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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8376be4 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #62271 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/62271) diff --git a/old/62271-0.txt b/old/62271-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index d0515be..0000000 --- a/old/62271-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2107 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Boy's Experience in the Civil War, -1860-1865, by Thomas Hughes - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll -have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using -this ebook. - - - -Title: A Boy's Experience in the Civil War, 1860-1865 - -Author: Thomas Hughes - -Release Date: May 29, 2020 [EBook #62271] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A BOY'S EXPERIENCE *** - - - - -Produced by Richard Tonsing, WebRover, MFR, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - A BOY’S EXPERIENCE - IN THE - CIVIL WAR 1860–1865 - - - PRESENTED TO - - WITH COMPLIMENTS OF Thomas Hughes. - - - Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1904 by THOMAS HUGHES, - the author, in the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - During the Civil War. - - -My father, a skillful physician by profession, was by taste and -inclination a controversal writer, a contributor to the newspapers, -mixing up in the stir of the times. Before the Civil War his energy was -devoted to a large and lucrative practice coupled with activities, -social and political. At the opening of the struggle between the North -and South his sympathies and associations ardently enlisted him in the -fortunes of his native State, and he furthered by writing and personal -work the adoption of the ordinance of secession which had been referred -by the State Convention at Richmond to the Citizens of Virginia to adopt -or reject. When the State seceded his ardent advocacy of the Southern -cause and his labor in that behalf quickly brought him to the point of -either taking the oath of allegiance as a loyal citizen of the United -States or submitting to imprisonment. He declined the oath and was sent -as a political prisoner in the spring of 1862 to Camp Chase near -Columbus, Ohio, where he remained for nine months, when a special -exchange was secured for him. This latter event he owed to a personal -circumstance, one of those matters he usually evidenced an aptitude to -turn to account. It occurred thus: one day a number of prisoners -recently captured were brought in, and he learned that shortly before, -the command to which they had belonged had taken a number of Union -prisoners, and among them a brother of Dr. Pancost of Philadelphia. My -father who had pursued his medical studies at Philadelphia and had been -a student under Dr. Pancost at the Jefferson Medical College wrote to -his former instructor, telling him of his brother’s capture and asking -him to secure a special exchange of my father for his brother. This he -accomplished and through friends my father was extended permission to -have his wife and three of his children accompany him by flag of truce -through the lines to Richmond. Ample time was allowed him to arrange his -affairs for this and he was further permitted to take unlimited baggage. -Our route was to Baltimore, to Fortress Monroe, to City Point, -Petersburg and Richmond. Baltimore was reached between three and four -o’clock in the morning and upon the recommendation of a fellow passenger -we sought quarters at the Eutaw House. This hotel, then as now at the -northwest corner of Eutaw and Baltimore Streets, was found crowded and -we located in the parlor until later in the day a room was assigned us -overlooking the court on Eutaw Street. A circumstance to impress was the -crowded condition of the pavement extending from Eutaw Street to Calvert -far in excess of what now exists after the lapse of over forty years, -thus indicating the inrush here as the border city of the Civil War. The -day our trunks were to be examined Major Constable, the provost marshall -of the city was a guest at a dinner party given by my father at Barnum’s -Hotel to which latter we had immediately removed, being told by our -Baltimore friends that the Eutaw House was a hotel patronized by -officers of the Northern army, whereas Barnum’s was a Southern Hotel. On -the day succeeding the search of our baggage we left our hotel where we -had remained about two weeks preparing for the trip South, and were -driven in a carriage to the wharf of the boat for Fortress Monroe. Some -informality attending the baggage required us to return until the -succeeding day. It appears that some official undertook to claim the -baggage had not been examined, notwithstanding the red connecting tape -with the seal of the provost marshall’s ring in red wax at each end and -it became necessary to have Major Constable straighten out the matter, -which fixed us to leave the next evening. One of those heavy storms that -occur on the Chesapeake Bay, with an alarm of fire on the boat were -incidents of the trip, and General George H. Thomas of the Union Army -who was a passenger and my father became acquainted with the result that -the former’s influence was utilized to secure more pleasant -accommodations on the flag of truce boat. The boats composing the flag -of truce were three in number with only one, that carrying our family, -carrying prisoners, all of whom were invalids, most of them suffering -from wounds, some of them of a most frightful character. It seems -unaccountable that those men in their condition should have been sent on -a trip to occupy two days and two nights without either surgeon or -nurses. My father was called upon to dress the wounds of several, one of -whom markedly attracted my attention by the fact that his entire back -seemed to have been shot away. Another, a young man about nineteen had -his right arm and hand paralyzed. There were perhaps a hundred -prisoners, all invalids. We started from Fortress Monroe in the morning -and about dark reached Harrison’s Landing where we anchored for the -night, it being inexpedient to travel except by day when our mission as -a flag of truce could be observed. The three boats being brought -together the evening was spent by the crew of the centre boat giving a -theatrical entertainment to which all were invited. The performance -simple, but amusing, consisted of a man who was supposed to be ignorant -but shrewd, being accosted by the questionable people of the city he was -visiting, in an effort to both rob him and have fun with him. As it was -purely original and played by people who were likely portraying personal -experiences, it was both intensely real and intensely amusing. The next -evening we reached City Point after dark and the following morning in -looking out my state room window I was delighted and elated at seeing -away up on the bank alongside a frame house a Confederate soldier with -gun doing picket duty. So constantly had I been thrown with Union -soldiers and had only seen Confederates as prisoners of war that to see -a Confederate soldier free and in arms doing duty on Confederate soil -was like a haven long sought for. The train of two passenger coaches -with an antiquated engine had brought down from Petersburg a large -number of people evidently attracted by curiosity and a number collected -on shore around the gang plank and exchanged newspapers with those on -board the boats. The large quantity of baggage we carried quickly -brought us trouble, for twelve trunks and a large chest for a family of -two adults and three children at a time when one traveling by a flag of -truce carried his baggage in his hand, excited suspicion and upon our -arrival at Petersburg we were directed to there discontinue our trip to -Richmond and my father was required to report daily to General Colston -until his status as a loyal Southern citizen could be established. The -Bollingbrook Hotel where we located was overflowing with Confederate -officers, and after three days spent there and after word being sent -from my father’s friends among them his cousin Jefferson T. Marten, -Confederate States Marshall for Virginia and Charles W. Russell of the -Confederate House of Representatives that if Dr. Hughes was not loyal no -one was, we were permitted to proceed to our destination. I was -impressed with the conviction that Gen. Colston’s action was merely from -abundant caution, for the friendly spirit shown my father and the -abundant good humor indicated that there was no real belief that all was -not right, but that the circumstances required examination and -explaining before we could be allowed to pass. A short ride soon brought -our train to the long high bridge over the James River and as it crossed -the bridge we got our first view of what was then wonderfully bustling -Richmond with streets so crowded that Main Street from Eighth to -Thirteenth on both sides was sometimes almost impassable, in marked -contrast some years subsequent to the close of the war when on one -business day during the busy hour of the day I once looked over the same -stretch and counted in the entire length but three people. A rattling, -uncomfortable omnibus carried us to the Ballard House, where we remained -some weeks. This hotel, perhaps the best in Richmond, was in curious -contrast to Barnum’s in Baltimore; at the latter every delicacy was -furnished in abundance—at the Ballard House the dessert for dinner for -instance consisted usually of rice pudding and apple pie, the balance of -the menu and the balance of the meals were on the same scale. At this -period there was only one other hotel in Richmond its equal, the -Spottswood at Main and Eighth burned about a year after the war, and two -more not so good, the American on Main Street opposite the post office -destroyed by the fire when Richmond was evacuated, and the Powhatan on -Eleventh opposite the Capitol Square and known after the war as Ford’s -Capitol Hotel. The Exchange Hotel was then closed. At that time gold was -worth about one dollar for three of Confederate. In 1864 and 1865 it was -worth one for sixty or seventy Confederate and board at the Spottswood -was then about seventy dollars a day. Bread was worth a dollar a loaf, a -large ginger cake cost a dollar and a pie cost a dollar, curious -disproportions. - -An incident illustrative of a political canvass among soldiers was one -of the occurrences that soon attracted my attention. An election for -Confederate congressman for the District of Virginia, which now -comprises a part of the State of West Virginia was under way; the -candidates were Charles W. Russell formerly of Wheeling and a Dr. -Kidwell of, I believe, Clarksburg. The district was entirely in the -Union lines and hence the only voters were Confederate soldiers and -refugees. Dr. Kidwell had headquarters at the Ballard House in a room -opening immediately on the ladies’ entrance on Franklin Street at the -corner of Thirteenth and it was an occasion to make one cheerful to see -the Doctor who was tall and slender smilingly dispense good cheer from -numerous decanters to the many refugees and a few soldiers who sought -him. Mr. Russell also boarded at the same hotel, but he evidently felt -pretty secure, as he made no effort to entertain and his room was on the -upper floor. This canvass was in marked contrast with another that went -on near the same time at the Powhatan. An election for the State -Legislature was near and the candidates from the legislative districts -in what is now West Virginia met the same conditions, namely, their -territory was exclusively in the Union lines and the voters were -refugees and soldiers. Several of the candidates boarded at the Powhatan -and the meetings in the Congressional candidates’ room that were more -formal by reasons of the callers being from divers sections, now in the -case of the Legislative candidates became more sociable and nightly -refugees and soldiers from the same local section assembled and -intensely enjoyed the gossip that went on in a dense cloud of smoke from -tobacco pipes. - -My father was a candidate for some medical position in the gift of the -President and by appointment he was taken accompanied by me to call upon -Mr. Davis. The President’s office was on the second floor of the post -office building entering from Bank Street, the street in the rear of -Main Street, and on the right side of the hall. My father took with him -for presentation to the President a curiously carved cane that had been -constructed by one of the prisoners at Camp Chase. Constructing articles -of this sort being the way prisoners passed their time. This particular -cane was made of pine wood, had winding serpents carved along it and was -varnished a dark, brown bright color. In the entree room was only the -President’s secretary and no others. When we were ushered into the -President’s room we found him alone. He was standing in the center of -the room and remained standing during the short interview which lasted -about five minutes, he did little talking, most of it being done by my -father, he had a natural, pleasant manner and gave close attention to -what was said to him and was apparently ignorant of my presence. I was -only a little boy twelve years of age. He was a small, delicate, but -active man dressed entirely in black, and one day after the war I saw -him as I believe walking on Baltimore Street in Baltimore, looking -exactly as I had seen him that day in his office in Richmond, except -that he no longer had the air of concentration shown at our interview. -It was rather a mystery to me how my father, a homeopathic physician, -expected to obtain a prominent medical position in the Government when -allopathic physicians alone held sway and homeopathy was unknown, but as -he usually managed to get what he wanted and I never made comments I -said nothing, although my notion turned out to be correct. - -Homeopathy was not very extensively known in Richmond, a few years -before a physician of that school who had been located there had left -and from him or some member of his family my father obtained a list of -his former patients. He formed the acquaintance of several and his -journalistic relations formed in past years as a contributor to the -newspapers led him to look to the Richmond papers for help, so that most -of the papers were of great service to him. The Examiner had an -elaborate editorial on the subject of Homeopathy. The Enquirer, the -Dispatch and the Whig also contained flattering notices and Mr. Ritchie -of the Enquirer, Mr. Coworden and Mr. Ellison of the Dispatch and Mr. -Alexander Mosely of the Whig became his patients, as did also Mr. Smith -of the Sentinel when that paper was subsequently established, so that -the associations he thus formed, together with his being elected to the -Legislature to represent Ohio county in the Virginia House of Delegates -enabled him to keep his family in comfort. The latter office gave him -many privileges. For instance my shoes were gotten at the Penitentiary -whose superintendent Mr. Knote was a constituent of my father, and most -nice fitting shoes they were. He had passes over all the railroads and -his trips were both pleasant and productive of luxuries for at a time -when coffee was made of cornmeal rolled in sorghum molasses, roasted and -ground, and the only cloth was homespun and tea was about non-existent -as also loaf sugar, indeed everything reduced to the simplest, the -rations of the soldiers for instance being nearly exclusively cornmeal -and bacon, a trip of my father to Wilmington, North Carolina, led him to -visit a blockade runner from Nassau, the steamer Hansa, and when the -captain ascertained who he was, and through him he could obtain an -introduction to the President and others in authority at Richmond, a -shipment was received at our house from this ship of a bag of coffee, a -box of tea, a barrel of loaf sugar and cloth for suits of clothes and -toys for the children. It should be added that my father’s skill as a -physician quickly became recognized and his practice had extended to the -families of those occupying the highest official positions under the -Government. Upon another occasion on one of his trips he had obtained -under some advantageous arrangement a large amount of flour. This he -determined to sell and one evening he sold it to a baker on Broad Street -and the very large amount of money paid in bulky bills, he, out of -apprehension for the garroters that infested Richmond at this time, -concealed under my coat around my person, knowing there was slight -danger of any attempt to rob a young boy with ostensibly nothing to take -from him. The comparative luxury which we were enabled to enjoy was -participated in by my father’s constituents, for the Confederate soldier -from our district when visiting Richmond on furlough was welcomed and -entertained so that this period of my life is one that I look back upon -more than any other as the most pleasant and enjoyable. To what a simple -basis living had been reduced it may be noted that instead of candles -long wax tapers wound around in pyramid shapes were used, sorghum -molasses, black eye peas and bacon and cabbage and potatoes and cornmeal -were the staples. Flour bread was rather a luxury. There were two -principal confectionery stores: Pisani on Broad Street near 10th and -Antoni on Main Street near 9th, but the scant array in each was in sad -contrast to the luxury now found in any first class confectionery, at -the former one could get a saucer of ice cream, at the last a glass of -jelly. The scarcity of food and narrowness of range was in great -contrast to the vast number of people on the streets. On Main Street -from the Spottswood Hotel at 8th down to 13th Street near where the -Examiner and the Whig newspapers were located was a dense stream of -people on each side, mostly officers in uniform, for the private was -sure to be stopped by the provost guard that paraded up and down the -sidewalk looking for soldiers who were away without leave. - -Free newspapers were another perquisite of legislators, except they must -send for them and my mission was to attend in 12th Street at the -newspaper offices early each morning among the crowd assembled there -waiting the distribution of the papers of which four: the Dispatch, -Examiner, Whig and Sentinel were in the immediate vicinity and the fifth -the Enquirer around on the other side of Main Street. It was upon one of -these occasions that I witnessed a memorable funeral of a soldier, -Lieutenant Noah Walker, whose home was in Baltimore who had been -recently killed in an engagement, his head having been, it was stated -completely destroyed and the Maryland friends in Richmond had been -requested to assemble early one morning at a warehouse opposite the -Examiner office at his funeral service. There were not many who came, -probably twenty. It was pathetic to observe the concern and silent -regard that each one manifested as strangers in a strange city away from -their home and friends doing homage to the memory of one who possessed -an amiable, gentle nature that attached all who knew him. The occasion -particularly appealed to me when told who he was, as this gentleman when -we first arrived in Richmond and when our straightened circumstances -required us to live all in one room had been a guest at one of our -breakfasts, which consisted of rolls and breakfast bacon broiled by my -father on the open fire of the room and which we all deliciously -enjoyed. The Marylanders and especially Baltimoreans were particularly -attentive in observance of respect for their compatriots and the funeral -of Lieutenant Walker was very much like that which took place at St. -James Church of Gen’l. Dimmock, the same assemblage of serious visaged -men, who indicated in their appearance that they were strangers away -from home and familiar associations and with an earnest concern for the -occasion and for each other. These experiences that appeal to -Marylanders were in contrast to another when General Pegram was married -in St. Paul’s Church to Miss Hetty Carey of Baltimore. Gen’l. Pegram in -full Confederate uniform and with sword at his side was accompanied by -Miss Carey, entering the church together. She wore over her dress a -heavy sash of red, white and red hanging over the right shoulder and -falling down below the waist on the left side. There was no appearance -of strangeness there and no air of constraint and all was great joyous -expectancy and full of life. Miss Carey was one of the belles of -Richmond and consequently the church was crowded. I stood in the -vestibule next to the inner door and as the two passed the scene was in -marked contrast to the sad sequel very soon to occur when Gen’l. Pegram -lost his life in battle. - -Another circumstance of my father’s life as a legislator was the -opportunity afforded me of seeing and knowing the prominent persons -connected with both the Confederate and State governments and I soon -formed the acquaintance of almost every one in the State House. I had -the free run of the entire Capitol and was very much aided in this by -being taken from the private school I was attending, Mr. Alfriend’s, who -afterwards was the author of the life of President Davis, and placed -under a private tutor Mr. Burrell, a very old gentleman employed as a -clerk in the Auditor’s Office in the Capitol. I do not know whether the -Capitol presents the same appearance now as then, when the Legislature -is in session, but then around the rotunda was stretched a circle of -peanut stands, eight or ten in number and the floor was strewn with -peanut shells, tobacco juice and dirt and no one seemed to object. On -the side facing towards Broad Street on the first floor over the -basement was the House of Delegates, in the room over this was the State -Senate; opposite the House of Delegates across the rotunda was the -Confederate House of Representatives and in the room above was the State -Library. - -Free access to the Capitol gave me the opportunity to observe minutely -the funeral arrangements for General Thomas J. Jackson. Stonewall -Jackson’s remains were brought to Richmond to lie in state in the -Capitol preparatory to his funeral. And they arrived late one evening -and were first deposited in a little room on the left of the entrance to -the Capitol on the side next to the Governor’s house. The burial casket -was placed on a bier, uncovered, and the custodian of the Capitol -permitted a favored few including myself to view the remains. The coffin -had evergreen heavily intertwined around it. There were no flowers. His -face was exactly as appears in his photographs, except it was thinner, -the features were perfectly placid, not evidencing that he had suffered -pain, his whiskers and mustache were of unusual thickness, his forehead -high and his hair coal black. I brought a small portion of the evergreen -on the casket away with me. After lying in state when his funeral took -place the cortege was preceded by a brass band that played a funeral -dirge; the horse that General Jackson rode with General Jackson’s boots -hanging down one on each side of his saddle came next to the hearse and -was led by his body servant. The funeral was impressive as only such a -one could be. - -The Capitol and grounds were the center for interesting occurrences. The -second inauguration of Mr. Davis as President of the Confederacy took -place in front of Washington’s monument situated near the entrance to -the grounds from Grace Street. The ceremony was on the side facing the -Capitol and a dense concourse of people extended from that point almost -to the Capitol building. I was on the outskirts of this crowd and could -only see the outline of the figures of the participants in the ceremony. - -On another occasion Gen’l. Henry A. Wise, ex-governor of the State, who -was levantly called “fire eater” was to make a speech in the hall of the -House of Delegates. His popularity and general interest to hear him was -evidenced by an assemblage that became so dense that an unusual -expedient was adopted, namely, an adjournment was had to the same point -from which Mr. Davis was inaugurated and when the speaker with the crowd -assembled reached the monument a rain came up so that he was obliged to -return, a large number of persons having quit because of the rain, -thereby leaving the room comfortably filled. His slender spare frame, -almost haggard countenance and shrill voice, all of themselves rendered -him a spectacular speaker and his eloquence directed immediately to you -made him an interesting speaker. - -A curious occurrence took place daily in Capitol Square in the morning -before breakfast. A company of decrepit old men, all I think without -exception were thus, assembled on the broad walk along the Capitol -facing Capitol Street to drill as soldiers. The only striking quality -about them was their evident inability for service from old age and yet -the cheerfulness and zeal with which they handled their muskets and went -through simple evolutions evidenced a spirit unconscious of non utility. -This company shortly before Richmond was evacuated was succeeded at the -same place and at the same time daily by an equally curious assemblage -and that was a company of negroes, intended to form the embryo negro -troops for the Confederate army. I have heard it often declared that no -negro troops were ever enlisted on the Southern side. For a considerable -time before the war ended the enlistment of negroes as troops was -earnestly deliberated and the efforts in this direction in the Virginia -Legislature led to the formation of this Company of State troops. My -father as a member of the Legislature warmly advocated the enlistment of -negroes, having made an elaborate argument in the House of Delegates for -that purpose. - -This company of negroes comprised about fifty or sixty men, about 25 or -30 years of age, were almost entirely dark mulattoes, wore no uniforms, -indeed few soldiers in the Confederacy wore uniforms except the officers -and most of theirs were shabby and old. The striking peculiarity about -this negro company was one that had appeared to possess the company of -old men, namely that while evidencing interest in their drill it -appeared to be for only momentary purposes and it all seemed to be -viewed as without any subsequent purpose. And the peculiarity about the -negro company was that they appeared to regard themselves as isolated or -out of place, as if engaged in a work not exactly in accord with their -notions of self interest, no doubt attributable to the fact that their -inclination must have been against engaging on the Southern side. Their -reward for enlistment I believe was to be freedom from slavery. The life -of a free negro in a slave holding country was however not a very -attractive one. He was usually shunned by the slaves, who were jealous -of him and from whom he usually held aloof and the whites regarded him -with suspicion as unreliable and indifferent. - -An incident occurred in my experience at the Capitol that may be -regarded as of particular interest. I have a portion of the Confederate -flag that floated over the Capitol, the Capitol of the Confederacy at -the fall of Richmond. When last in Richmond the Librarian in the State -Library upon my asking him what had become of the flag, showed me a -small bundle of bunting lying in a glass book case and he said it was -portions of the flag that people had brought back and given to the -Library. I told him I had a piece but intended to retain it. Mine came -into my hands in this wise. As my father was a member of the House of -Delegates this gave me the run of the Capitol and I was intimate with -the pages in the House. On one of our excursions through the building we -went through the Library and through a garrett above and then through a -trap door onto the roof, in returning I was last and lying on the roof, -half inside the open trap door was the flag, at the end it had a slit -about one inch long and wide and it was so suggestive that involuntarily -almost I continued the slit for the flag’s entire length and tearing the -strip away, rolled it up and put it in my pocket. - -At another time I ran across the Vice President Alexander H. Stephens. -Something attracted his attention to me. He regarded me with curious -interest, I presume because a little boy was observing him so closely. -His lameness and delicately drawn features were sufficient to attract, -but his small stature and earnest, studious expression of countenance -were equally attractive. He like most of the persons I saw or met in a -prominent government relation in Richmond seemed to take the life of -these strenuous, stirring times most philosophically and in a matter of -fact way free from worry or excitement. When it is remembered that the -cannonading below Drury’s Bluffs on the James River below Richmond could -not only be distinctly heard but it was only necessary to secure an -elevation and see the distinct flash of the cannon it will be seen how -close we constantly lived to conditions of trouble. Often I climbed the -garrett of the Powhatan Hotel, where many of my legislative friends -boarded to see the flash of the cannonading. - -Genl. Smith, ex-governor, “extra Billy Smith” he was called was another -interesting person I met at the Capitol. The reputation he had acquired -of kissing all the babies on his election tours was warranted by his -manner. Ease of bearing, perfect accord with you, absolute freedom from -any ostentation were patent, no effort to lead in conversation, the -friendly utterances of an old friend all bespoke in him the consummate -politician rather than the soldier. - -One of the most historical events that occurred in Richmond I have never -seen referred to in any writing. It was after the return of the -unsuccessful peace mission to Fortress Monroe. A mass meeting was held -in the African Church in Broad Street near the Monumental Church and the -speakers were detailing to the audience the events and results of the -mission. One of the last speakers was Judah P. Benjamin, Secretary of -State of the Confederacy, and one of Mr. Benjamin’s declarations was -made with great vehemence that as long as a drop of blood flowed in his -veins and until the last drop, he would never surrender. It is peculiar -that Mr. Benjamin was entirely consistent in this declaration of his, -because as the Southern Confederacy faded away he escaped in an open -boat to one of the near by South Atlantic islands of England, Bermuda, I -think, and ultimately reached London where he achieved great eminence in -his profession as a lawyer and ultimately retired to Paris where he died -without ever returning to the United States. - -General John H. Morgan I saw immediately upon his return as a prisoner -from the North. He was warmly greeted in Richmond and his gratified -expression showed his appreciation. His healthy complexion, well kept, -full appearance and free from care air indicated, that although a -prisoner he had evidently been supplied with necessaries that were -strangers to the meagerly supplied Confederate officers in active -service. Genl. Morgan was of rather more than medium size and -development and reminded one more of the bonhomie clubman, bordering on -the genial and agreeable Bohemian rather than impressing one as the bold -dashing border raider in which he had acquired his reputation, and as -which he soon after leaving Richmond lost his life. - -General J. B. Stewart, “Jeb Stewart,” who commanded the Confederate -cavalry was of a remarkable personality. I saw him riding at the head of -his cavalry in passing through Richmond. His hair was black and long, -his face was full, with large eyes and a prominent nose, his shirt was -cut low particularly in front, showing a massive neck. He sat on his -horse the perfection of a horseman, holding the bridle in such a way -that the horse, a well kept one, seemed to partake of his rider’s -intense vitality. Although Genl. Stewart was unlike General Pickett, yet -something applicable alike to the two reminded me the one of the other -and when I saw General Pickett at the head of his command, as I did, -pass through Richmond before the battle of Gettysburg and then saw this -same command with its thinned out ranks on its return after the campaign -in which that battle took place, the contrast was so heart rending that -it was an exceedingly sad welcome extended them. Troops were constantly -passing through Richmond the last two years of the war and the -scantiness which existed in rations to which I have already alluded, the -staple fare being corn bread and bacon, extended to the clothes of the -soldiers. In a large command for instance a brigade it was customary to -see numbers of soldiers without coats, others without hats, others -without shoes, conditions almost incredible to believe unless actually -seen as I often did. Upon one occasion while it was snowing a brigade of -infantry was marching up Main Street and when it reached the Spottswood -Hotel a hatter named Dooley who kept a hat store under the Spottswood -rolled from his store a number of large wooden boxes, broke them open -and took therefrom a collection of shop worn straw hats which he -forthwith preceded to distribute to those of the soldiers who were -without any covering for their heads to shield them from the falling -snow. How our soldiers with all their discomforts, privations and sad -conditions were capable of doing any fighting instead of being the -brave, enduring men they were furnished a great tribute for the Southern -spirit, and the Southern cause. - -General Ewell while he was recuperating from his serious wounds lived -immediately opposite our house on Marshall street in Richmond and would -daily on his crutches walk up and down the porch. He was tall and -slender and in his neat gray uniform and with his dark bushy whiskers -enveloping a pallid face his appearance was a reminder of the suffering -he had endured. - -General Jubal Early was a small, active nervous man with a curious -mixture of force of character and apparent volatileness. His most -striking characteristic was unceasing restlessness. He said nothing and -did nothing that was particularly impressive, but in a large room -crowded with men with no particular deference shown to him I was -instantly attracted by the movements of one whom I soon learned was -General Early and I then understood how he had worked out the results he -had in his historical valley campaigns. - -Colonel Mosby I never saw until shortly after the war ended, that was at -the funeral of Hon. Charles W. Russell in Baltimore. He was a man that -reminded me very much of General Early except that he was of a quiet -bearing, closely shaven, with keen eyes and an incisive manner and one -could believe how he had been successful in the many raids that had made -him famous. On one of these raids he had captured General Benjamin F. -Kelley and General Crook, two Major Generals in the Union Army, having -ridden one night with a detachment of his cavalry through the Union -lines to the Hotel in Romani where they were staying, required them to -rise, dress and accompany him past their own troops into the Confederate -lines, the Federal troops supposing Mosby’s men to be a detachment of -their own cavalry. The two captured generals were brought to Libby -prison in Richmond. Genl. Kelley had married into a family with whom my -own family was intimate and my father when he learned of General -Kelley’s arrival arranged to visit him. We took with us a large market -basket filled with eatables, such as Maryland biscuit, a boiled ham and -other nice things and after passing through the outer offices of the -prison we came into the large room where General Kelley was. I was -struck with the very small number of prisoners in so large room; Libby -Prison had been a tobacco warehouse and this one of the large rooms of -the warehouse, on the first floor from the entrance and second floor -from the rear. There was only one other Union officer besides General -Crook in the room and he was in the open space between that and the next -room. We talked with General Kelly near the window in the rear, there -were no chairs in the room and General Crook stood off in the middle of -the room viewing us with curiosity. He had on long boots that came above -his knees, his pants being inside and one foot was on the floor and the -other, his right, resting on a box, he was slightly stooping over with -his right hand on his knee. General Kelley called to him and he came -over where we were and after being introduced joined in our -conversation. The extreme pleasure shown by General Kelley and the -interest of General Crook at our visit was always a pleasant experience -in my life which made me follow in watching the fortunes of these two -Union officers until each passed to the other shore, the last being -General Crook, his death affecting me markedly from the deep impression -he had made on me in that interview and from the close observation I had -kept of him. - -There was another prison in Richmond not so well known in the North as -Libby Prison, but was better known in Richmond and to many Southern -soldiers and that was “Castle Thunder.” That was where deserters were -kept and the gentleman in command of the prison was Captain Alexander -from Baltimore. I once dined with him and his wife at the house where -they boarded. I was a guest of Captain and Mrs. Alexander and they had -another guest about my age, Rosa, the little daughter of Mrs. Greenhough -of Washington, who after surviving a period of confinement in the -Capitol Prison at Washington almost within the shadow of the statue -sculptured by her husband had been permitted to come South to Richmond -accompanied by her daughter. - -There was still another military prison in Richmond and that was “Belle -Isle,” out in the middle of James River. As Libby Prison was exclusively -for captured officers, so Belle Isle was exclusively for privates of the -Union Army, and just as I had been deeply impressed with the few -prisoners in Libby Prison, I was markedly impressed with the throngs of -prisoners at Belle Isle. I once accompanied my father and a number of -our soldiers to call upon one of the prisoners at Belle Isle. This -prisoner was sent for to come to the gate to talk with us, but when he -came he did not seem particularly glad or sorry to see us and seemed to -regard us with uninterested curiosity rather than anything else. - -General Robert E. Lee I met just after the war closed. He had returned -to his home in Richmond on Franklin street between 7th and 8th, a house -that belonged to Mr. John Stewart, a wealthy Scotchman who resided at -his country place on the Brooke Turnpike and had his business office in -the basement of the Franklin street house. Mr. Stewart’s family and -General Lee’s wife were patients of my father. Mrs. Lee had long been an -invalid and upon the occasion of meeting General Lee I accompanied my -father who went to pay a professional visit to Mrs. Lee. I carried with -me six of General Lee’s photographs intending to ask him to sign his -name on each. We were ushered into the parlor and General Lee almost -immediately appeared. My father introduced me and then went upstairs to -see Mrs. Lee leaving me with General Lee who invited me over to a seat -on the sofa in the corner by a window alongside of him, he sitting next -to the window. Prior to sitting on the sofa however, I told him I had -brought my photographs to ask him to sign his name to them and he took -them to the dining room in the rear of the parlor where he said there -were pen and ink and soon returned with his name signed to each and all -of which I subsequently gave away, except two that I still have. On -taking his seat alongside of me I was struck with the naturalness and -simplicity of his actions and conversation. He had a full face, clear, -open eyes, healthful complexion, full beard of gray and carried himself -in a quiet naturally dignified way. In reply to his questions I told him -I had been before the war closed and up to the evacuation of Richmond a -cadet at the Virginia Military Institute, being the youngest cadet in -the corps, and no doubt had been the youngest that ever attended there, -being only fourteen years and six months old. He told me that he had -just had a visit from and talk with General Smith, the Superintendent of -the Institute who told him he purposed to make arrangements without -delay to reopen the Institute at Lexington its former home before it was -destroyed by General Hunter of the Union Army, and I urged General Lee -to intercede for me with my father to permit me to return to the -Institute. It was a great source of personal gratification to me, a -young boy to have had this talk with General Lee. There is one feature -with reference to General Lee that I deem it necessary to advert to. In -some way, I know not how, it has been recognized as true that General -Lee entertained great respect and high personal regard for General U. S. -Grant. I know that General Lee had occasion from time to time to write -from his headquarters around Richmond to my father in reference to Mrs. -Lee’s condition and in one of these letters he gave distinct expression -to the views he entertained in reference to General Grant. It is -possible that these views were modified at the time of his personal -intercourse with General Grant incident to the surrender of his army, -but one would find difficulty in discovering any thing in the incident -of the surrender other than those of a negative character calculated to -produce decided changes in an opinion preconceived of General Grant’s -character: and one’s opinions in matters of this sort are not usually -affected by negative influences. The views expressed by General Lee in -his letter were not those popularly accepted after the war as expressing -a high regard for General Grant, but were the views generally -entertained and expressed of General Grant by the Southern people in the -South during the war, except that General Lee was utterly incapable of -voicing the popular Southern expression wherein General Grant was styled -in the South during the war by the Southern press and by popular -expression there, horrible as it now sounds, a “butcher” in consequence -of the apparently heartless way in which he subjected great bodies of -his troops to what appeared useless loss of life. - -In one of my interviews with Colonel Charles Marshall of Baltimore with -whom I enjoyed many years of intimate professional relation, I stated to -him what I have above referred to, mentioning the sentiments expressed -by General Lee in his letters to my father. Colonel Marshall who had -been General Lee’s private secretary during the war gave me to -understand that he knew they were the sentiments actually entertained. - -Governor Letcher was the war governor of Virginia. Those who called upon -him were received in a room in the State House at one end of which stood -a large side board occupied by decanters and glasses, a part of his -Creed was to extend the hospitality of this side board to each visitor. -Virginia hospitality required him to keep company in the partaking of -the refreshments with the result that he had a phenomenally red face, -perpetually wreathed in smiles. It can be understood that delegations of -legislators often called upon him. He also frequently held evening -receptions that were exceedingly agreeable and very popular, although -never crowded and at one of these receptions which I attended I remember -viewing with astonishment, a portly man with long black curls hanging -down his back and with him an exceedingly pretty young girl whom I -learned was his daughter. This individual was well known in Richmond and -will be recognized without further description by any one conversant -with Richmond life during the war. At the time General Hunter burned the -Military Institute at Lexington he also burned Governor Letcher’s house -located there in revenge for which it will be remembered that Harry -Gilmor on his raid into Maryland burned the house of Governor Bradford -on Charles Street Avenue a few miles out from Baltimore. This same Harry -Gilmor possessed qualities of a superior character, for I remember that -after the war when he returned to Baltimore, with the occupation for -which nature fitted him as a soldier, gone, instead of his becoming a -stipendiary on the bounty of his friends, he engaged for a while as a -journeyman painter, although no one had been raised with better rights -to gentle associations and I once viewed him with intense interest -painting the front of a house on the west side of Eutaw street near -Franklin and he was doing his work earnestly and well. With a slight -natural defect in one of his eyes, his face was entirely oblivious to -the fact of anything unusual in his occupation, a spirit of independence -that soon after led to his being elected sheriff of the City. This same -position of sheriff was also held by another returned Southerner who had -gone to Richmond from Baltimore where he had been Marshal of Police -shortly after we had passed through on our way to Richmond. This genial -gentleman, George P. Kane, showed in every trait and manner his racial -extraction and it was no matter of wonder that he passed from sheriff to -Mayor of the City. - -When the Virginia Military Institute was burned after the battle of New -Market where the cadets lost a number who were killed and where many -were wounded, the corps was sent to Richmond. Every Richmond boy had a -great ambition to go to the Institute, at that time regarded as the West -Point of the South. The cadets were a part of the Confederate army and -every graduate was given an officer’s commission in the army. Incidents -were constantly occurring to keep alive and active this spirit to become -a cadet—boys have little fear of bullets, they enjoy the excitement of -active army life and even death and wounds appeal to them as making -heroes. After the battle of New Market one of the cadets a son of Dr. -Cabell of Richmond who was killed in that battle was brought to Richmond -for burial and his funeral took place from his father’s home on Franklin -street where he lived, a neighbor of General Lee. I remember as the -remains after the service were borne down the front steps and through -the iron front gate the intense awe and respect in the face of the young -men assembled on the pavement around the entrance to the open space in -front of the house. It was here I believe I first formed the -determination to be a cadet and, strange to say, when I first entered -the cadet ranks, the drill master assigned to our squad was Bob Cabell, -a brother of the cadet whose funeral I had attended that day. - -The Cadets of the Virginia Military Institute were in number about five -or six hundred, were from all over the South and ranged in age from -about sixteen years to about twenty-four or five. I entered the -Institute shortly before the evacuation of Richmond and enjoyed the -distinction, as I have stated, of being the youngest cadet in the corps. -When the cadets first came to Richmond, they marched with singularly -soldier-like precision and carriage out Grace street to the Fair grounds -where they were for a time quartered. The uniforms of the boys as also -their food began to partake of the Confederate soldier variety and it -was pathetic to see some of these boys marching in ranks through -Richmond to their quarters with pants torn or worn out at the bottom and -variegated in outfit, some with cadet jackets and plain pants, others -with cadet pants and plain jackets. The Richmond Alms House was assigned -to the cadets for their quarters. Life there would have been ordinarily -recognized as singularly trying; to the young men in the corps it was a -perpetual joy, alloyed alone by the obligation to attend lectures. The -rooms that were a delight to them were simply unmentionable. In my room -about twelve feet wide and twenty-four feet long were sixteen cadets who -slept and studied there. In the day time the mattresses were piled each -on top of the other in a single corner of the room—at night time they -were arranged side by side with head against the wall. One long table -occupied the center of the room. It was supposed to be a study table and -was occupied at night by a favored one to sleep upon. In the day time it -was never occupied except by the boys lounging upon it in lieu of -chairs, smoking their pipes and gossiping. Pure atmosphere day or night -in that room was not needed by those young men with their wonderful -vitality. In day time the air was redolent with tobacco smoke from their -pipes. At night time the door was invariably kept closed by any who were -up playing cards or gossiping after the retiring hour to shut out from -view the officer of the guard, who whenever he wished to investigate for -such breaches of discipline always discreetly and considerately knocked -before entering, opening the door to find everything in perfect order. -Each room had a petty officer, usually a corporal, a senior who was -supposed to be responsible for the good order and cleanliness of the -room. One of the duties of this senior was to initiate by “bucking” any -new cadet introduced into his room. This “bucking”, peculiar to the -Institute, consisted in taking the new comer’s right hand, carrying it -behind his back, twisting it around until he was compelled thereby to -bend over when he would be struck by the senior with a bayonet scabbard -on his posterior once for each letter in his name and in the event he -was without a middle name he was given the right to select one and upon -failure to do so was given the name Constantinople for its many letters. -Thereupon he was dubbed a “rat”, which name he bore for one year. He was -liable to have trouble for the whole first year and might have to take -another bucking or stand up to a fight, which usually was brought about -in a formal way and was a great affair. The corporal of our room was a -mild mannered gentlemanly fellow named Bayard of Georgia, whose father -was, I believe, in the Confederate Congress from that State. After -bucking me and permitting me to choose Asa for my middle name he dubbed -me “mouse” and stated to me that if any one attempted to give me any -trouble to let him know. No trouble was there though for me, it was one -constant stretch of delightful experiences. The association with older -boys and men who treated me not simply as an equal but from my youth and -boyishness showed me every favor rendered my life one of joyous ease. I -was informed by the cadet whose name immediately preceded mine in roll -call of my company that any time I wanted to get off to let him know and -he would answer twice, once for himself, once for me. I was introduced -by a friendly cadet to the apothecary’s assistant who turned an honest -dollar in selling surreptitiously to the boys ginger cakes and pies at a -thousand per cent profit. I was recommended to old “Judge”, the negro -head cook and steward, who, black as coal, was with the boys the most -popular person in the corps, but for his favors which usually comprised -an extra allowance of bread, expected a suitable remembrance. A room I -have here described could furnish no more than living quarters for the -number occupying it, and how any studying could be done at night by two -dull tallow candles, the only lights was inexplicable. Toilets were -performed in a general wash room, adjoining a larger room where all -trunks were kept and these two rooms were on the same stoop or porch and -a little apart from the living rooms that all adjoined. If meagre fare -contributed to good health, the boys were entitled to the extraordinary -health they possessed with such surroundings. A typical breakfast was -“growley”, bread and Confederate coffee. Sometimes sorghum molasses took -the place of “growley.” This latter dish was quite watery, being a hash -of beef, potatoes and onions. A typical dinner was boiled Irish -potatoes, boiled corned beef and bread. Meals were served in the large -dining room in the basement at plain pine tables with no covering, each -table seating about one dozen. At the head of the table stood the large -dish of growley or the corn-beef and at each cadet’s plate was his half -loaf of bread. It required practice and expertness to slide one’s tin -plate over the table, to the “growley” dish for a helping and some art -to secure at long distance the favorable disposition of the cadet -sitting at the head to whom fell the delightful emolument of -apportioning the “growley.” The half loaf of bread was where old “Judge” -came in, for you always felt as if you wanted more. Each cadet was -furnished his own two pronged fork and a good large table knife, both of -the rough bone handled variety, colored a dark brown. This fare with -undue discipline would have been unbearable but with the free and -independent life led there it was only a pleasing passing incident in -the daily routine of cadet life constantly filled with ever recurring -incidents to surprise, interest and exhilarate and no grumbling ever -took place, only high spirits and the fullest animal enjoyment in the -flush of health. - -A bell rang for classes or lectures and the class rooms were a wonder. -The classes were so large that many would have to stand up grouped -together, usually near the door. Before the lecture was finished the -groups would be greatly thinned out, for from time to time while the -professor was absorbed in his work or inspecting the black boards the -door would softly open and out would slip some member of the group who -would softly close the door and walk past the windows of the class room -as naturally as if he were on a mission, the only evidence of -irregularity being the exceedingly expert quick way with which he -vanished through the door. Another result of the large classes was the -effort to test the students by requiring several to recite at once, as -one at a time would never have reached around. This was supposed to be -accomplished by means of the blackboard, at each of the five or six -boards was stationed one cadet and the same test was furnished to all at -once. Out of the entire number at work usually at least one knew his -task well. The others made a show of great industry and with much waste -of chalk and many changes and corrections and with a sharp eye on his -neighbor’s work he managed to construct a passable performance. The last -exhibit I saw in the geography class was a curiously drawn map in chalk -outlining South America. It was not difficult to identify the copies of -various grades and conditions, nor the original from which made. I -suppose the professor was charitable in not holding his students to a -too strict accountability. I wonder indeed how they could do any -studying with such conditions or surroundings, instead of showing the -general faithfulness that they did to their work. - -As I have stated a fight was a very formal affair; while usually -originating in quite an unmentionable way it was arranged to take place -with a full regard to the proprieties. One of the sixteen men in my room -was a jew named Lovenstein from Richmond. He was a new cadet like myself -and was therefore liable to have trouble. He had declined to submit to -some indignity required of him by an older cadet and he was thereupon -challenged to fight. This latter he had no way of escaping. It was -passed around during the day that there was to be a fight in so and so’s -room that night, I got there in company with the men from our room about -half after eight o’clock, the hour these affairs usually occurred. The -room was packed to suffocation, standing around an improvised ring. The -air was filled with tobacco smoke but there was absolutely no talking or -noise. In the ring in the center of the room the two fighters were -facing each other. My sympathies were with the jew because he came from -our room. A jew in the South or in Richmond who comported himself as a -gentleman was received as such, the commercialism that attached to the -race elsewhere did not at that date affect his status as a gentleman in -the South. Lovenstein stood up manfully to his task, with the creditable -result that secured for him the regard of the other inmates of our room -and it soon became understood that he was to be protected thereafter and -that no further trouble was to be put up for him. - -The gala performance of the day was at dress parade. This occurred at -five in the afternoon. The large plaza fronting the full width of the -Alms House furnished a fine parade ground. Colonel Shipp, a portly, -dignified impressive man who at the time of my present writing is still -at the Institution now as Superintendent was then the Commandant, his -adjutant was a little man named Woodbridge and these two with the well -drilled corps as a whole furnished the three striking incidents of the -parade. The awkward squads consisting of new cadets were put through -simple evolutions at the same hour off from the parade ground at each -end of the building. Visitors in large numbers assembled to watch each -drill of the corps. At the close, the cadets were at liberty to stroll -off in the neighborhood for an hour recreation, and that was liberally -availed of. Soldierly dignity was not invariably preserved in these -strolls. Pent up youthful vitality freed from restraint showed itself in -rough play and upon one occasion an older companion of mine in the -exuberance of his spirits lifted me to his shoulders and completed his -walk bearing me with him in this position until his return to the -restraining formalities of the Institute grounds. One’s introduction to -the Institute was in strict military discipline; the details of name, -age, residence and the taking of the oath of allegiance to the State and -to the Confederacy were followed by a written requisition for a blanket, -mattress, knife and fork, etc., and an assignment to a room and company. -Mine was B Company. A sedate and dignified looking cadet named Ross was -captain, a good, old fashioned, friendly fellow named Royston was -orderly sergeant. My introduction to the corporal of my room was through -an army officer, Captain Shriver, who had recently graduated and who -accompanied me and my father on my entrance into the Institute. - -General Smith, the Superintendent, was only seen by the cadets in his -private office at the far end of the building. The only visit I made to -him was quite an event in my life. Usually visits to the Superintendent -were quite serious affairs, furnishing checks to exuberant spirits, -often grave in consequences. Therefore a notification that your presence -was desired by the Superintendent was calculated to set the heart going -more rapidly and to stir the memory for some breach that must have been -discovered. The summons to me one day just as I was about to attend my -French lecture was as unattractive as attending the lecture. But when I -reached the Superintendent’s room I found there three Confederate -soldiers constituents of my father’s and friends of my family who had -come out to see me and had secured permission for me to accompany them -back to Richmond to spend the day. An event of the day was the taking of -a photograph in a group, this with a good supply of peanuts and a visit -to the theatre furnished quite a full day for us four, three seedy and -friendly Confederate soldiers and a youthful cadet just fourteen years -old. Their request to Genl. Smith to allow me to accompany them on their -lark had evidently appeared so unique that I was struck with the degree -of pleasure it seemed to afford him and my soldier friends. - -The meagre fare made me yearn greatly to participate of the food that I -knew was being enjoyed at my home and I was not slow in availing myself -of any temporary leave I could obtain. One of these occasions took place -just shortly before the evacuation of Richmond and upon my return to the -Institute I was greeted by an almost empty building. I found the Corps -had been called out the night before to go to the front, leaving me as a -younger cadet with a number of others as a detail to guard the -Institute. For the short time we were in charge, there was of course no -lectures and little discipline, each one could go and come as he chose, -with the result that my visits to my home board were more interesting -and in my saunters along the streets I began to notice on the Saturday -prior to the evacuation premonitions of coming trouble. Great activity -was suddenly manifested through the various Confederate Government -departments. The Cadets at the Institute were extended permission to -remove their trunks. This was availed of on Saturday and also on Sunday -until the Institute was practically abandoned by every one there, but -was filled with the furniture and the trunks of all the absent cadets, -except of those few who had friends to take charge of them. Besides my -own trunk I was able to care for that of another room mate and sent it -to him by express to his home some weeks later. - -On Sunday morning the 2d of April, 1865, it was apparent to anyone that -the City was to be abandoned by the Confederate troops. Great piles of -official documents and papers of all sorts were brought out from the -departments, piled up in the centre of the streets in separate piles at -short distances apart and then set on fire to be destroyed, some few -burned entirely, others only smouldered and others again failed to burn -at all. The result seemed to depend on the quality of the paper and the -density of the bundles. From one pile I took out a roll of Confederate -bonds with all coupons attached and from another pile a bundle of -official papers of various sorts. On Monday morning the 3d of April, I -saw going up Marshall street about daylight two Confederate cavalrymen -on foot who were the very last of the Confederate soldiers to leave -Richmond. On the same morning about eleven o’clock I saw the first Union -soldier to enter Richmond. He was also a cavalryman, riding up Broad -street and was near Tenth street when I saw him and was surrounded and -followed by a howling, frantic mob of about five hundred negro boys, -there being no other person except myself that I could see on the street -in the vicinity. Between these two periods, the going of the last -Confederates and the coming of the first Union soldier, stirring scenes -were being elsewhere enacted. I had first gone out to the Institute to -see how matters stood there and I found it was in possession of a horde -of men, women and children from all the neighborhood around, who had -broken open the building and were carrying away everything movable, -furniture, cadets’ trunks, books, guns and swords. Indeed, their -vandalism spared nothing. I went to my room and was able to secure my -blankets and my knife and fork and my books. It was intensely -distressing to observe the property of the cadets who were off in the -discharge of their duty, boldly appropriated and carried off before my -eyes by these multitudinous freebooters who preyed upon it as if it was -so much public spoils free to all who chose to help themselves. I -tarried there a very short while, carrying away with me what I had been -able to save of my own to my home. In leaving I noticed that the brick -arsenal across the road from the Institute had been, during the night, -blown up with such force that the fresh dirt in two graves alongside had -been blown out. They were the graves of two negroes who shortly before -had been hung on the hill to the east of the Institute, having been -found guilty of burglarously entering the cellar of the Rev. Dr. Moses -D. Hoge, the Presbyterian minister in Richmond, out of which they had -stolen a couple of hams. After reaching my home, I went down to the -Spotswood Hotel at the corner of 8th and Main streets just on the edge -of where the fire was raging. Why the Confederate troops had set fire, -as was reported of them in their evacuation of Richmond, I could not -understand. The fire was most disastrous in extent and in the character -of the buildings. It was in the business section; and the post office, a -granite building on Main street between 9th and 10th in which was -President Davis’ office was the only building left standing within a -wide radius. Scenes similar to what I had seen enacted at the Military -Institute were also taking place on the edge of the fire district. -Stores were being broken into and looted by women, men and boys. Barrels -of flour were being rolled away, bolts of cloth, boxes filled with all -sorts of commodities, groceries, tobacco, etc. In the midst of this -carnival of plunder a lot of women, a half dozen in number, had -concentrated their attention on a particular bolt of unbleached coarse -cotton cloth and in the contest for it had unwound it, each one pulling -her way. Others around were carrying away equally valuable goods ad -libitum, but these viragos ignored the ample opportunities elsewhere, -concentrating their energies on their fight for this particular cloth. -The temptation to myself and to another boy of my age with me was so -strong to incommode them in their senseless conduct that we took small -bags of tobacco from two barrels in front of a store under the Spotswood -Hotel and pelted them with the tobacco. While thus engaged the fire -gradually crept around in the rear of Main street towards Franklin and -had reached an arsenal on 8th street for making bomb shells. Soon the -shells began to burst and pieces flew in our direction, breaking windows -and scattering the crowd, including the fighting women, who got away -with no plunder from that immediate locality. - -We had spent the summer of 1863 on the James river about twelve miles -above Richmond and a visit I subsequently paid there gave me an -opportunity of enjoying an experience that can never be repeated, namely -getting out of Richmond on a Confederate pass and witnessing some of the -incidents of an historical raid. My father had formed a personal -friendship with the family of General Winder, who was from Baltimore, -and as all passes had to be obtained from General Winder, who was in -command of Richmond and it was difficult to obtain access to him at his -office on Main street, I went to his house and got a pass from his son -who was his aide. With this, I boarded the canal boat on the James River -and Kanawha Canal, which boat left every evening at the foot of 7th -street for its trip up the canal. These boats were fitted to take a long -trip, uncomfortable though it might be. It was pulled by three horses -going at a rapid trot, the front one ridden by the driver who blew a -horn for the locks and the mail and to change horses. The efforts of the -drivers on freight boats on these horns were often artistic and as -musical as an accomplished bugler. Nothing of that sort was ever -attempted by the boy who rode the horses on the passenger boat. The -passengers in good weather sat on camp stools on the top of the boat and -a man at the end steered, at frequent intervals calling out “low bridge” -at which all on deck ducked their heads to avoid the low bridges which -so frequently crossed the canal from one portion of a farm to another. -The kitchen was at the end of the boat. In the long saloon on each side -was a seat running the whole length, which was converted into beds at -night. In the centre of the saloon was a long table upon which meals -were served. Just after leaving Richmond the sentry came around to -inspect the passes and verify the descriptions they contained of their -possessors. He usually completed his rounds seven or eight miles out -about the time the canal boat reached the “grave yard,” an open space -extending out from the canal and covered by water in which were sunk -worn out canal boats. - -When ready to return to Richmond I was to do so by the Plank Road, but -the instant we struck this road we found it blocked by heavy trees that -had been cut down and thrown across the road so as to render it -impassable for horse or man. We quickly learned that this was to -intercept Dahlgren’s raiders who were then some distance up the river -and were supposed to be approaching by the Plank Road. All the -neighborhood had sent their horses out into the woods in the custody of -the most faithful of the negroes to prevent their seizure by the -raiders, and silverware and other articles portable had been concealed -so that preparations were fully made for the arrival of Dahlgren’s -troops. This occurred the next day. They had crossed the river at a ford -a short distance above under the guidance of a negro of the neighborhood -who had essayed to pilot them to Richmond and when they reached these -obstructions on the Plank Road they were compelled to deflect their -course so that they were carried around Richmond instead of into it, and -here at this point where they left the Plank road occurred an incident -that I could not understand then and do not clearly understand now. They -hung their negro guide. They left his body hanging and after it was -taken down by residents, the rope was cut into small pieces and passed -around as mementoes. I feel assured that Dahlgren’s men could not impute -to the negro knowledge of the obstructions in the road. The -circumstances enforced this conclusion. The obstructions had just been -placed; their appearance made this self evident. As a matter of fact -they had been put there during the night by parties sent from Richmond -and were entirely unknown to persons in the vicinity. The negro guide -had been picked up miles above at a time when it was patent to any one -he could not have known of these obstructions. The slightest -acquaintance with negro character during the war should moreover have -informed the raiders that no negro would have volunteered to pilot -Federal troops with the intent of leading them into trouble, or of not -performing for them all he was capable of, and I can only conclude that -he was a victim of combined ignorance of the negro and irritation at -being intercepted in their progress. If they had reached nearer to -Richmond they would have found almost every white citizen in the City, -whatever his station or occupation, armed and in the trenches around the -city awaiting their arrival, so that getting into the City was -practically impossible. - -The Confederate hospitals in Richmond were possibly the most interesting -places for most persons. The officers’ hospital was at Richmond College -at that time in the country about a mile from the built up city. Since -then the City has built out to and beyond it. The Seabrook Hospital, -occupied exclusively by privates, was a collection of one story long -frame buildings in the neighborhood of 23d street and Franklin Street. -The surgeon in chief was Dr. Gravett with whose family we were intimate -and a feature of this hospital was the delightful biscuits made there by -the cook. The Chimborazo Hospital was another famous one. Between this -hospital and a point on the open ground across from President Davis’ -residence the signal corps men every night exchanged signals in -practicing, a group of men being stationed on the hill near the hospital -with their torch and another group with a torch on the other side of the -valley in the space next the President’s house. The President’s house, -now the Confederate Museum, was one of the prettiest houses in Richmond. -The president met with a sad loss there in the death of his son. At the -time this occurred some one started a subscription among the children to -erect a monument to the memory of the child and the names of all who -subscribed were written on paper, it being also there written that the -monument was a gift from the playmates of the boy and the paper was -placed in the monument erected over the grave at Hollywood. My name was -included, but I am sure that scarcely one in the entire number was in -fact a playmate of the boy who was so delicate that his only companion -was his nurse. - -The most interesting sights were the fortifications around Richmond. Out -on the Mechanicsville turnpike about two miles beyond the Alms House was -the inner fort on the North. This was manned by a battery composed of -Norfolk men under command of a Captain Hendren, two deserters from the -Union Army were placed in this battery. They were treated in a most -friendly way by the men, but they seemed out of place themselves and -awkward and strange. Why they should have deserted I could not -understand, for an exchange of the ample fare of the Union soldier with -their luxuries for the cornbread and bacon of the Confederates could not -have been an attraction. This same pike while the Battle of Cold Harbor -was in progress presented an intensely interesting appearance, clear -from Richmond to the narrow Chickahomini River and beyond, it was lined -with soldiers, horses and wagons hurrying to and fro and one of the most -attractive sights was the stream of Union prisoners just captured and -being marched into Richmond. One prisoner I recall as a common type, he -was a German emigrant utterly unable to speak a word of English, dressed -in a new Zouave uniform of gaudy colors and he evidently labored under -the delusion that he was going to better his condition by exchanging -from a fighter in the Union army to a prisoner in the Confederacy. I -believe if he had had any conception of the restrictive diet of the -prisoner or Confederate soldier, for both fared about alike, he would -have been less easily captured, and the bounty and substitute money that -no doubt had been securely disposed of by him at his enlistment were -going to look less alluring in a Confederate prison than the future -these pictured to him while he enjoyed his exceedingly brief army -experience. - -The most interesting fortifications were on the James River at Drury’s -Bluff about seven miles below Richmond, and a sort of an excursion -steamer enabled visitors to inspect the fortifications. In the -neighborhood of Drury’s Bluff further down the River was the Howlett -House, historical for being at various periods first in the Confederate -lines and then in the Union. Upon a visit I paid to it in Company with -Col. Herbert of the 17th Virginia Regiment and the Rev. Mr. Perkins, the -Chaplain, we obtained a magnificent view of the surrounding country and -of both armies, our own and the Union. Dutch Gap was in the distance and -Butlers Tower was in front of us and down on the river shore below us -were thousands of shells that had been fired by the Union batteries and -had failed to explode. In returning from the Howlett House to the -station of the 17th Virginia, sharpshooters in the Union lines began -firing at us and the bullets threw up the dirt around us in a lively -fashion. I feel convinced the sharpshooters were trying to see how near -they could come to us without hitting us, my companions however -preferred to get down below the raise in the ground. The same spirit of -play I think must have actuated the batteries that were continually -firing shells that went clear over the fortifications and way behind, -possibly a mile or so. The fortifications were constructed in a very -formidable way. The front of the raised earth was a labyrinth of brush -and sharpened stakes pointing outward. Inside of the fortifications were -deep ravines cut in the earth, turning and twisting with pillars of -earth at intervals, so as to permit the sentries to approach the -breastworks without exposure. The quarters of the soldiers were usually -dugouts, covered with raised wooden tops. The sleeping bunks were below -the ground and each location had a fire place. One of my nights was -spent in one of these with a corporal of one of the companies of the -17th Virginia. His room mate was absent. Before entering he handed me a -copy of David Copperfield and this was my first introduction to the -delights of Dickens’ works. The corporal also offered me a flour -biscuit, the only one he had; as I knew the meaning of it to him I -declined. During the night we were aroused by a night attack at the -front a few hundred yards away, which compelled my room mate to go -there. I had never heard so many bullets whistle over head before and -the sound was more intense from the stillness of the night, the attack, -however, was of short duration. - -The most interesting scene in camp life was the church service on Sunday -night. The soldiers were in winter quarters and a good sized frame -tabernacle had been erected with seats around on boards very much like a -circus. The auditorium was crowded, of course exclusively with soldiers -and a more impressive service and a more deeply interested and serious -set of men I never saw. The two opposing lines, Confederate and Union, -had been so long fixed at this point and they were respectively so -securely intrenched that matters looked quite permanent and these -conditions led to interchange of friendly relations between the two -sides leading to exchange of newspapers, tobacco, etc. The slenderness -of the Confederate soldier’s equipment was constantly in evidence and -the contrast with his bounteously supplied enemy made his situation -often pathetic. Upon one occasion during this visit of mine to the 17th -Virginia the quartermaster’s wagon came around to dole out a few -articles and among the things given was a cotton shirt to a middle aged -member of a Norfolk Company which excited the jealousy and anger of a -young man in the same company who declared that the older was not -entitled to the shirt and did not need it and that he had money hidden -away. The scarcity of food in Richmond several times led to distressing -scenes, resulting in some instances to public riots, in which women -seemed to take the leading part. Their outcry for bread gave to these -affairs the designation of “bread riots” and several of a very serious -nature took place during the closing years of the war resulting in -considerable destruction of property in an effort on the part of the mob -to break into stores and resulting also in great suffering and -excitement before the disturbances were quelled. - -It was an experience not possessed by many to have seen from time to -time pass through Richmond the Confederate soldiers that composed the -entire army of General Lee. Added to this however it was my fortune -after the war to see the entire armies of General Grant and General -Sherman pass through Richmond on their march to Washington. They all -passed one point where I was stationed, namely, at Broad and First -streets on their way up Broad street and out the Brook Turnpike. There -were three features that were prominent in connection with these Union -armies, one was the well dressed, well kept appearance of the soldiers, -another the vast number of their bands of music in marked contrast with -scarcely any in our army and another the great number of horses the -cavalrymen possessed, some had three and four horses each, and I -concluded that the South through which the Union armies passed, must -have been pretty well denuded of its horses. - -After the war the President’s house was used as head quarters for the -general in command of the Union troops in Richmond. And as my father was -the only Homeopathic physician in Richmond and very many Federal -officers with their families preferred homeopathy and employed him I had -favorable opportunities for knowing certain things about which some -confusion subsequently existed. This knowledge enabled me to correct a -statement some years since that was circulated extensively through the -public press with reference to General Lee. It had been declared by -General Adam Badeau that immediately upon the close of the war when -General Lee returned to Richmond he and his family were the recipients -of aid from General Grant who practically provided for the support of -General Lee’s family. I knew all the circumstances which gave a -plausible foundation for this story. My father, as I have stated, was -Mrs. Lee’s physician; he was also the physician among other Federal -officers of General Peter Michie, the Federal quartermaster general. An -offer courteously and with delicacy was made to General Lee of any aid -the temporary situation of his family might require. General Lee however -was under no necessity of availing himself of this aid and none in -consequence was given. General Lee had devoted friends, able and willing -to render any aid that might have been needed to whom he would naturally -have looked for aid had such been required. He was at that time, as I -have stated, living in the house of Mr. John Stewart, a wealthy -Scotchman who had settled long before the war in Richmond. Whatever may -have been the arrangement for rent I understand that Mr. Stewart -declined to accept anything in settlement, and as a Scotchman can not be -made to recede from his position no doubt no rent was paid. - -One of the incidents to the rehabilitation of Richmond after the -evacuation and the accompanying disastrous fire was the great influx of -mercantile firms from the North with every kind of goods imaginable. Why -they should have rushed in thus with their oceans of merchandise to sell -to impoverished Confederates was to me a mystery. As might be imagined -prices fell very low and large numbers of the new comers failed -completely. Another incident of the new order of things was the flooding -of the City with counterfeit money, particularly small notes for -fractional amounts of a dollar, some of the counterfeits being wretched -productions. Another feature was the way in which architects and -builders from the North stepped in to help rebuild the burned district, -resulting in better buildings than before, but with in many cases no -commensurate profit to the builders. At that time was first introduced -into Richmond the ground rent system that prevails so extensively in -Baltimore and Philadelphia. The first house under this system was built -on a lot where had stood the house from which salt orders had been -issued during the war. The salt mines belonged to and were worked by the -State and a system of free distribution was inaugurated in consequence -of the scarcity and the necessity of salt so that each householder -depending upon the size of his family was entitled to receive -gratuitously a certain quantity weekly for which an order was issued to -him. - -The most gruesome sight during the war was to see the vast numbers of -wounded Confederate soldiers brought into Richmond in the trains. This -was constantly occurring and was most noticeable during the great -battles in the neighborhood of Fredericksburg. The attention given to -the wounded appeared to be scant before reaching Richmond. And they were -brought down on the Richmond and Fredericksburg Railroad and unloaded on -Broad street to be taken to the hospitals very much as they were taken -from the field of battle. How they were able to pass through the -suffering they must have endured before reaching the hospital was a -miracle, only to be accounted for by the life of exposure to the open -air, endurance and their strong vitality. - -Blockade running was carried on as an extensive business all through the -war, but reached its highest state of accomplishment in the closing year -before the fall of Richmond. It was of a two fold character; one, of -ships with Wilmington, North Carolina, as the port and the other of -individuals who crossed the Potomac at night usually landing at -Leonardtown, Charles County, Maryland. The ships took out cargoes of -cotton, as this was about the only article, unless it was tobacco, left -to be exported from the Southern Confederacy and they brought in return -a miscellaneous cargo, not very extensive and not very large, most of -the cotton shipments winding up as credits abroad in many cases for -agents of the Confederate government, in other cases for individuals, -either singly or as syndicates. For it became common in Richmond for a -number of gentlemen to form a combination and make a shipment of cotton -by a blockade runner for the profit it furnished. Almost all the ships -that ran the blockade in and out of Wilmington flew the British flag and -were English boats. Blockade running on the Potomac was another -consideration. Its ordeal can best be illustrated by an attempt made by -my mother and a friend of hers under unusual favorable circumstances. -The trip from Richmond to the Potomac had to be made by private -conveyance of some sort for there were no public vehicles or way of -getting them and for entertainment en route reliance would have to be -placed on such friendly housing and entertainment as could be secured -from the inhabitants of the country through which one passed. There were -no hotels or taverns, and as the inhabitants were not over well -supplied, were in constant apprehension of the questionable strangers -who made a business of blockade running, it can be conceived what -difficulties must be encountered by any one who adopted this method of -passing through the lines. It would have been easier perhaps to have -gone by a flag of truce. A well known Southerner who is now in a -prominent position in New York City had attention attracted to him by -two occurrences that took place in his younger days. He was a general in -the Confederate army and he resigned and joined the army as a private, -that was quite sensational. Again he went out one day in front of the -outer line of breastworks near Petersburg to exchange newspapers or some -other thing as was the custom during the interims of fighting and two -soldiers from the Union lines came out half way to meet him. When they -reached midway between the breastworks on each side each Union soldier -took him by the arms and marched him into their own lines. That was more -sensational still and was susceptible of several constructions. The -incident subjected him to undoubtedly unjust criticism and the true -construction was that the Union soldiers had violated the conventional -arrangement under which the belligerents exchanged small articles, but -it indicated that the Union side were not averse to “receiving” all that -came and that going by flag of truce would have been less difficult on -the Union side than on the Confederate and that persons on a peaceful -mission, particularly ladies need not have selected the hardships of a -Potomac blockade running to have gotten through the lines. - -My two sisters had been left North to attend school on my father’s -exchange as a state prisoner and my mother’s mission was to visit them. -My father’s official and professional relations secured for the trip -from the Confederate government a covered ambulance, two mules and a -colored driver. They were also supplied by personal friends with letters -of introduction to persons at whose houses they expected to stop on the -route to the Potomac. The trip was to occupy about three days and the -point of destination was as usual opposite Leonardtown, Charles County, -Maryland. The first day was spent in a tiring, uninteresting ride over -bad roads and the day’s journey terminated at the hospitable house of -Muscoe Garnett near Newton in King and Queen County at whose house I -subsequently spent a delightful summer, the next day’s journey similar -in character terminated at the equally hospitable home of the Warings on -the Rappahannock River in Essex County, where I also some years after -visited. The third day’s journey, just like the two proceeding, brought -them to the Potomac in Westmoreland County at the Wirt House. The -following day arrangements were made for effecting a crossing of the -river and this was termed “running the blockade.” Success required the -trip to be at night, without moon or stars, with good weather and smooth -water, a rather difficult combination where the river was several miles -wide and Union patrol boats constantly on the lookout for blockade -runners. At the appointed time, with conditions satisfactory, their boat -cleared the shore, when suddenly the moon came out, a patrol boat was -made out in the distance and the sail boat was compelled in consequence -to return, with no further chance of success that night. After several -days of waiting and constant unwillingness on the part of the boatman to -make the venture, in which at every attempt, he ran the risk of losing -both his boat and his liberty, they were fain to abandon the attempt, -this being a common experience in blockade running. And they were -compelled to return again to Richmond. Successful blockade running -across the Potomac was usually done by two only, the boatman and one -passenger, usually a man, a woman blockade runner added to the -difficulties and lessened a successful issue. Two women would constitute -almost insuperable difficulties and it had better been left unattempted. -It was easier to go by ship from Wilmington to Nassau, the usual -rendezvous of blockade runners and then from that point by a ship to New -York; for blockade running in and out of Wilmington was common and easy. - -While personal travel through the lines was as shown difficult and full -of excitement and trials, communication by letter was easy and frequent. -This was by way of flag of truce boat. Every letter however was opened, -read and stamped as inspected and if it was free from suspicion and -about personal matter only it reached its destination. Any suspicious -circumstances however such as ambiguity of expression, or anything of -hidden meaning which might convey information regarded as detrimental to -the government subjected the letter to oblivion. - -After the war closed the condition of the Confederate graves in -Hollywood cemetery was so deplorable that a general call was extended to -all ex-Confederate soldiers in Richmond to volunteer to put them in -condition. At the time appointed great numbers assembled at the Cemetery -for the purpose, including very many old cadets. Each particular -division of the graves had a certain number assigned to it and there -fell to the cadets a plot in the lower ground comprising several hundred -graves. Each one of the cadets was furnished a hoe and the task that at -once confronted us was how we were to distinguish the precise location -of each grave. None of these graves were marked and all any of us knew -was that wherever there was any indication of the grave, there had been -placed the remains of a Confederate soldier. It seems to me that however -loving our motive, we had better left undone our volunteer task, for all -the workers in common solved their difficulty in identifying exact -outlines of graves by raising at regular and even intervals the little -mounds that were supposed to cover the places of interment, so that if -any indications previously existed as to the precise location of any -grave whereby some one familiar with the surroundings would have -identified it, these were effectually destroyed by this service in -putting in decent order the burial places of the dead. And it was -utterly impossible thereafter to tell the exact resting place of any -whose grave was unmarked, the condition of very nearly all. - -One of the most disastrous results of the war was the effect on the -education of the men of the South. With few exceptions all the young men -at college or school old enough to volunteer did so, with the resulting -loss of four years of the best period of their life for studying. At the -close of the war, the necessities of some were such that providing for -themselves or their families effectually removed from them the -possibilities of further education. Others again struggled under most -adverse conditions and with many privations to acquire the requisite -means to complete their education, working on farms and engaging in -manual labor that always theretofore had been relegated exclusively to -the negro slaves. In many cases the period for accomplishing the result -dragged on for years after the close of the war and even as late as -1871, six years after the close of the war there was in the same law -class with me at the University of Virginia, a number of ex-Confederate -soldiers and among the nineteen of us who received the degree of B. L. -were two, one of whom had been a Captain and the other a Major in the -Confederate army. - -The condition of the ex-Confederates residing in the country was -measurably better than those in the cities and towns, for the former -could at the least scrape together in one way or another some sort of a -living. In the towns and cities however through the South the struggle -to obtain a footing was more intense, and among the methods adopted to -furnish employment to ex-Confederates was one of almost national -character involving what was then regarded as a very large capital with -prospects supposed to be brilliant both in furnishing extensive -employment for competent men and securing great financial returns for -its promoters and subscribers, and that was the establishment of the -Southern Express Company. General Joseph E. Johnson was made president -of the company and almost every officer and employee from the highest to -the lowest was an ex-Confederate soldier. These two pleas, employment of -ex-Confederates and great financial returns, particularly the former -were the basis upon which the subscriptions to the stock were generally -secured. An additional incentive was that only a small cash payment -(usually ten per cent of the subscription) was required from the -stockholders. The balance it was supposed would likely be made up from -profits. From the start liberal salaries were paid and assiduously -drawn. Nearly all the transportation business was done on credit, the -railroads and transportation companies being exceedingly liberal in -this, with the rapid result from inexperience in such business and -competition against an old established company and its skilled -employees, that the Southern Express Company soon ceased to do business, -owing a vast amount of debts to its employees for unpaid salaries and to -transportation companies for unpaid freight. The sequel resulted in an -assignment by the company for the benefit of creditors and an -administration of its assets in the Chancery Court of Richmond, where -the stockholders were assessed their unpaid subscriptions, resulting in -a crop of suits to collect them that extended through many states of the -Union, particularly Virginia, Maryland, Missouri and New York. - -The war had a very slight effect on the negro’s character as a slave in -the South, so far as he was capable of comprehending and entertaining -any sympathies, most of the slaves had a vague idea that success to the -Union Army meant freedom for the slave and hence naturally they felt no -ill toward this result, neither did they entertain ill will towards -those who had held them in slavery, for contrary to the general -impression of the North the negro slaves were treated with the greatest -consideration, not harshly, but just the reverse. Any master who omitted -to properly clothe and feed his slaves, to assiduously care for them in -sickness and old age and to treat them justly and humanely was not only -ostracised by his neighbors and acquaintances but his family suffered -seriously in social position so that no slaveholder was to be found who -could weather the trials to which an acknowledged brutal master was -subjected. This tenderness for the slave was so pronounced that all -persons who occupied a dominant position with reference to him, such as -the overseer or slave dealer were regarded as occupying an inferior -position and were excluded from social relations with the slave holders, -not from an imagined superiority of the latter, as sometimes alleged, -but purely from the “offensiveness” of their occupation. And I believe -it can be said with the endorsement of all who knew that the negro as a -whole was better cared for, and healthier and happier in slavery than in -freedom. - -The hotels in Richmond that remained in operation clear up until the -evacuation by the Confederate troops were the Spotswood at the corner of -Main street and 8th street, the American on Main street opposite the -Post Office, and the Powhatan at the corner of Broad and 11th streets. -The Spottswood was the leading hotel and there the higher Confederate -officers stopped when in Richmond. It was burned shortly after the war -closed. The American was a popular hotel, well patronized by Confederate -soldiers, officers and men, and always crowded. It was burned in the -fire at the evacuation. The Powhatan was patronized to a certain extent -by Confederate soldiers, the generality of its patrons were members of -the Legislature. - -Of course society entertainments in Richmond during the war partook of -the nature that pertained to everything else. They were exceedingly few -and such as took place were novel or unique in character. When a city of -the staid and fixed character like Richmond increased its resident -population in a few months from sixty thousand people to one hundred and -twenty thousand or more, the newcomers being largely refugees from all -parts of the South, together with Confederate officials and their -families, also from all over the South and when in addition this new -element furnished very much of the life of the Confederate capitol it -may be comprehended what was the result socially. Overhanging the city -was the constant menace and stir of the great conflict. So that while -entertaining constantly took place, it was unobtrusive and exceedingly -simple. The most elaborate receptions were those at the Governor’s -Mansion, simple as they were. The more prominent given by any private -individual was by a well known and wealthy merchant where the -refreshments consisted exclusively of ice cream and pound cake. The -usual and popular method of entertaining were what might probably now be -styled evening, not afternoon teas; in place however of the elaborate -refreshments which might now be expected to be found at such was then -really served tea, then a rare and wonderful luxury. In addition to the -tea served in cups and handed around to those sitting in the parlor was -also served buttered bread, very seldom cake; it being remembered that -white sugar was also a great rarity in war times. I attended a wedding -of the daughter of one of the most prominent gentlemen in Richmond. -There were no refreshments and there were no presents whatsoever to the -bride. I do not think there was at the close of the war a single jewelry -store in existence in the City. - -One of the most remarkable features of the war was the intense animosity -engendered among neighbors with sympathies on opposite sides. Those who -were formerly most intimate friends now became most bitter enemies, not -only ceasing all intercourse, but ready to inflict contumely and injury -on each other. This spirit was not so apparent in the South because with -almost unanimity the Southern people accepted the results of secession -whatever opposition they may have first offered. But in the North on the -border line where there was a numerous Southern element within the -Northern lines this bitter antagonism was pronounced, the more so -against all known to be in sympathy with the South. No more typical -place existed for this than Baltimore. In the towns and cities of what -is now West Virginia the same conditions existed. From Baltimore and -Maryland large numbers had gone South to engage in the service. Besides -these associations with the Confederate soldiers from Maryland very many -of whom came from some of the wealthiest and most prominent families of -the State were the business and social ties that had grown up between -the South and Baltimore as the Southern metropolis, so that with few -exceptions the leading people of the city were in sympathy with the -Southern cause. In many cases confiscation of the property of those who -had gone south took place, confined of course under the Constitution to -the life of the party affected. In other cases arrests were made under -the smallest pretexts, all sorts of persecutions little and great were -indulged in towards the Southern sympathizers, espionage being one of -the numerous annoyances. Relationship whether near or remote seemed to -make slight difference, and it seems now almost impossible to account -for the bitterness engendered. Of course material interests were -originally responsible, and no doubt the divergent views over whether -the state should or not secede, with the results that would affect such -material interests and the high pitch to which the contentions over the -matter wrought up the advocates pro or con were the causes that led to -the bitterness that existed. The Southerners were styled -“secessionists,” “rebels”, “traitors”, “copperheads”, with the soldiers -however a Southern soldier was always “Rebel” or a “Johnny Reb”. The -favorite popular ballad commenced something like “We’ll hang Jeff Davis -on a sour apple tree.” In the South on the other hand there was but one -name for the Northerner and whether soldier or civilian he was -invariably called “yankee”. Deep down in the Southern heart however -there was no recognition of a social relation with neighbors of Northern -sympathies and for some years after the war ended I knew of instances of -Southern women, who in marrying Union army officers were regarded not -only as having impaired their social status but as having done an act to -reflect upon their own family standing. And at the close of the war, in -Maryland, particularly in Baltimore, there was a distinct spirit -manifested to sedulously ostracise socially those who had been active in -espousing the Union cause during the war. And as equally a generous -welcome was extended to all who came from the South. It seems almost -inconceivable to those of the present day not aware of the bitter -antagonism existing during the war that such could ever indeed have -existed. To illustrate what would occur on a slightest pretext: In some -way it was suggested that a Confederate flag was harbored in our house. -The provost marshal sent a company of soldiers who surrounded the house, -while the Captain and a guard accompanied by my father searched every -portion of the premises from the top to the cellar with a perfectly -fruitless result. Again three paroled Confederate prisoners called upon -my father to be extended some assistance pecuniarily. This he -unhesitatingly extended to all needy Confederate prisoners who called -upon him, and while talking with these three word was conveyed to the -provost marshal that a seditious meeting was taking place in his house, -resulting in a provost guard being sent who placed my father and his -visitors under arrest, to be quickly released, however, as soon as the -matter was investigated. The smallest pretext and barest suspicion of -disloyal sentiment or act led to invasion of the sanctity of one’s house -and an interference with one’s business or professional duties. - -But with all the sectional antagonism, the women of Southern sympathies -in Northern communities wrought out results that showed their disregard -of militaryism; for they were unsparing in their work to help the -Southern prisoners. No prisoners with an acquaintance of a friend among -the women was allowed to suffer for clothes or luxuries and to help the -large bodies of Southern prisoners in Northern prisons, sewing societies -were formed that met regularly at the members’ houses where all kinds of -clothes needed by the prisoners were made up. These meetings which I -often attended were a delightful experience. A vast number of pretty -girls and young married women all actively engaged in sewing and cutting -out, exchanging experiences and information and each occasion to be -wound up with light refreshments. - -A topic of constant discussion is the effect of the war so far as the -negro is concerned. I have seen the negro in slavery before and during -the war and now a freedman for forty years since the war closed and I -feel that I am capable of expressing an opinion upon the subject. As a -slave he was generally well treated, and was generally contented and -happy. He was usually free from care or responsibility, all his wants -being provided for by his master. He had a task to perform and the -performance of it was exacted of him, sometimes this task was -exceedingly light, it was scarcely ever severe. It was natural he should -wish to be able to essay or not to essay this task as his humor -suggested to him and the wish for this I believe was the principal -incentive for freedom to most of the slaves. Very many I believe gave -the matter of freedom no consideration and cared nothing about it. When -the close of the war brought freedom to the vast body of those who were -slaves their reasoning suggested to them as it did to very many of the -less informed whites that the war had been fought purely to free the -negro. The corollary to this in the mind of the negro was that they were -the equal of the whites, and immediately upon the close of the war the -teaching inculcated among themselves with greatest assiduity was the -matter of equality. During the lapse of forty years however the question -of equality has in a measure worked itself out as it always does -dependent upon personal and material factors. When persons occupy grades -of servants, laborers, mechanics, storekeepers, merchants and -professional men the question of color in that all are black will not -put them on an equality one with the other and the question of equality -is not helped by trying to extend the equalizing so as to put the -colored man whatever his condition in life on a level with the white man -whatever his condition. This was a struggle so patent in the case of the -freedmen immediately after the close of the war that was bound in the -course of years to disappear from the hopelessness of it. The result is -that from my observation the negro has measurably been bettered after -the many years that have elapsed since the war, so that now his -deportment and manners are better, he is more honest and he has not -deteriorated as a worker and he is getting nearer to the deportment he -possessed before his character was disrupted by the harmful teachings of -those idealists in the New England States who professed before and -during the war to be his only true friends. - -There was one restriction upon the negro in slavery that was a great -source of trouble to him and that was the existence of the law which -forbade absence from home after dark except upon a written pass -furnished by the master or his agent, any member of the family as a -quasi agent, even the children could give these passes, and I have often -given such. Absence without such pass subjected the slave to arrest and -detention until morning when a trial took place in the Mayor’s court, -the penalty being the public whipping post. This was about the only -occasion a slave in any well ordered family was likely to be visited -with a whipping, which was then a legal penalty inflicted by public -authority for a violation of the law. And such whipping was very apt to -arouse indignation on the part of the master and certainly his family -between whom and the slaves there always existed a bond of affection as -well as material interest. So far from whipping slaves by the master’s -authority not only did self interest forbid this, but as before -indicated this was recognized as one of the acts of maltreatment which -resulted in loss of social status to any family that was known to so -deal with their slaves. A tender regard for slaves was so assiduously -exacted by public sentiment in the South that it was accepted as a -serious reflection to sell one. I have frequently read accounts of the -awful slave pens and jails where slaves being sold were detained until a -purchaser and new master was found all of which accounts are purely -mythical written by dreamers with vivid imaginations and no actual -experience. I have been again and again in these houses of slave dealers -where slaves remained pending a sale. The last one I visited was in -accompanying my father for the purpose of purchasing a cook. All of -those present, some twenty-five women, were called to the large front -room and they ranged themselves in line. Every one was neatly dressed -and showed in their appearance and demeanor unmistakable signs of kind -treatment and being well cared for. Thinking people reading such -accounts must see instantly that outside of any sentiment of humanity -good business policy required the best treatment at such places. The -slaves were sent there to be sold and the best price was wanted and that -price was to be obtained only when a good impression was made on the -purchaser and it was made alone by the appearance of the slave. To -secure a healthful appearance and indications of a good disposition and -temperament required good treatment, and the disposition and temperament -was so carefully looked after by a purchaser as health and ability to -work, for it was recognized that most slaves came to slave dealers’ -hands because the previous master had found some trouble on this score -of disposition or temperament this being the single exception outside of -failure in business when an owner felt justified by public opinion to -make sale of his slaves. - -The life on a large plantation for a negro slave was an almost ideal -life. Each plantation of from about five hundred to several thousand -acres with its several hundred slaves was a perfect community in itself. -Every trade and occupation necessary to the effective running of the -plantation was represented. One of the slaves was a skilled blacksmith -and wheelwright, another a competent carpenter, still another a -shoemaker and so on throughout the list of utilities. In the order of -dignity and preferment the house servants came first. There were plenty -of them in every household and the work assigned to each was exceedingly -light, they were dressed well, ate the same food used by the family, -were well trained both mentally and morally, participated from the ties -of interest that bound them to the family in its pleasure to a greater -extent than could have been experienced by hired servants and in -sickness or trouble were cared for with a tenderness no less than would -be shown to a favorite child. Next in the order of regard came the -coachman, the gardener, the assistant overseer, who was always a slave; -indeed all whose duties brought them more especially in frequent contact -with the whites on the plantation. Then came the field hands, both men -and women, and no happier lot of human beings in their work could be -found than were ordinarily these same people whatever might be the task -to which they were assigned. I have been with them in hoeing corn, in -cutting wheat, in threshing grain, in curing tobacco, indeed in every -work which went on and I speak from my own personal experience in -stating as I do the spirit with which they worked. Every provision was -made for their well being, self interest of the master, independent of -dictates of humanity, and pressure of public opinion required this. The -negro quarters were sufficiently far from the house to permit of the -pleasures that appealed to the negro heart without the noise disturbing -the white folks. Each negro family usually had a cabin, ample and -comfortable, with a garden attached in which were raised vegetables and -the hours of field labor were such as to leave ample time to cultivate -this garden. Rations of staple food were served with the same regularity -and provisions for health and comfort as in army life. They were -supplied with ample clothing. Whether in health or sickness and from -birth to death the care of his slaves was the first regard of the slave -owner, and an exception to such was not tolerated in the community. The -family bible of the master’s family first contained the births, deaths -and marriages of the members of his family, then in the same bible -followed exactly similar entries with reference to his slaves. The -members of his family became the instructors of the negro children in -Sunday school work. The adult negroes were given ample opportunity and -encouraged to attend religious meetings. The negro slave was indeed -without a care or anxiety for his comfort or welfare from the time of -his birth to the period when he was tenderly laid away in the plot set -aside on every plantation for the negro burial ground. - - -[Illustration] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES - - - 1. Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling. - 2. Archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as printed. - 3. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Boy's Experience in the Civil War, -1860-1865, by Thomas Hughes - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A BOY'S EXPERIENCE *** - -***** This file should be named 62271-0.txt or 62271-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/2/2/7/62271/ - -Produced by Richard Tonsing, WebRover, MFR, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll -have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using -this ebook. - - - -Title: A Boy's Experience in the Civil War, 1860-1865 - -Author: Thomas Hughes - -Release Date: May 29, 2020 [EBook #62271] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A BOY'S EXPERIENCE *** - - - - -Produced by Richard Tonsing, WebRover, MFR, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div class='tnotes covernote'> - -<p class='c000'><b>Transcriber’s Note:</b></p> - -<p class='c000'>The cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.</p> - -</div> - -<div class='titlepage'> - -<div> - <h1 class='c001'>A BOY’S EXPERIENCE<br /> IN THE<br /> CIVIL WAR 1860–1865</h1> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><span class='sc'>Presented to</span></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='sc'>With compliments of</span> <span class='cursive'>Thomas Hughes.</span></div> - <div class='c002'>Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1904 by <span class='sc'>Thomas Hughes</span>, the author, in the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington.</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c003' /> -</div> - -<div class='figcenter id001'> -<img src='images/i_001.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_1'>1</span> - <h2 class='c004'><span class='old-english'>During the Civil War.</span></h2> -</div> - -<p class='c005'>My father, a skillful physician by profession, was by -taste and inclination a controversal writer, a contributor -to the newspapers, mixing up in the stir of the times. -Before the Civil War his energy was devoted to a large -and lucrative practice coupled with activities, social and -political. At the opening of the struggle between the -North and South his sympathies and associations ardently -enlisted him in the fortunes of his native State, and he -furthered by writing and personal work the adoption of -the ordinance of secession which had been referred by the -State Convention at Richmond to the Citizens of Virginia -to adopt or reject. When the State seceded his ardent -advocacy of the Southern cause and his labor in that behalf -quickly brought him to the point of either taking the -oath of allegiance as a loyal citizen of the United States -or submitting to imprisonment. He declined the oath and -was sent as a political prisoner in the spring of 1862 to -Camp Chase near Columbus, Ohio, where he remained -for nine months, when a special exchange was secured for -him. This latter event he owed to a personal circumstance, -one of those matters he usually evidenced an aptitude to -turn to account. It occurred thus: one day a number of -prisoners recently captured were brought in, and he learned -that shortly before, the command to which they had belonged -had taken a number of Union prisoners, and among them -a brother of Dr. Pancost of Philadelphia. My father who -had pursued his medical studies at Philadelphia and had -been a student under Dr. Pancost at the Jefferson Medical -College wrote to his former instructor, telling him of -his brother’s capture and asking him to secure a special -exchange of my father for his brother. This he accomplished -and through friends my father was extended permission -<span class='pageno' id='Page_2'>2</span>to have his wife and three of his children accompany -him by flag of truce through the lines to Richmond. -Ample time was allowed him to arrange his affairs for this -and he was further permitted to take unlimited baggage. -Our route was to Baltimore, to Fortress Monroe, to City -Point, Petersburg and Richmond. Baltimore was reached -between three and four o’clock in the morning and upon -the recommendation of a fellow passenger we sought -quarters at the Eutaw House. This hotel, then as now -at the northwest corner of Eutaw and Baltimore Streets, -was found crowded and we located in the parlor until later -in the day a room was assigned us overlooking the court -on Eutaw Street. A circumstance to impress was the -crowded condition of the pavement extending from Eutaw -Street to Calvert far in excess of what now exists after the -lapse of over forty years, thus indicating the inrush here -as the border city of the Civil War. The day our trunks -were to be examined Major Constable, the provost marshall -of the city was a guest at a dinner party given by my -father at Barnum’s Hotel to which latter we had immediately -removed, being told by our Baltimore friends that -the Eutaw House was a hotel patronized by officers of the -Northern army, whereas Barnum’s was a Southern Hotel. -On the day succeeding the search of our baggage we left our -hotel where we had remained about two weeks preparing -for the trip South, and were driven in a carriage to the -wharf of the boat for Fortress Monroe. Some informality -attending the baggage required us to return until the succeeding -day. It appears that some official undertook to -claim the baggage had not been examined, notwithstanding -the red connecting tape with the seal of the provost marshall’s -ring in red wax at each end and it became necessary -to have Major Constable straighten out the matter, -which fixed us to leave the next evening. One of those -heavy storms that occur on the Chesapeake Bay, with an -alarm of fire on the boat were incidents of the trip, and -General George H. Thomas of the Union Army who was -<span class='pageno' id='Page_3'>3</span>a passenger and my father became acquainted with the -result that the former’s influence was utilized to secure -more pleasant accommodations on the flag of truce boat. -The boats composing the flag of truce were three in number -with only one, that carrying our family, carrying -prisoners, all of whom were invalids, most of them suffering -from wounds, some of them of a most frightful character. -It seems unaccountable that those men in their -condition should have been sent on a trip to occupy two -days and two nights without either surgeon or nurses. -My father was called upon to dress the wounds of several, -one of whom markedly attracted my attention by the fact -that his entire back seemed to have been shot away. -Another, a young man about nineteen had his right arm and -hand paralyzed. There were perhaps a hundred prisoners, -all invalids. We started from Fortress Monroe in the morning -and about dark reached Harrison’s Landing where we -anchored for the night, it being inexpedient to travel except -by day when our mission as a flag of truce could be -observed. The three boats being brought together the -evening was spent by the crew of the centre boat giving a -theatrical entertainment to which all were invited. The -performance simple, but amusing, consisted of a man who -was supposed to be ignorant but shrewd, being accosted -by the questionable people of the city he was visiting, in -an effort to both rob him and have fun with him. As it was -purely original and played by people who were likely portraying -personal experiences, it was both intensely real and -intensely amusing. The next evening we reached City -Point after dark and the following morning in looking out -my state room window I was delighted and elated at seeing -away up on the bank alongside a frame house a Confederate -soldier with gun doing picket duty. So constantly -had I been thrown with Union soldiers and had only seen -Confederates as prisoners of war that to see a Confederate -soldier free and in arms doing duty on Confederate soil -was like a haven long sought for. The train of two passenger -<span class='pageno' id='Page_4'>4</span>coaches with an antiquated engine had brought -down from Petersburg a large number of people evidently -attracted by curiosity and a number collected on shore -around the gang plank and exchanged newspapers with -those on board the boats. The large quantity of baggage -we carried quickly brought us trouble, for twelve trunks -and a large chest for a family of two adults and three -children at a time when one traveling by a flag of truce -carried his baggage in his hand, excited suspicion and -upon our arrival at Petersburg we were directed to there -discontinue our trip to Richmond and my father was required -to report daily to General Colston until his status -as a loyal Southern citizen could be established. The -Bollingbrook Hotel where we located was overflowing with -Confederate officers, and after three days spent there and -after word being sent from my father’s friends among them -his cousin Jefferson T. Marten, Confederate States Marshall -for Virginia and Charles W. Russell of the Confederate -House of Representatives that if Dr. Hughes was not -loyal no one was, we were permitted to proceed to our -destination. I was impressed with the conviction that -Gen. Colston’s action was merely from abundant caution, -for the friendly spirit shown my father and the abundant -good humor indicated that there was no real belief that -all was not right, but that the circumstances required examination -and explaining before we could be allowed to -pass. A short ride soon brought our train to the long high -bridge over the James River and as it crossed the bridge -we got our first view of what was then wonderfully bustling -Richmond with streets so crowded that Main Street -from Eighth to Thirteenth on both sides was sometimes -almost impassable, in marked contrast some years subsequent -to the close of the war when on one business day -during the busy hour of the day I once looked over the -same stretch and counted in the entire length but three -people. A rattling, uncomfortable omnibus carried us to -the Ballard House, where we remained some weeks. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_5'>5</span>This hotel, perhaps the best in Richmond, was in curious -contrast to Barnum’s in Baltimore; at the latter every -delicacy was furnished in abundance—at the Ballard House -the dessert for dinner for instance consisted usually of rice -pudding and apple pie, the balance of the menu and the -balance of the meals were on the same scale. At this -period there was only one other hotel in Richmond its -equal, the Spottswood at Main and Eighth burned about -a year after the war, and two more not so good, the -American on Main Street opposite the post office destroyed -by the fire when Richmond was evacuated, and the Powhatan -on Eleventh opposite the Capitol Square and known -after the war as Ford’s Capitol Hotel. The Exchange -Hotel was then closed. At that time gold was worth about -one dollar for three of Confederate. In 1864 and 1865 it -was worth one for sixty or seventy Confederate and board -at the Spottswood was then about seventy dollars a day. -Bread was worth a dollar a loaf, a large ginger cake cost -a dollar and a pie cost a dollar, curious disproportions.</p> - -<p class='c006'>An incident illustrative of a political canvass among -soldiers was one of the occurrences that soon attracted my -attention. An election for Confederate congressman for -the District of Virginia, which now comprises a part of -the State of West Virginia was under way; the candidates -were Charles W. Russell formerly of Wheeling and a Dr. -Kidwell of, I believe, Clarksburg. The district was entirely -in the Union lines and hence the only voters were -Confederate soldiers and refugees. Dr. Kidwell had headquarters -at the Ballard House in a room opening immediately -on the ladies’ entrance on Franklin Street at the -corner of Thirteenth and it was an occasion to make one -cheerful to see the Doctor who was tall and slender smilingly -dispense good cheer from numerous decanters to the -many refugees and a few soldiers who sought him. Mr. -Russell also boarded at the same hotel, but he evidently -felt pretty secure, as he made no effort to entertain and -his room was on the upper floor. This canvass was -<span class='pageno' id='Page_6'>6</span>in marked contrast with another that went on near the -same time at the Powhatan. An election for the State -Legislature was near and the candidates from the legislative -districts in what is now West Virginia met the same -conditions, namely, their territory was exclusively in the -Union lines and the voters were refugees and soldiers. -Several of the candidates boarded at the Powhatan and -the meetings in the Congressional candidates’ room that -were more formal by reasons of the callers being from -divers sections, now in the case of the Legislative candidates -became more sociable and nightly refugees and soldiers -from the same local section assembled and intensely -enjoyed the gossip that went on in a dense cloud of smoke -from tobacco pipes.</p> - -<p class='c006'>My father was a candidate for some medical position -in the gift of the President and by appointment he was -taken accompanied by me to call upon Mr. Davis. The -President’s office was on the second floor of the post office -building entering from Bank Street, the street in the rear -of Main Street, and on the right side of the hall. My -father took with him for presentation to the President a -curiously carved cane that had been constructed by one -of the prisoners at Camp Chase. Constructing articles of -this sort being the way prisoners passed their time. This -particular cane was made of pine wood, had winding serpents -carved along it and was varnished a dark, brown -bright color. In the entree room was only the President’s -secretary and no others. When we were ushered into the -President’s room we found him alone. He was standing -in the center of the room and remained standing during -the short interview which lasted about five minutes, he -did little talking, most of it being done by my father, he -had a natural, pleasant manner and gave close attention -to what was said to him and was apparently ignorant of -my presence. I was only a little boy twelve years of age. -He was a small, delicate, but active man dressed entirely -in black, and one day after the war I saw him as I believe -<span class='pageno' id='Page_7'>7</span>walking on Baltimore Street in Baltimore, looking exactly -as I had seen him that day in his office in Richmond, except -that he no longer had the air of concentration shown -at our interview. It was rather a mystery to me how my -father, a homeopathic physician, expected to obtain a -prominent medical position in the Government when allopathic -physicians alone held sway and homeopathy was -unknown, but as he usually managed to get what he -wanted and I never made comments I said nothing, -although my notion turned out to be correct.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Homeopathy was not very extensively known in Richmond, -a few years before a physician of that school who -had been located there had left and from him or some -member of his family my father obtained a list of his -former patients. He formed the acquaintance of several -and his journalistic relations formed in past years as a -contributor to the newspapers led him to look to the Richmond -papers for help, so that most of the papers were of -great service to him. The Examiner had an elaborate -editorial on the subject of Homeopathy. The Enquirer, -the Dispatch and the Whig also contained flattering notices -and Mr. Ritchie of the Enquirer, Mr. Coworden and Mr. -Ellison of the Dispatch and Mr. Alexander Mosely of the -Whig became his patients, as did also Mr. Smith of the -Sentinel when that paper was subsequently established, so -that the associations he thus formed, together with his -being elected to the Legislature to represent Ohio county -in the Virginia House of Delegates enabled him to keep -his family in comfort. The latter office gave him many -privileges. For instance my shoes were gotten at the -Penitentiary whose superintendent Mr. Knote was a constituent -of my father, and most nice fitting shoes they -were. He had passes over all the railroads and his trips -were both pleasant and productive of luxuries for at a -time when coffee was made of cornmeal rolled in sorghum -molasses, roasted and ground, and the only cloth was -homespun and tea was about non-existent as also loaf sugar, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_8'>8</span>indeed everything reduced to the simplest, the rations of -the soldiers for instance being nearly exclusively cornmeal -and bacon, a trip of my father to Wilmington, North -Carolina, led him to visit a blockade runner from Nassau, -the steamer Hansa, and when the captain ascertained who -he was, and through him he could obtain an introduction to -the President and others in authority at Richmond, a shipment -was received at our house from this ship of a bag of -coffee, a box of tea, a barrel of loaf sugar and cloth for -suits of clothes and toys for the children. It should be -added that my father’s skill as a physician quickly became -recognized and his practice had extended to the families of -those occupying the highest official positions under the -Government. Upon another occasion on one of his trips -he had obtained under some advantageous arrangement -a large amount of flour. This he determined to sell and -one evening he sold it to a baker on Broad Street and the -very large amount of money paid in bulky bills, he, out of -apprehension for the garroters that infested Richmond at -this time, concealed under my coat around my person, -knowing there was slight danger of any attempt to rob a -young boy with ostensibly nothing to take from him. The -comparative luxury which we were enabled to enjoy was -participated in by my father’s constituents, for the Confederate -soldier from our district when visiting Richmond -on furlough was welcomed and entertained so that this -period of my life is one that I look back upon more than -any other as the most pleasant and enjoyable. To what -a simple basis living had been reduced it may be noted -that instead of candles long wax tapers wound around in -pyramid shapes were used, sorghum molasses, black eye -peas and bacon and cabbage and potatoes and cornmeal -were the staples. Flour bread was rather a luxury. -There were two principal confectionery stores: Pisani on -Broad Street near 10th and Antoni on Main Street near -9th, but the scant array in each was in sad contrast to the -luxury now found in any first class confectionery, at the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_9'>9</span>former one could get a saucer of ice cream, at the last a -glass of jelly. The scarcity of food and narrowness of -range was in great contrast to the vast number of people -on the streets. On Main Street from the Spottswood -Hotel at 8th down to 13th Street near where the Examiner -and the Whig newspapers were located was a dense stream -of people on each side, mostly officers in uniform, for the -private was sure to be stopped by the provost guard that -paraded up and down the sidewalk looking for soldiers -who were away without leave.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Free newspapers were another perquisite of legislators, -except they must send for them and my mission was to -attend in 12th Street at the newspaper offices early each -morning among the crowd assembled there waiting the distribution -of the papers of which four: the Dispatch, Examiner, -Whig and Sentinel were in the immediate vicinity -and the fifth the Enquirer around on the other side of -Main Street. It was upon one of these occasions that I -witnessed a memorable funeral of a soldier, Lieutenant -Noah Walker, whose home was in Baltimore who had been -recently killed in an engagement, his head having been, -it was stated completely destroyed and the Maryland -friends in Richmond had been requested to assemble early -one morning at a warehouse opposite the Examiner -office at his funeral service. There were not many who -came, probably twenty. It was pathetic to observe the -concern and silent regard that each one manifested as -strangers in a strange city away from their home and -friends doing homage to the memory of one who possessed -an amiable, gentle nature that attached all who knew him. -The occasion particularly appealed to me when told who -he was, as this gentleman when we first arrived in Richmond -and when our straightened circumstances required -us to live all in one room had been a guest at one of our -breakfasts, which consisted of rolls and breakfast bacon -broiled by my father on the open fire of the room and -which we all deliciously enjoyed. The Marylanders and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_10'>10</span>especially Baltimoreans were particularly attentive in observance -of respect for their compatriots and the funeral -of Lieutenant Walker was very much like that which took -place at St. James Church of Gen’l. Dimmock, the same -assemblage of serious visaged men, who indicated in their -appearance that they were strangers away from home and -familiar associations and with an earnest concern for the -occasion and for each other. These experiences -that appeal to Marylanders were in contrast to another -when General Pegram was married in St. Paul’s Church -to Miss Hetty Carey of Baltimore. Gen’l. Pegram in full -Confederate uniform and with sword at his side was accompanied -by Miss Carey, entering the church together. She -wore over her dress a heavy sash of red, white and red -hanging over the right shoulder and falling down below -the waist on the left side. There was no appearance of -strangeness there and no air of constraint and all was great -joyous expectancy and full of life. Miss Carey was one -of the belles of Richmond and consequently the church -was crowded. I stood in the vestibule next to the inner -door and as the two passed the scene was in marked contrast -to the sad sequel very soon to occur when Gen’l. -Pegram lost his life in battle.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Another circumstance of my father’s life as a legislator -was the opportunity afforded me of seeing and knowing -the prominent persons connected with both the Confederate -and State governments and I soon formed the acquaintance -of almost every one in the State House. I had the -free run of the entire Capitol and was very much aided in -this by being taken from the private school I was attending, -Mr. Alfriend’s, who afterwards was the author of the -life of President Davis, and placed under a private tutor -Mr. Burrell, a very old gentleman employed as a clerk in -the Auditor’s Office in the Capitol. I do not know whether -the Capitol presents the same appearance now as then, -when the Legislature is in session, but then around the -rotunda was stretched a circle of peanut stands, eight or -<span class='pageno' id='Page_11'>11</span>ten in number and the floor was strewn with peanut shells, -tobacco juice and dirt and no one seemed to object. On -the side facing towards Broad Street on the first floor over -the basement was the House of Delegates, in the room -over this was the State Senate; opposite the House of -Delegates across the rotunda was the Confederate House -of Representatives and in the room above was the State -Library.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Free access to the Capitol gave me the opportunity to -observe minutely the funeral arrangements for General -Thomas J. Jackson. Stonewall Jackson’s remains were -brought to Richmond to lie in state in the Capitol preparatory -to his funeral. And they arrived late one evening -and were first deposited in a little room on the left of the -entrance to the Capitol on the side next to the Governor’s -house. The burial casket was placed on a bier, uncovered, -and the custodian of the Capitol permitted a favored few -including myself to view the remains. The coffin had -evergreen heavily intertwined around it. There were no -flowers. His face was exactly as appears in his photographs, -except it was thinner, the features were perfectly -placid, not evidencing that he had suffered pain, his -whiskers and mustache were of unusual thickness, his -forehead high and his hair coal black. I brought a small -portion of the evergreen on the casket away with me. -After lying in state when his funeral took place the cortege -was preceded by a brass band that played a funeral dirge; -the horse that General Jackson rode with General Jackson’s -boots hanging down one on each side of his saddle -came next to the hearse and was led by his body servant. -The funeral was impressive as only such a one could be.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The Capitol and grounds were the center for interesting -occurrences. The second inauguration of Mr. Davis as -President of the Confederacy took place in front of Washington’s -monument situated near the entrance to the -grounds from Grace Street. The ceremony was on the -side facing the Capitol and a dense concourse of people -<span class='pageno' id='Page_12'>12</span>extended from that point almost to the Capitol building. -I was on the outskirts of this crowd and could only see -the outline of the figures of the participants in the ceremony.</p> - -<p class='c006'>On another occasion Gen’l. Henry A. Wise, ex-governor -of the State, who was levantly called “fire eater” was to -make a speech in the hall of the House of Delegates. -His popularity and general interest to hear him was evidenced -by an assemblage that became so dense that an -unusual expedient was adopted, namely, an adjournment -was had to the same point from which Mr. Davis was inaugurated -and when the speaker with the crowd assembled -reached the monument a rain came up so that he was obliged -to return, a large number of persons having quit because of -the rain, thereby leaving the room comfortably filled. His -slender spare frame, almost haggard countenance and shrill -voice, all of themselves rendered him a spectacular speaker -and his eloquence directed immediately to you made him an -interesting speaker.</p> - -<p class='c006'>A curious occurrence took place daily in Capitol Square -in the morning before breakfast. A company of decrepit -old men, all I think without exception were thus, assembled -on the broad walk along the Capitol facing Capitol -Street to drill as soldiers. The only striking quality about -them was their evident inability for service from old age -and yet the cheerfulness and zeal with which they handled -their muskets and went through simple evolutions evidenced -a spirit unconscious of non utility. This company -shortly before Richmond was evacuated was succeeded at -the same place and at the same time daily by an equally -curious assemblage and that was a company of negroes, -intended to form the embryo negro troops for the Confederate -army. I have heard it often declared that no negro -troops were ever enlisted on the Southern side. For a -considerable time before the war ended the enlistment of -negroes as troops was earnestly deliberated and the efforts -in this direction in the Virginia Legislature led to the formation -of this Company of State troops. My father as a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_13'>13</span>member of the Legislature warmly advocated the enlistment -of negroes, having made an elaborate argument in -the House of Delegates for that purpose.</p> - -<p class='c006'>This company of negroes comprised about fifty or sixty -men, about 25 or 30 years of age, were almost entirely -dark mulattoes, wore no uniforms, indeed few soldiers in -the Confederacy wore uniforms except the officers and most -of theirs were shabby and old. The striking peculiarity -about this negro company was one that had appeared to -possess the company of old men, namely that while evidencing -interest in their drill it appeared to be for only momentary -purposes and it all seemed to be viewed as without -any subsequent purpose. And the peculiarity about the -negro company was that they appeared to regard themselves -as isolated or out of place, as if engaged in a work -not exactly in accord with their notions of self interest, no -doubt attributable to the fact that their inclination must -have been against engaging on the Southern side. Their -reward for enlistment I believe was to be freedom from -slavery. The life of a free negro in a slave holding country -was however not a very attractive one. He was -usually shunned by the slaves, who were jealous of him -and from whom he usually held aloof and the whites regarded -him with suspicion as unreliable and indifferent.</p> - -<p class='c006'>An incident occurred in my experience at the Capitol -that may be regarded as of particular interest. I have a -portion of the Confederate flag that floated over the Capitol, -the Capitol of the Confederacy at the fall of Richmond. -When last in Richmond the Librarian in the State Library -upon my asking him what had become of the flag, showed me -a small bundle of bunting lying in a glass book case and -he said it was portions of the flag that people had brought -back and given to the Library. I told him I had a piece -but intended to retain it. Mine came into my hands in -this wise. As my father was a member of the House of -Delegates this gave me the run of the Capitol and I was -intimate with the pages in the House. On one of our excursions -<span class='pageno' id='Page_14'>14</span>through the building we went through the Library -and through a garrett above and then through a trap door -onto the roof, in returning I was last and lying on the roof, -half inside the open trap door was the flag, at the end it -had a slit about one inch long and wide and it was so suggestive -that involuntarily almost I continued the slit for the -flag’s entire length and tearing the strip away, rolled it up -and put it in my pocket.</p> - -<p class='c006'>At another time I ran across the Vice President Alexander -H. Stephens. Something attracted his attention to -me. He regarded me with curious interest, I presume -because a little boy was observing him so closely. His -lameness and delicately drawn features were sufficient to -attract, but his small stature and earnest, studious expression -of countenance were equally attractive. He like -most of the persons I saw or met in a prominent government -relation in Richmond seemed to take the life of these -strenuous, stirring times most philosophically and in a -matter of fact way free from worry or excitement. When -it is remembered that the cannonading below Drury’s -Bluffs on the James River below Richmond could not only -be distinctly heard but it was only necessary to secure an -elevation and see the distinct flash of the cannon it will be -seen how close we constantly lived to conditions of trouble. -Often I climbed the garrett of the Powhatan Hotel, where -many of my legislative friends boarded to see the flash of -the cannonading.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Genl. Smith, ex-governor, “extra Billy Smith” he was -called was another interesting person I met at the Capitol. -The reputation he had acquired of kissing all the babies -on his election tours was warranted by his manner. Ease -of bearing, perfect accord with you, absolute freedom from -any ostentation were patent, no effort to lead in conversation, -the friendly utterances of an old friend all bespoke in -him the consummate politician rather than the soldier.</p> - -<p class='c006'>One of the most historical events that occurred in Richmond -I have never seen referred to in any writing. It -<span class='pageno' id='Page_15'>15</span>was after the return of the unsuccessful peace mission to -Fortress Monroe. A mass meeting was held in the African -Church in Broad Street near the Monumental Church and -the speakers were detailing to the audience the events and -results of the mission. One of the last speakers was Judah -P. Benjamin, Secretary of State of the Confederacy, and -one of Mr. Benjamin’s declarations was made with great -vehemence that as long as a drop of blood flowed in his -veins and until the last drop, he would never surrender. -It is peculiar that Mr. Benjamin was entirely consistent -in this declaration of his, because as the Southern Confederacy -faded away he escaped in an open boat to one of the -near by South Atlantic islands of England, Bermuda, I -think, and ultimately reached London where he achieved -great eminence in his profession as a lawyer and ultimately -retired to Paris where he died without ever returning -to the United States.</p> - -<p class='c006'>General John H. Morgan I saw immediately upon his -return as a prisoner from the North. He was warmly -greeted in Richmond and his gratified expression showed -his appreciation. His healthy complexion, well kept, full -appearance and free from care air indicated, that although -a prisoner he had evidently been supplied with necessaries -that were strangers to the meagerly supplied Confederate -officers in active service. Genl. Morgan was of rather -more than medium size and development and reminded -one more of the bonhomie clubman, bordering on the genial -and agreeable Bohemian rather than impressing one as -the bold dashing border raider in which he had acquired -his reputation, and as which he soon after leaving Richmond -lost his life.</p> - -<p class='c006'>General J. B. Stewart, “Jeb Stewart,” who commanded -the Confederate cavalry was of a remarkable personality. -I saw him riding at the head of his cavalry in passing -through Richmond. His hair was black and long, his -face was full, with large eyes and a prominent nose, his -shirt was cut low particularly in front, showing a massive -<span class='pageno' id='Page_16'>16</span>neck. He sat on his horse the perfection of a horseman, -holding the bridle in such a way that the horse, a well -kept one, seemed to partake of his rider’s intense vitality. -Although Genl. Stewart was unlike General Pickett, yet -something applicable alike to the two reminded me the one -of the other and when I saw General Pickett at the head -of his command, as I did, pass through Richmond before -the battle of Gettysburg and then saw this same command -with its thinned out ranks on its return after the campaign -in which that battle took place, the contrast was so heart -rending that it was an exceedingly sad welcome extended -them. Troops were constantly passing through Richmond -the last two years of the war and the scantiness which existed -in rations to which I have already alluded, the staple -fare being corn bread and bacon, extended to the clothes -of the soldiers. In a large command for instance a brigade -it was customary to see numbers of soldiers without -coats, others without hats, others without shoes, conditions -almost incredible to believe unless actually seen as I often -did. Upon one occasion while it was snowing a brigade of -infantry was marching up Main Street and when it reached -the Spottswood Hotel a hatter named Dooley who kept a hat -store under the Spottswood rolled from his store a number of -large wooden boxes, broke them open and took therefrom -a collection of shop worn straw hats which he forthwith -preceded to distribute to those of the soldiers who were -without any covering for their heads to shield them from -the falling snow. How our soldiers with all their discomforts, -privations and sad conditions were capable of doing -any fighting instead of being the brave, enduring men they -were furnished a great tribute for the Southern spirit, and -the Southern cause.</p> - -<p class='c006'>General Ewell while he was recuperating from his serious -wounds lived immediately opposite our house on -Marshall street in Richmond and would daily on his -crutches walk up and down the porch. He was tall and -slender and in his neat gray uniform and with his dark -<span class='pageno' id='Page_17'>17</span>bushy whiskers enveloping a pallid face his appearance -was a reminder of the suffering he had endured.</p> - -<p class='c006'>General Jubal Early was a small, active nervous man -with a curious mixture of force of character and apparent -volatileness. His most striking characteristic was unceasing -restlessness. He said nothing and did nothing that -was particularly impressive, but in a large room crowded -with men with no particular deference shown to him I was -instantly attracted by the movements of one whom I soon -learned was General Early and I then understood how he -had worked out the results he had in his historical valley -campaigns.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Colonel Mosby I never saw until shortly after the war -ended, that was at the funeral of Hon. Charles W. Russell -in Baltimore. He was a man that reminded me very -much of General Early except that he was of a quiet bearing, -closely shaven, with keen eyes and an incisive manner -and one could believe how he had been successful in -the many raids that had made him famous. On one of -these raids he had captured General Benjamin F. Kelley -and General Crook, two Major Generals in the Union Army, -having ridden one night with a detachment of his cavalry -through the Union lines to the Hotel in Romani where they -were staying, required them to rise, dress and accompany -him past their own troops into the Confederate lines, the -Federal troops supposing Mosby’s men to be a detachment -of their own cavalry. The two captured generals were -brought to Libby prison in Richmond. Genl. Kelley had -married into a family with whom my own family was intimate -and my father when he learned of General Kelley’s -arrival arranged to visit him. We took with us a large -market basket filled with eatables, such as Maryland biscuit, -a boiled ham and other nice things and after passing -through the outer offices of the prison we came into the -large room where General Kelley was. I was struck with -the very small number of prisoners in so large room; -Libby Prison had been a tobacco warehouse and this one -<span class='pageno' id='Page_18'>18</span>of the large rooms of the warehouse, on the first floor from -the entrance and second floor from the rear. There was -only one other Union officer besides General Crook in the -room and he was in the open space between that and the -next room. We talked with General Kelly near the window -in the rear, there were no chairs in the room and -General Crook stood off in the middle of the room viewing -us with curiosity. He had on long boots that came above -his knees, his pants being inside and one foot was on the -floor and the other, his right, resting on a box, he was -slightly stooping over with his right hand on his knee. -General Kelley called to him and he came over where we -were and after being introduced joined in our conversation. -The extreme pleasure shown by General Kelley and -the interest of General Crook at our visit was always a -pleasant experience in my life which made me follow in -watching the fortunes of these two Union officers until -each passed to the other shore, the last being General -Crook, his death affecting me markedly from the deep -impression he had made on me in that interview and from -the close observation I had kept of him.</p> - -<p class='c006'>There was another prison in Richmond not so well known -in the North as Libby Prison, but was better known in -Richmond and to many Southern soldiers and that was -“Castle Thunder.” That was where deserters were kept -and the gentleman in command of the prison was Captain -Alexander from Baltimore. I once dined with him and -his wife at the house where they boarded. I was a guest -of Captain and Mrs. Alexander and they had another -guest about my age, Rosa, the little daughter of Mrs. -Greenhough of Washington, who after surviving a period -of confinement in the Capitol Prison at Washington almost -within the shadow of the statue sculptured by her husband -had been permitted to come South to Richmond accompanied -by her daughter.</p> - -<p class='c006'>There was still another military prison in Richmond and -that was “Belle Isle,” out in the middle of James River. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_19'>19</span>As Libby Prison was exclusively for captured officers, so -Belle Isle was exclusively for privates of the Union Army, -and just as I had been deeply impressed with the few -prisoners in Libby Prison, I was markedly impressed with -the throngs of prisoners at Belle Isle. I once accompanied -my father and a number of our soldiers to call upon -one of the prisoners at Belle Isle. This prisoner was -sent for to come to the gate to talk with us, but when -he came he did not seem particularly glad or sorry to see -us and seemed to regard us with uninterested curiosity -rather than anything else.</p> - -<p class='c006'>General Robert E. Lee I met just after the war closed. -He had returned to his home in Richmond on Franklin -street between 7th and 8th, a house that belonged to Mr. -John Stewart, a wealthy Scotchman who resided at his -country place on the Brooke Turnpike and had his business -office in the basement of the Franklin street house. -Mr. Stewart’s family and General Lee’s wife were patients -of my father. Mrs. Lee had long been an invalid and -upon the occasion of meeting General Lee I accompanied -my father who went to pay a professional visit to Mrs. -Lee. I carried with me six of General Lee’s photographs -intending to ask him to sign his name on each. We were -ushered into the parlor and General Lee almost immediately -appeared. My father introduced me and then went -upstairs to see Mrs. Lee leaving me with General Lee who -invited me over to a seat on the sofa in the corner by a -window alongside of him, he sitting next to the window. -Prior to sitting on the sofa however, I told him I had -brought my photographs to ask him to sign his name to -them and he took them to the dining room in the rear of -the parlor where he said there were pen and ink and soon -returned with his name signed to each and all of which I -subsequently gave away, except two that I still have. On -taking his seat alongside of me I was struck with the -naturalness and simplicity of his actions and conversation. -He had a full face, clear, open eyes, healthful complexion, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_20'>20</span>full beard of gray and carried himself in a quiet naturally -dignified way. In reply to his questions I told him I had -been before the war closed and up to the evacuation of -Richmond a cadet at the Virginia Military Institute, being -the youngest cadet in the corps, and no doubt had been -the youngest that ever attended there, being only fourteen -years and six months old. He told me that he had just -had a visit from and talk with General Smith, the Superintendent -of the Institute who told him he purposed to make -arrangements without delay to reopen the Institute at Lexington -its former home before it was destroyed by General -Hunter of the Union Army, and I urged General Lee to -intercede for me with my father to permit me to return to -the Institute. It was a great source of personal gratification -to me, a young boy to have had this talk with General -Lee. There is one feature with reference to General Lee -that I deem it necessary to advert to. In some way, I -know not how, it has been recognized as true that General -Lee entertained great respect and high personal regard for -General U. S. Grant. I know that General Lee had occasion -from time to time to write from his headquarters -around Richmond to my father in reference to Mrs. Lee’s -condition and in one of these letters he gave distinct expression -to the views he entertained in reference to General -Grant. It is possible that these views were modified -at the time of his personal intercourse with General Grant -incident to the surrender of his army, but one would find -difficulty in discovering any thing in the incident of the -surrender other than those of a negative character calculated -to produce decided changes in an opinion preconceived -of General Grant’s character: and one’s opinions -in matters of this sort are not usually affected by negative -influences. The views expressed by General Lee in -his letter were not those popularly accepted after the war -as expressing a high regard for General Grant, but were -the views generally entertained and expressed of General -Grant by the Southern people in the South during the war, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_21'>21</span>except that General Lee was utterly incapable of voicing -the popular Southern expression wherein General Grant -was styled in the South during the war by the Southern -press and by popular expression there, horrible as it now -sounds, a “butcher” in consequence of the apparently -heartless way in which he subjected great bodies of his -troops to what appeared useless loss of life.</p> - -<p class='c006'>In one of my interviews with Colonel Charles Marshall -of Baltimore with whom I enjoyed many years of intimate -professional relation, I stated to him what I have -above referred to, mentioning the sentiments expressed -by General Lee in his letters to my father. Colonel Marshall -who had been General Lee’s private secretary during -the war gave me to understand that he knew they were -the sentiments actually entertained.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Governor Letcher was the war governor of Virginia. -Those who called upon him were received in a room in -the State House at one end of which stood a large side -board occupied by decanters and glasses, a part of his -Creed was to extend the hospitality of this side board to -each visitor. Virginia hospitality required him to keep -company in the partaking of the refreshments with the -result that he had a phenomenally red face, perpetually -wreathed in smiles. It can be understood that delegations -of legislators often called upon him. He also frequently -held evening receptions that were exceedingly -agreeable and very popular, although never crowded and -at one of these receptions which I attended I remember -viewing with astonishment, a portly man with long black -curls hanging down his back and with him an exceedingly -pretty young girl whom I learned was his daughter. This -individual was well known in Richmond and will be recognized -without further description by any one conversant -with Richmond life during the war. At the time General -Hunter burned the Military Institute at Lexington he also -burned Governor Letcher’s house located there in revenge -for which it will be remembered that Harry Gilmor on his -<span class='pageno' id='Page_22'>22</span>raid into Maryland burned the house of Governor Bradford -on Charles Street Avenue a few miles out from Baltimore. -This same Harry Gilmor possessed qualities of -a superior character, for I remember that after the war -when he returned to Baltimore, with the occupation for -which nature fitted him as a soldier, gone, instead of his -becoming a stipendiary on the bounty of his friends, he -engaged for a while as a journeyman painter, although no -one had been raised with better rights to gentle associations -and I once viewed him with intense interest painting -the front of a house on the west side of Eutaw street near -Franklin and he was doing his work earnestly and well. -With a slight natural defect in one of his eyes, his face -was entirely oblivious to the fact of anything unusual in -his occupation, a spirit of independence that soon after -led to his being elected sheriff of the City. This same -position of sheriff was also held by another returned -Southerner who had gone to Richmond from Baltimore -where he had been Marshal of Police shortly after we -had passed through on our way to Richmond. This -genial gentleman, George P. Kane, showed in every trait -and manner his racial extraction and it was no matter of -wonder that he passed from sheriff to Mayor of the City.</p> - -<p class='c006'>When the Virginia Military Institute was burned after -the battle of New Market where the cadets lost a number -who were killed and where many were wounded, the corps -was sent to Richmond. Every Richmond boy had a great -ambition to go to the Institute, at that time regarded as -the West Point of the South. The cadets were a part of -the Confederate army and every graduate was given an -officer’s commission in the army. Incidents were constantly -occurring to keep alive and active this spirit to -become a cadet—boys have little fear of bullets, they -enjoy the excitement of active army life and even death -and wounds appeal to them as making heroes. After the -battle of New Market one of the cadets a son of Dr. -Cabell of Richmond who was killed in that battle was -<span class='pageno' id='Page_23'>23</span>brought to Richmond for burial and his funeral took place -from his father’s home on Franklin street where he lived, -a neighbor of General Lee. I remember as the remains -after the service were borne down the front steps and -through the iron front gate the intense awe and respect in -the face of the young men assembled on the pavement -around the entrance to the open space in front of the -house. It was here I believe I first formed the determination -to be a cadet and, strange to say, when I first entered -the cadet ranks, the drill master assigned to our -squad was Bob Cabell, a brother of the cadet whose funeral -I had attended that day.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The Cadets of the Virginia Military Institute were in -number about five or six hundred, were from all over the -South and ranged in age from about sixteen years to about -twenty-four or five. I entered the Institute shortly before -the evacuation of Richmond and enjoyed the distinction, -as I have stated, of being the youngest cadet in the corps. -When the cadets first came to Richmond, they marched -with singularly soldier-like precision and carriage out Grace -street to the Fair grounds where they were for a time -quartered. The uniforms of the boys as also their food -began to partake of the Confederate soldier variety and it -was pathetic to see some of these boys marching in ranks -through Richmond to their quarters with pants torn or -worn out at the bottom and variegated in outfit, some with -cadet jackets and plain pants, others with cadet pants and -plain jackets. The Richmond Alms House was assigned -to the cadets for their quarters. Life there would -have been ordinarily recognized as singularly trying; to -the young men in the corps it was a perpetual joy, alloyed -alone by the obligation to attend lectures. The rooms that -were a delight to them were simply unmentionable. In -my room about twelve feet wide and twenty-four feet long -were sixteen cadets who slept and studied there. In the -day time the mattresses were piled each on top of the -other in a single corner of the room—at night time they -<span class='pageno' id='Page_24'>24</span>were arranged side by side with head against the wall. -One long table occupied the center of the room. It was -supposed to be a study table and was occupied at night by -a favored one to sleep upon. In the day time it was never -occupied except by the boys lounging upon it in lieu of -chairs, smoking their pipes and gossiping. Pure atmosphere -day or night in that room was not needed by those -young men with their wonderful vitality. In day time the -air was redolent with tobacco smoke from their pipes. At -night time the door was invariably kept closed by any who -were up playing cards or gossiping after the retiring hour -to shut out from view the officer of the guard, who whenever -he wished to investigate for such breaches of discipline -always discreetly and considerately knocked before -entering, opening the door to find everything in perfect -order. Each room had a petty officer, usually a corporal, -a senior who was supposed to be responsible for the good -order and cleanliness of the room. One of the duties of -this senior was to initiate by “bucking” any new cadet introduced -into his room. This “bucking”, peculiar to the -Institute, consisted in taking the new comer’s right hand, -carrying it behind his back, twisting it around until he -was compelled thereby to bend over when he would be -struck by the senior with a bayonet scabbard on his posterior -once for each letter in his name and in the event he -was without a middle name he was given the right to select -one and upon failure to do so was given the name Constantinople -for its many letters. Thereupon he was dubbed -a “rat”, which name he bore for one year. He was liable -to have trouble for the whole first year and might have -to take another bucking or stand up to a fight, which -usually was brought about in a formal way and was a great -affair. The corporal of our room was a mild mannered -gentlemanly fellow named Bayard of Georgia, whose father -was, I believe, in the Confederate Congress from that -State. After bucking me and permitting me to choose Asa -for my middle name he dubbed me “mouse” and stated -<span class='pageno' id='Page_25'>25</span>to me that if any one attempted to give me any trouble -to let him know. No trouble was there though for me, it -was one constant stretch of delightful experiences. The -association with older boys and men who treated me not -simply as an equal but from my youth and boyishness -showed me every favor rendered my life one of joyous -ease. I was informed by the cadet whose name immediately -preceded mine in roll call of my company that any -time I wanted to get off to let him know and he would -answer twice, once for himself, once for me. I was introduced -by a friendly cadet to the apothecary’s assistant -who turned an honest dollar in selling surreptitiously to -the boys ginger cakes and pies at a thousand per cent -profit. I was recommended to old “Judge”, the negro -head cook and steward, who, black as coal, was with the -boys the most popular person in the corps, but for his -favors which usually comprised an extra allowance of -bread, expected a suitable remembrance. A room I have -here described could furnish no more than living quarters -for the number occupying it, and how any studying could -be done at night by two dull tallow candles, the only lights -was inexplicable. Toilets were performed in a general -wash room, adjoining a larger room where all trunks were -kept and these two rooms were on the same stoop or porch -and a little apart from the living rooms that all adjoined. -If meagre fare contributed to good health, the boys were -entitled to the extraordinary health they possessed with -such surroundings. A typical breakfast was “growley”, -bread and Confederate coffee. Sometimes sorghum -molasses took the place of “growley.” This latter dish -was quite watery, being a hash of beef, potatoes and -onions. A typical dinner was boiled Irish potatoes, boiled -corned beef and bread. Meals were served in the large -dining room in the basement at plain pine tables with no -covering, each table seating about one dozen. At the head -of the table stood the large dish of growley or the corn-beef -and at each cadet’s plate was his half loaf of bread. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_26'>26</span>It required practice and expertness to slide one’s tin plate -over the table, to the “growley” dish for a helping and -some art to secure at long distance the favorable disposition -of the cadet sitting at the head to whom fell the delightful -emolument of apportioning the “growley.” The -half loaf of bread was where old “Judge” came in, -for you always felt as if you wanted more. Each cadet -was furnished his own two pronged fork and a good large -table knife, both of the rough bone handled variety, colored -a dark brown. This fare with undue discipline would -have been unbearable but with the free and independent -life led there it was only a pleasing passing incident in the -daily routine of cadet life constantly filled with ever recurring -incidents to surprise, interest and exhilarate and -no grumbling ever took place, only high spirits and the -fullest animal enjoyment in the flush of health.</p> - -<p class='c006'>A bell rang for classes or lectures and the class rooms -were a wonder. The classes were so large that many -would have to stand up grouped together, usually near -the door. Before the lecture was finished the groups would -be greatly thinned out, for from time to time while the -professor was absorbed in his work or inspecting the black -boards the door would softly open and out would slip some -member of the group who would softly close the door and -walk past the windows of the class room as naturally as -if he were on a mission, the only evidence of irregularity -being the exceedingly expert quick way with which he -vanished through the door. Another result of the large -classes was the effort to test the students by requiring -several to recite at once, as one at a time would never -have reached around. This was supposed to be accomplished -by means of the blackboard, at each of the five -or six boards was stationed one cadet and the same test -was furnished to all at once. Out of the entire number -at work usually at least one knew his task well. The -others made a show of great industry and with much -waste of chalk and many changes and corrections and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_27'>27</span>with a sharp eye on his neighbor’s work he managed to -construct a passable performance. The last exhibit I saw -in the geography class was a curiously drawn map in -chalk outlining South America. It was not difficult to -identify the copies of various grades and conditions, nor -the original from which made. I suppose the professor -was charitable in not holding his students to a too strict -accountability. I wonder indeed how they could do any -studying with such conditions or surroundings, instead of -showing the general faithfulness that they did to their -work.</p> - -<p class='c006'>As I have stated a fight was a very formal affair; while -usually originating in quite an unmentionable way it was -arranged to take place with a full regard to the proprieties. -One of the sixteen men in my room was a jew -named Lovenstein from Richmond. He was a new cadet -like myself and was therefore liable to have trouble. He -had declined to submit to some indignity required of him -by an older cadet and he was thereupon challenged to -fight. This latter he had no way of escaping. It was -passed around during the day that there was to be a fight -in so and so’s room that night, I got there in company -with the men from our room about half after eight o’clock, -the hour these affairs usually occurred. The room was -packed to suffocation, standing around an improvised -ring. The air was filled with tobacco smoke but there -was absolutely no talking or noise. In the ring in the -center of the room the two fighters were facing each other. -My sympathies were with the jew because he came from -our room. A jew in the South or in Richmond who comported -himself as a gentleman was received as such, the -commercialism that attached to the race elsewhere did not -at that date affect his status as a gentleman in the South. -Lovenstein stood up manfully to his task, with the creditable -result that secured for him the regard of the other -inmates of our room and it soon became understood that -<span class='pageno' id='Page_28'>28</span>he was to be protected thereafter and that no further -trouble was to be put up for him.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The gala performance of the day was at dress parade. -This occurred at five in the afternoon. The large plaza -fronting the full width of the Alms House furnished a fine -parade ground. Colonel Shipp, a portly, dignified impressive -man who at the time of my present writing is still at -the Institution now as Superintendent was then the Commandant, -his adjutant was a little man named Woodbridge -and these two with the well drilled corps as a whole -furnished the three striking incidents of the parade. The -awkward squads consisting of new cadets were put through -simple evolutions at the same hour off from the parade -ground at each end of the building. Visitors in large -numbers assembled to watch each drill of the corps. At -the close, the cadets were at liberty to stroll off in the -neighborhood for an hour recreation, and that was liberally -availed of. Soldierly dignity was not invariably -preserved in these strolls. Pent up youthful vitality freed -from restraint showed itself in rough play and upon one -occasion an older companion of mine in the exuberance -of his spirits lifted me to his shoulders and completed his -walk bearing me with him in this position until his return -to the restraining formalities of the Institute grounds. -One’s introduction to the Institute was in strict military -discipline; the details of name, age, residence and the -taking of the oath of allegiance to the State and to the -Confederacy were followed by a written requisition for a -blanket, mattress, knife and fork, etc., and an assignment -to a room and company. Mine was B Company. A -sedate and dignified looking cadet named Ross was captain, -a good, old fashioned, friendly fellow named Royston -was orderly sergeant. My introduction to the corporal -of my room was through an army officer, Captain -Shriver, who had recently graduated and who accompanied -me and my father on my entrance into the Institute.</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_29'>29</span>General Smith, the Superintendent, was only seen by -the cadets in his private office at the far end of the building. -The only visit I made to him was quite an event in -my life. Usually visits to the Superintendent were quite -serious affairs, furnishing checks to exuberant spirits, -often grave in consequences. Therefore a notification that -your presence was desired by the Superintendent was calculated -to set the heart going more rapidly and to stir the -memory for some breach that must have been discovered. -The summons to me one day just as I was about to attend -my French lecture was as unattractive as attending the -lecture. But when I reached the Superintendent’s room -I found there three Confederate soldiers constituents of -my father’s and friends of my family who had come out -to see me and had secured permission for me to accompany -them back to Richmond to spend the day. An event -of the day was the taking of a photograph in a group, -this with a good supply of peanuts and a visit to the -theatre furnished quite a full day for us four, three seedy -and friendly Confederate soldiers and a youthful cadet -just fourteen years old. Their request to Genl. Smith to -allow me to accompany them on their lark had evidently -appeared so unique that I was struck with the degree of -pleasure it seemed to afford him and my soldier friends.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The meagre fare made me yearn greatly to participate -of the food that I knew was being enjoyed at my home -and I was not slow in availing myself of any temporary -leave I could obtain. One of these occasions took place -just shortly before the evacuation of Richmond and upon -my return to the Institute I was greeted by an almost -empty building. I found the Corps had been called out -the night before to go to the front, leaving me as a younger -cadet with a number of others as a detail to guard the Institute. -For the short time we were in charge, there was -of course no lectures and little discipline, each one could -go and come as he chose, with the result that my visits to -my home board were more interesting and in my saunters -<span class='pageno' id='Page_30'>30</span>along the streets I began to notice on the Saturday prior -to the evacuation premonitions of coming trouble. Great -activity was suddenly manifested through the various Confederate -Government departments. The Cadets at the Institute -were extended permission to remove their trunks. -This was availed of on Saturday and also on Sunday until -the Institute was practically abandoned by every one there, -but was filled with the furniture and the trunks of all the -absent cadets, except of those few who had friends to take -charge of them. Besides my own trunk I was able to care -for that of another room mate and sent it to him by express -to his home some weeks later.</p> - -<p class='c006'>On Sunday morning the 2d of April, 1865, it was apparent -to anyone that the City was to be abandoned by -the Confederate troops. Great piles of official documents -and papers of all sorts were brought out from the departments, -piled up in the centre of the streets in separate -piles at short distances apart and then set on fire to be -destroyed, some few burned entirely, others only smouldered -and others again failed to burn at all. The result -seemed to depend on the quality of the paper and the -density of the bundles. From one pile I took out a roll -of Confederate bonds with all coupons attached and from -another pile a bundle of official papers of various sorts. -On Monday morning the 3d of April, I saw going up Marshall -street about daylight two Confederate cavalrymen on -foot who were the very last of the Confederate soldiers to -leave Richmond. On the same morning about eleven o’clock -I saw the first Union soldier to enter Richmond. He was -also a cavalryman, riding up Broad street and was near -Tenth street when I saw him and was surrounded and followed -by a howling, frantic mob of about five hundred -negro boys, there being no other person except myself -that I could see on the street in the vicinity. Between -these two periods, the going of the last Confederates and -the coming of the first Union soldier, stirring scenes were -being elsewhere enacted. I had first gone out to the Institute -<span class='pageno' id='Page_31'>31</span>to see how matters stood there and I found it was in -possession of a horde of men, women and children from -all the neighborhood around, who had broken open the -building and were carrying away everything movable, -furniture, cadets’ trunks, books, guns and swords. Indeed, -their vandalism spared nothing. I went to my room and -was able to secure my blankets and my knife and fork and -my books. It was intensely distressing to observe the -property of the cadets who were off in the discharge of -their duty, boldly appropriated and carried off before my -eyes by these multitudinous freebooters who preyed upon -it as if it was so much public spoils free to all who chose -to help themselves. I tarried there a very short while, -carrying away with me what I had been able to save of -my own to my home. In leaving I noticed that the brick -arsenal across the road from the Institute had been, during -the night, blown up with such force that the fresh dirt in -two graves alongside had been blown out. They were the -graves of two negroes who shortly before had been hung -on the hill to the east of the Institute, having been found -guilty of burglarously entering the cellar of the Rev. Dr. -Moses D. Hoge, the Presbyterian minister in Richmond, -out of which they had stolen a couple of hams. After -reaching my home, I went down to the Spotswood Hotel at -the corner of 8th and Main streets just on the edge of -where the fire was raging. Why the Confederate troops -had set fire, as was reported of them in their evacuation of -Richmond, I could not understand. The fire was most -disastrous in extent and in the character of the buildings. -It was in the business section; and the post office, a -granite building on Main street between 9th and 10th in -which was President Davis’ office was the only building -left standing within a wide radius. Scenes similar to -what I had seen enacted at the Military Institute were -also taking place on the edge of the fire district. Stores -were being broken into and looted by women, men and -boys. Barrels of flour were being rolled away, bolts of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_32'>32</span>cloth, boxes filled with all sorts of commodities, groceries, -tobacco, etc. In the midst of this carnival of plunder a -lot of women, a half dozen in number, had concentrated -their attention on a particular bolt of unbleached coarse -cotton cloth and in the contest for it had unwound it, each -one pulling her way. Others around were carrying away -equally valuable goods ad libitum, but these viragos -ignored the ample opportunities elsewhere, concentrating -their energies on their fight for this particular cloth. The -temptation to myself and to another boy of my age with -me was so strong to incommode them in their senseless -conduct that we took small bags of tobacco from two -barrels in front of a store under the Spotswood Hotel and -pelted them with the tobacco. While thus engaged the -fire gradually crept around in the rear of Main street -towards Franklin and had reached an arsenal on 8th street -for making bomb shells. Soon the shells began to burst -and pieces flew in our direction, breaking windows and -scattering the crowd, including the fighting women, who -got away with no plunder from that immediate locality.</p> - -<p class='c006'>We had spent the summer of 1863 on the James river -about twelve miles above Richmond and a visit I subsequently -paid there gave me an opportunity of enjoying -an experience that can never be repeated, namely getting -out of Richmond on a Confederate pass and witnessing -some of the incidents of an historical raid. My father -had formed a personal friendship with the family of General -Winder, who was from Baltimore, and as all passes -had to be obtained from General Winder, who was in command -of Richmond and it was difficult to obtain access to -him at his office on Main street, I went to his house and -got a pass from his son who was his aide. With this, I -boarded the canal boat on the James River and Kanawha -Canal, which boat left every evening at the foot of 7th -street for its trip up the canal. These boats were fitted -to take a long trip, uncomfortable though it might be. It -was pulled by three horses going at a rapid trot, the front -<span class='pageno' id='Page_33'>33</span>one ridden by the driver who blew a horn for the locks -and the mail and to change horses. The efforts of the -drivers on freight boats on these horns were often artistic -and as musical as an accomplished bugler. Nothing of -that sort was ever attempted by the boy who rode the -horses on the passenger boat. The passengers in good -weather sat on camp stools on the top of the boat and a -man at the end steered, at frequent intervals calling out -“low bridge” at which all on deck ducked their heads to -avoid the low bridges which so frequently crossed the -canal from one portion of a farm to another. The kitchen -was at the end of the boat. In the long saloon on each -side was a seat running the whole length, which was converted -into beds at night. In the centre of the saloon -was a long table upon which meals were served. Just -after leaving Richmond the sentry came around to inspect -the passes and verify the descriptions they contained of -their possessors. He usually completed his rounds seven -or eight miles out about the time the canal boat reached -the “grave yard,” an open space extending out from the -canal and covered by water in which were sunk worn out -canal boats.</p> - -<p class='c006'>When ready to return to Richmond I was to do so by -the Plank Road, but the instant we struck this road we -found it blocked by heavy trees that had been cut down -and thrown across the road so as to render it impassable -for horse or man. We quickly learned that this was to intercept -Dahlgren’s raiders who were then some distance up -the river and were supposed to be approaching by the -Plank Road. All the neighborhood had sent their horses -out into the woods in the custody of the most faithful of -the negroes to prevent their seizure by the raiders, and -silverware and other articles portable had been concealed -so that preparations were fully made for the arrival of -Dahlgren’s troops. This occurred the next day. They -had crossed the river at a ford a short distance above -under the guidance of a negro of the neighborhood who -<span class='pageno' id='Page_34'>34</span>had essayed to pilot them to Richmond and when they -reached these obstructions on the Plank Road they were -compelled to deflect their course so that they were carried -around Richmond instead of into it, and here at this point -where they left the Plank road occurred an incident that -I could not understand then and do not clearly understand -now. They hung their negro guide. They left his body -hanging and after it was taken down by residents, the -rope was cut into small pieces and passed around as mementoes. -I feel assured that Dahlgren’s men could not -impute to the negro knowledge of the obstructions in the -road. The circumstances enforced this conclusion. The -obstructions had just been placed; their appearance made -this self evident. As a matter of fact they had been put -there during the night by parties sent from Richmond and -were entirely unknown to persons in the vicinity. The -negro guide had been picked up miles above at a time -when it was patent to any one he could not have known -of these obstructions. The slightest acquaintance with -negro character during the war should moreover have informed -the raiders that no negro would have volunteered -to pilot Federal troops with the intent of leading them -into trouble, or of not performing for them all he was -capable of, and I can only conclude that he was a victim -of combined ignorance of the negro and irritation at being -intercepted in their progress. If they had reached nearer -to Richmond they would have found almost every white -citizen in the City, whatever his station or occupation, -armed and in the trenches around the city awaiting their -arrival, so that getting into the City was practically impossible.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The Confederate hospitals in Richmond were possibly -the most interesting places for most persons. The officers’ -hospital was at Richmond College at that time in the -country about a mile from the built up city. Since then the -City has built out to and beyond it. The Seabrook Hospital, -occupied exclusively by privates, was a collection -<span class='pageno' id='Page_35'>35</span>of one story long frame buildings in the neighborhood of -23d street and Franklin Street. The surgeon in chief -was Dr. Gravett with whose family we were intimate and -a feature of this hospital was the delightful biscuits made -there by the cook. The Chimborazo Hospital was another -famous one. Between this hospital and a point on the -open ground across from President Davis’ residence the -signal corps men every night exchanged signals in practicing, -a group of men being stationed on the hill near -the hospital with their torch and another group with a -torch on the other side of the valley in the space next the -President’s house. The President’s house, now the Confederate -Museum, was one of the prettiest houses in Richmond. -The president met with a sad loss there in the -death of his son. At the time this occurred some one -started a subscription among the children to erect a monument -to the memory of the child and the names of all -who subscribed were written on paper, it being also there -written that the monument was a gift from the playmates -of the boy and the paper was placed in the monument -erected over the grave at Hollywood. My name was included, -but I am sure that scarcely one in the entire -number was in fact a playmate of the boy who was so -delicate that his only companion was his nurse.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The most interesting sights were the fortifications around -Richmond. Out on the Mechanicsville turnpike about -two miles beyond the Alms House was the inner fort on -the North. This was manned by a battery composed of -Norfolk men under command of a Captain Hendren, two -deserters from the Union Army were placed in this battery. -They were treated in a most friendly way by the -men, but they seemed out of place themselves and awkward -and strange. Why they should have deserted I -could not understand, for an exchange of the ample fare -of the Union soldier with their luxuries for the cornbread -and bacon of the Confederates could not have been an attraction. -This same pike while the Battle of Cold Harbor -<span class='pageno' id='Page_36'>36</span>was in progress presented an intensely interesting appearance, -clear from Richmond to the narrow Chickahomini -River and beyond, it was lined with soldiers, horses and -wagons hurrying to and fro and one of the most attractive -sights was the stream of Union prisoners just captured -and being marched into Richmond. One prisoner I recall -as a common type, he was a German emigrant utterly -unable to speak a word of English, dressed in a new -Zouave uniform of gaudy colors and he evidently labored -under the delusion that he was going to better his condition -by exchanging from a fighter in the Union army to a -prisoner in the Confederacy. I believe if he had had any -conception of the restrictive diet of the prisoner or Confederate -soldier, for both fared about alike, he would have -been less easily captured, and the bounty and substitute -money that no doubt had been securely disposed of by -him at his enlistment were going to look less alluring in a -Confederate prison than the future these pictured to him -while he enjoyed his exceedingly brief army experience.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The most interesting fortifications were on the James -River at Drury’s Bluff about seven miles below Richmond, -and a sort of an excursion steamer enabled visitors to inspect -the fortifications. In the neighborhood of Drury’s -Bluff further down the River was the Howlett House, historical -for being at various periods first in the Confederate -lines and then in the Union. Upon a visit I paid to it in -Company with Col. Herbert of the 17th Virginia Regiment -and the Rev. Mr. Perkins, the Chaplain, we obtained -a magnificent view of the surrounding country and -of both armies, our own and the Union. Dutch Gap was -in the distance and Butlers Tower was in front of us and -down on the river shore below us were thousands of shells -that had been fired by the Union batteries and had failed -to explode. In returning from the Howlett House to the -station of the 17th Virginia, sharpshooters in the Union -lines began firing at us and the bullets threw up the dirt -around us in a lively fashion. I feel convinced the sharpshooters -<span class='pageno' id='Page_37'>37</span>were trying to see how near they could come to -us without hitting us, my companions however preferred -to get down below the raise in the ground. The same -spirit of play I think must have actuated the batteries -that were continually firing shells that went clear over the -fortifications and way behind, possibly a mile or so. The -fortifications were constructed in a very formidable way. -The front of the raised earth was a labyrinth of brush and -sharpened stakes pointing outward. Inside of the fortifications -were deep ravines cut in the earth, turning and -twisting with pillars of earth at intervals, so as to permit -the sentries to approach the breastworks without exposure. -The quarters of the soldiers were usually dugouts, covered -with raised wooden tops. The sleeping bunks were below -the ground and each location had a fire place. One of my -nights was spent in one of these with a corporal of one -of the companies of the 17th Virginia. His room mate -was absent. Before entering he handed me a copy of -David Copperfield and this was my first introduction to -the delights of Dickens’ works. The corporal also offered -me a flour biscuit, the only one he had; as I knew the -meaning of it to him I declined. During the night we -were aroused by a night attack at the front a few hundred -yards away, which compelled my room mate to go there. -I had never heard so many bullets whistle over head before -and the sound was more intense from the stillness of the -night, the attack, however, was of short duration.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The most interesting scene in camp life was the church -service on Sunday night. The soldiers were in winter -quarters and a good sized frame tabernacle had been erected -with seats around on boards very much like a circus. The -auditorium was crowded, of course exclusively with soldiers -and a more impressive service and a more deeply -interested and serious set of men I never saw. The two -opposing lines, Confederate and Union, had been so long -fixed at this point and they were respectively so securely -intrenched that matters looked quite permanent and these -<span class='pageno' id='Page_38'>38</span>conditions led to interchange of friendly relations between -the two sides leading to exchange of newspapers, tobacco, -etc. The slenderness of the Confederate soldier’s equipment -was constantly in evidence and the contrast with -his bounteously supplied enemy made his situation often -pathetic. Upon one occasion during this visit of mine to -the 17th Virginia the quartermaster’s wagon came around -to dole out a few articles and among the things given was -a cotton shirt to a middle aged member of a Norfolk Company -which excited the jealousy and anger of a young -man in the same company who declared that the older was -not entitled to the shirt and did not need it and that he -had money hidden away. The scarcity of food in Richmond -several times led to distressing scenes, resulting in -some instances to public riots, in which women seemed to -take the leading part. Their outcry for bread gave to -these affairs the designation of “bread riots” and several -of a very serious nature took place during the closing -years of the war resulting in considerable destruction of -property in an effort on the part of the mob to break into -stores and resulting also in great suffering and excitement -before the disturbances were quelled.</p> - -<p class='c006'>It was an experience not possessed by many to have -seen from time to time pass through Richmond the Confederate -soldiers that composed the entire army of General -Lee. Added to this however it was my fortune after -the war to see the entire armies of General Grant and -General Sherman pass through Richmond on their march -to Washington. They all passed one point where I was -stationed, namely, at Broad and First streets on their way -up Broad street and out the Brook Turnpike. There were -three features that were prominent in connection with -these Union armies, one was the well dressed, well kept -appearance of the soldiers, another the vast number of -their bands of music in marked contrast with scarcely -any in our army and another the great number of horses -the cavalrymen possessed, some had three and four horses -<span class='pageno' id='Page_39'>39</span>each, and I concluded that the South through which the -Union armies passed, must have been pretty well denuded -of its horses.</p> - -<p class='c006'>After the war the President’s house was used as head -quarters for the general in command of the Union troops -in Richmond. And as my father was the only Homeopathic -physician in Richmond and very many Federal -officers with their families preferred homeopathy and employed -him I had favorable opportunities for knowing certain -things about which some confusion subsequently -existed. This knowledge enabled me to correct a statement -some years since that was circulated extensively -through the public press with reference to General Lee. -It had been declared by General Adam Badeau that immediately -upon the close of the war when General Lee -returned to Richmond he and his family were the recipients -of aid from General Grant who practically provided for -the support of General Lee’s family. I knew all the circumstances -which gave a plausible foundation for this -story. My father, as I have stated, was Mrs. Lee’s physician; -he was also the physician among other Federal -officers of General Peter Michie, the Federal quartermaster -general. An offer courteously and with delicacy was -made to General Lee of any aid the temporary situation of -his family might require. General Lee however was under -no necessity of availing himself of this aid and none in -consequence was given. General Lee had devoted friends, -able and willing to render any aid that might have been -needed to whom he would naturally have looked for aid -had such been required. He was at that time, as I have -stated, living in the house of Mr. John Stewart, a wealthy -Scotchman who had settled long before the war in Richmond. -Whatever may have been the arrangement for -rent I understand that Mr. Stewart declined to accept -anything in settlement, and as a Scotchman can not be -made to recede from his position no doubt no rent was -paid.</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_40'>40</span>One of the incidents to the rehabilitation of Richmond -after the evacuation and the accompanying disastrous fire -was the great influx of mercantile firms from the North -with every kind of goods imaginable. Why they should -have rushed in thus with their oceans of merchandise to -sell to impoverished Confederates was to me a mystery. -As might be imagined prices fell very low and large numbers -of the new comers failed completely. Another incident -of the new order of things was the flooding of the -City with counterfeit money, particularly small notes for -fractional amounts of a dollar, some of the counterfeits -being wretched productions. Another feature was the -way in which architects and builders from the North stepped -in to help rebuild the burned district, resulting in better -buildings than before, but with in many cases no commensurate -profit to the builders. At that time was first -introduced into Richmond the ground rent system that -prevails so extensively in Baltimore and Philadelphia. -The first house under this system was built on a lot where -had stood the house from which salt orders had been issued -during the war. The salt mines belonged to and were -worked by the State and a system of free distribution was -inaugurated in consequence of the scarcity and the necessity -of salt so that each householder depending upon the -size of his family was entitled to receive gratuitously a -certain quantity weekly for which an order was issued to -him.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The most gruesome sight during the war was to see the -vast numbers of wounded Confederate soldiers brought -into Richmond in the trains. This was constantly occurring -and was most noticeable during the great battles in -the neighborhood of Fredericksburg. The attention given -to the wounded appeared to be scant before reaching -Richmond. And they were brought down on the Richmond -and Fredericksburg Railroad and unloaded on Broad -street to be taken to the hospitals very much as they were -taken from the field of battle. How they were able to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_41'>41</span>pass through the suffering they must have endured before -reaching the hospital was a miracle, only to be accounted -for by the life of exposure to the open air, endurance and -their strong vitality.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Blockade running was carried on as an extensive business -all through the war, but reached its highest state of -accomplishment in the closing year before the fall of Richmond. -It was of a two fold character; one, of ships with -Wilmington, North Carolina, as the port and the other of -individuals who crossed the Potomac at night usually landing -at Leonardtown, Charles County, Maryland. The -ships took out cargoes of cotton, as this was about the -only article, unless it was tobacco, left to be exported from -the Southern Confederacy and they brought in return a -miscellaneous cargo, not very extensive and not very large, -most of the cotton shipments winding up as credits abroad -in many cases for agents of the Confederate government, -in other cases for individuals, either singly or as syndicates. -For it became common in Richmond for a number -of gentlemen to form a combination and make a shipment -of cotton by a blockade runner for the profit it furnished. -Almost all the ships that ran the blockade in and out of -Wilmington flew the British flag and were English boats. -Blockade running on the Potomac was another consideration. -Its ordeal can best be illustrated by an attempt -made by my mother and a friend of hers under unusual -favorable circumstances. The trip from Richmond to the -Potomac had to be made by private conveyance of some -sort for there were no public vehicles or way of getting -them and for entertainment en route reliance would have -to be placed on such friendly housing and entertainment -as could be secured from the inhabitants of the country -through which one passed. There were no hotels or -taverns, and as the inhabitants were not over well supplied, -were in constant apprehension of the questionable -strangers who made a business of blockade running, it -can be conceived what difficulties must be encountered by -<span class='pageno' id='Page_42'>42</span>any one who adopted this method of passing through the -lines. It would have been easier perhaps to have gone by -a flag of truce. A well known Southerner who is now in -a prominent position in New York City had attention attracted -to him by two occurrences that took place in his -younger days. He was a general in the Confederate army -and he resigned and joined the army as a private, that -was quite sensational. Again he went out one day in front -of the outer line of breastworks near Petersburg to exchange -newspapers or some other thing as was the custom -during the interims of fighting and two soldiers from the -Union lines came out half way to meet him. When they -reached midway between the breastworks on each side -each Union soldier took him by the arms and marched -him into their own lines. That was more sensational still -and was susceptible of several constructions. The incident -subjected him to undoubtedly unjust criticism and -the true construction was that the Union soldiers had -violated the conventional arrangement under which the -belligerents exchanged small articles, but it indicated that -the Union side were not averse to “receiving” all that -came and that going by flag of truce would have been less -difficult on the Union side than on the Confederate and -that persons on a peaceful mission, particularly ladies -need not have selected the hardships of a Potomac blockade -running to have gotten through the lines.</p> - -<p class='c006'>My two sisters had been left North to attend school on -my father’s exchange as a state prisoner and my mother’s -mission was to visit them. My father’s official and professional -relations secured for the trip from the Confederate -government a covered ambulance, two mules and a -colored driver. They were also supplied by personal -friends with letters of introduction to persons at whose -houses they expected to stop on the route to the Potomac. -The trip was to occupy about three days and the point of -destination was as usual opposite Leonardtown, Charles -County, Maryland. The first day was spent in a tiring, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_43'>43</span>uninteresting ride over bad roads and the day’s journey -terminated at the hospitable house of Muscoe Garnett -near Newton in King and Queen County at whose house I -subsequently spent a delightful summer, the next day’s -journey similar in character terminated at the equally hospitable -home of the Warings on the Rappahannock River -in Essex County, where I also some years after visited. -The third day’s journey, just like the two proceeding, -brought them to the Potomac in Westmoreland County at -the Wirt House. The following day arrangements were -made for effecting a crossing of the river and this was -termed “running the blockade.” Success required the -trip to be at night, without moon or stars, with good -weather and smooth water, a rather difficult combination -where the river was several miles wide and Union patrol -boats constantly on the lookout for blockade runners. At -the appointed time, with conditions satisfactory, their -boat cleared the shore, when suddenly the moon came out, -a patrol boat was made out in the distance and the sail -boat was compelled in consequence to return, with no -further chance of success that night. After several days -of waiting and constant unwillingness on the part of the -boatman to make the venture, in which at every attempt, -he ran the risk of losing both his boat and his liberty, they -were fain to abandon the attempt, this being a common -experience in blockade running. And they were compelled -to return again to Richmond. Successful blockade -running across the Potomac was usually done by two only, -the boatman and one passenger, usually a man, a woman -blockade runner added to the difficulties and lessened a -successful issue. Two women would constitute almost insuperable -difficulties and it had better been left unattempted. -It was easier to go by ship from Wilmington to -Nassau, the usual rendezvous of blockade runners and then -from that point by a ship to New York; for blockade running -in and out of Wilmington was common and easy.</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_44'>44</span>While personal travel through the lines was as shown -difficult and full of excitement and trials, communication -by letter was easy and frequent. This was by way of flag -of truce boat. Every letter however was opened, read -and stamped as inspected and if it was free from suspicion -and about personal matter only it reached its destination. -Any suspicious circumstances however such as -ambiguity of expression, or anything of hidden meaning -which might convey information regarded as detrimental -to the government subjected the letter to oblivion.</p> - -<p class='c006'>After the war closed the condition of the Confederate -graves in Hollywood cemetery was so deplorable that a -general call was extended to all ex-Confederate soldiers in -Richmond to volunteer to put them in condition. At the -time appointed great numbers assembled at the Cemetery -for the purpose, including very many old cadets. Each -particular division of the graves had a certain number -assigned to it and there fell to the cadets a plot in the -lower ground comprising several hundred graves. Each -one of the cadets was furnished a hoe and the task that -at once confronted us was how we were to distinguish the -precise location of each grave. None of these graves -were marked and all any of us knew was that wherever -there was any indication of the grave, there had been -placed the remains of a Confederate soldier. It seems to -me that however loving our motive, we had better left -undone our volunteer task, for all the workers in common -solved their difficulty in identifying exact outlines of graves -by raising at regular and even intervals the little mounds -that were supposed to cover the places of interment, so -that if any indications previously existed as to the precise -location of any grave whereby some one familiar with the -surroundings would have identified it, these were effectually -destroyed by this service in putting in decent order -the burial places of the dead. And it was utterly impossible -thereafter to tell the exact resting place of any whose -grave was unmarked, the condition of very nearly all.</p> - -<p class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_45'>45</span>One of the most disastrous results of the war was the -effect on the education of the men of the South. With -few exceptions all the young men at college or school old -enough to volunteer did so, with the resulting loss of four -years of the best period of their life for studying. At -the close of the war, the necessities of some were such -that providing for themselves or their families effectually -removed from them the possibilities of further education. -Others again struggled under most adverse conditions and -with many privations to acquire the requisite means to -complete their education, working on farms and engaging -in manual labor that always theretofore had been relegated -exclusively to the negro slaves. In many cases the -period for accomplishing the result dragged on for years -after the close of the war and even as late as 1871, six -years after the close of the war there was in the same law -class with me at the University of Virginia, a number of -ex-Confederate soldiers and among the nineteen of us who -received the degree of B. L. were two, one of whom had -been a Captain and the other a Major in the Confederate -army.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The condition of the ex-Confederates residing in the -country was measurably better than those in the cities and -towns, for the former could at the least scrape together in -one way or another some sort of a living. In the towns -and cities however through the South the struggle to obtain -a footing was more intense, and among the methods -adopted to furnish employment to ex-Confederates was -one of almost national character involving what was then -regarded as a very large capital with prospects supposed -to be brilliant both in furnishing extensive employment -for competent men and securing great financial returns -for its promoters and subscribers, and that was the establishment -of the Southern Express Company. General -Joseph E. Johnson was made president of the company -and almost every officer and employee from the highest -to the lowest was an ex-Confederate soldier. These two -<span class='pageno' id='Page_46'>46</span>pleas, employment of ex-Confederates and great financial -returns, particularly the former were the basis upon which -the subscriptions to the stock were generally secured. An -additional incentive was that only a small cash payment -(usually ten per cent of the subscription) was required -from the stockholders. The balance it was supposed would -likely be made up from profits. From the start liberal -salaries were paid and assiduously drawn. Nearly all the -transportation business was done on credit, the railroads -and transportation companies being exceedingly liberal in -this, with the rapid result from inexperience in such business -and competition against an old established company -and its skilled employees, that the Southern Express Company -soon ceased to do business, owing a vast amount of -debts to its employees for unpaid salaries and to transportation -companies for unpaid freight. The sequel resulted -in an assignment by the company for the benefit of -creditors and an administration of its assets in the Chancery -Court of Richmond, where the stockholders were assessed -their unpaid subscriptions, resulting in a crop of -suits to collect them that extended through many states of -the Union, particularly Virginia, Maryland, Missouri and -New York.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The war had a very slight effect on the negro’s character -as a slave in the South, so far as he was capable of -comprehending and entertaining any sympathies, most of -the slaves had a vague idea that success to the Union -Army meant freedom for the slave and hence naturally -they felt no ill toward this result, neither did they entertain -ill will towards those who had held them in slavery, -for contrary to the general impression of the North the -negro slaves were treated with the greatest consideration, -not harshly, but just the reverse. Any master who omitted -to properly clothe and feed his slaves, to assiduously -care for them in sickness and old age and to treat them -justly and humanely was not only ostracised by his neighbors -and acquaintances but his family suffered seriously -<span class='pageno' id='Page_47'>47</span>in social position so that no slaveholder was to be found who -could weather the trials to which an acknowledged brutal -master was subjected. This tenderness for the slave was -so pronounced that all persons who occupied a dominant -position with reference to him, such as the overseer or -slave dealer were regarded as occupying an inferior position -and were excluded from social relations with the slave -holders, not from an imagined superiority of the latter, -as sometimes alleged, but purely from the “offensiveness” -of their occupation. And I believe it can be said with the -endorsement of all who knew that the negro as a whole -was better cared for, and healthier and happier in slavery -than in freedom.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The hotels in Richmond that remained in operation clear -up until the evacuation by the Confederate troops were -the Spotswood at the corner of Main street and 8th street, -the American on Main street opposite the Post Office, and -the Powhatan at the corner of Broad and 11th streets. -The Spottswood was the leading hotel and there the higher -Confederate officers stopped when in Richmond. It was -burned shortly after the war closed. The American was -a popular hotel, well patronized by Confederate soldiers, -officers and men, and always crowded. It was burned in -the fire at the evacuation. The Powhatan was patronized -to a certain extent by Confederate soldiers, the generality -of its patrons were members of the Legislature.</p> - -<p class='c006'>Of course society entertainments in Richmond during -the war partook of the nature that pertained to everything -else. They were exceedingly few and such as took place -were novel or unique in character. When a city of the -staid and fixed character like Richmond increased its resident -population in a few months from sixty thousand people -to one hundred and twenty thousand or more, the newcomers -being largely refugees from all parts of the South, -together with Confederate officials and their families, also -from all over the South and when in addition this new element -furnished very much of the life of the Confederate -<span class='pageno' id='Page_48'>48</span>capitol it may be comprehended what was the result -socially. Overhanging the city was the constant menace -and stir of the great conflict. So that while entertaining -constantly took place, it was unobtrusive and exceedingly -simple. The most elaborate receptions were those at the -Governor’s Mansion, simple as they were. The more -prominent given by any private individual was by a well -known and wealthy merchant where the refreshments consisted -exclusively of ice cream and pound cake. The -usual and popular method of entertaining were what might -probably now be styled evening, not afternoon teas; in -place however of the elaborate refreshments which might -now be expected to be found at such was then really served -tea, then a rare and wonderful luxury. In addition to the -tea served in cups and handed around to those sitting in -the parlor was also served buttered bread, very seldom -cake; it being remembered that white sugar was also a -great rarity in war times. I attended a wedding of the -daughter of one of the most prominent gentlemen in Richmond. -There were no refreshments and there were no -presents whatsoever to the bride. I do not think there -was at the close of the war a single jewelry store in existence -in the City.</p> - -<p class='c006'>One of the most remarkable features of the war was the -intense animosity engendered among neighbors with sympathies -on opposite sides. Those who were formerly most -intimate friends now became most bitter enemies, not only -ceasing all intercourse, but ready to inflict contumely and -injury on each other. This spirit was not so apparent in -the South because with almost unanimity the Southern -people accepted the results of secession whatever opposition -they may have first offered. But in the North on the -border line where there was a numerous Southern element -within the Northern lines this bitter antagonism was pronounced, -the more so against all known to be in sympathy -with the South. No more typical place existed for -this than Baltimore. In the towns and cities of what is -<span class='pageno' id='Page_49'>49</span>now West Virginia the same conditions existed. From -Baltimore and Maryland large numbers had gone South to -engage in the service. Besides these associations with -the Confederate soldiers from Maryland very many of -whom came from some of the wealthiest and most prominent -families of the State were the business and social -ties that had grown up between the South and Baltimore -as the Southern metropolis, so that with few exceptions -the leading people of the city were in sympathy with the -Southern cause. In many cases confiscation of the property -of those who had gone south took place, confined of -course under the Constitution to the life of the party affected. -In other cases arrests were made under the smallest -pretexts, all sorts of persecutions little and great were -indulged in towards the Southern sympathizers, espionage -being one of the numerous annoyances. Relationship -whether near or remote seemed to make slight difference, -and it seems now almost impossible to account for the bitterness -engendered. Of course material interests were -originally responsible, and no doubt the divergent views -over whether the state should or not secede, with the results -that would affect such material interests and the high -pitch to which the contentions over the matter wrought up -the advocates pro or con were the causes that led to the -bitterness that existed. The Southerners were styled -“secessionists,” “rebels”, “traitors”, “copperheads”, -with the soldiers however a Southern soldier was always -“Rebel” or a “Johnny Reb”. The favorite popular ballad -commenced something like “We’ll hang Jeff Davis on -a sour apple tree.” In the South on the other hand there -was but one name for the Northerner and whether soldier -or civilian he was invariably called “yankee”. Deep -down in the Southern heart however there was no recognition -of a social relation with neighbors of Northern -sympathies and for some years after the war ended I knew -of instances of Southern women, who in marrying Union -army officers were regarded not only as having impaired -<span class='pageno' id='Page_50'>50</span>their social status but as having done an act to reflect -upon their own family standing. And at the close of the -war, in Maryland, particularly in Baltimore, there was a -distinct spirit manifested to sedulously ostracise socially -those who had been active in espousing the Union cause -during the war. And as equally a generous welcome was -extended to all who came from the South. It seems almost -inconceivable to those of the present day not aware of -the bitter antagonism existing during the war that such -could ever indeed have existed. To illustrate what would -occur on a slightest pretext: In some way it was suggested -that a Confederate flag was harbored in our house. -The provost marshal sent a company of soldiers who surrounded -the house, while the Captain and a guard accompanied -by my father searched every portion of the premises -from the top to the cellar with a perfectly fruitless -result. Again three paroled Confederate prisoners called -upon my father to be extended some assistance pecuniarily. -This he unhesitatingly extended to all needy Confederate -prisoners who called upon him, and while talking with -these three word was conveyed to the provost marshal -that a seditious meeting was taking place in his house, -resulting in a provost guard being sent who placed my -father and his visitors under arrest, to be quickly released, -however, as soon as the matter was investigated. The -smallest pretext and barest suspicion of disloyal sentiment -or act led to invasion of the sanctity of one’s house -and an interference with one’s business or professional -duties.</p> - -<p class='c006'>But with all the sectional antagonism, the women of -Southern sympathies in Northern communities wrought -out results that showed their disregard of militaryism; -for they were unsparing in their work to help the Southern -prisoners. No prisoners with an acquaintance of a -friend among the women was allowed to suffer for clothes -or luxuries and to help the large bodies of Southern prisoners -in Northern prisons, sewing societies were formed -<span class='pageno' id='Page_51'>51</span>that met regularly at the members’ houses where all kinds -of clothes needed by the prisoners were made up. These -meetings which I often attended were a delightful experience. -A vast number of pretty girls and young married -women all actively engaged in sewing and cutting out, -exchanging experiences and information and each occasion -to be wound up with light refreshments.</p> - -<p class='c006'>A topic of constant discussion is the effect of the war -so far as the negro is concerned. I have seen the negro -in slavery before and during the war and now a freedman -for forty years since the war closed and I feel that I am -capable of expressing an opinion upon the subject. As -a slave he was generally well treated, and was generally -contented and happy. He was usually free from care or -responsibility, all his wants being provided for by his master. -He had a task to perform and the performance of it -was exacted of him, sometimes this task was exceedingly -light, it was scarcely ever severe. It was natural he -should wish to be able to essay or not to essay this task -as his humor suggested to him and the wish for this I -believe was the principal incentive for freedom to most of -the slaves. Very many I believe gave the matter of freedom -no consideration and cared nothing about it. When -the close of the war brought freedom to the vast body of -those who were slaves their reasoning suggested to them -as it did to very many of the less informed whites that -the war had been fought purely to free the negro. The -corollary to this in the mind of the negro was that they -were the equal of the whites, and immediately upon the -close of the war the teaching inculcated among themselves -with greatest assiduity was the matter of equality. During -the lapse of forty years however the question of -equality has in a measure worked itself out as it always -does dependent upon personal and material factors. -When persons occupy grades of servants, laborers, -mechanics, storekeepers, merchants and professional -men the question of color in that all -<span class='pageno' id='Page_52'>52</span>are black will not put them on an equality one -with the other and the question of equality is not -helped by trying to extend the equalizing so as to put the -colored man whatever his condition in life on a level with -the white man whatever his condition. This was a struggle -so patent in the case of the freedmen immediately after -the close of the war that was bound in the course of -years to disappear from the hopelessness of it. The result -is that from my observation the negro has measurably -been bettered after the many years that have elapsed since -the war, so that now his deportment and manners are better, -he is more honest and he has not deteriorated as a -worker and he is getting nearer to the deportment he possessed -before his character was disrupted by the harmful -teachings of those idealists in the New England States who -professed before and during the war to be his only true -friends.</p> - -<p class='c006'>There was one restriction upon the negro in slavery that -was a great source of trouble to him and that was the existence -of the law which forbade absence from home after -dark except upon a written pass furnished by the master -or his agent, any member of the family as a quasi agent, -even the children could give these passes, and I have often -given such. Absence without such pass subjected the -slave to arrest and detention until morning when a trial -took place in the Mayor’s court, the penalty being the -public whipping post. This was about the only occasion -a slave in any well ordered family was likely to be visited -with a whipping, which was then a legal penalty inflicted -by public authority for a violation of the law. And such -whipping was very apt to arouse indignation on the part -of the master and certainly his family between whom and -the slaves there always existed a bond of affection as well -as material interest. So far from whipping slaves by the -master’s authority not only did self interest forbid this, -but as before indicated this was recognized as one of the -acts of maltreatment which resulted in loss of social -<span class='pageno' id='Page_53'>53</span>status to any family that was known to so deal with their -slaves. A tender regard for slaves was so assiduously -exacted by public sentiment in the South that it was accepted -as a serious reflection to sell one. I have frequently -read accounts of the awful slave pens and jails where -slaves being sold were detained until a purchaser and new -master was found all of which accounts are purely mythical -written by dreamers with vivid imaginations and no -actual experience. I have been again and again in these -houses of slave dealers where slaves remained pending a -sale. The last one I visited was in accompanying my -father for the purpose of purchasing a cook. All of those -present, some twenty-five women, were called to the large -front room and they ranged themselves in line. Every -one was neatly dressed and showed in their appearance -and demeanor unmistakable signs of kind treatment and -being well cared for. Thinking people reading such accounts -must see instantly that outside of any sentiment of -humanity good business policy required the best treatment -at such places. The slaves were sent there to be sold -and the best price was wanted and that price was to be -obtained only when a good impression was made on the -purchaser and it was made alone by the appearance of the -slave. To secure a healthful appearance and indications -of a good disposition and temperament required good -treatment, and the disposition and temperament was so -carefully looked after by a purchaser as health and ability -to work, for it was recognized that most slaves came to -slave dealers’ hands because the previous master had -found some trouble on this score of disposition or temperament -this being the single exception outside of failure -in business when an owner felt justified by public opinion -to make sale of his slaves.</p> - -<p class='c006'>The life on a large plantation for a negro slave was an -almost ideal life. Each plantation of from about five -hundred to several thousand acres with its several hundred -slaves was a perfect community in itself. Every trade -<span class='pageno' id='Page_54'>54</span>and occupation necessary to the effective running of the -plantation was represented. One of the slaves was a -skilled blacksmith and wheelwright, another a competent -carpenter, still another a shoemaker and so on throughout -the list of utilities. In the order of dignity and preferment -the house servants came first. There were plenty -of them in every household and the work assigned to each -was exceedingly light, they were dressed well, ate the -same food used by the family, were well trained both mentally -and morally, participated from the ties of interest -that bound them to the family in its pleasure to a greater -extent than could have been experienced by hired servants -and in sickness or trouble were cared for with a tenderness -no less than would be shown to a favorite child. -Next in the order of regard came the coachman, the gardener, -the assistant overseer, who was always a slave; indeed -all whose duties brought them more especially in -frequent contact with the whites on the plantation. Then -came the field hands, both men and women, and no happier -lot of human beings in their work could be found -than were ordinarily these same people whatever might -be the task to which they were assigned. I have been -with them in hoeing corn, in cutting wheat, in threshing -grain, in curing tobacco, indeed in every work which went -on and I speak from my own personal experience in stating -as I do the spirit with which they worked. Every -provision was made for their well being, self interest of -the master, independent of dictates of humanity, and -pressure of public opinion required this. The negro quarters -were sufficiently far from the house to permit of the -pleasures that appealed to the negro heart without the -noise disturbing the white folks. Each negro family -usually had a cabin, ample and comfortable, with a garden -attached in which were raised vegetables and the hours -of field labor were such as to leave ample time to cultivate -this garden. Rations of staple food were served with -the same regularity and provisions for health and comfort -<span class='pageno' id='Page_55'>55</span>as in army life. They were supplied with ample clothing. -Whether in health or sickness and from birth to death -the care of his slaves was the first regard of the slave -owner, and an exception to such was not tolerated in the -community. The family bible of the master’s family first -contained the births, deaths and marriages of the members -of his family, then in the same bible followed exactly -similar entries with reference to his slaves. The members -of his family became the instructors of the negro children -in Sunday school work. The adult negroes were -given ample opportunity and encouraged to attend religious -meetings. The negro slave was indeed without a -care or anxiety for his comfort or welfare from the time -of his birth to the period when he was tenderly laid away -in the plot set aside on every plantation for the negro -burial ground.</p> -<div class='figcenter id002'> -<img src='images/i_055.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c002' /> -</div> -<div class='tnotes'> - -<div class='section ph2'> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c007'> - <div>TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - - <ol class='ol_1 c002'> - <li>Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling. - - </li> - <li>Archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as printed. - </li> - </ol> - -</div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Boy's Experience in the Civil War, -1860-1865, by Thomas Hughes - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A BOY'S EXPERIENCE *** - -***** This file should be named 62271-h.htm or 62271-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/2/2/7/62271/ - -Produced by Richard Tonsing, WebRover, MFR, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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