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-The Project Gutenberg EBook of International Bridge Authority, Sault Ste.
-Marie, by Anonymous
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
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-
-Title: International Bridge Authority, Sault Ste. Marie
-
-Author: Anonymous
-
-Release Date: May 17, 2020 [EBook #62156]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INTERNATIONAL BRIDGE, SAULT STE. MARIE ***
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-Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Lisa Corcoran and the Online
-Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
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-
-
-                     INTERNATIONAL BRIDGE AUTHORITY
-                            SAULT STE. MARIE
-
-
-The International Bridge Authority is a board composed of members from
-the Province of Ontario and the State of Michigan. Its purpose is to
-oversee management and operation of the International Bridge.
-
-  For information, write to:
-  P.O. Box 317
-  Sault Ste. Marie, MI 49783
-
-    [Illustration: Sault Ste. Marie Bridge]
-
-                               BRIDGE FACTS
-
-  Name:           The Sault Ste. Marie International Bridge
-  Length:         Total maintenance length from American and Canadian
-                  approaches—2.8 miles.
-  Cost:           $20,000,000.
-  Designers:      Steinman, Boynton, Gronquist & London, New York.
-  Construction:   Started September 16, 1960. Opened to traffic October
-                  31, 1962.
-  Width:          28 foot roadway between curbs, providing 14 foot
-                  traffic lanes in each direction.
-  Tolls:          $1.50 each way for passenger cars. No extra charge
-                  for passengers. Canadian money accepted at par.
-  Height:         Roadway is 145 feet above ground level at its highest
-                  point.
-  Clearance:      Bridge has 124 feet minimum vertical clearance above
-                  low water in ship canals.
-  Weight:         125,000 tons of which 114,000 tons are concrete and
-                  11,000 tons are structural steel.
-  Colors:         Green and ivory.
-  Speeds:         Maximum 30 miles per hour.
-
-
-
-
-                         FROM DREAMS TO REALITY
-
-
-The ease of traveling through the Locks or over the St. Mary’s Rapids is
-now taken for granted but the dreams of building these structures began
-over a hundred years ago, just after Michigan became a state in 1837.
-
-    [Illustration: Canoes crossing the river]
-
-Traveling from one side of the river to the other first began in canoes.
-Bands of Ojibwa Indians would camp and fish at the rapids they called
-“Bawating”, meaning rushing water.
-
-The rapids became a gathering point for as many as 50,000 Native
-Americans each summer, for centuries.
-
-In the 1600’s it became a settlement for French explorers and fur
-traders.
-
-Through wars control of the rapids went to the British in the mid 1700’s
-and finally, a shared border with the United States in the 1800’s.
-
-    [Illustration: Building a lock]
-
-As copper and iron ore were discovered in the western Upper Peninsula in
-1830, ship traffic increased but had to be portaged over land at the
-rapids. This difficult task eventually led to construction of the first
-lock in 1855, and the second in 1871, a joint venture between the State
-of Michigan and the U.S. Government.
-
-In 1880, the first land transportation over the river between the U.S.
-and Canada was established with a railroad bridge. In 1895, the Canadian
-Lock was completed.
-
-In 1943 and 1969 two other U.S. locks were built, one of which is
-capable of carrying the 1000 ft. super freighters.
-
-From the 1880’s til the 1960’s the only forms of transportation across
-the St. Mary’s River, between the two Saults, were ferries and the
-railroad bridge.
-
-The inconvenience and delays of those days have been eliminated, thanks
-to the International Bridge.
-
-
-
-
-                            SAULT STE. MARIE
-                        “Rapids Of Sainte Mary”
-                          INTERNATIONAL BRIDGE
-
-
-    [Illustration: The bridge site]
-
-Nearly a decade of engineering study, legislative action in Lansing,
-Washington, Toronto, and Ottawa, and the sale of bonds to finance the
-project preceded construction of the bridge. Michigan Governor G. Mennen
-Williams and Ontario Treasurer James N. Allen were the main participants
-in groundbreaking ceremonies for construction of the bridge on September
-16, 1960.
-
-    [Illustration: Bridge piers under construction]
-
-Dr. Carl Gronquist of the consulting engineering firm, Steinman,
-Boynton, Gronquist and Birdsall, designed the two-mile long bridge
-supported on 62 piers that would cost $20,000,000. The Michigan State
-Highway Department agreed to construct the Michigan approach to the
-bridge, a project costing very close to $4,000,000, which was tied into
-the Interstate Freeway system and financed 90 percent by federal funds.
-The International Bridge Authority then proposed a bond issue of
-$16,250,000 to raise the remainder of the money.
-
-The issue was divided into $8,400,000 in Series A bonds to be sold on
-the New York market, and $7,850,000 in Series B bonds, all to be retired
-within 40 years from bridge revenues. To facilitate financing, the
-Province of Ontario bought the entire Series B bonds in one sale and
-thus guaranteed a quick sale for the Series A bonds in the United States
-bond market.
-
-The International Bridge was opened to traffic on October 31, 1962.
-
-    [Illustration: Bridge span under construction]
-
-
-
-
-                       Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan
-                       Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario
-
-
-    [Illustration: The completed bridge]
-
-
-                            THE BRIDGE VIEW
-
-Located to the west of the locks and running parallel with the railroad
-bridge, the International Bridge “takes off” from the U.S. side near the
-campus of Lake Superior State University which overlooks the area from
-the site of the former Fort Brady.
-
-As you enter the first archway, the world famous Soo Locks are visible
-below.
-
-Further on, you’ll pass the International Boundary at the middle of the
-Bridge. Off to the west you’ll see a series of 16 gates. These gates
-control the water flow from Lake Superior down to the other connecting
-Great Lakes. The management of this water flow is operated by the
-International Joint Commission which makes determinations of gate
-activity based on the various lake levels.
-
-Within the rapids area, produced by the water rushing through the gates,
-there is a concrete berm, or wall, stretching about one quarter of a
-mile. The berm was constructed as a joint operation by the electric
-utilities of the U.S. and Canada. Its objective is to keep an adequate
-water flow around Whitefish Island, a natural spawning ground for
-salmon.
-
-    [Illustration: The river below the bridge]
-
-Just beyond Whitefish Island is the Canadian Lock and then the power
-canal and the hydro-electric generating station of Great Lakes Power.
-
-Approaching Sault, Ontario, there is an excellent view of the city’s
-growing industrial complex with huge plants of the Algoma Steel
-Corporation—one of Canada’s largest steel mills—to the west, and the St.
-Marys Inc. paper plants to the east.
-
-The volume of traffic between the two Saults has more than quadrupled in
-the first twenty-five years of operation. Some 2,234,000 vehicles
-crossed the bridge in 1987, as compared to 415,000 vehicles carried by
-the ferries during their final full year of operation in 1961.
-
-                           Published by Bill Davie, Trinity Productions.
-
-    [Illustration: THE ST. MARY’S INTERNATIONAL WATERWAY BETWEEN THE TWO
-    SAULT STE. MARIES
-    from Photograph taken 1978]
-
-
-
-
-                          Transcriber’s Notes
-
-
-—Silently corrected a few typos.
-
-—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook
-  is public-domain in the country of publication.
-
-—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by
-  _underscores_.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of International Bridge Authority, Sault
-Ste. Marie, by Anonymous
-
-*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INTERNATIONAL BRIDGE, SAULT STE. MARIE ***
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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 62156 ***
+
+                     INTERNATIONAL BRIDGE AUTHORITY
+                            SAULT STE. MARIE
+
+
+The International Bridge Authority is a board composed of members from
+the Province of Ontario and the State of Michigan. Its purpose is to
+oversee management and operation of the International Bridge.
+
+  For information, write to:
+  P.O. Box 317
+  Sault Ste. Marie, MI 49783
+
+    [Illustration: Sault Ste. Marie Bridge]
+
+                               BRIDGE FACTS
+
+  Name:           The Sault Ste. Marie International Bridge
+  Length:         Total maintenance length from American and Canadian
+                  approaches—2.8 miles.
+  Cost:           $20,000,000.
+  Designers:      Steinman, Boynton, Gronquist & London, New York.
+  Construction:   Started September 16, 1960. Opened to traffic October
+                  31, 1962.
+  Width:          28 foot roadway between curbs, providing 14 foot
+                  traffic lanes in each direction.
+  Tolls:          $1.50 each way for passenger cars. No extra charge
+                  for passengers. Canadian money accepted at par.
+  Height:         Roadway is 145 feet above ground level at its highest
+                  point.
+  Clearance:      Bridge has 124 feet minimum vertical clearance above
+                  low water in ship canals.
+  Weight:         125,000 tons of which 114,000 tons are concrete and
+                  11,000 tons are structural steel.
+  Colors:         Green and ivory.
+  Speeds:         Maximum 30 miles per hour.
+
+
+
+
+                         FROM DREAMS TO REALITY
+
+
+The ease of traveling through the Locks or over the St. Mary’s Rapids is
+now taken for granted but the dreams of building these structures began
+over a hundred years ago, just after Michigan became a state in 1837.
+
+    [Illustration: Canoes crossing the river]
+
+Traveling from one side of the river to the other first began in canoes.
+Bands of Ojibwa Indians would camp and fish at the rapids they called
+“Bawating”, meaning rushing water.
+
+The rapids became a gathering point for as many as 50,000 Native
+Americans each summer, for centuries.
+
+In the 1600’s it became a settlement for French explorers and fur
+traders.
+
+Through wars control of the rapids went to the British in the mid 1700’s
+and finally, a shared border with the United States in the 1800’s.
+
+    [Illustration: Building a lock]
+
+As copper and iron ore were discovered in the western Upper Peninsula in
+1830, ship traffic increased but had to be portaged over land at the
+rapids. This difficult task eventually led to construction of the first
+lock in 1855, and the second in 1871, a joint venture between the State
+of Michigan and the U.S. Government.
+
+In 1880, the first land transportation over the river between the U.S.
+and Canada was established with a railroad bridge. In 1895, the Canadian
+Lock was completed.
+
+In 1943 and 1969 two other U.S. locks were built, one of which is
+capable of carrying the 1000 ft. super freighters.
+
+From the 1880’s til the 1960’s the only forms of transportation across
+the St. Mary’s River, between the two Saults, were ferries and the
+railroad bridge.
+
+The inconvenience and delays of those days have been eliminated, thanks
+to the International Bridge.
+
+
+
+
+                            SAULT STE. MARIE
+                        “Rapids Of Sainte Mary”
+                          INTERNATIONAL BRIDGE
+
+
+    [Illustration: The bridge site]
+
+Nearly a decade of engineering study, legislative action in Lansing,
+Washington, Toronto, and Ottawa, and the sale of bonds to finance the
+project preceded construction of the bridge. Michigan Governor G. Mennen
+Williams and Ontario Treasurer James N. Allen were the main participants
+in groundbreaking ceremonies for construction of the bridge on September
+16, 1960.
+
+    [Illustration: Bridge piers under construction]
+
+Dr. Carl Gronquist of the consulting engineering firm, Steinman,
+Boynton, Gronquist and Birdsall, designed the two-mile long bridge
+supported on 62 piers that would cost $20,000,000. The Michigan State
+Highway Department agreed to construct the Michigan approach to the
+bridge, a project costing very close to $4,000,000, which was tied into
+the Interstate Freeway system and financed 90 percent by federal funds.
+The International Bridge Authority then proposed a bond issue of
+$16,250,000 to raise the remainder of the money.
+
+The issue was divided into $8,400,000 in Series A bonds to be sold on
+the New York market, and $7,850,000 in Series B bonds, all to be retired
+within 40 years from bridge revenues. To facilitate financing, the
+Province of Ontario bought the entire Series B bonds in one sale and
+thus guaranteed a quick sale for the Series A bonds in the United States
+bond market.
+
+The International Bridge was opened to traffic on October 31, 1962.
+
+    [Illustration: Bridge span under construction]
+
+
+
+
+                       Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan
+                       Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario
+
+
+    [Illustration: The completed bridge]
+
+
+                            THE BRIDGE VIEW
+
+Located to the west of the locks and running parallel with the railroad
+bridge, the International Bridge “takes off” from the U.S. side near the
+campus of Lake Superior State University which overlooks the area from
+the site of the former Fort Brady.
+
+As you enter the first archway, the world famous Soo Locks are visible
+below.
+
+Further on, you’ll pass the International Boundary at the middle of the
+Bridge. Off to the west you’ll see a series of 16 gates. These gates
+control the water flow from Lake Superior down to the other connecting
+Great Lakes. The management of this water flow is operated by the
+International Joint Commission which makes determinations of gate
+activity based on the various lake levels.
+
+Within the rapids area, produced by the water rushing through the gates,
+there is a concrete berm, or wall, stretching about one quarter of a
+mile. The berm was constructed as a joint operation by the electric
+utilities of the U.S. and Canada. Its objective is to keep an adequate
+water flow around Whitefish Island, a natural spawning ground for
+salmon.
+
+    [Illustration: The river below the bridge]
+
+Just beyond Whitefish Island is the Canadian Lock and then the power
+canal and the hydro-electric generating station of Great Lakes Power.
+
+Approaching Sault, Ontario, there is an excellent view of the city’s
+growing industrial complex with huge plants of the Algoma Steel
+Corporation—one of Canada’s largest steel mills—to the west, and the St.
+Marys Inc. paper plants to the east.
+
+The volume of traffic between the two Saults has more than quadrupled in
+the first twenty-five years of operation. Some 2,234,000 vehicles
+crossed the bridge in 1987, as compared to 415,000 vehicles carried by
+the ferries during their final full year of operation in 1961.
+
+                           Published by Bill Davie, Trinity Productions.
+
+    [Illustration: THE ST. MARY’S INTERNATIONAL WATERWAY BETWEEN THE TWO
+    SAULT STE. MARIES
+    from Photograph taken 1978]
+
+
+
+
+                          Transcriber’s Notes
+
+
+—Silently corrected a few typos.
+
+—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook
+  is public-domain in the country of publication.
+
+—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by
+  _underscores_.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of International Bridge Authority, Sault
+Ste. Marie, by Anonymous
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 62156 ***
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-The Project Gutenberg EBook of International Bridge Authority, Sault Ste.
-Marie, by Anonymous
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-Title: International Bridge Authority, Sault Ste. Marie
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-Author: Anonymous
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-Release Date: May 17, 2020 [EBook #62156]
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-<div id="cover" class="img">
-<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="International Bridge Authority, Sault Ste. Marie" width="598" height="800" />
-</div>
-<h1><span class="ss"><span class="small">INTERNATIONAL BRIDGE AUTHORITY</span>
-<br /><span class="smaller">SAULT STE. MARIE</span></span></h1>
-<p>The International Bridge Authority is
-a board composed of members from the
-Province of Ontario and the State of
-Michigan. Its purpose is to oversee
-management and operation of the International
-Bridge.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">For information, write to:</p>
-<p class="t0">P.O. Box 317</p>
-<p class="t0">Sault Ste. Marie, MI 49783</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p00.jpg" alt="Sault Ste. Marie Bridge" width="800" height="605" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_1">1</div>
-<table class="center" summary="">
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="2">BRIDGE FACTS</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Name: </td><td class="l">The Sault Ste. Marie International Bridge</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Length: </td><td class="l">Total maintenance length from American and Canadian approaches&mdash;2.8 miles.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Cost: </td><td class="l">$20,000,000.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Designers: </td><td class="l">Steinman, Boynton, Gronquist &amp; London, New York.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Construction: </td><td class="l">Started September 16, 1960. Opened to traffic October 31, 1962.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Width: </td><td class="l">28 foot roadway between curbs, providing 14 foot traffic lanes in each direction.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Tolls: </td><td class="l">$1.50 each way for passenger cars. No extra charge for passengers. Canadian money accepted at par.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Height: </td><td class="l">Roadway is 145 feet above ground level at its highest point.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Clearance: </td><td class="l">Bridge has 124 feet minimum vertical clearance above low water in ship canals.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Weight: </td><td class="l">125,000 tons of which 114,000 tons are concrete and 11,000 tons are structural steel.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Colors: </td><td class="l">Green and ivory.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Speeds: </td><td class="l">Maximum 30 miles per hour.</td></tr>
-</table>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_2">2</div>
-<h2 id="c1"><span class="small">FROM DREAMS TO REALITY</span></h2>
-<p>The ease of traveling through the Locks or
-over the St. Mary&rsquo;s Rapids is now taken for
-granted but the dreams of building these structures
-began over a hundred years ago, just
-after Michigan became a state in 1837.</p>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p02.jpg" alt="Canoes crossing the river" width="800" height="582" />
-</div>
-<p>Traveling from one side of the river to the
-other first began in canoes. Bands of Ojibwa
-Indians would camp and fish at the rapids they
-called &ldquo;Bawating&rdquo;, meaning rushing water.</p>
-<p>The rapids became a gathering point for as
-many as 50,000 Native Americans each summer,
-for centuries.</p>
-<p>In the 1600&rsquo;s it became a settlement for
-French explorers and fur traders.</p>
-<p>Through wars control of the rapids went to
-the British in the mid 1700&rsquo;s and finally, a shared
-border with the United States in the 1800&rsquo;s.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_3">3</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p03.jpg" alt="Building a lock" width="800" height="582" />
-</div>
-<p>As copper and iron ore were discovered in
-the western Upper Peninsula in 1830, ship traffic
-increased but had to be portaged over land
-at the rapids. This difficult task eventually led
-to construction of the first lock in 1855, and the
-second in 1871, a joint venture between the
-State of Michigan and the U.S. Government.</p>
-<p>In 1880, the first land transportation over
-the river between the U.S. and Canada was
-established with a railroad bridge. In 1895, the
-Canadian Lock was completed.</p>
-<p>In 1943 and 1969 two other U.S. locks were
-built, one of which is capable of carrying the
-1000 ft. super freighters.</p>
-<p>From the 1880&rsquo;s til the 1960&rsquo;s the only forms
-of transportation across the St. Mary&rsquo;s River,
-between the two Saults, were ferries and the
-railroad bridge.</p>
-<p>The inconvenience and delays of those days
-have been eliminated, thanks to the International
-Bridge.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_4">4</div>
-<h2 id="c2"><span class="small">SAULT STE. MARIE</span>
-<br />&ldquo;Rapids Of Sainte Mary&rdquo;
-<br />INTERNATIONAL BRIDGE</h2>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p04.jpg" alt="The bridge site" width="800" height="566" />
-</div>
-<p>Nearly a decade of engineering study, legislative
-action in Lansing, Washington, Toronto, and
-Ottawa, and the sale of bonds to finance the project
-preceded construction of the bridge. Michigan
-Governor G. Mennen Williams and Ontario
-Treasurer James N. Allen were the main participants
-in groundbreaking ceremonies for construction
-of the bridge on September 16, 1960.</p>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p04a.jpg" alt="Bridge piers under construction" width="800" height="570" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_5">5</div>
-<p>Dr. Carl Gronquist of the consulting engineering
-firm, Steinman, Boynton, Gronquist and
-Birdsall, designed the two-mile long bridge supported
-on 62 piers that would cost $20,000,000.
-The Michigan State Highway Department agreed
-to construct the Michigan approach to the bridge,
-a project costing very close to $4,000,000,
-which was tied into the Interstate Freeway system
-and financed 90 percent by federal funds. The
-International Bridge Authority then proposed a
-bond issue of $16,250,000 to raise the remainder
-of the money.</p>
-<p>The issue was divided into $8,400,000 in
-Series A bonds to be sold on the New York market,
-and $7,850,000 in Series B bonds, all to be
-retired within 40 years from bridge revenues.
-To facilitate financing, the Province of Ontario
-bought the entire Series B bonds in one sale and
-thus guaranteed a quick sale for the Series A
-bonds in the United States bond market.</p>
-<p>The International Bridge was opened to traffic
-on October 31, 1962.</p>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p05.jpg" alt="Bridge span under construction" width="800" height="567" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_6">6</div>
-<h2 id="c3"><span class="small">Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan</span>
-<br />Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario</h2>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p06.jpg" alt="The completed bridge" width="800" height="591" />
-</div>
-<h3 id="c4">THE BRIDGE VIEW</h3>
-<p>Located to the west of the locks and running
-parallel with the railroad bridge, the International
-Bridge &ldquo;takes off&rdquo; from the U.S. side
-near the campus of Lake Superior State University
-which overlooks the area from the site
-of the former Fort Brady.</p>
-<p>As you enter the first archway, the world
-famous Soo Locks are visible below.</p>
-<p>Further on, you&rsquo;ll pass the International
-Boundary at the middle of the Bridge. Off to
-the west you&rsquo;ll see a series of 16 gates. These
-gates control the water flow from Lake Superior
-down to the other connecting Great Lakes.
-The management of this water flow is operated
-by the International Joint Commission which
-makes determinations of gate activity based
-on the various lake levels.</p>
-<p>Within the rapids area, produced by the
-<span class="pb" id="Page_7">7</span>
-water rushing through the gates, there is a
-concrete berm, or wall, stretching about one
-quarter of a mile. The berm was constructed
-as a joint operation by the electric utilities of
-the U.S. and Canada. Its objective is to keep
-an adequate water flow around Whitefish Island,
-a natural spawning ground for salmon.</p>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p07.jpg" alt="The river below the bridge" width="800" height="589" />
-</div>
-<p>Just beyond Whitefish Island is the Canadian
-Lock and then the power canal and the hydro-electric
-generating station of Great Lakes Power.</p>
-<p>Approaching Sault, Ontario, there is an excellent
-view of the city&rsquo;s growing industrial
-complex with huge plants of the Algoma Steel
-Corporation&mdash;one of Canada&rsquo;s largest steel
-mills&mdash;to the west, and the St. Marys Inc.
-paper plants to the east.</p>
-<p>The volume of traffic between the two Saults
-has more than quadrupled in the first twenty-five
-years of operation. Some 2,234,000
-vehicles crossed the bridge in 1987, as compared
-to 415,000 vehicles carried by the ferries
-during their final full year of operation in
-1961.</p>
-<p><span class="lr"><span class="smaller"><span class="ss">Published by Bill Davie, Trinity Productions.</span></span></span></p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_8">8</div>
-<div class="img" id="map1">
-<img src="images/map_lr.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="608" />
-<p class="pcap">THE ST. MARY&rsquo;S
-INTERNATIONAL
-WATERWAY
-BETWEEN THE
-TWO
-SAULT STE.
-MARIES
-<br />from Photograph
-taken 1978</p><p class="center"><a class="ab1" href="images/map_hr.jpg">High-resolution Version</a></p>
-</div>
-<h2>Transcriber&rsquo;s Notes</h2>
-<ul>
-<li>Silently corrected a few typos.</li>
-<li>Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.</li>
-<li>In the text versions only, text in <i>italics</i> is delimited by _underscores_.</li>
-</ul>
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<pre>
-
-
-
-
-
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-Ste. Marie, by Anonymous
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+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 62156 ***</div>
+
+<div id="cover" class="img">
+<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="International Bridge Authority, Sault Ste. Marie" width="598" height="800" />
+</div>
+<h1><span class="ss"><span class="small">INTERNATIONAL BRIDGE AUTHORITY</span>
+<br /><span class="smaller">SAULT STE. MARIE</span></span></h1>
+<p>The International Bridge Authority is
+a board composed of members from the
+Province of Ontario and the State of
+Michigan. Its purpose is to oversee
+management and operation of the International
+Bridge.</p>
+<div class="verse">
+<p class="t0">For information, write to:</p>
+<p class="t0">P.O. Box 317</p>
+<p class="t0">Sault Ste. Marie, MI 49783</p>
+</div>
+<div class="img">
+<img src="images/p00.jpg" alt="Sault Ste. Marie Bridge" width="800" height="605" />
+</div>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_1">1</div>
+<table class="center" summary="">
+<tr class="th"><th colspan="2">BRIDGE FACTS</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="l">Name: </td><td class="l">The Sault Ste. Marie International Bridge</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="l">Length: </td><td class="l">Total maintenance length from American and Canadian approaches&mdash;2.8 miles.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="l">Cost: </td><td class="l">$20,000,000.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="l">Designers: </td><td class="l">Steinman, Boynton, Gronquist &amp; London, New York.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="l">Construction: </td><td class="l">Started September 16, 1960. Opened to traffic October 31, 1962.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="l">Width: </td><td class="l">28 foot roadway between curbs, providing 14 foot traffic lanes in each direction.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="l">Tolls: </td><td class="l">$1.50 each way for passenger cars. No extra charge for passengers. Canadian money accepted at par.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="l">Height: </td><td class="l">Roadway is 145 feet above ground level at its highest point.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="l">Clearance: </td><td class="l">Bridge has 124 feet minimum vertical clearance above low water in ship canals.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="l">Weight: </td><td class="l">125,000 tons of which 114,000 tons are concrete and 11,000 tons are structural steel.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="l">Colors: </td><td class="l">Green and ivory.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="l">Speeds: </td><td class="l">Maximum 30 miles per hour.</td></tr>
+</table>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_2">2</div>
+<h2 id="c1"><span class="small">FROM DREAMS TO REALITY</span></h2>
+<p>The ease of traveling through the Locks or
+over the St. Mary&rsquo;s Rapids is now taken for
+granted but the dreams of building these structures
+began over a hundred years ago, just
+after Michigan became a state in 1837.</p>
+<div class="img">
+<img src="images/p02.jpg" alt="Canoes crossing the river" width="800" height="582" />
+</div>
+<p>Traveling from one side of the river to the
+other first began in canoes. Bands of Ojibwa
+Indians would camp and fish at the rapids they
+called &ldquo;Bawating&rdquo;, meaning rushing water.</p>
+<p>The rapids became a gathering point for as
+many as 50,000 Native Americans each summer,
+for centuries.</p>
+<p>In the 1600&rsquo;s it became a settlement for
+French explorers and fur traders.</p>
+<p>Through wars control of the rapids went to
+the British in the mid 1700&rsquo;s and finally, a shared
+border with the United States in the 1800&rsquo;s.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_3">3</div>
+<div class="img">
+<img src="images/p03.jpg" alt="Building a lock" width="800" height="582" />
+</div>
+<p>As copper and iron ore were discovered in
+the western Upper Peninsula in 1830, ship traffic
+increased but had to be portaged over land
+at the rapids. This difficult task eventually led
+to construction of the first lock in 1855, and the
+second in 1871, a joint venture between the
+State of Michigan and the U.S. Government.</p>
+<p>In 1880, the first land transportation over
+the river between the U.S. and Canada was
+established with a railroad bridge. In 1895, the
+Canadian Lock was completed.</p>
+<p>In 1943 and 1969 two other U.S. locks were
+built, one of which is capable of carrying the
+1000 ft. super freighters.</p>
+<p>From the 1880&rsquo;s til the 1960&rsquo;s the only forms
+of transportation across the St. Mary&rsquo;s River,
+between the two Saults, were ferries and the
+railroad bridge.</p>
+<p>The inconvenience and delays of those days
+have been eliminated, thanks to the International
+Bridge.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_4">4</div>
+<h2 id="c2"><span class="small">SAULT STE. MARIE</span>
+<br />&ldquo;Rapids Of Sainte Mary&rdquo;
+<br />INTERNATIONAL BRIDGE</h2>
+<div class="img">
+<img src="images/p04.jpg" alt="The bridge site" width="800" height="566" />
+</div>
+<p>Nearly a decade of engineering study, legislative
+action in Lansing, Washington, Toronto, and
+Ottawa, and the sale of bonds to finance the project
+preceded construction of the bridge. Michigan
+Governor G. Mennen Williams and Ontario
+Treasurer James N. Allen were the main participants
+in groundbreaking ceremonies for construction
+of the bridge on September 16, 1960.</p>
+<div class="img">
+<img src="images/p04a.jpg" alt="Bridge piers under construction" width="800" height="570" />
+</div>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_5">5</div>
+<p>Dr. Carl Gronquist of the consulting engineering
+firm, Steinman, Boynton, Gronquist and
+Birdsall, designed the two-mile long bridge supported
+on 62 piers that would cost $20,000,000.
+The Michigan State Highway Department agreed
+to construct the Michigan approach to the bridge,
+a project costing very close to $4,000,000,
+which was tied into the Interstate Freeway system
+and financed 90 percent by federal funds. The
+International Bridge Authority then proposed a
+bond issue of $16,250,000 to raise the remainder
+of the money.</p>
+<p>The issue was divided into $8,400,000 in
+Series A bonds to be sold on the New York market,
+and $7,850,000 in Series B bonds, all to be
+retired within 40 years from bridge revenues.
+To facilitate financing, the Province of Ontario
+bought the entire Series B bonds in one sale and
+thus guaranteed a quick sale for the Series A
+bonds in the United States bond market.</p>
+<p>The International Bridge was opened to traffic
+on October 31, 1962.</p>
+<div class="img">
+<img src="images/p05.jpg" alt="Bridge span under construction" width="800" height="567" />
+</div>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_6">6</div>
+<h2 id="c3"><span class="small">Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan</span>
+<br />Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario</h2>
+<div class="img">
+<img src="images/p06.jpg" alt="The completed bridge" width="800" height="591" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="c4">THE BRIDGE VIEW</h3>
+<p>Located to the west of the locks and running
+parallel with the railroad bridge, the International
+Bridge &ldquo;takes off&rdquo; from the U.S. side
+near the campus of Lake Superior State University
+which overlooks the area from the site
+of the former Fort Brady.</p>
+<p>As you enter the first archway, the world
+famous Soo Locks are visible below.</p>
+<p>Further on, you&rsquo;ll pass the International
+Boundary at the middle of the Bridge. Off to
+the west you&rsquo;ll see a series of 16 gates. These
+gates control the water flow from Lake Superior
+down to the other connecting Great Lakes.
+The management of this water flow is operated
+by the International Joint Commission which
+makes determinations of gate activity based
+on the various lake levels.</p>
+<p>Within the rapids area, produced by the
+<span class="pb" id="Page_7">7</span>
+water rushing through the gates, there is a
+concrete berm, or wall, stretching about one
+quarter of a mile. The berm was constructed
+as a joint operation by the electric utilities of
+the U.S. and Canada. Its objective is to keep
+an adequate water flow around Whitefish Island,
+a natural spawning ground for salmon.</p>
+<div class="img">
+<img src="images/p07.jpg" alt="The river below the bridge" width="800" height="589" />
+</div>
+<p>Just beyond Whitefish Island is the Canadian
+Lock and then the power canal and the hydro-electric
+generating station of Great Lakes Power.</p>
+<p>Approaching Sault, Ontario, there is an excellent
+view of the city&rsquo;s growing industrial
+complex with huge plants of the Algoma Steel
+Corporation&mdash;one of Canada&rsquo;s largest steel
+mills&mdash;to the west, and the St. Marys Inc.
+paper plants to the east.</p>
+<p>The volume of traffic between the two Saults
+has more than quadrupled in the first twenty-five
+years of operation. Some 2,234,000
+vehicles crossed the bridge in 1987, as compared
+to 415,000 vehicles carried by the ferries
+during their final full year of operation in
+1961.</p>
+<p><span class="lr"><span class="smaller"><span class="ss">Published by Bill Davie, Trinity Productions.</span></span></span></p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_8">8</div>
+<div class="img" id="map1">
+<img src="images/map_lr.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="608" />
+<p class="pcap">THE ST. MARY&rsquo;S
+INTERNATIONAL
+WATERWAY
+BETWEEN THE
+TWO
+SAULT STE.
+MARIES
+<br />from Photograph
+taken 1978</p><p class="center"><a class="ab1" href="images/map_hr.jpg">High-resolution Version</a></p>
+</div>
+<h2>Transcriber&rsquo;s Notes</h2>
+<ul>
+<li>Silently corrected a few typos.</li>
+<li>Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.</li>
+<li>In the text versions only, text in <i>italics</i> is delimited by _underscores_.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 62156 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/old/62156-0.txt b/old/62156-0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6ba7438
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/62156-0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,598 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of International Bridge Authority, Sault Ste.
+Marie, by Anonymous
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
+other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
+the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
+www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
+to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
+
+Title: International Bridge Authority, Sault Ste. Marie
+
+Author: Anonymous
+
+Release Date: May 17, 2020 [EBook #62156]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INTERNATIONAL BRIDGE, SAULT STE. MARIE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Lisa Corcoran and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                     INTERNATIONAL BRIDGE AUTHORITY
+                            SAULT STE. MARIE
+
+
+The International Bridge Authority is a board composed of members from
+the Province of Ontario and the State of Michigan. Its purpose is to
+oversee management and operation of the International Bridge.
+
+  For information, write to:
+  P.O. Box 317
+  Sault Ste. Marie, MI 49783
+
+    [Illustration: Sault Ste. Marie Bridge]
+
+                               BRIDGE FACTS
+
+  Name:           The Sault Ste. Marie International Bridge
+  Length:         Total maintenance length from American and Canadian
+                  approaches—2.8 miles.
+  Cost:           $20,000,000.
+  Designers:      Steinman, Boynton, Gronquist & London, New York.
+  Construction:   Started September 16, 1960. Opened to traffic October
+                  31, 1962.
+  Width:          28 foot roadway between curbs, providing 14 foot
+                  traffic lanes in each direction.
+  Tolls:          $1.50 each way for passenger cars. No extra charge
+                  for passengers. Canadian money accepted at par.
+  Height:         Roadway is 145 feet above ground level at its highest
+                  point.
+  Clearance:      Bridge has 124 feet minimum vertical clearance above
+                  low water in ship canals.
+  Weight:         125,000 tons of which 114,000 tons are concrete and
+                  11,000 tons are structural steel.
+  Colors:         Green and ivory.
+  Speeds:         Maximum 30 miles per hour.
+
+
+
+
+                         FROM DREAMS TO REALITY
+
+
+The ease of traveling through the Locks or over the St. Mary’s Rapids is
+now taken for granted but the dreams of building these structures began
+over a hundred years ago, just after Michigan became a state in 1837.
+
+    [Illustration: Canoes crossing the river]
+
+Traveling from one side of the river to the other first began in canoes.
+Bands of Ojibwa Indians would camp and fish at the rapids they called
+“Bawating”, meaning rushing water.
+
+The rapids became a gathering point for as many as 50,000 Native
+Americans each summer, for centuries.
+
+In the 1600’s it became a settlement for French explorers and fur
+traders.
+
+Through wars control of the rapids went to the British in the mid 1700’s
+and finally, a shared border with the United States in the 1800’s.
+
+    [Illustration: Building a lock]
+
+As copper and iron ore were discovered in the western Upper Peninsula in
+1830, ship traffic increased but had to be portaged over land at the
+rapids. This difficult task eventually led to construction of the first
+lock in 1855, and the second in 1871, a joint venture between the State
+of Michigan and the U.S. Government.
+
+In 1880, the first land transportation over the river between the U.S.
+and Canada was established with a railroad bridge. In 1895, the Canadian
+Lock was completed.
+
+In 1943 and 1969 two other U.S. locks were built, one of which is
+capable of carrying the 1000 ft. super freighters.
+
+From the 1880’s til the 1960’s the only forms of transportation across
+the St. Mary’s River, between the two Saults, were ferries and the
+railroad bridge.
+
+The inconvenience and delays of those days have been eliminated, thanks
+to the International Bridge.
+
+
+
+
+                            SAULT STE. MARIE
+                        “Rapids Of Sainte Mary”
+                          INTERNATIONAL BRIDGE
+
+
+    [Illustration: The bridge site]
+
+Nearly a decade of engineering study, legislative action in Lansing,
+Washington, Toronto, and Ottawa, and the sale of bonds to finance the
+project preceded construction of the bridge. Michigan Governor G. Mennen
+Williams and Ontario Treasurer James N. Allen were the main participants
+in groundbreaking ceremonies for construction of the bridge on September
+16, 1960.
+
+    [Illustration: Bridge piers under construction]
+
+Dr. Carl Gronquist of the consulting engineering firm, Steinman,
+Boynton, Gronquist and Birdsall, designed the two-mile long bridge
+supported on 62 piers that would cost $20,000,000. The Michigan State
+Highway Department agreed to construct the Michigan approach to the
+bridge, a project costing very close to $4,000,000, which was tied into
+the Interstate Freeway system and financed 90 percent by federal funds.
+The International Bridge Authority then proposed a bond issue of
+$16,250,000 to raise the remainder of the money.
+
+The issue was divided into $8,400,000 in Series A bonds to be sold on
+the New York market, and $7,850,000 in Series B bonds, all to be retired
+within 40 years from bridge revenues. To facilitate financing, the
+Province of Ontario bought the entire Series B bonds in one sale and
+thus guaranteed a quick sale for the Series A bonds in the United States
+bond market.
+
+The International Bridge was opened to traffic on October 31, 1962.
+
+    [Illustration: Bridge span under construction]
+
+
+
+
+                       Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan
+                       Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario
+
+
+    [Illustration: The completed bridge]
+
+
+                            THE BRIDGE VIEW
+
+Located to the west of the locks and running parallel with the railroad
+bridge, the International Bridge “takes off” from the U.S. side near the
+campus of Lake Superior State University which overlooks the area from
+the site of the former Fort Brady.
+
+As you enter the first archway, the world famous Soo Locks are visible
+below.
+
+Further on, you’ll pass the International Boundary at the middle of the
+Bridge. Off to the west you’ll see a series of 16 gates. These gates
+control the water flow from Lake Superior down to the other connecting
+Great Lakes. The management of this water flow is operated by the
+International Joint Commission which makes determinations of gate
+activity based on the various lake levels.
+
+Within the rapids area, produced by the water rushing through the gates,
+there is a concrete berm, or wall, stretching about one quarter of a
+mile. The berm was constructed as a joint operation by the electric
+utilities of the U.S. and Canada. Its objective is to keep an adequate
+water flow around Whitefish Island, a natural spawning ground for
+salmon.
+
+    [Illustration: The river below the bridge]
+
+Just beyond Whitefish Island is the Canadian Lock and then the power
+canal and the hydro-electric generating station of Great Lakes Power.
+
+Approaching Sault, Ontario, there is an excellent view of the city’s
+growing industrial complex with huge plants of the Algoma Steel
+Corporation—one of Canada’s largest steel mills—to the west, and the St.
+Marys Inc. paper plants to the east.
+
+The volume of traffic between the two Saults has more than quadrupled in
+the first twenty-five years of operation. Some 2,234,000 vehicles
+crossed the bridge in 1987, as compared to 415,000 vehicles carried by
+the ferries during their final full year of operation in 1961.
+
+                           Published by Bill Davie, Trinity Productions.
+
+    [Illustration: THE ST. MARY’S INTERNATIONAL WATERWAY BETWEEN THE TWO
+    SAULT STE. MARIES
+    from Photograph taken 1978]
+
+
+
+
+                          Transcriber’s Notes
+
+
+—Silently corrected a few typos.
+
+—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook
+  is public-domain in the country of publication.
+
+—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by
+  _underscores_.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of International Bridge Authority, Sault
+Ste. Marie, by Anonymous
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INTERNATIONAL BRIDGE, SAULT STE. MARIE ***
+
+***** This file should be named 62156-0.txt or 62156-0.zip *****
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+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of International Bridge Authority, Sault Ste.
+Marie, by Anonymous
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
+other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
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+
+Title: International Bridge Authority, Sault Ste. Marie
+
+Author: Anonymous
+
+Release Date: May 17, 2020 [EBook #62156]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
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+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INTERNATIONAL BRIDGE, SAULT STE. MARIE ***
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+Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Lisa Corcoran and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
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+</pre>
+
+<div id="cover" class="img">
+<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="International Bridge Authority, Sault Ste. Marie" width="598" height="800" />
+</div>
+<h1><span class="ss"><span class="small">INTERNATIONAL BRIDGE AUTHORITY</span>
+<br /><span class="smaller">SAULT STE. MARIE</span></span></h1>
+<p>The International Bridge Authority is
+a board composed of members from the
+Province of Ontario and the State of
+Michigan. Its purpose is to oversee
+management and operation of the International
+Bridge.</p>
+<div class="verse">
+<p class="t0">For information, write to:</p>
+<p class="t0">P.O. Box 317</p>
+<p class="t0">Sault Ste. Marie, MI 49783</p>
+</div>
+<div class="img">
+<img src="images/p00.jpg" alt="Sault Ste. Marie Bridge" width="800" height="605" />
+</div>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_1">1</div>
+<table class="center" summary="">
+<tr class="th"><th colspan="2">BRIDGE FACTS</th></tr>
+<tr><td class="l">Name: </td><td class="l">The Sault Ste. Marie International Bridge</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="l">Length: </td><td class="l">Total maintenance length from American and Canadian approaches&mdash;2.8 miles.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="l">Cost: </td><td class="l">$20,000,000.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="l">Designers: </td><td class="l">Steinman, Boynton, Gronquist &amp; London, New York.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="l">Construction: </td><td class="l">Started September 16, 1960. Opened to traffic October 31, 1962.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="l">Width: </td><td class="l">28 foot roadway between curbs, providing 14 foot traffic lanes in each direction.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="l">Tolls: </td><td class="l">$1.50 each way for passenger cars. No extra charge for passengers. Canadian money accepted at par.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="l">Height: </td><td class="l">Roadway is 145 feet above ground level at its highest point.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="l">Clearance: </td><td class="l">Bridge has 124 feet minimum vertical clearance above low water in ship canals.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="l">Weight: </td><td class="l">125,000 tons of which 114,000 tons are concrete and 11,000 tons are structural steel.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="l">Colors: </td><td class="l">Green and ivory.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="l">Speeds: </td><td class="l">Maximum 30 miles per hour.</td></tr>
+</table>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_2">2</div>
+<h2 id="c1"><span class="small">FROM DREAMS TO REALITY</span></h2>
+<p>The ease of traveling through the Locks or
+over the St. Mary&rsquo;s Rapids is now taken for
+granted but the dreams of building these structures
+began over a hundred years ago, just
+after Michigan became a state in 1837.</p>
+<div class="img">
+<img src="images/p02.jpg" alt="Canoes crossing the river" width="800" height="582" />
+</div>
+<p>Traveling from one side of the river to the
+other first began in canoes. Bands of Ojibwa
+Indians would camp and fish at the rapids they
+called &ldquo;Bawating&rdquo;, meaning rushing water.</p>
+<p>The rapids became a gathering point for as
+many as 50,000 Native Americans each summer,
+for centuries.</p>
+<p>In the 1600&rsquo;s it became a settlement for
+French explorers and fur traders.</p>
+<p>Through wars control of the rapids went to
+the British in the mid 1700&rsquo;s and finally, a shared
+border with the United States in the 1800&rsquo;s.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_3">3</div>
+<div class="img">
+<img src="images/p03.jpg" alt="Building a lock" width="800" height="582" />
+</div>
+<p>As copper and iron ore were discovered in
+the western Upper Peninsula in 1830, ship traffic
+increased but had to be portaged over land
+at the rapids. This difficult task eventually led
+to construction of the first lock in 1855, and the
+second in 1871, a joint venture between the
+State of Michigan and the U.S. Government.</p>
+<p>In 1880, the first land transportation over
+the river between the U.S. and Canada was
+established with a railroad bridge. In 1895, the
+Canadian Lock was completed.</p>
+<p>In 1943 and 1969 two other U.S. locks were
+built, one of which is capable of carrying the
+1000 ft. super freighters.</p>
+<p>From the 1880&rsquo;s til the 1960&rsquo;s the only forms
+of transportation across the St. Mary&rsquo;s River,
+between the two Saults, were ferries and the
+railroad bridge.</p>
+<p>The inconvenience and delays of those days
+have been eliminated, thanks to the International
+Bridge.</p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_4">4</div>
+<h2 id="c2"><span class="small">SAULT STE. MARIE</span>
+<br />&ldquo;Rapids Of Sainte Mary&rdquo;
+<br />INTERNATIONAL BRIDGE</h2>
+<div class="img">
+<img src="images/p04.jpg" alt="The bridge site" width="800" height="566" />
+</div>
+<p>Nearly a decade of engineering study, legislative
+action in Lansing, Washington, Toronto, and
+Ottawa, and the sale of bonds to finance the project
+preceded construction of the bridge. Michigan
+Governor G. Mennen Williams and Ontario
+Treasurer James N. Allen were the main participants
+in groundbreaking ceremonies for construction
+of the bridge on September 16, 1960.</p>
+<div class="img">
+<img src="images/p04a.jpg" alt="Bridge piers under construction" width="800" height="570" />
+</div>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_5">5</div>
+<p>Dr. Carl Gronquist of the consulting engineering
+firm, Steinman, Boynton, Gronquist and
+Birdsall, designed the two-mile long bridge supported
+on 62 piers that would cost $20,000,000.
+The Michigan State Highway Department agreed
+to construct the Michigan approach to the bridge,
+a project costing very close to $4,000,000,
+which was tied into the Interstate Freeway system
+and financed 90 percent by federal funds. The
+International Bridge Authority then proposed a
+bond issue of $16,250,000 to raise the remainder
+of the money.</p>
+<p>The issue was divided into $8,400,000 in
+Series A bonds to be sold on the New York market,
+and $7,850,000 in Series B bonds, all to be
+retired within 40 years from bridge revenues.
+To facilitate financing, the Province of Ontario
+bought the entire Series B bonds in one sale and
+thus guaranteed a quick sale for the Series A
+bonds in the United States bond market.</p>
+<p>The International Bridge was opened to traffic
+on October 31, 1962.</p>
+<div class="img">
+<img src="images/p05.jpg" alt="Bridge span under construction" width="800" height="567" />
+</div>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_6">6</div>
+<h2 id="c3"><span class="small">Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan</span>
+<br />Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario</h2>
+<div class="img">
+<img src="images/p06.jpg" alt="The completed bridge" width="800" height="591" />
+</div>
+<h3 id="c4">THE BRIDGE VIEW</h3>
+<p>Located to the west of the locks and running
+parallel with the railroad bridge, the International
+Bridge &ldquo;takes off&rdquo; from the U.S. side
+near the campus of Lake Superior State University
+which overlooks the area from the site
+of the former Fort Brady.</p>
+<p>As you enter the first archway, the world
+famous Soo Locks are visible below.</p>
+<p>Further on, you&rsquo;ll pass the International
+Boundary at the middle of the Bridge. Off to
+the west you&rsquo;ll see a series of 16 gates. These
+gates control the water flow from Lake Superior
+down to the other connecting Great Lakes.
+The management of this water flow is operated
+by the International Joint Commission which
+makes determinations of gate activity based
+on the various lake levels.</p>
+<p>Within the rapids area, produced by the
+<span class="pb" id="Page_7">7</span>
+water rushing through the gates, there is a
+concrete berm, or wall, stretching about one
+quarter of a mile. The berm was constructed
+as a joint operation by the electric utilities of
+the U.S. and Canada. Its objective is to keep
+an adequate water flow around Whitefish Island,
+a natural spawning ground for salmon.</p>
+<div class="img">
+<img src="images/p07.jpg" alt="The river below the bridge" width="800" height="589" />
+</div>
+<p>Just beyond Whitefish Island is the Canadian
+Lock and then the power canal and the hydro-electric
+generating station of Great Lakes Power.</p>
+<p>Approaching Sault, Ontario, there is an excellent
+view of the city&rsquo;s growing industrial
+complex with huge plants of the Algoma Steel
+Corporation&mdash;one of Canada&rsquo;s largest steel
+mills&mdash;to the west, and the St. Marys Inc.
+paper plants to the east.</p>
+<p>The volume of traffic between the two Saults
+has more than quadrupled in the first twenty-five
+years of operation. Some 2,234,000
+vehicles crossed the bridge in 1987, as compared
+to 415,000 vehicles carried by the ferries
+during their final full year of operation in
+1961.</p>
+<p><span class="lr"><span class="smaller"><span class="ss">Published by Bill Davie, Trinity Productions.</span></span></span></p>
+<div class="pb" id="Page_8">8</div>
+<div class="img" id="map1">
+<img src="images/map_lr.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="608" />
+<p class="pcap">THE ST. MARY&rsquo;S
+INTERNATIONAL
+WATERWAY
+BETWEEN THE
+TWO
+SAULT STE.
+MARIES
+<br />from Photograph
+taken 1978</p><p class="center"><a class="ab1" href="images/map_hr.jpg">High-resolution Version</a></p>
+</div>
+<h2>Transcriber&rsquo;s Notes</h2>
+<ul>
+<li>Silently corrected a few typos.</li>
+<li>Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.</li>
+<li>In the text versions only, text in <i>italics</i> is delimited by _underscores_.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of International Bridge Authority, Sault
+Ste. Marie, by Anonymous
+
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+</pre>
+
+</body>
+</html>
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author	nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org>	2025-01-30 20:50:30 -0800
committer	nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org>	2025-01-30 20:50:30 -0800
commit	66058fe76f14aa24c83bf14c3481d7093b55ef7b (patch)
tree	31b41e56a95c306fbce2fb696257419f395c020f
parent	87a431019fd2adb286687d37618e1c19a94eb09b (diff)