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diff --git a/old/62124-0.txt b/old/62124-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index c5c670d..0000000 --- a/old/62124-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3755 +0,0 @@ -Project Gutenberg's Sanitation of Mofussil Bazaars, by G. W. Disney - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: Sanitation of Mofussil Bazaars - -Author: G. W. Disney - -Release Date: May 14, 2020 [EBook #62124] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SANITATION OF MOFUSSIL BAZAARS *** - - - - -Produced by Richard Tonsing, deaurider, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - SANITATION - OF - MOFUSSIL BAZAARS - - - BY - - G. W. DISNEY - - ASSOCIATE, KING’S COLLEGE, LONDON; MEMBER, INSTITUTE, CIVIL ENGINEERS; - FELLOW ROYAL SANITARY INSTITUTE; LATE SANITARY ENGINEER TO GOVERNMENT, - EASTERN BENGAL AND ASSAM - - - THIRD EDITION - - - CALCUTTA & SIMLA - THACKER, SPINK & CO - - 1914 - - - - - PRINTED BY - THACKER, SPINK AND CO., CALCUTTA. - - - - - THIRD EDITION - - DEDICATED - - TO - - Sir Lancelot Hare, K.C.S.I., C.I.E, - - LATE LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR OF EASTERN BENGAL AND ASSAM. - - _Under whom the Author had the honour of serving for many years_. - - RANCHI, - _The 17th June 1914_. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION. - - -The Second Edition of this work being now out of print for some years it -has been suggested to me that I should re-write the Manual and bring it -up to date. It does not purport to be a highly technical work, but will, -I trust, indicate to those requiring fuller information where to look -for it. Two Chapters have been added on Road Making and Building -Construction which, it is hoped, will make the book more useful to those -for whom it is written. The arrangement of the Chapters has also been -altered. - -My acknowledgments are again due to many friends who have helped me in -revising the Second Edition of this Manual. - - RANCHI, │ G. W. D. - _17th June 1914_. │ - - - - - INTRODUCTION. - - -A concise handbook dealing with the most important points of the -sanitation of Indian Bazaars is much needed; this is an endeavour to -supply the want and put the information available on the subject in a -convenient form, so as to facilitate the organization, and control the -working of the sanitary department of a municipality. It is not within -the scope of this work to allude to large waterworks or drainage -schemes, but merely to show how existing arrangements can be improved. - -The real secret of sanitation is the prompt removal of fæcal matter and -refuse from the neighbourhood of inhabited buildings before it has time -to decay, as in the early stages of putrefaction emanations are evolved -which are highly dangerous to health; it is also an admitted fact that -the common fly is a considerable factor in disseminating disease, as it -conveys germs on the pads of its feet from infected matter to the -food-supply of the inhabitants. - -My thanks are due to many who have been good enough to assist me in this -work, and especially to Lieutenant-Colonel Whitwell and Captain J. C. -Vaughan of the Indian Medical Service; to Mr. A. E. Silk, Sanitary -Engineer to the Government of Bengal; and to Captain D. Meagher, the -Officer in charge of the Government Farm at Allahabad. - - G. W. D. - - _November 1901._ - - - - - PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION. - - -The First Edition of this work was favourably received and, being -entirely disposed of within five months of its issue, indicates that a -want was met. The Manual has been patronised by the Government of India, -the Secretary of State for the Colonies, the Local Governments of -Bengal, Madras, Burma, Punjab, the United Provinces of Agra and Oude, -Assam, the Central Provinces, the North-West Frontier Provinces, -Baluchistan, and other Administrations, as well as by several Native -States, and by the Nepal Durbar. A Second Edition with a good deal of -additional matter added, has therefore been prepared, but this has been -called for before the Author was ready for it, and estimated results -have in consequence been given in several instances instead of recorded -facts. The science of sanitation is, however, progressing so rapidly, -that a good deal of useful information is available, and advantage has -been taken of criticisms to amplify several points. Additional -information has been given on the Biological System of Disposal of -Sewage, on Markets, and Drain Flushing among other subjects, and -Appendices C to F have been added. - -I take this opportunity of again thanking many who have assisted me, and -for the generous tone of the criticisms in the public press. - - MUZAFFARPUR, │ G. W. DISNEY. - _15th November 1902_. │ - - - - - CONTENTS. - - - PAGE. - INTRODUCTION v - CHAPTER I. DRAINAGE 1–5 - „ II. WATER-SUPPLY 6–17 - „ III. ROAD MAKING 18–21 - „ IV. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 22–24 - „ V. LATRINES AND URINALS 25–30 - „ VI. COLLECTION AND REMOVAL OF NIGHT-SOIL 31–36 - „ VII. DISPOSAL OF NIGHT-SOIL AND TRENCHING GROUNDS 37–41 - „ VIII. COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL OF REFUSE 42–49 - „ IX. BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM FOR DISPOSAL OF NIGHT-SOIL 50–51 - „ X. GENERAL SANITATION 52–56 - APPENDIX A. MODEL RULES, PRIVIES AND URINALS 57–60 - „ B. FORM FOR REGULATING REMOVAL OF TOWN SWEEPINGS 61 - „ C. WELL REGISTER 62 - „ D. MODEL BUILDING REGULATIONS 63–67 - „ E. TABLE FOR THE REPAYMENT OF LOANS 68 - „ F. RULES FOR THE PREPARATION, SUBMISSION AND - EXECUTION OF PROJECTS OF WATER-SUPPLY, SEWERAGE - OR DRAINAGE, BY LOCAL AUTHORITIES 69–73 - „ G. FORM FOR ANNUAL REPORT ON BRIDGES AND CULVERTS 74 - „ H. SPECIFICATION FOR TAR-MACADAM 75–77 - - - - - SANITATION - - OF - - MOFUSSIL BAZAARS. - - - - - CHAPTER I. - SURFACE OR STORM-WATER DRAINAGE. - - -Owing to the fact that earth for the construction of most of the huts in -a bazaar has been excavated from the immediate vicinity of the -buildings, it is a matter of much consideration to determine the most -suitable levels the surface drains should start at, as it is of -importance that these should be as shallow as circumstances admit of in -order that they may obtain the full benefit of purification by sun and -air. By adopting as high a level as possible at the head of the drain it -enables better gradients, or falls, to be given which aids much in -self-cleansing. The greatest care should be taken not to lose, or waste -what little fall there is in the plains, as this is simply invaluable. -Deep drains rapidly become foul at the sides and bottom, are difficult -to flush owing to the quantity of water required to do so effectively, -and great temptation is also given to adjacent house-holders to bridge -them over with wide platforms, the consequence being that, sooner or -later, the storm-water drain, designed as an open one, and for which it -may originally have been more or less suitable, soon changes its -character, and becomes a badly designed sewer, which imprisons and -concentrates noxious effluvia. When a drain runs beneath a road, -provision should be made for a part of it being easily uncovered to -admit of examination and cleaning. All drains should open into others at -acute, and not at right angles, and must join at top to top, and not at -base level; where necessary the difference of level can be made up by -falls. - -[Sidenote: Surface drainage of small roads.] - -The surface drainage of small roads and paths in a bazaar is best -provided for by the construction of a central drain down the middle, to -which the ground is made to slightly slope from each side; this prevents -the accumulation of filth in the so-called side drains, which are -generally merely long pits; and, provided a slight fall be given, they -are self-cleaning at every shower of rain. - -In paths or gullies a small concrete saucer drain can be constructed, at -a cost not exceeding four annas a lineal foot, into which the house -connections can be made,—the paths being paved with bricks, set flat, -not costing more than Rs. 2–8 per 100 square feet. These should be laid -at a good slope to the drain, and as only foot traffic need be provided -for, is amply strong enough. In many cases it will be found that -adjacent house-holders are quite willing to pay for this work, when once -a commencement is made, and the advantage is obvious to them. - -[Sidenote: Kutcha roadside drains.] - -In kutcha roadside drains care must be taken that, in the process of -cleaning, which generally consists in the removal of the bed, they do -not in time become permanent roadside trenches without fall; it is much -better to have no drains at all than this; mere depressions which, when -dry, can be swept, and which will be washed clean after a heavy shower -of rain, are much preferable. The proper bed-level of a kutcha drain -should be permanently marked by wooden pegs driven well into the earth, -and built into a masonry pillar, 1 foot 10 inches square, or by masonry -profiles, at intervals of 100 feet apart; this shows at once if the -bed-level or section has been unduly lowered during the process of -cleaning out. - -[Sidenote: Flushing.] - -When designing a drainage system for a town it is essential that -provision for flushing be made at the same time, otherwise the drains -become receptacles for filth for about two-thirds of the year. This can -be arranged by the construction of flushing tanks, which, when full -automatically discharge into the drains, by water mains laid underground -discharging into the head or summits of the drains; and also by the -drains being divided up into convenient sections by stops or sluices, -which are lifted automatically, or by manual labour, when the section is -full of water, thus ensuring an effective flush. - -[Illustration: - - FIG. 1. - - AUTOMATIC FLUSHING TANK -] - -A type design of an automatic flushing tank is shown in Fig. 1. These -cost about Rs. 100 each complete, the syphon pipe alone representing -some Rs. 30. Where sufficient head is not unavailable for this type, -Adams’ Patent Adamic Flusher may be suitable. These cost about Rs. 70 -for a 4″ pipe size, and works with a head of 10 inches. - -Where sullage water is discharged into storm-water drains this should be -treated in sullage filters at convenient intervals. _See_ Fig. 18, page -36. - -[Sidenote: Masonry drains.] - -The most suitable form for surface drains is the semi-circular base, -with side slopes of 1 to 2·4, as the discharge is only slightly less -than that of the ovoid section, and the drains are more easy to -construct. They can be easily swept clean, or run through with a wooden -board made to fit the section, and pushed along by a boy. - -The Dacca type rectangular drain, as shown in Fig. 2, page 5, is very -suitable for narrow lanes. The dimensions can be altered to suit local -conditions. - -Much useful information as to the preparation of drainage projects, and -tables of discharges of different sections, will be found in Practical -Instructions in Surface Drainage, by Mr. H. A. Gubbay, Executive -Engineer, Public Works Department, published by the Government of -Bengal. - -In most cases, when designing a system of drainage, it is advisable -merely to take the general surface level of the bazaar as the level to -be drained, leaving artificially caused depressions to be filled up with -the débris of old buildings, and any available suitable material as -opportunity occurs. It is also generally unnecessary to provide for a -very heavy rainfall. The usual provision in this part of India is for a -run off due to ½ an inch of rainfall per hour from densely built over, -and ¼th of an inch from suburban areas. - -It is more scientific to design the drains with reference to the -possible flushing power and facilities available, rather than that of -the maximum rainfall. - -The importance of proper drainage, especially in connection with -checking the spread of malarial fever by anopheles mosquitoes has, owing -to recent researches, been fully recognised. These are found to breed -most extensively in the earth-lined drains alongside streets. Where -brick-lined, the current should be strong enough to wash away the larvæ, -but it is quite otherwise on the numerous kutcha ones in every bazaar. -It is also essential, in Bengal, to make use of the powers conferred by -the Municipal Act (Section 195) to compel owners to fill up small -depressions which, during the rains, form extensive and numerous -breeding-grounds. Every attempt should be made each year to brick-line a -section of the roadside drains as money is available, where funds do not -admit of much being done. Grass and weeds in the earthen drains must be -cleared out at regular intervals during the rains, and the oftener the -better. Mosquitoes of the culex tribe cannot also be disregarded, as -these have been proved to convey elephantiasis and other diseases, and -stegomyia, which abound in Lower Bengal, are the hosts of yellow fever. - -[Illustration: - - FIG. 2. - - CROSS SECTION OF STREET SIDE DRAIN. -] - - - - - CHAPTER II. - WATER-SUPPLY FROM WELLS AND TANKS. - - -[Sidenote: Registering wells.] - -[Sidenote: Cleaning and repairing wells.] - -In order to obtain a comparatively pure water-supply, under -circumstances existent in most bazaars, it is essential that the spill -water from wells be led away by properly constructed drains beyond what -is known as the cone of filtration; this may be described as a circle -drawn round the mouth of the well, the radius being equal to the depth -of it. Owing to Indian customs, there is always a considerable quantity -of spill water in the vicinity of a well, and this, when proper -platforms and drains are not constructed, finds its way back, after -contamination, by the line of least resistance, either down the sides of -the masonry lining, or by cracks and fissures in the ground. For water -supplies from wells and tanks the main object is to prevent any water -once drawn out, again, after probable contamination, flowing back into -the source of supply. Arrangements should be made for registering every -well in a municipality where this has not already been done, and for -taking over, or closing all those the owners refuse, or fail to put in a -proper sanitary state. In Bengal this can be enforced under section 200 -of the Bengal Municipal Act (1894). A copy of the map of a ward showing -the position of all wells and tanks therein is given in Fig. 3. The Well -Register, which should be corrected yearly, is given in Appendix C, page -62. It is impossible in most cases, owing to large numbers, for a -Municipality to take over, repair, and conserve all the wells (in the -town of Muzaffarpur, there were 718 wells) but much good can be done by -acquiring a certain number of the most useful unowned ones, and making -the owners of others, when in a position to do so, put and maintain them -in a sanitary state. When new wells are sunk, the owner must be made to -construct them according to a standard design. Fig. 4 shows an -inexpensive and good form of open well, top, and platform. From the -experience of ten years in the Muzaffarpur District (from 1891 to 1901), -where wells on the sides of main roads were so treated, this is -possible. Some 400 wells on 725 miles of road were taken over by the -District Board, put in a proper state of repair, suitable platforms and -spill-water drains constructed, and arrangements made for annual -cleaning out and disinfecting with permanganate of potash during the hot -weather months. These were eventually greatly appreciated, and, whereas -in the first instance difficulties were experienced in getting hold of -suitable ones, it was of late years necessary to make careful selections -from the applications received. In addition to this, the owners of -numerous ones, on whom notice was served that if they did not put them -in a sanitary condition, they would be taken over and repaired by the -District Board, elected to do the work on the prescribed lines at their -own expense. It is a notable fact that cholera when prevalent in -villages close by, frequently is not found in those where these wells -are situated. This organization is being extended to villages which have -an especially bad sanitary record. For easy reference the Instructions -for Repairing, Cleaning and Disinfecting Wells are quoted. - -[Illustration: - - MUZAFFARPUR MUNICIPALITY - - WARD Nº 11 - - FIG. 3. -] - - - _Repairing._ - -1. The ground round a well must first be excavated to a depth of at -least 5 feet below surface level, and for a width of 5 feet round the -well and sealed with puddled clay, the well lining being first rebuilt -from this level where necessary, and continued up for a height of 2 feet -6 inches above ground-level; the top of the well must be sloped off to -prevent vessels being placed on it, and consequent splashing getting -back into the well. A properly made platform resting on suitable -foundations, must be built round the well at 1 foot above at its highest -point, and sloping off to ground-level at its lowest, with a ridge round -it to prevent spill-water draining away indiscriminately and an opening -at its lowest point, leading into a pucca drain, constructed with a -suitable fall, and continued until natural drainage is reached, or -outside the cone of filtration, so as to prevent any water lodging in -the vicinity of the well. - -2. A closed-in top prevents dust, which may convey pathogenic germs, -gaining access to the water. - - - _Cleaning._ - -3. Wells should be dewatered, and cleaned out at least once every year. -The sides must be scraped, and all mud, broken earthen vessels, etc., -removed; _quicklime_ must then be applied to the sides and bottom of the -wells. - -4. The only suitable time to clean out wells is during the hot weather -as the water in them is then at its lowest level. - -5. All wells must be cleaned out down to the well-curb or “Jamot.” - - - _Disinfecting._ - -6. Permanganate of potassium is a crystalline salt-like substance of a -purple colour, in the preparation of which only mineral substances are -employed. - -[Illustration: - - FIG. 4. - - Well Top -] - -[Illustration: - - FIG. 5. -] - -[Illustration: - - FIG. 6. -] - -7. Put one or two ounces of the solid substance into a _dol_, or bucket, -which has been filled with water drawn from the well about to be -treated. Stir it up, and pour the red solution thus produced into the -well, leaving the portion of permanganate that is not yet dissolved at -the bottom of the _dol_. Lower the _dol_ into the well, fill it with -water, draw it up, pour back the water as before, and repeat the process -till all the permanganate has been dissolved. In all cases enough -permanganate should be added to produce a faint red colour lasting for -24 hours. - -8. If the water in the well is bad, more permanganate will be necessary. -In such a case it will be found that the strong red colour at first -produced quickly changes to brown, and then fades away. This is because -the permanganate destroys dirt and is destroyed by it. Therefore, if the -water in the well is clean, a smaller quantity of permanganate will be -necessary. From one to four ounces of permanganate will be found to be -enough for ordinary wells. If more permanganate is added than is enough -to produce a faint permanent red colour, it is likely that frogs, that -may be in the well, will be killed. This will, in a few days, give the -water a putrid taste. If the quantity of permanganate is not enough to -produce a faint permanent red colour, it is unlikely to do good. If -possible, the permanganate should be added at night, in order to leave -the wells undisturbed as long as possible. The water will be fit to -drink on the following morning. If then a red colour is still present, -the water may have an unpleasant taste, but it is perfectly harmless. - -Figure 4 is an illustration of the latest pattern of well adopted. - -[Sidenote: New Wells.] - -When a new well is proposed, and local conditions are suitable, a safe -form is that designed by Dr. Cameron of Wigton, N. B. This arrangement -is shown in Fig. 5. The well should be in the centre of a reserved area -of at least 20 yards in diameter, and the lead pipe leading from it to -the pump must be fitted by brass screw joinings. This is a suitable -design for the vicinity of cutcherries, where an open space for a -reserved area is generally available. - -Another excellent design for a new well, and one more generally -suitable, is shown in Fig. 6. This prevents any danger of the water -being contaminated by dirty vessels being lowered into it for the -purpose of drawing water. - -[Illustration: - - FIG. 7. -] - -[Sidenote: Tube Wells.] - -Tube wells answer admirably in many localities; it is, however, always -essential to have a bore hole made first to determine the stratum which -has to be tapped, as the point of the tube may be easily driven through -this. An improved form of pump is shown in Fig. 7; this obviates the -danger of impure water being put in the mouth of the pitcher spout pump -in order to make it draw. - -The great advantage of tube wells is that they enable a stratum, -underlying that of impermeable stiff clay which exists in many cases, to -be tapped, thus avoiding the danger of contamination by subsoil water. -The supply from a tube well is, however, limited in quantity. - -Where wells are founded on a clay stratum their efficiency can generally -be largely increased at a trifling cost, by driving a pipe lined boring -down until water-borne sand is met. Great care must, however, be taken -that, when the boring is going on, this stratum be not passed through, -and constant tests of the discharge obtained at the various depths are -therefore necessary. - -[Sidenote: Water drawing utensils.] - -In all cases it is advisable either to provide a pump on a public well, -or iron buckets with light chains and wooden pullies, so that private -water drawing vessels be not lowered into the water. The pump should be -fixed on the platform surrounding the well, and not on the top. A light -corrugated iron roof over the mouth of a well is also useful in -preventing leaves, and other impurities falling in, and also in -affording shelter to the water-drawers. - -[Illustration: - - PLAN OF DOME FOR WELL - - FIG. 8. -] - -An effective and economical well cover designed for Ranchi is shown in -Fig. 8, page 11. This, for a 8′ diameter well, costs about Rs. 90. - -[Sidenote: Tanks.] - -A large proportion of the water-supply of a Municipality is usually -taken from tanks, into most of which the drainage water from the -neighbouring vicinity is washed during the rainy season. This can be -prevented by raising the banks. The sullage water of a bazaar is -indescribably filthy, and if in-drainage is prevented the tanks will -fill up by percolation as the level of the subsoil water rises—a bad -enough source of supply, but infinitely purer than the surface water -combined with filth from a crowded area. The excavation of new tanks in -a Municipality should be discouraged as much as possible, and attention -paid to conserving the existing ones. Small pumps and masonry platforms -for washing purposes draining away from the tanks will improve matters. -In the late Mr. A. E. Silk’s book on “Municipal Engineering in Bengal” -the following classification of comparative purity of water-supply is -adopted:— - - 1. Deep spring water. - - 2. Subterranean or deep well water. - - 3. Upland surface water. - - 4. Subsoil water. (If distant from any collection of houses). - - 5. Land springs. - - 6. River water. - - 7. Surface water from cultivated land. - - 8. Subsoil water under villages or towns. - - Surface water from a bazaar is classified as sullage. - -[Illustration: - - FIG. 9. -] - -Where tanks are used as a source of drinking water-supply, they should -be properly fenced and conserved, and the water drawn by a pump. Recent -researches have proved that polluted water, if stored in a tank or -reservoir where it can be preserved from subsequent contamination, -rapidly becomes pure. The Type plan, approved by the Sanitary Board of -Behar and Orissa, is shown in Fig. 9, page 13. This for an existing tank -of 100 yards square area is estimated to cost Rs. 2,700. The pumps, -provided in duplicate, are Kite double action pattern and cost about Rs. -425 each. The fencing provided is the Ideal Woven wire fence, 10 -strands, 48″ high, and can be fixed at about 12 annas per yard. - -Another and a cheaper method is shown in Fig. 10, page 15. Here the tank -is completely fenced in with the exception of an entrance to a platform -which extends towards the centre of the tank from which the water can be -drawn by hand. Model rules for clearing out and re-excavating tanks are -as follows:— - -[Sidenote: Excavation.] - -1. Tanks should be cleared out and re-excavated during the dry weather -months when the level of the subsoil water is at its lowest. Work should -be commenced in January or February and completed before the middle of -May, but these dates must depend more or less on the locality, as in -some parts of the Province the prevalence of heavy thunderstorms in May -might make it advisable to complete the work before then. - -2. The re-excavation, until water-level is reached, should be carried -out in regular layers of 1 foot in depth, an offset of 1 foot being left -on the bank side for each layer. This, when dressed off, will give a -regular side slope of 1 to 1 to the tank. When water-level is reached, -if it be considered necessary to excavate below this, and if pumping -machinery to dewater the tank is unavailable, the area must be divided -up into compartments of suitable size, separated by bunds, one, or more -of which, can be dewatered by bailing into the adjacent ones, when the -excavation can be continued to the required depth, the other -compartments being similarly treated in turn. - -[Illustration: - - TYPE DESIGN FOR FENCING IN TANKS - - FIG. 10. -] - -[Sidenote: Disposal of Spoil.] - -3. The spoil from the excavations should be placed on the outside of the -embankment formed round the tank when originally made, and should be -deposited in such a position to preclude, as far as possible, its being -washed back again by rain water. - -[Sidenote: Dressing and Turfing.] - -The crest of the embankment should be dressed off to a slope of 1 in 12 -away from the tank, with side slopes on the outside of 2 to 1. This will -prevent direct contamination of the tank by spill water from the crest, -where persons or carts, may have encamped. - -All slopes should be neatly dressed off; all those above highest -water-level being turfed during the commencement of the ensuing rainy -season. This is very important as it prevents the chance of a -considerable quantity of the excavated earth being washed back into the -tank. - -Water-supply for Municipal and Rural areas is a subject which is, at the -present day, receiving much attention. It is being encouraged by -contributions from Government and from Local Authorities, by gifts from -wealthy Indian gentlemen, and by loans from Government redeemable in a -fixed period. For rules for the preparation of projects in the Province -of Behar and Orissa see Appendix F, page 69, and for the table of -instalments for the repayment of loans, Appendix E, page 68. The -comparative death-rate from Cholera and Intestinal diseases in -Municipalities which possess a pipe water-supply, and those without, -need only be glanced at to prove the vital importance of a pure -water-supply, and even these figures do not adequately indicate the true -position, as further loss of life due to water-borne diseases, cannot be -traced out from the statistics published. Major S. A. Harris, I.M.S., -Sanitary Commissioner, United Provinces, in his paper on the effect of a -pipe water-supply on the reduction of Cholera in urban areas, read at -the Second All-India Sanitary Conference at Madras, in November 1912, -quotes the reduction of death-rate per mille before and after the -provision of a pipe water-supply for the following places:— - - Before. After. - Dehra Dun 10·19 2·25 - Meerut 7·49 3·02 - Naini Tâl 10·19 2·86 - -and stated that the number of years in which the Cholera death-rate rose -above 1 per mille is seen to have been reduced by the filtered -water-supply to about ½ in Dehra Dun, Meerut, Benares, Lucknow and Naini -Tâl. - -The cost of Water Works must vary considerably according to local -conditions. Where the supply is derived from a source not liable to -contamination, from spring wells, tube wells and infiltration galleries, -where subsequent filtration is unnecessary, the capital expenditure may -vary from Rs. 3 per head for a tube well, Rs. 4–8 from an infiltration -gallery supply, such as Congeeveram (Madras), to Rs. 10 and over for a -filtered water-supply derived from a river. The cost of the distribution -system must necessarily vary according to its size, and the density of -population in the area served, but this, under normal circumstances, may -be assumed at 50 per cent. of that of the Water Works. As each Province -in India has a Sanitary Engineer, and as the subject of the preparation -of a Water Works project is a highly technical one, it is beyond the -scope of this work to go further than to impress its importance. Any -efficient Water Works started means a large saving of human life and of -much misery. - - - - - CHAPTER III. - ROAD MAKING. - - -One of the most important points towards obtaining a good metalled road -is to ensure a proper foundation for the metal to be consolidated on, -and to see that the sides are well confined or tied in. Where bricks are -used for this foundation they should be whole ones, not bats, be tightly -packed together and then rammed with a wooden rammer. The edging should -consist of bricks-on-end well backed up with earth on the out, or berm -side. The same applies where stone is used for the soling. These must -have flat surfaces, be of fair size, and be well hand-packed together -and rammed. It is not much use doing metalling work on a raised road -until the embankment has at least 2 rains over it to properly -consolidate it. This equally applies to the approaches to bridges on a -kutcha road where the metalled portion should be extended to a length of -at least 10 feet beyond the toe of the approach slope. - -[Sidenote: Stone Metal.] - -In most municipalities it is financially impossible to thoroughly repair -all the roads each year, nor is it necessary to do so, if the work has -been properly done. A system of biennial or triennial repairs should -therefore be evolved. A diagram showing how this can be arranged is -shown in Fig. 11, page 19. - -In the selection of stone metal it is of great importance to see that -stone of equal grade and hardness is used, and that surface, or -weathered rock, is not mixed up with the harder material lying -underneath it in the quarries. The stone should be broken to the size -that the largest piece shall pass freely through a 1½″ diameter ring. -When repairing existing metalled roads it is essential that all old -metal be picked up, and any rounded, or traffic-worn portions re-broken, -as it is impossible to ensure good consolidation unless the edges and -corners of the stone metal be sharp. Consolidation should be done by a -heavy roller. A steam roller for preference. The cost of a 6–ton steam -roller is about Rs. 6,000 and the working cost about Rs. 4 per day, but -this must necessarily vary considerably in different localities, -depending on the cost of fuel and labour. - -[Illustration: - - DIAGRAM - - FIG. 11. -] - - - _For Oiling Roads._ - -[Sidenote: Oiling Roads.] - -The roadway must first be swept clear of dust and foreign material, when -the mixture composed of one part of coal-tar to 20 parts of oil (liquid -fuel), mixed cold, must be sprinkled on through a watering cart. Men -with hard long handled brushes follow the cart, and brush the mixture -into the roadway, and repeat this operation for the second time in the -reverse direction, when ¼ of a mile has been done. The oiling lasts for -about 2 months, and costs about Re. 1 per hundred square feet. - -[Sidenote: Tar-Macadam.] - -Although tar-Macadam may be somewhat ambitious for mofussil -municipalities, an abstract of the specification for MacCabe’s -tar-Macadam, which was kindly supplied to me by the Chief Engineer of -the Calcutta Corporation, is of interest, see specification Appendix H, -page 75. The cost of a road so laid is Rs. 2–2–0 per square yard, and -although sufficient experience is not available to predict its life, -some has been down for 3 years and is still good. The materials consist -of two parts Pakoor Stone metal, MacCabe’s patent Bituminous binder of -Gas Co.’s Coal-tar, and Stagg brand English coal-pitch, in the -proportion of 1 of tar to 3 of pitch by weight, with stone chipping, and -sand as a top binder. - -[Sidenote: Kunkar Metal.] - -All _kunkar_ metal required for metalling or repair work should be -collected, screened, and stacked by the middle of May at latest; -screening must be done in the dry weather, otherwise the meshes of the -screen soon clog up when the _kunkar_ is damp, and the operation is more -or less a farce. A specification for this is given below:— - -(1) All _kunkar_ must be washed, cleaned, and screened during the dry -weather months; and must be of such quality that, being re-washed and -rescreened through an expanded metal screen of ⅜″ mesh, set at an angle -of 45°, shall leave a residue of 80 per cent. pure _kunkar_. If _kunkar_ -of a lower standard is stacked it must either be rejected, or the cost -of bringing the metal up to specification, deducted from the price paid. - -(2) No _kunkar_ should be measured after the 1st June. All _kunkar_ -collection must be completed by 15th May. - -[Sidenote: Brick Metal.] - -Brick metalled roads are rarely successful owing to the difficulty of -ensuring that the metal is of equal hardness throughout, and especially -so in a dry climate, as under heavy traffic the metal soon wears into -brick dust, which either blows away in the dry season in the form of -dust, or is washed away in the rains; on no account should _jhama_, or -vitrified brick, and red brick metal be mixed, as their degree of -hardness is so different. - -[Sidenote: Morhum & Kutcha Roads.] - -It is of great importance that excessive slope be not given in morhum or -kutcha roads, otherwise they will rapidly gutter during heavy rain. A -rise of 1 in 50 to the centre of the road will generally be found to be -ample. - -[Sidenote: Stacking Metal.] - -In order to control the collection of material it is essential that all -be stacked to gauge, or in boxes, and that the stacks be of equal size, -thus facilitating measurements. - -[Sidenote: Consolidation of Metal.] - -Consolidation of metal must invariably be done as soon after the rainy -season sets in as possible, and especially so for _kunkar_. Any heavy -rainfall in a water-bound road after the metal is once laid is -invaluable in helping consolidation, as it fills up all the interstices -which may be left after rolling or ramming; _kunkar_ should be -consolidated by ramming with heavy wooden rammers, although on a new -road a roller will be of use in forcing the _kunkar_ in between the -joints of the soling bricks, and jamming them into the earth, thus -making a solid foundation. A plentiful supply of water should be used in -the process of consolidation; this is most essential. Stone and brick -metalling should be consolidated by heavy rollers, a minimum quantity of -surfacing material being used. It is of great importance to keep the -berms well made up against the metalled portion of a road, otherwise the -metal will rapidly spread out under traffic. - -In all cases it is of the greatest importance that the natural aid -afforded by climatic conditions be utilised in making roads; this is a -subject the importance of which is frequently overlooked. When the -consolidation of metal is seen to be going on after the end of the -rains, unless there are exceptional circumstances to justify this, the -official in charge may be condemned at sight as being ignorant or -incompetent. - -Long lengths of road should not be taken up for repairs at a time, as -this causes much inconvenience to traffic. A furlong is the uttermost -limit admissible. - - - - - CHAPTER IV. - BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. - - -[Sidenote: Materials.] - -[Sidenote: Kunkar Lime.] - -_Kunkar_ lime should be burnt near the site of works from clean _kunkar_ -with coal or charcoal. When the burnt _kunkar_ is taken out of the kiln -it must not be slaked, but after any clinker has been removed, should be -ground fine enough to pass through a screen of 400 meshes to the square -inch, and must be used freshly ground. It should contain over 40 per -cent. of Oxide of Calcium. - -[Sidenote: Stone Lime.] - -Stone lime should be obtained unslaked. Before being used it must be -slaked and sifted through a screen of 400 meshes to the square inch. - -[Sidenote: Lime Mortar.] - -Lime mortar to consist of fresh lime mixed by measure with sand or -_soorki_ in one of the following proportions, as may be directed:— - - (_a_) 1 _Kunkar_ lime. - - 2 _Soorki_. - - (_b_) 1 _Kunkar_ lime. - - 1 _Soorki_. - - 1 Sand. - - (_c_) 1 _Kunkar_ lime. - - 2 Sand. - - (_d_) 1 Stone lime. - - 2 _Soorki_. - - 2 Sand. - - (_e_) 1 Stone lime. - - 3 _Soorki_. - - 1 Sand. - - (_f_) 1 Stone lime. - - 4 _Soorki_. - - (_g_) should not be used in the dry season as it sets too quickly. - -The materials should be spread in layers not exceeding 3 inches in -thickness, and then incorporated in a steam mortar mill, or bylechuki, -with sufficient water to make it into a stiff paste. Mortar which has -once commenced to set should on no account be used in any work. - -_Kunkar_ or Hydraulic lime must invariably be used for waterworks and -for wet foundations. - -[Sidenote: Soorki.] - -_Soorki_ must be made from well burnt brick-bats, and must pass through -a sieve of 1⁄16 × 1⁄16 mesh. Freshly burnt bats must only be used. - -[Sidenote: Sand.] - -Sand must be clean, sharp, and free from dirt. - -[Sidenote: Khoa.] - -_Khoa_ must be broken from thoroughly burnt bricks to pass through a -ring of 1½″ diameter. - -[Sidenote: Cement.] - -Portland cement must be of the best quality of English manufacture and -comply with the standard tests. - -[Sidenote: Cement Plaster.] - -Cement plaster to be made of one part of Portland cement to two parts of -sand, and must be properly mixed and applied fresh, the thickness of -each layer to be ½″ finished. The surface must be kept covered with wet -bags or straw for at least three days, after it has been completed. - -[Sidenote: Bricks.] - -Bricks must be hard, well burnt, sound, true to shape and size, and free -from flaws and other imperfections, and to be of approved sample. - -[Sidenote: Brick-Work.] - -Bricks must be laid true to line and level, with joints not exceeding ⅜″ -in thickness, and of approved bond. They must be soaked in water for at -least four hours before being used. All joints must be raked out to a -depth of ½″, while the mortar is fresh. - -[Sidenote: Pointing.] - -All joints to be at least ½″ in depth, and thoroughly cleaned out by -watering and rubbing with a brush. Mortar for pointing to be composed of -one part of lime and one part of _soorki_, ground very fine in a mill, -or strained through coarse cloth. Flush pointing to be lined off true -horizontally and vertically with a string, the lines thus made to be -deepened by a rule made for the purpose. - -[Sidenote: Culverts.] - -The type of culverts adopted must be dependent on the depth of the drain -below the surface of the road. Where arching can be done it is -preferable. Where impracticable, the top should be covered with stone -slabs. Parapets should be provided with stone copings. All culverts on a -road or street should be numbered, and registered in the form given in -Appendix G, page 74. - -The system of quadrennial repairs to bridges and culverts is an -essential towards efficient administration, and when once successfully -introduced, is economical. - -In masonry buildings a damp-proof course, which may be made with either -asphalte, or with a layer of Portland cement 1″ in thickness, laid at -the top of the plinth, and just above floor-level, is most desirable in -order to prevent damp rising in the walls, if for no other reason than -that it prevents damage to the masonry, and to the plastering, or -pointing. - - - - - CHAPTER V. - LATRINES AND URINALS. - - -In dealing with the sanitation of a bazaar, the provision of -scientifically designed latrines and urinals is a matter of the greatest -importance. There are numerous patterns of these, some very well -arranged as regards the necessary requirements for efficient working, -but many more not so. The selection of the pattern adopted is frequently -a mere matter of chance, and the attention paid to the subject by the -Municipal Commissioners a minimum quantity; badly arranged ones are -probably just as expensive to construct in the first instance as good -ones, which are much more useful. - -[Sidenote: Distribution of Latrines and Urinals.] - -[Sidenote: Ventilation.] - -[Sidenote: Drainage.] - -A large number of small latrines and urinals suitably distributed are -more effective than a few large ones, and are not much more costly to -construct and maintain; they should not be grouped together, or placed -back to back, as light and air should be allowed to play on all sides; -for convenience a small covered annexe may be provided for the carts. -For ventilation purposes it must be remembered that, owing to the -friction of the air on the sides, a number of small openings are not -nearly of as great value as a large one of the same area. Where good -drainage is unavailable, storm-water from the roofs should discharge -into moveable buckets which can be easily emptied, thus avoiding -saturation of the soil. Care must however be taken to put these in -places where they cannot be misused. - -[Sidenote: Latrines at Police Barracks and private houses.] - -Latrines should be provided at all Police barracks or out-posts; the -prevention of nuisance in a Municipality is under the control of the -local police, and the out-posts are, in many cases, either unprovided -with latrines, or have them of such a description that the men are -driven to commit the nuisance they are supposed to prevent. Similarly, -house-owners should be made to provide suitable arrangements for their -servants. - -[Sidenote: Bailey’s Patent Latrines.] - -A good latrine in the Indian market is ‘Bailey’s Patent,’ Fig. 12, page -27. This combines efficient ventilation of the latrine, with an -arrangement of double trays, thus preventing saturation and consequent -pollution of the soil on which it stands. The superstructure is made of -corrugated iron strongly braced, and can be made of any number of -compartments required; the patent latrine seat inside is independent of -the superstructure, and can be easily taken out and cleaned. The seats -however are inconveniently small. They cost from Rs. 114 for a two-seat -to Rs. 324 for an eight-seat one. - -[Sidenote: Donaldson’s Separation Latrine.] - -Donaldson’s Separation Latrine, in which the urine and solid matter are -kept separate, is also an excellent pattern. Separation latrines are, -however, unsuitable where it is proposed to deal with the night-soil by -bacteriological agency, and must seriously decrease its manurial value -also. It is merely a handy way of disposing of solid fæces. - -[Sidenote: Alipore Pattern Latrine.] - -The Alipore pattern latrine is a good type. Stoneware seats set in -brick-work are preferable to iron ones. - -Septic tank latrines are very useful under suitable circumstances. A -design for a 12–seated one with a separate flushing tank for each seat -is shown in Fig. 13, page 28, the estimated cost being Rs. 4,586, or Rs. -382 per seat. Before deciding on adopting a latrine of this description, -“Sewage Disposal in the Tropics,” by Major Clemesha, I.M.S., Sanitary -Commissioner, Bengal, should be consulted. - -[Illustration: - - BAILEY’S PATENT LATRINES, WITH SUPERSTRUCTURE “STANDARD PATTERN.” - - FIG. 12. -] - -[Illustration: - - PLAN OF 12 SEATED SEPTIC TANK LATRINE - - LONGITUDINAL SECTION - - PLAN - - FIG. 13. -] - -[Sidenote: Masonry Latrines.] - -[Sidenote: Disadvantages of Tarring.] - -Where masonry latrines or urinals are provided, the walls and floor -should be smooth and well polished to allow of easy cleaning, and should -be white or some light colour, so that if there is dirt, it can be at -once seen and removed. In latrines for hospitals, and also in public -ones which are much frequented, it would be an advantage to line the -walls to a height of 3 feet, and also the floors, with glazed tiles or -bricks. This will make them much cleaner and less forbidding looking. It -is an obvious mistake to coat the lower part of a latrine wall with tar, -the antiseptic value of which, especially in a hot climate, is soon -lost, and which hides and retains dirt in its composition. The usual -practice is to cover a dirty latrine wall with a fresh layer of tar, -thus preserving an old coat of filth and forming a fresh bed for a new -one. - -In all latrines it is of great importance to have the rear openings of -convenient size for the efficient removal of the buckets from their -seats on the level platform. - -[Sidenote: Urinals.] - -A cart urinal in the vicinity of cutcherries will be found useful. This -is merely a receptacle of convenient size resting on a masonry floor and -placed under a raised and enclosed platform on which the squatting plate -is fixed; the receptacle can be easily removed and replaced by an empty -one; the form is a convenient one and can be efficiently ventilated. - -[Sidenote: Hindu Patent Urinal.] - -[Sidenote: Disinfectants.] - -Bailey’s Patent Urinal, Fig. 14, page 30, is very suitable. This costs -from Rs. 48 for a two-seat to Rs. 222 for a six-seat one. The patent -urinal stands inside the compartment and can be taken out and cleaned -without difficulty. For disinfecting purposes chlorinated lime is very -useful. It should have 33% of free chlorine, and must be used fresh as -it rapidly decomposes. Phenyle is also very useful. - -[Sidenote: Red Hand Marks.] - -An ingenious way of making Hindus face the right way, when using -latrines, is to make the mark of an outspread hand in red on the wall -which they should face, as no Hindu will turn his back on this sign. - -[Sidenote: Model Rules.] - -A set of model rules for private privies and urinals is given in -Appendix A, page 57. - -[Illustration: - - “HINDU” PATENT URINAL, WITH CORRUGATED IRON SUPERSTRUCTURE. - - FIG. 14. -] - - - - - CHAPTER VI. - COLLECTION AND REMOVAL OF NIGHT-SOIL. - - -In mofussil towns in Bengal the night-soil is generally collected from -public and private latrines by conservancy carts drawn by bullocks, and -varying in capacity from 60 to 200 gallons. These, as a rule, begin work -early in the morning so as to avoid causing a nuisance in the -thoroughfares, travel at a very low rate of speed, not over 2 miles an -hour, and only make one trip a day, in the majority of cases, owing to -the distance the trenching grounds are away from the centre of the town. -This means that a large proportion of the human excreta remains at least -24 hours in the receptacles of the latrines in the immediate vicinity of -densely populated localities. In the temperate climate of England it is -accepted as an axiom that sewage should never be more than 24 hours in -finding its way to the outfall, as it is, when it has begun to -decompose, more dangerous than when fresh and decomposition sets in much -more quickly in the semi-tropical climate of Bengal. In many cases the -quantity of night-soil collected per head per diem is exceedingly small; -the average amount of solid matter evacuated by natives may be taken at -10 ounces, and of urine 30 ounces, whereas returns from several -municipalities show a quantity varying from ·047 to ·37 of a gallon -removed by the conservancy carts. These quantities are, however, -calculated on the entire area of the municipalities, including the -suburbs, where, owing to the custom of Indians, the gardens and adjacent -fields dispose of a large quantity. In order to obtain reliable results, -the densely crowded areas should be divided up into blocks or sections, -keeping the figures well separated in the municipal books, the density -of population per block calculated and the quantity of night-soil -removed registered daily. Many of the Indian bazaars are long narrow -ones, situated on a high ridge of ground, in which case it is desirable -to have several trenching grounds, one for each block or group of -blocks, instead of having one large one situated at a considerable -distance from the centre of the town. - -[Illustration: - - FIG. 15.—CRAWLEY’S PATENT NIGHT-SOIL CART. -] - -[Illustration: - - FIG. 16.—RECEPTACLE CARTS. -] - -[Sidenote: Conservancy Carts.] - -[Sidenote: Receptacle Carts.] - -In order to effect the speedy removal of fæcal matter, the provision of -suitable conservancy carts is of vital importance. Fig. 15, page 32, is -an illustration of Crawley’s Patent Night-Soil Cart, and is a good one -for general purposes. It is made entirely of wrought iron, with an -air-tight door for filling and emptying; the latter is done by releasing -a clip from the front of the barrel which connects it to the shafts and -opening the lid, when the barrel turns on its centre and shoots out the -contents. A 75–gallon capacity cart costs Rs. 130; a 110–gallon, Rs. -160; and a 200–gallon one Rs. 225. Small carts are preferable to large -ones, as they take a shorter time to fill, and therefore tend to the -more speedy removal of night-soil from crowded localities. They are also -more easy to handle at the trenching grounds. - -It will sometimes be found advisable to provide receptacle carts for -removing receptacles from latrines. Fig. 16, page 33, shows this -arrangement. These, however, owing to their weight, and to the -difficulties of placing and removing the receptacles when full cannot, -excepting under special conditions, be recommended for municipal -purposes. They cost, including 12–gallon receptacles, about Rs. 275. - -Each latrine must be provided with a receptacle, into which the buckets -are emptied, this being placed in a convenient position at the back of -the latrine; the cart starts on its rounds with six empty receptacles, -visits the latrines where it picks up the full ones, and replaces them -by clean ones. They are supplied in 6, 12 and 24–gallon sizes to suit -requirements, and the arrangement avoids the nuisance of transferring -the contents to a second utensil. - -[Illustration: - - FIG. 17.—NIGHT-SOIL RECEPTACLES AND HAND TRUCKS. -] - -[Sidenote: Hand Carts.] - -Hand carts are necessary in order to remove night-soil from houses built -in narrow lanes and places where it is impossible to get bullock carts -into. Fig. 17, page 34, shows a convenient arrangement for this. The -receptacles vary in size from 12 to 33–gallons, and cost from Rs. 37 to -Rs. 68 each; the bodies are detached from the hand truck by simply -raising the handles and disengaging the two-forked bearings with the -trunnion; they are fitted with a hinged lid and are made of strong -galvanized iron; the hand truck is of strong and light design, the whole -being of wrought iron. - -[Sidenote: Cesspools.] - -Where regularly-flushed masonry-lined side drains are unavailable, the -drainage from houses must be led into masonry-lined cesspools, which -will be cleaned out daily by the municipal sweepers, and the contents -removed in conservancy carts. These cesspools should be semi-circular in -shape, and plastered on the inside with Portland cement. In many cases, -where masonry drains exist, it will be found possible to intercept this -sullage, and purify it through Biological Agency in small tanks, filled -with pieces of vitrified brick, broken so as to pass through a 2–inch -ring. The broken bricks will last for about a year, when they should be -renewed. - -[Sidenote: Sullage Filter.] - -A drawing of a small Sullage Filter is given in Fig. 18, page 36. The -estimated cost of which is Rs. 180. - -[Sidenote: Prompt Disposal.] - -It is of the very greatest importance to insist on the prompt disposal -of night-soil and refuse, and all means which aid this, good roads, -proper care and feeding of animals, good carts, and the provision of -houses for sweepers, help to a great extent. - -[Sidenote: Registering Private Latrines.] - -In order to systematise the removal of night-soil from private latrines, -all these should be registered and numbered according to the beats of -the attendant, or otherwise definitely indicated and located, and the -sweepers told off accordingly. - -[Sidenote: Wheels and Axles.] - -When purchasing carts especial attention should be paid to the quality -of the wheels and axles. The carts should not be too heavy and must be -of a convenient height to facilitate working. - -[Illustration: - - SULLAGE FILTER - - FIG. 18. -] - - - - - CHAPTER VII. - DISPOSAL OF NIGHT-SOIL AND TRENCHING GROUNDS. - - -Night-soil is generally disposed of by being buried in trenches, but -these are frequently too deep: purification largely depends on the -action of the ærobic bacilli, that is, the group of microbes which live -close to the surface of the soil and require air for their existence; -these swarm in the top layers of the earth, but are not found at a -greater depth than 1 foot and diminish enormously in number as this is -approached. In order to obtain the best results, both from a -purificative as well as a manurial point of view, the burial should be -merely superficial and not exceeding in depth the limit of ordinary -cultivation, in order to ensure the ground being thoroughly aërated. - -[Sidenote: Selection of Site.] - -The sites for trenching grounds should be carefully selected; light -sandy soil unshaded by trees and well open to the south and west will -give the best results. They should be well above flood level, at least 5 -feet above the highest known flood, situated on the down stream side of -the bazaar, connected by good _pucca_ roads with it to allow of quick -carriage, as time is the most important factor in the disposal of -night-soil, and should not be in the direction of the prevailing winds -with the town. A fringe or belt of bamboos between the town and -trenching grounds will be found of the greatest use in keeping off flies -which might be blown into inhabited neighbourhoods, and which are a most -dangerous factor in disseminating disease. - -[Sidenote: Burdwan Trenching Ground.] - -At Burdwan in Bengal there is a successful example of what can be done -with trenching grounds from a financial point of view. There the -night-soil of the Northern Section of the Municipality, where the -latrine system is in force, and which has a population of about 23,000, -is mainly disposed of in a permanent trenching ground of 18 bighas in -area. This is collected from private latrines in covered buckets and -deposited in the conservancy carts at the public latrines, whence it is -removed to the trenching grounds, where trenchers are told off for each -latrine group, who excavate the trenches and are in charge of them; -these trenches are 3 feet wide, 1½ feet wide, 12 to 15 feet in length -and 1 foot apart. The carts empty the night-soil in from one end until a -height of 9 inches of liquid is attained, the excavated earth being then -replaced. During the rainy season Indian corn is grown, and in the cold -weather cabbage, cauliflower, Bengal pumpkin, and other kitchen -vegetables, for which there is a ready sale in the local bazaar. - -The trenching ground during the current year 1913–14 has been leased out -for Rs. 600. - -[Sidenote: Cultivation of Jute.] - -In the damp climate of Bengal jute has been found to grow very -luxuriantly on newly-trenched ground and yields an abundant crop; it -exhausts the soil so much that after the crop has been cut the field can -be re-trenched, an important point when the subsoil water is practically -12 or 18 inches from the surface while the jute is growing. Another -advantage in growing jute is that in certain localities there is a -difficulty in finding a market for vegetables grown on a trenching -ground. - -[Sidenote: Muzaffarpur Jail.] - -In Muzaffarpur Jail the trenches were made 1 foot deep, 1 foot wide, and -1 foot apart, and varying in length according to requirements; 3 inches -of night-soil are filled in and covered over with the excavated earth; -20 trenches are always kept ready, being excavated the day before. Corn -is found to grow luxuriantly after the trench has been filled in for a -month, and other kinds of vegetables, excepting potatoes, after two -months. Urine and sullage water are buried in different fields and at a -considerably greater depth. - -[Sidenote: Allahabad.] - -At the Government Farm at Allahabad (United Provinces) the system known -as the Allahabad Shallow Trench was in successful operation, and -provided for the whole of the cantonment and half the municipal -population; there is an unlimited area of land available, the soil being -of various kinds, black cotton, sandy loam and stiff clay. The only -crops grown are grass and sorghum, and it is found that the manurial -value of the night-soil is not exhausted for three or four years. -Trenching can, however, be done every third year on the same land -without making it “sewage sick;” land which was worth Rs. 2 will, after -trenching, fetch about Rs. 10 per bigha for seven or eight years. - -At Meerut for the year 1911–12 the sale-proceeds of night-soil and city -sweepings amounted to Rs. 12,871, and at Furrakhabad _cum_ Fatehgarh to -Rs. 18,317. - -[Sidenote: Allahabad Shallow Trench System.] - -The area required for the contents of a 60–gallon conservancy cart is 80 -sq. ft., the most suitable dimensions being 16 feet long by 5 feet wide; -3 inches of the top surface of this space is removed and placed on the -embankments of the plot near which the first line of trenches is dug; -the subsoil thus exposed is then well cultivated and pulverized to a -depth of 9 inches, when the contents of the cart are tipped into the -centre of the trench; the liquid matter rapidly sinking into the -loosened soil, while the solid excreta remains on the top in a layer -less than ⅛ inch in thickness; 3 inches of earth are then similarly -removed from the next trench which is parallel to the first, no -intervening space being left, and thrown over the night-soil in the -latter. The practical working is very simple, as all that has to be -done, is to see that a sufficient number of trenches for the daily -supply are dug the day before and the earth from them placed over the -filled ones. It has been found from experience that night-soil, thus -treated, decomposes in less than a week and, if dug then, no trace is -observable; the effluvium disappears after three days, and crops are -successfully grown immediately after trenching. The Shallow Trench -System is by far the most scientific one, but requires a large area of -land, working out to 545 sixty-gallon carts per acre. At Muzaffarpur -during 1912–13, part of the night-soil was sold for Rs. 1,200, and part -of it trenched in the municipal trenching ground, which was leased out -for Rs. 1,045. The practical objection to this system is the fly pest. -It is therefore only applicable where the trenching grounds are remote, -and to the leeward side of the town. Sprinkling chloride of lime or -quicklime on the top of the trenches prevents the breeding of flies. The -researches of Majors Firth and Horrocks, R.A.M.C., published in the -_British Medical Journal_, however, show that the enteric bacilli is -capable of surviving in soil for much longer periods than has been -believed possible. These can exist apparently in ordinary soil for 65 -days, in sewage-polluted soil for at least 53 days, while in soil -sufficiently dry to be blown about in dust for 25 days, and for about a -similar period when exposed to a hot summer’s sun. The authors of this -note have also proved experimentally the translation of infective -material from sun-dried and dusty soil by means of wind, as also by -flies which have walked over or fed on polluted earth, indicating the -advisability of treating night-soil, especially from Military -Cantonments, in septic tanks and filter beds before applying it to -soil—_vide_ Chapter IX, page 50. - -[Sidenote: Area of Trenching Ground.] - -In order to arrive at the area necessary for a deep trenching ground for -a bazaar of 10,000 inhabitants, and assuming that not more than ⅛th of a -gallon of night-soil per head per diem is removed, provision will have -to be made for 1,250 gallons or, say, 200 cub. ft. If the trenches are -made 1 foot wide, 1 foot deep, and 1 foot apart, and are filled with 6 -inches of night-soil, 400 cub. ft. will be required daily, or allowing -for roads and divisions between the plots, say 12 acres, for a year’s -work, or, in other words, the area required is, one acre for 833 -persons. The trenches should be divided up into plots or sections for -each latrine circle, excavated, when weather permits, at least a week -before they are used so as to aërate the earth; the bottom of the trench -should also be dug up to a depth of 9 inches for the same reason. - -The following extract describes somewhat forcibly what may, and -undoubtedly does frequently occur in many instances:— - -“Trenching again is a success in dry soils, but a good deal of ground is -required, and sufficient trenching ground is not always available within -practically workable distances of the night-soil producing areas (public -and private latrines), and often enough, whereas it may be quite -successful in a given ground in the hot weather, it will, in the same -ground, however fresh, prove an absolute failure in the rains, when, -owing to the high water-level in the subsoil, everything trenched is -brought to the surface by the gases of putrefaction, and the entire area -trenched becomes a pestilential bog, crawling with maggots, bubbling -with the foulest odours and swarming with blue-bottle flies, whose chief -delight is to frequent the houses in the neighbourhood and infect both -food and drink.” - - - - - CHAPTER VIII. - COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL OF REFUSE. - - -The scavenging of a town and the disposal of the refuse has probably -more effect on its sanitary state than anything else; dirty rags, dead -grass and other refuse lying about, are ideal homes for germs of disease -to live and flourish in, and these, when a shower of rain falls, very -frequently get washed into the water-supply. The modern system of -cremation in specially constructed incinerators is the only safe method -of disposal of town sweepings. Even in England, where the water-supply -is, in the majority of cases, not affected, careful observations have -proved that there is an increased liability to enteric fever in the -localities of refuse heaps. In an Indian bazaar dependent on wells and -tanks for its water-supply, anything more barbarously insanitary than -the filling up of deep tanks with town refuse is hard to imagine. Deep -burial keeps the germs of disease alive, probably for years, in the very -stratum the drinking water is frequently taken from. - -[Sidenote: Dust-bins.] - -In order to facilitate the collection of refuse, dust-bins are of great -use; they should, however, not be so large as to become unwieldy, as it -is much more preferable to have numerous small ones conveniently placed, -than a few large ones; the simplest shape is a circular one of -corrugated iron, open at both ends, provided with a pair of handles, and -resting on a brick on edge platform, with a groove therein into which -the bin fits, on the same level as the street. When the collecting cart -comes round, the bin is lifted, the contents shovelled into the cart, -and the bin then replaced; these should be cleared at certain fixed -hours, and house-holders ought to be encouraged to have private ones of -small size near their doors if space permits. Fig. 19 is an illustration -of these bins, and being made of galvanized iron are not liable to rust. -They vary in price—for bins 2 feet 9 inches in height and 2 feet in -diameter from Rs. 6 each, without angle iron rings at top and bottom, to -Rs. 12–8 each with rings. These receptacles should not be placed within -50 feet of any well or tank. - -[Illustration: - - FIG. 19.—CORRUGATED DUST OR REFUSE BINS. -] - -The selection of strong and serviceable refuse carts is also a matter of -importance, especially as regards the axles and wheels. Fig. 24, page -48, is an illustration of a cheap but effective type. The cost is Rs. -120 for a cart of 30 cub. ft. capacity, Rs. 150 for 50 cub. ft., and Rs. -200 for 90 cub. ft. - - -All the working parts should be of standard size, duplicates of which -can be economically purchased and kept in stock in the event of a -breakdown, when they can be easily fitted by unskilled labour. This is -important, as few municipalities have good workshops. The axle box in -the wheels should invariably be the full width of the hub. A new axle, -with axle box and sleeve or jacket to take the wear and tear off the -axle, can be made up at a small cost, Fig. 20. In the Patna Municipality -this is supplied complete for Rs. 9–2–0. - -[Illustration: - - AXLE, COLLAR, AND BUSH - - FIG. 20. -] - -In Municipalities where the quality of work warrants it, it will be -found economical to maintain a small workshop where repairs can be done, -but this must be properly organized. The following cart Register kept up -in Patna City will simplify control of the carts, and ensure proper -repairs being done. It commences with an Index, each cart is numbered -consecutively, whether it be water, conservancy or refuse cart, and the -number permanently marked on it. At the ledger folios referring to any -cart appears— - -1. The number of cart. - -2. Date when made. - -3. Maker’s name. - -4. Where worked (ward and by whom) and below that - - ─────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────────────────┬───────────────── - Date. │Note of repairs. │ Cost. │ REMARKS. - ─────────────────┼─────────────────┼─────────────────┼───────────────── - 1902 │ New axle │ Rs. 9–2–0 │ - 12 11 │ │ │ - ─────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────────────────┴───────────────── - -This is of course separate from the Stock Register, and may appear to be -a mere detail of organization, but is very useful in administration. - -For towns and small Municipalities Incineration is by far the safest, -and in most cases, the most economical method of getting rid of rubbish. -If night-soil be mixed with the rubbish nuisance generally arises. - -There are various types of incinerators, but for burning town refuse -only a very simple one, merely a furnace and chimney, is quite enough, -and several of these can be constructed at a very small cost outside a -municipality at convenient centres, where the smoke will not cause a -nuisance. Many of the existing incinerators have been designed to burn -night-soil as well as refuse, as is generally done in military camps and -forts on the frontier. - -[Sidenote: Madras Incinerator.] - -The Madras type Incinerator is shown in Figs. 21 and 22, page 46. These -were designed to suit local conditions by Mr. C. L. Griffith, while -Engineer of the Corporation, and cost Rs. 100 for masonry and Rs. 25 for -ironwork. There are a considerable number of these at work, distributed -throughout the Municipal area, so as to reduce the load for carting to a -minimum, a very important factor in a straggling town. - -[Illustration: - - HALF SECTION & ELEVATION - - FIG. 21. - - PLAN OF AN INCINERATOR -] - -[Illustration: - - PLAN - - FIG. 22. -] - -The Sealkot Improved Type Incinerator is also a suitable and economical -one. A 4′ diameter one is capable of burning about 300 cub. ft. of -rubbish daily, and it costs about Rs. 400. _See_ Fig. 23. - -[Illustration: - - FIG. 23. -] - -[Sidenote: Harrington’s Improved Incinerator.] - -Harrington’s Improved Refuse Incinerator has been in use for several -years. Each furnace burns from 500 to 1,500 cub. ft. of refuse in 24 -hours, and is attended by one man who works in 8–hour shifts, and who -charges the furnace at the top and removes the ashes from below the fire -bars. The fires do not die out when the furnace is properly charged, and -no coal or other fuel is required. It was patented by Mr. R. R. -Harrington. - -[Sidenote: Horsfield Incinerator.] - -The Horsfield Back feed continuous grate type with 6 cells, designed to -dispose of 10 tons each in 24 hours, has been adopted for Colombo, the -cost of destruction varying from Rs. 1·30 cents to Rs. 1·50 cents per -ton. - -[Illustration: - - FIG. 24.—CORRUGATED IRON REFUSE CART. -] - -[Sidenote: Burning Refuse in Stacks.] - -A large amount of town refuse can be satisfactorily disposed of by -stacking it judiciously and setting fire to it from the windward side, -when it gradually and steadily burns away. This is, of course, only -practicable during the dry weather months when the sweepings are -comparatively dry. In this, as in every case of removal, the beats of -the carts should be systematised and a fixed area allowed to each cart. - -[Sidenote: Filling hollows with refuse.] - -Where incineration is not practicable the only method of disposing of -street sweepings is by filling up hollows or old tanks, when the -following rules should be observed:— - -1. The hollow or pit should first be pumped out quite dry; if wet, a -horrible nuisance is caused. - -2. Where the hollow or pit is a large one a section of it should be -bunded in, staked off, and filled up to surface level before the rest is -proceeded with. - -3. The sweepings, as soon as ground-level is attained, must be at once -covered over with earth, or the débris from old houses, walls, etc., so -as to prevent them being exposed and acting as breeding-grounds for -flies. - -A rapid and effective method of filling a tank when land is available -round its border is to excavate shallow pits parallel to its sides, the -earth from which is thrown into the tank, and the pits then filled in -with sweepings. - -A form for regulating the progress of the work of filling up depressions -or tanks is given in Appendix B, page 61. - -Unless, under exceptional circumstances, it is most undesirable to fill -up any hollow or tank in the vicinity of any well from which drinking -water is obtained. It may possibly be found the lesser of two evils to -fill up small tanks or hollows in the interior of a bazaar with refuse, -as these are frequently in an undescribable state; the charge made by a -Municipality for doing this should, however, be so adjusted as to admit -of the surface being well covered in with earth, which must, in all -cases, be insisted on. If no charge is made, and no depôt for the refuse -selected, it will be found that the cartmen will sell it by the cartload -to irresponsible persons, when reasonable precautions as to covering in -with earth and selection of site are not possible, the consequence being -that innumerable breeding-places for flies are well distributed -throughout the heart of a densely populated neighbourhood, in places -where earth has been from time to time excavated for building huts. - - - - - CHAPTER IX. - BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM FOR THE DISPOSAL OF NIGHT-SOIL. - - -Since this chapter was written, some 12 years ago much research work has -been carried out in 1906. This was in India first systematised by Dr. -Fowler in his report on “Septic Tanks in Bengal” and has been carried on -by Major Clemesha, I.M.S., Sanitary Commissioner, Bengal, whose work on -“Sewage Disposal in the Tropics” published by Messrs. Thacker, Spink & -Co., Calcutta, is a most useful one and should be consulted by those -interested in the subject. - -In the present state of knowledge of the science, it would be unsafe to -discharge the effluent into a water-supply of small volume used for -drinking purposes below the point of discharge, or in fact into any -water which may be a potential source of water-supply, unless it be -first sterilised. This can be easily and economically done with chloride -of lime. - -In dealing with the resultant liquid of bacteriological treatment it is -safest to consider it as a possible source of danger, and to discharge -it either into the storm-water drains of a town, on land for irrigation -purposes, for which it is most valuable, or into a large volume of -running water, as circumstances admit of. - -The great advantage of bacteriological treatment of night-soil, and one -which it is impossible to overestimate, is, that it enables the excreta -to be disposed of when fresh, eliminates the necessity of stale -night-soil being carted through crowded thoroughfares at a very low rate -of speed, and consequent danger of the food and water-supply of the -people being contaminated by the germs of disease conveyed by flies, or -blown on in the dust. Latrines can be constructed over septic tanks, the -home of the anærobic bacilli, where the excreta at once passes in, or -dumping septic tanks can be worked at the night-soil depôts, where the -stuff is at present collected, as at Darjeeling. - -In Military Cantonments, where enteric is generally more or less -epidemic, it is most important that the night-soil be treated by -biological methods before it be applied to the soil, as installed at -most of the mills on the banks of the Hooghly, and at the East Indian -Railway Workshops at Jamalpore. - -[Sidenote: Septic Tanks.] - -Of the various methods of bacteriological disposal, the closed septic -tank is, for climatic reasons, the most generally suitable for India. In -this the anærobic bacilli are provided with a congenial working place in -the closed tank; and the ærobic ones are similarly provided for in the -filter beds; the open septic tank, however, gives equally good results, -as the scum, which rapidly forms on the surface, and which generally -attains a considerable thickness, enables anærobic conditions to obtain -in the tank itself, but care must be taken that this scum is not broken. - -[Sidenote: Filter Beds.] - -The ærobic Contact Bed filters are merely open tanks filled with coal, -coke, or large cinders, through which the liquid is allowed to percolate -at intervals. The bacilli live and flourish in these, and do their work -during the periods from 2 to 4 hours the tanks are charged. - -The percolating continuous filters are those over which the effluent is -continuously sprinkled and through which the fluid slowly percolates. -Experiments have conclusively proved that good results can be obtained -from either when a suitable sewage is applied. - - - - - CHAPTER X. - GENERAL SANITATION. - - -[Sidenote: Trees and tall crops.] - -All the lower branches of trees in crowded areas should be pruned; these -are useless or superfluous for shade, and only impede the free -circulation of air. This should be done by sawing off any branch flush -with the main trunk, or with its main branch. In no case should a ragged -stump be left, and, if possible, the wound should be smeared with tar. -Lopping must be done with a handsaw and in no case with an axe; the best -season for doing this is at the end of the cold weather, but it can also -be done at the end of the rains. The final form of a tree should be a -straight stem up to 15 or 18 feet, without a bough, and above that -height its natural shape whatever that may be. This will allow of free -ventilation of the roads and streets. For the same reason no tall crops, -such as Genera, or Indian corn, should be allowed near houses, and -jungle should be kept cleared as far as possible. - -[Sidenote: Tanks.] - -Householders should not be allowed to excavate small tanks in their -compounds to procure earth from for the plinths of their houses, as -these become in time mere cesspools, where the inmates bathe, wash their -clothes, and often drink the water. Further, these become suitable -breeding-places for mosquitoes. Plots of ground should be set aside by -Municipalities, where, for proper reasons, earth can be taken. These -common excavations will in time become large tanks, which can be -properly conserved and utilized. For the same reason earth for roads and -railways should not be removed from isolated pits, but should be taken -so that the resultant excavation forms one continuous channel running -parallel with the road, or should be taken in shallow layers so as to -avoid the formation of a pit or hollow, the existence of which is -especially objectionable in the light of recent research as mosquitoes -breed and generate in them, and so spread malarial fever. Where such -hollows exist, the growth of fish should be encouraged, as they feed on -the mosquito larvæ when present. - -[Sidenote: Cultivation within urban limits.] - -From the experience of troops on service, it is found that camping near -recently turned-up soil is usually followed by fever. Ploughing up of -land for agricultural purposes should, if possible, be prevented within -municipal urban limits. In most municipalities there is a suburban area -which is pretty well all cultivated, but cultivation in densely -populated areas, as often occurs, should be discouraged. - -[Sidenote: Dhobies.] - -Dhobies should not be allowed to wash clothes in stagnant tanks, as it -has been proved that the spread of parasitic eczema, or dhobies’ itch, -is thereby facilitated. Where a water-supply exists a small washing -platform with taps should be provided free of charge by the -Municipality. Where not, they should be made to wash in running water, -or in tanks specially passed by the medical officer. It is most -important that all dhobies be registered, licensed and told off to the -different ghats; it may be free of cost to them in the first instance, -but after the system has been successfully introduced, well-to-do -employees can easily be induced to pay a small annual fee for superior -accommodation. This will eventually fully cover the cost of the -necessary supervising establishment and incidental expenditure. - -[Sidenote: Markets.] - -The importance of the regular inspection and control of markets, through -which the food-supply of a large proportion of the inhabitants passes, -can hardly be over-estimated. In these, special accommodation and -water-supply suitable for the articles for sale, _e.g._, fish, -vegetables, meat, and livestock should be provided, and a staff employed -to see that the existing laws are duly enforced, and that the quality of -the food-stuff exhibited for sale is such as should be permitted. Public -slaughterhouses for animals, the inspection of meat, and the disposal of -offal should also be systematically regulated and inspected. The cost of -erecting suitable market accommodation will soon be repaid and the -investment become a source of income to a Municipality if the scheme is -properly worked. The great point is the provision of good ventilation, -drainage, and of a water-supply for flushing purposes. A design of an -inexpensive market of 40 stalls for the Muzaffarpur Municipality -constructed in 1902, at a cost of Rs. 4,786, is given in Fig. 25, page -55. This for the past three years gave an average income of Rs. 253. A -loan of Rs. 4,800 at 4 per cent., repayable in 30 years, would entail an -annual expenditure of say Rs. 278 (_see_ Table of calculations of -repayment of loans by equal instalments, Appendix E, page 68), so the -results there are not satisfactory from a financial point of view. - -[Sidenote: Disposal of Dead. Burning Ghâts.] - -The scarcity of timber generally prevailing, and its consequent expense, -makes the process of cremation among the poorer Hindus frequently a -farce, the corpse being generally merely charred, and then thrown into -the nearest river, which thereby may be contaminated by the germs of -disease; often the professional cremator does nothing more than throw -the body into the water. It is time that rich Hindus came forward and -constructed proper crematoria in the towns on the banks of the Ganges -for the suitable disposal of their dead. Coal should be used and the -burning ghâts be looked after by Brahmins, as at Kalighat in Calcutta. -In Muzaffarpur, a new burning ghât on the banks of the river, down -stream of the town, was opened under the control of the Municipality. A -waiting-room to shelter the persons accompanying the corpse will be -constructed at the cost of a leading zemindar; and the sale of fuel was -regulated. For the cremation of an adult corpse this is supplied for -about Rs. 2 and for child Re. 1, varying with the seasons, but private -supply was allowed, provided it be sufficient for perfect combustion of -the body. At least 9 maunds of mango wood is required to burn an adult -corpse properly, the rate for this being about 5 maunds for a rupee. - -[Illustration: - - FIG. 25. - - MUNICIPAL MARKET 40 STALLS - - END ELEVATION - - PART PLAN - - CROSS SECTION -] - -[Sidenote: Burial-grounds.] - -Mahommedan burial-grounds should not be allowed near crowded areas, or -the sources of water-supply. In most towns these will be found to be -overcrowded; new ones should be opened under municipal control, as -provided for in sections 254 to 260A, Part VI of the Bengal Municipal -Act. An area of half an acre for every 1,000 Mahommedan inhabitants is -desirable if land is available, but may be reduced to quarter of an acre -where such is very expensive. This allows of the graves being -undisturbed for a period of seven years. - -[Sidenote: Ruined houses.] - -Where a house has been dismantled, or is in ruins, the owner should be -made either to repair it or remove the materials; the remains of walls -serve as a cover for the committal of nuisances and the deposit of -refuse. - -[Sidenote: Building Regulations.] - -Building Regulations should be adopted in all Municipalities. Those -framed for Patna City under section 241, Part VI, of the Bengal -Municipal Act, are given in Appendix D, page 63. The rule that no -building in any street shall be higher than the distance from its base -to the opposite side of the street is a very essential one to observe. -In the Bombay Improvement Trust the angle of 63½ from the opposite side -of any street or lane, regulates the height permissible in any building. - - - - - APPENDIX A. - MODEL RULES AS TO PRIVATE PRIVIES AND URINALS. - - (GOVERNMENT OF BENGAL.) - - [_See Act III of 1884, Section 350 (c)._] - - -1. (1) No privy shall be placed in the space required by this Act to be -left at the back of a building— - - (_a_) unless the total height of the privy does not exceed eleven - feet; and - - (_b_) unless there is a space of at least four feet between the - nearest wall and the service aperture of the privy. - -(2) No privy situated in, or adjacent to, a building shall be placed at -a distance of less than— - - (_a_) six feet from any other building which is a public building; or - - (_b_) four feet from any other building which is, or is likely to be, - used as a dwelling-place, or as a place in which any person is, or - is intended to be, employed in any manufacture, trade or business. - -[Sidenote: Provisions of access to service privy from street.] - -2. (1) No privy shall be placed on any upper floor of a building. - -3. (1) If there is no convenient access from a street to any privy, the -Commissioners may, if they think fit by written notice, require the -owner of the privy to form a passage giving access to the privy from the -street. - -[Sidenote: Models and type-plans.] - -(2) Every notice served under sub-rule (1) must require that such -passage be formed at ground-level, but not less than four feet wide, and -be provided with a suitable door, and must inform the said owner that -the passage may, at his option, be either open to the sky or covered in. - -4. Models and type-plans of privies and urinals, approved by the -Commissioners, with estimates of the cost of constructing privies and -urinals in accordance therewith, shall be kept in the Municipal office -and shall be open to inspection by any person at all reasonable times -without charge; but no person shall be bound to construct any privy or -urinal in accordance with any such model or type plan if the same be -constructed in accordance with the other rules contained in this -Schedule. - -[Sidenote: Drain.] - -5. (1) A drain must be provided for every privy and every urinal. - -(2) Such drain must be constructed of some impervious material, and must -connect the floor of the privy or urinal— - - (_a_) with a drain communicating with a municipal drain or sewer; or - - (_b_) if permitted by the Commissioners, with an impervious cesspool, - the contents of which can be removed either by hand, or by flow - after filtration. - -[Sidenote: Floor.] - -6. (1) The floor of every privy and urinal— - - (_a_) must, if the Commissioners in any case so direct, be made of one - of the following materials to be selected by the owner of the - privy or urinal, that is to say, glazed tiles, artificial stone or - cement; or - - (_b_) if no such direction is given, must be made of thoroughly well - burnt earthen tiles or bricks plastered, and not merely pointed, - with cement; and - - (_c_) must be in every part at a height of not less than six inches - above the level of the surface of the ground adjoining the privy - or urinal. - -(2) The floor of every privy and every urinal must have a fall or -inclination of at least half an inch to the foot towards the drain -prescribed by rule 5; and the platform must be similarly sloped towards -the aperture. - -[Sidenote: Walls and roof.] - -7. The walls and the roof (if any) of every privy and urinal shall be -made of such materials as may be approved by the Commissioners: - -Provided that— - - (_a_) in the case of privies, the entire surface of the walls below - the platform shall either be rendered in cement or be made as - prescribed in clause (_a_) or clause (_b_) of rule 6. - -[Sidenote: Platform.] - -8. The platform of every privy or urinal must either be plastered with -cement or be made of some water-tight nonabsorbent material as -prescribed in rule 6. - -[Sidenote: Ventilation of privies in, or adjacent to, buildings.] - -9. Every privy or urinal situated in, or adjacent to, a building must -have an opening, of not less than three square feet in area, in one of -the walls of the privy, as near the top of the wall as may be -practicable, and communicating directly with the open air. - -[Sidenote: Regulation of service privies constructed for use in - combination with a moveable receptacle for sewage.] - -10. Every privy must be constructed in accordance with the following -provisions:— - - (_a_) the space beneath the platform of the privy must be of such - dimensions as to admit of one or two moveable receptacles for - sewage of a capacity not exceeding one cubic foot, being placed - and fitted beneath the platform in such manner and position as - will effectually prevent the deposit, otherwise than in such - receptacle of any sewage falling or thrown through the aperture of - the platform; - - (_b_) the privy must be so constructed as to afford adequate access to - the said space for the purposes of cleansing such place and of - placing therein and removing therefrom proper receptacles for - sewage; - - (_c_) the said receptacles must be water-tight, and must be made of - metal if their capacity is over half a cubic foot, or of - well-tarred earthenware or glazed stoneware if their capacity is - less than half a cubic foot; - - (_d_) the door for the insertion and removal of the receptacles must - be made so as to completely cover the aperture. - -[Sidenote: Enforcement of the foregoing rules in the case of future - privies or urinals.] - -11. (1) If any privy or urinal erected or re-erected after the passing -of these rules is so constructed as to contravene any of the provisions -of this Schedule, the Commissioners may, by written notice, whether or -not the offender be prosecuted under the Municipal Act before a -Magistrate, require— - - (_a_) the occupier of the building to which the privy or urinal - belongs, or - - (_b_) (if the privy or urinal does not belong to a building) the owner - of the land on which the privy or urinal stands, to make such - alterations as may be specified in the notice with the object of - bringing the privy or urinal into conformity with the said - provisions. - - - - - APPENDIX B. - REMOVAL OF TOWN SWEEPING. - - _Muzaffarpur Municipality._ - WARDS NOS. 1 AND 2. - - Name of Depôt, Juran-Chupra. - Quantity required to fill up tank or hollow, 67,570 cub. ft. - - _November 1902._ - - - ──────┬─────────┬────────┬──────────────────────────────────────────── - │ │ │ - │ │ │ - Serial│ │Capacity│ - number│ Name of │of cart │ - of │ carter. │in cub. │ NUMBER OF TRIPS DAILY. - cart. │ │ ft. │ - │ │ │ - │ │ │ - │ │ │ - ──────┼─────────┼────────┼──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬── - │ │ │ 1│ 2│ 3│ 4│ 5│ 6│ 7│ 8│ 9│10│11│12│13│14│15 - ──────┼─────────┼────────┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼── - 1│Bechná │ 24│ 2│ 2│ 3│ 2│ 3│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 3│ 2│ 3 - 2│Jhoomak │ 24│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2 - │Dome │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - 3│Manglá │ 24│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 3│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2 - 4│Jamná │ 24│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2 - │Bará │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - 5│Musamat │ 24│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2 - │Rukminiá │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - 6│Bhádai │ 24│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2 - 7│Musamat │ 24│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2 - │Rebia │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - 8│Akloo │ 24│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2 - │Chotá │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - 9│Musamat │ 24│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2 - │Bhagwániá│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - ──────┼─────────┼────────┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼── - │ │ Total│18│18│19│18│19│19│18│18│18│19│19│18│19│18│19 - ──────┴─────────┴────────┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴── - - ──────┬───────────────────────────────────────────────┬─────────┬───────── - │ │Quantity │Quantity - │ │ of │ of - Serial│ │ rubbish │ rubbish - number│ │ in cub. │ in cub. - of │ NUMBER OF TRIPS DAILY. │ ft. │ ft. - cart. │ │deposited│deposited - │ │ by each │ by each - │ │ cart │ cart in - │ │ daily. │ month. - ──────┼──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┬──┼─────────┼───────── - │16│17│18│19│20│21│22│23│24│25│26│27│28│29│30│31│ │ - ──────┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼─────────┼───────── - 1│ 3│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 3│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 3│ 2│ 2│ 3│ │ 54·4│ 1,632 - 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ │ 48·0│ 1,440 - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - 3│ 3│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 3│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ │ 51·2│ 1,536 - 4│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 3│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ │ 48·6│ 1,440 - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - 5│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ │ 48·0│ 1,440 - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - 6│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ │ 49·0│ 1,488 - 7│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ │ 48·0│ 1,440 - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - 8│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ │ 48·0│ 1,440 - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - 9│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ 2│ │ 48·0│ 1,440 - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - ──────┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼─────────┼───────── - │19│19│18│18│19│18│19│18│18│18│19│19│18│18│19│ │ │ 13,296 - ──────┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴──┴─────────┴───────── - - Total quantity of rubbish deposited at Depôt during month in cub. ft. - 13,296. - Cubical capacity of hollow still remaining to be filled up, 54,274. - - - - - APPENDIX C. - MUZAFFARPUR MUNICIPALITY. - - WELL REGISTER. - - 1902. - - _Ward II._ - - - ──────┬──────────┬──────────┬───────────┬─────────┬──────┬─────────── - Serial│ │Population│ │ │ │ - number│ Mahulla. │ of │ Name of │Condition│Depth.│ By whom - on │ │ Mahulla. │ Well. │of well. │ │ owned. - map. │ │ │ │ │ │ - ──────┼──────────┼──────────┼───────────┼─────────┼──────┼─────────── - │ │ │ │ │ │ - 139 │Sarayagunj│ │Bulaki │ │33 ft.│Hiraman - │ │ │ Sahoo │ │ │ Sahoo - 140 │ │ │Jadoo Baboo│ │49 ft.│Jadoo Baboo - 141 │ │ │Laljee │ │37 ft.│Laljee - │ │ │ Chowdhry │ │ │ Chowdhry - │ │ │Rai Babu │ │ │Rai Babu - │ │ │ Permeshar│ │ │ Permeshar - 142 │ │ │ Narayan │ │30 ft.│ Narayan - │ │ │ Mahtha │ │ │ Mahtha - │ │ │ Bahadoor.│ │ │ Bahadoor. - 143 │ │ │ Ditto │ │25 ft.│ Ditto - 144 │ │ │ Ditto │ │27 ft.│ Ditto - 145 │ │ │ Do. in │ │54 ft.│ Ditto - │ │ │Dharmasalla│ │ │ - 146 │ │ │ Ditto │ │37 ft.│ Ditto - 147 │ │ │Barhamdeo │ │27 ft.│Barhamdeo - │ │ │ Narain │ │ │ Narain - │ │ │B. Buldeo │ │ │Buldeo - 148 │ │ │ Prosad │ │30 ft.│ Prosad - │ │ │ Sahoo │ │ │ - 149 │ │ │ Ditto │ │25 ft.│ Ditto - 150 │ │ │ Ditto │ │23 ft.│ Ditto - ──────┴──────────┴──────────┴───────────┴─────────┴──────┴─────────── - - ──────┬────────┬────────┬───────┬──────── - Serial│ Date │ │Date of│ - number│ when │By whom │notice │REMARKS. - on │ last │cleaned.│ to │ - map. │cleaned.│ │owner. │ - ──────┼────────┼────────┼───────┼──────── - │ │ │ │ - 139 │1901 │ │30–5–02│ - │ │ │ │ - 140 │ │ │20–5–02│ - 141 │ │ │ Do. │ - │ │ │ │ - │ │ │ │ - │ │ │ │ - 142 │ │ │ Do. │ - │ │ │ │ - │ │ │ │ - 143 │ │ │ Do. │ - 144 │ │ │ Do. │ - 145 │1901 │ │ Do. │ - │ │ │ │ - 146 │1901 │ │ Do. │ - 147 │1901 │ │2–6–02 │ - │ │ │ │ - │ │ │ │ - 148 │ │ │20–5–02│ - │ │ │ │ - 149 │ │ │ Do. │ - 150 │ │ │ Do. │ - ──────┴────────┴────────┴───────┴──────── - - - - - APPENDIX D. - BUILDING REGULATIONS FRAMED UNDER SECTION 241, BENGAL MUNICIPAL ACT. - - - INTRODUCTORY. - -1. Any powers of the Chairman under these Rules can be delegated by him -to the Vice-Chairman. - - - PART I.—BUILDING SITES. - -[Sidenote: Conditions as to use of building sites.] - -2. No piece of land shall be used as a site for the erection of a -building. - -(1) If the building is to abut on a road, unless the site is of such a -shape that the face of the building can be made parallel to the line of -the road, or as nearly parallel to the said line as the Chairman may -consider practicable; and, - -(2) If the building to be erected is a public building, or a -dwelling-house— - - (_a_) Unless the site is certified by the Overseer to be dry and - well-drained, or to be capable of being dried and well-drained, in - which latter case instruction should be furnished to the applicant - as to what improvements are necessary before a certificate can be - granted. It rests with the Chairman to decide in each case whether - any certificate is necessary at all. - - (_b_) If the site is a tank filled up with earth, unless the site has - been filled up for at least five years, with the proviso that if - the foundations reach to the original ground there is no limit as - to time. - - (_c_) If the site has been filled up with or used for depositing - rubbish, offensive matter, or sewage, unless the site was so - filled up or last so used more than five years previously and - unless the Chairman has examined the site and granted a - certificate to the effect that it is, from a sanitary point of - view, fit to be built upon. - - - PART II.—BUILDINGS GENERALLY. - -[Sidenote: Height.] - -3. (1) If a building is situated at the side of a road no portion of the -building shall be higher than the distance from its base to the opposite -side of the street. - -_Explanation._—If a building be placed at the edge of the road its -height must not exceed the width of the street; but if the building or -one or more of its stories be set back, the height of the building may -be increased as much as the basement of the increased portion is distant -from the adjoining edge of the road. - -(2) In the case of any building which is re-erected in a road in -existence at the time when these rules come in force which is less than -25 feet wide but more than 20 feet, the proportion of height to width -may be as five to four up to a limit of 25 feet. - -(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-rule (1) or sub-rule (2) -the Chairman may give permission for building houses in the cases of -roads or lanes of less than 20 feet wide, after personal inspection in -each case. - -(4) If a building is situated on a corner plot, the height of the -building shall be regulated by the wider of the intersecting streets. - -[Sidenote: Level of floor.] - -4. The floor or lowest floor of every building erected or re-erected -from the ground-level must be constructed at such level as will admit -of— - - (_a_) The construction of a drain sufficient for the effectual - drainage of the building, and placed at such level as will admit - of the drainage being led into some Municipal drain at the time - existing or projected. - - (_b_) The provision of the requisite communication with some drain - into which the drainage may lawfully be discharged, at a point in - the upper half of such drain, or with some other outfall into - which the drainage may lawfully be discharged. - -[Sidenote: Building over Municipal drain.] - -5. No foundation of any building shall be placed over any Municipal -drain, nor shall any superstructure whatever, whether verandah, balcony, -eave, or any other portion of the building, project beyond a vertical -line drawn through the centre of the drain, and if there be no drain, -not beyond 1 foot 6 inches from the edge of the road. But no material or -structure of any kind at or below the level of 6 feet from the ground, -with the exception of entrance culverts, allowed under Rule 7, shall -project over any part of a drain. - -[Sidenote: Entrance culverts.] - -6. The applications which are filed for entrance culverts must contain -the following particulars:— - -(1) Length. - -(2) Breadth beyond drain. - -(3) Ventage allowed. - - (_a_) Ordinarily the following dimensions will be allowed for foot - traffic:— - - (1) two feet. - - (2) ten inches. - - (3) same size as area of drain up to a maximum of three square feet. - -The number of entrance culverts in any building shall not exceed the -number of separate shops or dwelling-houses. The intervening space -between culverts over a drain shall not be covered over by planks, stone -slabs or any other substance. - - (_b_) For wheel traffic the size and the nature of the entrance - culverts are left to the discretion of the Chairman. - -Balcony. - -7. No balcony shall be erected in any road, street, or lane which is not -maintained by supports which in the opinion of the Chairman are -sufficiently strong. - -[Sidenote: Distance between building line and street alignment.] - -8. In any road laid out after these rules come into force in which -continuous building is allowed, the distance between the building line -and the street alignment shall not be less than 4 feet. - - - PART III.—MASONRY BUILDINGS GENERALLY. - -[Sidenote: Plinth.] - -9. The plinth of any new building must be at least one foot above the -level of the centre of the nearest road, provided no one is required to -build a plinth higher than three feet above the ground. - -[Sidenote: Outer walls.] - -10. The outer walls of a masonry building must be constructed of burnt -brick or some other hard and incombustible substance. - -[Sidenote: Walls in building of more than one storey.] - -11. If a masonry building exceeds 30 feet in height, all except the -topmost storey should be built of well burnt bricks and lime mortar. - -[Sidenote: Terrace roof.] - -12. No part of a flat terrace roof or part of a parapet shall extend -beyond the outer face of the wall on which it is supported. - - - PART IV.—DWELLING-HOUSES AND OTHER DOMESTIC BUILDINGS. - -[Sidenote: Proportion of site for dwelling-house which may be built - upon.] - -13. The total area covered by all the buildings (including verandahs -erected or re-erected on any site used for a dwelling-house) shall not -exceed three-fourths of the total area of the site. But in the case of -rebuilding this rule will not apply in a case in which the site is less -than 500 square feet. - -[Sidenote: Open space in rear of building.] - -14. Except in localities where the erection of only detached buildings -is allowed, there must ordinarily be, in the absence of any specific -permission of the Chairman to the contrary, in the rear of every -domestic building an open space extending along the entire width of the -building of not less than 10 feet. - -[Sidenote: Interior courtyards and outwards open spaces to be raised and - kept open.] - -15. Every interior courtyard and every open space prescribed by rule 15 -must be raised at least six inches above the level of the centre of the -nearest street or road so as to admit of easy drainage into the street. - -16. All living rooms should be so placed as to get light and air. For -that object all such rooms should have at least one window opening to -the outer air direct, or into a verandah. - -[Sidenote: Height of room.] - -17. The height of the room on the basement floor shall be not less than -nine feet. - -[Sidenote: Water spouts.] - -18. Water spouts should be so arranged as to discharge water in a -Municipal drain or on land belonging to the proprietor of the house to -which the water spout is attached. - - - PART V.—APPLICATIONS FOR APPROVAL OF SITES FOR, AND FOR PERMISSION TO - ERECT OR RE-ERECT, MASONRY BUILDINGS. - -[Sidenote: Application for approval of site for erection or re-erection - of masonry buildings.] - -19. (1) Every notice under section 237 of the Bengal Municipal Act for -the erection or re-erection of a house not being a hut must be in -writing and should state the boundaries of the site, the number assigned -to it in the assessment book, and its dimensions. - -(2) The site plan sent with such an application must be drawn to a scale -of not less than 1⁄30th of an inch to a foot, must be sent in duplicate, -and must show— - - (_a_) the boundaries of the site; - - (_b_) the position of the site in relation to neighbouring roads; - - (_c_) the circle and holding number in which the building is proposed - to be situated; - - (_d_) the position of the building in relation to its own site, the - proposed means of access, the proposed drains, privies, and - cesspools, the purpose for which it is to be used, the elevation - of the proposed building, the materials of the walls and of the - roof, and the level of plinth. An elevation is not required in the - case of a one storied tiled house. - -(3) The application and site plan must be signed by the applicant. - -20. After the receipt of any application for approval of site, or for -permission to execute work or both, the Chairman may require the -applicant— - - (_a_) to furnish him with any information on matters referred to above - which has not already been given in the documents received under - these rules; or - - (_b_) to satisfy him that there are no objections which may lawfully - be taken, on any of the grounds mentioned above, to the approval - of the site or to the grant of permission to execute the work. - -21. The Chairman should ordinarily take action under section 21 within -fifteen days of the receipt of the application. - -22. The Chairman shall sign all passed plans in token of his approval. - - - PART VI.—KUCHA HOUSES OR HUTS. - -23. The building of all huts can be regulated by the Commissioners under -the powers vested in them by Sections 236, 243, 244 and following ones -of the Bengal Municipal Act. - - - - - APPENDIX E. - CALCULATION OF RE-PAYMENTS OF LOANS BY EQUAL INSTALMENTS. - - -The annexed table shows the instalments by which a loan of one lakh of -rupees will be refunded by periodical instalments in a given number of -years, interest being calculated at 4, 4½, 5, 5½, 6 and 6¼ per cent. - -In the left-hand column, under each term, interest is added, and -recovery of the instalments due made at the end of each year; in the -right-hand column interest and instalment are supposed to be due -half-yearly:— - - ─────┬─────────────────┬─────────────────┬───────────────── - Per │ Five Years. │ Ten years. │ Fifteen years. - cent.│ │ │ - ─────┼────────┬────────┼────────┬────────┼────────┬──────── - │ Year. │½ Year. │ Year. │½ Year. │ │ - 4 │22,463·0│11,132·4│12,329·2│6,115·65│8,994·14│4,464·96 - 4½ │22,779·3│11,278·9│12,637·9│6,264·19│9,311·41│4,619·94 - 5 │23,097·6│11,425·7│12,950·3│6,414·69│9,634·21│4,777·763 - 5½ │23,417·6│11,574·5│13,266·7│6,567·2 │9,962·6 │4,938·6 - 6 │23,740·0│11,723·0│13,586·8│6,712·6 │10,296 3│5,101·9 - 6¼ │23,901·3│11,798·1│13,748·2│6,799·5 │10,465·0│5,184·7 - ─────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴──────── - - ─────┬─────────────────┬─────────────────┬───────────────── - Per │ Twenty years. │ Twenty-five │ Thirty years. - cent.│ │ years. │ - ─────┼────────┬────────┼────────┬────────┼────────┬──────── - │ │ │ │ │ │ - 4 │7,358·18│3,655·55│6,401·21│3,182·32│5,783·01│2,876·78 - 4½ │7,687·64│3,817·69│6,743·92│3,351·84│6,139·15│3,053·53 - 5 │8,024·25│3,985·62│7,095·23│3,525·80│6,505·15│3,235·353 - 5½ │8,367·9 │4,153·2 │7,454·9 │3,704·2 │6,880·5 │3,422·0 - 6 │8,718·4 │4,326·2 │7,822·6 │3,886·5 │7,264·9 │3,613·3 - 6¼ │8,986·2 │4,414·0 │8,009·5 │3,979·3 │7,460·3 │3,710·6 - ─────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴──────── - - - - - APPENDIX F. - RULES FOR THE PREPARATION, SUBMISSION AND EXECUTION OF PROJECTS OF -WATER-SUPPLY, SEWERAGE OR DRAINAGE BY LOCAL AUTHORITIES (AS MODIFIED UP - TO THE 31ST JULY 1913). - - - _Notification._ - -_No. 818T.-M.—The 13th September 1910._—In exercise of the powers -conferred by clauses (_i_) and (_ii_) of sub-section (1) of section 69 -of the Bengal Municipal Act, 1884 (Bengal Act III of 1884), and by -clauses (_e_) and (_m_) of section 138 of the Bengal Local -Self-Government Act of 1885 (Bengal Act III of 1885), the -Lieutenant-Governor is pleased to direct that the following rules for -the preparation, submission and execution of projects for water-supply, -sewerage or drainage by local authorities shall be substituted for the -like rules published with Government Notification No. 1712M., dated the -7th July 1906, at pages 111 to 113, Part IB of the _Calcutta Gazette_ of -the 11th idem, namely:— - -[Sidenote: Preparation of sketch of project.] - -1. (_1_) Whenever a local authority desires to undertake a project for -water-supply or sewerage or a comprehensive scheme of surface drainage, -it shall first cause to be drawn up a sketch of the project roughly -showing its scope and approximate cost. - -(_2_) Such sketch may be drawn up either by the Sanitary Engineer at the -special request of the local authority and with the approval of the -Sanitary Board and on payment of the fees prescribed in Rule 8, or by -any firm or person approved by the Sanitary Engineer. - -(_3_) The Sanitary Engineer shall, in all cases, act as adviser of the -local authority. - -[Sidenote: Submission of sketch, statement and application.] - -[Sidenote: Government of Bihar and Orissa Notification No. 7682M., dated - the 8th July 1913.] - -2. When the sketch of the project has been drawn up under Rule 1, and it -is estimated to cost Rs. 10,000 or more, or in the case of an estimate -of less than Rs. 10,000 if the financial assistance of Government is -desired, the local authority shall submit it to the Sanitary Engineer, -who shall make such recommendations as he may think fit. After the -approval of the Sanitary Engineer has been obtained, the sketch project -shall be submitted by the local authority _through the Sanitary Board_ -to the Municipal Department of Government, together with a statement -wherein shall be shown the amount of the funds available to meet the -cost of the project, either from current revenue or by way of loan or -from any other source. - -In the case of schemes the total estimated cost of which is less than -Rs. 10,000, not being part of a larger scheme and for which financial -assistance from Government is not required, the sanction of Government -need not be obtained, but if the local authorities so desire the scheme -will be examined by the Sanitary Engineer. - -[Sidenote: Conditions precedent to grant of administrative approval.] - -3. In order to obtain administrative approval to the execution of the -project the local authority shall satisfy Government— - - (_1_) that the cost of maintenance of the projected work can be met by - the local authority from revenue; - - (_2_) that any loan required to meet the cost of the work can be - repaid, together with the interest thereon, within the period that - may be prescribed by the Government; and - - (_3_) that the work can be done effectually in the manner and for the - cost proposed. - -[Sidenote: Procedure after grant of administrative approval. Preparation - of detailed plans and estimates.] - -4. When the administrative approval of Government has been obtained, and -in no case before, the local authority may arrange for the preparation -of detailed plans and estimates, and for this purpose may— - - (_a_) cause the plans and estimates to be prepared by its own officers - or by an officer specially appointed for the purpose and apply to - the Sanitary Engineer for assistance in the selection and - engagement of surveyors to carry out the work; or - - (_b_) apply to the Sanitary Board for the services of the Sanitary - Engineer; or - - (_c_) apply to Government in the Public Works Department for the - services of their officer; or - - (_d_) apply to the District Board for the services of the District - Engineer; or - - (_e_) with the previous sanction of the Sanitary Board entrust the - work to a private firm of established reputation. - -In cases of (_a_), (_c_), (_d_) and (_e_), the plans and estimates while -in course of preparation shall be subject to the examination and control -of the Sanitary Engineer. - -[Sidenote: Submission of detailed plans and estimates to Government - through Sanitary Board.] - -5. The plans and estimates shall, on completion, be forwarded in -duplicate, to the Sanitary Board, together with a full report on the -financial aspect of the scheme and the state of public feeling in regard -to it, and, if a loan is required, with an application in the prescribed -form. In the case of drainage schemes the estimates must be submitted in -Sanitary Board’s forms Nos. 21 and 22, copies of which may be obtained -from the office of the Sanitary Engineer, and when the scheme has not -been prepared in the Board’s Office they shall be accompanied by full -details of the calculations of the sizes and strength of the various -works, and complete information as to the prices on which the estimates -have been framed. - -The Sanitary Board, after examining the plans, estimates, report and -application, shall submit them to the Municipal Department of Government -with an expression of their opinion on the merits of the scheme as -finally drawn up. - - - CONSTRUCTION. - -[Sidenote: Conditions as to detailed engineering supervision.] - -6. Where the cost of the projected work is estimated to amount to Rs. -10,000 or more an adequate provision for detailed engineering -supervision shall be a condition precedent to the grant of sanction by -the Government. - -In the absence of special sanction to the contrary, the local authority -shall agree to such one of the following conditions as may be considered -suitable in each case:— - - (_a_) that the work shall be carried out by the Public Works - Department if that Department can undertake it: in such cases an - extra charge of 15 per cent. on the sanctioned estimates shall be - made for supervision, unless the case is one of extraordinary - difficulty, under which circumstances a higher charge may be - imposed under the orders of Government; or - - (_b_) that arrangements shall be made with the District Board for the - carrying out of the work under the supervision of the District - Engineer and his staff; or - - (_c_) that the work shall be carried out under the supervision of an - Engineer qualified for appointment as a District Engineer - according to the rules under the Local Self-Government Act of 1885 - (Ben. Act III of 1885) specially employed for the purpose; or - - (_d_) that the work shall be carried out by private engineering firm - of established reputation: - -Provided that the local authority shall not advertise for tenders or -enter into any contract or agreement for the execution of any works in -connection with schemes or parts of schemes which have been sanctioned -by Government under conditions (_b_), (_c_) or (_d_), until the -specification and form of tender for such contract have been examined -and approved by the Sanitary Engineer. No tender or contract for any -such work shall be accepted until it has been submitted to the Sanitary -Board and they have approved the acceptance thereof; - -And further provided that when the work is carried out under condition -(_d_), it shall be supervised by an officer appointed for the purpose by -the local authority with the approval of the Sanitary Board, and shall, -while in progress, be periodically inspected by the Sanitary Engineer. - -[Sidenote: Report by local authority to the Commissioner in case of - small works.] - -7. Where the estimated cost of works amounts to less than Rs. 10,000, -the local authority shall report, for the information of the -Commissioner of the Division, the agency by which it is proposed to have -the works carried out, and shall follow the instructions issued by him -in the matter. - - - FEES. - -[Sidenote: Bengal Government Notification No. 333T.M., dated the 23rd - May 1911.] - -8. The following fees shall be leviable by the Sanitary Board from local -authorities for the work specified against each:— - - (_a_) a fee of two per cent. on the estimated cost (excluding cost of - surveys) of all projects and schemes, for which detailed estimates - and drawings are prepared by the Sanitary Engineer; - - (_b_) a fee of one-half per cent. on the first Rs. 20,000 and - one-quarter per cent. of the balance of the estimated cost of - schemes and projects, the detailed plans and estimates of which - are examined by the Sanitary Engineer; - - (_c_) a fee of two per cent. on the estimated cost of the works, when - contract, drawings, specifications and forms of tender are - prepared by the Sanitary Engineer: - - Provided that when both detailed estimates and drawings and contract - drawings, specifications and forms of tender are prepared by the - Sanitary Engineer, an inclusive fee shall be charged of three per - cent. on the estimated cost of the works. - -[Sidenote: Bengal Government Notification No. 819M., dated the 10th - April 1908.] - -[Sidenote: Government of Bihar and Orissa Notification No. 7682M., dated - the 8th July 1913.] - -8_A_. As soon as the services for which fees are leviable under the -preceding rule are rendered, the Sanitary Board shall through the -District Magistrate, demand from the local authority concerned payment -of the fees leviable therefor, and the Magistrate on receipt of notice -of such demand shall recover the said fees and credit them in the local -treasury in favour of the Public Works Department and inform the -Accountant-General, _Bihar and Orissa_, and the Examiner of Local -Accounts, _Bihar and Orissa_. - -[Sidenote: Bengal Government Notification No. 333T.M., dated the 23rd - May 1911.] - -9. When sketch projects are prepared by the Sanitary Engineer, no charge -will be made for his services or those of his assistants, Government -surveyors, draftsmen, and tracers; drawing materials and the instruments -required for the work will also be provided at Government expense. But -the local authorities will be required to render reasonable assistance -on the spot in the way of survey coolies, supply of survey pegs, fixing -bench marks, etc., and to pay the actual cost of the same. They will -also be expected in each case to provide a suitable office properly -furnished for the use of the surveyors and draftsmen. - - - - - APPENDIX G. - MUZAFFARPUR DISTRICT. - - SHIUHAR ROAD No. 25, CLASS IA & IIA. - - _Report, Bridges & Culverts._ - - - ───────────┬────────┬────────────┬──────┬──────────┬──────┬────────── - │ │ │Number│ │ │ - │ │ │ of │ │ │ - Consecutive│ │ │spans │ Lineal │Height│ Square - Number. │Mileage.│Description.│ & │ feet of │of H. │ feet of - │ │ │length│water-way.│F. L. │water-way. - │ │ │ of │ │ │ - │ │ │each. │ │ │ - ───────────┼────────┼────────────┼──────┼──────────┼──────┼────────── - 1 │ 3 │ Masonry │2 × 8 │ 16 │ 5 │ 80 - │ │ Culvert. │ │ │ │ - ───────────┴────────┴────────────┴──────┴──────────┴──────┴────────── - - ───────────┬────────┬───────────┬─────────┬─────────┬──────────┬──────── - │ │ │ │ General │ │ - │ │ When │ │condition│ Are any │ - Consecutive│Width of│constructed│ Dated │ of │ urgent │ - Number. │roadway.│ or arched │when last│ Bridges │ repairs │REMARKS. - │ │ over. │repaired.│ or │necessary.│ - │ │ │ │Culverts.│ │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ - ───────────┼────────┼───────────┼─────────┼─────────┼──────────┼──────── - 1 │ 16′ │ arched │ │ │ │ - │ │ 1888–89 │ │ │ │ - ───────────┴────────┴───────────┴─────────┴─────────┴──────────┴──────── - - - - - APPENDIX H. - CORPORATION OF CALCUTTA. - - _Specification and conditions for surfacing roads MacCabe’s - Tar-Macadam._ - - - MATERIALS. - -1. MacCabe’s tar-mac consists of 2 inches Pakoor stone metal, MacCabe’s -patent bituminous binder of Gas Co.’s coal-tar and “Stag” brand English -coal pitch in the proportion of one of tar to three of pitch by weight, -with stone chippings and sand as top binder. - - - PREPARATION OF THE FOUNDATION. - -2. Prior to resurfacing an old stone road with the composition all -irregularities in its surface, gradients or crow-fall should be -corrected, and special care taken to rectify defects, if any, in all its -drainage and water adjuncts, and also remedy any weakness in the -foundation due to bad restoration by the road cutting agencies. - - - RULES FOR SURFACING ROADS. - -3. (i) Collect all necessary aforesaid materials including tools and -implements for laying them _in situ_. - -(ii) Sketch out the road area to be treated in convenient sections. - -(iii) Suspend road watering on the previous day in the section to be -treated first and barricade or fence it off. - -(iv) Thread out the area to be treated with the patent composition, as -this will avoid feather edge in the centre tar-mac joint. - -(v) Form separate labour gangs for— - - (_a_) Weighing, mixing, and heating pitch and tar—three men for each - tar-heating boiler or cylinder. - - (_b_) General cleaning and sweeping with rough country or English bass - brooms, and removing fine dust off the road surface before - treatment by means of soft floor brush. - - (_c_) Carrying pitch and tar composition in pails or buckets and - laying it hot half inch thick on dry and clean road surface. - - (_d_) Carrying stone metal in cane baskets, spreading and hand-packing - the same carefully to the required chamber, one man for every - three feet of road width to be so treated. - - - ROLLING. - -4. The work of rolling the surface should be commenced as soon as a -section of about 20 or 30 yards in length has been laid, the metalling -gang being kept as busily employed as possible in laying a further -length of materials in the way specified above. The prepared road -surface is to be rolled with a light six or ten-ton roller when the -composition is soft, as it is absolutely necessary to press the -aggregate gently down into the bituminous sub-binder, and at the same -time to entice (rather than to force) the latter in an upward direction, -so as to fill the voids in the metal and finally cover the metalled -surface. Under no circumstances should the rolling be carried to such a -point that the metal exhibits signs of crushing or disintegration. The -roller should be driven over the newly laid materials at its lowest -speed from the side towards the centre and after a few journeys over the -surface if it is found that the sub-binder is not working up between the -voids in the metal and does not cover the metal surface, then such -defective places have to be painted and the whole surface sealed with -composition to prevent the admission of moisture or of any foreign -substance into the road. During the process of consolidation stone -chippings at the rate of 4 cubic feet per hundred square feet should be -used and especially where the floated composition is too soft. If it is -found that any material sticks to the roller wheels a little water -sprinkled on the wheels will at once stop the sticking. The dry surface -may be also sanded if it becomes slippery for horses. - -5. All materials to be supplied must be to the satisfaction of the -Engineer. Inferior materials supplied shall be rejected and the -contractor must make good such supply within 24 hours. In default it -shall be competent to the Engineer to procure a supply of the same at -the risk and cost of the contractor from the market or any other agency. - -6. The contractor must maintain the roadway for three months after -completion and keep men in attendance to promptly spread stone chips and -road dust on the soft portions and nurse the area cut up by the traffic. - -7. The contractor must be careful not to injure existing gas, water or -any other pipes or drains or other underground fixtures. Any damage so -caused must be forthwith reported to the District Engineer, and the -contractor shall make good the same forthwith at his own cost and shall -indemnify and keep indemnified the Corporation from all claims made -therefor. When necessary he shall take up and carefully relay drains and -pipes and lay any additional length that may be ordered by the Engineer -at the cost of the Corporation. - -8. The contractor must keep the work properly fenced and lighted from -sun-set to sun-rise, and place such watchmen at any portion of the road -and footpath in which the work is in progress and is still incomplete, -and also round the repairing materials for use, as may be necessary to -protect the public against accidents. He shall indemnify and keep -indemnified the Corporation and its officers and servants from all -liability in respect of any claims for damages or otherwise to person or -property which may be made by any person or persons on account of any -act, misfeasance or neglect on the part of the contractor in carrying on -the work or in connection therewith. - -9. The contract will be for four months and the contractors must carry -out all works in accordance with the full programme of work prepared by -the Engineer and take in hand such street or streets as the Engineer may -direct and complete the same within such period as the Engineer may fix -therefor. In default he shall pay to the Corporation liquidated or -settled damages of Rs. 10 (ten) per diem for each and every day beyond -the said period without prejudice to the rights of the Chairman to -cancel the contract and take possession of the work and have it carried -on and completed at the contractor’s risk and cost by any agency -whatever. - -10. All damages or other sums due and payable by the contractor may be -received from any moneys due to the contractor by the Corporation. - -11. Payments will be made in accordance with the terms of the agreement. - -12. The Commissioners do not bind themselves to accept the lowest or any -tender, but reserve the right of accepting the whole or part of the -tender. - - - - - INDEX. - - - A - - Allahabad Shallow Trench System, 39 - - Appendix A, Model Rules, Privies and Urinals, 57 - - —— B, Removal of Town Sweepings, 61 - - —— C, Well Register, 62 - - —— D, Building Regulations, 63–67 - - —— E, Table Repayment of Loans, 68 - - —— F, Preparation of projects, 69–73 - - —— G, Annual Bridge Report Form, 74 - - —— H, Specification for Tar-Macadam, 75–77 - - - B - - Bailey’s Patent Latrines and Urinals, 26 - - Beds, Filter, 51 - - Biological System for the Disposal of Night-Soil, 50–51 - - Burdwan Trenching Ground, 37 - - Building Regulations, 63–67 - - Burial-Grounds, Mahommedan, 56 - - - C - - Carts, Conservancy, 33 - - —— Crawley’s Patent, 33 - - —— Hand, 34 - - —— Receptacle, 34 - - —— Register, 45 - - —— Refuse, 43 - - —— Wheels and Axles of, 44 - - Cesspools, 35 - - Collection and Disposal of Refuse, 45 - - Cremation of Dead Bodies, 54 - - —— Town Refuse, 45 - - Cultivation within Urban Limits, 53 - - - D - - _Débris_ of Ruined Houses, 56 - - Dead, Disposal of the, 54 - - Dhobies’ Water for Washing, 53 - - Disinfectants, 29 - - Donaldson’s Separation Latrine, 26 - - Drainage, Flushing, 3 - - —— Kutcha roadside, 2 - - —— Masonry, 4 - - —— Storm-Water, 4 - - Dust-Bins, 43 - - - F - - Filter Beds, 51 - - —— Sullage, 35 - - Flushing Drains, 3 - - Food-Supply Markets, 54 - - - G - - Ghats, Burning, 54 - - —— Dhobies’, 53 - - Grounds, Trenching, 37 - - - H - - Hand carts for removing Night-Soil, 34 - - Harrington’s Incinerator, 47 - - Houses, Ruined, 56 - - - I - - Incinerators, Harrington’s, 47 - - —— Sealkot, 45 - - —— Madras, 45 - - - J - - Jails, Muzaffarpur, Trenching Ground, 38 - - - K - - Kutcha Road-side Drains, 2 - - - L - - Latrines, 26 - - —— Bailey’s Patent, 26 - - —— Donaldson’s, 26 - - —— Masonry, 26 - - —— Model Rules for Privies and Urinals, 57 - - - M - - Mahommedan Burial-Grounds, 56 - - Markets, 54 - - Masonry Drains, 4 - - Model Rules for Privies and Latrines, 57 - - - N - - New Wells, 9 - - Night-Soil, Biological System of Disposal, 50 - - —— Removal of, 31 - - —— Trenching, 37 - - - O - - Openings for Ventilation in Latrines, 25 - - - P - - Permanganate of Potassium, 8 - - Privies, Model Rules for, 69 - - Pumps for Wells, 9 - - - R - - Receptacle Carts for Removing Night-Soil, 33 - - Refuse Carts, 43 - - —— Filling Tanks with, 49 - - —— Incineration of, 45 - - —— Removal of, 42 - - Ruined Houses, 56 - - - S - - Sanitation, General, 52 - - Septic Tanks, 50 - - Surface Drainage, 2 - - —— Kutcha Drains, 2 - - —— Masonry Drains, 4 - - —— of small Roads, 2 - - Sweepings—Removal of—Form for, 61 - - - T - - Tanks, Septic, 50 - - —— Water, 6 - - Tarring Latrines, Disadvantages of, 29 - - Trenching Grounds, Allahabad System, 39 - - —— Area of, 40 - - —— Crops on, 38 - - —— Description of bad ones, 41 - - —— Selection of Site for, 37 - - Trees, Pruning of, 52 - - Tube Wells, 10 - - - U - - Urban Limits, Cultivation within, 52 - - Urinals, Cart, 29 - - —— Hindu Pattern, 29 - - Utensils, Water drawing, from Wells, 10 - - - V - - Ventilation of Latrines, 25 - - - W - - Water drawing Utensils, 29 - - —— for Dhobies, 53 - - —— Supply from Wells, 10 - - —— New Wells, 10 - - —— Tanks, 12 - - Wells, Rules for Cleaning and Repairing, 7 - - —— Registrations of all, 6 - - Well Register Form, Appendix C, 62 - - Wells, Tube, 10 - - —— Pumps for, 14 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - EXTRACTS FROM SOME OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. - - - _The Morning Post, Delhi._ - -“A very useful little work, which every Municipality in India ought at -once to possess” * * * and is accurately described by the author as “a -concise handbook dealing with the most important points of sanitation of -Indian Bazaars,” and “an endeavour to put the information available on -the subject in a convenient form, so as to facilitate the organisation -and control the working of the Sanitary Department of a Municipality.” -From the first page to the last there is not a superfluous word in the -manual. - - - _The Bengal Times._ - -“A work sadly needed in this country, and one everybody concerned in -sanitation, especially if he be a mofussil resident, should possess. We -should think Mofussil Municipal Commissioners and District Board Members -could hardly wish for a better guide.” - - - _The Pioneer._ - -“Mr. G. W. Disney, District Engineer, Muzaffarpur, has just published an -excellent pamphlet on _Sanitation of Mofussil Bazaars_, in which he -deals with many problems of urban sanitation in a brief but satisfactory -manner.” - - - _The Indian Daily News._ - -“Mr. Disney does not pretend to do more than deal with broad principles -of sanitation, and puts the information available on the subject in a -convenient form, so as to facilitate the organization, and control the -working of the Sanitary Department of a Municipality. This, we think, in -the course of his thirty-five pages of carefully compiled information he -may fairly claim to have done.” - - - _The Englishman, Calcutta._ - -* * * “An admirable little work. It ought to be in the hands of every -Municipal Commissioner and all the local authorities in the smaller -towns. Mr. Disney states he is not writing for the big Municipalities, -where special conditions have to be dealt with. At the same time the -little volume contains suggestions that even those responsible for the -good government of Calcutta might read with profit. Mr. Disney is -especially strong on the necessity of a good drainage system. With -regard to town sweepings the author is in favour of incineration.” - - - _Civil and Military Gazette._ - -“This is a very useful manual * * * The author does not lay down -expensive and therefore impracticable schemes of sewage disposal, etc., -but rather directs attention to the possibility of improving the -resources already at the disposal of local bodies. He gives much useful -information and advice as to latrines and urinals, the collection and -removal of night-soil, trenching grounds, disposal of refuse, surface -water drainage, and so forth. The book is illustrated with plans and -drawings.” - - - _The Indian Planters’ Gazette._ - -“In his introduction Mr. Disney truly says:—‘The real secret of -Sanitation is the prompt removal of fæcal matter and refuse from the -neighbourhood of inhabited buildings before it has time to decay, as in -the early stages of putrefaction emanations are evolved which are highly -dangerous to health; it is also an admitted fact that the common fly is -a considerable factor in disseminating disease, as it conveys germs on -the pads of its feet from infected matter to the food-supply of the -inhabitants.’ His little _brochure_ deals learnedly and sensibly with -latrines, urinals, the collection, removal, disposal and trenching of -every description of town refuse, with the water-supply from wells, and -finally adds some simple rules for observance of the authorities on the -break out of plague on villages or small towns.” - - - _The Bengal Times._ - -* * * “Seeing then how deplorably backward we are in mofussil places, -district, town, suburbs, and country, it seems to us we can hardly do -better than adopt Mr. Disney’s system in Bengal districts. Indeed, why -should Government hesitate to buy up his first edition of _Sanitation of -Mofussil Bazaars_ for gratuitous distribution to all Bengal -Municipalities, in view to adopting his project in its entirety!” - - - _Dharam and Karam, Calcutta._ - - (_Published in Bengalee._) - -“Mr. G. W. Disney has written a book on Sanitation of Mofussil Bazaars. -There are many large books on the subject of Sanitation, but in a short -pamphlet of 40 pages Mr. Disney has treated the subject-matter, giving -useful rules and instructions in such a brief and concise manner that we -have been pleased to peruse them. Mr. Disney deserves our thanks for his -earnest sympathy with and thought after the inhabitants of the mofussil -towns and bazaars.” - - - _The Indian Medical Gazette._ - -“An excellent little pamphlet on ‘The Sanitation of Mofussil Bazaars,’ -has been recently published by Mr. G. W. Disney. A concise handbook of -this kind was certainly needed, and this should be of great value to the -Health Officer, the Engineer and the Chairman of Local Boards and -Municipalities. - -“The first chapter deals with latrines and urinals, and how sound Mr. -Disney’s views are may be understood from the following extract from the -preface:— - - ‘The real secret of sanitation is the prompt removal of fæcal matter - and refuse from the neighbourhood of inhabited buildings before it - has time to decay, as in the early stage of putrefaction emanations - are evolved which are dangerous to health; it is also an admitted - fact that the common fly is a considerable factor in disseminating - disease as it conveys germs on the pads of its feet from infected - matter to the food-supply of the inhabitants.’ - -“The whole little volume is eminently practical; it is well printed, -fully illustrated, and can be strongly recommended to our readers who -will find many hints of use to them in their capacity as Health -Officers. Our only fault with the little book is that it is too short. -It might well have been expanded.” - - - _The Indian Municipal Journal and Sanitary Record, Bombay._ - -* * * “The author does not branch out into any startling theories; his -work is more a handbook for those whose business embraces any matter -connected with public cleanliness, and these will find that one of the -most useful features of the book is the information concerning the -makers and the price of every sanitary appliance mentioned. This will be -found very handy by small municipalities who have here a reasonable -standard of cost that will enable them to adjust their expenditure much -more rapidly and avoid the useless trouble and delay of sending out for -tenders—a system not always satisfactory to the purchasing body, and -always troublesome to the tradesman. Mr. Disney very sensibly advises a -wide distribution of small latrines rather than the construction of a -few big ones—it being obvious that the general population will not walk -far for the sake of cleanliness and decency. Mr. Disney preaches the -doctrine of ‘little and often’ in the removal of waste matter, and it is -a point in which every Indian sanitarian will agree with him.” - -“True to his theories, Mr. Disney deals with drainage before -water-supply. His recommendations that the water should be pumped from -wells and delivered at some distance from the well-mouth are -particularly sound, for there is no more fruitful source of -contamination than the percolation into the well of dirty water used for -washing in its immediate vicinity.” - -* * * “Altogether, Mr. Disney’s book is an indication of the progressive -tendency of sanitation in India—it represents good work done, and will -encourage the doing of more. It is sure to find a handy place on the -desk of municipal secretaries and small town authorities.” - - - _Extract from letter from the Inspector-General of Jails, Bengal, July - 8th, 1902._ - -“I have just got your little book on mofussil sanitation. * * * It is -altogether admirable, and I am strongly recommending it. It might well -have been longer.” - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES - - - 1. Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling. - 2. Archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as printed. - 3. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_. - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Sanitation of Mofussil Bazaars, by G. W. 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