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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..505f180 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #62263 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/62263) diff --git a/old/62263-0.txt b/old/62263-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 53653d6..0000000 --- a/old/62263-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2782 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Colorado Wild Flowers, by -Harold DeWitt Roberts and Rhoda N. Roberts - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Colorado Wild Flowers - Denver Museum of Natural History Popular Series #8 - -Author: Harold DeWitt Roberts - Rhoda N. Roberts - -Release Date: May 28, 2020 [EBook #62263] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COLORADO WILD FLOWERS *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - - - - COLORADO WILD FLOWERS - - - MUSEUM PICTORIAL - - ROBERTS - - Copyright 1953, - by Denver Museum of Natural History, Denver, Colorado - - Lithographed in the United States of America - by Bradford-Robinson Printing Company, - Denver, Colorado - - - - - _Acknowledgments:_ - - -The original color films used for the plates on pages 15 and 26, were -heretofore reproduced in different form in “American Wild -Flowers”—Moldenke, published in 1949 by D. Van Nostrand Co., New York, -with whose permission they are again reproduced here. - -The pen and ink diagrams and sketches on pages 3, 60, 61, 62 and inside -back cover, were prepared by Mary Chilton Gray, of the staff of Denver -Museum of Natural History. - - - - - Lily Family - Yucca or Spanish Bayonet, _Yucca glauca_, NUTT. - - -⇐FRONT COVER - -Flowers, closely arranged along a tall woody bloom stalk, are each -formed by 6 petals and sepals (perianth segments) surrounding a large -fleshy pistil. The 3 outer segments often have mahogany brown shading on -the back, the 3 inner are creamy white, or greenish white. They look -like drooping bells in the daytime, but spread to a total width of 3 to -4 inches when fully open in late evening. Pollination is accomplished -only by the deliberate work of a _Pronuba_ moth. Total height of plant, -including blossom stalk, is about 4 feet; leaves narrow, stiff and -yellowish green, with a sharp spine at tip. Grows on plains, -particularly in sandy areas, and extends into foothills. Blooms -June-July. - - - - - SOME COMMON COLORADO WILD FLOWERS - - - _By_ - Harold and Rhoda Roberts - - - - - FOREWORD - - -The generous acceptance of the first seven numbers of MUSEUM PICTORIAL -convinced the Trustees of the Denver Museum of Natural History that the -publication is filling a definite need in the field of natural history -reports. The subjects are so varied that a wealth of material is -available. - -The present issue is the first printed in color, and will, we hope, be -followed by others. The authors, Harold and Rhoda Roberts, probably are -the foremost photographers of wild flowers of Colorado and the -Southwest. This field work has carried them from the tops of the highest -mountains of Colorado to the depths of Death Valley. Their outstanding -Kodachrome slides have been shown to many audiences and have appeared in -publications. It is hoped that Museum Pictorial No. 8 will be the first -of a series on Colorado wild flowers by the authors, which may -eventually be compiled into book form. - -Harold Roberts, prominent Denver attorney, is a Trustee of the Museum, -and chairman of its Building Committee. - - Alfred M. Bailey, _Director_ - - _Museum Pictorial No. 8 - Published May 30, 1953 - Denver Museum of Natural History - Denver, Colorado_ - - -The purpose of this booklet is to portray a few of the common -wildflowers of Colorado in such form that they may be recognized and -their names learned without the use of any botanical key. The color -plates here published show fifty different flowering plants, each of -which grows in abundance in some part of this state. Most of them are -found also in other areas, particularly in the Rocky Mountain states. -With the description of each plant, some reference is made to the life -zone in which it grows, but no attempt is made to give the geographical -extent of its range. In every instance the photograph reproduced was -taken on Kodachrome film of a living plant in its natural setting. All -of them are shown in full bloom as we see them in Spring or Summer, -except milkweed, page 43, and cattail, back cover. These appear in seed -as we find them along the roadsides in October. - -The flowers are here arranged in substantially the order that the -families to which they belong appear in most botany manuals. Some -references to these plant families, and to the genera and species into -which they are subdivided, will be found on page 57. With each plant we -have given the common name most familiar to us. As there is little -uniformity in common name usage, others may know them by other names. We -have added in each case, in italics, the Latin botanical name, with -abbreviated identification of the botanist first using that name. The -English form of the family name is also given. We have tried to select -flowers representing as many plant families as possible, and among them -to cover plants from different altitudes and from different types of -soil and growing conditions. - -Some of these photographs were taken at close range, with a long focal -length lens, to show on a large scale the beauty of very small flowers. -Others were taken with different equipment so as to include the form of -the complete plant and show plainly its natural setting. In all cases -the size of the flower and of the entire plant are given in or may be -inferred from the descriptive text. The figures used are approximate, -and considerable variation from these sizes will be found. The colors -are as accurate as colorfilm and high class press work can make them. - -The pictures here reproduced were all taken by the authors within the -past twelve years. Most of the plants were found within a few hundred -feet of some well traveled road. A few of the pictures were taken in -adjoining states, but in every such instance the species shown is found -in the same sort of environment in Colorado. Many of these flowers are -reproduced as part of the setting in habitat life groups in the Denver -Museum of Natural History. Look for them there, and also get acquainted -with them in their native haunts. They add decided interest to outdoor -ramblings. - - - - - LIFE ZONES - - - [Illustration: Life zones] - - 14,431′ - Alpine - 11,600′ - Sub-Alpine - 10,000′ - Montane - 8,000′ - Foothills - 5,500′ - Plains - 3,500′ - -Climate, which is a composite of prevailing temperature, length of -season and average moisture, is the chief factor in deciding where -plants of any given species can grow and propagate. Soil type also plays -a part, and if extremely unfavorable may totally exclude some species of -plants from a large and otherwise favorable area, but in general, soil -is the minor factor. In Colorado, climate is largely determined by -altitude, so here, as we pass from one elevation to another, we find -plant life arranged in horizontal layers or zones of the sort -illustrated in the above sketch. The thinness of air, in the sense of -less oxygen per cubic foot of air, that goes with high elevation, seems -in itself to have little effect on plant life, but the prevailing cold, -the long period of snow cover, and the increase in annual precipitation, -that go with elevation in our mountains, do have a profound influence on -plant growth. High latitude has much the same effect as high altitude, -so that the timberline conditions we find in Colorado at from 11,000 to -12,000-foot elevations are very similar to those existing at sea level -near the Arctic Circle. Growing conditions, and prevailing plant -species, at these widely separated places, are, for this reason, much -alike. - -These zones of life have no sharp boundaries, but tend to intergrade -into each other. Many species of plants normally inhabit parts of two or -more zones, and local conditions may so influence climate that -particular species of plants will be found growing at lower elevations, -or at higher, in one part of the state than in another. Generally, -however, in Colorado like elevations result in plant populations of -quite similar makeup, even though a whole range of mountains or a deep -wide valley may lie between. The principal factor causing exceptions to -this rule is the tendency of many areas in western Colorado, -particularly those between about 6,000 and 10,000 feet in elevation, to -receive greater average annual precipitation than is received by -corresponding areas east of the Continental Divide. As a result of this, -many species which in eastern Colorado occur only in moderately high -elevations will be found clear down in the foothills in western -sections. - -The individual life zones of Colorado are illustrated and described on -the next five pages. - - - - - PLAINS - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -All of Colorado lying east of the base of the mountains, as well as -large areas in western Colorado lying along the course of the Colorado -River and its main tributaries, are within the life zone commonly known -as the Plains, and referred to in technical books as Upper Sonoran. -These areas are mainly below 5500 feet in elevation, and are relatively -flat. Clay soils are the rule, with local sandy spots. The rainfall -throughout this zone is scanty and irrigation essential to general -farming. These conditions have restricted the native vegetation -throughout this zone to species which can tolerate long periods of -drought, and thrive on sunshine with heat in summer and cold in winter. -A surprising number of species of flowering plants live and thrive on -these very conditions. We rarely find them in colorful masses, single -plants or small colonies being the rule. - -Originally native grasses covered this zone with a fairly tight sod, -broken, however, by windblown patches and cut by arroyos. Live streams -were far apart. Trees were absent except for cottonwoods and a few box -elders along water courses. Settlement has brought roads, ditches, -cultivated fields and a large amount of livestock. These acts of man -have made life hard for some native flowers, but for most species, -living opportunity has been increased. The plains are flowerless only -for those who fail to pause and search. - -The detailed growth patterns or specialized mechanisms by which the -various plains flowers resist drought, and so get a chance to live, are -numerous. In general they do one or more of these things: rush through a -short individual life cycle from seed to seed so timed that the new seed -crop is set before the heat of summer is far advanced; conserve the -limited moisture their roots gather by having few leaves and defending -them from animals by thorns or toughness; or, spend a large part of -every year, especially the dry, hot months, as a dormant bulb or buried -root stock. - -The picture at the top of this page shows a plains area just at the base -of the foothills near Denver. It looks barren, but many species of -flowers can be found there in May and June. - - - - - FOOTHILLS - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Long strips of land from 5500 to 8000 feet in elevation lying between -the plains and the mountains, and filling in with rough hills and -valleys the spaces between mountain ranges, comprise a life zone known -as the Foothills, and named, by naturalists, the Transition zone. In -this zone much of the soil is filled with gravel and weathered rock -detritus washed down from higher land or left there by ancient glaciers. -Total annual rainfall in this zone is higher than on the plains, and the -broken character of the land gives protection from storms. - -A greater number of species of flowering plants can be found in this -zone than in any other single zone. Local conditions of soil, water and -sun exposure vary widely, and these variations offer favorable living -conditions to different types of flowering plants and to the numerous -shrubs that grow here. Many species of wild flowers which grow on the -plains extend into the lower parts of this zone, while other species -found in the higher mountains reach down into it, especially along -streams. - -The chief native trees of this zone are yellow pine and, along streams, -narrow leaf cottonwood. Scrub oak covers many hillsides with dense -growth, junipers are locally plentiful, and aspens reach down from -higher elevations. This tree population attains forest proportions only -here and there so that open places for wild flowers are abundant. - -In Colorado, visible spring comes earlier in this zone than on the -plains below. Sheltered slopes facing the sun pick up the earliest flush -of spring green, and by the end of March the very first flowers may here -be found in bloom. Late April, May and early June bring the main flower -crop. Mass color effects may then be found such as several acres blue -with Larkspur, or a whole hillside dotted with red clumps of Lambert’s -Loco. The main show is over by mid-July, though asters and -sunflower-like composites keep the roadsides colorful till frost. - -The picture at the top of this page shows a foothills area near Golden. -In good years these hills are rich in flowers by early May. A half hour -walk then will frequently yield 30 species or more. - - - - - MONTANE - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -The great mid-sections of our high mountains, lying between 8,000 and -10,000 feet in elevation, make up a life zone called Montane, also known -as Canadian. Since most of our Colorado mountains are granite, the -typical soils in this zone are granite gravel. Some mountains, however, -are faulted blocks of sedimentary rock which have weathered into clay -and sand soils. The annual rainfall in this zone is over double that of -our plains. This has resulted in forests of lodgepole pine, aspens, and -of several species of spruce, with stream banks lined with willows and -water birch. - -This abundance of vegetation has produced enough humus to build rich -black soil in the bottoms of the narrow valleys. In this zone grow a -wealth of flowering plants. The principal adverse conditions against -which they struggle for existence are: a fairly short season from spring -melt to fall freeze; and more tree shade and more competition from tree -and shrub roots than they would choose. The steep hillsides in this zone -may be quite rock covered. Between the rocks small amounts of good soil -may form, and under loose rocks moisture stays for a long time. Trees -thrive on these hillsides, but in open spots and beside rocky outcrops -flowers get their chance. The columbine grows in perfection in this -zone, extending downward into the foothills and upward to timberline. - -The building of highways in our mountain areas has introduced new -conditions of which some plants are quick to take advantage. The -stirred-up soil of new road fills and drainage channel construction will -be colorful with fireweed, purple fringe, brown-eyed-susans, with here -and there penstemons and asters by the second or third season of their -use. Local irrigation accomplished by highway drainage and the use of -snowplows, as well as distribution of seeds by animals and even by cars -that use the roads, all play their part in this quick restoration of -life in the soil that has been torn up. - -The picture at the top of this page was taken near Mary’s Lake in Estes -Park. The mountain shown is Twin Sisters. Its slopes are a fine hunting -ground for flowers. - - - - - SUB-ALPINE - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Above 10,000 feet the pattern of life changes. Until timberline is -reached at about 11,500 feet, this band of mountain country is called -the Sub-Alpine or Hudsonian life zone. Soil and moisture conditions are -almost as favorable as in the lower montane zone, but here the snows of -winter stay late, especially on north slopes, and frost may come even in -mid-summer. The race to ripen seed, before winter comes, is intense, and -the seeds, when produced and scattered, face special problems of -germination and survival. - -The trees of this zone are largely Engelmann spruce, limber pine and -alpine fir. Some thick forest stands exist, but the main pattern is -small compact tree groups—one or more big seed-trees surrounded by -younger offspring—with open patches of grass between. Perennial -flowering plants, springing from woody root-crowns have special -advantages here, though some annuals thrive, especially if they can get -started in the fall and remain dormant under snow till spring. Melting -snows in May, June and early July give natural irrigation to large areas -of this zone. Competition with sedges and grasses and ability to stand -light frost are problems for the plants that live here. Many typical -alpine plants of the next higher zone work down into these sub-alpine -meadows. - -The picture at the top of this page was taken just west of the Poudre -Lakes in Rocky Mountain National Park. Lake Irene is in the foreground. - - - - - ALPINE - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -From timberline (about 11,500 feet) up to our highest Colorado mountain -summit (Mt. Elbert 14,431 feet) climate is too severe for any trees. -This condition marks these areas off as a separate life zone called -Alpine or Arctic. Soil forms only slowly on these rocky summits, but -mosses, lichens, sedges and grasses have been here for ages of time, all -of them patiently building humus. Erosion carries less soil away from -the tops than it does from the lower hillsides. So in the spaces between -the barren looking rocks, good soil exists, and water, though mainly -falling as snow, and not quite as heavily as in the sub-alpine zone -below, is adequate for plants. Here grasses, sedges, a few dwarf shrubs -and herbaceous plants have all the sunlight to themselves without tree -competition. The ever-present adverse condition is low temperature, -frequently with strong wind. - -It is a land of tough dwarf things. Perennials are the rule, though -annuals are found. Low woody mats with basal leaves and flowers only a -few inches high are a common pattern. Bulbs and tubers wedge themselves -between rocks, out of reach of ground squirrels, if possible. When -spring comes with a rush, usually late in June, these dormant plants -burst into life in the days of longest sunshine. Shoots of new growth -erupt from the ground with buds all formed ready to open. By the end of -July the seed crop is largely mature, and by mid-August the browns and -crimsons of fall colors in leaves and grasses spread a Persian carpet -over these heights. Warm days from then till winter are days of -germination for newly scattered seeds and, for established plants, -preparation of buds for next year. - -It is in this zone of harsh living conditions that some individual -plants probably attain greater age than is normally reached by plants of -the lower life zones. We know of no statistical study to support this -statement, but observation of mats of moss campion, or of tufts of -alpine spring beauty, or of scarred old crowns of alpine forget-me-not, -indicates that they have safely survived the snow cover of a great many -alpine winters. - -The view at the top of this page is from Trail Ridge in Rocky Mountain -National Park. Longs Peak is in the distance. In mid-July these -foreground slopes are a garden of alpine flowers. - - - - - Lily Family - Sand Lily, _Leucocrinum montanum_, NUTT. - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Flower is an inch in diameter, of 6 petals and sepals all alike -(perianth segments) united at their base into a tube over an inch long. -Several of these rise from the buried crown of the plant, as do also the -leaves, ⅜ inch wide and over 6 inches long, resembling heavy curved -blades of grass. The matted, cordlike roots store, through the long -dormant period, the starches and sugars needed for rapid Spring growth. -Grows in sandy soil in plains or low foothills. Blooms April-May. - -When sand lilies begin to dot the gray plains with their singularly pure -white stars we can know that the season of growth and color is -returning. We called them Mayflowers and hoped they would be in bloom -for May-baskets. They usually were—along with Johnny-jump-ups (little -yellow violets) and sprays of pepper and salt parsley. To pluck them one -by one and suck the drop of nectar from the long white tube is one of -the delights of childhood. The plants are crowded with flowers during -the blooming season, but, when it is over, disappear completely from the -scene. - - - - - Lily Family - Wood Lily, _Lilium umbellatum_, PURSH - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -The flower, of flaring trumpet shape 3 inches in diameter, is formed of -6 petals and sepals, all alike, (perianth segments) tapering at both -ends. Color varies from rose-red to red-orange. Stem 15 to 30 inches -high, bearing a single flower (occasionally 2 or more) and several -whorls of leaves, comes from a round bulb. Picking the flower usually -kills the bulb. Grows in rich soil in partial shade near streams, -montane zone. Blooms July. - -This is one of the most sought-after and breathtaking of our mountain -flowers. It used to grow in abundance, then almost disappeared due to -excessive picking. Now it is returning in secluded sylvan places. It -prefers moist, shady banks where its brilliant color lights the shadows -like a flame. The young flowers, with their big dark anthers, are the -brightest. As they fade, the anthers shrink and turn dull orange and the -flower has a tendency to become spotty. If you have the good luck to -find these lilies, stop and enjoy them in their woodsy background—but do -not pick any to take home. - - - - - Lily Family - Mariposa, _Calochortus gunnisonii_, WATS. - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Flower, more than 1 inch in diameter, is formed of 3 perianth segments, -which are narrow, greenish and sepal-like, and 3 segments which are -broad, showy and petal-like. On the inner surface of these latter, near -the base, are large, hairy glands of dark color. Stem is slender, 8 to -20 inches tall, with few linear leaves, and comes from a deeply buried -corm. Grows in fairly heavy clay soils on open grassy slopes in -foothills and lower montane zones. Blooms June-July. - -The name mariposa recalls to us the high flat tableland of Mesa Verde -with thousands of these delicate lilies floating above the other flowers -like butterflies, as the Spanish name implies. Our species is one of the -most beautiful, with its tall stem and subtle coloring resembling a -small white tulip with grass-like leaves. Other species are creamy, -yellow, orange, pink, lavender, gray; some of them quite small, with -pointed hairy petals. Journeys to many interesting places will go with a -search for the mariposa in its infinite variety of color, shape and -habitat. - - - - - Lily Family - Glacier Lily, _Erythronium grandiflorum_, PURSH - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Flowers, 1½ inches across of 6 bright gold perianth segments, all alike -and strongly re-curved, nod, singly or in twos or even threes, at the -top of a naked scape which rises from the deep-seated bulb. The 6 -stamens, each tipped with a large yellow anther, surround a prominent -green style and hang downward. Plant is about 10 inches high, with only -two broad green leaves which sheath the base of the scape. Grows in -sub-alpine zone extending through montane zone. Occurs only on the west -side of the Continental Divide (except for a few limited areas -immediately on the east side). Blooms immediately after snow melts, -which is June in high places. - -Below the snowbanks on Mt. Audubon, near Thunder Lake in Rocky Mountain -National Park, on slopes near Rabbit Ears Pass, and in many places on -the western side of the range, early summer brings one of the finest -flower shows in the west, which it is no exaggeration to call the “field -of the cloth of gold.” The glacier lily (also called avalanche or snow -lily—or, oddly enough—the dogtooth violet) begins to bloom right at the -foot of snow banks and follows the retreating ice up the mountainsides. -We have seen acres where it was hard to walk without stepping on several -plants, particularly in the northern mountains of Wyoming and Montana. - - - - - Orchid Family - Yellow Lady’s Slipper, _Cypripedium calceolus_, L. - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Flower, usually solitary, is shaped like a Dutch shoe about 2 inches -long. The sac-like toe part, formed by one of the 3 petals, is bright -yellow with greenish sheen, the other 2 petals, much narrower, extend to -the sides and are often twisted and streaked with brown. Plant is about -10 inches tall, with broad lance-shaped green leaves which enclose the -lower part of the flower stem. Grows on moist but not wet slopes in -montane zone. June. - -In not too open aspen glades in middle elevations, a privileged seeker -after beauty may find this yellow lady’s slipper, largest of our native -orchids. It is one of several species of _Cypripedium_ (the name meaning -shoe of Venus) and is sometimes called moccasin flower. A smaller, -daintier orchid, the pink _Calypso bulbosa_, is more widely known. This -latter likes half sunny edges of our lodgepole forests, being quite -dependent on the humic acid of the needles. Often in large groups along -the remnants of a decayed tree trunk, they make an entrancing sight, -resembling fairy dancers. These are but two of about a dozen orchids -that grow wild in Colorado. - - - - - Four o’Clock Family - Prairie Snowball, _Abronia fragrans_, NUTT. - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Individual flowers are formed of a slender calyx tube, 1 inch long, -flaring at its mouth into 5 white, petal-like lobes to make a tiny -salver ¼ inch across. They have no true petals. Numerous such flowers -are clustered to form the surface of a ball about 2 inches in diameter. -Plant has reddish stems, somewhat hairy, that creep on the ground, with -fleshy (succulent) green leaves arranged in opposite pairs. Grows in -plains on sandy soil. Blooms May-June. - -Every plains child knows the prairie snowball—inhabitant of vacant lots -in towns, and of dry wind blown flats “in the country.” The cluster of -starry flowers is indeed round as a snowball and as white—the dark green -leaves are in sharp contrast with the bright red stems. The fragrance, -almost cloying it is so sweet, perfumes the air of early summer, -especially as evening coolness comes. The reddish-purple sand verbena of -the southwestern deserts and coastal sand dunes, _Abronia villosa_, is -also of this genus. The resemblances are quite apparent. - - - - - Buckwheat Family - Sulphur Flower, _Eriogonum umbellatum_, TORR. - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Numerous flowers, each formed of 6 minute yellow perianth segments, are -grouped in round tight clusters at the ends of slender pedicels, several -such clusters radiating to form a flat-topped head (umbel) 4 inches -across. These heads are borne on erect hairy leafless stems (scapes), 8 -to 15 inches tall. Oblong leaves about 1½ inches long, form a green mat -on the ground. Grows on open dry slopes of foothills and lower -mountains. Blooms June-September. - -Many Species of _Eriogonum_ are found in Colorado, some of them -resembling the one pictured, and some with very different growth habits. -This common sulphur flower is one of the finest. Even in bud it is -brilliant, for the gold of its flowers, often touched with red, shows -before it is quite open. The soft sulphur yellow of the mature flowers -gradually changes to shades of orange, maroon and brown as they dry -rather than fade. They linger on their stems indefinitely and are fine -to mix with grasses and seed pods for a fall bouquet—they might even -trim an autumn hat! - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - - - - - Buckwheat Family - Sand Begonia, _Rumex venosus_, PURSH - - -Flower parts are minute except the three inner sepals which rapidly -develop into conspicuous red to rose-colored wings or vanes about ½ inch -wide, attached to the seed. These vanes, with their seeds, develop into -compact clusters 2 inches or more in diameter. Leaves are oval or -oblong, fleshy and dark green, on short stout branches which are often -prostrate. Grows in plains. Blooms May-July. - -This is just an ordinary dock closely related to the pest you dig from -your lawn, but a good example of a common wayside weed brightening the -bit of world in which it grows. That bit of world, for this particular -dock, is usually an ugly one, as it seems to choose the poorest soil it -can find, the cinders beside a railroad track—or the gravelly edge of a -country road. No one notices the small, insignificant flower, but its -hour of glory comes with the brilliant rose and red seed vanes that call -out gaily to every passerby. In the plains of western Colorado another -dock, _Rumex hymenosepalus_, is also spectacular growing to a height of -2 feet or more with a great column of rose-colored seed vanes. - - - - - Purslane Family - Spring Beauty, _Claytonia lanceolata_, PURSH - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Flower is ½ inch across of 5 pale rose-colored petals, notched at the -end and with veins of darker shade. Sepals are only 2; plant is 6 inches -or less in height, with succulent stems and rather broad lance-shaped -leaves which rise almost as high as the loose raceme of 3 or more -flowers. Grows in rich soil montane and foothill zones. Blooms -immediately after snow melts which is late May to July, or much earlier -on warm slopes. - -The plants of this species that grow in foothill locations often have -quite bright rosy color. They are great favorites, as their first blooms -hint that winter is nearly over and spring on the way. They have been -reported as early as January, and by mid-March they are often abundant -under scrub oaks on sunny foothill slopes. The east side of the Hogsback -near Golden is a good place to find early ones. The plant pictured above -has the pale color and general growth habit of those that grow high in -the montane zone. It often forms a carpet or ground cover of pale pink -bloom in the fields of glacier lilies. Another species, _Claytonia -megarhiza_, has a big root, to store food and moisture, and grows in the -alpine zone. We have found plants of it on the big flat summit of Pikes -Peak where other signs of spring are few. - - - - - Pink Family - Moss Campion, _Silene acaulis_, L. - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Flowers, ⅜ inch across, of 5 bright purplish-red petals, notched at the -end, spread from the top of a tubular calyx so that the whole flower -forms a tiny salver. Stems and leaves are so dwarfed and tightly grouped -as to give the appearance of a cushion of green moss 3 to 8 inches -across, studded with little reddish stars. Grows in alpine rocky areas -extending to peak summits. Blooms late June-early July. - -This is one of the alpine flowers we share with all the alpine and -arctic lands of the Northern Hemisphere. High mountain ridges are its -home here, and if we travel north we keep finding it at progressively -lower elevations until it reaches the low barren lands of the arctic. -Always it is where winds are cold and climate is too rough for trees. -You might take it for a pad of green moss if it were not for its red -flowers, often in the form of a circlet near the plant’s edge. Close -examination shows a full-fledged plant, however, with leaves, stems and -a stout tap-root well buried in what soil there is below and around the -rock it presses against. Another member of the pink family that grows as -a mat against our timberline rocks is sandwort, _Arenaria sajanensis_. -Its flowers are white, and the plant less densely compacted. Related to -both of these alpine pinks are the numerous chickweeds of foothills and -mountains. They have low slender stems and their petals are white and -deeply notched at the end. - - - - - Buttercup Family - Pasque Flower, _Pulsatilla ludoviciana_, HELLER - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Flowers, of 5 to 7 petal-like sepals, form a wide cup 1½ inches across, -white or pale lavender within, and much darker lavender to purple, -covered with silky hairs, on the outside. The numerous golden stamens -are prominent. The flower buds, quite furry at this stage, spring -directly from a buried root crown before the green leaves, divided into -several lobes, appear. Grows in foothills, especially on gentle north -slopes where extra snow has drifted. Blooms late March-April. - -It goes also by the name of wind-flower, and often is called anemone. -Whatever name you choose, it is one of the best-loved flowers of the -Rockies. They are with us in March, going on into April, coming up -through late snows—keeping themselves warm with their furs about them. -The flowers start on short stems, but the whole plant grows quite large -and “leggy” as the season advances, and finally the fluffy seed plumes -offer their wares to every breeze. This same pasque flower is the state -flower of South Dakota. A northern species, growing in Glacier Park and -in Canada, _Pulsatilla occidentalis_, has larger flowers, of a creamy -color. Its cluster of seed plumes is large and dense enough to resemble -a dish mop. - - - - - Buttercup Family - Globe Anemone, _Anemone globosa_, NUTT. - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Flower, ¾ inch in diameter, of 5 to 9 showy petal-like sepals, usually -deep red, occasionally yellow, forms a shallow cup around the numerous -stamens and a conspicuous group of pistils which, after the flower -fades, become a round thimble-shaped seed cluster. The pedicels, bearing -the solitary flowers at their tips, are several inches long and covered -with silky hairs. Plant is about 1 foot tall, with subdivided leaves -near the base and on the sparingly branched stems. Grows in partial -shade in montane zone. Blooms June-July. - -This globe anemone, related to the better known pasque flower, is one of -the many less conspicuous plants that add to the charm of a flowery -hillside, yet reserve their more delicate beauty for those who take time -to prowl. This particular specimen was found in a glade filled with -columbines. We would probably not have seen it if we had not stopped to -try one more columbine picture! _Anemone canadensis_ is a somewhat -larger plant with pure white flowers, rather woody stems and deep green -foliage. It grows in shady places along foothill streams, but only where -conditions are to its liking. In these spots it forms rather dense -colonies. - - - - - Buttercup Family - Nelson’s Larkspur, _Delphinium nelsonii_, GREENE - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Flowers, ½ inch or more wide, are formed of 5 showy, dark blue, -irregularly shaped sepals, enclosing at their base 4 much smaller petals -of lighter color. The uppermost sepal extends backward as a slender spur -½ inch or more in length. About a dozen flowers on slender pedicels -group around a central erect stem to form a loose raceme which often -nods slightly at the top. Plant is 10 to 15 inches tall and bears rather -few leaves each sub-divided into linear segments. Grows in foothills -zone. Blooms late April to early June. - -This small larkspur of the early spring looks much like the single -larkspur of an old-fashioned garden. Its favorite location is near the -base of a clump of scrub oak where a little snow has drifted in the -winter giving that spot a bit of extra water. The intense blue of these -flowers contrasts well with the leather brown color of last season’s oak -leaves. When spring is farther advanced other taller larkspurs, such as -_Delphinium geyeri_, called poison-weed by the stockmen, make a more -spectacular showing on low foothills and plains. All of the larkspurs -contain an alkaloid poison which is deadly to cattle and somewhat -dangerous to other stock. - - - - - Buttercup Family - Snow Buttercup, _Ranunculus adoneus_, GRAY - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Flowers are an inch across, formed of several (3 to 15) broad, -overlapping golden petals having the glossy sheen of butter. The sparse -leaves are divided into linear lobes. These and the succulent stems grow -a few inches tall, breaking out of frosty soil with flower bud ready to -open. Grows on alpine and sub-alpine slopes near snow banks. Blooms when -snow melts, usually June to early July. - -The hardiness of the snow buttercup is its outstanding characteristic. -It comes up through the snow because in the high altitude in which it -lives its time for fruition is short. It pushes a stout knuckle of stem -through the snow crust, attracting the sun’s heat by the dark color of -its stem, then the knuckle straightens, lifting the already formed bud -into an erect position. The bud opens rapidly and proceeds to spread out -in the hole caused by melting. Of the many glossy members of the -buttercup family, there are few of so rich a yellow, or which give such -an appearance of being all flower with inconsiderable leaf and stem. - - - - - Buttercup Family - Globeflower, _Trollius laxus_, SALISB. - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Flower is 1¼ inches across of 5 to 10 (or more) pale cream petal-like -sepals, with numerous yellow stamens and several pistils in the center. -Numerous petals, so dwarfed as hardly to be noticed, surround the base -of the stamens. Plants, 8 to 15 inches tall, often grow in groups and -bear several flowers, each on its own slender stem. Leaves are dark -green and deeply cut into 5 or more spreading lobes (palmate). Grows in -moist rich soil in sub-alpine and alpine zones. Blooms late May-July. - -When the snowbanks melt in the alpine country, hundreds of temporary -runlets carry the snow water to timberline lakes and to permanent -streams. In the wet soil along these runlets and near these lakes, -globeflower is one of the common and very good looking plants. Both its -foliage and its flowers are graceful and charming. Associated with it is -usually marsh marigold, _Caltha rotundifolia_, which is also a member of -the buttercup family. Our Colorado marsh marigold is not gold at all, -but white—even a bluish-white. It grows with its feet right in the -water. Its leaves are entire and are all at the base of the sturdy low -plant. Its flowers are as large or slightly larger than those of -globeflower. It makes an effective companion for its more dainty -relative. - - - - - Buttercup Family - Columbine, _Aquilegia coerulea_, JAMES - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -The flower is formed of 5 sepals and 5 petals, alternately arranged and -all of them showy. The sepals are deep blue or sometimes quite pale, -forming a wide saucer-like star 3 inches across; the petals form a white -inner cup 1¾ inches across, and stretch back between the sepals as -hollow, slender 2-inch spurs. Plants are 2 feet or more high of several -delicate stems, usually carrying at their tops numerous flowers. The -deeply cut leaves are mainly concentrated at the plant base. Grows in -rich soil in montane zone, but extends into foothills and up to -timberline. Blooms June-July. - -Colorado’s queenly state flower speaks for itself much more eloquently -than humans can speak for it. No portrait can do it justice. We have -found it in the very glade near Palmer Lake where James first saw it and -named it _coerulea_ for its celestial blue. We have found it in -countless aspen groves of the montane zone and finally on rocky scree -near timberline (a more compact plant there—with flowers sometimes white -or of a rosy hue). Always there is the thrill of real discovery—a new -realization of its beauty. A less common and even more exciting find is -the dwarf columbine, _Aquilegia saximontana_, that grows between rocks -above timberline. - - - - - Poppy Family - Prickly Poppy, _Argemone intermedia_, SWEET - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Flower, 3 inches or more across, is formed of 6 brilliant white, -paper-like petals, surrounding numerous golden stamens with, at the very -center, a dark or even black stigma. Blossoms, in loose clusters opening -over a long period, crowd each other slightly at the tops of the -branching stems. Plant is 2 to 5 feet tall, with gray-green leaves -divided into lobes, and with yellowish spines along the stems and leaf -ribs. Grows in plains, foothills and lower montane zones. Blooms -May-September. - -These big coarse plants, which may be seen in small groups along our -roads at culvert ends and in neglected fence rows, could be taken for -some sort of thistle if it were not for the amazing flowers which they -display in successive crops throughout the whole summer. The blossoms -look like big circles of white crepe paper with a center of spun gold. -As the season advances, the plants get ragged, but even in September a -few fresh flowers will appear. Some resemblance can be seen between -these blossoms and the Oriental poppies of our gardens, but only by -study of their botanical structure can we find why they are put in the -same family with golden smoke, _Corydalis aurea_, of our foothills, and -the bleeding-heart of old-fashioned gardens. - - - - - Mustard Family - Wallflower, _Erysimum asperum_, DC. - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Flowers, ½ inch in diameter, are formed of 4 petals arranged like a -Maltese cross, yellow to orange in color. They are clustered into a -round terminal head, the lower flowers of which open first so that -usually tubular seed pods (siliques) have formed near the base by the -time the top of the cluster is in bloom. Plants are 8 inches or more -high, of several stems from one root crown. Grows in foothills, -extending down to plains and up through montane zone. Blooms May-July. - -The mustards are legion. Fields of them add a yellow note to many -western hillsides. They range from weedy poor relations, like shepherd’s -purse, to tall, showy spikes of prince’s plume, _Stanleya apinnata_. -Wallflower—despite its name suggesting a colorless personality—is one of -the handsome children of the family. Its flowers, larger than most -mustards, range in color from pale yellow, through orange, to rich -bronze shades. By no means all of the mustards are yellow. The flowers -of many of them are white, some, like the cardamine that grows in -abundance along sub-alpine water runs, being a very showy, brilliant -white. - - - - - Saxifrage Family - Snowball Saxifrage, _Saxifraga rhomboidea_, GREENE - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Individual flowers are ¼ inch or less across, each with 5 white petals, -and are grouped in a compact, round-topped head about 1 inch in diameter -which forms the top of a naked stem (scape). This scape rises to a -height of 8 inches, or sometimes much less, from the center of a flat -circle of oblong, leathery leaves. As the blossoms age, the flower -cluster becomes loose and sprangly. Grows on moist slopes in sub-alpine -and montane zones. Blooms May-July. - -Saxifrage is another large family of quite varied sorts. Gooseberries -and mock orange come within its membership. The numerous species of alum -root, _Heuchera_, are also included, as are many little alpine and -sub-alpine plants that grow out of rock crevices in our high mountains. -Purple saxifrage, _Saxifraga jamesii_, with quite large red-purple -flowers, and dotted saxifrage, _Saxifraga austromontana_, with tiny -white flowers covered with pale dots, are among the best. All of these -seem able to thrive on only a teaspoonful of soil in a rock crack, if -only there is local moisture. The structural features that bring all -these plants within one family are not obvious. The leaves of many of -them are similar to the leaves of a gooseberry bush, though in some this -resemblance is remote, and in others entirely absent. - - - - - Orpine Family - Queen’s Crown, _Sedum rhodanthum_, GRAY - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Individual flowers, ¼ inch across, are formed of 4 or 5 bright rose -petals; numerous flowers being congested in a round head an inch or more -in diameter terminating a leafy shoot, several of which rise from a -woody root crown. Plant is 6 to 10 inches high, with narrow, gray-green, -fleshy leaves crowded along the succulent stems. Grows in wet places -alpine and sub-alpine zones. Blooms June-August. - -Along the cold, mountain stream trickling out from Lake Isabelle, or -near any similar alpine lake or tarn, grows the _Sedum_, named queen’s -crown for the rosy-pink crowns of blossoms. These plants like to have -their feet in the water and often help to make the hillocky mounds on -the lake’s edge. Nearby and tolerating drier ground, is the king’s -crown, _Sedum integrifolium_, with its flatter head of deep maroon -flowers resembling the old-fashioned Bohemian garnet jewelry. The stems -and leaves of these sedums color brilliantly with the first frosts and -add richness to the Persian carpets of timberline in late August and -early September. - - - - - Rose Family - Bush Cinquefoil, _Potentilla fruticosa_, L. - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Flowers are an inch in diameter, of 5 broad, golden petals surrounding -20 or more stamens. Groups of several flowers are borne at the ends of -the numerous short branches. Plant is a dense shrub about 3 to 4 feet -high with many dark, woody, freely-branching stems. Leaves are pinnate, -with usually 5 or 7 narrow linear leaflets. Grows in moist parts of the -montane zone, also in the upper foothills and the lower sub-alpine -zones. Blooms continuously May to September. - -This thornless yellow rose is one of the most widespread and most -ornamental shrubs of mountain areas. Individual clumps are rarely fully -covered with bloom at any one time, tending rather to bring out a few -fresh flowers each day of the season so that all summer long there are -buds, fresh blossoms, groups of faded petals, and small, dry, fuzzy -seeds (achenes) distributed over the plant. Other species of -_Potentilla_ grow also in our mountains. They are much smaller and most -of them herb-like, but the resemblance to a yellow single rose, and the -absence of thorns are common to them all. We have many wild roses in -this same family, of the genus _Rosa_, that have plenty of thorns and -closely resemble the red single roses of the garden. - - - - - Pea Family - Prairie Pea, _Lathyrus stipulaceus_, B. AND ST. J. - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Flowers, more than ½ inch across, are shaped like a cultivated sweet -pea, with very showy red banner and paler lateral petals and keel. -Plants, about 6 inches high, grow in irregular mats. The leaves are -pinnate, formed by about 4 pairs of narrow linear leaflets. These and -the stems are gray-green and, in most plains specimens, covered with -rather silky down. Grows in sandy soil on plains. Blooms May-June. - -This, and the quite different looking plants shown on the next three -pages, give but a small sample of the pea family, which is one of the -largest and most important of the plant groups. More than 150 species in -this one family are native to Colorado, and additional ones have been -introduced for ornament or food. They take every form and size from the -little flat mats of deer clover, shown on the opposite page, to the rank -growing clumps of sweet clover that spread themselves along our roads. -Beans and alfalfa as well as sweet peas, lupines and even locust trees, -all belong to this big family. - - - - - Pea Family - Deer Clover, _Trifolium nanum_, TORR. - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Individual flowers, pink-lavender to purple, formed along a keel, like -those of the cultivated clovers, about ½ inch long and rather slender, -grow singly or in twos or threes on short pedicels rising directly from -the root crown. The plant is a dense mat, often a foot or more across, -covered with small 3-foliate leaves. Grows on rocky flats or slopes in -alpine zone. Blooms June-July. - -For many, acquainted only with the cultivated clovers of lawn and -meadow, it is a pleasure to know that the high pastures grazed by deer -and elk have clovers as well. At least three species are familiar to -observing travelers along Trail Ridge, or up Mt. Evans, or along any -road that crosses the enchanted land where trees stop and dwarfed plant -life takes over. The deer clover pictured here likes rocky places. Its -flowers are packed close together, but not clustered in heads as are -those of its alpine neighbor, _Trifolium dasyphyllum_, which closely -resembles the white clover of our lawns, though with touches on its -petals of red-brown. In the high places, extending down through the -sub-alpine zone there is also a bright red clover, _Trifolium parryi_, -smaller but otherwise much like the cultivated red clover. - - - - - Pea Family - Lambert’s Loco, _Oxytropis lambertii_, PURSH - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Individual flowers, about ½ inch wide, are formed of 5 dissimilar -petals, usually magenta red, sometimes other shades from rose to purple. -The banner bends back slightly and carries markings of lighter color -near its base; the 2 lateral petals are plain and angle forward; the 2 -lower petals form a narrow keel. Numerous flowers, attached at the calyx -base along the upper third of a naked stem, form a showy spike 10 inches -or more tall, several of which rise from one root crown. Leaves, -pinnate, with numerous green leaflets, rise also from the root crown and -are about half the height of the flower spikes. Grows in foothills and -higher parts of plains zone. Blooms May-July. - -The many members of the pea family going by the names of loco, vetch, -milk vetch, etc., are usually considered crass weeds and are in -disrepute because some of them are poisonous to stock. They often grow -in soil containing traces of selenium, and are doubly harmful in that -case. Where other browze is good, animals usually leave the toxic ones -alone, except the occasional horse that becomes “an addict” and is -“locoed.” In spite of these obnoxious qualities, there are few plants -that give more bright and decorative touches to the plains. - - - - - Pea Family - Golden Banner, _Thermopsis divaricarpa_, A. NELS. - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -The individual flowers are about ¾ inch across, each formed of 5 -dissimilar golden petals. The top petal is an upright banner, with a -wing petal on each side and in the center the 2 keel petals folded -together. A dozen or more flowers are attached by short pedicels to the -upper part of the stem, forming a loose raceme. Plants, of one or -several erect leafy stems from a root crown, are 1-2 feet tall. Grows in -foothills and montane zones. Blooms April-July. - -Several closely allied species share the name of golden banner, and -among them cover a very wide range in all parts of Colorado from the -plains well into the mountains. They spread both by seeds and by -root-runners resulting in quite large colonies. They seem to be -unpalatable to livestock so, in spite of their attractive looking -leaves, they stay fresh while other plants around them look browzed. -Everywhere they are gay and decorative. A bright field of them near the -Platte River, bowing to the wind, banks of them in open glades of the -Greenhorn Mountains, and pale yellow clumps along the trail to Lulu -City, are prized flower memories. - - - - - Loasa Family - Stickweed, _Mentzelia nuda_, T. AND G. - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Flowers, about 2 inches wide, are formed of 10 narrow, creamy, petals -which spread wide and surround a radiating cluster of 100 or more pale -stamens as long as the petals. Plant is 2 to 4 feet high of white shiny -stems branching freely from one main stem, and rather sparsely covered -with deeply indented, light green leaves of a peculiar rough texture. -Grows on plains and low foothills. Blooms July-August. - -The leaves of this plant are covered with minute barbed hairs which -cling to cloth so firmly that a spray of several flowers placed upon a -coat lapel will stay almost as dependably as if fastened with a pin. -They have the feel of fine-grained sandpaper. The flowers are very -responsive to light conditions. All through the morning and well into -the afternoon they are tightly closed, then about four o’clock, or a -half hour earlier if clouds reduce the light, they spread into full -bloom. This opening proceeds so rapidly that the movement of the petals -is quite easily seen. In a period of twenty minutes or less a colony of -the plants will change its whole appearance from inconspicuous weeds to -a gorgeous display of big pale stars. A related species, _Mentzelia -decapetala_, has even larger flowers of deeper cream color. It waits -until after sundown to open. - - - - - Cactus Family - Strawberry Cactus, _Echinocereus triglochidiatus_, ENGELM. - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Flowers are brilliant scarlet, 2½ inches across, with a conspicuous -group of green stigmas in the center. Plant is a single, erect, -cylindrical, dark-green joint or stem about 5 inches high, several to -many of which often group closely together forming a mound. The stems -are strongly ridged and carry sharp spines in clusters. Grows in rocky -or gravelly soil on plains and into foothills, southwestern Colorado. -Blooms May. - -This is related to some larger _cacti_ that grow in Arizona, and there -get the name of hedgehog. The name pincushion is broadly used for all -the small round _cacti_ of our area even though they are not too closely -related to each other. The bright, strawberry-red flowers of the plant -shown above quite set it apart from the pincushions of eastern Colorado -plains. Among these are hen-and-chickens cactus, _Echinocereus -vividiflorus_, with small, greenish-yellow flowers, also, spiny stars, -_Coryphantha vivipara_, a round little cactus with shiny purple flowers. -These plants are so like the prairie sod in color as to defy search when -not in bloom. Ball cactus, _Pediocactus simpsonii_, of foothills and -montane zones, is quite a perfect globe in shape, 3 to 6 inches in -diameter, and has small pink flowers closely grouped at the top of the -globe. - - - - - Cactus Family - Grizzly Bear Cactus, _Opuntia trichophora_, BRITTON AND ROSE - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Flowers are 3 inches or more across, usually light-yellow with fine -sheen, several of them erupting from the edge of a flat, oval joint. -Plant spreads over a circular area, about 2 feet in diameter, and is -made up of numerous connected flat joints, of light-green color, all -heavily armored with pale, sharp spines, some of which, in old plants, -may be flexible and hair-like. Grows on clay soil in foothills and -plains of middle and western Colorado. Blooms June-early July. - -Several species of Opuntia closely resemble each other. Some of them, -including a few found in Colorado, bear soft, juicy fruits which are -quite good eating when the prickles on the skins are removed, so all of -them are called prickly pear. The one shown above grows freely on the -high grassy flats of the San Luis Valley. It bears dry, hard fruits, as -do most of our Colorado species. The prickly pears, like all the other -cacti, accumulate moisture, when they get a chance, in the soft pulp of -their round or jointed stems. Then, over periods of drought, this -moisture is used to produce flowers, to mature seeds and to keep the -plant alive. The whole plant shrinks visibly if the times between drinks -are long. But for the defensive armor of their spines, few of them would -survive, because in a thirsty land every hungry cow is looking for -moisture too. - - - - - Evening Primrose Family - Yellow Evening Primrose, _Oenothera brachycarpa_, GRAY - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Flowers are cadmium-yellow, fading old-rose, 2½ inches across, of 4 wide -petals. The 4 narrow sepals bend back and at their base merge into a -hollow tubular stem. The style branches at its tip into 4 conspicuous -slender stigmas. Plant has little or no main stem; leaves are -dark-green, strap-shaped, 3 inches long. Grows in foothills, but only -where soil is somewhat marly. Blooms May-June. - -Look for this one of our numerous evening-primroses about Memorial Day. -Soil formed from the disintegration of Niobrara shale such as we find -along the Hogsback near Denver, or along the Boulder-Lyons road, is its -preference. The plants are rather ragged, but the flowers draw all our -attention to their soft, clear yellow as they spread open in the -sunshine. They last but a day—fading into soft rosy colors. The white -members of this family are much better known. Several such species -common on the plains are so responsive to early summer rain that within -days after a good shower all our roadsides and even vacant lots will be -gay with their short-lived beauty. - - - - - Evening Primrose Family - Fireweed, _Epilobium angustifolium_, L. - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Individual flowers, 1 inch across, are formed of 4 wide-spreading, -magenta petals, and are attached by longish pedicels to a central stem, -so that the whole flower cluster (inflorescence) is a loose raceme -forming the top foot or more of a tall leafy shoot, several of which -rise from a woody root crown. Leaves are narrow, 2 inches or more in -length. The entire plant is often 4 feet or more tall. Grows in sunny -openings in montane zone. Blooms June-August. - -Webster’s Dictionary describes fireweed as “any of several weeds, -troublesome in clearings or burned districts.” To use “troublesome” in -connection with this great “willow-herb” of the Rockies seems most -unkind. We are grateful to have it rush into devastated areas to cover -scars with its bright pink to magenta blossoms. The whole plant reddens -as it ages. The flower matures into a long thin pod which splits and -curls releasing feathery seed carriers. A less common low growing -species with larger flowers and broader leaves, _Epilobium latifolium_, -also grows in the area. It is a real find. A few grow not far below -Loveland Pass. - - - - - Heath Family - Pipsissewa, _Chimaphila umbellata_, NUTT. - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Flower, ½ inch across, formed of 5 rose-pink petals that bend back and -surround, at the center, a conspicuous bright green ovary which is -tipped with a disc-like stigma. The 10 prominent stamens, spreading from -near the base of the ovary, look like short claws. Plant is 8-12 inches -tall, bearing a cluster of several flowers at its top. Leaves are shiny -and evergreen with saw-toothed edges, arranged in whorls along the woody -stems, but most numerous at the base of the plant. Grows in moist acid -soil under pine or spruce trees in montane zone. Blooms late -July-August. - -The members of the heath family like shade, acid soil and moisture. -These conditions they find in the woods of the Northwest, where a great -variety of them, including rhododendrons and azaleas, grow in abundance. -Colorado has its share of the smaller heaths for those who look for them -in shady spots and along mossy trails near mountain streams. The trail -to Calypso Falls in Rocky Mountain National Park is good hunting, not -only for pipsissewa, but for the pyrolas and for the tiny white -wood-nymph, _Moneses uniflora_, all of them heaths. Kinnikinnick, -_Arctostaphylos uva-ursi_, is a heath of prostrate growth habit quite -common on mountain slopes. Bright red berries remain among its evergreen -leaves until Christmas. - - - - - Primrose Family - Brook Primrose, _Primula parryi_, GRAY - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Individual flowers, almost ½ inch across, are formed of 5 brilliant, -crimson, spreading corolla lobes which join at their base into a narrow -tube; dark shadings and yellow markings at the throat of the tube give -the effect of a round eye. A dozen or more flowers, each on a nodding -pedicel, are clustered at the top of a stout dark stem which rises from -a whorl of deep-green, broad, lance-shaped leaves. Plant is about 10 to -20 inches tall. Grows in sub-alpine zone or slightly higher. Blooms -June-early July. - -This spectacular primrose grows at the edge of cold streams, or often on -rocky-mossy hillocks right in mid-stream. One never forgets the picture -of their beauty—the flower clusters so rich in color, the alpine -background, the mat of moss and deep green leaves. Too bad for such a -plant to spoil any part of it with a most disagreeable fragrance, yet -that does remove any temptation to take them home. On the higher -tundras, a charming find is the tiny fairy primrose, _Primula -angustifolia_, similar in color, though not so vivid. A single -short-stemmed flower is usually all that this plant carries. - - - - - Primrose Family - Shooting Star, _Dodecatheon radicatum_, GREENE - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Individual flowers, ¾ inch across, are formed of 5 crimson, rather -narrow, petals or corolla lobes which flare outward and backward, but -unite at their base into a short tube. From this tube 5 conspicuous -anthers, over ¼ inch long, grouped together like a sharp straight beak, -protrude forward. Ten or more flowers, each on a slender pedicel, nod in -a cluster at the top of a stout scape which rises 10 to 15 inches high -from a basal mat of dark-green, oblong leaves. Grows along streams and -in wet meadows, in montane and sub-alpine zones. Blooms June-early July. - -Both the coloring and the shape of this little flower are fancy indeed. -It is small wonder that such names as shooting-star and bird-bill have -been given it. The crimson of its petals contrasts strongly with its -conspicuous almost black “bill,” and between these colors is a little -circlet of white, often shaded with yellow markings. A whole meadow of -such flowers is a sight well worth a trip to South Park, or to other of -our high meadow areas, where shooting-stars can be found in profusion. -In blooming season they follow the wild iris and, in turn, they are -followed by the low, red lousewort, _Pedicularis crenulata_, all of -which can in favorable seasons give fine mass color effects. - - - - - Gentian Family - Fringed Gentian, _Gentiana elegans_, A. NELS. - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Flowers are 2 to 3 inches long, of 4 deep purple-blue petals, fitted -together to form a square column for over half their length, then, in -sunlight, flaring outward to exhibit fringed tops and upper edges. Each -flower is at the end of a stem which bears several pairs of oblong, -opposite leaves. Plants are about 12 inches high of several erect stems -branching from near the base. Grows in sub-alpine wet meadows. Blooms -August-September. - -The lush hay meadows of Colorado’s upland parks are bright through the -summer with a succession of flowers. Late in the season come the -gentians. There are several species of these (we have counted a dozen on -a single trip), some of them quite uninteresting, weedy plants. The -queen of them is the fringed gentian, growing in abundance along the -edge of these high hay meadows, and even persisting in the stubble after -haying is past. A few of them last into late September. The flowers -close up under cloudy skies, but to find masses of them full-open on a -sunny day, when they display their fringed petals and large golden -stamens, is a heart-warming experience to be treasured for flowerless -days ahead. - - - - - Milkweed Family - Milkweed, _Asclepias speciosa_, TORR. - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Individual flower is a rosy, 5-point, star about ⅜ inch across, at the -center of which is a group of 5 small appendages curving inward and -forming a crown around the style and stamens. Numerous flowers cluster -together into a ball about 3 inches in diameter. Plants are about 3 feet -tall with thick broad leaves, the flower clusters borne at the top of -the stem and in axils of upper leaves. Grows on plains, especially along -ditch banks. Blooms June-July. - -The common weeds are too often taken for granted and not appraised for -their real beauty. This milkweed is in such a group—a coarse-growing -plant along country roads, often dust covered, yet with flowers of fine -delicate color and real charm whether we examine them singly or fix our -attention on the compact cluster in which they grow. As autumn comes the -dry leaves do not drop, but cling to the stem, rattling in the wind. The -rough seed pods, often four inches long, turn a rich brown, and finally -split open revealing a filling of lustrous, silky, down from which is -gradually released the seeds—brown-clad paratroopers with the most -airy-fairy parachutes in the world. - - - - - Morning-glory Family - Bush Morning-glory, _Ipomoea leptophylla_, TORR. - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -The flowers, shaped like pink trumpets with maroon striations, 3 inches -long and 2 inches across the mouth, are scattered freely along the outer -third of the stout yellowish stems which form a thick bush 2 feet or -more high. New buds coming out each day keep the plant in bloom for the -morning hours of several weeks. Leaves are narrow and linear, 2 inches -long; the root is large and spongy. Grows in sandy soil on plains. -Blooms July. - -This morning-glory is no clinging vine, even though its flowers—like -those of its cultivated relative on the back yard fence—do open only in -the coolness of dawn and wither in the heat of noon. For all the -sturdiness of individual plants, with their roots going “clear to -China,” they do not seem to multiply rapidly and colonies of them may be -miles apart. There are some fine bushes on the sandy hills along the -Denver-Parker road, but the colony is becoming smaller rather than -expanding. The common bindweed, _Convolvulus arvenis_, is a member of -this same family. Its ability to spread rapidly along roads and into -cultivated fields makes it a serious pest. - - - - - Waterleaf Family - Purple Fringe, _Phacelia sericea_, GRAY - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Numerous purple flowers, each ¼ inch in diameter, crowd at and near the -top of an erect hairy stem, making a cylindrical flower spike 3 inches -or more in length. The 5 stamens of each flower are tipped with bright -golden anthers and stick out farther than the petals, giving the effect -of gold-headed pins radiating from a purple cushion. Plant is 6 to 12 -inches tall of several leafy stems from a woody crown, the leaves -divided into numerous narrow lobes. Grows in rather dry soil, montane to -sub-alpine zones. Blooms May-July. - -Many other species of _Phacelia_ live in desert places where we have -learned to know and admire them, but our first acquaintance—and last -love—is this purple fringe of the montane zone. Its color is deeper, -more velvety, and the pollen of its anthers brighter gold than most of -its desert brethren can boast. It keeps, however, considerable tolerance -for dry places, so that fresh road-fills are gay with it. The -mountaineer who views his flowers only from a car has no excuse for not -knowing this one. - - - - - Borage Family - Alpine Forget-me-not, _Eritrichium elongatum_, JOHNSTON - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Flowers, ⅜ inch in diameter, are formed of deep-blue (occasionally -white) petals, spreading into a little flat disc and joining at their -base into a short tube. Minute golden crests in the throat of this -corolla tube, often bordered by white, give the effect of a central eye. -Plant is formed of a tough woody root crown bearing several very short -leafy shoots with flower clusters at the top. Entire plant is compact, -covered with short silky hairs, and rarely 3 inches high. Grows on flat -spots between rocks in alpine zone extending clear to peak summits. -Blooms late June-early July. - -The plant “association” pictured above is such as we find on Trail -Ridge. It has bright lichen, sedum, polemonium and alpine -forget-me-not—the kind of miniature garden that makes high altitude -flower hunting so much fun. The woody base of the forget-me-not is built -to stand the cold of long winters. The flowers—tiny and delicate for so -rugged a habitat—are of heaven’s own blue. Their exquisite perfume is -elusive. Only once have we found them in such abundance that the -fragrance called out to tell us where they were hiding. Their range is -wide, however, and in the short blossoming season there is a good chance -of finding a few on the slopes of any of our high peaks. - - - - - Phlox Family - Sky Pilot, _Polemonium viscosum_, NUTT. - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Numerous violet-blue flowers, each about ½ inch across, of 5 rounded -corolla lobes joining in a funnel-like tube, are clustered into a head -about 2½ inches in diameter, which nods slightly on its erect stem. -Plants are about 8 inches high, with numerous bright-green, pinnate -leaves cut into many narrow leaflets. The leaves may be erect or may -interweave somewhat at the base of a close group of several plants. -Grows in rocky places, alpine zone. Blooms late June-early July. - -The sky pilot, growing among rocks up where the sky seems very near, -reflects its blue and so is supposed to direct our thoughts upward. This -same feeling is embodied in the name of another species of _Polemonium_, -Jacobs ladder, _Polemonium pulcherrimum_, the staggered leaves of which -may represent the steps by which we climb. Sky pilot seems very much -affected by the particular season. In a dry summer, it is straggly and -manages to produce only a few blooms of faded blue. In a good year, -large clumps of sturdy erect plants make patches of deep color, accented -by their golden stamens. The leaves have a strong, offensive odor, but -the flowers are honey sweet. - - - - - Phlox Family - Scarlet Gilia, _Gilia aggregata_, SPRENG. - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Individual flower, 1½ inches long, is formed of a slender trumpet-like, -bright-scarlet (sometimes coral pink) corolla flaring at the mouth into -5 narrow lobes. Numerous flowers attached by short pedicels, are carried -in small groups along one side of the green stem. Plant is about 18-24 -inches tall, usually of one main stem, with sometimes a few branches. -Leaves are deeply cut into thin linear subdivisions, usually curved. -Grows in plains and foothills zones. Blooms June-August. - -In many otherwise barren areas, the red gilia or sky rocket plant -spreads its blaze of color in large patches or hangs, a single wand of -bloom, over the edge of the trail. It keeps blooming through the summer, -a few stragglers holding on till Labor Day. In early September we have -found them in the Wet Mountain Valley brightening the brown of the -autumn grasses. A white species, _Gilia attenuata_, tends to grow at -lower elevations—the red higher in the foothills. The pale pink and -coral plants are probably hybrids. - - - - - Figwort Family - Indian Paintbrush, _Castilleja integra_, GRAY - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -The true flowers are slender, two-lipped tubes of pale or greenish color -about 1 inch long. They are surrounded and often completely hidden by -the conspicuous, brick-red, modified leaves (bracts) which form a -flower-like cluster at the upper ends of the stems. The bract colors in -this species vary considerably through several shades of red. Plant is -8-15 inches tall composed of several leafy stems, very tough and woody -at their lower ends, rising from a woody root crown. Grows in foothills -and higher plains, extending upward through montane zone. Blooms -June-July. - -In the early summer, this spectacular plant may be seen in the prairie -stretches along the highway between Denver and Colorado Springs—or a bit -later in the season—literally carpeting the drier areas of South Park. -In higher altitudes, particularly in the well-watered vales of Engelmann -Spruce, there are other species with bracts of brilliant shades of rose -and maroon. In those same high gardens and on above timberline there is -a yellow paintbrush. The fortunate flower hunter may even be rewarded by -a yellow one tipped with red—or red edged with yellow. - - - - - Figwort Family - Penstemon, _Penstemon unilateralis_, RYDB. - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Individual flower is about ½ inch wide and somewhat longer, formed of a -bell-shaped, lavender-blue corolla which flares at its mouth into 5 -lobes separated into two groups. Numerous flowers, in groups of 3 or -more, are closely arranged along one side of the top half of each stem, -several stems rising from a root crown. Plant is 2 feet or more tall, -with narrow tapering leaves, opposite each other in pairs. Grows in -foothills and montane zones. Blooms late June-July. - -This is but one of twenty or more species of Penstemon found in -Colorado. Some, such as _Penstemon angustifolius_, with its azure blue -flowers, grow on the plains. A few are dwarf species of the sub-alpine -zone such as _Penstemon harbourii_. Every zone and every section has its -quota, and they range in color through all shades of lavender, blue, -purple, and even red. In details of flower structure, as well as in -size, they vary considerably. All of them, however, have a tubular -corolla of some shape, terminating in five lobes, divided into two -groups, giving them a two-lipped appearance. From this their -relationship to garden snapdragons is apparent. In the penstemons, also, -the topmost of their five stamens is sterile and often tipped with a -little brush of hairs. This gives them the name of beardstongue. - - - - - Composite Family - Gaillardia, _Gaillardia aristata_, PURSH - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Flower head, 3 inches or more across, is formed of a central red disk -made up of many minute tubular flowers (florets), surrounded by an outer -circle of long flat golden rays cleft at tips into 3 teeth. Plants are 2 -feet or more high of several rough stems usually erect, but sometimes -contorted. The dark green leaves are lance-shaped and rough. Grows in -foothills. Blooms June-July. - -Do you have one just like this in your garden? Cultivation has changed -the gaillardia less than it has most native plants. It was born a -handsome, showy flower. There is charm in its notched rays and in the -way the red of the central disk flowers runs outward into the gold of -the rays, as though the painter had been careless with his brush and -lavish with his colors. It grows far beyond the limits of Colorado. In -the rough breaks of the Montana hills several separate plants will -spread out and interweave as a colorful mass, giving it there the name -“blanket-flower.” - - - - - Composite Family - Rabbit Brush, _Chrysothamnus nauseosus_, H. AND C. - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Individual flower heads are about ¼ inch across and double that in -length, each formed of a dozen or more tubular bright gold florets -closely compressed at their bases into a green involucre. Numerous such -heads are clustered loosely together into round-topped groups (cymes) at -the ends of stems and branches. Plant is a wide-branching, woody shrub -2-4 feet high with small, green-gray, linear leaves. Grows on dry plains -and lower foothills, especially common in western Colorado. Blooms -September-October. - -Most of the better known composites have spreading rays—each of which is -really a flower, though usually sterile—surrounding a disc of less -conspicuous tubular flowers, these latter being normally the fertile -ones. Sunflowers are familiar examples. Throughout some genera of this -great family, and in various species of additional genera, the rays are -totally absent. Rabbit brush is one of the composites whose flower heads -have no rays. They are showy only because so many of them cluster -together, and because each small flower contributes a speck of bright -gold. They are distinctly plants of desert lands, and in the fall season -each big clump is a perfect mound of color. As winter nears, the color -pales and fades, though flowers hang on a long time. Rabbit brush is not -a sagebrush, even though both grow on the same dry plains and both are -members of the composite family. - - - - - Composite Family - Easter Daisy, _Townsendia sericea_, HOOK. - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Flower heads, 2 inches across, are formed of about 30 white rays, -slightly striated and indented at the tips, surrounding a disc, about ¾ -inch in diameter, of numerous tubular gold-colored florets. Plant is -about 3 inches high and carries one or several flower heads right on the -top of a spreading tough root crown from which also rise numerous, -narrow, linear leaves about 2-3 inches long. Grows on grassy plains, and -foothills. Blooms April-May. - -These are among the very earliest of the plains flowers. Their typical -occurrence is as isolated plants, one here and one there between grass -turfs in areas of rather tight prairie sod. They are so low and compact -that they are not easy to find, even though their beauty well justifies -the search. Spring has come when Easter daisies are out, even though the -plains are still clad in winter gray with only a faint suggestion that -in time the range will be green. Several other members of this daisylike -genus are found in the foothills and plains. One of the commoner of -these, _Townsendia eximia_, is easily distinguished by its short -spreading branches which carry a few leaves. - - - - - Composite Family - Showy Fleabane, _Erigeron speciosus_, C. FONG - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Flower head, 1½ inches across, is composed of about 200 narrow rays of -brilliant lavender color, surrounding a button-like center ½ inch in -diameter, of numerous, bright-gold, tubular florets packed closely -together. Plant is 1½ to 3 feet high, freely branching, with numerous -flower heads; leaves oblong or oval 2-3 inches long. Grows in shady -places, rich moist soil, montane and sub-alpine zones. Blooms late -July-September. - -As the season advances, these aster-like flowers become the most -conspicuous color notes in our high-altitude aspen groves. They come -after early flowers are gone and bloom with a profusion unknown to most -shade-loving plants. Before they too are gone a leaf here and there on -the geranium plants in these same places will have turned bright red; on -the ground, ivory colored puff-balls will be ready to discharge their -clouds of brown spores, and the very first of the aspen leaves will have -turned yellow and be drifting down. Showy fleabanes may linger to catch -the first fall snows. Another of the many members of this genus, -_Erigeron trifidus_, grows on the plains and brings out its small white -blossoms in late April when it may catch the last spring snows. - - - - - Composite Family - Alpine Sunflower, _Hymenoxys grandiflora_, PARKER - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Flower head is 3 to 4 inches across, the central disk, an inch in -diameter, made up of over a hundred tiny, tubular, golden florets, -surrounded by about 30 bright yellow rays which are flat and notched at -the outer end. Plant is 5 to 15 inches tall of one or several woolly -stems, with leaves divided into several narrow lobes. Grows on alpine -slopes. June-July. - -This woolly-stemmed, dwarf sunflower, sometimes called -old-man-of-the-mountains, or sun-god, is a startling surprise for the -newcomer to our above-timberline tundras. One expects smaller more timid -flowers here, and so at first the big bright faces of these plants seem -out of place. Then we come to love them for their gay defiance of tough -growing conditions and think of them as the proper guardians of high -windy places. Whole colonies of them will be found with all the flower -heads faced in the same direction. This will be a direction from which -they receive strong light, and is a form of heliotropism. The stems, -however, do not twist through a full half circle each day to follow the -sun. - - - - - Composite Family - Thistle, _Circium undulatum_, SPRENG. - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Flower heads, 1½ to 2 inches broad, are solitary at the ends of stems -and branches, and made up of numerous (100 or more) rose-colored, -tubular florets fluffing out widely at their tops and grouped tightly -together at their bases into an involucre made of many little, -overlapping green bracts. Plant is about 3 feet tall with gray-green -deeply cut leaves; stem and leaf ribs armed with prickles. Grows on -plains, extending into foothills. Blooms May-September. - -Thistles of some sort are found in all parts of Colorado. Above -timberline they take on grotesque shapes. In one, high-altitude thistle, -_Circium hookerianum_, the whole woolly top of the plant, formed of -compressed leaves and inconspicuous flower heads, bends over to resemble -the head and neck of some shaggy animal. In our sub-alpine hay meadows a -different species, _Circium drummondii_, may spread flat on the ground -with no main stem and keep its flower heads so low that the mowing -machine goes right over it catching only tops of a few leaves. On the -plains are other species with shaving-brush-like flower heads. In spite -of the prickles on their leaves and stems, horses nip off the flower -heads and eat them with relish. Donkeys and mules seem to like them even -better. - - - - - CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS - - -All plants are related to each other in the sense that every one of them -is descended from a common primitive uni-cellular life form which came -into existence on this planet millions of years ago. As the remote -progeny of that ancestral cell, or group of cells, became scattered over -the earth and faced diverse conditions, which in turn changed with the -ages, these millions of related organisms exhibited profound changes -such that the differences in form, size and structure have become more -noticeable than are the badges of common inheritance. This is the -process called Evolution. Changes are established so slowly, however, -that the immediate descendants of any particular plant, or the offspring -from cross-pollination within a closely related group, will continue for -many generations to be substantially identical in structure with the -parents. As long as substantial identity in structure exists, all of -these individual plants form a single “species.” As these species are -discovered, botanists give each of them a Latin name. Within Colorado -over 2000 such separate species of flowering plants are known. Minute -variations such as color of petals or degree of hairiness of leaf or -stem are treated as “varieties” within the species. - -Many thousands of these substantially identical plants may be found -scattered over parts of a state, or over several states, or even -throughout a life zone area comprising parts of several continents. -Within the life zone favorable to them, the only geographical limits -seem to be those affecting distribution of live seed. - -In the search for plants, many different species are found, either in -the same or more often in different localities, in which the -resemblances are close; in fact many parts are almost identical, but -persistent differences are also present. A common ancestor several -hundred or several thousand years back may have existed, but -evolutionary changes have brought noticeable differences in the -respective descendant groups. If the changes are not too great, -especially if the mechanisms of reproduction have not been so greatly -changed as to make cross-pollination totally impossible between plants -of the several species, these related species, wherever they may have -been found, are said to comprise a “genus.” To this, also, a Latin name -is given. _Lillium_, for example, is the generic name of all true lilies -everywhere; _umbellatum_, however, is the specific name of the group to -which our Colorado mountain lily belongs; and “_Lillium umbellatum_” is -the full name of the plant shown on page 10. - -Still greater differences in plant and flower structure are found, -coupled, however, with strong resemblances in significant parts of the -structure. This has led to grouping a considerable number of genera -together into a “family.” Latin names also are given to the families. -For these names there are, in most cases, well established English -equivalents which we have used here without repeating the more technical -family name. Within each family all genera and each species of every -genus will exhibit strong resemblances in the mechanism of seed -production, and the general pattern of the organs of reproduction will -be recognizably similar. For example, all species in the rose family -(with very few exceptions) have numerous stamens arranged in whorls; -they also have a calyx formed of five sepals joined together at the -base. - -Other groupings, such as “Orders” comprised of several families, or -“tribes” composed of several genera within a family, are used by -botanists, but for the purposes of this booklet we have used only the -names of families, genera and species. - -To the amateur one of the most interesting phases of plant -classification is the way in which, as we pass from one life zone to -another, or from one part of the state to another part within the same -life zone, we find that a plant species which we have observed at one -spot, is replaced, at another, by a different species within the same -genus. We find our white mariposa, _Calochortus gunnisonii_, on the east -side of the mountains, then, in flat clay plains in southwestern -Colorado, we find the sego lily, Calochortus nuttallii, which is a -similar, but quite distinct mariposa with cream-colored petals and a -crooked, much shorter stem. Beyond the boundaries of Colorado numerous -other species of Calochortus are found, all of them different from ours, -but all of them quite obviously mariposas. - - - - - HOW PLANT POPULATIONS MAINTAIN THEMSELVES AND SPREAD - - -Infant mortality is high and life expectancy short among the flowering -plants. They not only struggle against extremes of climate, but they are -the primary food of the animal kingdom, and so pursued by creatures that -have the advantages of sight and locomotion. It is only by marvelous -fecundity and by ingenious devices for seed dispersal that plants -maintain their position on the earth. - -The first objective of every plant is to produce fertile seed in as -large a quantity as the supplies of food and moisture and the length of -season will permit. Pollination, which brings about the merging of the -male and female cells, is essential to seed production. The majority of -plants combine in a single flower stamens which carry in anthers on -their tips the male element pollen and one or more pistils which hold at -their base ovaries containing the female cells. These ovaries are -reached by the pollen through the style and the stigma at its tip. The -flower may thus fertilize itself in most species, but cross-pollination -from other plants of the same species makes for more vigorous stock. The -showy petals and petal-like sepals, which draw our eyes to flowers, make -the flower conspicuous also to bees, moths, and even birds which act as -pollen bearers. Other lures to this same end are fragrances and nectar. -The detailed mechanisms by which the various plants increase the -likelihood of cross-fertilization, within the brief period that any -given set of cells is capable of fertilization, are numerous indeed and -a fascinating study. - -In most plants, seed develops and becomes fully ripe in a matter of -weeks after fertilization has occurred. It is also commonplace for a -single flower to produce a seed pod or other fruit which may contain -hundreds of separate perfect seeds. - -The next step is to scatter this seed over an area wide enough to reduce -the risk of all of them perishing at once, and also wide enough to keep -the survivors from competing too closely with each other for soil, -moisture and sunlight. Here again fascinating devices come into play. -Building each seed with a plume or bit of fluff at its tip so that it -can be carried far by wind, is one of the commonest tricks. Other seeds -float easily on water and so reach new sites. Other seeds invite being -eaten by birds or beasts, and depend upon a fraction of them either -being carelessly dropped before being swallowed, or having tough enough -shells to resist digestion. Quite a number of plants produce seed pods -which, when they become thoroughly dry split open with a jerk flipping -seeds over distances of several feet. Finally there are the various burs -and barbed seeds that are carried for miles by animals and by man. - -Seeds thus become scattered over the earth, and so numerous and -efficient are the devices of dispersion that in the course of years the -seeds from a single plant colony, and from the successive new outlying -colonies it founds, may become spread over miles of distance. Only a few -barriers completely stop such spreading. Oceans, high mountains and -broad deserts are the most effective barriers, but even they do not -always stop every seed of every plant. - -This spread of seeds pays little attention to life zone limits, or to -such interference as rivers, hills or local barren areas may present. -Over and past all of such minor obstacles the flow of seed rolls. - -The final problem for the seed is how to germinate and become -established in the place it lands. If that place is totally unsuitable -for the particular species, the answer there is failure. Many seeds may -invade a locality too dry for their development. In such a case, even if -germination occurs, all such seedlings will die before a single plant -matures. Heavy frost may act as a like absolute veto to other seedlings -that venture too high in altitude or too far north in latitude for their -own limitations. By forces such as these, each species of plant stays -contained within limits beyond which it cannot become established, even -though individual seeds may in great numbers invade impossible -localities. - -Mature plants may tolerate conditions which wipe out all tender -seedlings of the same species. This leads to interesting patterns of -plant distribution in semi-desert areas, such as occur in parts of -Colorado. Once or twice in a century a series of two, three, or even -five successive years may occur when the soil is moist and -extraordinarily favorable to plant growth throughout weeks or months of -the spring and summer. In these special times seeds that have invaded a -usually hostile area may, if they have retained fertility, germinate, -push their roots deep, and become so vigorous that when normal dry years -follow these particular plants live on and thrive for the remainder of -their lives, even though their own seeds fall on barren ground and the -species maintains only a precarious or temporary foothold in the area. - -Governed by forces such as these, and limited by competition with each -other, plant species have for ages taken their places in the global -economy and carried out their part of the commandment to be fruitful and -multiply. Otherwise we and the animals we prey upon could not exist. - - - - - FLOWER FORMS - - -The four flowers sketched below with supplementary drawings of their -separate parts, give only a small sample of the infinite structural -variety found among flowering plants. - - [Illustration: A Yucca, illustrating features which are found in - several other lilies.] - - perianth segment - stigma - anther - style - ovary - pedical - stem - Detail of stamen - pollen - anther - filament - - [Illustration: A Buttercup. This particular one has showy sepals but - no petals.] - - group of styles - sepal - group of - stamens - ovary - pedical - single sepal - Detail of stamen - - [Illustration: A Penstemon. Here a calyx is present formed of 5 - sepals united at their base, the petal parts are fully united into a - tubular corolla terminating at its throat in 5 unequal lobes.] - - lobe of corolla - sterile stamen - anther - stigma - style - sepal - ovary - calyx - pedicel - Details - beard - filament - anther - filament - - [Illustration: A Composite flower head, made up of numerous complete - and separate flowers, enclosed at their bases in an involucre made - up of many overlapping bracts.] - - (right half cut away and all other florets removed) - bracts of involucre - tubular floret - receptacle - ray floret - stigma - style - stamen - corolla tube - ovary - receptacle - - - - - PLANT PARTS - - - [Illustration: This sort of inflorescence is known as a raceme. - Larkspurs and many other plants arrange their flowers in this way.] - - pedicel - stem - - [Illustration: When the flowers are clustered at ends of radiating - pedicels as shown here the inflorescence is an umbel. All the - parsleys follow this general pattern.] - - pedicel - bract - scape - - [Illustration: Onions and some other lilies grow in this pattern.] - - stem - bulb - - [Illustration: Many plants, including penstemons, grow this way.] - - stem - root crown or caudex - - [Illustration: Prickly Poppy has this sort of root and stem system.] - - main stem - tap root - root - - [Illustration: Shooting Star grows this way.] - - scape - - - - - LEAF FORMS - - - [Illustration: Simple] - - linear - lanceolate - ovate - cordate - - [Illustration: Compound] - - pinnate - pinnately - cleft - bipinnate - palmate - - [Illustration: Leaf Arrangements] - - opposite - alternate - whorls - - [Illustration: Attachment Parts] - - stem - petiole - stipule - - - - - BOOKS DEALING WITH COLORADO WILDFLOWERS - - - Field Book of Western Wild Flowers—Margaret Armstrong - C. P. Putnam’s Sons, N. Y., 1915 - - Plants of Rocky Mountain National Park—Ruth E. Ashton - Government Printing Office, 1933 - Revised edition under same title—Ruth Ashton Nelson in press, 1953 - - Colorado Cacti—Chas. H. Boissevain and Carol Davidson - Abbey Garden Press, San Marino, 1940 - - Rocky Mountain Flowers—Frederic E. and Edith S. Clements - H. W. Wilson Co., N. Y., 1920 - - New Manual of Botany of the Central Rocky Mountains—John - Coulter and Aven Nelson - American Book Co., Chicago, 1909 - - Manual of the Plants of Colorado—H. D. Harrington - Sage Press, Ft. Collins, Colorado—in press, 1953 - - American Wild Flowers—Harold N. Moldenke - D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., N. Y., 1949 - - Meet the Natives—M. Walter Pesman - Denver, Colorado, 1943 - - Flora of Colorado—P. A. Rydberg - Ft. Collins, Colorado, 1906 - - Flora of Rocky Mountains and Adjacent Plains—P. A. Rydberg - New York, 1917 - - The Flora of Boulder County, Colorado—William A. Weber - University of Colorado Museum - - - - - OTHER MUSEUM PICTORIALS - - -1. Nature Photography with Miniature Cameras—Alfred M. Bailey - -2. The Story of Pueblo Pottery—H. M. Wormington and Arminta Neal - -3. Stepping Stones Across the Pacific—Alfred M. Bailey and Robert J. - Niedrach - -4. Fossil Mammals—Harvey C. Markman - -5. Nature Photography with High-Speed Flash—Walker Van Riper, Robert J. - Niedrach and Alfred M. Bailey - -6. Laysan and Black-footed Albatrosses—Alfred M. Bailey - -7. The Hawaiian Monk Seal—Alfred M. Bailey - - - - - INDEX - - - A - _Page_ - _Abronia fragrans_ 14 - Alpine forget-me-not 46 - Alpine sunflower 55 - _Anemone globosa_ 20 - _Aquilegia coerulea_ 24 - _Argemone intermedia_ 25 - _Asclepias speciosa_ 43 - - - B - Bird-bill 41 - Brook primrose 40 - Bush cinquefoil 29 - Bush morning-glory 44 - - - C - Cactus 35-36 - _Calochortus gunnisonii_ 11 - _Castilleja integra_ 49 - Cattail Back Cover - _Chimaphila umbellata_ 39 - _Chrysothamnus nauseosus_ 52 - _Cirsium undulatum_ 56 - _Claytonia lanceolata_ 17 - Columbine 24 - _Cypripedium calceolus_ 13 - - - D - Deer clover 31 - _Delphinium nelsonii_ 21 - _Dodecatheon radicatum_ 41 - - - E - Easter daisy 53 - _Echinocereus triglochidiatus_ 35 - _Epilobium angustifolium_ 38 - _Erigeron speciosus_ 54 - _Eriogonum umbellatum_ 15 - _Eritrichium elongatum_ 46 - _Erysimum asperum_ 26 - _Erythronium grandiflorum_ 12 - Evening primrose 37 - - - F - Fireweed 38 - Fleabane 54 - Fringed gentian 42 - - - G - _Gaillardia aristata_ 51 - _Gentiana elegans_ 42 - _Gilia aggregata_ 48 - Glacier lily 12 - Globe anemone 20 - Globe flower 23 - Golden banner 33 - - - H - _Hymenoxys grandiflora_ 55 - - - I - Indian paintbrush 49 - _Ipomoea leptophylla_ 44 - - - L - Lady’s slipper 13 - Lambert’s loco 32 - Larkspur 21 - _Lathyrus stipulaceus_ 30 - _Leucocrinum montanum_ 9 - _Lilium umbellatum_ 10 - Loco 32 - - - M - Mariposa 11 - _Mentzelia nuda_ 34 - Milkweed 43 - Moss campion 18 - - - N - Nelson’s larkspur 21 - - - O - _Oenothera brachycarpa_ 37 - _Opuntia trichophora_ 36 - _Oxytropis lambertii_ 32 - - - P - Paintbrush 49 - Pasque flower 19 - _Penstemon unilateralis_ 50 - _Phacelia sericea_ 45 - Pipsissewa 39 - _Polemonium viscosum_ 47 - _Potentilla fruticosa_ 29 - Prairie pea 30 - Prairie snowball 14 - Prickly pear 36 - Prickly poppy 25 - _Primula parryi_ 40 - _Pulsatilla ludoviciana_ 19 - Purple fringe 45 - - - Q - Queen’s crown 28 - - - R - Rabbit brush 52 - _Ranunculus adoneus_ 22 - _Rumex venosus_ 16 - - - S - Sand begonia 16 - Sand lily 9 - _Saxifraga rhomboidea_ 27 - Scarlet gilia 48 - _Sedum rhodanthum_ 28 - Shooting star 41 - _Showy fleabane_ 54 - _Silene acaulis_ 18 - Sky pilot 47 - _Snowball saxifrage_ 27 - Snow buttercup 22 - Spanish bayonet front cover - Spring beauty 17 - Stickweed 34 - Strawberry cactus 35 - Sulphur flower 15 - - - T - _Thermopsis divaricarpa_ 33 - Thistle 56 - _Townsendia sericea_ 53 - _Trifolium nanum_ 31 - _Trollius laxus_ 23 - _Typha latifolia_ Back Cover - - - W - Wallflower 26 - Wood lily 10 - - - Y - Yellow evening primrose 37 - Yellow lady’s slipper 13 - _Yucca glauca_ front cover - - - - - Cattail Family - Cattail, _Typha latifolia_, L. - - - BACK COVER⇒ - -The flower spike forms the top 6 to 10 inches of a stiff rush-like stem -which rises from a sheath of long, narrow, flat leaves to a total height -of about 4 feet, the leaves rising slightly higher than the stem. The -top 3 or 4 inches of the flower spike is composed of numerous male -flowers producing only pollen and early dropping off to leave a bare, -rather sharp, stem tip; the lower 4 or 5 inches of the flower spike is -composed of thousands of female flowers packed so tightly together as to -give the appearance of a smooth, rich-brown cylinder, more than an inch -in diameter, which finally breaks up into fluffy seeds. Forms solid -colonies in marshy places in plains, foothills and lower montane zones. -Blooms first appear about July, and become mature in September-October. - - [Illustration: The Museum] - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - -—Silently corrected a few typos. - -—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - -—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Colorado Wild Flowers, by -Harold DeWitt Roberts and Rhoda N. 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width:4.7em; text-align:left; margin-left:0; text-indent:0; }</style> -</head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Colorado Wild Flowers, by -Harold DeWitt Roberts and Rhoda N. Roberts - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Colorado Wild Flowers - Denver Museum of Natural History Popular Series #8 - -Author: Harold DeWitt Roberts - Rhoda N. Roberts - -Release Date: May 28, 2020 [EBook #62263] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COLORADO WILD FLOWERS *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -</pre> - -<div id="cover" class="img"> -<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Colorado Wild Flowers" width="500" height="746" /> -</div> -<div class="box"> -<h1><span class="white"><span class="ss">COLORADO WILD FLOWERS</span></span></h1> -<p class="tbcenter"><span class="white ss large">MUSEUM PICTORIAL</span></p> -<p class="center"><span class="white"><span class="ss">ROBERTS</span></span></p> -<p class="center small">Copyright 1953, -<br />by Denver Museum of Natural History, Denver, Colorado</p> -<p class="center small">Lithographed in the United States of America -<br />by Bradford-Robinson Printing Company, -<br />Denver, Colorado</p> -</div> -<h2 id="c1"><span class="small"><i class="large">Acknowledgments:</i></span></h2> -<p>The original color films used for the plates on pages <a href="#Page_15">15</a> and <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, were -heretofore reproduced in different form in “American Wild Flowers”—Moldenke, -published in 1949 by D. Van Nostrand Co., New York, with -whose permission they are again reproduced here.</p> -<p>The pen and ink diagrams and sketches on pages <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a> and -<a href="#Page_65">inside back cover</a>, were prepared by Mary Chilton Gray, of the staff of -Denver Museum of Natural History.</p> -<h2 id="c2"><span class="small">Lily Family</span> -<br /><span class="sc">Yucca or Spanish Bayonet</span>, <i>Yucca glauca</i>, <span class="smaller">NUTT.</span></h2> -<p><a href="#cover">⇐FRONT COVER</a></p> -<p>Flowers, closely arranged along a tall woody bloom stalk, are each -formed by 6 petals and sepals (perianth segments) surrounding a large -fleshy pistil. The 3 outer segments often have mahogany brown shading -on the back, the 3 inner are creamy white, or greenish white. They look like -drooping bells in the daytime, but spread to a total width of 3 to 4 inches -when fully open in late evening. Pollination is accomplished only by the -deliberate work of a <i>Pronuba</i> moth. Total height of plant, including blossom -stalk, is about 4 feet; leaves narrow, stiff and yellowish green, with a -sharp spine at tip. Grows on plains, particularly in sandy areas, and extends -into foothills. Blooms June-July.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_1">1</div> -<h1 title="">SOME COMMON COLORADO WILD FLOWERS</h1> -<p class="center"><i>By</i> -<br />Harold and Rhoda Roberts</p> -<h2 class="center"><span class="small">FOREWORD</span></h2> -<p>The generous acceptance of the first seven numbers of -MUSEUM PICTORIAL convinced the Trustees of the -Denver Museum of Natural History that the publication -is filling a definite need in the field of natural history reports. -The subjects are so varied that a wealth of material -is available.</p> -<p>The present issue is the first printed in color, and -will, we hope, be followed by others. The authors, Harold -and Rhoda Roberts, probably are the foremost photographers -of wild flowers of Colorado and the Southwest. This field -work has carried them from the tops of the highest mountains -of Colorado to the depths of Death Valley. Their outstanding -Kodachrome slides have been shown to many audiences and -have appeared in publications. It is hoped that Museum -Pictorial No. 8 will be the first of a series on Colorado wild -flowers by the authors, which may eventually be compiled -into book form.</p> -<p>Harold Roberts, prominent Denver attorney, is a -Trustee of the Museum, and chairman of its Building -Committee.</p> -<p><span class="lr"><span class="sc">Alfred M. Bailey</span>, <i>Director</i></span></p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0"><i>Museum Pictorial No. 8</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Published May 30, 1953</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Denver Museum of Natural History</i></p> -<p class="t0"><i>Denver, Colorado</i></p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_2">2</div> -<p class="tb">The purpose of this booklet is to portray a few of the common -wildflowers of Colorado in such form that they may be recognized and -their names learned without the use of any botanical key. The color plates -here published show fifty different flowering plants, each of which grows -in abundance in some part of this state. Most of them are found also in -other areas, particularly in the Rocky Mountain states. With the description -of each plant, some reference is made to the life zone in which it grows, -but no attempt is made to give the geographical extent of its range. In -every instance the photograph reproduced was taken on Kodachrome film -of a living plant in its natural setting. All of them are shown in full bloom -as we see them in Spring or Summer, except milkweed, <a href="#Page_43">page 43</a>, and cattail, -<a href="#Page_66">back cover</a>. These appear in seed as we find them along the roadsides in -October.</p> -<p>The flowers are here arranged in substantially the order that the -families to which they belong appear in most botany manuals. Some -references to these plant families, and to the genera and species into which -they are subdivided, will be found on <a href="#Page_57">page 57</a>. With each plant we have -given the common name most familiar to us. As there is little uniformity -in common name usage, others may know them by other names. We have -added in each case, in italics, the Latin botanical name, with abbreviated -identification of the botanist first using that name. The English form of -the family name is also given. We have tried to select flowers representing -as many plant families as possible, and among them to cover plants from -different altitudes and from different types of soil and growing conditions.</p> -<p>Some of these photographs were taken at close range, with a long -focal length lens, to show on a large scale the beauty of very small flowers. -Others were taken with different equipment so as to include the form of -the complete plant and show plainly its natural setting. In all cases the -size of the flower and of the entire plant are given in or may be inferred -from the descriptive text. The figures used are approximate, and considerable -variation from these sizes will be found. The colors are as -accurate as colorfilm and high class press work can make them.</p> -<p>The pictures here reproduced were all taken by the authors within -the past twelve years. Most of the plants were found within a few hundred -feet of some well traveled road. A few of the pictures were taken in -adjoining states, but in every such instance the species shown is found in -the same sort of environment in Colorado. Many of these flowers are -reproduced as part of the setting in habitat life groups in the Denver -Museum of Natural History. Look for them there, and also get acquainted -with them in their native haunts. They add decided interest to outdoor -ramblings.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_3">3</div> -<h2 class="center"><span class="small">LIFE ZONES</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p00.jpg" alt="Life zones" width="600" height="288" /> -</div> -<dl class="undent pcap"><dt>14,431′</dt> -<dd class="t">Alpine</dd> -<dt>11,600′</dt> -<dd class="t">Sub-Alpine</dd> -<dt>10,000′</dt> -<dd class="t">Montane</dd> -<dt>8,000′</dt> -<dd class="t">Foothills</dd> -<dt>5,500′</dt> -<dd class="t">Plains</dd> -<dt>3,500′</dt></dl> -<p>Climate, which is a composite of prevailing temperature, length of -season and average moisture, is the chief factor in deciding where plants of -any given species can grow and propagate. Soil type also plays a part, -and if extremely unfavorable may totally exclude some species of plants -from a large and otherwise favorable area, but in general, soil is the minor -factor. In Colorado, climate is largely determined by altitude, so here, as -we pass from one elevation to another, we find plant life arranged in -horizontal layers or zones of the sort illustrated in the above sketch. The -thinness of air, in the sense of less oxygen per cubic foot of air, that goes -with high elevation, seems in itself to have little effect on plant life, but -the prevailing cold, the long period of snow cover, and the increase in -annual precipitation, that go with elevation in our mountains, do have a -profound influence on plant growth. High latitude has much the same -effect as high altitude, so that the timberline conditions we find in Colorado -at from 11,000 to 12,000-foot elevations are very similar to those existing -at sea level near the Arctic Circle. Growing conditions, and prevailing -plant species, at these widely separated places, are, for this reason, much -alike.</p> -<p>These zones of life have no sharp boundaries, but tend to intergrade -into each other. Many species of plants normally inhabit parts of two or -more zones, and local conditions may so influence climate that particular -species of plants will be found growing at lower elevations, or at higher, -in one part of the state than in another. Generally, however, in Colorado -like elevations result in plant populations of quite similar makeup, even -though a whole range of mountains or a deep wide valley may lie between. -The principal factor causing exceptions to this rule is the tendency of many -areas in western Colorado, particularly those between about 6,000 and -10,000 feet in elevation, to receive greater average annual precipitation -than is received by corresponding areas east of the Continental Divide. As -a result of this, many species which in eastern Colorado occur only in -moderately high elevations will be found clear down in the foothills in -western sections.</p> -<p>The individual life zones of Colorado are illustrated and described -on the next five pages.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_4">4</div> -<h2 class="center"><span class="small">PLAINS</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p00a.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="786" height="533" /> -</div> -<p>All of Colorado lying east of the base of the mountains, as well as -large areas in western Colorado lying along the course of the Colorado -River and its main tributaries, are within the life zone commonly known -as the Plains, and referred to in technical books as Upper Sonoran. These -areas are mainly below 5500 feet in elevation, and are relatively flat. Clay -soils are the rule, with local sandy spots. The rainfall throughout this zone -is scanty and irrigation essential to general farming. These conditions have -restricted the native vegetation throughout this zone to species which can -tolerate long periods of drought, and thrive on sunshine with heat in -summer and cold in winter. A surprising number of species of flowering -plants live and thrive on these very conditions. We rarely find them in -colorful masses, single plants or small colonies being the rule.</p> -<p>Originally native grasses covered this zone with a fairly tight sod, -broken, however, by windblown patches and cut by arroyos. Live streams -were far apart. Trees were absent except for cottonwoods and a few box -elders along water courses. Settlement has brought roads, ditches, cultivated -fields and a large amount of livestock. These acts of man have made life -hard for some native flowers, but for most species, living opportunity has -been increased. The plains are flowerless only for those who fail to pause -and search.</p> -<p>The detailed growth patterns or specialized mechanisms by which -the various plains flowers resist drought, and so get a chance to live, are -numerous. In general they do one or more of these things: rush through -a short individual life cycle from seed to seed so timed that the new seed -crop is set before the heat of summer is far advanced; conserve the limited -moisture their roots gather by having few leaves and defending them from -animals by thorns or toughness; or, spend a large part of every year, -especially the dry, hot months, as a dormant bulb or buried root stock.</p> -<p>The picture at the top of this page shows a plains area just at the -base of the foothills near Denver. It looks barren, but many species of -flowers can be found there in May and June.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_5">5</div> -<h2 class="center"><span class="small">FOOTHILLS</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p00b.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="769" height="533" /> -</div> -<p>Long strips of land from 5500 to 8000 feet in elevation lying -between the plains and the mountains, and filling in with rough hills and -valleys the spaces between mountain ranges, comprise a life zone known -as the Foothills, and named, by naturalists, the Transition zone. In this zone -much of the soil is filled with gravel and weathered rock detritus washed -down from higher land or left there by ancient glaciers. Total annual rainfall -in this zone is higher than on the plains, and the broken character of -the land gives protection from storms.</p> -<p>A greater number of species of flowering plants can be found in -this zone than in any other single zone. Local conditions of soil, water and -sun exposure vary widely, and these variations offer favorable living -conditions to different types of flowering plants and to the numerous shrubs -that grow here. Many species of wild flowers which grow on the plains -extend into the lower parts of this zone, while other species found in the -higher mountains reach down into it, especially along streams.</p> -<p>The chief native trees of this zone are yellow pine and, along streams, -narrow leaf cottonwood. Scrub oak covers many hillsides with dense -growth, junipers are locally plentiful, and aspens reach down from higher -elevations. This tree population attains forest proportions only here and -there so that open places for wild flowers are abundant.</p> -<p>In Colorado, visible spring comes earlier in this zone than on the -plains below. Sheltered slopes facing the sun pick up the earliest flush -of spring green, and by the end of March the very first flowers may -here be found in bloom. Late April, May and early June bring the main -flower crop. Mass color effects may then be found such as several acres -blue with Larkspur, or a whole hillside dotted with red clumps of Lambert’s -Loco. The main show is over by mid-July, though asters and sunflower-like -composites keep the roadsides colorful till frost.</p> -<p>The picture at the top of this page shows a foothills area near Golden. -In good years these hills are rich in flowers by early May. A half hour walk -then will frequently yield 30 species or more.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_6">6</div> -<h2 class="center"><span class="small">MONTANE</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p00c.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="799" height="512" /> -</div> -<p>The great mid-sections of our high mountains, lying between 8,000 -and 10,000 feet in elevation, make up a life zone called Montane, also -known as Canadian. Since most of our Colorado mountains are granite, -the typical soils in this zone are granite gravel. Some mountains, however, -are faulted blocks of sedimentary rock which have weathered into clay and -sand soils. The annual rainfall in this zone is over double that of our plains. -This has resulted in forests of lodgepole pine, aspens, and of several species -of spruce, with stream banks lined with willows and water birch.</p> -<p>This abundance of vegetation has produced enough humus to build -rich black soil in the bottoms of the narrow valleys. In this zone grow a -wealth of flowering plants. The principal adverse conditions against which -they struggle for existence are: a fairly short season from spring melt to -fall freeze; and more tree shade and more competition from tree and shrub -roots than they would choose. The steep hillsides in this zone may be quite -rock covered. Between the rocks small amounts of good soil may form, -and under loose rocks moisture stays for a long time. Trees thrive on -these hillsides, but in open spots and beside rocky outcrops flowers get -their chance. The columbine grows in perfection in this zone, extending -downward into the foothills and upward to timberline.</p> -<p>The building of highways in our mountain areas has introduced new -conditions of which some plants are quick to take advantage. The stirred-up -soil of new road fills and drainage channel construction will be colorful with -fireweed, purple fringe, brown-eyed-susans, with here and there penstemons -and asters by the second or third season of their use. Local irrigation accomplished -by highway drainage and the use of snowplows, as well as distribution -of seeds by animals and even by cars that use the roads, all play their -part in this quick restoration of life in the soil that has been torn up.</p> -<p>The picture at the top of this page was taken near Mary’s Lake in -Estes Park. The mountain shown is Twin Sisters. Its slopes are a fine -hunting ground for flowers.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_7">7</div> -<h2 class="center"><span class="small">SUB-ALPINE</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p00d.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="750" height="543" /> -</div> -<p>Above 10,000 feet the pattern of life changes. Until timberline -is reached at about 11,500 feet, this band of mountain country is called the -Sub-Alpine or Hudsonian life zone. Soil and moisture conditions are almost -as favorable as in the lower montane zone, but here the snows of winter -stay late, especially on north slopes, and frost may come even in mid-summer. -The race to ripen seed, before winter comes, is intense, and the seeds, when -produced and scattered, face special problems of germination and survival.</p> -<p>The trees of this zone are largely Engelmann spruce, limber pine and -alpine fir. Some thick forest stands exist, but the main pattern is small -compact tree groups—one or more big seed-trees surrounded by younger -offspring—with open patches of grass between. Perennial flowering plants, -springing from woody root-crowns have special advantages here, though -some annuals thrive, especially if they can get started in the fall and remain -dormant under snow till spring. Melting snows in May, June and early July -give natural irrigation to large areas of this zone. Competition with sedges -and grasses and ability to stand light frost are problems for the plants that -live here. Many typical alpine plants of the next higher zone work down -into these sub-alpine meadows.</p> -<p>The picture at the top of this page was taken just west of the Poudre -Lakes in Rocky Mountain National Park. Lake Irene is in the foreground.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_8">8</div> -<h2 class="center"><span class="small">ALPINE</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p00e.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="800" height="505" /> -</div> -<p>From timberline (about 11,500 feet) up to our highest Colorado -mountain summit (Mt. Elbert 14,431 feet) climate is too severe for any -trees. This condition marks these areas off as a separate life zone called -Alpine or Arctic. Soil forms only slowly on these rocky summits, but mosses, -lichens, sedges and grasses have been here for ages of time, all of them -patiently building humus. Erosion carries less soil away from the tops -than it does from the lower hillsides. So in the spaces between the barren -looking rocks, good soil exists, and water, though mainly falling as snow, and -not quite as heavily as in the sub-alpine zone below, is adequate for plants. -Here grasses, sedges, a few dwarf shrubs and herbaceous plants have all -the sunlight to themselves without tree competition. The ever-present -adverse condition is low temperature, frequently with strong wind.</p> -<p>It is a land of tough dwarf things. Perennials are the rule, though -annuals are found. Low woody mats with basal leaves and flowers only -a few inches high are a common pattern. Bulbs and tubers wedge themselves -between rocks, out of reach of ground squirrels, if possible. When -spring comes with a rush, usually late in June, these dormant plants burst -into life in the days of longest sunshine. Shoots of new growth erupt -from the ground with buds all formed ready to open. By the end of July -the seed crop is largely mature, and by mid-August the browns and crimsons -of fall colors in leaves and grasses spread a Persian carpet over these heights. -Warm days from then till winter are days of germination for newly scattered -seeds and, for established plants, preparation of buds for next year.</p> -<p>It is in this zone of harsh living conditions that some individual plants -probably attain greater age than is normally reached by plants of the lower -life zones. We know of no statistical study to support this statement, but -observation of mats of moss campion, or of tufts of alpine spring beauty, -or of scarred old crowns of alpine forget-me-not, indicates that they have -safely survived the snow cover of a great many alpine winters.</p> -<p>The view at the top of this page is from Trail Ridge in Rocky -Mountain National Park. Longs Peak is in the distance. In mid-July these -foreground slopes are a garden of alpine flowers.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_9">9</div> -<h2 id="c3"><span class="small">Lily Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Sand Lily,</b> <i>Leucocrinum montanum</i>, <span class="smaller">NUTT.</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p00f.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="800" height="581" /> -</div> -<p>Flower is an inch in diameter, of 6 petals and sepals all alike (perianth -segments) united at their base into a tube over an inch long. Several of -these rise from the buried crown of the plant, as do also the leaves, ⅜ inch -wide and over 6 inches long, resembling heavy curved blades of grass. The -matted, cordlike roots store, through the long dormant period, the starches -and sugars needed for rapid Spring growth. Grows in sandy soil in plains -or low foothills. Blooms April-May.</p> -<p>When sand lilies begin to dot the gray plains with their singularly -pure white stars we can know that the season of growth and color is -returning. We called them Mayflowers and hoped they would be in bloom -for May-baskets. They usually were—along with Johnny-jump-ups (little -yellow violets) and sprays of pepper and salt parsley. To pluck them -one by one and suck the drop of nectar from the long white tube is one -of the delights of childhood. The plants are crowded with flowers during -the blooming season, but, when it is over, disappear completely from the -scene.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_10">10</div> -<h2 id="c4"><span class="small">Lily Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Wood Lily,</b> <i>Lilium umbellatum</i>, <span class="smaller">PURSH</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p00g.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="614" height="800" /> -</div> -<p>The flower, of flaring trumpet shape 3 inches in diameter, is formed -of 6 petals and sepals, all alike, (perianth segments) tapering at both ends. -Color varies from rose-red to red-orange. Stem 15 to 30 inches high, -bearing a single flower (occasionally 2 or more) and several whorls of -leaves, comes from a round bulb. Picking the flower usually kills the bulb. -Grows in rich soil in partial shade near streams, montane zone. Blooms July.</p> -<p>This is one of the most sought-after and breathtaking of our mountain -flowers. It used to grow in abundance, then almost disappeared due -to excessive picking. Now it is returning in secluded sylvan places. It -prefers moist, shady banks where its brilliant color lights the shadows like -a flame. The young flowers, with their big dark anthers, are the brightest. -As they fade, the anthers shrink and turn dull orange and the flower has -a tendency to become spotty. If you have the good luck to find these lilies, -stop and enjoy them in their woodsy background—but do not pick any to -take home.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_11">11</div> -<h2 id="c5"><span class="small">Lily Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Mariposa,</b> <i>Calochortus gunnisonii</i>, <span class="smaller">WATS.</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p00h.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="559" height="800" /> -</div> -<p>Flower, more than 1 inch in diameter, is formed of 3 perianth segments, -which are narrow, greenish and sepal-like, and 3 segments which -are broad, showy and petal-like. On the inner surface of these latter, near -the base, are large, hairy glands of dark color. Stem is slender, 8 to 20 inches -tall, with few linear leaves, and comes from a deeply buried corm. Grows -in fairly heavy clay soils on open grassy slopes in foothills and lower montane -zones. Blooms June-July.</p> -<p>The name mariposa recalls to us the high flat tableland of Mesa -Verde with thousands of these delicate lilies floating above the other flowers -like butterflies, as the Spanish name implies. Our species is one of the most -beautiful, with its tall stem and subtle coloring resembling a small white -tulip with grass-like leaves. Other species are creamy, yellow, orange, pink, -lavender, gray; some of them quite small, with pointed hairy petals. Journeys -to many interesting places will go with a search for the mariposa in its -infinite variety of color, shape and habitat.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_12">12</div> -<h2 id="c6"><span class="small">Lily Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Glacier Lily,</b> <i>Erythronium grandiflorum</i>, <span class="smaller">PURSH</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p00k.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="636" height="800" /> -</div> -<p>Flowers, 1½ inches across of 6 bright gold perianth segments, all -alike and strongly re-curved, nod, singly or in twos or even threes, at the -top of a naked scape which rises from the deep-seated bulb. The 6 stamens, -each tipped with a large yellow anther, surround a prominent green style -and hang downward. Plant is about 10 inches high, with only two broad -green leaves which sheath the base of the scape. Grows in sub-alpine zone -extending through montane zone. Occurs only on the west side of the -Continental Divide (except for a few limited areas immediately on the east -side). Blooms immediately after snow melts, which is June in high places.</p> -<p>Below the snowbanks on Mt. Audubon, near Thunder Lake in -Rocky Mountain National Park, on slopes near Rabbit Ears Pass, and in -many places on the western side of the range, early summer brings one of -the finest flower shows in the west, which it is no exaggeration to call the -“field of the cloth of gold.” The glacier lily (also called avalanche or snow -lily—or, oddly enough—the dogtooth violet) begins to bloom right at the -foot of snow banks and follows the retreating ice up the mountainsides. -We have seen acres where it was hard to walk without stepping on several -plants, particularly in the northern mountains of Wyoming and Montana.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_13">13</div> -<h2 id="c7"><span class="small">Orchid Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Yellow Lady’s Slipper,</b> <i>Cypripedium calceolus</i>, <span class="smaller">L.</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p00m.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="549" height="799" /> -</div> -<p>Flower, usually solitary, is shaped like a Dutch shoe about 2 inches -long. The sac-like toe part, formed by one of the 3 petals, is bright yellow -with greenish sheen, the other 2 petals, much narrower, extend to the sides -and are often twisted and streaked with brown. Plant is about 10 inches -tall, with broad lance-shaped green leaves which enclose the lower part of -the flower stem. Grows on moist but not wet slopes in montane zone. June.</p> -<p>In not too open aspen glades in middle elevations, a privileged seeker -after beauty may find this yellow lady’s slipper, largest of our native orchids. -It is one of several species of <i>Cypripedium</i> (the name meaning shoe of -Venus) and is sometimes called moccasin flower. A smaller, daintier -orchid, the pink <i>Calypso bulbosa</i>, is more widely known. This latter likes -half sunny edges of our lodgepole forests, being quite dependent on the -humic acid of the needles. Often in large groups along the remnants of a -decayed tree trunk, they make an entrancing sight, resembling fairy dancers. -These are but two of about a dozen orchids that grow wild in Colorado.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_14">14</div> -<h2 id="c8"><span class="small">Four o’Clock Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Prairie Snowball</b>, <i>Abronia fragrans</i>, <span class="smaller">NUTT.</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p00r.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="616" height="800" /> -</div> -<p>Individual flowers are formed of a slender calyx tube, 1 inch long, -flaring at its mouth into 5 white, petal-like lobes to make a tiny salver -¼ inch across. They have no true petals. Numerous such flowers are -clustered to form the surface of a ball about 2 inches in diameter. Plant -has reddish stems, somewhat hairy, that creep on the ground, with fleshy -(succulent) green leaves arranged in opposite pairs. Grows in plains on -sandy soil. Blooms May-June.</p> -<p>Every plains child knows the prairie snowball—inhabitant of vacant -lots in towns, and of dry wind blown flats “in the country.” The cluster of -starry flowers is indeed round as a snowball and as white—the dark green -leaves are in sharp contrast with the bright red stems. The fragrance, almost -cloying it is so sweet, perfumes the air of early summer, especially as evening -coolness comes. The reddish-purple sand verbena of the southwestern -deserts and coastal sand dunes, <i>Abronia villosa</i>, is also of this genus. The -resemblances are quite apparent.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_15">15</div> -<h2 id="c9"><span class="small">Buckwheat Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Sulphur Flower,</b> <i>Eriogonum umbellatum</i>, <span class="smaller">TORR.</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p00s.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="552" height="800" /> -</div> -<p>Numerous flowers, each formed of 6 minute yellow perianth segments, -are grouped in round tight clusters at the ends of slender pedicels, -several such clusters radiating to form a flat-topped head (umbel) 4 inches -across. These heads are borne on erect hairy leafless stems (scapes), 8 to -15 inches tall. Oblong leaves about 1½ inches long, form a green mat on -the ground. Grows on open dry slopes of foothills and lower mountains. -Blooms June-September.</p> -<p>Many Species of <i>Eriogonum</i> are found in Colorado, some of them -resembling the one pictured, and some with very different growth habits. -This common sulphur flower is one of the finest. Even in bud it is brilliant, -for the gold of its flowers, often touched with red, shows before it is quite -open. The soft sulphur yellow of the mature flowers gradually changes to -shades of orange, maroon and brown as they dry rather than fade. They -linger on their stems indefinitely and are fine to mix with grasses and seed -pods for a fall bouquet—they might even trim an autumn hat!</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_16">16</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p01.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="800" height="541" /> -</div> -<h2 id="c10"><span class="small">Buckwheat Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Sand Begonia,</b> <i>Rumex venosus</i>, <span class="smaller">PURSH</span></h2> -<p>Flower parts are minute except the three inner sepals which rapidly -develop into conspicuous red to rose-colored wings or vanes about ½ inch -wide, attached to the seed. These vanes, with their seeds, develop into compact -clusters 2 inches or more in diameter. Leaves are oval or oblong, -fleshy and dark green, on short stout branches which are often prostrate. -Grows in plains. Blooms May-July.</p> -<p>This is just an ordinary dock closely related to the pest you dig -from your lawn, but a good example of a common wayside weed brightening -the bit of world in which it grows. That bit of world, for this particular -dock, is usually an ugly one, as it seems to choose the poorest soil it can -find, the cinders beside a railroad track—or the gravelly edge of a country -road. No one notices the small, insignificant flower, but its hour of glory -comes with the brilliant rose and red seed vanes that call out gaily to every -passerby. In the plains of western Colorado another dock, <i>Rumex hymenosepalus</i>, -is also spectacular growing to a height of 2 feet or more with a -great column of rose-colored seed vanes.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_17">17</div> -<h2 id="c11"><span class="small">Purslane Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Spring Beauty,</b> <i>Claytonia lanceolata</i>, <span class="smaller">PURSH</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p01a.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="800" height="572" /> -</div> -<p>Flower is ½ inch across of 5 pale rose-colored petals, notched at the -end and with veins of darker shade. Sepals are only 2; plant is 6 inches -or less in height, with succulent stems and rather broad lance-shaped leaves -which rise almost as high as the loose raceme of 3 or more flowers. Grows -in rich soil montane and foothill zones. Blooms immediately after snow -melts which is late May to July, or much earlier on warm slopes.</p> -<p>The plants of this species that grow in foothill locations often have -quite bright rosy color. They are great favorites, as their first blooms hint -that winter is nearly over and spring on the way. They have been reported -as early as January, and by mid-March they are often abundant under -scrub oaks on sunny foothill slopes. The east side of the Hogsback near -Golden is a good place to find early ones. The plant pictured above has the -pale color and general growth habit of those that grow high in the montane -zone. It often forms a carpet or ground cover of pale pink bloom in the -fields of glacier lilies. Another species, <i>Claytonia megarhiza</i>, has a big -root, to store food and moisture, and grows in the alpine zone. We have -found plants of it on the big flat summit of Pikes Peak where other signs -of spring are few.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_18">18</div> -<h2 id="c12"><span class="small">Pink Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Moss Campion,</b> <i>Silene acaulis</i>, <span class="smaller">L.</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p02.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="800" height="538" /> -</div> -<p>Flowers, ⅜ inch across, of 5 bright purplish-red petals, notched at -the end, spread from the top of a tubular calyx so that the whole -flower forms a tiny salver. Stems and leaves are so dwarfed and tightly -grouped as to give the appearance of a cushion of green moss 3 to 8 inches -across, studded with little reddish stars. Grows in alpine rocky areas extending -to peak summits. Blooms late June-early July.</p> -<p>This is one of the alpine flowers we share with all the alpine and -arctic lands of the Northern Hemisphere. High mountain ridges are its -home here, and if we travel north we keep finding it at progressively lower -elevations until it reaches the low barren lands of the arctic. Always it is -where winds are cold and climate is too rough for trees. You might take -it for a pad of green moss if it were not for its red flowers, often in the -form of a circlet near the plant’s edge. Close examination shows a full-fledged -plant, however, with leaves, stems and a stout tap-root well buried -in what soil there is below and around the rock it presses against. Another -member of the pink family that grows as a mat against our timberline -rocks is sandwort, <i>Arenaria sajanensis</i>. Its flowers are white, and the plant -less densely compacted. Related to both of these alpine pinks are the -numerous chickweeds of foothills and mountains. They have low slender -stems and their petals are white and deeply notched at the end.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_19">19</div> -<h2 id="c13"><span class="small">Buttercup Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Pasque Flower,</b> <i>Pulsatilla ludoviciana</i>, <span class="smaller">HELLER</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p02a.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="800" height="583" /> -</div> -<p>Flowers, of 5 to 7 petal-like sepals, form a wide cup 1½ inches -across, white or pale lavender within, and much darker lavender to purple, -covered with silky hairs, on the outside. The numerous golden stamens are -prominent. The flower buds, quite furry at this stage, spring directly from -a buried root crown before the green leaves, divided into several lobes, -appear. Grows in foothills, especially on gentle north slopes where extra -snow has drifted. Blooms late March-April.</p> -<p>It goes also by the name of wind-flower, and often is called anemone. -Whatever name you choose, it is one of the best-loved flowers of the Rockies. -They are with us in March, going on into April, coming up through late -snows—keeping themselves warm with their furs about them. The flowers -start on short stems, but the whole plant grows quite large and “leggy” -as the season advances, and finally the fluffy seed plumes offer their wares -to every breeze. This same pasque flower is the state flower of South -Dakota. A northern species, growing in Glacier Park and in Canada, -<i>Pulsatilla occidentalis</i>, has larger flowers, of a creamy color. Its cluster of -seed plumes is large and dense enough to resemble a dish mop.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_20">20</div> -<h2 id="c14"><span class="small">Buttercup Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Globe Anemone,</b> <i>Anemone globosa</i>, <span class="smaller">NUTT.</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p03.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="618" height="795" /> -</div> -<p>Flower, ¾ inch in diameter, of 5 to 9 showy petal-like sepals, usually -deep red, occasionally yellow, forms a shallow cup around the numerous -stamens and a conspicuous group of pistils which, after the flower fades, -become a round thimble-shaped seed cluster. The pedicels, bearing the -solitary flowers at their tips, are several inches long and covered with silky -hairs. Plant is about 1 foot tall, with subdivided leaves near the base and -on the sparingly branched stems. Grows in partial shade in montane zone. -Blooms June-July.</p> -<p>This globe anemone, related to the better known pasque flower, is -one of the many less conspicuous plants that add to the charm of a flowery -hillside, yet reserve their more delicate beauty for those who take time to -prowl. This particular specimen was found in a glade filled with columbines. -We would probably not have seen it if we had not stopped to try one more -columbine picture! <i>Anemone canadensis</i> is a somewhat larger plant with -pure white flowers, rather woody stems and deep green foliage. It grows -in shady places along foothill streams, but only where conditions are to -its liking. In these spots it forms rather dense colonies.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_21">21</div> -<h2 id="c15"><span class="small">Buttercup Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Nelson’s Larkspur,</b> <i>Delphinium nelsonii</i>, <span class="smaller">GREENE</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p03a.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="561" height="800" /> -</div> -<p>Flowers, ½ inch or more wide, are formed of 5 showy, dark blue, -irregularly shaped sepals, enclosing at their base 4 much smaller petals of -lighter color. The uppermost sepal extends backward as a slender spur -½ inch or more in length. About a dozen flowers on slender pedicels -group around a central erect stem to form a loose raceme which often nods -slightly at the top. Plant is 10 to 15 inches tall and bears rather few leaves -each sub-divided into linear segments. Grows in foothills zone. Blooms -late April to early June.</p> -<p>This small larkspur of the early spring looks much like the single -larkspur of an old-fashioned garden. Its favorite location is near the base -of a clump of scrub oak where a little snow has drifted in the winter giving -that spot a bit of extra water. The intense blue of these flowers contrasts -well with the leather brown color of last season’s oak leaves. When spring -is farther advanced other taller larkspurs, such as <i>Delphinium geyeri</i>, called -poison-weed by the stockmen, make a more spectacular showing on low -foothills and plains. All of the larkspurs contain an alkaloid poison which -is deadly to cattle and somewhat dangerous to other stock.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_22">22</div> -<h2 id="c16"><span class="small">Buttercup Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Snow Buttercup,</b> <i>Ranunculus adoneus</i>, <span class="smaller">GRAY</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p04.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="800" height="531" /> -</div> -<p>Flowers are an inch across, formed of several (3 to 15) broad, overlapping -golden petals having the glossy sheen of butter. The sparse leaves -are divided into linear lobes. These and the succulent stems grow a few -inches tall, breaking out of frosty soil with flower bud ready to open. Grows -on alpine and sub-alpine slopes near snow banks. Blooms when snow melts, -usually June to early July.</p> -<p>The hardiness of the snow buttercup is its outstanding characteristic. -It comes up through the snow because in the high altitude in which it lives -its time for fruition is short. It pushes a stout knuckle of stem through the -snow crust, attracting the sun’s heat by the dark color of its stem, then the -knuckle straightens, lifting the already formed bud into an erect position. -The bud opens rapidly and proceeds to spread out in the hole caused by -melting. Of the many glossy members of the buttercup family, there are -few of so rich a yellow, or which give such an appearance of being all flower -with inconsiderable leaf and stem.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_23">23</div> -<h2 id="c17"><span class="small">Buttercup Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Globeflower,</b> <i>Trollius laxus</i>, <span class="smaller">SALISB.</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p04a.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="800" height="574" /> -</div> -<p>Flower is 1¼ inches across of 5 to 10 (or more) pale cream petal-like -sepals, with numerous yellow stamens and several pistils in the center. -Numerous petals, so dwarfed as hardly to be noticed, surround the base -of the stamens. Plants, 8 to 15 inches tall, often grow in groups and bear -several flowers, each on its own slender stem. Leaves are dark green and -deeply cut into 5 or more spreading lobes (palmate). Grows in moist rich -soil in sub-alpine and alpine zones. Blooms late May-July.</p> -<p>When the snowbanks melt in the alpine country, hundreds of -temporary runlets carry the snow water to timberline lakes and to permanent -streams. In the wet soil along these runlets and near these lakes, globeflower -is one of the common and very good looking plants. Both its -foliage and its flowers are graceful and charming. Associated with it is -usually marsh marigold, <i>Caltha rotundifolia</i>, which is also a member of the -buttercup family. Our Colorado marsh marigold is not gold at all, but -white—even a bluish-white. It grows with its feet right in the water. Its -leaves are entire and are all at the base of the sturdy low plant. Its flowers -are as large or slightly larger than those of globeflower. It makes an effective -companion for its more dainty relative.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_24">24</div> -<h2 id="c18"><span class="small">Buttercup Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Columbine,</b> <i>Aquilegia coerulea</i>, <span class="smaller">JAMES</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p05.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="612" height="800" /> -</div> -<p>The flower is formed of 5 sepals and 5 petals, alternately arranged -and all of them showy. The sepals are deep blue or sometimes quite pale, -forming a wide saucer-like star 3 inches across; the petals form a white inner -cup 1¾ inches across, and stretch back between the sepals as hollow, slender -2-inch spurs. Plants are 2 feet or more high of several delicate stems, usually -carrying at their tops numerous flowers. The deeply cut leaves are mainly -concentrated at the plant base. Grows in rich soil in montane zone, but -extends into foothills and up to timberline. Blooms June-July.</p> -<p>Colorado’s queenly state flower speaks for itself much more eloquently -than humans can speak for it. No portrait can do it justice. We -have found it in the very glade near Palmer Lake where James first saw -it and named it <i>coerulea</i> for its celestial blue. We have found it in countless -aspen groves of the montane zone and finally on rocky scree near timberline -(a more compact plant there—with flowers sometimes white or -of a rosy hue). Always there is the thrill of real discovery—a new -realization of its beauty. A less common and even more exciting find -is the dwarf columbine, <i>Aquilegia saximontana</i>, that grows between rocks -above timberline.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_25">25</div> -<h2 id="c19"><span class="small">Poppy Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Prickly Poppy,</b> <i>Argemone intermedia</i>, <span class="smaller">SWEET</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p05a.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="546" height="800" /> -</div> -<p>Flower, 3 inches or more across, is formed of 6 brilliant white, -paper-like petals, surrounding numerous golden stamens with, at the very -center, a dark or even black stigma. Blossoms, in loose clusters opening -over a long period, crowd each other slightly at the tops of the branching -stems. Plant is 2 to 5 feet tall, with gray-green leaves divided into lobes, -and with yellowish spines along the stems and leaf ribs. Grows in plains, -foothills and lower montane zones. Blooms May-September.</p> -<p>These big coarse plants, which may be seen in small groups along -our roads at culvert ends and in neglected fence rows, could be taken for -some sort of thistle if it were not for the amazing flowers which they display -in successive crops throughout the whole summer. The blossoms look like -big circles of white crepe paper with a center of spun gold. As the season -advances, the plants get ragged, but even in September a few fresh flowers -will appear. Some resemblance can be seen between these blossoms and -the Oriental poppies of our gardens, but only by study of their botanical -structure can we find why they are put in the same family with golden -smoke, <i>Corydalis aurea</i>, of our foothills, and the bleeding-heart of old-fashioned -gardens.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_26">26</div> -<h2 id="c20"><span class="small">Mustard Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Wallflower,</b> <i>Erysimum asperum</i>, <span class="smaller">DC.</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p06.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="612" height="800" /> -</div> -<p>Flowers, ½ inch in diameter, are formed of 4 petals arranged like -a Maltese cross, yellow to orange in color. They are clustered into a round -terminal head, the lower flowers of which open first so that usually tubular -seed pods (siliques) have formed near the base by the time the top of the -cluster is in bloom. Plants are 8 inches or more high, of several stems from -one root crown. Grows in foothills, extending down to plains and up -through montane zone. Blooms May-July.</p> -<p>The mustards are legion. Fields of them add a yellow note to many -western hillsides. They range from weedy poor relations, like shepherd’s -purse, to tall, showy spikes of prince’s plume, <i>Stanleya apinnata</i>. Wallflower—despite -its name suggesting a colorless personality—is one of the -handsome children of the family. Its flowers, larger than most mustards, -range in color from pale yellow, through orange, to rich bronze shades. By -no means all of the mustards are yellow. The flowers of many of them -are white, some, like the cardamine that grows in abundance along sub-alpine -water runs, being a very showy, brilliant white.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_27">27</div> -<h2 id="c21"><span class="small">Saxifrage Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Snowball Saxifrage,</b> <i>Saxifraga rhomboidea</i>, <span class="smaller">GREENE</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p06a.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="571" height="800" /> -</div> -<p>Individual flowers are ¼ inch or less across, each with 5 white -petals, and are grouped in a compact, round-topped head about 1 inch -in diameter which forms the top of a naked stem (scape). This scape rises -to a height of 8 inches, or sometimes much less, from the center of a flat -circle of oblong, leathery leaves. As the blossoms age, the flower cluster -becomes loose and sprangly. Grows on moist slopes in sub-alpine and montane -zones. Blooms May-July.</p> -<p>Saxifrage is another large family of quite varied sorts. Gooseberries -and mock orange come within its membership. The numerous species of alum -root, <i>Heuchera</i>, are also included, as are many little alpine and sub-alpine -plants that grow out of rock crevices in our high mountains. Purple saxifrage, -<i>Saxifraga jamesii</i>, with quite large red-purple flowers, and dotted saxifrage, -<i>Saxifraga austromontana</i>, with tiny white flowers covered with pale dots, -are among the best. All of these seem able to thrive on only a teaspoonful -of soil in a rock crack, if only there is local moisture. The structural features -that bring all these plants within one family are not obvious. The leaves of -many of them are similar to the leaves of a gooseberry bush, though in some -this resemblance is remote, and in others entirely absent.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_28">28</div> -<h2 id="c22"><span class="small">Orpine Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Queen’s Crown,</b> <i>Sedum rhodanthum</i>, <span class="smaller">GRAY</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p07.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="800" height="564" /> -</div> -<p>Individual flowers, ¼ inch across, are formed of 4 or 5 bright rose -petals; numerous flowers being congested in a round head an inch or more -in diameter terminating a leafy shoot, several of which rise from a woody -root crown. Plant is 6 to 10 inches high, with narrow, gray-green, fleshy -leaves crowded along the succulent stems. Grows in wet places alpine and -sub-alpine zones. Blooms June-August.</p> -<p>Along the cold, mountain stream trickling out from Lake Isabelle, -or near any similar alpine lake or tarn, grows the <i>Sedum</i>, named queen’s -crown for the rosy-pink crowns of blossoms. These plants like to have their -feet in the water and often help to make the hillocky mounds on the lake’s -edge. Nearby and tolerating drier ground, is the king’s crown, <i>Sedum integrifolium</i>, -with its flatter head of deep maroon flowers resembling the old-fashioned -Bohemian garnet jewelry. The stems and leaves of these sedums -color brilliantly with the first frosts and add richness to the Persian carpets -of timberline in late August and early September.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_29">29</div> -<h2 id="c23"><span class="small">Rose Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Bush Cinquefoil,</b> <i>Potentilla fruticosa</i>, <span class="smaller">L.</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p07a.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="800" height="595" /> -</div> -<p>Flowers are an inch in diameter, of 5 broad, golden petals surrounding -20 or more stamens. Groups of several flowers are borne at the ends of the -numerous short branches. Plant is a dense shrub about 3 to 4 feet high -with many dark, woody, freely-branching stems. Leaves are pinnate, with -usually 5 or 7 narrow linear leaflets. Grows in moist parts of the montane -zone, also in the upper foothills and the lower sub-alpine zones. Blooms -continuously May to September.</p> -<p>This thornless yellow rose is one of the most widespread and most -ornamental shrubs of mountain areas. Individual clumps are rarely fully -covered with bloom at any one time, tending rather to bring out a few -fresh flowers each day of the season so that all summer long there are buds, -fresh blossoms, groups of faded petals, and small, dry, fuzzy seeds (achenes) -distributed over the plant. Other species of <i>Potentilla</i> grow also in our -mountains. They are much smaller and most of them herb-like, but the -resemblance to a yellow single rose, and the absence of thorns are common -to them all. We have many wild roses in this same family, of the genus <i>Rosa</i>, -that have plenty of thorns and closely resemble the red single roses of the -garden.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_30">30</div> -<h2 id="c24"><span class="small">Pea Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Prairie Pea,</b> <i>Lathyrus stipulaceus</i>, <span class="smaller">B. AND ST. J.</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p08.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="800" height="551" /> -</div> -<p>Flowers, more than ½ inch across, are shaped like a cultivated -sweet pea, with very showy red banner and paler lateral petals and keel. -Plants, about 6 inches high, grow in irregular mats. The leaves are pinnate, -formed by about 4 pairs of narrow linear leaflets. These and the stems -are gray-green and, in most plains specimens, covered with rather silky -down. Grows in sandy soil on plains. Blooms May-June.</p> -<p>This, and the quite different looking plants shown on the next -three pages, give but a small sample of the pea family, which is one of the -largest and most important of the plant groups. More than 150 species in -this one family are native to Colorado, and additional ones have been -introduced for ornament or food. They take every form and size from the -little flat mats of deer clover, shown on the opposite page, to the rank -growing clumps of sweet clover that spread themselves along our roads. -Beans and alfalfa as well as sweet peas, lupines and even locust trees, all -belong to this big family.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_31">31</div> -<h2 id="c25"><span class="small">Pea Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Deer Clover,</b> <i>Trifolium nanum</i>, <span class="smaller">TORR.</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p08a.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="800" height="590" /> -</div> -<p>Individual flowers, pink-lavender to purple, formed along a keel, -like those of the cultivated clovers, about ½ inch long and rather slender, -grow singly or in twos or threes on short pedicels rising directly from the -root crown. The plant is a dense mat, often a foot or more across, covered -with small 3-foliate leaves. Grows on rocky flats or slopes in alpine zone. -Blooms June-July.</p> -<p>For many, acquainted only with the cultivated clovers of lawn -and meadow, it is a pleasure to know that the high pastures grazed by -deer and elk have clovers as well. At least three species are familiar to -observing travelers along Trail Ridge, or up Mt. Evans, or along any road -that crosses the enchanted land where trees stop and dwarfed plant life -takes over. The deer clover pictured here likes rocky places. Its flowers -are packed close together, but not clustered in heads as are those of its -alpine neighbor, <i>Trifolium dasyphyllum</i>, which closely resembles the white -clover of our lawns, though with touches on its petals of red-brown. In -the high places, extending down through the sub-alpine zone there is also -a bright red clover, <i>Trifolium parryi</i>, smaller but otherwise much like the -cultivated red clover.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_32">32</div> -<h2 id="c26"><span class="small">Pea Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Lambert’s Loco,</b> <i>Oxytropis lambertii</i>, <span class="smaller">PURSH</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p09.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="623" height="800" /> -</div> -<p>Individual flowers, about ½ inch wide, are formed of 5 dissimilar -petals, usually magenta red, sometimes other shades from rose to purple. -The banner bends back slightly and carries markings of lighter color near -its base; the 2 lateral petals are plain and angle forward; the 2 lower petals -form a narrow keel. Numerous flowers, attached at the calyx base along -the upper third of a naked stem, form a showy spike 10 inches or more -tall, several of which rise from one root crown. Leaves, pinnate, with -numerous green leaflets, rise also from the root crown and are about half -the height of the flower spikes. Grows in foothills and higher parts of -plains zone. Blooms May-July.</p> -<p>The many members of the pea family going by the names of loco, -vetch, milk vetch, etc., are usually considered crass weeds and are in disrepute -because some of them are poisonous to stock. They often grow in -soil containing traces of selenium, and are doubly harmful in that case. -Where other browze is good, animals usually leave the toxic ones alone, -except the occasional horse that becomes “an addict” and is “locoed.” In -spite of these obnoxious qualities, there are few plants that give more bright -and decorative touches to the plains.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_33">33</div> -<h2 id="c27"><span class="small">Pea Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Golden Banner,</b> <i>Thermopsis divaricarpa</i>, <span class="smaller">A. NELS.</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p09a.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="553" height="800" /> -</div> -<p>The individual flowers are about ¾ inch across, each formed of 5 -dissimilar golden petals. The top petal is an upright banner, with a wing -petal on each side and in the center the 2 keel petals folded together. A -dozen or more flowers are attached by short pedicels to the upper part of -the stem, forming a loose raceme. Plants, of one or several erect leafy stems -from a root crown, are 1-2 feet tall. Grows in foothills and montane zones. -Blooms April-July.</p> -<p>Several closely allied species share the name of golden banner, and -among them cover a very wide range in all parts of Colorado from the -plains well into the mountains. They spread both by seeds and by root-runners -resulting in quite large colonies. They seem to be unpalatable -to livestock so, in spite of their attractive looking leaves, they stay fresh -while other plants around them look browzed. Everywhere they are gay -and decorative. A bright field of them near the Platte River, bowing to -the wind, banks of them in open glades of the Greenhorn Mountains, and -pale yellow clumps along the trail to Lulu City, are prized flower memories.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_34">34</div> -<h2 id="c28"><span class="small">Loasa Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Stickweed,</b> <i>Mentzelia nuda</i>, <span class="smaller">T. AND G.</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p10.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="623" height="800" /> -</div> -<p>Flowers, about 2 inches wide, are formed of 10 narrow, creamy, -petals which spread wide and surround a radiating cluster of 100 or more -pale stamens as long as the petals. Plant is 2 to 4 feet high of white shiny -stems branching freely from one main stem, and rather sparsely covered -with deeply indented, light green leaves of a peculiar rough texture. Grows -on plains and low foothills. Blooms July-August.</p> -<p>The leaves of this plant are covered with minute barbed hairs which -cling to cloth so firmly that a spray of several flowers placed upon a coat -lapel will stay almost as dependably as if fastened with a pin. They have -the feel of fine-grained sandpaper. The flowers are very responsive to -light conditions. All through the morning and well into the afternoon they -are tightly closed, then about four o’clock, or a half hour earlier if clouds -reduce the light, they spread into full bloom. This opening proceeds so -rapidly that the movement of the petals is quite easily seen. In a period of -twenty minutes or less a colony of the plants will change its whole appearance -from inconspicuous weeds to a gorgeous display of big pale stars. A -related species, <i>Mentzelia decapetala</i>, has even larger flowers of deeper -cream color. It waits until after sundown to open.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_35">35</div> -<h2 id="c29"><span class="small">Cactus Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Strawberry Cactus,</b> <i>Echinocereus triglochidiatus</i>, <span class="smaller">ENGELM.</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p10a.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="561" height="800" /> -</div> -<p>Flowers are brilliant scarlet, 2½ inches across, with a conspicuous -group of green stigmas in the center. Plant is a single, erect, cylindrical, -dark-green joint or stem about 5 inches high, several to many of which -often group closely together forming a mound. The stems are strongly -ridged and carry sharp spines in clusters. Grows in rocky or gravelly soil -on plains and into foothills, southwestern Colorado. Blooms May.</p> -<p>This is related to some larger <i>cacti</i> that grow in Arizona, and -there get the name of hedgehog. The name pincushion is broadly used for -all the small round <i>cacti</i> of our area even though they are not too closely -related to each other. The bright, strawberry-red flowers of the plant shown -above quite set it apart from the pincushions of eastern Colorado plains. -Among these are hen-and-chickens cactus, <i>Echinocereus vividiflorus</i>, with -small, greenish-yellow flowers, also, spiny stars, <i>Coryphantha vivipara</i>, a -round little cactus with shiny purple flowers. These plants are so like the -prairie sod in color as to defy search when not in bloom. Ball cactus, -<i>Pediocactus simpsonii</i>, of foothills and montane zones, is quite a perfect -globe in shape, 3 to 6 inches in diameter, and has small pink flowers closely -grouped at the top of the globe.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_36">36</div> -<h2 id="c30"><span class="small">Cactus Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Grizzly Bear Cactus,</b> <i>Opuntia trichophora</i>, <span class="smaller">BRITTON AND ROSE</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p11.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="800" height="551" /> -</div> -<p>Flowers are 3 inches or more across, usually light-yellow with fine -sheen, several of them erupting from the edge of a flat, oval joint. Plant -spreads over a circular area, about 2 feet in diameter, and is made up of -numerous connected flat joints, of light-green color, all heavily armored -with pale, sharp spines, some of which, in old plants, may be flexible and -hair-like. Grows on clay soil in foothills and plains of middle and western -Colorado. Blooms June-early July.</p> -<p>Several species of Opuntia closely resemble each other. Some of -them, including a few found in Colorado, bear soft, juicy fruits which are -quite good eating when the prickles on the skins are removed, so all of -them are called prickly pear. The one shown above grows freely on the -high grassy flats of the San Luis Valley. It bears dry, hard fruits, as do -most of our Colorado species. The prickly pears, like all the other cacti, -accumulate moisture, when they get a chance, in the soft pulp of their -round or jointed stems. Then, over periods of drought, this moisture is -used to produce flowers, to mature seeds and to keep the plant alive. The -whole plant shrinks visibly if the times between drinks are long. But for -the defensive armor of their spines, few of them would survive, because -in a thirsty land every hungry cow is looking for moisture too.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_37">37</div> -<h2 id="c31"><span class="small">Evening Primrose Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Yellow Evening Primrose,</b> <i>Oenothera brachycarpa</i>, <span class="smaller">GRAY</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p11a.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="800" height="578" /> -</div> -<p>Flowers are cadmium-yellow, fading old-rose, 2½ inches across, of -4 wide petals. The 4 narrow sepals bend back and at their base merge into -a hollow tubular stem. The style branches at its tip into 4 conspicuous -slender stigmas. Plant has little or no main stem; leaves are dark-green, strap-shaped, -3 inches long. Grows in foothills, but only where soil is somewhat -marly. Blooms May-June.</p> -<p>Look for this one of our numerous evening-primroses about Memorial -Day. Soil formed from the disintegration of Niobrara shale such as we -find along the Hogsback near Denver, or along the Boulder-Lyons road, is -its preference. The plants are rather ragged, but the flowers draw all our -attention to their soft, clear yellow as they spread open in the sunshine. -They last but a day—fading into soft rosy colors. The white members -of this family are much better known. Several such species common on the -plains are so responsive to early summer rain that within days after a good -shower all our roadsides and even vacant lots will be gay with their short-lived -beauty.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_38">38</div> -<h2 id="c32"><span class="small">Evening Primrose Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Fireweed,</b> <i>Epilobium angustifolium</i>, <span class="smaller">L.</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p12.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="646" height="800" /> -</div> -<p>Individual flowers, 1 inch across, are formed of 4 wide-spreading, -magenta petals, and are attached by longish pedicels to a central stem, so -that the whole flower cluster (inflorescence) is a loose raceme forming the -top foot or more of a tall leafy shoot, several of which rise from a woody -root crown. Leaves are narrow, 2 inches or more in length. The entire -plant is often 4 feet or more tall. Grows in sunny openings in montane -zone. Blooms June-August.</p> -<p>Webster’s Dictionary describes fireweed as “any of several weeds, -troublesome in clearings or burned districts.” To use “troublesome” in -connection with this great “willow-herb” of the Rockies seems most unkind. -We are grateful to have it rush into devastated areas to cover scars with -its bright pink to magenta blossoms. The whole plant reddens as it ages. -The flower matures into a long thin pod which splits and curls releasing -feathery seed carriers. A less common low growing species with larger -flowers and broader leaves, <i>Epilobium latifolium</i>, also grows in the area. -It is a real find. A few grow not far below Loveland Pass.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_39">39</div> -<h2 id="c33"><span class="small">Heath Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Pipsissewa,</b> <i>Chimaphila umbellata</i>, <span class="smaller">NUTT.</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p12a.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="589" height="800" /> -</div> -<p>Flower, ½ inch across, formed of 5 rose-pink petals that bend back -and surround, at the center, a conspicuous bright green ovary which is -tipped with a disc-like stigma. The 10 prominent stamens, spreading from -near the base of the ovary, look like short claws. Plant is 8-12 inches tall, -bearing a cluster of several flowers at its top. Leaves are shiny and evergreen -with saw-toothed edges, arranged in whorls along the woody stems, -but most numerous at the base of the plant. Grows in moist acid soil under -pine or spruce trees in montane zone. Blooms late July-August.</p> -<p>The members of the heath family like shade, acid soil and moisture. -These conditions they find in the woods of the Northwest, where a great -variety of them, including rhododendrons and azaleas, grow in abundance. -Colorado has its share of the smaller heaths for those who look for them -in shady spots and along mossy trails near mountain streams. The trail to -Calypso Falls in Rocky Mountain National Park is good hunting, not only -for pipsissewa, but for the pyrolas and for the tiny white wood-nymph, -<i>Moneses uniflora</i>, all of them heaths. Kinnikinnick, <i>Arctostaphylos uva-ursi</i>, -is a heath of prostrate growth habit quite common on mountain slopes. -Bright red berries remain among its evergreen leaves until Christmas.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_40">40</div> -<h2 id="c34"><span class="small">Primrose Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Brook Primrose</b>, <i>Primula parryi</i>, <span class="smaller">GRAY</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p13.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="599" height="800" /> -</div> -<p>Individual flowers, almost ½ inch across, are formed of 5 brilliant, -crimson, spreading corolla lobes which join at their base into a narrow tube; -dark shadings and yellow markings at the throat of the tube give the effect -of a round eye. A dozen or more flowers, each on a nodding pedicel, are -clustered at the top of a stout dark stem which rises from a whorl of deep-green, -broad, lance-shaped leaves. Plant is about 10 to 20 inches tall. -Grows in sub-alpine zone or slightly higher. Blooms June-early July.</p> -<p>This spectacular primrose grows at the edge of cold streams, or -often on rocky-mossy hillocks right in mid-stream. One never forgets the -picture of their beauty—the flower clusters so rich in color, the alpine -background, the mat of moss and deep green leaves. Too bad for such a -plant to spoil any part of it with a most disagreeable fragrance, yet that -does remove any temptation to take them home. On the higher tundras, -a charming find is the tiny fairy primrose, <i>Primula angustifolia</i>, similar in -color, though not so vivid. A single short-stemmed flower is usually all -that this plant carries.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_41">41</div> -<h2 id="c35"><span class="small">Primrose Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Shooting Star,</b> <i>Dodecatheon radicatum</i>, <span class="smaller">GREENE</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p13a.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="564" height="800" /> -</div> -<p>Individual flowers, ¾ inch across, are formed of 5 crimson, rather -narrow, petals or corolla lobes which flare outward and backward, but -unite at their base into a short tube. From this tube 5 conspicuous anthers, -over ¼ inch long, grouped together like a sharp straight beak, protrude -forward. Ten or more flowers, each on a slender pedicel, nod in a cluster -at the top of a stout scape which rises 10 to 15 inches high from a basal -mat of dark-green, oblong leaves. Grows along streams and in wet meadows, -in montane and sub-alpine zones. Blooms June-early July.</p> -<p>Both the coloring and the shape of this little flower are fancy indeed. -It is small wonder that such names as shooting-star and bird-bill have been -given it. The crimson of its petals contrasts strongly with its conspicuous -almost black “bill,” and between these colors is a little circlet of white, -often shaded with yellow markings. A whole meadow of such flowers is -a sight well worth a trip to South Park, or to other of our high meadow -areas, where shooting-stars can be found in profusion. In blooming season -they follow the wild iris and, in turn, they are followed by the low, red -lousewort, <i>Pedicularis crenulata</i>, all of which can in favorable seasons give -fine mass color effects.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_42">42</div> -<h2 id="c36"><span class="small">Gentian Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Fringed Gentian,</b> <i>Gentiana elegans</i>, <span class="smaller">A. NELS.</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p14.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="611" height="800" /> -</div> -<p>Flowers are 2 to 3 inches long, of 4 deep purple-blue petals, fitted -together to form a square column for over half their length, then, in sunlight, -flaring outward to exhibit fringed tops and upper edges. Each flower -is at the end of a stem which bears several pairs of oblong, opposite leaves. -Plants are about 12 inches high of several erect stems branching from near -the base. Grows in sub-alpine wet meadows. Blooms August-September.</p> -<p>The lush hay meadows of Colorado’s upland parks are bright through -the summer with a succession of flowers. Late in the season come the -gentians. There are several species of these (we have counted a dozen on -a single trip), some of them quite uninteresting, weedy plants. The queen -of them is the fringed gentian, growing in abundance along the edge of -these high hay meadows, and even persisting in the stubble after haying -is past. A few of them last into late September. The flowers close up under -cloudy skies, but to find masses of them full-open on a sunny day, when -they display their fringed petals and large golden stamens, is a heart-warming -experience to be treasured for flowerless days ahead.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_43">43</div> -<h2 id="c37"><span class="small">Milkweed Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Milkweed,</b> <i>Asclepias speciosa</i>, <span class="smaller">TORR.</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p14a.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="555" height="798" /> -</div> -<p>Individual flower is a rosy, 5-point, star about ⅜ inch across, at the -center of which is a group of 5 small appendages curving inward and -forming a crown around the style and stamens. Numerous flowers cluster -together into a ball about 3 inches in diameter. Plants are about 3 feet -tall with thick broad leaves, the flower clusters borne at the top of the -stem and in axils of upper leaves. Grows on plains, especially along ditch -banks. Blooms June-July.</p> -<p>The common weeds are too often taken for granted and not appraised -for their real beauty. This milkweed is in such a group—a coarse-growing -plant along country roads, often dust covered, yet with flowers of fine -delicate color and real charm whether we examine them singly or fix our -attention on the compact cluster in which they grow. As autumn comes -the dry leaves do not drop, but cling to the stem, rattling in the wind. The -rough seed pods, often four inches long, turn a rich brown, and finally split -open revealing a filling of lustrous, silky, down from which is gradually -released the seeds—brown-clad paratroopers with the most airy-fairy parachutes -in the world.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_44">44</div> -<h2 id="c38"><span class="small">Morning-glory Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Bush Morning-glory,</b> <i>Ipomoea leptophylla</i>, <span class="smaller">TORR.</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p15.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="800" height="562" /> -</div> -<p>The flowers, shaped like pink trumpets with maroon striations, 3 -inches long and 2 inches across the mouth, are scattered freely along the -outer third of the stout yellowish stems which form a thick bush 2 feet -or more high. New buds coming out each day keep the plant in bloom -for the morning hours of several weeks. Leaves are narrow and linear, -2 inches long; the root is large and spongy. Grows in sandy soil on plains. -Blooms July.</p> -<p>This morning-glory is no clinging vine, even though its flowers—like -those of its cultivated relative on the back yard fence—do open only -in the coolness of dawn and wither in the heat of noon. For all the sturdiness -of individual plants, with their roots going “clear to China,” they do not -seem to multiply rapidly and colonies of them may be miles apart. There -are some fine bushes on the sandy hills along the Denver-Parker road, but -the colony is becoming smaller rather than expanding. The common bindweed, -<i>Convolvulus arvenis</i>, is a member of this same family. Its ability -to spread rapidly along roads and into cultivated fields makes it a serious -pest.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_45">45</div> -<h2 id="c39"><span class="small">Waterleaf Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Purple Fringe,</b> <i>Phacelia sericea</i>, <span class="smaller">GRAY</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p15a.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="800" height="587" /> -</div> -<p>Numerous purple flowers, each ¼ inch in diameter, crowd at and -near the top of an erect hairy stem, making a cylindrical flower spike 3 inches -or more in length. The 5 stamens of each flower are tipped with bright -golden anthers and stick out farther than the petals, giving the effect of -gold-headed pins radiating from a purple cushion. Plant is 6 to 12 inches -tall of several leafy stems from a woody crown, the leaves divided into -numerous narrow lobes. Grows in rather dry soil, montane to sub-alpine -zones. Blooms May-July.</p> -<p>Many other species of <i>Phacelia</i> live in desert places where we have -learned to know and admire them, but our first acquaintance—and last -love—is this purple fringe of the montane zone. Its color is deeper, more -velvety, and the pollen of its anthers brighter gold than most of its desert -brethren can boast. It keeps, however, considerable tolerance for dry -places, so that fresh road-fills are gay with it. The mountaineer who views -his flowers only from a car has no excuse for not knowing this one.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_46">46</div> -<h2 id="c40"><span class="small">Borage Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Alpine Forget-me-not,</b> <i>Eritrichium elongatum</i>, <span class="smaller">JOHNSTON</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p16.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="800" height="576" /> -</div> -<p>Flowers, ⅜ inch in diameter, are formed of deep-blue (occasionally -white) petals, spreading into a little flat disc and joining at their base into -a short tube. Minute golden crests in the throat of this corolla tube, often -bordered by white, give the effect of a central eye. Plant is formed of a -tough woody root crown bearing several very short leafy shoots with flower -clusters at the top. Entire plant is compact, covered with short silky hairs, -and rarely 3 inches high. Grows on flat spots between rocks in alpine zone -extending clear to peak summits. Blooms late June-early July.</p> -<p>The plant “association” pictured above is such as we find on Trail -Ridge. It has bright lichen, sedum, polemonium and alpine forget-me-not—the -kind of miniature garden that makes high altitude flower hunting so -much fun. The woody base of the forget-me-not is built to stand the cold -of long winters. The flowers—tiny and delicate for so rugged a habitat—are -of heaven’s own blue. Their exquisite perfume is elusive. Only once -have we found them in such abundance that the fragrance called out to -tell us where they were hiding. Their range is wide, however, and in the -short blossoming season there is a good chance of finding a few on the -slopes of any of our high peaks.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_47">47</div> -<h2 id="c41"><span class="small">Phlox Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Sky Pilot,</b> <i>Polemonium viscosum</i>, <span class="smaller">NUTT.</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p16a.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="800" height="600" /> -</div> -<p>Numerous violet-blue flowers, each about ½ inch across, of 5 rounded -corolla lobes joining in a funnel-like tube, are clustered into a head about -2½ inches in diameter, which nods slightly on its erect stem. Plants are -about 8 inches high, with numerous bright-green, pinnate leaves cut into -many narrow leaflets. The leaves may be erect or may interweave somewhat -at the base of a close group of several plants. Grows in rocky places, -alpine zone. Blooms late June-early July.</p> -<p>The sky pilot, growing among rocks up where the sky seems very -near, reflects its blue and so is supposed to direct our thoughts upward. -This same feeling is embodied in the name of another species of <i>Polemonium</i>, -Jacobs ladder, <i>Polemonium pulcherrimum</i>, the staggered leaves of which -may represent the steps by which we climb. Sky pilot seems very much -affected by the particular season. In a dry summer, it is straggly and -manages to produce only a few blooms of faded blue. In a good year, -large clumps of sturdy erect plants make patches of deep color, accented -by their golden stamens. The leaves have a strong, offensive odor, but the -flowers are honey sweet.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_48">48</div> -<h2 id="c42"><span class="small">Phlox Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Scarlet Gilia,</b> <i>Gilia aggregata</i>, <span class="smaller">SPRENG.</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p17.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="598" height="800" /> -</div> -<p>Individual flower, 1½ inches long, is formed of a slender trumpet-like, -bright-scarlet (sometimes coral pink) corolla flaring at the mouth into -5 narrow lobes. Numerous flowers attached by short pedicels, are carried -in small groups along one side of the green stem. Plant is about 18-24 inches -tall, usually of one main stem, with sometimes a few branches. Leaves are -deeply cut into thin linear subdivisions, usually curved. Grows in plains and -foothills zones. Blooms June-August.</p> -<p>In many otherwise barren areas, the red gilia or sky rocket plant -spreads its blaze of color in large patches or hangs, a single wand of bloom, -over the edge of the trail. It keeps blooming through the summer, a few -stragglers holding on till Labor Day. In early September we have found -them in the Wet Mountain Valley brightening the brown of the autumn -grasses. A white species, <i>Gilia attenuata</i>, tends to grow at lower elevations—the -red higher in the foothills. The pale pink and coral plants are -probably hybrids.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_49">49</div> -<h2 id="c43"><span class="small">Figwort Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Indian Paintbrush,</b> <i>Castilleja integra</i>, <span class="smaller">GRAY</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p17a.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="579" height="800" /> -</div> -<p>The true flowers are slender, two-lipped tubes of pale or greenish -color about 1 inch long. They are surrounded and often completely hidden -by the conspicuous, brick-red, modified leaves (bracts) which form a -flower-like cluster at the upper ends of the stems. The bract colors in this -species vary considerably through several shades of red. Plant is 8-15 inches -tall composed of several leafy stems, very tough and woody at their lower -ends, rising from a woody root crown. Grows in foothills and higher plains, -extending upward through montane zone. Blooms June-July.</p> -<p>In the early summer, this spectacular plant may be seen in the prairie -stretches along the highway between Denver and Colorado Springs—or a -bit later in the season—literally carpeting the drier areas of South Park. -In higher altitudes, particularly in the well-watered vales of Engelmann -Spruce, there are other species with bracts of brilliant shades of rose and -maroon. In those same high gardens and on above timberline there is a -yellow paintbrush. The fortunate flower hunter may even be rewarded -by a yellow one tipped with red—or red edged with yellow.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_50">50</div> -<h2 id="c44"><span class="small">Figwort Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Penstemon,</b> <i>Penstemon unilateralis</i>, <span class="smaller">RYDB.</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p18.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="612" height="800" /> -</div> -<p>Individual flower is about ½ inch wide and somewhat longer, -formed of a bell-shaped, lavender-blue corolla which flares at its mouth into -5 lobes separated into two groups. Numerous flowers, in groups of 3 -or more, are closely arranged along one side of the top half of each stem, -several stems rising from a root crown. Plant is 2 feet or more tall, with -narrow tapering leaves, opposite each other in pairs. Grows in foothills -and montane zones. Blooms late June-July.</p> -<p>This is but one of twenty or more species of Penstemon found in -Colorado. Some, such as <i>Penstemon angustifolius</i>, with its azure blue flowers, -grow on the plains. A few are dwarf species of the sub-alpine zone such as -<i>Penstemon harbourii</i>. Every zone and every section has its quota, and they -range in color through all shades of lavender, blue, purple, and even red. -In details of flower structure, as well as in size, they vary considerably. All -of them, however, have a tubular corolla of some shape, terminating in five -lobes, divided into two groups, giving them a two-lipped appearance. From -this their relationship to garden snapdragons is apparent. In the penstemons, -also, the topmost of their five stamens is sterile and often tipped with a -little brush of hairs. This gives them the name of beardstongue.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_51">51</div> -<h2 id="c45"><span class="small">Composite Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Gaillardia,</b> <i>Gaillardia aristata</i>, <span class="smaller">PURSH</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p18a.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="800" height="1106" /> -</div> -<p>Flower head, 3 inches or more across, is formed of a central red disk -made up of many minute tubular flowers (florets), surrounded by an -outer circle of long flat golden rays cleft at tips into 3 teeth. Plants are 2 -feet or more high of several rough stems usually erect, but sometimes contorted. -The dark green leaves are lance-shaped and rough. Grows in -foothills. Blooms June-July.</p> -<p>Do you have one just like this in your garden? Cultivation has -changed the gaillardia less than it has most native plants. It was born a -handsome, showy flower. There is charm in its notched rays and in the way -the red of the central disk flowers runs outward into the gold of the rays, -as though the painter had been careless with his brush and lavish with his -colors. It grows far beyond the limits of Colorado. In the rough breaks of the -Montana hills several separate plants will spread out and interweave as a -colorful mass, giving it there the name “blanket-flower.”</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_52">52</div> -<h2 id="c46"><span class="small">Composite Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Rabbit Brush,</b> <i>Chrysothamnus nauseosus</i>, <span class="smaller">H. AND C.</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p19.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="800" height="569" /> -</div> -<p>Individual flower heads are about ¼ inch across and double that -in length, each formed of a dozen or more tubular bright gold florets -closely compressed at their bases into a green involucre. Numerous such -heads are clustered loosely together into round-topped groups (cymes) at -the ends of stems and branches. Plant is a wide-branching, woody shrub -2-4 feet high with small, green-gray, linear leaves. Grows on dry plains -and lower foothills, especially common in western Colorado. Blooms -September-October.</p> -<p>Most of the better known composites have spreading rays—each -of which is really a flower, though usually sterile—surrounding a disc of less -conspicuous tubular flowers, these latter being normally the fertile ones. -Sunflowers are familiar examples. Throughout some genera of this great -family, and in various species of additional genera, the rays are totally -absent. Rabbit brush is one of the composites whose flower heads have -no rays. They are showy only because so many of them cluster together, -and because each small flower contributes a speck of bright gold. They -are distinctly plants of desert lands, and in the fall season each big clump -is a perfect mound of color. As winter nears, the color pales and fades, -though flowers hang on a long time. Rabbit brush is not a sagebrush, even -though both grow on the same dry plains and both are members of the -composite family.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_53">53</div> -<h2 id="c47"><span class="small">Composite Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Easter Daisy,</b> <i>Townsendia sericea</i>, <span class="smaller">HOOK.</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p19a.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="800" height="589" /> -</div> -<p>Flower heads, 2 inches across, are formed of about 30 white rays, -slightly striated and indented at the tips, surrounding a disc, about ¾ inch -in diameter, of numerous tubular gold-colored florets. Plant is about 3 -inches high and carries one or several flower heads right on the top of a -spreading tough root crown from which also rise numerous, narrow, linear -leaves about 2-3 inches long. Grows on grassy plains, and foothills. Blooms -April-May.</p> -<p>These are among the very earliest of the plains flowers. Their typical -occurrence is as isolated plants, one here and one there between grass turfs -in areas of rather tight prairie sod. They are so low and compact that they -are not easy to find, even though their beauty well justifies the search. -Spring has come when Easter daisies are out, even though the plains are -still clad in winter gray with only a faint suggestion that in time the range -will be green. Several other members of this daisylike genus are found -in the foothills and plains. One of the commoner of these, <i>Townsendia -eximia</i>, is easily distinguished by its short spreading branches which carry -a few leaves.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_54">54</div> -<h2 id="c48"><span class="small">Composite Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Showy Fleabane,</b> <i>Erigeron speciosus</i>, <span class="smaller">C. FONG</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p20.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="800" height="579" /> -</div> -<p>Flower head, 1½ inches across, is composed of about 200 narrow -rays of brilliant lavender color, surrounding a button-like center ½ inch -in diameter, of numerous, bright-gold, tubular florets packed closely together. -Plant is 1½ to 3 feet high, freely branching, with numerous flower heads; -leaves oblong or oval 2-3 inches long. Grows in shady places, rich moist -soil, montane and sub-alpine zones. Blooms late July-September.</p> -<p>As the season advances, these aster-like flowers become the most -conspicuous color notes in our high-altitude aspen groves. They come after -early flowers are gone and bloom with a profusion unknown to most shade-loving -plants. Before they too are gone a leaf here and there on the -geranium plants in these same places will have turned bright red; on the -ground, ivory colored puff-balls will be ready to discharge their clouds of -brown spores, and the very first of the aspen leaves will have turned yellow -and be drifting down. Showy fleabanes may linger to catch the first fall -snows. Another of the many members of this genus, <i>Erigeron trifidus</i>, -grows on the plains and brings out its small white blossoms in late April -when it may catch the last spring snows.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_55">55</div> -<h2 id="c49"><span class="small">Composite Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Alpine Sunflower,</b> <i>Hymenoxys grandiflora</i>, <span class="smaller">PARKER</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p20a.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="800" height="600" /> -</div> -<p>Flower head is 3 to 4 inches across, the central disk, an inch in -diameter, made up of over a hundred tiny, tubular, golden florets, surrounded -by about 30 bright yellow rays which are flat and notched at the -outer end. Plant is 5 to 15 inches tall of one or several woolly stems, with -leaves divided into several narrow lobes. Grows on alpine slopes. June-July.</p> -<p>This woolly-stemmed, dwarf sunflower, sometimes called old-man-of-the-mountains, -or sun-god, is a startling surprise for the newcomer to -our above-timberline tundras. One expects smaller more timid flowers here, -and so at first the big bright faces of these plants seem out of place. Then -we come to love them for their gay defiance of tough growing conditions -and think of them as the proper guardians of high windy places. Whole -colonies of them will be found with all the flower heads faced in the same -direction. This will be a direction from which they receive strong light, -and is a form of heliotropism. The stems, however, do not twist through -a full half circle each day to follow the sun.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_56">56</div> -<h2 id="c50"><span class="small">Composite Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Thistle,</b> <i>Circium undulatum</i>, <span class="smaller">SPRENG.</span></h2> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p22.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="605" height="800" /> -</div> -<p>Flower heads, 1½ to 2 inches broad, are solitary at the ends of -stems and branches, and made up of numerous (100 or more) rose-colored, -tubular florets fluffing out widely at their tops and grouped tightly together -at their bases into an involucre made of many little, overlapping green -bracts. Plant is about 3 feet tall with gray-green deeply cut leaves; stem -and leaf ribs armed with prickles. Grows on plains, extending into foothills. -Blooms May-September.</p> -<p>Thistles of some sort are found in all parts of Colorado. Above -timberline they take on grotesque shapes. In one, high-altitude thistle, -<i>Circium hookerianum</i>, the whole woolly top of the plant, formed of compressed -leaves and inconspicuous flower heads, bends over to resemble the -head and neck of some shaggy animal. In our sub-alpine hay meadows a -different species, <i>Circium drummondii</i>, may spread flat on the ground with -no main stem and keep its flower heads so low that the mowing machine -goes right over it catching only tops of a few leaves. On the plains are other -species with shaving-brush-like flower heads. In spite of the prickles on their -leaves and stems, horses nip off the flower heads and eat them with relish. -Donkeys and mules seem to like them even better.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_57">57</div> -<h2 class="center"><span class="small">CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS</span></h2> -<p>All plants are related to each other in the sense that every one of -them is descended from a common primitive uni-cellular life form which -came into existence on this planet millions of years ago. As the remote -progeny of that ancestral cell, or group of cells, became scattered over the -earth and faced diverse conditions, which in turn changed with the ages, -these millions of related organisms exhibited profound changes such that -the differences in form, size and structure have become more noticeable -than are the badges of common inheritance. This is the process called -Evolution. Changes are established so slowly, however, that the immediate -descendants of any particular plant, or the offspring from cross-pollination -within a closely related group, will continue for many generations to be -substantially identical in structure with the parents. As long as substantial -identity in structure exists, all of these individual plants form a single -“species.” As these species are discovered, botanists give each of them a -Latin name. Within Colorado over 2000 such separate species of flowering -plants are known. Minute variations such as color of petals or degree of -hairiness of leaf or stem are treated as “varieties” within the species.</p> -<p>Many thousands of these substantially identical plants may be found -scattered over parts of a state, or over several states, or even throughout a -life zone area comprising parts of several continents. Within the life zone -favorable to them, the only geographical limits seem to be those affecting -distribution of live seed.</p> -<p>In the search for plants, many different species are found, either -in the same or more often in different localities, in which the resemblances -are close; in fact many parts are almost identical, but persistent differences -are also present. A common ancestor several hundred or several thousand -years back may have existed, but evolutionary changes have brought noticeable -differences in the respective descendant groups. If the changes are not -too great, especially if the mechanisms of reproduction have not been so -greatly changed as to make cross-pollination totally impossible between -plants of the several species, these related species, wherever they may have -been found, are said to comprise a “genus.” To this, also, a Latin name is -given. <i>Lillium</i>, for example, is the generic name of all true lilies everywhere; -<i>umbellatum</i>, however, is the specific name of the group to which our Colorado -mountain lily belongs; and “<i>Lillium umbellatum</i>” is the full name of -the plant shown on <a href="#Page_10">page 10</a>.</p> -<p>Still greater differences in plant and flower structure are found, -coupled, however, with strong resemblances in significant parts of the -structure. This has led to grouping a considerable number of genera -together into a “family.” Latin names also are given to the families. For -these names there are, in most cases, well established English equivalents -which we have used here without repeating the more technical family name. -Within each family all genera and each species of every genus will exhibit -strong resemblances in the mechanism of seed production, and the general -pattern of the organs of reproduction will be recognizably similar. For -example, all species in the rose family (with very few exceptions) have -numerous stamens arranged in whorls; they also have a calyx formed of -five sepals joined together at the base.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_58">58</div> -<p>Other groupings, such as “Orders” comprised of several families, -or “tribes” composed of several genera within a family, are used by botanists, -but for the purposes of this booklet we have used only the names of families, -genera and species.</p> -<p>To the amateur one of the most interesting phases of plant classification -is the way in which, as we pass from one life zone to another, or -from one part of the state to another part within the same life zone, we -find that a plant species which we have observed at one spot, is replaced, at -another, by a different species within the same genus. We find our white -mariposa, <i>Calochortus gunnisonii</i>, on the east side of the mountains, then, -in flat clay plains in southwestern Colorado, we find the sego lily, -Calochortus nuttallii, which is a similar, but quite distinct mariposa with -cream-colored petals and a crooked, much shorter stem. Beyond the -boundaries of Colorado numerous other species of Calochortus are found, -all of them different from ours, but all of them quite obviously mariposas.</p> -<h2 class="center"><span class="small">HOW PLANT POPULATIONS MAINTAIN THEMSELVES AND SPREAD</span></h2> -<p>Infant mortality is high and life expectancy short among the flowering -plants. They not only struggle against extremes of climate, but they -are the primary food of the animal kingdom, and so pursued by creatures -that have the advantages of sight and locomotion. It is only by marvelous -fecundity and by ingenious devices for seed dispersal that plants maintain -their position on the earth.</p> -<p>The first objective of every plant is to produce fertile seed in as -large a quantity as the supplies of food and moisture and the length of -season will permit. Pollination, which brings about the merging of the -male and female cells, is essential to seed production. The majority of -plants combine in a single flower stamens which carry in anthers on their -tips the male element pollen and one or more pistils which hold at their -base ovaries containing the female cells. These ovaries are reached by the -pollen through the style and the stigma at its tip. The flower may thus -fertilize itself in most species, but cross-pollination from other plants of the -same species makes for more vigorous stock. The showy petals and petal-like -sepals, which draw our eyes to flowers, make the flower conspicuous also -to bees, moths, and even birds which act as pollen bearers. Other lures to -this same end are fragrances and nectar. The detailed mechanisms by -which the various plants increase the likelihood of cross-fertilization, within -the brief period that any given set of cells is capable of fertilization, are -numerous indeed and a fascinating study.</p> -<p>In most plants, seed develops and becomes fully ripe in a matter of -weeks after fertilization has occurred. It is also commonplace for a single -flower to produce a seed pod or other fruit which may contain hundreds of -separate perfect seeds.</p> -<p>The next step is to scatter this seed over an area wide enough to reduce -the risk of all of them perishing at once, and also wide enough to keep the -survivors from competing too closely with each other for soil, moisture -and sunlight. Here again fascinating devices come into play. Building each -seed with a plume or bit of fluff at its tip so that it can be carried far by -<span class="pb" id="Page_59">59</span> -wind, is one of the commonest tricks. Other seeds float easily on water and -so reach new sites. Other seeds invite being eaten by birds or beasts, and -depend upon a fraction of them either being carelessly dropped before -being swallowed, or having tough enough shells to resist digestion. Quite -a number of plants produce seed pods which, when they become thoroughly -dry split open with a jerk flipping seeds over distances of several feet. -Finally there are the various burs and barbed seeds that are carried for miles -by animals and by man.</p> -<p>Seeds thus become scattered over the earth, and so numerous and -efficient are the devices of dispersion that in the course of years the seeds -from a single plant colony, and from the successive new outlying colonies -it founds, may become spread over miles of distance. Only a few barriers -completely stop such spreading. Oceans, high mountains and broad deserts -are the most effective barriers, but even they do not always stop every -seed of every plant.</p> -<p>This spread of seeds pays little attention to life zone limits, or to -such interference as rivers, hills or local barren areas may present. Over -and past all of such minor obstacles the flow of seed rolls.</p> -<p>The final problem for the seed is how to germinate and become -established in the place it lands. If that place is totally unsuitable for the -particular species, the answer there is failure. Many seeds may invade a -locality too dry for their development. In such a case, even if germination -occurs, all such seedlings will die before a single plant matures. Heavy -frost may act as a like absolute veto to other seedlings that venture too high -in altitude or too far north in latitude for their own limitations. By forces -such as these, each species of plant stays contained within limits beyond -which it cannot become established, even though individual seeds may in -great numbers invade impossible localities.</p> -<p>Mature plants may tolerate conditions which wipe out all tender -seedlings of the same species. This leads to interesting patterns of plant -distribution in semi-desert areas, such as occur in parts of Colorado. Once -or twice in a century a series of two, three, or even five successive years -may occur when the soil is moist and extraordinarily favorable to plant -growth throughout weeks or months of the spring and summer. In these -special times seeds that have invaded a usually hostile area may, if they have -retained fertility, germinate, push their roots deep, and become so vigorous -that when normal dry years follow these particular plants live on and thrive -for the remainder of their lives, even though their own seeds fall on barren -ground and the species maintains only a precarious or temporary foothold -in the area.</p> -<p>Governed by forces such as these, and limited by competition with -each other, plant species have for ages taken their places in the global -economy and carried out their part of the commandment to be fruitful -and multiply. Otherwise we and the animals we prey upon could not exist.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_60">60</div> -<h2 class="center"><span class="small">FLOWER FORMS</span></h2> -<p>The four flowers sketched below with supplementary drawings of their separate -parts, give only a small sample of the infinite structural variety found -among flowering plants.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig1"> -<img src="images/p23.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="192" /> -<p class="pcap">A Yucca, illustrating features which are found in several other lilies.</p> -</div> -<dl class="undent pcap"><dt>perianth segment</dt> -<dt>stigma</dt> -<dt>anther</dt> -<dt>style</dt> -<dt>ovary</dt> -<dt>pedical</dt> -<dt>stem</dt> -<dt>Detail of stamen</dt> -<dd>pollen</dd> -<dd>anther</dd> -<dd>filament</dd></dl> -<div class="img" id="fig2"> -<img src="images/p23a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="180" /> -<p class="pcap">A Buttercup. This particular one has showy sepals but no petals.</p> -</div> -<dl class="undent pcap"><dt>group of styles</dt> -<dt>sepal</dt> -<dt>group of</dt> -<dt>stamens</dt> -<dt>ovary</dt> -<dt>pedical</dt> -<dt>single sepal</dt> -<dt>Detail of stamen</dt></dl> -<div class="img" id="fig3"> -<img src="images/p23d.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="212" /> -<p class="pcap">A Penstemon. Here a calyx is present formed of 5 sepals united at their base, -the petal parts are fully united into a tubular corolla terminating at its throat -in 5 unequal lobes.</p> -</div> -<dl class="undent pcap"><dt>lobe of corolla</dt> -<dt>sterile stamen</dt> -<dt>anther</dt> -<dt>stigma</dt> -<dt>style</dt> -<dt>sepal</dt> -<dt>ovary</dt> -<dt>calyx</dt> -<dt>pedicel</dt> -<dt>Details</dt> -<dd>beard</dd> -<dd>filament</dd> -<dd>anther</dd> -<dd>filament</dd></dl> -<div class="img" id="fig4"> -<img src="images/p23g.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="194" /> -<p class="pcap">A Composite flower head, made up of numerous complete and separate flowers, -enclosed at their bases in an involucre made up of many overlapping bracts.</p> -</div> -<dl class="undent pcap"><dt>(right half cut away and all other florets removed)</dt> -<dd>bracts of involucre</dd> -<dd>tubular floret</dd> -<dd>receptacle</dd> -<dd>ray floret</dd> -<dt>stigma</dt> -<dt>style</dt> -<dt>stamen</dt> -<dt>corolla tube</dt> -<dt>ovary</dt> -<dt>receptacle</dt></dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_61">61</div> -<h2 class="center"><span class="small">PLANT PARTS</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="fig5"> -<img src="images/p23j.jpg" alt="" width="323" height="421" /> -<p class="pcap">This sort of inflorescence is -known as a raceme. Larkspurs -and many other plants arrange -their flowers in this way.</p> -</div> -<dl class="undent pcap"><dt>pedicel</dt> -<dt>stem</dt></dl> -<div class="img" id="fig6"> -<img src="images/p23j2.jpg" alt="" width="289" height="421" /> -<p class="pcap">When the flowers are clustered -at ends of radiating pedicels as -shown here the inflorescence is -an umbel. All the parsleys follow -this general pattern.</p> -</div> -<dl class="undent pcap"><dt>pedicel</dt> -<dt>bract</dt> -<dt>scape</dt></dl> -<div class="img" id="fig7"> -<img src="images/p23k.jpg" alt="" width="271" height="198" /> -<p class="pcap">Onions and some other lilies -grow in this pattern.</p> -</div> -<dl class="undent pcap"><dt>stem</dt> -<dt>bulb</dt></dl> -<div class="img" id="fig8"> -<img src="images/p23k2.jpg" alt="" width="354" height="198" /> -<p class="pcap">Many plants, including penstemons, -grow this way.</p> -</div> -<dl class="undent pcap"><dt>stem</dt> -<dt>root crown or caudex</dt></dl> -<div class="img" id="fig9"> -<img src="images/p23m.jpg" alt="" width="313" height="193" /> -<p class="pcap">Prickly Poppy has this sort of -root and stem system.</p> -</div> -<dl class="undent pcap"><dt>main stem</dt> -<dt>tap root</dt> -<dt>root</dt></dl> -<div class="img" id="fig10"> -<img src="images/p23m2.jpg" alt="" width="313" height="193" /> -<p class="pcap">Shooting Star grows this way.</p> -</div> -<dl class="undent pcap"><dt>scape</dt></dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_62">62</div> -<h2 class="center"><span class="small">LEAF FORMS</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="fig11"> -<img src="images/p24.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="177" /> -<p class="pcap">Simple</p> -</div> -<dl class="undent pcap"><dt>linear</dt> -<dt>lanceolate</dt> -<dt>ovate</dt> -<dt>cordate</dt></dl> -<div class="img" id="fig12"> -<img src="images/p24a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="178" /> -<p class="pcap">Compound</p> -</div> -<dl class="undent pcap"><dt>pinnate</dt> -<dt>pinnately</dt> -<dt>cleft</dt> -<dt>bipinnate</dt> -<dt>palmate</dt></dl> -<div class="img" id="fig13"> -<img src="images/p24d.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="244" /> -<p class="pcap">Leaf Arrangements</p> -</div> -<dl class="undent pcap"><dt>opposite</dt> -<dt>alternate</dt> -<dt>whorls</dt></dl> -<div class="img" id="fig14"> -<img src="images/p24e.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="265" /> -<p class="pcap">Attachment Parts</p> -</div> -<dl class="undent pcap"><dt>stem</dt> -<dt>petiole</dt> -<dt>stipule</dt></dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_63">63</div> -<h2 class="center"><span class="small">BOOKS DEALING WITH COLORADO WILDFLOWERS</span></h2> -<dl class="undent"><dt>Field Book of Western Wild Flowers—Margaret Armstrong</dt> -<dd class="t">C. P. Putnam’s Sons, N. Y., 1915</dd></dl> -<dl class="undent"><dt>Plants of Rocky Mountain National Park—Ruth E. Ashton</dt> -<dd class="t">Government Printing Office, 1933</dd> -<dd class="t">Revised edition under same title—Ruth Ashton Nelson in press, 1953</dd></dl> -<dl class="undent"><dt>Colorado Cacti—Chas. H. Boissevain and Carol Davidson</dt> -<dd class="t">Abbey Garden Press, San Marino, 1940</dd></dl> -<dl class="undent"><dt>Rocky Mountain Flowers—Frederic E. and Edith S. Clements</dt> -<dd class="t">H. W. Wilson Co., N. Y., 1920</dd></dl> -<dl class="undent"><dt>New Manual of Botany of the Central Rocky Mountains—John</dt> -<dd class="t">Coulter and Aven Nelson</dd> -<dd class="t">American Book Co., Chicago, 1909</dd></dl> -<dl class="undent"><dt>Manual of the Plants of Colorado—H. D. Harrington</dt> -<dd class="t">Sage Press, Ft. Collins, Colorado—in press, 1953</dd></dl> -<dl class="undent"><dt>American Wild Flowers—Harold N. Moldenke</dt> -<dd class="t">D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., N. Y., 1949</dd></dl> -<dl class="undent"><dt>Meet the Natives—M. Walter Pesman</dt> -<dd class="t">Denver, Colorado, 1943</dd></dl> -<dl class="undent"><dt>Flora of Colorado—P. A. Rydberg</dt> -<dd class="t">Ft. Collins, Colorado, 1906</dd></dl> -<dl class="undent"><dt>Flora of Rocky Mountains and Adjacent Plains—P. A. Rydberg</dt> -<dd class="t">New York, 1917</dd></dl> -<dl class="undent"><dt>The Flora of Boulder County, Colorado—William A. Weber</dt> -<dd class="t">University of Colorado Museum</dd></dl> -<h2 class="center"><span class="small">OTHER MUSEUM PICTORIALS</span></h2> -<p class="revint">1. Nature Photography with Miniature Cameras—Alfred M. Bailey</p> -<p class="revint">2. The Story of Pueblo Pottery—H. M. Wormington and Arminta -Neal</p> -<p class="revint">3. Stepping Stones Across the Pacific—Alfred M. Bailey and -Robert J. Niedrach</p> -<p class="revint">4. Fossil Mammals—Harvey C. Markman</p> -<p class="revint">5. Nature Photography with High-Speed Flash—Walker Van Riper, -Robert J. Niedrach and Alfred M. Bailey</p> -<p class="revint">6. Laysan and Black-footed Albatrosses—Alfred M. Bailey</p> -<p class="revint">7. The Hawaiian Monk Seal—Alfred M. Bailey</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_64">64</div> -<h2 class="center"><span class="small">INDEX</span></h2> -<p class="center"><a class="ab" href="#index_A">A</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_B">B</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_C">C</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_D">D</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_E">E</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_F">F</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_G">G</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_H">H</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_I">I</a> <span class="ab">J</span> <span class="ab">K</span> <a class="ab" href="#index_L">L</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_M">M</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_N">N</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_O">O</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_P">P</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_Q">Q</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_R">R</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_S">S</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_T">T</a> <span class="ab">U</span> <span class="ab">V</span> <a class="ab" href="#index_W">W</a> <span class="ab">X</span> <a class="ab" href="#index_Y">Y</a> <span class="ab">Z</span></p> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_A">A</dt> -<dt class="rj"><i>Page</i></dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Abronia fragrans</i></span> <a href="#Page_14">14</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Alpine forget-me-not</span> <a href="#Page_46">46</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Alpine sunflower</span> <a href="#Page_55">55</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Anemone globosa</i></span> <a href="#Page_20">20</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Aquilegia coerulea</i></span> <a href="#Page_24">24</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Argemone intermedia</i></span> <a href="#Page_25">25</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Asclepias speciosa</i></span> <a href="#Page_43">43</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_B">B</dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Bird-bill</span> <a href="#Page_41">41</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Brook primrose</span> <a href="#Page_40">40</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Bush cinquefoil</span> <a href="#Page_29">29</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Bush morning-glory</span> <a href="#Page_44">44</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_C">C</dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Cactus</span> <a href="#Page_35">35-36</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Calochortus gunnisonii</i></span> <a href="#Page_11">11</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Castilleja integra</i></span> <a href="#Page_49">49</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Cattail</span> <a href="#Page_66">Back Cover</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Chimaphila umbellata</i></span> <a href="#Page_39">39</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Chrysothamnus nauseosus</i></span> <a href="#Page_52">52</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Cirsium undulatum</i></span> <a href="#Page_56">56</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Claytonia lanceolata</i></span> <a href="#Page_17">17</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Columbine</span> <a href="#Page_24">24</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Cypripedium calceolus</i></span> <a href="#Page_13">13</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_D">D</dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Deer clover</span> <a href="#Page_31">31</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Delphinium nelsonii</i></span> <a href="#Page_21">21</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Dodecatheon radicatum</i></span> <a href="#Page_41">41</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_E">E</dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Easter daisy</span> <a href="#Page_53">53</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Echinocereus triglochidiatus</i></span> <a href="#Page_35">35</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Epilobium angustifolium</i></span> <a href="#Page_38">38</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Erigeron speciosus</i></span> <a href="#Page_54">54</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Eriogonum umbellatum</i></span> <a href="#Page_15">15</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Eritrichium elongatum</i></span> <a href="#Page_46">46</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Erysimum asperum</i></span> <a href="#Page_26">26</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Erythronium grandiflorum</i></span> <a href="#Page_12">12</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Evening primrose</span> <a href="#Page_37">37</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_F">F</dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Fireweed</span> <a href="#Page_38">38</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Fleabane</span> <a href="#Page_54">54</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Fringed gentian</span> <a href="#Page_42">42</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_G">G</dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Gaillardia aristata</i></span> <a href="#Page_51">51</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Gentiana elegans</i></span> <a href="#Page_42">42</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Gilia aggregata</i></span> <a href="#Page_48">48</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Glacier lily</span> <a href="#Page_12">12</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Globe anemone</span> <a href="#Page_20">20</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Globe flower</span> <a href="#Page_23">23</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Golden banner</span> <a href="#Page_33">33</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_H">H</dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Hymenoxys grandiflora</i></span> <a href="#Page_55">55</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_I">I</dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Indian paintbrush</span> <a href="#Page_49">49</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Ipomoea leptophylla</i></span> <a href="#Page_44">44</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_L">L</dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Lady’s slipper</span> <a href="#Page_13">13</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Lambert’s loco</span> <a href="#Page_32">32</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Larkspur</span> <a href="#Page_21">21</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Lathyrus stipulaceus</i></span> <a href="#Page_30">30</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Leucocrinum montanum</i></span> <a href="#Page_9">9</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Lilium umbellatum</i></span> <a href="#Page_10">10</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Loco</span> <a href="#Page_32">32</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_M">M</dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Mariposa</span> <a href="#Page_11">11</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Mentzelia nuda</i></span> <a href="#Page_34">34</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Milkweed</span> <a href="#Page_43">43</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Moss campion</span> <a href="#Page_18">18</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_N">N</dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Nelson’s larkspur</span> <a href="#Page_21">21</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_O">O</dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Oenothera brachycarpa</i></span> <a href="#Page_37">37</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Opuntia trichophora</i></span> <a href="#Page_36">36</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Oxytropis lambertii</i></span> <a href="#Page_32">32</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_P">P</dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Paintbrush</span> <a href="#Page_49">49</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Pasque flower</span> <a href="#Page_19">19</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Penstemon unilateralis</i></span> <a href="#Page_50">50</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Phacelia sericea</i></span> <a href="#Page_45">45</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Pipsissewa</span> <a href="#Page_39">39</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Polemonium viscosum</i></span> <a href="#Page_47">47</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Potentilla fruticosa</i></span> <a href="#Page_29">29</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Prairie pea</span> <a href="#Page_30">30</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Prairie snowball</span> <a href="#Page_14">14</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Prickly pear</span> <a href="#Page_36">36</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Prickly poppy</span> <a href="#Page_25">25</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Primula parryi</i></span> <a href="#Page_40">40</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Pulsatilla ludoviciana</i></span> <a href="#Page_19">19</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Purple fringe</span> <a href="#Page_45">45</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_Q">Q</dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Queen’s crown</span> <a href="#Page_28">28</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_R">R</dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Rabbit brush</span> <a href="#Page_52">52</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Ranunculus adoneus</i></span> <a href="#Page_22">22</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Rumex venosus</i></span> <a href="#Page_16">16</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_S">S</dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Sand begonia</span> <a href="#Page_16">16</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Sand lily</span> <a href="#Page_9">9</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Saxifraga rhomboidea</i></span> <a href="#Page_27">27</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Scarlet gilia</span> <a href="#Page_48">48</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Sedum rhodanthum</i></span> <a href="#Page_28">28</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Shooting star</span> <a href="#Page_41">41</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Showy fleabane</i></span> <a href="#Page_54">54</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Silene acaulis</i></span> <a href="#Page_18">18</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Sky pilot</span> <a href="#Page_47">47</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Snowball saxifrage</i></span> <a href="#Page_27">27</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Snow buttercup</span> <a href="#Page_22">22</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Spanish bayonet</span> <a href="#cover">front cover</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Spring beauty</span> <a href="#Page_17">17</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Stickweed</span> <a href="#Page_34">34</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Strawberry cactus</span> <a href="#Page_35">35</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Sulphur flower</span> <a href="#Page_15">15</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_T">T</dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Thermopsis divaricarpa</i></span> <a href="#Page_33">33</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Thistle</span> <a href="#Page_56">56</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Townsendia sericea</i></span> <a href="#Page_53">53</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Trifolium nanum</i></span> <a href="#Page_31">31</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Trollius laxus</i></span> <a href="#Page_23">23</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Typha latifolia</i></span> <a href="#Page_66">Back Cover</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_W">W</dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Wallflower</span> <a href="#Page_26">26</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Wood lily</span> <a href="#Page_10">10</a></dt> -</dl> -<dl class="indexlr"> -<dt class="center b" id="index_Y">Y</dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Yellow evening primrose</span> <a href="#Page_37">37</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl">Yellow lady’s slipper</span> <a href="#Page_13">13</a></dt> -<dt><span class="jl"><i>Yucca glauca</i></span> <a href="#cover">front cover</a></dt> -</dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_65">65</div> -<h2 class="center"><span class="small">Cattail Family</span> -<br /><b class="sc">Cattail,</b> <i>Typha latifolia</i>, <span class="smaller">L.</span></h2> -<p><span class="lr"><a href="#Page_66">BACK COVER⇒</a></span></p> -<p>The flower spike forms the top 6 to 10 inches of a stiff rush-like -stem which rises from a sheath of long, narrow, flat leaves to a total height -of about 4 feet, the leaves rising slightly higher than the stem. The top 3 -or 4 inches of the flower spike is composed of numerous male flowers -producing only pollen and early dropping off to leave a bare, rather sharp, -stem tip; the lower 4 or 5 inches of the flower spike is composed of thousands -of female flowers packed so tightly together as to give the appearance -of a smooth, rich-brown cylinder, more than an inch in diameter, which -finally breaks up into fluffy seeds. Forms solid colonies in marshy places -in plains, foothills and lower montane zones. Blooms first appear about -July, and become mature in September-October.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig15"> -<img src="images/p25.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="276" /> -<p class="pcap">The Museum</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_66">66</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p26.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="524" height="801" /> -</div> -<h2>Transcriber’s Notes</h2> -<ul> -<li>Silently corrected a few typos.</li> -<li>Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.</li> -<li>In the text versions only, text in <i>italics</i> is delimited by _underscores_.</li> -</ul> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Colorado Wild Flowers, by -Harold DeWitt Roberts and Rhoda N. 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