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text-indent:0; } -</style> -</head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Cowpens, by Thomas J. Fleming - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Cowpens - Downright Fighting: The Story of Cowpens - -Author: Thomas J. Fleming - -Release Date: June 17, 2020 [EBook #62413] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COWPENS *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -</pre> - -<div id="cover" class="img"> -<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="“Downright Fighting:” The Story of Cowpens" width="500" height="719" /> -</div> -<div class="box"> -<p class="center cwhite">Handbook 135<span class="hst"> Cowpens</span></p> -<h1><span class="small">“Downright Fighting”</span> -<br /><span class="smallest serif">The Story of Cowpens</span></h1> -<p class="center"><i>by Thomas J. Fleming</i></p> -<p class="tbcenter"><span class="ss">A Handbook for -<br />Cowpens National Battlefield -<br />South Carolina</span></p> -<p class="center"><span class="ss">Produced by the -<br />Division of Publications -<br />National Park Service</span></p> -<p class="center"><span class="ss">U.S. Department of the Interior -<br />Washington, D.C. 1988</span></p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_2">2</div> -<h4><i>About this book</i></h4> -<p>The story of Cowpens, as told in these pages, is ever -fresh and will live in memory as long as America’s -wars are studied and talked about. The author is -Thomas Fleming, a biographer, military historian, -and novelist of distinction. His works range from an -account of the Pilgrims’ first year in America to -biographies of Jefferson and Franklin and novels of -three American wars. <i>Downright Fighting, The -Story of Cowpens</i> is a gripping tale by a master -storyteller of what has been described as the -patriot’s best fought battle of the Revolutionary -War.</p> -<p>The National Park System, of which Cowpens -National Battlefield is a unit, consists of more than -340 parks totaling 80 million acres. These parks -represent important examples of the nation’s natural -and cultural inheritance.</p> -<h4><i>National Park Handbooks</i></h4> -<p>National Park handbooks, compact introductions to -the natural and historical places administered by the -National Park Service, are designed to promote -public understanding and enjoyment of the parks. -Each handbook is intended to be informative -reading and a useful guide to park features. More -than 100 titles are in print. They are sold at parks -and by mail from the Superintendent of Documents, -U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. -20402.</p> -<h4><i>Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data</i></h4> -<dl class="undent"><dt>Fleming, Thomas J.</dt> -<dt>Cowpens: “downright fighting.”</dt> -<dt>(Handbook: 135)</dt> -<dt>“A Handbook for Cowpens National Battlefield, South Carolina.”</dt> -<dt>Bibliography: p.</dt> -<dt>Includes index.</dt> -<dt>Supt. of Docs. no.: I29.9/5:135</dt> -<dt>1. Cowpens, Battle of, 1781. I. Title. II. Series: Handbook (United States. National Park Service. Division of Publications); 135.</dt> -<dt>E241.C9F58<span class="hst"> 1988</span><span class="hst"> 973.3’37</span><span class="hst"> 87-600142</span></dt> -<dt><i>ISBN 0-912627-33-6</i></dt> -<dt class="jr"><span class="small">★GPO: 1988—201-939/60005</span></dt></dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_3">3</div> -<dl class="toc"> -<dt><a href="#c1"><span class="cn"> </span><b>Prologue</b></a> <b>4</b></dt> -<dd class="left"><i>George F. Scheer</i></dd> -<dt><a href="#c2"><span class="cn"><b>Part 1</b> </span><b>“Downright Fighting”</b></a> <b>10</b></dt> -<dd class="left">The Story of Cowpens<br /><i>Thomas J. Fleming</i></dd> -<dt><a href="#c3"><span class="cn"><b>Part 2</b> </span><b>Cowpens and the War in the South</b></a> <b>86</b></dt> -<dd class="left"><span class="ss"><span class="small">A Guide to the Battlefield and Related Sites</span></span></dd> -<dd><a href="#c4">Cowpens Battleground</a> 88</dd> -<dd><a href="#c5">The Road to Yorktown</a> 91</dd> -<dd><a href="#c6">Savannah, 1778-79</a> 91</dd> -<dd><a href="#c7">Charleston, 1780</a> 91</dd> -<dd><a href="#c8">The Waxhaws, 1780</a> 91</dd> -<dd><a href="#c9">Camden, 1780</a> 92</dd> -<dd><a href="#c10">Kings Mountain, 1780</a> 92</dd> -<dd><a href="#c11">Guilford Courthouse, 1781</a> 92</dd> -<dd><a href="#c12">Ninety Six, 1781</a> 93</dd> -<dd><a href="#c13">Eutaw Springs, 1781</a> 93</dd> -<dd><a href="#c14">Yorktown, 1781</a> 93</dd> -<dd><a href="#c15">For Further Reading</a> 94</dd> -<dd><a href="#c16">Index</a> 95</dd> -</dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_4">4</div> -<h2 id="c1"><span class="small">Prologue</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="fig1"> -<img src="images/i03.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="729" /> -<p class="pcap">On the -morning of January 15, 1781, -Morgan’s army looked down -this road at Tarleton’s legion -deploying into a line of battle. -Locally it was known as -the Green River Road. Four -or five miles beyond the position -held by Morgan, the -road crossed the Broad River -at Island Ford. For opposite -reasons, Morgan and Tarleton -each thought this field and its -relationship to the Broad -River gave him the advantage.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_6">6</div> -<h2><span class="small">Splendid Antagonists</span></h2> -<p>As battlefields go, this one is fairly plain: a grassy -clearing in a scrub-pine forest with no obvious military -advantages. There are a thousand meadows like -it in upstate South Carolina. This one is important -because two centuries ago armies clashed here in -one of the dramatic battles of the Revolutionary War.</p> -<p>In January 1781, this clearing was a frontier pasturing -ground, known locally as the Cowpens. The -name came from the custom of upcountry stock -raisers wintering their cattle in the lush vales around -Thicketty Mountain. It was probably squatters’ -ground, though one tradition says that it belonged to -a person named Hannah, while another credits it to -one Hiram Saunders, a wealthy loyalist who lived -close by.</p> -<p>The meadow was apparently well known to frontiersmen. -The previous October, a body of over-mountain -men, pursuing Patrick Ferguson and his -loyalist corps, made camp here and, according to -another tradition, hauled the Tory Saunders out of -bed at night seeking information on Ferguson’s whereabouts. -Finding no sign of an army passing through, -they butchered some cattle and after refreshing themselves -took up the trail again.</p> -<p>When the troops of Continental General Daniel -Morgan filed onto this field on a dank January day in -1781, they were an army on the run, fleeing an -implacable and awesome enemy, the dreaded British -Legion of Col. Banastre Tarleton. Their patrols reported -that they were substantially outnumbered, -and by any military measure of the time, they were -clearly outclassed. They were a mixed force of some -830 soldiers—320 seasoned Continentals, a troop of -light dragoons, and the rest militia. Though some -of the militia were former Continentals, known to be -stalwarts in battle, most were short-term soldiers -whose unpredictable performance might give a commander -pause when battle lines were drawn. Their -foe, Tarleton’s Legion, was the best light corps in the -British army in America, and it was now reinforced -by several hundred British regulars and an artillery -company.</p> -<p>On this afternoon of January 16, 1781, the men of -Morgan’s army had run long enough. They were -spoiling for a fight. They knew Tarleton as the enemy -whose troopers at the Waxhaws had sabered to -death Americans in the act of surrendering. From -<span class="pb" id="Page_7">7</span> -him they had taken their own merciless victory cry, -“Tarleton’s quarter.” In the months after the infamous -butchery, as Tarleton’s green-jacketed dragoons -attacked citizens and soldiers alike and pillaged farms -and burned homes, they had come to characterize -him as “Bloody Tarleton.” He was bold, fearless, -often rash and always a savage enemy, and they -seethed to have a go at him.</p> -<p>Morgan chose this ground as much for its tactical -advantages as from necessity. Most of his militia -lacked bayonets and could not stand up to bayonet-wielding -redcoats in a line of battle. Morgan saw -advantage in this unlikely field: a river to the rear to -discourage the ranks from breaking, rising ground -on which to post his regulars, a scattering of trees to -hinder the enemy’s cavalry, and marsh on one side to -thwart flanking maneuvers. It was ground on which -he could deploy his troops to make the most of their -abilities in the kind of fighting that he expected -Tarleton to bring on.</p> -<p>In the narrative that follows, Thomas Fleming, a -historian with the skills of a novelist, tells the authentic, -dramatic story that climaxed on the next morning. -In his fully fleshed chronicle, intimate in detail -and rich in insights, he relates the complex events -that took shape in the Southern colonies after the -War of the Revolution stalemated in the north. He -describes the British strategy for conquering the rebel -Americans and the Americans’ counterstrategy. -An important part of this story is an account of the -daringly unorthodox campaign of commander-in-chief -George Washington’s trusted lieutenant Nathanael -Greene, who finally “flushed the bird” that Washington -caught at Yorktown. Upon reading <i>Downright -Fighting</i>, one understands why the Homeric battle -between two splendid antagonists on the morning of -January 17, 1781, became the beginning of the end of -the British hold on America.</p> -<p><span class="lr">—George F. Scheer</span></p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_8">8</div> -<div class="img" id="fig2"> -<img src="images/i04.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="725" /> -<p class="pcap">Scattered hardwoods -gave Morgan’s skirmishers -protection and -helped deflect Tarleton’s -hard-riding dragoons sent -out to drive them in. The -battle opened at sunrise, in -light similar to this scene.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_10">10</div> -<h2 id="c2"><span class="small">Part 1</span> -<br />“Downright Fighting” -<br />The Story of Cowpens.</h2> -<p class="center"><i>by Thomas J. Fleming</i></p> -<div class="img" id="fig3"> -<img src="images/i05.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="727" /> -<p class="pcap">British and -Continental dragoons clash -in the opening minutes of -battle. From Frederick -Kimmelmeyer’s painting, -“The Battle of Cowpens,” -1809.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_12">12</div> -<h2><span class="small">The Anatomy of Victory</span></h2> -<h3><b>1</b></h3> -<p>All night the two men rode northwest along the -muddy winding roads of South Carolina’s back country. -Twice they had to endure bone-chilling swims -across swollen creeks. Now, in the raw gray cold of -dawn, they faced a more formidable obstacle—the -wide, swift Pacolet River. They rode along it until -they found the ford known as Grindal Shoals. Ordinarily, -it would have been easy to cross. But the river -was high. The icy water lapped at their thighs as the -weary horses struggled to keep their feet in the -rushing current. “Halt,” snarled a voice from the -river bank. “Who goes there?”</p> -<p>“Friend,” said the lead rider, 25-year-old Joseph -McJunkin.</p> -<p>The sentry barked the password for the night. -McJunkin and his companion, James Park, did not -know the countersign. McJunkin told the sentry he -had an important message for General Morgan. The -sentry told him not to move or he would put a hole -through his chest. He called for the captain of the -guard. The two riders had to sit there in the icy river -while the captain made his way to the bank. Once -more McJunkin insisted he had a message for General -Morgan. It was from Colonel Pickens. It was -very important.</p> -<p>The captain invited the two men onto the north -bank of the Pacolet. Above them, on a wooded hill, -was the camp of Brig. Gen. Daniel Morgan of the -Continental Army of the United States. Around -Morgan’s tent, about 830 men were lighting fires and -beginning to cook their breakfasts, which consisted -largely of cornmeal. From a barrel in a wagon, a -commissary issued a gill (four ounces) of rum. Most -added water to it and put it in their canteens. A few -gulped the fiery liquid straight, in spite of the frowns -of their officers. Some 320 of the men still wore -pieces of uniforms—a tattered blue coat here, a -ragged white wool waistcoat there, patched buff -breeches. In spite of the rainy, cold January weather, -few had shoes on their feet. These men were Continentals—the -names by which patriot regular army -soldiers, usually enlisted for three years, were known.</p> -<p>The rest of the army wore a varied assortment of -civilian clothing. Hunting shirts of coarse homespun -material known as linsey-woolsey, tightly belted, or -loose wool coats, also homespun, leather leggings, -wool breeches. These men were militia—summoned -<span class="pb" id="Page_13">13</span> -from their homes to serve as emergency soldiers for -short periods of time. Most were from western -districts of the Carolinas. About 120 were riflemen -from Virginia, committed to serving for six months. -Most of these were former Continentals. They were -being paid by other Virginians who hired them as -substitutes to avoid being drafted into the army. -After five years of war, patriotism was far from -universal in America.</p> -<p>In his tent, Morgan listened to the message -McJunkin brought from Col. Andrew Pickens: the -British were advancing in force. Morgan whirled and -roused from a nearby camp cot a small groggy man -who had managed to sleep through McJunkin’s bad -news. His name was Baron de Glaubech. He was one -of the many French volunteers who were serving -with the Americans. “Baron,” Morgan said. “Get up. -Go back and tell Billy that Benny is coming and he -must meet me tomorrow evening at Gentleman -Thompson’s on the east side of Thicketty Creek.”</p> -<p>Sixty-three years later, when he was 80, Joseph -McJunkin remembered these words with their remarkable -combination of informality and decision. -It was part of the reason men like young McJunkin -trusted Daniel Morgan. It was somehow reassuring -to hear him call Lt. Col. William Washington, commander -of the American cavalry and second cousin -to Gen. George Washington, “Billy.” It was even -more reassuring to hear him call Lt. Col. Banastre -Tarleton, commander of the British army that was -coming after them, “Benny.”</p> -<p>Adding to this reassurance was 45-year-old Daniel -Morgan’s appearance and reputation. He was over -six feet tall, with massive shoulders and arms, toughened -from his youthful years as a wagonmaster in -western Virginia. In his younger days he had been -one of the champion sluggers and wrestlers of the -Shenandoah Valley. His wide volatile face could still -flash from cheerfulness to pugnacity in an instant. In -the five years of the Revolution, Morgan had become -a living legend: the man who led a reckless -assault into the very mouths of British cannon on the -barricaded streets of Quebec in 1775, whose corps of -some 570 riflemen had been the cutting edge of the -American army that defeated the British at Saratoga -in 1777.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig4"> -<img src="images/i06.jpg" alt="" width="390" height="602" /> -<p class="pcap">The victor at Saratoga, Gen. -Horatio Gates (top) came -south in July 1780 to -command the Southern Department -after the main -Continental army in the -South was surrendered at -Charleston. Charles -Willson Peale shows Gates at -49 with an open face and a -steady gaze.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig5"> -<img src="images/i06a.jpg" alt="" width="390" height="601" /> -<p class="pcap">A month later he -himself was routed at Camden -by Cornwallis. Cornwallis was -only 45, two years after -Yorktown, when he sat for -Gainsborough. Both generals are portrayed -in their prime.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_14">14</div> -<h4 class="interlude">Daniel Morgan, Frontiersman</h4> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/i07.jpg" alt="Daniel Morgan" width="600" height="732" /> -</div> -<blockquote> -<div class="pb" id="Page_15">15</div> -<p>He was a giant of a man, 6 feet -2 inches, with a full face, blue -eyes, dark hair, and a classic -nose. As a youth in western -Virginia, he had drifted into -wagoneering along the roads -of the frontier. His education -was slight. Good-natured and -gregarious, he was, like his -companions of the road, rowdy -and given to drink, gambling, -and fighting. In time, he married, -settled down, went into -farming, and became a man of -substance in his community.</p> -<p>He was already a hero of -the Revolution when he took -command of Greene’s light -troops in late 1780. His rifle -corps had fought with distinction -at Quebec (1775) and -Saratoga (1777). But after -being passed over for promotion, -unfairly he thought, he -retired to his Virginia farm. -When the South fell to British -armies in 1780, he put aside -his feelings and welcomed a -new command.</p> -<p>Morgan was at home in the -slashing, partisan warfare in -the South. At Cowpens the -mixed force of regulars and -militia that he led so ably -destroyed Tarleton’s dreaded -Legion, depriving Cornwallis -of a wing of swift-moving light -troops essential to his army’s -operation.</p> -</blockquote> -<div class="img" id="fig6"> -<img src="images/i07c.jpg" alt="" width="389" height="799" /> -<p class="pcap">Woodcuts of the gold medal -Congress awarded Morgan -for his victory at Cowpens. -The original medal is lost.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig7"> -<img src="images/i07e.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="588" /> -<p class="pcap">Morgan’s fine stone house, which he named -“Saratoga,” still stands near -Winchester, Virginia.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_16">16</div> -<h4 class="interlude">The War in the South</h4> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/i08.jpg" alt="Map" width="800" height="762" /> -</div> -<dl class="undent pcap"><dt>NORTH CAROLINA</dt> -<dd>New Bern<span class="ss yellow">•</span></dd> -<dd>Edenton<span class="ss yellow">•</span></dd> -<dd>Brunswick<span class="ss yellow">•</span></dd> -<dd>Gilbert Town<span class="ss yellow">•</span></dd> -<dt>SOUTH CAROLINA</dt> -<dd>Georgetown<span class="ss yellow">•</span></dd> -<dt>GEORGIA</dt> -<dd>Augusta<span class="ss yellow">•</span></dd> -<dt><span class="ss i">Moores Creek 27 Feb 1776</span></dt> -<dt><span class="ss i">Sullivans Island 28 June 1776</span></dt> -<dt><span class="ss i">Kettle Creek 14 Feb 1779</span></dt> -<dt><span class="ss i">Brier Creek 3 March 1779</span></dt> -<dt><span class="ss i">Lenuds Ferry 6 May 1780</span></dt> -<dt><span class="ss i">Waxhaws 29 May 1780</span></dt> -<dt><span class="ss i">Williamson Plantation 12 July 1780</span></dt> -<dt><span class="ss i">Kings Mountain 7 Oct 1780</span></dt> -<dt>Ninety Six<span class="ss yellow">•</span></dt> -<dd><span class="blue">Besieged by Greene May-June 1781;</span></dd> -<dd><span class="rubric">evacuated by the British July 1781</span></dd> -<dt><span class="ss i">Hobkirks Hill 25 Apr 1781</span></dt> -<dt>Charleston<span class="ss yellow">•</span></dt> -<dd><span class="ss i">Captured by the British 12 May 1780</span></dd> -<dd><span class="ss i">Eutaw Springs 8 Sept 1781</span></dd> -<dd><b>Fort Watson</b></dd> -<dd><b>HIGH HILLS OF SANTEE</b></dd> -<dd><span class="rubric">Cornwallis routs Gates at Camden and advances into North Carolina</span></dd> -<dd>Camden<span class="ss yellow">•</span></dd> -<dd><span class="ss i">Hanging Rock 6 Aug 1780</span></dd> -<dd><span class="ss i">Camden 16 Aug 1780</span></dd> -<dd><span class="ss i">Fishing Creek 18 Aug 1780</span></dd> -<dd><span class="ss i">Great Savannah 20 Aug 1780</span></dd> -<dd>Charlotte<span class="ss yellow">•</span></dd> -<dd><span class="blue">Greene divides his army sending Morgan to the west and the main army into winter quarters at Cheraw Hills. 20-26 Dec 1780</span></dd> -<dd>Cheraw Hills<span class="ss yellow">•</span></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="blue">Greene’s winter quarters 1780-1781</span></dd> -<dd><b>Grindal Shoals</b></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="blue">Morgan’s camp 25 Dec 1780 to 14 Jan 1781</span></dd> -<dd><span class="rubric">Cornwallis turns back after Ferguson’s defeat at Kings Mountain and goes into winter quarters at Winnsborough.</span></dd> -<dt>Winnsborough<span class="ss yellow">•</span></dt> -<dd><span class="rubric">Cornwallis’s winter quarters 1780-1781</span></dd> -<dd><span class="rubric">Tarleton</span></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="ss i">Musgroves Mill 18 Aug 1780</span></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="ss i">Fishdam Ford 9 Nov 1780</span></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="ss i">Blackstocks 20 Nov 1780</span></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="ss i">Hammonds Store 28 Dec 1780</span></dd> -<dd class="t">Easterwood Shoals</dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="ss i">Cowpens 17 Jan 1781</span></dd> -<dd class="t">Hamiltons Ford</dd> -<dd><span class="rubric">Cornwallis pursues Morgan.</span></dd> -<dd><span class="blue">Morgan’s line of retreat after Cownpens.</span></dd> -<dd class="t">Green River Road</dd> -<dd class="t">Island Ford</dd> -<dd class="t">Beatties Ford</dd> -<dd class="t">Island Ford</dd> -<dd class="t"><b>Ramsour’s Mill</b></dd> -<dd class="t"><span class="rubric">Cornwallis burns his baggage. 24 Jan 1781</span></dd> -<dd class="t">Salisbury<span class="ss yellow">•</span></dd> -<dd class="t">Salem<span class="ss yellow">•</span></dd> -<dd class="t">Guilford Courthouse<span class="ss yellow">•</span></dd> -<dt>Cheraw Hills<span class="ss yellow">•</span></dt> -<dd>Coxs Mill</dd> -<dd><span class="blue">Greene races for the Dan River with Cornwallis in pursuit.</span></dd> -<dd>Boyds Ferry</dd> -<dd><span class="blue">Greene crosses the Dan River and is resupplied and reinforced. 13 Feb 1781</span></dd> -<dd><span class="rubric">Cornwallis halts south of the Dan River.</span></dd> -<dd>Hillsborough<span class="ss yellow">•</span></dd> -<dt><span class="ss i">Guilford Courthouse 15 March 1781</span></dt> -<dd>Ramseys Mill<span class="ss yellow">•</span></dd> -<dd><span class="blue">Greene breaks off pursuit of Cornwallis after Guilford.</span></dd> -<dd>Cross Creek<span class="ss yellow">•</span></dd> -<dd>Elizabethtown<span class="ss yellow">•</span></dd> -<dd><span class="rubric">Cornwallis retreats to Wilmington</span></dd> -<dd>Wilmington<span class="ss yellow">•</span></dd> -<dd><span class="rubric">Cornwallis marches into Virginia April-May 1781</span></dd> -<dd>Halifax<span class="ss yellow">•</span></dd> -<dd>Petersburg<span class="ss yellow">•</span></dd> -<dd>Richmond<span class="ss yellow">•</span></dd> -<dd>Williamsburg<span class="ss yellow">•</span></dd> -<dd>Yorktown<span class="ss yellow">•</span></dd> -<dd><span class="rubric">Cornwallis surrenders 19 Oct 1781</span></dd></dl> -<p>The lower South became the decisive theatre -of the Revolutionary War. After the struggle -settled into stalemate in the north, the British -mounted their second campaign to conquer -the region. British expeditionary forces captured -Savannah in late 1778 and Charleston in -May 1780. By late in that summer, most of -South Carolina was pacified, and a powerful -British army under Cornwallis was poised to -sweep across the Carolinas into Virginia.</p> -<p>This map traces the marches of Cornwallis -(red) and his wily adversary Nathanael Greene -(blue). The campaign opened at Charleston in -August 1780 when Cornwallis marched north -to confront Gen. Horatio Gates moving south -with a Continental army. It ended at Yorktown -in October 1781 with Cornwallis’s surrender of -the main British army in America. In between -were 18 months of some of the hardest campaigning -and most savage fighting of the war.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_18">18</div> -<p>On this 14th of January, 1781, a great many people -in South Carolina and North Carolina were badly in -need of the reassurance that Daniel Morgan communicated. -The year just completed had been a series -of military and political disasters, with only a few -flickering glimpses of hope for the Americans who -had rebelled against George III and his Parliament in -1776. In 1780 the British had adopted a new strategy. -Leaving enough troops to pin down George Washington’s -main American army near New York, the -British had sent another army south to besiege -Charleston. On May 12, 1780, the city and its -defending army, under the command of a Massachusetts -general named Benjamin Lincoln, surrendered. -Two hundred and forty-five regular officers and -2,326 enlisted men became captives along with an -equal number of South Carolina militia; thousands -of muskets, dozens of cannon, and tons of irreplaceable -gunpowder and other supplies were also lost.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig8"> -<img src="images/i09.jpg" alt="" width="390" height="601" /> -<p class="pcap">Gen. Nathanael Greene -(1742-86) served with distinction -in two roles: as quartermaster -general of the army -after others had failed in the -post, and as the strategist -of the decisive Southern -Campaign.</p> -</div> -<p>It was the worst American defeat of the war. The -Continental Congress responded by sending south -Gen. Horatio Gates, commander of the army that -had beaten the British at Saratoga. Gates brought -with him about 1,200 Maryland and Delaware Continentals -and called on the militia of North Carolina -and Virginia to support him. On August 16, 1780, -outside the village of Camden, S.C., the Americans -encountered an army commanded by Charles, Earl -Cornwallis, the most aggressive British general in -America. Cornwallis ordered a bayonet charge. The -poorly armed, inexperienced militia panicked and -fled. The Continentals fought desperately for a time -but were soon surrounded and overwhelmed.</p> -<p>Both North and South Carolina now seemed prostrate. -There was no patriot army in either state -strong enough to resist the thousands of British regulars. -Georgia had been conquered by a combined -British naval and land force in late 1778 and early -1779. There were rumors that America’s allies, France -and Spain, were tired of the war and ready to call a -peace conference. Many persons thought that the -Carolinas and Georgia would be abandoned at this -conference. In the Continental Congress, some already -considered them lost. “It is agreed on all hands -the whole state of So. Carolina hath submitted to the -British Government as well as Georgia,” a Rhode -Island delegate wrote. “I shall not be surprised to -hear N. Carolina hath followed their example.”</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_19">19</div> -<div class="img" id="fig9"> -<img src="images/i09a.jpg" alt="" width="388" height="599" /> -<p class="pcap">Thomas Sumter (1732-1832), -a daring and energetic partisan -leader, joined the patriot -side after Tarleton’s dragoons -burned his Santee -home. His militia harassed -and sometimes defeated the -British in the savage civil war -that gripped the South Carolina -backcountry in 1780-81.</p> -</div> -<p>British spokesmen eagerly promoted this idea. -They were more numerous in the Carolinas than -most 20th-century Americans realize. The majority -of them were American born—men and women -whom the rebel Americans called tories and today -are usually known as loyalists. Part of the reason for -this defection was geographical. The people of the -back country had long feuded with the wealthier -lowlanders, who controlled the politics of the two -States. The lowlanders had led the Carolinas into the -war with the mother country, and many back-country -people sided with the British in the hope of humbling -the haughty planters. Some of these counter-revolutionists -sincerely believed their rights would -be better protected under the king. Another large -group thought the British were going to win the war -and sided with them in the hope of getting rich on -the rebels’ confiscated estates. A third, more passive -group simply lacked the courage to oppose their -aggressive loyalist neighbors.</p> -<p>The British set up forts, garrisoned by regulars -and loyalists, in various districts of South Carolina -and told the people if they swore an oath of allegiance -to the king and promised to lay down their -weapons, they would be protected and forgiven for -any and all previous acts of rebellion. Thousands of -men accepted this offer and dropped out of the war.</p> -<p>But some South Carolinians refused to submit to -royal authority. Many of them were Presbyterians, -who feared that their freedom to worship would be -taken away from them or that they would be deprived -of the right to vote, as Presbyterians were in -England. Others were animated by a fundamental -suspicion of British intentions toward America. They -believed there was a British plot to force Americans -to pay unjust taxes to enable England’s aristocratic -politicians and their followers to live in luxury.</p> -<p>Joseph McJunkin was one of the men who had -refused to surrender. He had risen from private to -major in the militia regiment from the Union district -of South Carolina. After the fall of Charleston, he -and his friends hid gunpowder and ammunition in -hollow logs and thickets. But in June 1780, they were -badly beaten by a battalion of loyalist neighbors and -fled across the Broad River. They were joined by -men from the Spartan, Laurens, and Newberry districts. -At the Presbyterian Meeting House on Bullocks -<span class="pb" id="Page_20">20</span> -Creek, they debated whether to accept British protection. -McJunkin and a few other men rose and -vowed they would fight on. Finally someone asked -those who wanted to fight to throw up their hats and -clap their hands. “Every hat went up and the air -resounded with clapping and shouts of defiance,” -McJunkin recalled.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig10"> -<img src="images/i10.jpg" alt="" width="389" height="600" /> -<p class="pcap">Short, disciplined to the life -of a soldier, yet plain and -gentle in manner, Francis -Marion (the figure at left) was -equally brilliant as an officer -of regulars and a partisan -leader of militia. To the British -he was as elusive as a fox, -marching his brigade at night, -rarely sleeping twice in the -same camp, and vanishing -into the swamps when opposed -by a larger force.</p> -</div> -<p>A few days later, these men met Thomas Sumter, -a former colonel in the South Carolina Continentals. -He had fled to western South Carolina after the -British burned his plantation. The holdouts asked -him his opinion of the situation. “Our interests are -the same. With me it is liberty or death,” he said. -They elected him their general and went to war.</p> -<p>Elsewhere in South Carolina, other men coalesced -around another former Continental officer, Francis -Marion. Still others followed Elijah Clarke, who -operated along the border between South Carolina -and Georgia. These partisans, seldom numbering -more than 500 men and often as few as 50, struck at -British outposts and supply routes and attacked -groups of loyalists whom the British were arming -and trying to organize into militia regiments. The -British and loyalists grew exasperated. After the -battle of Camden, Lord Cornwallis declared that anyone -who signed a British parole and then switched -sides would be hanged without a trial if captured. If -a man refused to serve in the loyalist militia, he -would be imprisoned and his property confiscated. -At a convention of loyalist militia regiments on -August 23, 1780, the members resolved that these -orders should be ruthlessly applied. They added one -other recommendation. Anyone who refused to serve -in the king’s militia should be drafted into the British -regulars, where he would be forced to fight whether -he liked it or not.</p> -<p>For the rest of 1780, a savage seesaw war raged -along the Carolina frontier. Between engagements -both sides exacted retaliation on prisoners and noncombatants. -Elijah Clarke besieged Augusta with a -mixed band of South Carolinians and Georgians. -Forced to retreat by British reinforcements, he left -about two dozen badly wounded men behind. The -loyalist commander of Augusta, Thomas Browne, -wounded in the siege, hanged 13 of them in the -stairwell of his house, where he could watch them -die from his bed. A rebel named Reed was visiting a -<span class="pb" id="Page_21">21</span> -neighbor’s house when the landlady saw two loyalists -approaching. She advised Reed to flee. Reed replied -that they were old friends; he had known them all his -life. He went outside to shake hands. The loyalists -shot him dead. Reed’s aged mother rode to a rebel -camp in North Carolina and displayed her son’s -bloody pocketbook. The commander of the camp -asked for volunteers. Twenty-five men mounted their -horses, found the murderers, and executed them.</p> -<p>In this sanguinary warfare, the rebels knew the -side roads and forest tracks. They were expert, like -Marion’s men, at retreating into swamps. But the -British also had some advantages. The rebels could -do little to prevent retaliation against their homes -and property. If a man went into hiding when the -British or loyalists summoned him to fight in their -militia, all his corn and livestock were liable to -seizure, and his house might even be burned, leaving -his wife and children destitute. This bitter and -discouraging truth became more and more apparent -as the year 1780 waned. Without a Continental army -to back them up, Sumter and the other partisan -leaders found it difficult to persuade men to fight.</p> -<p>Not even the greatest militia victory of the war, -the destruction of a loyalist army of over a thousand -men at Kings Mountain in October 1780, significantly -altered the situation. Although loyalist support -declined, the British army was untouched by -this triumph. Moreover, many of the militiamen in -the rebel army had come from remote valleys deep -in the Appalachians, and they went home immediately, -as militiamen were inclined to do. The men of -western South Carolina were left with the British -regulars still dominating four-fifths of the State, still -ready to exact harsh retaliation against those who -persisted in the rebellion.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig11"> -<img src="images/i10a.jpg" alt="" width="433" height="600" /> -<p class="pcap">Elijah Clarke, a colonel of -Georgia militia, fought at a -number of important actions -in the civil war along the -Southern frontier in 1780-81.</p> -</div> -<p>George Washington understood the problem. In -an earlier campaign in the north, when the New -Jersey militia failed to turn out, he had said that the -people needed “an Army to look the Enemy in the -Face.” To replace the disgraced Horatio Gates, he -appointed Nathanael Greene of Rhode Island as the -commander of the Southern army. A 38-year-old -Quaker who walked with a slight limp, Greene had -become Washington’s right-hand man in five years of -war in the north. On December 2 he arrived in -Charlotte, N.C., where Horatio Gates was trying to -<span class="pb" id="Page_22">22</span> -reorganize the remnants of the army shattered at -Camden. Neither the numbers nor the appearance of -the men were encouraging. There were 2,046 soldiers -present and fit for duty. Of these, only 1,173 -were Continentals. The rest were militia. Worse, as -Greene told his friend the Marquis de Lafayette, if -he counted as fit for duty only those soldiers who -were properly clothed and equipped, he had fewer -than 800 men and provisions for only three days -in camp. There was scarcely a horse or a wagon in -the army and not a dollar of hard money in the -military chest.</p> -<p>Among Greene’s few encouraging discoveries in -the army’s camp at Charlotte was the news that -Daniel Morgan had returned to the war and at that -very moment was within 16 miles of the British base -at Camden with a battalion of light infantry and what -was left of the American cavalry under Lt. Col. -William Washington. Angered by Congress’s failure -to promote him, Morgan had resigned his colonel’s -commission in 1779. The disaster at Camden and the -threat of England’s new southern strategy had persuaded -him to forget his personal grievance. Congress -had responded by making him a brigadier general.</p> -<p>Studying his maps, and knowing Morgan’s ability -to inspire militia and command light infantry, -Nathanael Greene began to think the Old Wagoner, -as Morgan liked to call himself, was the key to -frustrating British plans to conquer North Carolina. -Lord Cornwallis and the main British army were now -at Winnsborough, S.C., about halfway between the -British base at Camden and their vital back-country -fort at Ninety Six. The British general commanded -3,324 regulars, twice the number of Greene’s motley -army, and all presumably well trained and equipped. -Spies and scouts reported the earl was preparing to -invade North Carolina for a winter campaign. North -Carolina had, if anything, more loyalists than South -Carolina. There was grave reason to fear that they -would turn out at the sight of a British army and take -that State out of the shaky American confederacy.</p> -<p>To delay, if not defeat, this potential disaster, -Greene decided to divide his battered army and give -more than half of it to Daniel Morgan. The Old -Wagoner would march swiftly across the front of -Cornwallis’s army into western South Carolina and -operate on his left flank and in his rear, threatening -<span class="pb" id="Page_23">23</span> -the enemy’s posts at Ninety Six and Augusta, disrupting -British communications, and—most important—encouraging -the militia of western South Carolina to -return to fight. “The object of this detachment,” -Greene wrote in his instructions to Morgan, “is to -give protection to that part of the country and spirit -up the people.”</p> -<p>This was the army that Joseph McJunkin had -ridden all night to warn. Lord Cornwallis had no -intention of letting Nathanael Greene get away with -this ingenious maneuver. Cornwallis had an answer -to Morgan. His name was Banastre Tarleton.</p> -<h3><b>2</b></h3> -<p>Daniel Morgan might call him “Benny.” Most -Americans called him “the Butcher” or “Bloody -Tarleton.” A thick-shouldered, compact man of middle -height, with bright red hair and a hard mouth, he -was the most feared and hated British soldier in the -South. In 1776 he had come to America, a 21-year-old -cornet—the British equivalent of a second lieutenant. -He was now a lieutenant colonel, a promotion -so rapid for the British army of the time that it left -older officers frigid with jealousy. Tarleton had -achieved this spectacular rise almost entirely on raw -courage and fierce energy. His father had been a -wealthy merchant and Lord Mayor of Liverpool. He -died while Tarleton was at Oxford, leaving him -£5,000, which the young man promptly gambled and -drank away, while ostensibly studying for the law in -London. He joined the army and discovered he was a -born soldier.</p> -<p>In America, he was a star performer from the start. -In the fall of 1776, while still a cornet, he played a -key role in capturing Maj. Gen. Charles Lee, second -in command of the American army, when he unwisely -spent the night at a tavern in New Jersey, -several miles from his troops. Soon a captain, Tarleton -performed ably for the next two years and in 1778 -was appointed a brigade major of the British cavalry.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig12"> -<img src="images/i11.jpg" alt="" width="389" height="600" /> -<p class="pcap">Charles Lee, an English general -retired on half-pay at the -outbreak of the war, threw in -with Americans and received -several important commands -early in the war. His capture -in late 1776 at a New Jersey -tavern by dragoons under -Banastre Tarleton was a -celebrated event.</p> -</div> -<p>Tarleton again distinguished himself when the -British army retreated from Philadelphia to New -York in June 1778. At Monmouth Court House he -began the battle by charging the American advance -column and throwing it into confusion. In New -York, sorting out his troops, the new British commander, -Sir Henry Clinton, rewarded Tarleton with -another promotion. While the British were in Philadelphia, -various loyalists had recruited three troops -of dragoons. In New York, officers—some loyalist, -some British—recruited companies of infantry and -more troops of dragoons from different segments of -the loyalist population. One company was Scottish, -two others English, a third American-born. Clinton -combined these fragments into a 550-man unit that -he christened the British Legion. Half cavalry, half -infantry, a legion was designed to operate on the -fringe of a main army as a quick-strike force. -Banastre Tarleton was given command of the British -Legion, which was issued green coats and tan -breeches, unlike other loyalist regiments, who wore -red coats with green facings.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_24">24</div> -<h4 class="interlude">Banastre Tarleton, Gentleman</h4> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/i12.jpg" alt="Banastre Tarleton" width="655" height="1001" /> -</div> -<blockquote> -<div class="pb" id="Page_25">25</div> -<p>Banastre Tarleton, only 26, -was a short, thick-set, rather -handsome redhead who was -tireless and fearless in battle. -Unlike Morgan, he had been -born to privilege. Scion of a -wealthy Liverpool mercantile -family, he was Oxford educated -and might have become -a barrister except that he -preferred the playing field to -the classroom and the delights -of London theatres and -coffee houses to the study of -law. After squandering a modest -inheritance, he jumped at -the chance to buy a commission -in the King’s Dragoons -and serve in America. Eventually -he came into command of -the British Legion, a mounted -and foot unit raised among -American loyalists. Marked by -their distinctive green uniforms, -they soon became -known as Tarleton’s Green -Horse. It was their ruthless -ferocity that earned Tarleton -the epithet, “Bloody Tarleton.”</p> -<p>After the war, Tarleton fell -in love with the beautiful Mary -Robinson, a poet, playwright, -and actress. Tarleton’s memoir, -<i>The Campaigns of 1780 and -1781 in the Southern Provinces</i>, -owes much to her -gifted pen.</p> -</blockquote> -<div class="img" id="fig13"> -<img src="images/i12a.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="600" /> -<p class="pcap">Mary Robinson</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig14"> -<img src="images/i12c.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="749" /> -<p class="pcap">Tarleton’s birthplace on -Water Street in Liverpool.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_26">26</div> -<div class="img" id="fig15"> -<img src="images/i13.jpg" alt="" width="389" height="600" /> -<p class="pcap">Under Gen. Benjamin Lincoln, the patriots suffered -their worst defeat of the war. Bottled up by Sir Henry Clinton in the peninsula -city of Charleston, he surrendered the entire Continental Army in the South—more -than 5,000 men—in May 1780.</p> -</div> -<p>Sailing south with the royal army that besieged -and captured Charleston, Tarleton and his Legion -acted as a mobile screen, protecting the British rear -against attacks by American cavalry and militia from -the interior of the State. The young officer soon -demonstrated a terrifying ability to strike suddenly -and ferociously when the Americans least expected -him. On May 6, 1780, at Lenuds Ferry, he surprised -and virtually destroyed the American cavalry, forcing -William Washington and many other officers and -men to leap into the Santee River to escape him.</p> -<p>After Charleston surrendered, there was only one -unit of regular American troops left in South Carolina, -the 3d Virginia Continentals commanded by -Col. Abraham Buford. He was ordered to retreat to -North Carolina. Cornwallis sent Tarleton and his -Legion in pursuit. Covering 105 miles in 54 hours, -Tarleton caught up with the Americans at Waxhaws. -The 380 Virginians were largely recruits, few of -whom had seen action before. Tarleton and the -Legion charged from front, flank, and rear. Buford -foolishly ordered his men to hold their fire until the -saber-swinging dragoons were on top of them. The -American line was torn to fragments. Buford wheeled -his horse and fled. Tarleton reportedly sabered an -American officer as he tried to raise a white flag. -Other Americans screamed for quarter, but some -kept firing. A bullet killed Tarleton’s horse and he -crashed to the ground. This, he later claimed, aroused -his men to a “vindictive asperity.” They thought -their leader had been killed. Dozens of Americans -were bayonetted or sabered after they had thrown -down their guns and surrendered.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_27">27</div> -<div class="img" id="fig16"> -<img src="images/i13a.jpg" alt="" width="686" height="1000" /> -<p class="pcap">The contemporary map shows the patriot -defenses north of the city, the British siege lines, and warships of the Royal Navy -that controlled the harbor waters.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_28">28</div> -<p>One hundred and thirteen Americans were killed -and 203 captured at Waxhaws. Of the captured, 150 -were so badly wounded they were left on the battlefield. -Throughout the Carolinas, the word of the massacre—which -is what Americans called Waxhaws—passed -from settlement to settlement. It did not -inspire much trust in British benevolence among -those who were being urged to surrender.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig17"> -<img src="images/i14.jpg" alt="" width="393" height="600" /> -<p class="pcap">Tarleton’s slaughter of Col. -Abraham Buford’s command -at the Waxhaws gave the -patriots a rallying cry—“Tarleton’s -quarter”—remembered -to this day.</p> -</div> -<p>After helping to smash the American army at -Camden with another devastating cavalry charge, -Tarleton was ordered to pursue Thomas Sumter and -his partisans. Pushing his men and horses at his usual -pace in spite of the tropical heat of August, he -caught up with Sumter’s men at Fishing Creek. -Sabering a few carelessly posted sentries, the British -Legion swept down on the Carolinians as they lay -about their camp, their arms stacked, half of them -sleeping or cooking. Sumter leaped on a bareback -horse and imitated Buford, fleeing for his life. Virtually -the entire American force of more than 400 -men was killed or captured. When the news was published -in England, Tarleton became a national hero. -In his official dispatches, Cornwallis called him “one -of the most promising officers I ever knew.”</p> -<p>But Sumter immediately began gathering a new -force and Francis Marion and his raiders repeatedly -emerged from the lowland swamps to harass communications -with Charleston and punish any loyalist -who declared for the king. Tarleton did not understand -this stubborn resistance and liked it even less. -A nauseating bout with yellow fever deepened his -saturnine mood. Pursuing Marion along the Santee -and Black Rivers, Tarleton ruthlessly burned the -farmhouses of “violent rebels,” as he called them. -“The country is now convinced of the error of the -insurrection,” he wrote to Cornwallis. But Tarleton -failed to catch “the damned old fox,” Marion.</p> -<p>The British Legion had scarcely returned from -this exhausting march when they were ordered out -once more in pursuit of Sumter. On November 9, -1780, with a new band of partisans, Sumter fought -part of the British 63d Regiment, backed by a troop -of Legion dragoons, at Fishdam Ford on the Broad -River and mauled them badly. “I wish you would get -three Legions, and divide yourself in three parts,” -Cornwallis wrote Tarleton. “We can do no good -without you.”</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_29">29</div> -<p>Once more the Legion marched for the back -country. As usual, Tarleton’s pace was almost supernaturally -swift. On November 20, 1780, he caught -Sumter and his men as they were preparing to ford -the Tyger River. But this time Tarleton’s fondness -for headlong pursuit got him into serious trouble. He -had left most of his infantry far behind him and -pushed ahead with less than 200 cavalry and 90 -infantry, riding two to a horse. Sumter had close to a -thousand men and he attacked, backwoods style, -filtering through the trees to pick off foot soldiers -and horsemen. Tarleton ordered a bayonet charge. -The infantry was so badly shot up, Tarleton had to -charge with the cavalry to extricate them, exposing -his dragoon to deadly rifle fire from other militiamen -entrenched in a log tobacco house known as Blackstocks. -The battle ended in a bloody draw. Sumter -was badly wounded and his men abandoned the field -to the green-coated dragoons, slipping across the -Tyger in the darkness. Without their charismatic -leader, Sumter’s militia went home.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig18"> -<img src="images/i14a.jpg" alt="" width="394" height="597" /> -<p class="pcap">This portrait of Tarleton and -the illustration beneath of a -troop of dragoons doing -maneuvers appeared in a -flattering biography shortly -after he returned to England -in 1782.</p> -</div> -<p>“Sumter is defeated,” Tarleton reported to Cornwallis, -“his corps dispersed. But my Lord I have lost -men—50 killed and wounded.” The war was becoming -more and more disheartening to Tarleton. Deepening -his black mood was news from home. His -older brother had put him up for Parliament from -Liverpool. The voters had rejected him. They admired -his courage, but the American war was no -longer popular in England.</p> -<p>While Cornwallis remained at Winnsborough, -Tarleton returned from Blackstocks and camped at -various plantations south of the Broad River. During -his projected invasion of North Carolina, Cornwallis -expected Tarleton and his Legion to keep the dwindling -rebels of South Carolina dispersed to their -homes. Thus the British commander would have no -worries about the British base at Ninety Six, the key -to the back country. The fort and surrounding -settlement had been named by an early mapmaker in -the course of measuring distances on the Cherokee -Path, an ancient Indian route from the mountains to -the ocean. The district around Ninety Six was the -breadbasket of South Carolina; it was also heavily -loyalist. But a year of partisan warfare had made -their morale precarious. The American-born commander -of the fort, Col. John Harris Cruger, had -<span class="pb" id="Page_30">30</span> -recently warned Cornwallis that the loyalists “were -wearied by the long continuance of the campaign ... -and the whole district had determined to submit as -soon as the rebels should enter it.” The mere hint of -a threat to Ninety Six and the order it preserved in its -vicinity was enough to send flutters of alarm through -British headquarters.</p> -<p>There were flutters aplenty when Cornwallis heard -from spies that Daniel Morgan had crossed the -Broad River and was marching on Ninety Six. Simultaneously -came news that William Washington, the -commander of Morgan’s cavalry, had routed a group -of loyalists at Hammonds Store and forced another -group to abandon a fort not far from Ninety Six. At -5 a.m. on January 2, Lt. Henry Haldane, one of Cornwallis’s -aides, rode into Tarleton’s camp and told him -the news. Close behind Haldane came a messenger -with a letter from Cornwallis: “If Morgan is ... -anywhere within your reach, I should wish you to -push him to the utmost.” Haldane rushed an order to -Maj. Archibald McArthur, commander of the first -battalion of the 71st Regiment, which was not far -away, guarding a ford over the Broad River that -guaranteed quick communication with Ninety Six. -McArthur was to place his men under Tarleton’s -command and join him in a forced march to rescue -the crucial fort.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig19"> -<img src="images/i15.jpg" alt="" width="515" height="795" /> -<p class="pcap">The little village of Ninety -Six was a center of loyalist -sentiment in the Carolina -backcountry. Cornwallis mistakenly -thought Morgan had -designs on it and therefore -sent Tarleton in pursuit, -bringing on the battle of -Cowpens. This map diagrams -the siege that Gen. -Nathanael Greene mounted -against the post in May-June -of 1781.</p> -</div> -<p>Tarleton obeyed with his usual speed. His dragoons -ranged far ahead of his little army, which now -numbered about 700 men. By the end of the day he -concluded that there was no cause for alarm about -Ninety Six. Morgan was nowhere near it. But his -scouts reported that Morgan was definitely south of -the Broad River, urging militia from North and -South Carolina to join him.</p> -<p>Tarleton’s response to this challenge was almost -inevitable. He asked Cornwallis for permission to -pursue Morgan and either destroy him or force him -to retreat over the Broad River again. There, Cornwallis -and his army could devour him.</p> -<p>The young cavalry commander outlined the operation -in a letter to Cornwallis on January 4. He -realized that he was all but giving orders to his general, -and tactfully added: “I feel myself bold in offering -my opinion [but] it flows from zeal for the public -service and well grounded enquiry concerning the -enemy’s designs and operations.” If Cornwallis approved -<span class="pb" id="Page_31">31</span> -the plan, Tarleton asked for reinforcements: -a troop of cavalry from the 17th Light Dragoons and -the infantrymen of the 7th Regiment of Royal Fusiliers, -who were marching from Camden to reinforce -Ninety Six.</p> -<p>Cornwallis approved the plan, including the reinforcements. -As soon as they arrived, Tarleton began -his march. January rain poured down, swelling every -creek, turning the roads into quagmires. Cornwallis, -with his larger army and heavy baggage train, began -a slow advance up the east bank of the Broad River. -As the commander in chief, he had more to worry -about than Tarleton. Behind him was another British -general, Sir Alexander Leslie, with 1,500 reinforcements. -Cornwallis feared that Greene or Marion -might strike a blow at them. The earl assumed that -Tarleton was as mired by the rain and blocked by -swollen watercourses as he was. On January 12, Cornwallis -wrote to Leslie, who was being delayed by -even worse mud in the lowlands: “I believe Tarleton -is as much embarrassed with the waters as you are.” -The same day, Cornwallis reported to another officer, -the commander in occupied Charleston: “The -rains have put a total stop to Tarleton and Leslie.” -On this assumption, Cornwallis decided to halt and -wait for Leslie to reach him.</p> -<p>Tarleton had not allowed the August heat of South -Carolina to slow his pace. He was equally contemptuous -of the January rains. His scouts reported that -Morgan’s army was at Grindal Shoals on the Pacolet -River. To reach the patriots he had to cross two -smaller but equally swollen streams, the Enoree and -the Tyger. Swimming his horses, floating his infantry -across on improvised rafts, he surmounted these -obstacles and headed northeast, deep into the South -Carolina back country. He did not realize that his -column, which now numbered over a thousand men, -was becoming more and more isolated. He assumed -that Cornwallis was keeping pace with him on the -east side of the Broad River, cowing the rebel militia -there into staying home.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig20"> -<img src="images/i15a.jpg" alt="" width="388" height="600" /> -<p class="pcap">Gen. Alexander Leslie, veteran -commander in America. -His service spanned -actions from Salem Bridge in -February 1775 to the British -evacuation of Charleston in -December 1782.</p> -</div> -<p>Tarleton also did not realize that this time, no -matter how swiftly he advanced, he was not going to -take the patriots by surprise. He was being watched -by a man who was fighting with a hangman’s noose -around his neck.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_32">32</div> -<h3><b>3</b></h3> -<p><i>Skyagunsta</i>, the Wizard Owl, was what the -Cherokees called 41-year-old Andrew Pickens. They -both feared and honored him as a battle leader who -had defeated them repeatedly on their home grounds. -Born in Pennsylvania, Pickens had come to South -Carolina as a boy. In 1765 he had married the -beautiful Rebecca Calhoun and settled on Long -Canes Creek in the Ninety Six district. Pickens was -no speechmaker, but everyone recognized this slender -man, who was just under 6 feet tall, as a leader. -When he spoke, people listened. One acquaintance -declared that he was so deliberate, he seemed at -times to take each word out of his mouth and -examine it before he said it. Pickens had been one of -the leaders who repelled the British-inspired assaults -on the back country by the Cherokee Indians in 1776 -and carried the war into the red men’s country, -forcing them to plead for peace. By 1779 he was a -colonel commanding one of the most dependable -militia regiments in the State. When the loyalists, -encouraged by the British conquest of Georgia in -1778-79, began to gather and plot to punish their -rebel neighbors, Pickens led 400 men to assault them -at Kettle Creek on the Savannah River. In a fierce, -hour-long fight, he whipped them although they -outnumbered him almost two to one.</p> -<p>After Charleston surrendered, Pickens’ military -superior in the Ninety Six district, Brig. Gen. Andrew -Williamson, was the only high-ranking official left in -South Carolina. The governor John Rutledge had fled -to North Carolina, the legislature had dispersed, the -courts had collapsed. Early in June 1780, Williamson -called together his officers and asked them to vote -on whether they should continue to resist. Only eight -officers opposed immediate surrender. In Pickens’ -own regiment only two officers and four enlisted -men favored resistance. The rest saw no hope of -stopping the British regular army advancing toward -them from Charleston. Without a regular army of -their own to match the British, they could envision -only destruction of their homes and desolation for -their families if they resisted.</p> -<p>Andrew Pickens was among these realists who had -accepted the surrender terms offered by the British. -At his command, his regiment of 300 men stacked -their guns at Ninety Six and went home. As Pickens -understood the terms, he and his men were paroled -<span class="pb" id="Page_33">33</span> -on their promise not to bear arms against the king. -They became neutrals. The British commander of -Ninety Six, Colonel Cruger, seemed to respect this -opinion. Cruger treated Pickens with great deference. -The motive for this delicate treatment became visible -in a letter Cruger sent Cornwallis on November 27.</p> -<p>“I think there is more than a possibility of getting a -certain person in the Long Canes settlement to -accept of a command,” Cruger wrote. “And then I -should most humbly be of opinion that every man in -the country would declare and act for His Majesty.”</p> -<p>It was a tribute to Pickens’ influence as a leader. -He was also a man of his word. Even when Sumter, -Clarke, and other partisan leaders demonstrated -that there were many men in South Carolina ready -to keep fighting, Pickens remained peaceably at -home on his plantation at Long Canes. Tales of -Tarleton’s cruelty at Waxhaws, of British and loyalist -vindictiveness in other districts of the State undoubtedly -reached him. But no acts of injustice had been -committed against him or his men. The British were -keeping their part of the bargain and he would keep -his part.</p> -<p>Then Cornwallis’s aide, Haldane, appeared at -Ninety Six and summoned Pickens. He offered him a -colonel’s commission in the royal militia and a -promise of protection. There were also polite hints -of the possibility of a monetary reward for switching -sides. Pickens agreed to ride down to Charleston and -talk over the whole thing with the British commander -there. The visit was delayed by partisan warfare in -the Ninety Six district, stirred by the arrival of -Nathanael Greene to take command of the remnant -of the American regular army in Charlotte. Greene -urged the wounded Sumter and the Georgian Clarke -to embody their men and launch a new campaign. -Sumter urged Pickens to break his parole, call out -his regiment, and march with him to join Greene. -Pickens refused to leave Long Canes.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig21"> -<img src="images/i16.jpg" alt="" width="394" height="599" /> -<p class="pcap">Andrew Pickens, a lean and -austere frontiersman of -Scotch-Irish origins, ranked -with Francis Marion and -Thomas Sumter as major -partisan leaders of the war.</p> -</div> -<p>In desperation, the rebels came to him. Elijah -Clarke led a band of Georgians and South Carolinians -to the outskirts of Long Canes, on their -march to join Greene. Many men from Pickens’ old -regiment broke their paroles and joined them. Clarke -ordered Maj. James McCall, one of Pickens’ favorite -officers and one of two who had refused to surrender -at Ninety Six, to kidnap Pickens and bring him -<span class="pb" id="Page_34">34</span> -before an improvised court-martial board. Accused -of preparing to join the loyalists, Pickens calmly -admitted that the British were making him offers. So -far he had refused them. Even if former friends -made good on their threat to court-martial and hang -him, he could not break his pledged word of honor -to remain neutral.</p> -<p>The frustrated Georgians and South Carolinians -let Pickens go home. On December 12, Cruger sent a -detachment of regulars and loyalist militia to attack -the interlopers. The royalists surprised the rebels -and routed them, wounding Clarke and McCall and -scattering the survivors. Most of the Georgians -drifted back to their home state and the Carolinians -straggled toward Greene in North Carolina.</p> -<p>The battle had a profound effect on Andrew -Pickens. Friends, former comrades-in-arms, had been -wounded, humiliated. He still hesitated to take the -final step and break his parole. His strict Presbyterian -conscience, his soldier’s sense of honor, would not -permit it. But he went to Ninety Six and told Colonel -Cruger that he could not accept a commission in the -royal militia. Cruger sighed and revealed what he -had been planning to do since he started wooing -Pickens. In a few days, on orders from Cornwallis, -the loyalist colonel was going to publish a proclamation -which would permit no one to remain neutral. It -would require everyone around Ninety Six to come -to the fort, swear allegiance to the king, and enlist in -the royal militia.</p> -<p>Pickens said his conscience would not permit him -to do this. If the British threatened him with punishment -for his refusal, it would be a violation of his -parole and he would consider himself free to join the -rebels. One British officer, who had become a friend -and admirer of the resolute Pickens, warned him: -“You will campaign with a halter around your neck. -If we catch you, we will hang you.”</p> -<p>Pickens decided to take the risk. He rode about -Long Canes calling out his regiment. The response -was somewhat discouraging. Only about 70 men -turned out. Coordinating their movements with Colonel -Washington’s raid on the loyalists at Hammonds -Store, they joined the patriot cavalry and rode past -Ninety Six to Morgan’s camp on the Pacolet.</p> -<p>The numbers Pickens brought with him were -disappointing. But he and his men knew the back -<span class="pb" id="Page_35">35</span> -country intimately. They were the eyes and ears -Morgan’s little army desperately needed. Morgan -immediately asked Pickens to advance to a position -about midway between Fair Forest Creek and the -Tyger River and send his horsemen ranging out from -that point in all directions to guard against a surprise -attack by Banastre Tarleton.</p> -<p>The Wizard Owl and his men mounted their horses -and rode away to begin their reconnaissance. General -Morgan soon knew enough about the enemy -force coming after him to make him fear for his -army’s survival.</p> -<h3><b>4</b></h3> -<p>Daniel Morgan might call Banastre Tarleton -“Benny” for the entertainment of young militiamen -like Joseph McJunkin. But Morgan had been fighting -the British for five years. He was as close to being a -professional soldier as any American of his time. He -knew Banastre Tarleton was no joke. In fact, the -casual style of his decision to reunite his cavalry and -infantry at the Thompson plantation on Thicketty -Creek disguised a decision to retreat. The march to -Thicketty Creek put an additional 10 miles between -him and the aggressive British cavalryman. Behind -the mask of easy confidence Morgan wore for his -men, there was a very worried general.</p> -<p>As soon as he crossed the Broad River and -camped at Grindal Shoals on the north bank of the -Pacolet on December 25, 1780, Morgan began sending -messengers to the men of western Georgia, -South Carolina, and North Carolina, urging them to -turn out and support him. The response had been -disheartening. Pickens, as we have seen, was unable -to muster more than a fraction of his old regiment. -From Georgia came only a small detachment of -about 100 men under the command of Lt. Col. James -Jackson and Maj. John Cunningham. Because their -leader Elijah Clarke was out of action from his -wound at Long Canes, the Georgians were inclined -to stay home. Sumter, though almost recovered from -his wound, sulked on the east side of the Broad River. -He felt Greene had sent Morgan into his sphere of -command without properly consulting him.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_36">36</div> -<h4 class="interlude">Arms and Tactics</h4> -<blockquote> -<p>The armies fought the way -they did—on open ground in -long lines of musket-wielding -infantry standing two and three -ranks deep—because that was -the most rational way to use -the weapons they had.</p> -<p>The main weapon of this -combat was the muzzle-loading, -smooth-bore, flint-lock -musket, equipped with a 16-inch -bayonet. It hurled a -one-ounce lead ball of .70 to -.80 calibre fairly accurately up -to 75 yards, but distance -scarcely mattered. The object -was to break up the enemy’s -formations with volleys and -then rout them with cold steel. -The British were masters of -these linear tactics, and Washington -and his commanders -spent the war trying to instill -the same discipline in their -Continentals so that they could -stand up to redcoats on equal -terms in battle.</p> -<p>The American rifle was not -the significant weapon legend -later made it out to be. -Though accurate at great distances, -it was slow to load and -useless in open battle because -it was not equipped -with a bayonet. But in the -hands of skirmishers the rifle -could do great damage, as the -British found out at Cowpens.</p> -</blockquote> -<div class="img" id="fig22"> -<img src="images/i17.jpg" alt="" width="753" height="99" /> -<p class="pcap">French musket, calibre .69</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig23"> -<img src="images/i17a2.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="109" /> -<p class="pcap">British Brown Bess, calibre .75</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig24"> -<img src="images/i17a3.jpg" alt="" width="605" height="93" /> -<p class="pcap">British dragoon carbine</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig25"> -<img src="images/i17a4.jpg" alt="" width="762" height="131" /> -<p class="pcap">American rifle</p> -</div> -<p><b>Pistols</b> <i>Cavalrymen and -mounted officers nearly -always carried a brace of -pistols. Though wildly inaccurate, -they were useful in -emergencies when formal -combat broke down and a -foe was only a few feet away.</i></p> -<div class="img" id="fig26"> -<img src="images/i17b.jpg" alt="" width="358" height="159" /> -<p class="pcap">Officer’s Pistol</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig27"> -<img src="images/i17b2.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="170" /> -<p class="pcap">American dragoon pistol</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig28"> -<img src="images/i17c.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="222" /> -<p class="pcap">Powder horns of the type -used by rifle-carrying militia -at Cowpens: each was usually -made by the man who carried it.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_37">37</div> -<p><b>Edged Weapons</b> <i>came in many -varieties. The most important -for hand-to-hand fighting -were bayonets and swords. -For cavalrymen, the sword -was more useful than firearms. -It was “the most destructive -and almost the only -necessary weapon a Dragoon -carries,” said William Washington. -They used two types: -the saber and the broadsword. -Both are shown here.</i></p> -<p><i>Officers, foot as well as -mounted, carried swords, often -for fighting, sometimes -only for dress. The small-sword -(shown at left below) -was popular with Continental -officers.</i></p> -<div class="img" id="fig29"> -<img src="images/i17d.jpg" alt="" width="531" height="191" /> -<p class="pcap">Officers’ swords</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig30"> -<img src="images/i17d3.jpg" alt="" width="541" height="109" /> -<p class="pcap">American dragoon sabre</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig31"> -<img src="images/i17d4.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="97" /> -<p class="pcap">British dragoon sabre, model 1768</p> -</div> -<p><b>Pole Arms</b> <i>were in common -use. Washington wanted his -foot officers to direct their -men and not be distracted by -their own firearms. He therefore -armed them with a -spear-like weapon called a -spontoon. It became a badge -of rank as well as a weapon.</i></p> -<div class="img" id="fig32"> -<img src="images/i17e.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="200" /> -<p class="pcap">American officers’ spontoons</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_38">38</div> -<p>Morgan’s highest hopes had been focused on -North Carolina, which had thus far been relatively -untouched by the British. The commander of the -militia in the back country was Brig. Gen. William -Davidson, a former Continental officer whom -Morgan had known at Valley Forge. An energetic, -committed man, popular with the militia, Davidson -had been expected to muster from 600 to 1,000 men. -Instead, Morgan got a letter from him with the -doleful report: “I have not ninety men.” An Indian -incursion on the western frontier had drawn off -many of the militia and inclined others to stay home -to protect their families. On December 28, Davidson -rode into Morgan’s camp with only 120 men. He said -that he hoped to have another 500 mustered at -Salisbury in the next week and rode off to find them, -leaving Morgan muttering in dismay.</p> -<p>Morgan had eagerly accepted this independent -command because he thought at least 2,500 militiamen -would join his 500 Continentals and Virginia -six-months men. With an army that size, he could -have besieged or even stormed the British stronghold -at Ninety Six. His present force seemed too -small to do the enemy any damage. But it was large -enough to give its commander numerous headaches. -In addition to the major worry of annihilation by the -enemy, food was scarce. The country along the -Pacolet had been plundered and fought over for so -long, there was nothing left to requisition from the -farms. On December 31, in a letter to Greene, -Morgan predicted that in a few days supplies would -be “unattainable.”</p> -<p>What to do? The only practical move he could see -for his feeble army was a march into Georgia. The -British outpost at Augusta was weaker and more -isolated than Ninety Six. Even here, Morgan was -cautious. “I have consulted with General Davidson -and Colonel Pickens whether we could secure a safe -retreat, should we be pushed by a superior force. -They tell me it can be easily effected,” he wrote -Greene, asking his approval of this plan.</p> -<p>Morgan was reluctant to advance beyond the -Pacolet. The reason was rooted in his keen understanding -of the psychology of the average militiaman. -He wanted to come out, fight and go home as -soon as possible. He did not want to fight if the -regular army that was supposed to look the enemy in -the face seemed more interested in showing the -enemy their backs. “Were we to advance, and be -constrained to retreat, the consequences would be -very disagreeable,” Morgan told Greene, speaking -<span class="pb" id="Page_39">39</span> -as one general to another. The militia, he was saying, -would go home.</p> -<p>Greene was equally anxious about Morgan. Writing -from Cheraw Hills on the Pee Dee River on -December 29, the southern commander told Morgan -of the arrival of Gen. Alexander Leslie in Charleston -with reinforcements. This news meant the British -would almost certainly advance soon. “Watch their -motions very narrowly and take care to guard against -a surprise,” he wrote. A week later, in another letter, -he repeated the warning. “The enemy and the Tories -both will try to bring you into disgrace ... to prevent -your influence upon the militia, especially the weak -and wavering.”</p> -<p>Greene vetoed Morgan’s expedition into Georgia. -He did not think Morgan was strong enough to -accomplish much. “The enemy ... secure in their -fortifications, will take no notice of your movement,” -he predicted. Greene was persuaded that -Cornwallis would strike at his half of the army in -their camp at Cheraw Hills, and he did not want -Morgan in Georgia if this threat materialized. Ignoring -Morgan’s worries about feeding his men, Greene -told him to stay where he was, on the Pacolet or “in -the neighborhood,” and await an opportunity to -attack the British rear when they marched into -North Carolina.</p> -<p>Morgan replied with a lament. He reiterated his -warning that “forage [for the horses] and provisions -are not to be had.” He insisted there was “but one -alternative, either to retreat or move into Georgia.” -A retreat, he warned, “will be attended with the -most fatal consequences. The spirit which now -begins to pervade the people and call them into the -field, will be destroyed. The militia who have already -joined will desert us and it is not improbable -but that a regard for their own safety will induce -them to join the enemy.”</p> -<p>That last line is grim evidence of the power of the -British policy of forcing everyone to serve in the -loyalist militia. But Nathanael Greene remained -adamant. He reported to Morgan more bad news, -which made a march into Georgia even more inadvisable. -Another British general, with 2,500 men, had -landed in Virginia and was attacking that vital State, -upon which the southern army depended for much -of its supplies. It made no sense to send some of the -<span class="pb" id="Page_40">40</span> -army’s best troops deeper into the South, when Virginia -might call on Greene and Morgan for aid. Almost -casually Greene added: “Col. Tarleton is said to -be on his way to pay you a visit. I doubt not but he will -have a decent reception and a proper dismission.”</p> -<p>This was a strange remark for a worried general to -make. From other letters Greene wrote around this -time, it is evident that he had received a number of -conflicting reports about Tarleton’s strength and -position. The American commander was also unsure -about British intentions. He assumed that Cornwallis -and Tarleton were moving up the opposite sides of -the Broad River in concert. Since the main British -column under Cornwallis had all but stopped advancing, -Greene assumed Tarleton had stopped too -and that Morgan was in no immediate danger.</p> -<p>Around this time, a man who had known Daniel -Morgan as a boy in Virginia visited his camp. -Richard Winn, after whom Winnsborough was -named—and whose mansion Cornwallis was using as -his headquarters—discussed Tarleton’s tactics with -his old friend. Winn told Morgan that Tarleton’s -favorite mode of fighting was by surprise. “He never -brings on [leads] his attacks himself,” Winn said. He -prefers to send in two or three troops of horse, -“whose goal is to throw the other party into confusion. -Then Tarleton attacks with his reserve and cuts -them to pieces.”</p> -<p>Much as he dreaded the thought of a retreat, -Morgan was too experienced a soldier not to prepare -for one. He sent his quartermaster across the Broad -River with orders to set up magazines of supplies for -his army. This officer returned with dismaying news. -General Sumter had refused to cooperate with this -request and directed his subordinates to obey no -orders from Morgan.</p> -<p>Adding to Morgan’s supply woes was a Carolina -military custom. Every militiaman brought his horse -to camp with him. This meant that Morgan had to -find forage for over 450 horses (counting William -Washington’s cavalry), each of whom ate 25 to 30 -pounds of oats and hay a day. “Could the militia be -persuaded to change their fatal mode of going to -war,” Morgan groaned to Greene, “much provision -might be saved; but the custom has taken such deep -root that it cannot be abolished.”</p> -<p>Bands of militiamen constantly left the army to -<span class="pb" id="Page_41">41</span> -hunt for forage. This practice made it impossible for -Morgan to know how many men he had in his -command. In desperation, he ordered his officers, -both Continental and militia, to call the roll every -two hours. This measure only gave him more bad -news. On January 15, after retreating from the -Pacolet to Thicketty Creek, he reported to Greene -that he had only 340 militia with him, but did not -expect “to have more than two-thirds of these to -assist me, should I be attacked, for it is impossible to -keep them collected.”</p> -<p>Making Morgan feel even more like a military Job -was a personal problem. The incessant rain and the -damp January cold had awakened an illness that he -had contracted fighting in Canada during the winter -of 1775-76, a rheumatic inflammation of the sciatic -nerve in his hip. It made riding a horse agony for -Morgan.</p> -<p>In his tent on Thicketty Creek, where he had -rendezvoused with William Washington and his 80 -cavalrymen, who had been getting their horses shod -at Wofford’s iron works, Morgan all but abandoned -any hope of executing the mission on which Greene -had sent him. “My force is inadequate,” he wrote. -“Upon a full and mature deliberation I am confirmed -in the opinion that nothing can be effected by -my detachment in this country, which will balance -the risks I will be subjected to by remaining here. -The enemy’s great superiority in numbers and our -distance from the main army, will enable Lord -Cornwallis to detach so superior a force against me, -as to render it essential to our safety to avoid coming -to action.”</p> -<p>It would be best, Morgan told Greene, if he were -recalled with his little band of Continentals and -Andrew Pickens or William Davidson left to command -the back-country militia. Without the regulars -to challenge them, the British were less likely to -invade the district and under Pickens’ leadership the -rebels would be able to keep “a check on the -disaffected”—the Tories—“which,” Morgan added -mournfully, “is all I can effect.”</p> -<p>When he wrote these words on January 15, Morgan -was still unaware of what was coming at him. From -the reports of Pickens’ scouts, he had begun to worry -that Tarleton might have more than his 550-man -British Legion with him. With the help of Washington’s -<span class="pb" id="Page_42">42</span> -cavalry, he felt confident that he could beat off -an attack by the Legion. But what if Tarleton had -additional men? “Col. Tarleton has crossed the -Tyger at Musgrove’s Mill,” Morgan told Greene. -“His force we cannot learn.”</p> -<p>Into Morgan’s camp galloped more scouts from -Pickens. They brought news that Morgan made the -last sentence of his letter.</p> -<p>“We have just learned that Tarleton’s force is from -eleven to twelve hundred British.”</p> -<p>The last word was the significant one. <i>British.</i> -Twelve hundred regulars, trained troops, saber-swinging -dragoons and bayonet-wielding infantry -like the men who had sent the militia running for -their lives at Camden and then cut the Continentals -to pieces. Gen. Daniel Morgan could see only one -alternative—retreat.</p> -<h3><b>5</b></h3> -<p>Until he got this information on the numbers -and composition of Tarleton’s army, Morgan seems -to have toyed with the possibility of ambushing the -British as they crossed the Pacolet. He left strong -detachments of his army at the most likely fords. At -the very least, he may have wanted to make the -crossing a bloody business for the British, perhaps -killing some of their best officers, even Tarleton -himself. If he could repulse or delay Tarleton at the -river, Morgan hoped he could gain enough time to -retreat to a ford across the upper Broad, well out of -reach of Cornwallis on the other side of the river. -Pickens had kept Morgan well informed of the -sluggish advance of the main British army. He knew -they were far to the south, a good 30 miles behind -Tarleton.</p> -<p>North of the Broad, Morgan reasoned they could -be easily joined by the 500 North Carolina militia -William Davidson had promised him as well as South -Carolina men from that district. If Tarleton continued -the pursuit, they could give battle on the rugged -slopes of Kings Mountain, where the cavalry of the -British Legion would be useless.</p> -<p>Morgan undoubtedly discussed this plan with the -leaders of the militiamen who were already with -him—Joseph McDowell of North Carolina, whose -men had fought at Kings Mountain, James Jackson -and John Cunningham of Georgia, James McCall, -Thomas Brandon, William Bratton and other South -<span class="pb" id="Page_43">43</span> -Carolinians, perhaps also Andrew Pickens. They did -not have much enthusiasm for it. They warned -Morgan that at least half the militia, especially the -South Carolinians, would be inclined to go home -rather than retreat across the Broad. In the back -country, men perceived rivers as dividing lines between -districts. Most of the South Carolina men in -camp came from the west side of the Broad. Moreover, -with Sumter hostile, there was no guarantee -that they would be able to persuade many men on -the other side of the river to join them.</p> -<p>In this discussion, it seems likely that these militia -leaders mentioned the Cowpens as a good place to -fight Tarleton on the south side of the river. The -grazing ground was a name familiar to everyone in -the back country. It was where the militia had -assembled before the battle of Kings Mountain the -previous fall. Messengers could be sent into every -district within a day’s ride to urge laggards to join -them there.</p> -<p>Morgan mulled this advice while his men guarded -the fords of the Pacolet. As dusk fell on January 15, -Tarleton and his army appeared on the south bank of -the river. He saw the guards and wheeled, marching -up the stream toward a ford near Wofford’s iron -works. On the opposite bank, Morgan’s men kept -pace with him, step for step. Then, with no warning, -the British disappeared into the night. Retreating? -Making camp? No one knew. It was too risky to -venture across the swollen river to follow him. The -British Legion cavalry always guarded Tarleton’s -flanks and rear.</p> -<p>On the morning of the 16th, a militia detachment -miles down the river in the opposite direction made -an alarming discovery. Tarleton was across! He had -doubled back in the dark and marched most of the -night to cross at Easterwood Shoals. He was only -6 miles from Morgan’s camp on Thicketty Creek. -Leaping on their horses, the guards galloped to -Morgan with the news.</p> -<p>Morgan’s men were cooking breakfast. Out of his -tent charged the general to roar orders at them, the -wagoners, the infantry, the cavalrymen. Prepare to -march immediately! The men grabbed their half-cooked -cornmeal cakes and stuffed them into their -mouths. The militia and the cavalry ran for their -horses, the wagoners hitched their teams, the Continentals -<span class="pb" id="Page_44">44</span> -formed ranks, and the column got underway. -Morgan pressed forward, ignoring the pain in his -hip, demanding more and more speed from his men. -He headed northwest, toward Cowpens, on the -Green River Road, a route that would also take him -to the Island Ford across the Broad River, about -6 miles beyond Cowpens.</p> -<p>All day the men slogged along the slick, gooey -roads, Morgan at the head of the column setting a -relentless pace. His sciatic hip tormented him. Behind -him, the militiamen were expending “many a -hearty curse” on him, one of them later recalled. As -Nathanael Greene wryly remarked, in the militia -every man considered himself a general.</p> -<p>But Daniel Morgan was responsible for their lives -and the lives of his Continentals, some of whom had -marched doggedly from battlefield to battlefield for -over four years. In the company of the Delaware -Continentals who served beside the Marylanders in -the light infantry brigade, there was a lieutenant -named Thomas Anderson who kept track of the -miles he had marched since they headed south in -May 1780. At the end of each day he entered in his -journal the ever-growing total. By January 16, it was -1,435. No matter what the militia thought of him, -Daniel Morgan was not going to throw away such -men in a battle simply to prove his courage.</p> -<p>Seldom has there been a better example of the -difference between the professional and the amateur -soldier. In his letters urging militiamen to join him, -Morgan had warned them against the futility of -fighting in such small detachments. He had asked -them to come into his camp and subject themselves -to “order and discipline ... so that I may be enabled -to direct you ... to the advantage of the whole.”</p> -<p>In the same letters, Morgan had made a promise -to these men. “I will ask you to encounter no -dangers or difficulties, but what I shall participate -in.” If he retreated across the Broad, he would be -exposing the men who refused to go with him to -Tarleton’s policy of extermination by fire and sword. -If they went with him, their families, their friends, -their homes would be abandoned to the young -lieutenant colonel’s vengeance.</p> -<p>This conflict between prudence and his promise -must have raged in Morgan’s mind as his army toiled -along the Green River Road. It was hard marching. -<span class="pb" id="Page_45">45</span> -The road dipped into hollows and looped around -small hills. Swollen creeks cut across it. The woods -were thick on both sides of it. At dusk, the Americans -emerged from the forest onto a flat, lightly -wooded tableland. At least, it looked flat at first -glance. As Morgan led his men into it, he noted that -the ground rose gradually to a slight crest, then -dipped and rose to another slightly higher crest. Oak -and hickory trees were dotted throughout the more -or less rectangular area, but there was practically no -underbrush. This was the Cowpens, a place where -back-country people pastured their cattle and prepared -them to be driven to market.</p> -<p>In the distance, Morgan could see the Blue Ridge -Mountains, which rise from the flat country beyond -the Broad like a great rampart. They were 30 miles -away. If they could reach them, the army was safe. -But militia scouts brought in grim news. The river -was rising. It would be a difficult business crossing at -Island Ford in the dark. The ford was still 6 miles -away, and the men were exhausted from their all-day -march. If they rested at Cowpens and tried to cross -the river the next morning, Banastre Tarleton, that -soldier who liked to march by night, would be upon -them, ready to slash them to pieces.</p> -<p>Perhaps it was that report which helped Morgan -make his decision. One suspects he almost welcomed -the news that the army was, for all practical -purposes, trapped and fighting was the only alternative. -There was enough of the citizen-soldier in -Morgan to dislike retreating almost as much as the -average militiaman.</p> -<p>The more Morgan studied the terrain around him, -the more he liked it. The militia leaders were right. -This was the best place to fight Tarleton. Sitting on -his horse, looking down the slope to the Green River -Road, Morgan noted the way the land fell off to the -left and right toward several creeks. The Cowpens -was bordered by marshy ground that would make it -difficult for Tarleton to execute any sweeping flank -movements with his cavalry. As his friend Richard -Winn had told him, that was not Tarleton’s style, -anyway. He was more likely to come straight at the -Americans with his infantry and cavalry in a headlong -charge. Experience told Morgan there were -ways to handle such an assault—tactics that 26-year-old -Banastre Tarleton had probably never seen.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_46">46</div> -<p>Now the important thing was to communicate the -will to fight. Turning to his officers, Morgan said, -“On this ground I will beat Benny Tarleton or I will -lay my bones.”</p> -<h3><b>6</b></h3> -<p><i>Eleven to twelve hundred British</i>, Daniel Morgan -had written. Ironically, as Morgan ordered -another retreat from this formidable foe, the British -were barricading themselves in some log houses on -the north bank of the Pacolet River, expecting an -imminent attack from the patriots. Their spies had -told them that Morgan had 3,000 men, and Tarleton -was taking no chances. After seizing this strong -point, only a few miles below Morgan’s camp, he -sent out a cavalry patrol. They soon reported that -the Americans had “decamped.” Tarleton immediately -advanced to Morgan’s abandoned campsite, -where his hungry soldiers were delighted to find -“plenty of provisions which they had left behind -them, half cooked.”</p> -<p>Nothing stirred Banastre Tarleton’s blood more -than a retreating enemy. British soldiers, famed for -their tenacity in war, have often been compared to -the bulldog. But Tarleton was more like the bloodhound. -A fleeing foe meant the chance of an easy -victory. It was not only instinct, it was part of his -training as a cavalryman.</p> -<p>“Patrols and spies were immediately dispatched to -observe the Americans,” Tarleton later recalled. -The British Legion dragoons were ordered to follow -Morgan until dark. Then the job was turned over to -“other emissaries”—loyalists. Tarleton had about 50 -with him to act as scouts and spies. Early that -evening, January 16, probably around the time that -Morgan was deciding to fight at Cowpens, a party of -loyalists brought in a militia colonel who had wandered -out of the American line of march, perhaps in -search of forage for his horse. Threatened with -instant hanging, the man talked. He told Tarleton -that Morgan hoped to stop at Cowpens and gather -more militia. But the captive said that Morgan then -intended to get across the Broad River, where he -thought he would be safe.</p> -<p>The information whetted Tarleton’s appetite. It -seemed obvious to him that he should “hang upon -General Morgan’s rear” to cut off any militia reinforcements -that might show up. If Morgan tried to -<span class="pb" id="Page_47">47</span> -cross the Broad, Tarleton would be in a position to -“perplex his design,” as he put it—a stuffy way of -saying he could cut him to pieces. Around midnight, -other loyalist scouts brought in a rumor of more -American reinforcements on their way—a “corps of -mountaineers.” This sent a chill through the British, -even through Tarleton. It sounded like the return of -the mountain men who had helped destroy the loyalist -army at Kings Mountain. It became more and -more obvious to Tarleton that he should attack -Morgan as soon as possible.</p> -<p>About three in the morning of the 17th of January, -Tarleton called in his sentries and ordered his drummers -to rouse his men. Leaving 35 baggage wagons -and 70 Negro slaves with a 100-man guard commanded -by a lieutenant, he marched his sleepy men -down the rutted Green River Road, the same route -Morgan had followed the previous day. The British -found the marching hard in the dark. The ground, -Tarleton later wrote, was “broken, and much intersected -by creeks and ravines.” Ahead of the column -and on both flanks scouts prowled the woods to -prevent an ambush.</p> -<p>Describing the march, Tarleton also gave a precise -description of his army. Three companies of light -infantry, supported by the infantry of the British -Legion, formed his vanguard. The light infantry -were all crack troops, most of whom had been fighting -in America since the beginning of the war. One -company was from the 16th Regiment and had participated -in some of the swift, surprise attacks for -which light infantry was designed. They had been -part of the British force that killed and wounded 150 -Americans in a night assault at Paoli, Pa., in the fall -of 1777. The light company of the 71st Regiment had -a similar record, having also been part of the light -infantry brigade that the British organized early in -the war.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig33"> -<img src="images/i18.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="522" /> -<p class="pcap">Music made the soldier’s life -more tolerable on the march -and in camp. But the most -important use was in battle. -Both the drum and the fife -conveyed signals and orders -over the din and confusion -far better than the human -voice. This iron fife is an -original 18th-century instrument. -The drum, according -to tradition, was carried in -the war.</p> -</div> -<p>With these regulars marched another company of -light infantry whose memories were not so grand—the -green-coated men of the Prince of Wales Loyal -American Volunteers. Northern loyalists, they had -been in the war since 1777. They had seen little -fighting until they sailed south in 1780. After the fall -of Charleston, Cornwallis had divided them into -detachments and used them to garrison small posts, -with disastrous results. In August 1780 at Hanging -Rock, Sumter had attacked one detachment, virtually -annihilating it. The colonel of the regiment was -cashiered for cowardice. Another detachment was -mauled by Francis Marion at Great Savannah around -the same time. It was hardly a brilliant record. But -this company of light infantry, supposedly the boldest -and best of the regiment, might be eager to seek -revenge for their lost comrades.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_48">48</div> -<h4 class="interlude">Tarleton’s Legion</h4> -<blockquote> -<p>Tarleton gave the Carolinas a -foretaste of modern war. His -Legion was a fast-moving, -hard-hitting combat team, accounted -the best in the British -army at that stage of the war. -Its specialty was relentless -pursuit followed by all-out -attack. In Tarleton’s hands, -the Legion became a weapon -of terror directed at civilian -and soldier alike. As in modern -war, this tactic spawned as -much partisan resistance as -fear and was ultimately self-defeating.</p> -<p>The figures across these -pages represent the main units -of the cooly efficient battle -machine that Tarleton led onto -the field that winter day.</p> -</blockquote> -<div class="img" id="fig34"> -<img src="images/i19.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="716" /> -<p class="pcap">17th Dragoons • Private, 16th Light Infantry • Legion cavalry -• Private, 7th Fusiliers • Royal Artillery • Private, 71st Highlanders</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_50">50</div> -<p>Behind the light infantry marched the first battalion -of the Royal Fusiliers of the 7th Regiment. This -was one of the oldest regiments in the British army, -with a proud history that went back to 1685. Known -as the “City of London” regiment, it had been in -America since 1773. A detachment played a vital -part in repulsing the December 31, 1775, attack on -Quebec, which wrecked American plans to make -Canada the 14th State. Among the 426 Americans -captured was Daniel Morgan. Few if any of the men -in Tarleton’s ranks had been in that fight. The -167-man battalion were all new recruits. When they -arrived in Charleston early in December, the British -commander there had described them to Cornwallis -as “so bad, not above a third can possibly move with -a regiment.”</p> -<p>The British government was having problems recruiting -men for America. It had never been easy to -persuade Englishmen to join the army and endure its -harsh discipline and low pay. Now, with the war in -America growing more and more unpopular, army -recruiters were scouring the jails and city slums. -Cornwallis had decided to use these new recruits as -garrison troops at Ninety Six. Tarleton, as we have -seen earlier, had borrowed them for his pursuit. -Although the 7th’s motto was <i>Nec aspera terrent</i> -(“hardships do not frighten us”), it must have been an -unnerving experience for these men, little more than -a month after a long, debilitating sea voyage, to find -themselves deep in the backwoods of South Carolina, -marching through the cold, wet darkness to -their first battle.</p> -<p>Undoubtedly worsening the Fusiliers’ morale was -the low opinion their officers had of Banastre Tarleton. -The commander of the regiment, Maj. Timothy -Newmarsh, had stopped at a country house for the -night about a week ago, during the early stage of the -pursuit, and had not been discreet in voicing his -fears for the safety of the expedition. He said he was -<span class="pb" id="Page_51">51</span> -certain they would be defeated, because almost -every officer in the army detested Tarleton, who had -been promoted over the heads of men who had been -in the service before he was born.</p> -<p>Behind the Royal Fusiliers trudged a 200-man -battalion of the 71st Scottish Highlanders (Fraser’s), -who probably did not find the night march through -the woods as forbidding as the city men of the -Fusiliers. At least half were relatively new recruits -who had arrived in America little more than a year -ago. The rest were veterans who had been campaigning -in the rebellious colonies since 1776. They -had sailed south to help the British capture Georgia -in 1778 and had fought well in one of the most -devastating royal victories of the southern campaign, -the rout of the Americans at Briar Creek, Ga., -in early 1779. They were commanded by Maj. Archibald -McArthur, a tough veteran who had served with -the Scottish Brigade in the Dutch army, considered -one of the finest groups of fighting men in Europe.</p> -<p>Between the 71st and the 7th Regiments plodded -some 18 blue-coated royal artillerymen, leading -horses carrying two brass cannon and 60 rounds of -round shot and case shot (also known as canister -because each “case” was full of smaller bullet-size -projectiles that scattered in flight). These light guns -were considered an important innovation when they -were introduced into the British army in 1775. -Because they could be dismantled and carried on -horses, they could be moved over rough terrain -impassable to ordinary artillery with its cumbersome -ammunition wagons. The two guns Tarleton had -with him could also be fitted with shafts that enabled -four men to carry them around a battlefield, if the -ground was too muddy or rough for their carriages. -With the shafts, they resembled grasshoppers, and -this was what artillerymen, fond of nicknames for -their guns, called them.</p> -<p>The cannon added to Tarleton’s confidence. They -could hurl a 3-pound round shot almost 1,000 yards. -There was little likelihood that Morgan had any -artillery with him. All the southern army’s artillery -had been captured at Camden. These guns with -Tarleton may have been two of the captured pieces, -which had originally been captured from the British -at Saratoga in 1777.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_52">52</div> -<h4 class="interlude">John Eager Howard, Citizen-soldier</h4> -<div class="img" id="fig35"> -<img src="images/i20.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="613" /> -<p class="pcap">John Eager Howard</p> -</div> -<blockquote> -<div class="pb" id="Page_53">53</div> -<p>Few field officers served the -Continental Army with greater -skill or devotion to duty than -John Eager Howard. When -the revolution broke out, he -was 23, the son of a landed -Maryland family, brought up -in an atmosphere of ease and -comfort. He saw his first -hostile fire as a captain of -militia at White Plains (1776). -The next year, as a major in -the regulars, he helped lead -the 4th Maryland at Germantown. -In the Southern Campaign -of 1780-81, regiments -he led fought with great courage -at Camden, Cowpens, -Guilford Courthouse, Hobkirks -Hill, and Eutaw Springs. -Nathanael Greene considered -Howard “as good an officer as -the world affords.” After the -war, ‘Light-Horse Harry’ Lee -described Howard as “always -to be found where the battle -raged, pressing into close -action to wrestle with fixed -bayonet.”</p> -</blockquote> -<div class="img" id="fig36"> -<img src="images/i20c.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="505" /> -<p class="pcap">The silver medal awarded by -Congress to Howard for service at Cowpens.</p> -</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/i20d.jpg" alt="J E Howard" width="300" height="73" /> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig37"> -<img src="images/i20e.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="644" /> -<p class="pcap">Belvidere, the elegant estate -that John Eager Howard -built after the Revolution, -stood in what is now downtown -Baltimore. It was torn -down a century ago and the -land is now occupied by row -houses.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_54">54</div> -<p>Behind the infantry and artillery rode the cavalry -of the British Legion and a 50-man troop of the 17th -Light Dragoons, giving Tarleton about 350 horsemen. -In scabbards dangling from straps over their -shoulders were the fearsome sabers that could lop -off a man’s arm with a single stroke. The Legion -cavalry were, relatively speaking, amateurs, with -only their courage and belief in their cause to -animate them. The 17th Dragoons were regulars to -the core, intensely proud of their long tradition. On -their brass helmets they wore a death’s head and -below it a scroll with the words “or glory.” They and -their officers were somewhat disdainful of the British -Legion.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig38"> -<img src="images/i21.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="590" /> -<p class="pcap">A helmet of the 17th Light Dragoons, c. 1780.</p> -</div> -<p>Although their reputation among the patriots was -good, the Legion had several times exhibited cowardice -unthinkable to a 17th dragoon. When the -British army advanced into Charlotte in the fall -of 1780, they had been opposed by 75 or 80 back-country -riflemen. Tarleton was ill with yellow fever -and his second in command, Maj. George Hanger, -had ordered them to charge the Americans. The -Legion refused to budge. Not even the exhortations -of Cornwallis himself stirred them until infantry had -dislodged the riflemen from cover. They apparently -remembered the punishment they had taken at -Blackstocks, when Tarleton’s orders had exposed -them to sharpshooters.</p> -<p>As dawn began turning the black night sky to -charcoal gray, Tarleton ordered a select group of -cavalry to the front of his infantry. They soon -collided with American scouts on horseback and -captured two of them. These captives told them that -Morgan and his men were only a few miles away. -Tarleton immediately ordered two troops of the -Legion cavalry, under one of his best officers, Capt. -David Ogilvie, to reinforce his vanguard. Ogilvie -galloped into the murky dawn. Within a half hour, -one of his troopers came racing back with unexpected -news. The patriots were not retreating! They -were drawn up in an open wood in battle formation.</p> -<p>Tarleton halted his army and summoned his loyalist -guides. They instantly recognized the place where -Morgan had chosen to fight—the Cowpens. It was -familiar to everyone who had visited or lived in the -South Carolina back country. They gave Tarleton a -detailed description of the battleground. The woods -were open and free from swamps. The Broad River -<span class="pb" id="Page_55">55</span> -was about six miles away.</p> -<p>The ground, Tarleton decided, was made to order -for the rebels’ destruction. In fact, America could -not produce a place more suitable to his style of war. -His bloodhound instinct dominant, Banastre Tarleton -assumed that Morgan, having run away from -him for two days, was still only trying to check his -advance and gain time to retreat over the Broad -River. Morgan failed to stop him at the Pacolet. He -would fail even more disastrously here. With six miles -of open country in the Americans’ rear, Tarleton -looked forward to smashing Morgan’s ranks with -an infantry attack and then unleashing his Legion -horsemen to hunt down the fleeing survivors. Tarleton -never dreamt that Daniel Morgan was planning to -fight to the finish.</p> -<h3><b>7</b></h3> -<p>While Tarleton’s troops spent most of the night -marching along the twisting, dipping Green River -Road, Daniel Morgan’s men had been resting at Cowpens -and listening to their general’s battle plan. First -Morgan outlined it for his officers, then he went from -campfire to campfire explaining it to his men.</p> -<p>The plan was based on the terrain at Cowpens and -on the knowledge of Tarleton’s battle tactics that -Morgan had from such friends as Richard Winn. -Morgan probably told his men what he repeated in -later years—he expected nothing from Tarleton but -“downright fighting.” The young Englishman was -going to come straight at them in an all-out charge.</p> -<p>To repel that charge, Morgan adopted tactics he -had himself helped design at Saratoga. There was a -similarity between the little army he commanded at -Cowpens and the men he led in northern New York. -Like his old rifle corps, his militia were crack shots. -But they could not stand up against a British bayonet -charge. It took too long to load and fire a rifle, and it -was not equipped with a bayonet.</p> -<p>He had complete confidence in his Continentals. -No regiment in the British army had a prouder tradition -than these men from Maryland and Delaware. -They and their comrades in arms had demonstrated -their heroism on a dozen battlefields. Above all, -Morgan trusted their commander, Lt. Col. John -Eager Howard of Maryland. At the battle of Germantown -in 1777, he had led his 4th Maryland Regiment -in a headlong charge that drove the British -<span class="pb" id="Page_56">56</span> -light infantry in panicky flight from their battle line -back to their tents. After the American defeat at -Camden, Howard had rounded up the survivors of -his own and other regiments and led them on a -three-day march to Charlotte through swamps and -forests to elude British pursuit. Someone asked what -they had to eat during that time. “Some peaches,” -Howard said.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig39"> -<img src="images/i22.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="463" /> -<p class="pcap">An American canteen of the type used by militia at Cowpens.</p> -</div> -<p>Morgan was equally sure of the steadiness of the -ex-Continentals who made up the bulk of his two -companies of Virginia six-months militiamen. He -told them that he was going to station them on either -side of the Maryland and Delaware regulars, on the -first crest of the almost invisibly rising slope that -constituted Cowpens. A professional soldier would -consider this the “military crest” because it was the -high ground from which the best defense could be -made. Behind this crest, the land sloped off to a -slight hollow, and then rose to another slightly -higher hump of earth, which was the geographical -crest of the battleground. Here Morgan planned to -post William Washington and his 80 dragoons. To -make them more of a match for Tarleton’s 300 horsemen, -he called for volunteers to serve with Washington. -About 40 men stepped forward, led by Andrew -Pickens’ friend, James McCall. Morgan gave them -sabers and told them to obey Washington’s orders.</p> -<p>There was nothing unusual or brilliant about this -part of Morgan’s battle plan. It was simply good -sense and good tactics to select the most advantageous -ground for his infantry and keep Washington’s -cavalry out of the immediate reach of Tarleton’s far -more numerous horsemen. It was in his plan for the -militia that Morgan demonstrated his genius. At -Camden, Horatio Gates had tried to use the militia -as if they were regulars, positioning them in his -battle line side by side with the Continentals. They -swiftly demonstrated that they could not withstand a -British bayonet charge.</p> -<p>Morgan decided that he would use his militia in a -different way. He put the backwoodsmen under the -command of Andrew Pickens and carefully explained -what he wanted them to do. They were -going to form a line about 150 yards ahead of -Howard and the Continentals. They were to hold -their fire until the British were within “killing distance.” -They were to get off two or three shots and -<span class="pb" id="Page_57">57</span> -retreat behind the Continentals, who would carry on -the battle while the militiamen re-formed and came -back into the fight on the British flanks.</p> -<p>A select group of riflemen, considered the best -shots in the army, were to advance another hundred -yards on both sides of the Green River Road and -begin skirmishing with the British as soon as they -appeared. This was the tactic Sumter had used at -Blackstocks to tempt Tarleton into a reckless charge, -and it had cost the British heavy casualties.</p> -<p>His plan complete, Morgan did not retire to his -tent, in the style of more autocratic generals, and -await the moment of battle. He understood the -importance of personal leadership. Above all, he -knew how to talk to the militia. He was a man of the -frontier, like them. Although he was crippled from -his sciatica, he limped from group to group while -they cooked their suppers and smoked their pipes, -telling them how sure he was that they could whip -“Benny.” Sixteen-year-old Thomas Young was among -the cavalry volunteers. He remembered how Morgan -helped them to fix their sabers, joked with them -about their sweethearts, told them to keep up their -courage and victory was certain.</p> -<p>“Long after I laid down,” Young recalled, “he was -going among the soldiers encouraging them and -telling them that the ‘Old Wagoner’ would crack his -whip over Ben in the morning, as sure as they lived.”</p> -<p>“Just hold up your heads, boys, give them three -fires, and you will be free,” Morgan told them. “Then -when you return to your homes, how the old folks will -bless you, and the girls will kiss you.” “I don’t believe -that he slept a wink that night,” Young said later.</p> -<p>Many of these young militiamen had something -else to motivate them—a fierce resentment of the -way the British and loyalists had abused, and in some -cases killed, their friends and relatives. Thomas -Young’s brother, John, had been shot down in the -spring of 1780 when loyalist militia attacked the -Youngs’ regiment. “I do not believe I had ever used -an oath before that day,” Young said. “But then I -tore open my bosom and swore that I would never -rest until I had avenged his death.”</p> -<div class="img" id="fig40"> -<img src="images/i22a.jpg" alt="" width="196" height="799" /> -<p class="pcap">A powder horn and linstock -like these were essential -tools for artillerymen. -They primed the cannon by -pouring powder into a vent -leading to the charge and -fired it by touching the burning -hemp on the tip of the linstock -to the vent. The gunners -serving the two 3-pounder -“grasshoppers” at Cowpens -used such equipment.</p> -</div> -<p>Another South Carolinian, 17-year-old James -Collins, had fought with Sumter and other militia -leaders since the fall of Charleston. He remembered -with particular anger the swath of desolation left by -loyalists when they plundered rebel Americans on -the east side of the Broad. “Women were insulted -and stripped of every article of decent clothing they -might have on and every article of bedding, clothing -or furniture was taken—knives, forks, dishes, spoons. -Not a piece of meat or a pint of salt was left. They -even entered houses where men lay sick of the -smallpox ... dragged them out of their sick beds into -the yard and put them to death in cold blood in the -presence of their wives and children. We were too -weak to repel them....”</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_58">58</div> -<h4 class="interlude">Morgan’s Army</h4> -<blockquote> -<p>On paper Morgan’s army was -inferior. The British numbered -some 1100, all regulars and -most of them tested in battle. -Morgan had at best a little -over 800 troops, and half of -them were militia. Numbers, -though, deceive, for Morgan’s -army was in fact a first-rate -detachment of light infantry, -needing only leadership to -win victories.</p> -<p>The core of Morgan’s army -was a mixed brigade of Maryland -and Delaware Continentals -under Col. John Eager -Howard, about 320 men. They -were supported by 80 or so -Continental dragoons under -Col. William Washington.</p> -</blockquote> -<div class="img" id="fig41"> -<img src="images/i23.jpg" alt="" width="664" height="991" /> -<p class="pcap">Maryland Continental • Dragoon, 3rd Continentals</p> -</div> -<blockquote> -<div class="pb" id="Page_59">59</div> -<p>These Continentals were tough -and experienced. Morgan’s -militia were better material -than the green troops who -folded at Camden and later -ran away at Guilford. Some -200 were ex-Continentals from -Virginia. Morgan thought -enough of them to employ -them in the main battle line. -The other militia were recruited -by that wily partisan leader, -Andrew Pickens, and William -Davidson, a superb militia -general. It’s unlikely that such -able commanders would have -filled their ranks with the -wavering and shiftless.</p> -<p>Morgan knew the worth of -these troops and deployed -them in a way that made the -most of their strengths and -minimized their weakness. -They rewarded him with a -victory still marveled at two -centuries later.</p> -<p>These figures represent the -units in Morgan’s command.</p> -</blockquote> -<div class="img" id="fig42"> -<img src="images/i23a.jpg" alt="" width="604" height="875" /> -<p class="pcap">Virginia militiaman • Carolina militiaman</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_60">60</div> -<p>Collins and his friends had joined Sumter, only to -encounter Tarleton at Fishing Creek. “It was a -perfect rout and an indiscriminate slaughter,” he -recalled. Retreating to the west, Collins described -how they lived before Morgan and his regulars -arrived to confront the British and loyalists. “We -kept a flying camp, never staying long in one place, -never camping near a public road ... never stripping -off saddles.” When they ate, “each one sat down -with his sword by his side, his gun lying across his lap -or under the seat on which he sat.” It soon became -necessary “for their safety,” Collins said, to join -Morgan. At Cowpens, men like James Collins were -fighting for their lives.</p> -<p>Equally desperate—and angry—were men like -Joseph Hughes, whose father had been killed by the -loyalists. Hughes had been living as an “out-lier,” -hiding in the woods near his home with a number of -other men who remained loyal to militia colonel -Thomas Brandon. One day he ventured out to visit -his family. As he approached the house, three loyalists -sprang out of the door with leveled guns, shouting: -“You damned Rebel, you are our prisoner!” -Hughes wheeled his horse and leaped the gate to -escape the hail of bullets.</p> -<p>At Cowpens, Hughes, though still in his teens, was -given command of a company of militia. Probably by -his side was his close friend, William Kennedy, -considered one of the best shots in South Carolina. -His prowess with the rifle had discouraged loyalists -from venturing into the rebel settlement at Fairforest -Shoals. His gun had a peculiar <i>crack</i> which his -friends recognized. When they heard it, they often -said: “There is another Tory less.”</p> -<p>The men who had turned out to fight for Andrew -Pickens had no illusions about what would happen -<span class="pb" id="Page_61">61</span> -to them if they were captured. Like their leader, they -were violators of their paroles, liable to instant -execution if captured. On the night of the 16th, -Cornwallis, in his camp at Turkey Creek on the -other side of the Broad, demonstrated what else -would happen to their families. He wrote out an -order for Cruger at Ninety Six. “If Colonel Pickens -has left any Negroes, cattle or other property that -may be useful ... I would have it seized accordingly -and I desire that his houses may be burned and his -plantations as far as lies in your power totally destroyed -and himself if ever taken instantly hanged.” -The order was executed the moment it was received -at Ninety Six. Rebecca Pickens and her children were -hurried into the January cold to watch their house, -barns, and other outbuildings become bonfires.</p> -<p>The 200 Georgians and South Carolinians in -Morgan’s army were all veterans of numerous battles, -most of them fought under Elijah Clarke’s -command. With their leader wounded, they were -now commanded by James Jackson and John Cunningham. -Morgan had largely relied on Jackson to -rally them. Like most of Morgan’s men, he was -young, only 23. He had fought Tarleton at Blackstocks, -where he had ducked bullets to seize the -guns of dead British to continue the fight after his -men ran out of ammunition. In one respect, Jackson -was unusual. He had been born in England. He -arrived in America in 1774 and seems to have -become an instant Georgian, right down to extreme -pugnacity and a prickly sense of honor. He had -recently quarreled with the rebel lieutenant governor -of Georgia, challenged him to a duel, and killed -him. Morgan appointed Jackson brigade major of the -militia, making him Pickens’ second in command.</p> -<p>At least as formidable as Jackson’s veterans were -the 140 North Carolinians under Maj. Joseph -McDowell. They had fought at Musgrove’s Mill and -in other battles in the summer of 1780 and had -scrambled up the slopes of Kings Mountain to help -destroy the loyalist army entrenched there.</p> -<p>Well before dawn, Morgan sent cavalry under a -Georgian, Joshua Inman, to reconnoiter the Green -River Road. They bumped into Tarleton’s advance -guard and hastily retreated. Into the Cowpens they -pounded to shout the alarm.</p> -<p>Morgan seemed to be everywhere on his horse, -<span class="pb" id="Page_62">62</span> -rousing the men. “Boys, get up, Benny is coming,” he -shouted. Quickly militia and Continentals got on -their feet and bolted down cold hominy they had -cooked the night before. Morgan ordered the baggage -wagons to depart immediately to a safe place, -about a mile in the rear. The militiamen’s horses -were tied to trees, under a guard, closer to the rear -of the battle line.</p> -<p>Morgan rode down to the picked riflemen who -were going to open the fight and told them he had -heard a lot of tall tales about who were the better -shots, the men of Georgia or Carolina. Here was the -chance to settle the matter and save their country in -the bargain. “Let me see which are most entitled to -the credit of brave men, the boys of Carolina or those -of Georgia,” he roared. By positioning Georgians on -the left of the road and Carolinians on the right, -Morgan shrewdly arranged to make his competition -highly visible.</p> -<p>To Pickens’ men Morgan made a full-fledged -speech, reminding them of what the British had -already done to their friends and many of their -families. He pounded his fist in his hand and told -them that this was their moment of revenge. He also -praised the courage with which they had fought the -British in earlier skirmishes, without the help of -regulars or cavalry. Here they had the support of -veterans in both departments. He had not the slightest -doubt of victory if they obeyed their orders and -fought like men. He told them his experiences with -his rifle regiment at Saratoga and other battles, -where they had beaten the flower of the British -army, generals far more distinguished than Benny -Tarleton and regiments far more famous than the -units Tarleton was leading.</p> -<p>To his Continentals, Morgan made an even more -emotional speech. He called them “my friends in -arms, my dear boys,” and asked them to remember -Saratoga, Monmouth, Paoli, Brandywine. “This day,” -he said, “you must play your parts for honor and -liberty’s cause.” He restated his battle plan, reminding -them that after two or three rounds the militia -would retreat under orders. They would not be -running away. They would be falling back to regroup -and harry the enemy’s flanks.</p> -<p>A Delaware soldier watching Morgan’s performance -said that by the time he was through, there was -<span class="pb" id="Page_63">63</span> -not a man in the army who was not “in good spirits -and very willing to fight.”</p> -<p>The blood-red rising sun crept above the hills -along the slopes of Thicketty Mountain to the east. -The men stamped their feet and blew on their hands -to keep warm. It was cold, but the air was crisp and -clear. The mighty ramparts of the Blue Ridge were -visible, 30 miles away. Much too distant for a refuge -now, even if the swollen Broad River did not lie -between them and Morgan’s men.</p> -<p>Suddenly the British army was emerging from the -woods along the Green River Road. The green-coated -dragoons at their head slowed and then -stopped. So did the red-coated light infantry behind -them. An officer in a green coat rode to the head of -the column and studied the American position. -Everyone in the rebel army recognized him. It was -Banastre Tarleton.</p> -<h3><b>8</b></h3> -<p>Tarleton soon found his position at the head of -the column was hazardous. The Georgia and Carolina -riflemen drifted toward him through the trees on -either side of the road. <i>Pop pop</i> went their rifles. -Bullets whistled close to Tarleton’s head. He turned -to the 50 British Legion dragoons commanded by -Captain Ogilvie and ordered them to “drive in” the -skirmishers. With a shout the dragoons charged. The -riflemen rested their weapons against convenient -trees and took steady aim. Again the long barrels -blazed. Dragoons cried out and pitched from their -saddles, horses screamed in pain. The riflemen -flitted back through the open woods, reloading as -they ran, a trick that continually amazed the British. -Some whirled and fired again, and more dragoons -crashed to earth. In a minute or two the riflemen -were safely within the ranks of Pickens’ militia. The -dragoons recoiled from this array of fire power and -cantered back toward the British commander. They -had lost 15 out of their 50 men.</p> -<p>Tarleton meanwhile continued studying the rebel -army. At a distance of about 400 yards he was able to -identify Pickens’ line of militia, whose numbers he -guessed to be about a thousand. He estimated the -Continentals and Virginia six-month militia in the -second line at about 800. Washington’s cavalry on -the crest behind the Continentals he put at 120, his -only accurate figure.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig43"> -<img src="images/i24.jpg" alt="" width="391" height="600" /> -<p class="pcap">Few officers saw more combat -than William Washington. -a distant cousin of -George. He was a veteran of -many battles—among them -Long Island and Trenton in -1776, Charleston in 1780, and -Cowpens, Guilford, Hobkirks -Hill, and Eutaw Springs in -1781—and numerous skirmishes. -Thrice he was -wounded, the last time at -Eutaw Springs, where he was -captured. His fellow cavalryman, -‘Light-Horse Harry’ -Lee described him as of “a -stout frame, being six feet in -height, broad, strong, and -corpulent ... in temper he -was good-humored.... Bold, -collected, and persevering, -he preferred the heat of -action to the collection and -sifting of intelligence, -to the calculations and -combinations of means and -measures....”</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_64">64</div> -<div class="img" id="fig44"> -<img src="images/i25.jpg" alt="" width="391" height="471" /> -<p class="pcap">The British carried at least -two flags into battle: the -King’s standard and the colors -of the 7th Fusiliers (below). -Both were captured by -Morgan’s troops.</p> -</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/i25a.jpg" alt="Colors of the 7th Fusiliers" width="391" height="488" /> -</div> -<p>Tarleton was not in the least intimidated by these -odds, even though his estimates doubled Morgan’s -actual strength. He was supremely confident that his -regular infantry could sweep the riflemen and militia -off the field, leaving only the outnumbered Continentals -and cavalry. The ground looked level enough -to repeat the Waxhaws rout. In his self-confidence -and growing battle fever, he did not even bother to -confer on a tactical plan with Newmarsh of the -Fusiliers or McArthur of the Highlanders. He simply -issued them orders to form a line of battle. The -infantry was told to drop their heavy packs and -blanket rolls. The light infantry companies were -ordered to file to the right, until they extended as far -as the flank of the militia facing them. The Legion -infantry was ordered into line beside them. Next -came a squad of blue-coated artillerymen with their -brass grasshopper. They unpacked their gun and -ammunition boxes and mounted them on the wheeled -carriage with professional speed. In the Royal Artillery -school at Woolrich the men who designed the -gun estimated this task should take no more than -two minutes.</p> -<p>The light infantry and Legion infantry were now -told to advance a hundred yards, while the Fusiliers -moved into line on their left. The other grasshopper -was placed on the right of this regiment, no doubt to -bolster the courage of the raw recruits. The two guns -began hurling shot into the woods, firing at the -riflemen who were filtering back to potshot the -tempting red and green targets.</p> -<p>On each flank, Tarleton posted a captain and 50 -dragoons, more than enough, he thought, to protect -his infantry from a cavalry charge.</p> -<p>Tarleton ordered the Highlanders to form a line -about 150 yards in the rear of the Fusiliers, slightly to -their left. These veteran Scots and 200 Legion -cavalry were his reserve, to be committed to the -fight when they were most needed.</p> -<p>Everywhere Tarleton looked, he later recalled, he -saw “the most promising assurance of success.” The -officers and men were full of fire and vigor. Every -order had been obeyed with alacrity. There was not -a sign of weariness, though his men had marched -half the night. They had been chasing these Americans -for two weary weeks. They knew that if they -beat them here, the war in South Carolina would be -<span class="pb" id="Page_65">65</span> -over. To make this a certainty, Banastre Tarleton -issued a cruel order. They were to give no quarter, -take no prisoners.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig45"> -<img src="images/i25c.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="570" /> -<p class="pcap">The only reasonably sure -patriot flag on the field was a -damask color, cut from the -back of a chair, that Washington’s -dragoons carried. The original, which -measures only 18 inches by -18, is in the collection of the -Washington Light Infantry -Corps of Charleston.</p> -</div> -<p>The order might have made some gruesome sense -as far as the militia was concerned. Almost every -one of them was considered a criminal, fighting in -direct violation of the law as laid down by His -Majesty’s officers in numerous proclamations. Killing -them would save the trouble of hanging them. -But to order his men to give no quarter to Morgan’s -Continentals was a blatant violation of the rules of -war under which both sides had fought for the past -five years. It was graphic glimpse of the rage which -continued American resistance was igniting in Englishmen -like Banastre Tarleton.</p> -<p>One British officer in the battle later said that -Major Newmarsh was still posting the officers of the -Fusiliers, the last regiment into line, when Tarleton -ordered the advance to begin. With a tremendous -shout, the green- and red-coated line surged forward.</p> -<p>From the top of the slope, Morgan called on his -men to reply. “They give us the British haloo, boys,” -he cried. “Give them the Indian haloo.” A howl of -defiance leaped from 800 American throats. Simultaneously, -the Georgians and North Carolinians -opened fire behind the big trees. Some of the new -recruits of the Fusiliers regiment revealed their -nervousness by firing back. Their officers quickly -halted this tactical violation. British infantry fired by -the volley, and the riflemen were out of musket -range anyway. Rifles outshot muskets by 150 yards.</p> -<p>Morgan watched the riflemen give the British -infantry “a heavy and galling fire” as they advanced. -But the sharpshooters made no pretense of holding -their ground. Morgan had ordered them to fall back -to Pickens’ militia and join them for serious fighting. -On the British came, their battle drums booming, -their fifes shrilling, the two brass cannon barking. -The artillerymen apparently did not consider the -militiamen an important target. They blasted at the -Continentals on the crest. Most of their rounds -whizzed over the heads of the infantry and came -dangerously close to Colonel Washington and his -horsemen. He led his men to a safer position on the -slope of the geographical crest, behind the left wing -of the main American line.</p> -<p>Andrew Pickens and his fellow colonels, all on -<span class="pb" id="Page_66">66</span> -horseback, urged the militia to hold their fire, to -aim low and pick out “the epaulette men”—the -British officers with gold braid on their shoulders.</p> -<div class="box"> -<dl class="undent"><dt class="center"><b>Tarleton’s Order of Battle</b></dt> -<dt><i>Legion dragoons (two troops)</i></dt> -<dt><i>Light infantry companies of the 16th, 71st, and Prince of Wales regiments</i></dt> -<dt><i>Legion infantry</i></dt> -<dt><i>7th Fusiliers</i></dt> -<dt><i>Royal artillery</i></dt> -<dt><i>71st Highlander regulars</i></dt> -<dt><i>17th Light Dragoons</i></dt> -<dt><i>Legion dragoons</i></dt></dl> -<p><i>This is the order in which -Tarleton deployed his units -on the battlefield.</i></p> -</div> -<p>It was no easy task to persuade these men not to -fire while those 16-inch British bayonets bore down -on them, glistening wickedly in the rising sun. The -closer they got, the more difficult it would be to -reload their clumsy muskets and get off another shot -before the British were on top of them. But the -musket was a grossly inaccurate weapon at anything -more than 50 yards. This was the “killing distance” -for which Pickens and Morgan wanted the men to -wait. The steady fire of the grasshoppers, expertly -served by the British artillerymen, made the wait -even more harrowing.</p> -<p>Then came the moment of death. “Fire,” snarled -Andrew Pickens. “Fire,” echoed his colonels up and -down the line. The militia muskets and rifles belched -flame and smoke. The British line recoiled as bullets -from over 300 guns hurtled among them. Everywhere -officers, easily visible at the heads of their -companies, went down. It was probably here that -Newmarsh of the Fusiliers, who had been so pessimistic -about fighting under Tarleton, fell with a -painful wound. But confidence in their favorite -weapon, the bayonet, and the knowledge that they -were confronting militia quickly overcame the shock -of this first blow. The red and green line surged -forward again.</p> -<p>Thomas Young, sitting on his horse among Washington’s -cavalry, later recalled the noise of the -battle. “At first it was <i>pop pop pop</i> (the sound of the -rifles) and then a whole volley,” he said. Then the -regulars fired a volley. “It seemed like one sheet of -flame from right to left,” Young said.</p> -<p>The British were not trained to aim and fire. Their -volley firing was designed to intimidate more than to -kill. It made a tremendous noise and threw a cloud -of white smoke over the battlefield. Most of the -musket balls flew high over the heads of the Americans. -Decades later, visitors to Cowpens found bullets -embedded in tree trunks as high as 30 feet from -the ground.</p> -<p>Out of the smoke the regulars came, bayonets -leveled. James Collins was among the militiamen -who decided that the two shots requested by Morgan -was more than they could manage. “We gave the -<span class="pb" id="Page_67">67</span> -enemy one fire,” he recalled. “When they charged us -with their bayonets we gave way and retreated for -our horses.”</p> -<p>Most of the militia hurried around Morgan’s left -flank, following Pickens and his men. A lesser -number may have found the right flank more convenient. -The important thing, as far as they were -concerned, was to escape those bayonets and reach -the position where Morgan promised them they -would be protected by Howard’s Continentals and -Washington’s cavalry. Watching from the military -crest, Sgt. William Seymour of the Delaware Continentals -thought the militia retreated “in very good -order, not seeming to be in the least confused.” Thus -far, Morgan’s plan was working smoothly.</p> -<p>Tarleton ordered the 50 dragoons on his right -flank to pursue Pickens and the bulk of the militia. -If, as he later claimed, the British commander had -seen William Washington and his 120 cavalry at the -beginning of the battle, this order was a blunder. -With 200 cavalrymen in reserve, waiting a summons -to attack, Tarleton sent 50 horsemen to face twice -their number of mounted Americans. He may have -assumed that Morgan was using standard battle -tactics and regarded Washington’s cavalry as his -reserve, which he would not commit until necessity -required it. The British commander never dreamt -that the Old Wagoner had made a solemn promise to -the militiamen that he would protect them from the -fearsome green dragoons at all costs.</p> -<p>As the militia retreated. Tarleton’s cavalry thundered -down on them. their deadly sabers raised. -“Now,” thought James Collins, “my hide is in the -loft.” A wild melee ensued, with the militiamen -dodging behind trees, parrying the slashing sabers -with their gun barrels. “They began to make a few -hacks at some,” Collins said, “thinking they would -have another Fishing Creek frolic.” As the militiamen -dodged the swinging sabers, the British dragoons -lost all semblance of a military formation and -became “pretty much scattered,” Collins said.</p> -<p>At that moment, “Col. Washington’s cavalry was -among them like a whirlwind,” Collins exultantly -recalled. American sabers sent dragoons keeling -from their horses. “The shock was so sudden and -violent, they could not stand it, and immediately -betook themselves to flight.” Collins said. “They -<span class="pb" id="Page_68">68</span> -appeared to be as hard to stop as a drove of wild -Choctaw steers, going to Pennsylvania market.” -Washington’s cavalry hotly pursued them and “in a -few minutes the clashing of swords was out of -hearing and quickly out of sight.”</p> -<p>Thomas Young was one of the South Carolina -volunteers in this ferocious charge. He was riding a -“little tackey”—a very inferior horse—which put -him at a disadvantage. When he saw one of the -British dragoons topple from his saddle, he executed -“the quickest swap I ever made in my life” and -leaped onto “the finest horse I ever rode.” Young -said the American charge carried them through the -50 dragoons, whereupon they wheeled and attacked -them in the rear. On his new steed he joined -Washington’s pursuit of the fleeing British.</p> -<p>In spite of William Washington’s victorious strike, -many militiamen decided that Cowpens was unsafe -and leaped on their horses and departed. Among the -officers who took prompt action to prevent further -panic was young Joseph Hughes. Although blood -streamed from a saber cut on his right hand, he drew -his sword and raced after his fleeing company. -Outrunning them, he whirled and flailed at them -with the flat of his blade, roaring. “You damned -cowards, halt and fight—there is more danger in -running than in fighting.”</p> -<p>Andrew Pickens rode among other sprinters, shouting. -“Are you going to leave your mothers, sisters, -sweethearts and wives to such unmerciful scoundrels, -such a horde of thieves?”</p> -<p>On the battlefield, volley after volley of musketry -thundered, cannon boomed. The Continentals and -the British regulars were slugging it out. Daniel -Morgan rode up to the milling militiamen, waving -his sword and roaring in a voice that outdid the -musketry: “Form, form, my brave fellows. Give -them one more fire and the day is ours. Old Morgan -was never beaten.”</p> -<p>Would they fight or run? For a few agonizing -moments, the outcome of the battle teetered on the -response of these young backwoodsmen.</p> -<h3><b>9</b></h3> -<p>On the other side of the crest behind which -Morgan and Pickens struggled to rally the militia, -Banastre Tarleton was absorbed in pressing home -the attack with his infantry. He seems to have paid -<span class="pb" id="Page_69">69</span> -no attention to the rout of his cavalry on the right. -Nor did any of his junior officers in the Legion -attempt to support the fleeing dragoons with reinforcements -from the 200-man cavalry reserve. At -this point in the battle, Tarleton badly needed a -second in command who had the confidence to -make on-the-spot decisions. One man cannot be -everywhere on a battlefield. Unfortunately for Tarleton, -Maj. George Hanger, his second in command, -was in a hospital in Camden, slowly recovering from -yellow fever.</p> -<p>With the militia out of the way, the British infantry -had advanced on the Continentals and begun blasting -volleys of musketry at them. The Continentals -volleyed back. Smoke enveloped the battlefield. -Tarleton later claimed the fire produced “much -slaughter,” but it is doubtful that either side could -see what they were shooting at after the first few -rounds. The British continued to fire high, hitting -few Continentals.</p> -<p>To Tarleton, the contest seemed “equally balanced,” -and he judged it the moment to throw in his -reserve. He ordered Major McArthur and his 71st -Highlanders into the battle line to the left of the -Fusiliers. This gave Tarleton over 700 infantrymen in -action to the rebels’ 420. Simultaneously, Tarleton -ordered the cavalry troop on the left to form a line -and swing around the American right flank.</p> -<p>These orders, shouted above the thunder of -musketry and the boom of the cannon, were -promptly obeyed. On the crest of the hill, Howard -saw the British threat developing. Once men are -outflanked and begin to be hit with bullets from two -sides, they are in danger of being routed. Howard -ordered the Virginia militia on his right to “change -their front” to meet this challenge. This standard -battlefield tactic requires a company to wheel and -face a flanking enemy.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig46"> -<img src="images/i26.jpg" alt="" width="279" height="800" /> -<p class="pcap">An officer of the Maryland -Regiment. He carries a spontoon, -which is both a badge -of office and in close combat -a useful weapon.</p> -</div> -<p>A battlefield is a confusing place, and the Virginians, -though mostly trained soldiers, were not -regulars who had lived and drilled together over the -previous months. Their captain shouted the order -given him by Howard, and the men wheeled and -began marching toward the rear. The Maryland and -Delaware Continentals, seeing this strange departure, -noting that it was done in perfect order and -with deliberation, assumed that they had missed an -<span class="pb" id="Page_70">70</span> -order to fall back. They wheeled and followed the -Virginians. On the opposite flank, the other company -of Virginians repeated this performance. In 60 -seconds the whole patriot line was retreating.</p> -<p>Behind the geographical crest of the hill, Morgan -and Pickens had managed to steady and reorganize -the militia. Morgan galloped back toward the military -crest on which he assumed the Continentals -were still fighting. He was thunderstruck to find -them retreating. In a fury, he rode up to Howard and -cried: “Are you beaten?”</p> -<p>Howard pointed to his unbroken ranks and told -Morgan that soldiers who retreated in that kind of -order were not beaten. Morgan agreed and told him -to stay with the men and he would ride back and -choose the place where the Continentals should turn -and rally. The Old Wagoner spurred his horse ahead -toward the geographical crest of the hill, about 50 -paces behind their first line.</p> -<p>On the British side of the battlefield, the sight of -the retreating Continentals revived hopes of an easy -victory. Major McArthur of the 71st sought out -Tarleton and urged him to order the cavalry reserve -to charge and turn the retreat into a rout. Tarleton -claimed that he sent this order to the cavalry, who -were now at least 400 yards away from the vortex of -the battle. Perhaps he did. It would very probably -have been obeyed if it had arrived in time. The -dragoons of the British Legion liked nothing so -much as chopping up a retreating enemy.</p> -<p>But events now occurred with a rapidity that made -it impossible for the cavalry to respond. The center -of Tarleton’s line of infantry surged up the slope -after the Continentals, bayonets lowered, howling -for American blood. With almost half their officers -dead or wounded by now, they lost all semblance of -military formation.</p> -<p>Far down the battlefield, where he had halted his -pursuit of the British cavalry, William Washington -saw what was happening. He sent a horseman racing -to Morgan with a terse message. “They are coming -on like a mob. Give them another fire and I will -charge them.” Thomas Young, riding with Washington, -never forgot the moment. “The bugle sounded,” -he said. “We made a half circuit at full speed and -came upon the rear of the British line shouting and -charging like madmen.”</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_71">71</div> -<p>Simultaneously, Morgan reached the geographical -crest of the slope, with the Continentals only a few -steps behind him. He roared out an order to turn and -fire. The Continentals wheeled and threw a blast of -concentrated musketry into the faces of the charging -British. Officers and men toppled. The line recoiled.</p> -<p>“Give them the bayonet,” bellowed John Eager -Howard.</p> -<p>With a wild yell, the Continentals charged. The -astonished British panicked. Some of them, probably -the Fusiliers, flung themselves faced down on the -ground begging for mercy. Others, Thomas Young -recalled, “took to the wagon road and did the -prettiest sort of running away.”</p> -<p>At almost the same moment, the Highlanders, -whose weight, if they had joined the charge, would -probably have been decisive, received an unexpected -blast of musketry from their flank. Andrew -Pickens and the militia had returned to the battle. -The backwoodsmen blazed at the Scotsmen, the -riflemen among them concentrating on the screen of -the cavalrymen. The cavalry fled and McArthur’s -men found themselves fighting a private war with the -militia.</p> -<p>Astonished and appalled, Tarleton sent an officer -racing to the British Legion cavalry with orders for -them to form a line of battle about 400 yards away, -on the left of the road. He rode frantically among -his fleeing infantry, trying to rally them. His first -purpose was “to protect the guns.” To lose a cannon -was a major disgrace in 18th-century warfare. The -artillerymen were the only part of the British center -that had not succumbed to the general panic. They -continued to fire their grasshoppers, while the infantry -threw down their muskets or ran past them helter -skelter. Part of the artillery’s tradition was an absolute -refusal to surrender. They lived by the code of -victory or death.</p> -<p>Once past the surrendering infantry, the Continentals -headed for the cannon. Like robots—or very -brave men—the artillerymen continued to fire until -every man except one was shot down or bayonetted.</p> -<p>The last survivor of the other gun crew was the -man who touched the match to the powder vent. A -Continental called on him to surrender this tool. The -artilleryman refused. As the Continental raised his -bayonet to kill him, Howard came up and blocked -<span class="pb" id="Page_72">72</span> -the blow with his sword. A man that brave, the -colonel said, deserved to live. The artilleryman -surrendered the match to Howard.</p> -<p>Up and down the American line on the crest rang -an ominous cry. “Give them Tarleton’s quarter.” -Remembering Waxhaws, the regulars and their Virginia -militia cousins were ready to massacre the -surrendered British. But Daniel Morgan, the epitome -of battle fury while the guns were firing, was a -humane and generous man. He rode into the shouting -infantrymen, ordering them to let the enemy live. -Junior officers joined him in enforcing the order.</p> -<p>Discipline as well as mercy made the order advisable. -The battle was not over. The Highlanders were -still fighting fiercely against Pickens’ men. Tarleton -was riding frantically toward his Legion cavalry to -bring them back into the battle. But the militia -riflemen were back on the field and Tarleton was -their prime target. Bullets whistled around him as he -rode. Several hit his horse. The animal crashed to -the ground. Tarleton sprang up, his saber ready. Dr. -Robert Jackson, assistant surgeon of the 71st, galloped -to the distraught lieutenant colonel and offered -him his horse. Tarleton refused. For a moment -he seemed ready to die on the chaotic battlefield -with his men. Dr. Jackson urged him again. Springing -off his horse, he told Tarleton, “Your safety is of -the highest importance to the army.”</p> -<p>Tarleton mounted Jackson’s horse and rode to -rally his troops. Fastening a white handkerchief to -his cane, Jackson strolled toward the all-but-victorious -Americans. No matter how the battle ended, he -wanted to stay alive to tend the wounded.</p> -<p>Looking over his shoulder at the battlefield, Tarleton -clung to a shred of hope. An all-out charge by -the cavalry could still “retrieve the day,” he said -later. The Americans were “much broken by their -rapid advance.”</p> -<p>But the British Legion had no appetite for another -encounter with the muskets of Andrew Pickens’ -militia. “All attempts to restore order, recollection -[of past glory] or courage, proved fruitless,” Tarleton -said. No less than 200 Legion dragoons wheeled their -horses and galloped for safety in the very teeth of -Tarleton’s harangue. Fourteen officers and 40 dragoons -of the 17th Regiment obeyed his summons and -charged with him toward the all-but-disintegrated -British battle line. Their chief hope was to save the -cannon and rescue some small consolation from the -defeat.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_73">73</div> -<h4 class="interlude">Stages of the Battle</h4> -<p>Because the battle was a continuous flow of -action from the opening skirmish to the -pell-mell flight of the Legion dragoons at the -end, the important maneuvers cannot all be -shown on a single map. This sequence of maps -diagrams the main stages of the battle.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig47"> -<img src="images/i27.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="565" /> -<p class="pcap">1.</p> -</div> -<p>Skirmishers drive back Tarleton’s cavalry, -sent forward to examine the enemy’s lines, and -then withdraw into Pickens’ line of militia. -Without pausing, Tarleton forms his line of -battle.</p> -<dl class="undent pcap"><dt>Green River Road</dt> -<dt>Route 11</dt> -<dt>Morgan’s camp</dt> -<dt>Washington’s cavalry</dt> -<dt>Visitor Center</dt> -<dt>Howard’s Continentals</dt> -<dt>Pickens’ militia</dt> -<dt>Skirmishers</dt> -<dt>17th dragoons</dt> -<dt>Legion dragoons</dt> -<dt>Tarleton’s main line</dt> -<dt>71st Highlanders</dt> -<dt>Scruggs House</dt></dl> -<div class="img" id="fig48"> -<img src="images/i27a.jpg" alt="" width="596" height="565" /> -<p class="pcap">2.</p> -</div> -<p>The British advance on Pickens’ militia, -who deliver the promised two shots each and -fall back on the flanks. When they are pursued -by British dragoons, Washington’s cavalry -charges into action and drives them off.</p> -<dl class="undent pcap"><dt>Green River Road</dt> -<dt>Route 11</dt> -<dt>Morgan’s camp</dt> -<dt>Washington’s cavalry</dt> -<dt>Visitor Center</dt> -<dt>Howard’s Continentals</dt> -<dt>Pickens’ militia</dt> -<dt>17th dragoons</dt> -<dt>Tarleton’s main line</dt> -<dt>Legion dragoons</dt> -<dt>71st Highlanders</dt> -<dt>Scruggs House</dt></dl> -<div class="img" id="fig49"> -<img src="images/i27c.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="564" /> -<p class="pcap">3.</p> -</div> -<p>Howard’s Continentals rout the British in -the center, supported by cavalry on the left and -militia on the right.</p> -<dl class="undent pcap"><dt>Green River Road</dt> -<dt>Route 11</dt> -<dt>Morgan’s camp</dt> -<dt>Howard’s Continentals</dt> -<dt>Washington’s cavalry</dt> -<dt>Visitor Center</dt> -<dt>Tarleton’s main line</dt> -<dt>Pickens’ militia</dt> -<dt>71st Highlanders</dt> -<dt>17th dragoons</dt> -<dt>Legion dragoons</dt> -<dt>Scruggs House</dt></dl> -<h4 id="ccc1">How to read these battle diagrams</h4> -<p>British positions are shown in RED, American -in BLUE. Open boxes show former positions, -arrows movement. Clashes are shown by stars. -Modern features, included for orientation, -appear in gray.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_74">74</div> -<div class="img" id="fig50"> -<img src="images/i28.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="719" /> -<p class="pcap">This perspective by the artist Richard Schlecht compresses the -whole battle into one view. The open woods in the -foreground -<span class="b noti">(A)</span> is littered -with British shot down by -Pickens’ skirmishers. At the -far right <span class="b noti">(B)</span> Washington’s -cavalry drive back the British -dragoons pursuing Pickens’ -militia. Along the third line -<span class="b noti">(C)</span> Howard’s Continentals -repulse the attacking British -regulars with volleys and -bayonets. On Tarleton’s -left -<span class="b noti">(D)</span> the 71st is engaged in a -hot contest with militia, some -of whom had returned to the -battle after firing their two -shots and withdrawing. They -hit Tarleton’s left flank hard -while Howard’s troops rout -the British in the center, -giving Morgan the victory. A -gem of tactical planning and -maneuver, it was by far the -patriot’s best fought battle of -the war.</p> -<p class="pcapc">The painting conveys a -close sense of the original -terrain with its scattered -hardwoods and undulating -ground that Morgan turned -to good use. The axis of the -battlefield, then as now, is -the old Green River Road, -which runs diagonally across -the scene. The diverging road -at left was not there at the -time of the battle.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_76">76</div> -<p>They never got there. Instead, they collided with -William Washington’s cavalry that had wheeled after -their assault on the rear of the infantry and begun a -pursuit of the scampering redcoats, calling on them -to surrender, sabering those who refused. Washington -shouted an order to meet the British charge. -Most of his horsemen, absorbed in their pursuit of -the infantry, did not hear him. Washington, leading -the charge, did not realize he was almost unsupported. -The burly Virginian, remembering his humiliating -defeat at Lenuds Ferry in May 1780, had a -personal score to settle with Banastre Tarleton. He -headed straight for him.</p> -<p>Tarleton and two officers accepted Washington’s -challenge. The Virginian slashed at the first man, -but his saber snapped at the hilt. As the officer stood -up in his stirrups, his saber raised for a fatal stroke, -Washington’s bugler boy rode up and fired at the -Englishman. The second officer was about to make a -similar stroke when the sergeant-major of the 3d -Continental Dragoons arrived to parry the blow and -slash this assailant’s sword arm. Tarleton made a -final assault. Washington parried his blow with his -broken sword. From his saddle holsters, Tarleton -drew two pistols in swift succession and fired at -Washington. One bullet wounded Washington’s horse.</p> -<p>By this time Tarleton saw that the battle was totally -lost. The riflemen were running toward his horsemen, -and their bullets were again whistling close. -The Highlanders were being methodically surrounded -by Pickens’ militia and Morgan’s Continentals. Summoning -his gallant 54 supporters, Tarleton galloped -down the Green River Road, a defeated man.</p> -<p>On the battlefield, the Highlanders were trying to -retreat. But Howard’s Continentals and Washington’s -cavalry were now between them and safety. -Through the center of their line charged Lt. Col. -James Jackson and some of his Georgians to try to -seize their standard. Bayonet-wielding Scotsmen were -about to kill Jackson when Howard and his Continentals -broke through the 71st’s flank and saved -him. Howard called on the Highlanders to surrender. -Major McArthur handed his sword to Pickens and so -did most of the other officers. Pickens passed the -<span class="pb" id="Page_77">77</span> -major’s sword to Jackson and ordered him to escort -McArthur to the rear.</p> -<p>Captain Duncasson of the 71st surrendered his -sword to Howard. When Howard remounted, the -captain clung to his saddle and almost unhorsed him. -“I expressed my displeasure,” Howard recalled, “and -asked him what he was about.” Duncasson told -Howard that Tarleton had issued orders to give no -quarter and they did not expect any. The Continentals -were approaching with their bayonets still fixed. -He was afraid of what they might do to him. Howard -ordered a sergeant to protect the captain.</p> -<p>Around the patriots main position, a happy chaos -raged. In his exultation, Morgan picked up his -9-year-old drummer boy and kissed him on both -cheeks.</p> -<p>Others were off on new adventures. Cavalryman -Thomas Young joined half a dozen riders in pursuit -of prisoners and loot down the Green River Road. -They must have embarked on this foray shortly after -most of Tarleton’s cavalry had deserted him and -before Tarleton himself quit the battlefield after the -encounter with Washington.</p> -<p>“We went about twelve miles,” Young said in his -recollections of the battle, “and captured two British -soldiers, two negroes and two horses laden with -portmanteaus. One of the portmanteaus belonged to -a paymaster ... and contained gold.” The other -riders decided this haul was too good to risk on the -road and told Young to escort the prisoners and the -money back to Cowpens. Young had ridden several -miles when he collided with Tarleton and his 54 -troopers. Abandoning his captures, Young tried to -escape. He darted down a side road, but his horse -was so stiff from the hard exercise on the battlefield, -the British overtook him.</p> -<p>“My pistol was empty so I drew my sword and -made battle,” the young militiaman said. “I never -fought so hard in my life.” He was hopelessly outnumbered. -In a few clanging seconds, a saber split a -finger on his left hand, another slashed his sword -arm, a third blade raked his forehead and the skin -fell over his eyes, blinding him. A saber tip speared -his left shoulder, a blade sank deep into his right -shoulder, and a final blow caught him on the back of -the head. Young clung to his horse’s neck, half -conscious.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_78">78</div> -<h4 class="interlude">Washington and Tarleton Duel</h4> -<blockquote> -<p>One of the battle’s most colorful -incidents occurred at the very -end. As defeat enveloped his -army, Tarleton tried to rally his -cavalry to the support of the -infantry. His Legion dragoons, -ignoring his orders and threats, -stampeded off the field. Only -the disciplined veterans of the -17th Dragoons followed him -into battle. They ran head-on -into the Continental dragoons -of Lt. Col. William Washington. -As sabers flashed, Washington -found himself far in advance -of his unit. What happened -next is described in a passage -from John Marshall’s famous -<i>Life of George Washington</i>, -written when the event still -lingered in the memory of -contemporaries: “Observing -[Washington about 30 yards in -front of his regiment], three -British officers wheeled about -and attacked him; the officer -on his left was aiming to cut -him down, when a sergeant -came up and intercepted the -blow by disabling the sword-arm, -<span class="pb" id="Page_79">79</span> -at the same instant the -officer on his right was about -to make a stroke at him, when -a waiter, too small to wield a -sword, saved him by wounding -the officer with a pistol. At this -moment, Tarleton made a -thrust at him, which he parried, -upon which the officer -[Tarleton] retreated a few -paces and discharged his pistol -at him....”</p> -<p>It is this account that probably -inspired the artist William -Ranney in 1845 to paint the -vigorous battle scene spread -across these pages. Washington -and Tarleton (on the black -horse) raise their swords in -the center while Washington’s -servant boy levels his pistol at -the far dragoon. While the -painting errs in details of -costume—Washington and his -sergeant should be dressed in -white coats, not green, and -the British should be in green, -not red—it catches the spirit -of the duel.</p> -</blockquote> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/i29.jpg" alt="Washington-Tarleton duel" width="1000" height="574" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_80">80</div> -<p>He was battered and bleeding, but his courage -saved his life. With the peculiar sportsmanship that -the British bring to war, they took him off his horse, -bandaged his wounds, and led him back to the main -road, where they rejoined Tarleton and the rest of -his party. One of the Tory guides that had led the -British through the back country to Cowpens recognized -Young and announced he was going to kill -him. He cocked his weapon. “In a moment,” Young -said, “about twenty British soldiers drew their swords, -cursed him for a coward wishing to kill a boy without -arms and a prisoner, and ran him off.”</p> -<p>Tarleton ordered Young to ride beside him. He -asked him many questions about Morgan’s army. He -was particularly interested in how many dragoons -Washington had. “He had seventy,” Young said, -“and two volunteer companies of mounted militia. -But you know, they [the militia] won’t fight.”</p> -<p>“They did today,” Tarleton replied.</p> -<h3><b>10</b></h3> -<p>On the battlefield at Cowpens, Surgeons Robert -Jackson of the 71st Highlanders and Richard Pindell -of the 1st Maryland were doing their limited best to -help the wounded of both sides. There were 62 -patriots and 200 British in need of medical attention, -which consisted largely of extracting musket balls, if -possible, bandaging wounds, and giving sufferers -some opium or whiskey, if any was available. The -battle had also cost the British 110 dead, including -10 officers. Only 12 patriots were killed in the battle, -though many more died later of wounds. But it was -the number of prisoners—some 530—that underscored -the totality of the American victory.</p> -<p>Even as prisoners, the British, particularly the -Scots, somewhat awed the Americans. Joseph -McJunkin said they “looked like nabobs in their -flaming regimentals as they sat down with us, the -militia, in our tattered hunting shirts, black-smoked -and greasy.”</p> -<p>Other patriots were not content to inspect their -exotic captives. William Washington was having a -terse conference with Andrew Pickens. They agreed -that there was still a good chance to catch Tarleton. -But they needed enough men to overwhelm his 54-man -squadron. Washington changed his wounded -horse for a healthy mount and rounded up his scattered -dragoons. Pickens summoned some of his own -<span class="pb" id="Page_81">81</span> -men and ordered James Jackson to follow him “with -as many of the mounted militia as he could get.”</p> -<div class="img" id="fig51"> -<img src="images/i30.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="248" /> -<p class="pcap">Among the equipment captured -from the British was a -“Travelling Forge,” used by -artificers to keep horses shod -and wagons in repair.</p> -</div> -<p>Down the Green River Road they galloped, sabers -in hand. But Tarleton the cavalryman was not an -easy man to catch. He rode at his usual horse-killing -pace. A few miles above William Thompson’s plantation -on Thicketty Creek, they found the expedition’s -baggage wagons abandoned, 35 in all, most of -them belonging to the 7th Regiment. The fleeing -cavalry of the Legion had told the 100-man guard of -the defeat. The officer in command had set fire to all -the baggage that would burn, cut loose the wagon -horses, mounted his infantry two to a horse, and -ridden for the safety of Cornwallis’s army. Abandoned -with the baggage were some 70 black slaves. -A short time later, a party of loyalists, fugitives from -the battlefield, reached the baggage train and began -to loot it. They were not long at this work before -Tarleton and his heartsick officers and troopers -came pounding down the road. They did not ask -questions about loyalty. They cut down the looters -without mercy.</p> -<p>Tarleton too was riding for Cornwallis’s camp, but -he had more than safety on his mind. He assumed -the British commander was just across the Broad -River at Kings Mountain in a position to rescue the -500 or so men Morgan had taken prisoner. Perhaps -Tarleton met a loyalist scout or messenger somewhere -along the road. At any rate, he heard “with -infinite grief and astonishment” that the main army -was at least 35 miles away, at Turkey Creek.</p> -<p>This news meant a change of route. The British -decided they needed a guide. Near Thicketty -Creek they stopped at the house of a man named -Goudelock. He was known as a rebel. But Tarleton -probably put a saber to his throat and told him he -would be a dead man if he did not lead them to -Hamiltons Ford across the Broad River, near the -mouth of Bullocks Creek. Goudelock’s terrified wife -watched this virtual kidnapping of her husband.</p> -<p>About half an hour after Tarleton and his troopers -departed to the southeast, Washington, Pickens, -and their dragoons and militia troopers rode into -Goudelock’s yard. They had stopped to extinguish -the fires the British started in the baggage wagons -and collect some of the slaves the enemy had -abandoned. The Americans asked Mrs. Goudelock -<span class="pb" id="Page_82">82</span> -if she had seen the British fugitives. Yes, she said. -What road did they take? She pointed down the -Green River Road, which led to Grindal Shoals on -the Pacolet. Like a great many people in every war, -she was more interested in personal survival than -national victory. If the Americans caught up to Tarleton, -there was certain to be a bloody struggle, in -which her husband might be killed. Mrs. Goudelock -preferred a live husband to a dead or captured -British commander.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig52"> -<img src="images/i31.jpg" alt="" width="393" height="599" /> -<p class="pcap">Congress awarded this silver -sword to Colonel Pickens for -his part in the battle.</p> -</div> -<p>The Americans galloped for the Pacolet. Not until -they had traveled 24 miles on this cold trail did they -turn back. By then, it was much too late. Tarleton -was safely across the Broad River at Hamiltons Ford. -But the American pursuit helped save Thomas -Young, the captured militiaman. When Tarleton and -his men, guided by the reluctant Goudelock, reached -the ford, it was almost dark. Someone told them the -river was “swimming.” Someone else, perhaps a -loyalist scout, rode up with word that Washington -and his cavalry were after them. Considerable confusion -ensued, as Tarleton and his officers conferred -on whether to flee down the river to some other -ford, attempt to swim the river in the dark, or stand -and fight. Everyone stopped thinking about Thomas -Young and another prisoner, a Virginian whom the -British had scooped up along the road. The two -Americans spurred their horses into the darkness, -and no one noticed they were gone.</p> -<p>Tarleton crossed the Broad River that night and -spent the next morning collecting his runaway dragoons -and other stragglers before riding down to -Cornwallis’s camp at Turkey Creek. The British -commander already knew the bad news. Some of the -Legion cavalry had drifted into camp the previous -night. But Tarleton, as the field commander, was -required to make a detailed report.</p> -<p>According to Joseph McJunkin, whose father had -been taken prisoner by the British and was an -eyewitness, Cornwallis grew so agitated he plunged -his sword into the ground in front of his tent and -leaned on it while listening to the details of the -disaster. By the end of Tarleton’s account, the earl -was leaning so hard on the hilt that the sword -snapped in half. He threw the broken blade on the -ground and swore he would recapture the lost light -infantry, Fusiliers, and Highlanders.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_83">83</div> -<p>The general exonerated Tarleton of all culpability -for the defeat at Cowpens. “You have forfeited no -part of my esteem, as an officer,” he assured Tarleton. -Cornwallis blamed the loss on the “total misbehavior -of the troops.” But he confided to Lord -Rawdon, the commander at Camden, that “the late -affair has almost broke my heart.”</p> -<div class="img" id="fig53"> -<img src="images/i31a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="508" /> -<p class="pcap">Of the three medals awarded -by Congress—a gold medal -to Morgan and silver medals -to Washington and Howard—only -the Howard medal has survived. The -Latin inscription reads: “The -American Congress to John -Eager Howard, commander -of a regiment of infantry.” -The medal is in the collection -of the Maryland Historical -Society.</p> -</div> -<p>On the same morning that Tarleton was making -his doleful report, Washington and Pickens returned -to Cowpens. On their ride back, they collected -several dozen—some versions make it as many as -100—additional British soldiers straggling through -the woods. At the battlefield they found only the two -surgeons caring for the wounded and a handful of -Pickens’ men guarding them. Daniel Morgan, knowing -Cornwallis would make a determined effort to -regain the prisoners, had crossed the Broad River on -the afternoon of the battle and headed northwest -toward Gilbert Town. Pickens and Washington caught -up to him there, and Morgan gave Pickens charge of -the prisoners, with orders to head for an upper ford -of the Catawba River. Decoying Cornwallis, Morgan -led his Continentals toward a lower ford of the same -river. In an exhausting five-day march, often in an -icy rain, both units got across this deep, swift-running -stream ahead of the pursuing British. The -prisoners were now beyond Cornwallis’s reach. They -were soon marched to camps in Virginia, where the -men Morgan helped capture at Saratoga were held.</p> -<p>This final retreat, a vital maneuver that consolidated -the field victory at Cowpens, worsened -Morgan’s sciatica. From the east bank of the Catawba, -he warned Greene that he would have to -leave the army. “I grow worse every hour,” he wrote. -“I can’t ride or walk.” As the rain continued to pour -down, Morgan had to abandon his tent and seek the -warmth of a private house. Greene immediately -rode from Cheraw Hills and took personal command -of the army. By the time Morgan departed for -Virginia on February 10, he was in such pain that he -had to be carried in a litter.</p> -<p>A grateful Congress showered the Cowpens victors -with praise and rewards. Morgan was voted a -gold medal, and Howard and Washington were -voted silver medals. Pickens received a silver sword. -Perhaps the most immediate result of the battle was -in the minds of the people of the South. The victory -<span class="pb" id="Page_84">84</span> -sent a wave of hope through the Carolinas and -Georgia. It also changed attitudes in Congress -toward the southern States. John Mathews of South -Carolina told Greene that “the intelligence ... seems -to have had a very sensible effect on <i>some folks</i>, for -as this is a convincing proof that something is to be -done in that department ... they seem at present to -be well disposed to give it every possible aid.”</p> -<p>The news had an exhilarating effect on Greene’s -half of the southern army. He ordered a celebration -and praised Morgan extravagantly in the general -orders announcing the victory. A friend on Greene’s -staff sent a copy to Morgan, adding, “It was written -immediately after we heard the news, and during the -operation of some cherry bounce.” To Francis -Marion, Greene wrote, “After this, nothing will -appear difficult.”</p> -<p>This optimism soon faded. To the men in the field, -Cowpens did not seem particularly decisive. Banastre -Tarleton was soon back in action at the head of the -British cavalry. On February 1, from his sick bed, -Morgan wrote a despairing letter to Gov. Thomas -Jefferson of Virginia, describing the retreat of the -Southern army before Cornwallis. “Our men [are] -almost naked,” still too weak to fight him. “Great -God what is the reason we can’t have more men in -the field? How distressing it must be to an anxious -mind to see the country over run and destroyed for -want of assistance.”</p> -<p>The civil war between the rebels and the loyalists -continued in South Carolina, marked by the same -savage fratricidal strife. “The scenes were awful,” -Andrew Pickens recalled. Young James Collins, in -his simple, honest way, told the militiaman’s side of -this story. Summing up his role at Cowpens, Collins -said he fired his “little rifle five times, whether with -any effect or not, I do not know.” The following day, -he and many other militiamen received “some small -share of the plunder” from the captured British -wagons. Then, “taking care to get as much powder -as we could, we [the militia] disbanded and returned -to our old haunts, where we obtained a few days -rest.” Within a week, Collins was again on his horse, -risking his life as a scout and messenger.</p> -<p>Only years later, with a full perspective of the war, -did the importance of Cowpens become clear. By -destroying Tarleton’s Legion, Daniel Morgan crippled -<span class="pb" id="Page_85">85</span> -the enemy’s power to intimidate and suppress -the militia. Cornwallis was never able to replace the -regulars he lost at Cowpens. He had to abandon all -thought of dividing his field army—which meant that -British power did not extend much beyond the -perimeter of his camp. When he pursued Greene’s -army deep into North Carolina, the partisans in -South Carolina rose in revolt. Eventually, Cornwallis -was forced to unite his decimated, half-starved regiments -with the British troops in Virginia, where they -were trapped by Gen. George Washington’s army at -Yorktown in October 1781.</p> -<p>In South Carolina, meanwhile, Nathanael Greene -combined militia with his small regular army in the -style Morgan had originated at Cowpens. Though -Greene was forced to retreat without victory at Guilford -Courthouse (March 15, 1781), Hobkirks Hill -(April 25, 1781), and Eutaw Springs (September 8, -1781), the British army suffered such heavy losses in -these and other encounters that they soon abandoned -all their posts in the back country, including -the fort at Ninety Six, and retreated to a small -enclave around Charleston. There they remained, -impotent and besieged, until the war was almost over.</p> -<p>It took nine years for the U.S. Treasury to scrape -together the cash to buy Daniel Morgan the gold -medal voted him by Congress for Cowpens. In the -spring of 1790, this letter came to the Old Wagoner -at his home near Winchester, Virginia:</p> -<blockquote> -<p><span class="lr"><i>New York, March 25, 1790</i></span></p> -<p><b>Sir</b>: <i>You will receive with this a medal, struck by -the order of the late Congress, in commemoration -of your much approved conduct in the battle of -the Cowpens and presented to you as a mark of -the high sense which your country entertains of -your services on that occasion.</i></p> -<p><i>This medal was put into my hands by Mr. -Jefferson, and it is with singular pleasure that I -now transmit it to you.</i></p> -<p><span class="center"><i>I am, Sir &c.,</i></span> -<span class="lr"><i>George Washington</i></span></p> -</blockquote> -<div class="pb" id="Page_86">86</div> -<h2 id="c3"><span class="small">Part 2 Cowpens and the War in the South</span> -<br /><span class="smaller">A Guide to the Battlefield and Related Sites</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="fig54"> -<img src="images/i32.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="720" /> -<p class="pcap">On the 75th anniversary of the battle, the -Washington Light Infantry—a Charleston militia company—marched -to the battlefield and erected this monument to the victors.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_88">88</div> -<h2 id="c4"><span class="small">Cowpens Battleground</span></h2> -<p>Cowpens was one of the most skillfully -fought battles in the annals of the -American military. It pitted a young -and ruthless commander of British -dragoons—a man widely feared and -hated in the South—against a brilliant -tactician and experienced leader of -American militia. The fighting was -short and decisive. In less than an -hour, three-fourths of the British were -killed or captured, many of them the -best light troops in the army. For Cornwallis, -the rout was another in a series -of disasters that led ultimately to final -defeat at Yorktown.</p> -<p>The park that preserves the scene of -this battle is located in upstate South -Carolina, 11 miles northwest of Gaffney -by way of S.C. 11. The original -park on this site was established in -1929 on an acre of ground marking the -point of some of the hardest fighting. -For the bicentennial of the battle, the -park was expanded to over 842 acres, -and many new facilities—among them -a visitor center, roads, trails, and -waysides—were built.</p> -<p>The battlefield is small enough for -visitors to stroll around and replay the -maneuvers of the opposing commanders. -A 1¼-mile trail loops through the -heart of the park. Two of the first stops -are at the lines held by Howard’s Continentals -and Pickens’ militia. Farther -along the trail you can stand where -Tarleton formed his troops into a line -of battle. From this point, the trail up -the Green River Road covers ground -over which the British advanced at -sunrise that cold January morning. The -pitched fighting between Continentals -and redcoats that decided the contest -occurred just beyond the bend in the -road.</p> -<p>The land is currently being restored -to its appearance at the time of the -battle. In 1781, this field was a grassy -meadow dotted with tall hardwoods. -A locally known pasturing ground, it -was used by Carolina farmers to fatten -cattle before sending them to low-country -markets.</p> -<p>Tarleton in his memoirs described it -as an “open wood ... disadvantageous -for the Americans, and convenient for -the British.” He expected to break -through the rebel lines, as he had so -often done in the past, and ride down -the fleeing remnants with his cavalry.</p> -<p>Morgan saw the same ground as -favoring him and based his plan of -battle on a shrewd appraisal of both -his foe and his own men. He was happy -enough that there was no swamp nearby -for his militia to flee to and unconcerned -that there were no natural obstacles -covering his wings from cavalry. -He knew his adversary, he claimed, -“and was perfectly sure I should have -nothing but downright fighting. As to -retreat, it was the very thing I wished -to cut off all hope of.... When men are -forced to fight, they will sell their lives -dearly.” So Morgan deployed his men -according to their abilities and handled -them in battle with rare skill. They rewarded -him, militia and regular alike, -with what was probably the patriots’ -best-fought battle of the war.</p> -<p>Cowpens was only one battle in a -long campaign. For perspective, nine -other sites of the War in the South -are described on the following pages. -Several of them are administered by -public agencies; a few are barely -marked and may be hard to find. Travelers -will find two works useful: <i>Landmarks -of the American Revolution</i> by -Mark M. Boatner III (1975) and <i>The -Bicentennial Guide to the American -Revolution, Volume 3, The War in the -South</i> by Sol Stember (1974).</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_89">89</div> -<div class="img" id="fig55"> -<img src="images/i33.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="580" /> -<p class="pcap">This monument was erected -by the government in 1932 to -commemorate the battle. It -originally stood in the center -of Morgan’s third line but was -moved to this location when -the new visitor center was -built for the Bicentennial.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig56"> -<img src="images/i33a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="577" /> -<p class="pcap">These hardwoods along the -patriots’ third line suggest -the open woods that contemporaries -agree covered -the Cowpens at the time of -the battle.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_90">90</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/i34.jpg" alt="Map" width="697" height="1000" /> -</div> -<dl class="undent"><dt>VIRGINIA</dt> -<dd><span class="ss green">Appalachian National Scenic Trail</span></dd> -<dd>Blacksburg</dd> -<dd>Roanoke</dd> -<dd>Lynchburg</dd> -<dd>James River</dd> -<dd><span class="ss green">To Yorktown and Colonial National Historical Park</span></dd> -<dd><span class="ss green">Blue Ridge Parkway</span></dd> -<dt>NORTH CAROLINA</dt> -<dd>Danville</dd> -<dd>Winston-Salem</dd> -<dd><span class="ss green">Guilford Courthouse National Military Park</span></dd> -<dd>Burlington</dd> -<dd>High Point</dd> -<dd>Greensboro</dd> -<dd>Durham</dd> -<dd>Chapel Hill</dd> -<dd>Raleigh</dd> -<dd>Hickory</dd> -<dd>Salisbury</dd> -<dd>Fayetteville</dd> -<dd><span class="ss green">Moores Creek National Battlefield</span></dd> -<dd>Kannapolis</dd> -<dd>Gastonia</dd> -<dd>Charlotte</dd> -<dd>Wilmington</dd> -<dt>SOUTH CAROLINA</dt> -<dd>Cowpens National Battlefield</dd> -<dd>Gaffney</dd> -<dd><span class="ss green">Kings Mountain National Military Park</span></dd> -<dd>Spartanburg</dd> -<dd>Rock Hill</dd> -<dd>Waxhaws</dd> -<dd><span class="ss green">Ninety Six National Historic Site</span></dd> -<dd><span class="ss green">Camden Battlefield</span></dd> -<dd>Camden</dd> -<dd>Florence</dd> -<dd>Columbia</dd> -<dd><span class="ss green">Eutaw Springs Historical Area</span></dd> -<dd>Charleston</dd> -<dt>GEORGIA</dt> -<dd>Augusta</dd></dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_91">91</div> -<h3 id="c5">The Road to Yorktown</h3> -<h4 id="c6">Savannah 1778-79</h4> -<div class="img" id="fig57"> -<img src="images/i34a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="590" /> -<p class="pcap">The British opened their campaign -against the South with -the capture of this city in late -1778. They went on to conquer -Georgia and threaten -the Carolinas. To retake the -city, French and American -infantry opened a siege in the -fall of 1779. The British repulsed -the allied attacks with -great losses. Some of the -hardest fighting swirled -around Spring Hill Redoubt. -Nothing remains of this earthwork. -A plaque on Railroad -Street is the only reminder of -the battle.</p> -</div> -<h4 id="c7">Charleston 1780</h4> -<div class="img" id="fig58"> -<img src="images/i34b.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="585" /> -<p class="pcap">The British laid siege to this -city in spring 1780. Trapped -inside was the entire Southern -army, 5,000 troops under -Gen. Benjamin Lincoln. -When Lincoln surrendered, -it was one of the most crushing -defeats of the war for the -Continentals. Only a few evidences -of the war remain, -among them a tabby wall -(part of the patriots’ defensive -works) in Marion Square and -a statue of William Pitt, damaged -in the shelling, in a park -in the lower city.</p> -</div> -<h4 id="c8">Waxhaws 1780</h4> -<div class="img" id="fig59"> -<img src="images/i34c.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="580" /> -<p class="pcap">The only sizable force not -trapped inside Charleston was -a regiment of Continentals -under Abraham Buford. Pursuing -hard, Tarleton caught -them on May 29, 1780, in a -clearing. His dragoons and infantry -swarmed over Buford’s -lines. The result was a slaughter. -Many Continentals were -killed trying to surrender. The -massacre inspired the epithet -“Bloody” Tarleton.</p> -<p class="pcapc">Site located 9 miles east of -Lancaster, S.C., on Rt. 522. -Marked by a monument and -common grave.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_92">92</div> -<h4 id="c9">Camden 1780</h4> -<div class="img" id="fig60"> -<img src="images/i35.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="578" /> -<p class="pcap">After the fall of Charleston, -Congress sent Gates south to -stop the British. On August -16 he collided with Cornwallis -outside this village. The battle -was another American disaster. -The militia broke and -ran, and the Continentals -were overwhelmed. This defeat -was the low point of the -war in the South. Historic -Camden preserves remnants -of the Revolutionary town. -The battlefield is several -miles north of town. This -stone marks the place -where the heroic DeKalb fell.</p> -</div> -<h4 id="c10">Kings Mountain 1780</h4> -<div class="img" id="fig61"> -<img src="images/i35c.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="582" /> -<p class="pcap">When Cornwallis invaded -North Carolina in autumn -1780, he sent Patrick -Ferguson ranging into the -upcountry. A band of “over-mountain” -men—tired of his -threats and depredations—trapped -him and his American -loyalists on this summit. -In a savage battle on October -7, they killed or wounded -a third of his men and captured -the rest. The defeat was -Cornwallis’s first setback in -his campaign to conquer the -South. Administered by NPS.</p> -</div> -<h4 id="c11">Guilford Courthouse 1781</h4> -<div class="img" id="fig62"> -<img src="images/i35d.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="577" /> -<p class="pcap">Armies under Nathanael -Greene and Cornwallis fought -one of the decisive battles of -the Revolutionary War here -on March 15. In two hours of -hard fighting, Cornwallis -drove Greene from the field, -but at such cost that he had -to break off campaigning and -fall back to the coast.</p> -<p class="pcapc">Located on the outskirts of -Greensboro, N.C. Administered -by the National Park -Service.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_93">93</div> -<h4 id="c12">Ninety Six 1781</h4> -<div class="img" id="fig63"> -<img src="images/i35e.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="584" /> -<p class="pcap">Located on the main trading -route to the Cherokees, this -palisaded village was the -most important British outpost -in the South Carolina -back country. Greene laid -siege to the garrison here -from May 22 to June 19, 1781, -but could not subdue the -post. A relief force raised the -siege, which was soon evacuated -and burned. The star fort -and some buildings have been -reconstructed.</p> -<p class="pcapc">Park administered by the -National Park Service.</p> -</div> -<h4 id="c13">Eutaw Springs 1781</h4> -<div class="img" id="fig64"> -<img src="images/i35f.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="580" /> -<p class="pcap">The last major battle in the -lower South (September 8, -1781), Eutaw Springs matched -Greene with 2,200 troops -against 1,900 redcoats. The -outcome was a draw. The -British retreated to Charleston, -and there they remained -the rest of the war.</p> -<p class="pcapc">A memorial park stands on -Rt. 6. just east of Eutawville, -S.C. The original battlefield -is under the waters of Lake -Marion.</p> -</div> -<h4 id="c14">Yorktown 1781</h4> -<div class="img" id="fig65"> -<img src="images/i35g.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="576" /> -<p class="pcap">Cornwallis’s surrender at this -little port town on October -19, 1781, brought the war to -an effective end. The victory -was a consequence of the -Franco-American alliance. -French ships blockaded the -harbor and prevented resupply, -while Washington’s -powerful force of Continentals -and French regulars besieged -the British by land. -After a long bombardment -and a night attack that captured -two redoubts, Cornwallis -asked for terms.</p> -<p class="pcapc">Administered by NPS.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_94">94</div> -<h3 id="c15">For Further Reading</h3> -<p>For those who wish to explore the -story of Cowpens in more depth, the -following books will be helpful. <i>Daniel -Morgan, Revolutionary Rifleman</i> by -Don Higgenbotham (1961) is a well-paced, -solidly researched narrative of -the Old Wagoner’s adventurous life. -Still valuable, especially for its wealth -of quotations from Morgan’s correspondence, -is James Graham’s <i>Life -of General Morgan</i> (1856). On the -struggle for the South Carolina back-country, -<i>Ninety Six</i> by Robert D. Bass -(1978) is the best modern study. Edward -McCrady’s two-volume work, <i>A -History of South Carolina in the Revolution</i> -(1901), is also useful. For personal -anecdotes about the savage civil -war between rebels and loyalists, <i>Traditions -and Reminiscences, Chiefly of -the American Revolution in the South</i> -by Joseph Johnson, M.D. (1851) is a -basic source book. Equally illuminating -is James Collins’ <i>Autobiography of -a Revolutionary Soldier</i>, published in -<i>Sixty Years in the Nueces Valley</i> (1930). -Biographies of other men who participated -in Cowpens are not numerous. -<i>Skyagunsta</i> by A. L. Pickens (1934) -mingles legend and fact about Andrew -Pickens. <i>Piedmont Partisan</i> by Chalmers -G. Davidson (1951) is a balanced -account of William Lee Davidson. -<i>James Jackson, Duelist and Militant -Statesman</i> by William O. Foster (1960) -is a competent study of the fiery Georgia -leader. <i>The Life of Major General -Nathanael Greene</i> by George Washington -Greene (1871) gives the reader a -look at the battle from the viewpoint -of the American commander in the -South. For the British side of the story, -one of the best accounts is Banastre -Tarleton’s <i>A History of the Campaign -of 1780 and 1781 in the Southern Provinces -of North America</i> (1787), available -in a reprint edition. <i>The Green -Dragoon</i> by Robert D. Bass (1957) gives -a more objective view of Tarleton’s meteoric -career. Two other useful books -are <i>Strictures on Lt. Col. Tarleton’s History</i> -by Roderick Mackenzie (1788), an -officer who fought at Cowpens with -the 71st Regiment, and <i>The History of -the Origin, Progress and Termination -of the American War</i> by Charles Stedman -(1794), a British officer who was -extremely critical of Tarleton. Both -are available in reprint editions. <i>Cornwallis, -the American Adventure</i> by -Franklin and Mary Wickwire (1970) has -an excellent account of Cowpens—and -the whole war in the South—from the -viewpoint of Tarleton’s commander. -<i>Rise and Fight Again</i> by Charles B. -Flood (1976) ably discusses the influence -of Cowpens and other Southern -battles on the ultimate decision at -Yorktown.</p> -<p><span class="lr">—<i>Thomas J. Fleming</i></span></p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_95">95</div> -<h2 id="c16"><span class="small">Index</span></h2> -<p class="center"><a href="#index_A" class="ab">A</a> <a href="#index_B" class="ab">B</a> <a href="#index_C" class="ab">C</a> <a href="#index_D" class="ab">D</a> <a href="#index_E" class="ab">E</a> <a href="#index_F" class="ab">F</a> <a href="#index_G" class="ab">G</a> <a href="#index_H" class="ab">H</a> <a href="#index_I" class="ab">I</a> <a href="#index_J" class="ab">J</a> <a href="#index_K" class="ab">K</a> <a href="#index_L" class="ab">L</a> <a href="#index_M" class="ab">M</a> <a href="#index_N" class="ab">N</a> <a href="#index_O" class="ab">O</a> <a href="#index_P" class="ab">P</a> <span class="ab">Q</span> <a href="#index_R" class="ab">R</a> <a href="#index_S" class="ab">S</a> <a href="#index_T" class="ab">T</a> <span class="ab">U</span> <span class="ab">V</span> <a href="#index_W" class="ab">W</a> <span class="ab">X</span> <a href="#index_Y" class="ab">Y</a> <span class="ab">Z</span></p> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center" id="index_A"><b>A</b></dt> -<dt>Anderson, Lt. Thomas, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_44">44</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center" id="index_B"><b>B</b></dt> -<dt>Backcountry, British strategy in, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_19">19</a></dt> -<dt>Blackstocks: battle of, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_61">61</a></dt> -<dt>Brandon, Thomas, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_60">60</a></dt> -<dt>Bratton, William, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_42">42</a></dt> -<dt>Briar Creek (Ga.); battle of, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_51">51</a></dt> -<dt>British Legion, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_72">72</a></dt> -<dt>Broad River, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_82">82</a>;</dt> -<dd>tactical importance of, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_44">44</a></dd> -<dt>Browne, Thomas, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_20">20</a></dt> -<dt>Buford, Col. Abraham, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_26">26</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center" id="index_C"><b>C</b></dt> -<dt>Camden (S.C.), <a class="pgref" href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_51">51</a>;</dt> -<dd>battle of, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_18">18</a></dd> -<dt>Charleston (S.C.), <a class="pgref" href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_50">50</a>;</dt> -<dd>map, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_27">27</a></dd> -<dt>Cheraw Hills, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_83">83</a></dt> -<dt>Civil war in the South, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_19">19</a>ff, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_84">84</a></dt> -<dt>Clarke, Elijah, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i><a href="#Page_21">21</a></i>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_33">33</a>ff, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_61">61</a></dt> -<dt>Collins, James, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_84">84</a></dt> -<dt>Cornwallis, Charles, Earl, <i><a href="#Page_13">13</a></i>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_82">82</a>;</dt> -<dd>army under, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_22">22</a></dd> -<dt>Cowpens, nature of terrain, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_55">55</a>ff;</dt> -<dd>significance of battle, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_84">84</a>ff</dd> -<dt>Cruger, Col. John H., <a class="pgref" href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_34">34</a></dt> -<dt>Cunningham, Maj. John, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_61">61</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center" id="index_D"><b>D</b></dt> -<dt>Davidson, Col. William, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_42">42</a></dt> -<dt>Duncasson, Capt., <a class="pgref" href="#Page_77">77</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center" id="index_E"><b>E</b></dt> -<dt>Easterwood Shoals, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_43">43</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center" id="index_F"><b>F</b></dt> -<dt>Fair Forest Creek, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_35">35</a></dt> -<dt>Fairforest Shoals, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_60">60</a></dt> -<dt>Fishdam Ford, battle of, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_28">28</a></dt> -<dt>Fishing Creek, battle of, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_67">67</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center" id="index_G"><b>G</b></dt> -<dt>Gates, Gen. Horatio, <i><a href="#Page_13">13</a></i>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_56">56</a></dt> -<dt>Glaubech, Baron de, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_13">13</a></dt> -<dt>Goudelock, the rebel, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_81">81</a>ff.</dt> -<dt>Great Savannah, battle of, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_50">50</a></dt> -<dt>Green River Road, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_82">82</a></dt> -<dt>Greene, Gen. Nathanael, <i><a href="#Page_18">18</a></i>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_84">84</a></dt> -<dt>Grindal Shoals, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_82">82</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center" id="index_H"><b>H</b></dt> -<dt>Haldane, Lt. Henry, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_33">33</a></dt> -<dt>Hamiltons Ford, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_82">82</a></dt> -<dt>Hammonds Store, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_34">34</a></dt> -<dt>Hanger, Maj. George, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_69">69</a></dt> -<dt>Hanging Rock, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_47">47</a></dt> -<dt>Howard, Lt. Col. John Eager, <i><a href="#Page_52">52</a></i>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_70">70</a>ff, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_83">83</a></dt> -<dt>Hughes, Joseph, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_68">68</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center" id="index_I"><b>I</b></dt> -<dt>Inman, Joshua, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_61">61</a></dt> -<dt>Island Ford, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_45">45</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center" id="index_J"><b>J</b></dt> -<dt>Jackson, Lt. Col. James, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_76">76</a></dt> -<dt>Jackson, Dr. Robert, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_80">80</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center" id="index_K"><b>K</b></dt> -<dt>Kennedy, William, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_60">60</a></dt> -<dt>Kettle Creek, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_32">32</a></dt> -<dt>Kings Mountain, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_81">81</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center" id="index_L"><b>L</b></dt> -<dt>Lee, Gen. Charles, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_23">23</a></dt> -<dt>Legion dragoons, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_72">72</a></dt> -<dt>Lenuds Ferry, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_76">76</a></dt> -<dt>Leslie, Sir Alexander, <i><a href="#Page_31">31</a></i>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_39">39</a></dt> -<dt>Lincoln, Gen. Benjamin, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_18">18</a>, <i><a href="#Page_26">26</a></i></dt> -<dt>Long Canes, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_34">34</a></dt> -<dt>Loyalists, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_84">84</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center" id="index_M"><b>M</b></dt> -<dt>Marion, Francis, <i><a href="#Page_20">20</a></i>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_84">84</a></dt> -<dt>Maryland and Delaware Continentals, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_76">76</a></dt> -<dt>Mathews, John, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_84">84</a></dt> -<dt>McArthur, Maj. Archibald, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_76">76</a></dt> -<dt>McCall, James, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_56">56</a></dt> -<dt>McDowell, Maj. Joseph, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_61">61</a></dt> -<dt>McJunkin, Joseph, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_82">82</a></dt> -<dt>Militia, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_43">43</a>;</dt> -<dd>at Cowpens, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_65">65</a>ff, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_80">80</a></dd> -<dt>Morgan, Gen. Daniel; <a class="pgref" href="#Page_12">12</a>, <i><a href="#Page_14">14</a></i>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_42">42</a>ff;</dt> -<dd>youth and reputation, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_13">13</a>;</dd> -<dd>nickname, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_22">22</a>;</dd> -<dd>characterized, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_15">15</a>;</dd> -<dd>battle plan, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_55">55</a>-7;</dd> -<dd>urges militia to join him, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_44">44</a>;</dd> -<dd>exhorts troops before battle, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_62">62</a>;</dd> -<dd>in battle, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_65">65</a>ff;</dd> -<dd>leads final retreat, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_83">83</a>;</dd> -<dd>voted gold medal, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_83">83</a>;</dd> -<dd>letter from Washington, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_85">85</a></dd> -<dt>Musgrove’s Mill, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_61">61</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center" id="index_N"><b>N</b></dt> -<dt>Newmarsh, Maj. Timothy, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_64">64</a>-6</dt> -<dt>Ninety Six (S.C.), <a class="pgref" href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_85">85</a>;</dt> -<dd>map, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_30">30</a></dd> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center" id="index_O"><b>O</b></dt> -<dt>Ogilvie, Capt. David, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_63">63</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center" id="index_P"><b>P</b></dt> -<dt>Pacolet River, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_55">55</a></dt> -<dt>Pickens, Col. Andrew, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_13">13</a>, <i><a href="#Page_33">33</a></i>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_61">61</a>;</dt> -<dd>characterized, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_32">32</a>;</dd> -<dd>his command at Cowpens, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_56">56</a>;</dd> -<dd>in battle, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_65">65</a>ff, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_80">80</a>ff;</dd> -<dd>receives silver sword, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_83">83</a></dd> -<dt>Pindell, Dr. Richard, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_80">80</a></dt> -<dt>Prince of Wales Regt., <a class="pgref" href="#Page_47">47</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center" id="index_R"><b>R</b></dt> -<dt>Riflemen at Cowpens, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_62">62</a></dt> -<dt>Royal Artillery, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_71">71</a>ff</dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center" id="index_S"><b>S</b></dt> -<dt>Saratoga, Morgan’s tactics at, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_55">55</a></dt> -<dt>Seymour, Sgt. William, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_67">67</a></dt> -<dt>7th Fusiliers, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_69">69</a></dt> -<dt>17th Light Dragoons, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_72">72</a></dt> -<dt>71st Highlanders, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_69">69</a></dt> -<dt>16th Light Infantry, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_47">47</a></dt> -<dt>Sumter, Col. Thomas, <i><a href="#Page_19">19</a></i>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_57">57</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center" id="index_T"><b>T</b></dt> -<dt>Tarleton, Col. Banastre, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_13">13</a>, <i><a href="#Page_24">24</a></i>;</dt> -<dd>characterized, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_25">25</a>;</dd> -<dd>career, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_23">23</a>-29;</dd> -<dd>pursues Morgan, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_46">46</a>;</dd> -<dd>composition of army, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_47">47</a>ff;</dd> -<dd>battle plan, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_54">54</a>-55, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_63">63</a>ff;</dd> -<dd>in battle, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_71">71</a>ff, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_80">80</a>;</dd> -<dd>escapes with Legion dragoons, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_81">81</a>;</dd> -<dd>reports to Cornwallis, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_82">82</a></dd> -<dt>Thicketty Creek, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_81">81</a></dt> -<dt>Thicketty Mountain, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_63">63</a></dt> -<dt>Thompson’s Plantation, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_81">81</a></dt> -<dt>Turkey Creek, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_82">82</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center" id="index_W"><b>W</b></dt> -<dt>Washington, George, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_85">85</a></dt> -<dt>Washington, Col. William, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_56">56</a>, <i><a href="#Page_63">63</a></i>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_80">80</a>;</dt> -<dd>duels with Tarleton, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_76">76</a>, <i><a href="#Page_78">78</a></i>-79;</dd> -<dd>voted silver medal, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_83">83</a></dd> -<dt>Waxhaws, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_33">33</a></dt> -<dt>Williamson, Gen. Andrew, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_32">32</a></dt> -<dt>Winn, Richard, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_55">55</a></dt> -<dt>Wofford’s iron works, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_43">43</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="index"> -<dt class="center" id="index_Y"><b>Y</b></dt> -<dt>Young, John, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_57">57</a></dt> -<dt>Young, Thomas, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_82">82</a></dt> -</dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_96">96</div> -<h2 id="c17"><span class="small">Credits</span></h2> -<dl class="undent"><dt><a class="pgref" href="#Page_4">4</a>-5, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_8">8</a>-9: William A. Bake</dt> -<dt><a class="pgref" href="#Page_10">10</a>-11: “The Battle of Cowpens,” by Francis Kimmelmeyer, 1809. Yale University.</dt> -<dt><a class="pgref" href="#Page_13">13</a>: Portrait of Gates by Charles Willson Peale. Collection of Independence National Historical Park.</dt> -<dd class="t">Cornwallis by Thomas Gainsborough, National Portrait Gallery, London.</dd> -<dt><a class="pgref" href="#Page_14">14</a>: Daniel Morgan by CWPeale. Independence NHP.</dt> -<dt><a class="pgref" href="#Page_18">18</a>: Nathanael Greene by CWPeale. Independence NHP.</dt> -<dt><a class="pgref" href="#Page_19">19</a>: Thomas Sumter by Rembrandt Peale. Independence NHP.</dt> -<dt><a class="pgref" href="#Page_20">20</a>: Francis Marion, a detail from a painting by John B. White. Anne S.K. Brown Military Collection, Brown University Library.</dt> -<dt><a class="pgref" href="#Page_21">21</a>: Elijah Clarke, Georgia Department of Archives and History.</dt> -<dt><a class="pgref" href="#Page_23">23</a>: New-York Historical Society.</dt> -<dt><a class="pgref" href="#Page_24">24</a>: Banastre Tarleton by Sir Joshua Reynolds. National Portrait Gallery, London.</dt> -<dt><a class="pgref" href="#Page_25">25</a>: Mary Robinson, an engraving after a painting by Reynolds. Collection of Sir John Tilney. Tarleton birthplace. Liverpool City Libraries.</dt> -<dt><a class="pgref" href="#Page_26">26</a>: Benjamin Lincoln by CW Peale. Independence NHP.</dt> -<dt><a class="pgref" href="#Page_27">27</a>: Library of Congress</dt> -<dt><a class="pgref" href="#Page_28">28</a>: Anne S.K. Brown Military Collection, Brown University Library.</dt> -<dt><a class="pgref" href="#Page_29">29</a>: Library of Congress</dt> -<dt><a class="pgref" href="#Page_30">30</a>: Map from Francis V. Greene, <i>General Greene</i> (1893).</dt> -<dt><a class="pgref" href="#Page_31">31</a>: Alexander Leslie by Gainsborough. Scottish National Portrait Gallery, Edinburgh.</dt> -<dt><a class="pgref" href="#Page_33">33</a>: National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution.</dt> -<dt><a class="pgref" href="#Page_36">36</a>-37 (except pistols), <a class="pgref" href="#Page_47">47</a> (fife), <a class="pgref" href="#Page_56">56</a>-57: The George C. Neumann Collection, a gift of the Sun Company to Valley Forge National Historical Park, 1978.</dt> -<dd class="t">Dragoon pistol: The Smithsonian Institution.</dd> -<dd class="t">Officer’s pistol: Fort Pitt Museum.</dd> -<dt><a class="pgref" href="#Page_48">48</a>-49: all by Don Troiani except the 17th Light Dragoon, which is by Gerry Embleton.</dt> -<dt><a class="pgref" href="#Page_52">52</a>-53: Maryland Historical Society</dt> -<dt><a class="pgref" href="#Page_54">54</a>: Musée du L’Empéri, Bouche du Rhône, France.</dt> -<dt><a class="pgref" href="#Page_58">58</a>-59: Don Troiani.</dt> -<dt><a class="pgref" href="#Page_63">63</a>: CW Peale. Independence NHP.</dt> -<dt><a class="pgref" href="#Page_64">64</a>-65: Don Troiani.</dt> -<dt><a class="pgref" href="#Page_69">69</a>: Don Troiani.</dt> -<dt><a class="pgref" href="#Page_74">74</a>-75: Artist, Richard Schlecht. Courtesy, National Geographic Society.</dt> -<dt><a class="pgref" href="#Page_83">83</a>: Maryland Historical Society</dt> -<dt><a class="pgref" href="#Page_86">86</a>-87, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a class="pgref" href="#Page_93">93</a> (Ninety Six), William A. Bake.</dt></dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_97">97</div> -<h2 id="c18"><span class="small">National Park Service</span> -<br />U.S. Department of the Interior</h2> -<p>As the Nation’s principal conservation agency, the -Department of the Interior has responsibility for -most of our nationally owned public lands and -natural resources. This responsibility includes -fostering the wisest use of our land and water -resources, protecting our fish and wildlife, preserving -the environmental and cultural values of our -national parks and historical places, and providing -for the enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation. -The Department assesses our energy and -mineral resources and works to assure that their -development is in the interest of all our people. -The Department also has a major responsibility for -American Indian reservation communities and for -people who live in island territories under U.S. -administration.</p> -<h2>Transcriber’s Notes</h2> -<ul> -<li>Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.</li> -<li>Relocated all image captions to be immediately under the corresponding images, removing redundant references like ”preceding page”.</li> -<li>Silently corrected a few palpable typos.</li> -<li>In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.</li> -</ul> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Cowpens, by Thomas J. 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