairholt, Esq., F.S.A.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">Augustus Guest, Esq., L.L.D., F.S.A.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">S. Carter Hall, Esq., F.S.A.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">J. O. Halliwell, Esq., F.S.A., F.R.S.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">The Rev. C. H. Hartshorne</p>
-<p class="gutindent">Fredk. Hindmarsh, Esq., F.R.G.S., F.G.S.,
-Hon. Sec.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">The Rev. T. Hugo, F.S.A.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">Dr. Henry Johnson, Hon. Sec. of the
-Excavation Committee, Shrewsbury</p>
-<p class="gutindent">Joseph Mayer, Esq., F.S.A., Liverpool</p>
-<p class="gutindent">Sir Roderick I. Murchison, F.R.S.,
-&amp;c.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">Frederick Ouvry, Esq., F.S.A.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">The Rev. H. M. Scarth</p>
-<p class="gutindent">Charles Roach Smith, Esq., F.S.A.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">Vice-Admiral W. H. Smyth, F.R.S., F.S.A.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">W. S. W. Vaux, Esq., F.S.A., President of
-the Numismatic Society</p>
-<p class="gutindent">Albert Way, Esq., F.S.A.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">Thomas Wright, Esq., F.S.A., Treasurer.</p>
-
-<div class="gapspace">&nbsp;</div>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">J. O.
-SANDFORD, PRINTER, SHREWSBURY.</span></p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h2>PLATES.</h2>
-<h3>Plate 1: The north side of the Old Wall at Wroxeter</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/fp1b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Plate 1.  The north side of the Old Wall at Wroxeter"
-title=
-"Plate 1.  The north side of the Old Wall at Wroxeter"
- src="images/fp1s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<h3>Plate 2: Wroxeter Church, Shropshire (Vignette)</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/fp2b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Plate 2: Wroxeter Church, Shropshire (Vignette)"
-title=
-"Plate 2: Wroxeter Church, Shropshire (Vignette)"
- src="images/fp2s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<h3>Plate 3: First Roman Hypocaust Discovered at Uriconium
-1859</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/pl3b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"First Roman Hypocaust Discovered at Uriconium"
-title=
-"First Roman Hypocaust Discovered at Uriconium"
- src="images/pl3s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<h3>Plate 4: Roman Tile-Roof, Roman Flag-Roof, Section of Roman
-Hypocaust, &amp;c.</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/pl4b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Figures 1, 2, 3, 4: Roman Tile Roof; Figures 5 and 6: Roman Flag
-Roof; Figure 7: Section of Roman Hypocaust"
-title=
-"Figures 1, 2, 3, 4: Roman Tile Roof; Figures 5 and 6: Roman Flag
-Roof; Figure 7: Section of Roman Hypocaust"
- src="images/pl4s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<h3>Plate 5: Plan of Walls, discovered by the Excavations at
-Wroxeter, Salop, from February 3rd to September, 1863.</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/pl5b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Plan of Walls, discovered by the Excavations at Wroxeter, Salop,
-from February 3rd to September, 1863"
-title=
-"Plan of Walls, discovered by the Excavations at Wroxeter, Salop,
-from February 3rd to September, 1863"
- src="images/pl5s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<h3>Plate 6: Column in the garden of W. H. Oatley Esq.,
-Wroxeter</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/pl6b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Column in the garden of W. H. Oatley Esq., Wroxeter"
-title=
-"Column in the garden of W. H. Oatley Esq., Wroxeter"
- src="images/pl6s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<h3>Plate 7: Ancient Stone Font in Wroxeter Church</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/pl7b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Plate 7: Ancient Stone Font in Wroxeter Church"
-title=
-"Plate 7: Ancient Stone Font in Wroxeter Church"
- src="images/pl7s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<h3>Plate 8: Capitals found at Uriconium</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/pl8b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Plate 8: Capitals found at Uriconium"
-title=
-"Plate 8: Capitals found at Uriconium"
- src="images/pl8s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<h3>Plate 9: Samian, Upchurch, and Romano-Salopian Pottery</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/pl9b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Plate 9: Samian, Upchurch, and Romano-Salopian Pottery"
-title=
-"Plate 9: Samian, Upchurch, and Romano-Salopian Pottery"
- src="images/pl9s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<h3>Plate 10: Rings and Combs</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/pl10b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Rings and Combs (actual size)"
-title=
-"Rings and Combs (actual size)"
- src="images/pl10s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<h3>Plate 11: Hair Pins &amp;c.</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/pl11b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Hair Pins &amp;c. (actual size)"
-title=
-"Hair Pins &amp;c. (actual size)"
- src="images/pl11s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<h3>Plate 12: Skulls from Wroxeter</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/pl12b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Skulls from Wroxeter"
-title=
-"Skulls from Wroxeter"
- src="images/pl12s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<h3>Plate 13: Roman Remains from Wroxeter</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/pl13b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Plate 13: Roman Remains from Wroxeter, in the possession of
-Samuel Wood, Esq., and Mask,. in the Museum, Shrewsbury"
-title=
-"Plate 13: Roman Remains from Wroxeter, in the possession of
-Samuel Wood, Esq., and Mask,. in the Museum, Shrewsbury"
- src="images/pl13s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<h3>Plate 14: Upchurch Pottery, Adz, Spear Head, and
-Romano-Salopian (Red) Ware</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/pl14b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Plate 14: Upchurch Pottery, Adz, Spear Head, and Romano-Salopian
-(Red) Ware"
-title=
-"Plate 14: Upchurch Pottery, Adz, Spear Head, and Romano-Salopian
-(Red) Ware"
- src="images/pl14s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<h3>Plate 15: Carved stone fragments from Uriconium, in the
-Garden of Edward Stanier, Esq., Wroxeter</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/pl15b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Carved stone fragments from Uriconium, in the Garden of Edward
-Stanier, Esq., Wroxeter"
-title=
-"Carved stone fragments from Uriconium, in the Garden of Edward
-Stanier, Esq., Wroxeter"
- src="images/pl15s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<h3>Plate 16: Sepulchral Stone</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/pl16b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Sepulchral Stone from in the Cemetery, Wroxeter"
-title=
-"Sepulchral Stone from in the Cemetery, Wroxeter"
- src="images/pl16s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h2>ADVERTISEMENTS. <a name="citation102"></a><a
-href="#footnote102" class="citation">[102]</a></h2>
-<p style="text-align: center">J. O. SANDFORD.</p>
-
-<div class="gapmediumline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center">CARTE DE VISITE ALBUMS.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center">PRESENTATION BOOKS.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span
-class='gutoutline'>STATIONARY.</span></p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center">North and South Wales Guides.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center">TOURISTS CASES.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">SHREWSBURY
-AND WROXETER</span></p>
-<p style="text-align: center">STEREOSCOPIC SLIDES.</p>
-
-<div class="gapmediumline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>25 High-Street,
-Shrewsbury</b>.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center">J. O. SANDFORD.</p>
-
-<div class="gapmediumline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class='gutoutline'>DRAWING
-MATERIALS,</span><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">COMPRISING</span><br />
-WINSOR &amp; NEWTON&rsquo;S, &amp; ROWNEY&rsquo;S</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">COLOURS,</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">IN CAKES,
-TUBES, AND PANS.</span><br />
-BRISTOL AND LONDON BOARDS.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">Whatman&rsquo;s Drawing Papers.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>SKETCH BLOCKS &amp;
-BOOKS,</b><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">OF VARIOUS SIZES.</span></p>
-<p style="text-align: center">PENCILS &amp; BRUSHES.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">CRAYON PAPERS.</p>
-
-<div class="gapmediumline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>25, High-Street,
-Shrewsbury</b>.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3>WATERPROOF TWEED CLOAKS.</h3>
-
-<div class="gapshortdoubleline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center">J. E. &amp; W. PHILLIPS,</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">TAILORS,<br />
-<span class="GutSmall">AND</span><br />
-<span class='gutoutline'>HABIT MAKERS,</span></p>
-<p style="text-align: center">37, HIGH STREET, SHREWSBURY,</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">ARE THE
-ORIGINAL MAKERS OF THE</span></p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>WATERPROOF TWEED CLOAKS</b></p>
-<p style="text-align: center">FOR LADIES,</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">Which they continue to supply of
-the same quality<br />
-which obtained for them their European reputation.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center">GENTLEMEN&rsquo;S OVER COATS<br />
-<span class="GutSmall">OF THE SAME MATERIAL.</span></p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center">Patterns of Material, and
-directions for Measurement<br />
-sent (post free) on application.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3><a name="page103"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 103</span>LION
-HOTEL,<br />
-<span class="GutSmall">SHREWSBURY.</span></h3>
-<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Nobility, Gentry, and Public of
-Shrewsbury and its Vicinity, are respectfully informed that this
-old-established and well-known Hotel, has undergone considerable
-renovation and change in every department, and that nothing will
-be spared to make it the most complete and comfortable Hotel in
-the county.&nbsp; An entirely new tariff of charges has been
-arranged (including servants&rsquo; fees) on the most reasonable
-charges.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><i>N.B.&mdash;The Lion Omnibus runs
-in connection with all the Trains to</i><br />
-<i>and from the Railway Station</i>.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">POST HORSES ALWAYS IN READINESS.<br
-/>
-Weddings, funerals, &amp;c. as usual.<br />
-<b>ALL ORDERS FOR POST HORSES,</b><br />
-<b>FLYS, &amp;c.</b><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">TO BE ADDRESSED TO</span><br />
-AUGUSTUS LUCAS, <span class="smcap">Proprietor</span>.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><i>Just published</i>, <i>price</i>
-1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> <i>cloth</i>; 1<i>s.</i> <i>paper</i>,</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">AN
-HISTORICAL AND ILLUSTRATED</span><br />
-<b>Handbook</b><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">FOR</span><br />
-THE TOWN OF SHREWSBURY:</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span
-class="GutSmall">BEING</span></p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">A GENERAL
-GUIDE TO ITS CHURCHES, PUBLIC BUILDINGS, WALKS,</span><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">AND OTHER REMARKABLE OBJECTS; TO WHICH IS
-ADDED,</span><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">EXCURSIONS IN THE VICINITY,</span></p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">BY</span><br
-/>
-HENRY PIDGEON, ESQ.,<br />
-<i>Treasurer of the Corporation of Shrewsbury</i>, <i>Author
-of</i> &ldquo;<i>Memorials of</i><br />
-<i>Shrewsbury</i>,&rdquo; <i>&amp;c.</i> <i>&amp;c.</i></p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">SHREWSBURY:
-J. O. SANDFORD, HIGH STREET.</span></p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3><a name="page104"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-104</span>LONDON JEWELLERY<br />
-<span class="GutSmall">ESTABLISHMENT,</span><br />
-38, HIGH-STREET, SHREWSBURY.</h3>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>J. KENT</b>,<br />
-(SUCCESSOR TO J. T. NIGHTINGALE,)<br />
-<b>PROPRIETOR</b>.</p>
-
-<div class="gapmediumline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center">KENT&rsquo;S LONDON AND GENEVA
-WATCHES,<br />
-<span class="GutSmall">ENGLISH AND FOREIGN</span><br />
-<span class='gutoutline'>CLOCKS AND TIMEPIECES,</span></p>
-<p>Manufactured to order, expressly for his own sale, by the most
-celebrated makers, are warranted to keep accurate time, <i>and
-every attention given to them for the first two years free of
-charge</i>, unless broken or injured by accident.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">WEDDING AND GUARD RINGS,<br />
-<span class="GutSmall">Of 12, 15, 18, &amp; 22 Carat Gold,
-</span><span class="GutSmall"><i>Hall-marked</i></span><span
-class="GutSmall">.</span><br />
-<b>GUARD AND ALBERT CHAINS</b><br />
-of the newest London design, and guaranteed as to quality and<br
-/>
-workmanship.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">HAIR JEWELLERY,</p>
-<p>In Brooches, Bracelets, Shawl-pins, Earrings, Lockets,
-Necklets, Guard or Albert Chains, Rings, Studs, Sleeve-links,
-Scarf-pins, Charms, &amp;c., of the most novel and artistic
-designs, made to order, <i>from the hair supplied by the
-parties</i>, on the shortest possible notice.</p>
-<p>In order to meet the requirement of his increasing connection,
-J. K. respectfully announces that, having <i>now on the
-premises</i> experienced first-class London Workmen, he can
-execute</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><i>Repairs in Jewellery</i>,
-<i>Watches</i>, <i>Clocks</i>, <i>Spectacles</i>,<br />
-<i>Plated Goods</i>, <i>Cutlery</i>, <i>&amp;c.</i></p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">IN A FEW
-HOURS.</span></p>
-<p style="text-align: center">J. KENT,<br />
-<span class="GutSmall">LATE J. T. NIGHTINGALE,</span><br />
-MOURNING JEWELLER, OPTICIAN, &amp;c.<br />
-<b>38</b>, <b>HIGH STREET</b>, <b>SHREWSBURY</b>.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3>Shrewsbury &amp; Wroxeter Illustrated.</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center"><i>A Series of Views for the
-Stereoscope</i>, <i>by</i> F. <span class="smcap">Bedford</span>.
-1s. <i>each</i>.</p>
-<p>1.&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>,
-Ireland&rsquo;s Mansion.</p>
-<p>2.&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, the Market
-House.</p>
-<p>3.&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, the Market
-Square.</p>
-<p>4.&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, Statue of
-Clive, in the Market Place.</p>
-<p>5.&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, Elizabethan
-Houses, in the Market Place.</p>
-<p>6.&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, the Cross Keys
-Tavern, High Street.</p>
-<p>7.&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, Old House,
-Princess Street, Market Place.</p>
-<p>8.&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>,
-Shearman&rsquo;s Hall, and Old Post Office Inn.</p>
-<p>9.&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, Old Houses, in
-the Wyle Cop.</p>
-<p>10.&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, Old Timber
-Houses, in the Abbey Foregate.</p>
-<p>11.&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, Gate Way to
-Council House, St. Nicholas&rsquo; Chapel.</p>
-<p>12.&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, in the Court
-Yard to the Council House.</p>
-<p>13.&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, the Royal
-Grammar School.</p>
-<p>14.&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, the Castle,
-Garden Front.</p>
-<p>15.&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, the Castle,
-from the Entrance Gateway.</p>
-<p>16.&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, the last
-remaining Tower of the Old Walls.</p>
-<p>17.&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, English
-Bridge.</p>
-<p>18.&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, St.
-Giles&rsquo;s Church.</p>
-<p>19.&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, Old Church of
-St. Giles.</p>
-<p>20.&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, the Abbey,
-from the South East.</p>
-<p>21.&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, the Abbey,
-West Front.</p>
-<p>22.&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, Old St.
-Chad&rsquo;s Church.</p>
-<p>23.&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, St.
-Mary&rsquo;s Church, view from South West.</p>
-<p>24.&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, St.
-Mary&rsquo;s Church, South Porch.</p>
-<p>25.&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, St.
-Mary&rsquo;s Church, from the Infirmary.</p>
-<p>26.&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, St.
-Julian&rsquo;s Church, and Spire of St. Alkmond.</p>
-<p>27.&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, St.
-Chad&rsquo;s Church.</p>
-<p>28.&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, the Portal to
-the Shoemaker&rsquo;s Arbour, Kingsland.</p>
-<p>29.&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, Lord
-Hill&rsquo;s Column.</p>
-<p>30.&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, the Stone
-Pulpit.</p>
-<p>31.&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, St.
-Mary&rsquo;s Watergate.</p>
-<p>32.&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, the Ferry and
-House of Industry.</p>
-<p>33.&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, Avenue in the
-Quarry.</p>
-<p>34.&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, the Dingle in
-the Quarry.</p>
-<p>35.&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Shrewsbury</span>, the
-Whitehall.</p>
-<p>36.&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Wroxeter</span>, remains of
-Floor in the Baths.</p>
-<p>37.&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Wroxeter</span>, supposed
-Enameller&rsquo;s Shop.</p>
-<p>38.&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Wroxeter</span>, Public Baths,
-looking West.</p>
-<p>39.&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Wroxeter</span>, the Old Wall,
-and Hypocaust.</p>
-<p>40.&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Wroxeter</span>, Public Baths,
-from the S.W.</p>
-<p>41.&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Wroxeter</span>, the principal
-Hypocaust.</p>
-<p>42.&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Wroxeter</span>, Public Baths,
-looking East.</p>
-<p>43.&nbsp; <span class="smcap">Wroxeter</span>, the
-Excavations, seen from W.N.W.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><i>Published by CATHERALL &amp;
-PRICHARD</i>, <i>Eastgate-row</i>,<br />
-<i>Chester</i>, <i>and sold by all dealers in slides</i>.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3>VINCENT CRUMP,</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">BY SPECIAL
-APPOINTMENT</span></p>
-<table>
-<tr>
-<td><p style="text-align: center">Bride, Citron,<br />
-and<br />
-Desert Cakes.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/armsb.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Royal coat of Arms"
-title=
-"Royal coat of Arms"
- src="images/armss.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: center">Simmels in<br />
-the<br />
-Season.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span
-class='gutoutline'><b>CONFECTIONER</b></span></p>
-<p style="text-align: center">To Her Majesty the Queen,</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">WYLE COP AND PRIDE HILL,</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">SHREWSBURY.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>ROYAL SHREWSBURY CAKES</b>.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h2>FOOTNOTES.</h2>
-<p><a name="footnote99a"></a><a href="#citation99a"
-class="footnote">[99a]</a>&nbsp; See Abstract of Proceedings of
-Royal Society, June, 1862.</p>
-<p><a name="footnote99b"></a><a href="#citation99b"
-class="footnote">[99b]</a>&nbsp; Crania Britannia.</p>
-<p><a name="footnote99c"></a><a href="#citation99c"
-class="footnote">[99c]</a>&nbsp; Pre-Historic Man, vol. ii. p.
-306, &amp;c. &amp;c.</p>
-<p><a name="footnote102"></a><a href="#citation102"
-class="footnote">[102]</a>&nbsp; In this transcription the
-advertisements have been moved to the end of the book.&nbsp; In
-the original the first two (J. O. Sandford) come before the
-frontispiece.&nbsp; The rest then follow after the Appendix and
-come before the Plates with the exception of the last two
-(Shrewsbury and Wroxeter Illustrated; Vincent Crump) which came
-after the plates.&mdash;DP.</p>
-<pre>
-
-
-
-
-***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE RUINS OF THE ROMAN CITY OF
-URICONIUM, AT WROXETER, NEAR SHREWSBURY***
-
-
-***** This file should be named 62425-h.htm or 62425-h.zip******
-
-
-This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
-http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/6/2/4/2/62425
-
-
-Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will
-be renamed.
-
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-law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
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