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-<pre>
-
-The Project Gutenberg EBook of Positions, by Richard Mulcaster
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-Title: Positions
-
-Author: Richard Mulcaster
-
-Contributor: Robert Hebert Quick
-
-Release Date: June 11, 2020 [EBook #62025]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK POSITIONS ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Turgut Dincer, Les Galloway and the Online
-Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
-file was produced from images generously made available
-by The Internet Archive)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-</pre>
-
-
-<div class="transnote">
- <h3>Transcriber’s Notes</h3>
-
-<p>No attempt has been made to rationalise the spelling within the
-text.</p>
-
-<p>Sidenotes, in italics and embedded in the text in the original, have
-been placed at the beginning of the relevant paragraphs and indicated
-thus: <span class="sidenote"> sidenote</span> </p>
-
-<p>The Latin poem that follows the Dedication contains several words
-ending in q with an acute accent. These are shown thus [que]. </p>
-
-<p>The cover was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public
-domain. </p>
-
-</div>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-
-<h1>
-<big>POSITIONS:</big></h1>
-
-<p class="center"><span class="xs">BY</span></p>
-
-<p class="center space-below"><big>RICHARD MULCASTER</big>,<br />
-First Headmaster of Merchant Taylors’ School (<span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> 1561-1586);</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><small>WITH AN APPENDIX, CONTAINING SOME ACCOUNT
-OF HIS LIFE AND WRITINGS,</small></p>
-
-<p class="center"><span class="xs">BY</span></p>
-
-<p class="center">ROBERT HEBERT QUICK,<br />
-
-<span class="xs">Author of “<i>Essays on Educational Reformers</i>”; First University Lecturer at
-Cambridge on the History of Education (<span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> 1879).</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="center space-above"><small>LONDON:</small><br />
-LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.,<br />
-<small>AND NEW YORK: 15, EAST 16<sup>th</sup> STREET.<br />
-1888.</small></p>
-
-<p class="center"><span class="xs"><i>All rights reserved.</i></span>
-</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-
-<p class="center space-below">
-<span class="xl">POSITIONS</span><br />
-<big>WHEREIN THOSE</big><br />
-PRIMITIVE CIRCVMSTANCES<br />
-<span class="p9">BE EXAMINED, WHICH ARE</span><br />
-<small>NECESSARIE FOR THE TRAINING</small><br />
-<span class="xs">vp of Children, either for skill in their<br />
-booke, or health in their bodie.</span>
-</p>
-
-
-
-<p class="hang space-above"><span class="smcap">WRITTEN <small>by</small> RICHARD MVLCASTER, <small>master of the
-schoole erected in London anno. 1561, in the parish
-of Sainct Laurence Povvntneie, by the vvorshipfull
-companie of the merchaunt tailers of the said citie.</small></span></p>
-
-<hr class="small" />
-
-<p class="center space-above"><span class="xs">
-Imprinted at London by Thomas Vautrollier, dvvelling in the blacke Friers
-by Ludgate, 1581.</span></p>
-
-<hr class="small" />
-
-<p class="center"><span class="xs">Reprinted for Henry Barnard and R. H. Quick by<br />
-Harrison and Sons, Printers in Ordinary to Her Majesty,<br />
-St. Martin’s Lane, London, 1887.</span>
-</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter">
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_iii">iii</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="invisible">To the most vertvovs Ladie</h2>
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_p001a.jpg" alt="Decoration" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="center">
-<i><span class="xl">TO THE MOST VERTVOVS</span><br />
-<big>LADIE, HIS MOST DEARE, AND<br />
-soueraine princesse, Elizabeth by the<br />
-grace of God Queene of England,<br />
-Fraunce, and Ireland, defendresse<br />
-of the faith &amp;c.</big></i>
-</p></div>
-
-<div>
- <img class="drop-cap" src="images/m.jpg" alt="" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap"><span class="smcap">My</span> booke by the very argument,
-most excellent princesse, pretendeth
-a common good, bycause it
-concerneth the generall traine
-and bringing vp of youth, both
-to enrich their minds with learning,
-and to enable their bodies with health: and it
-craues the fauour of some speciall countenaunce
-farre aboue the common, or else it can not possiblie
-procure free passage. For what a simple credit is
-myne, to perswade so great a matter? or what
-force is there in common patronage, to commaunde
-conceites? I am therefore driuen vpon these so
-violent considerations, to presume so farre, as to
-present it, being my first trauell, that euer durst<span class="pagenum" id="Page_iv">iv</span>
-venture vpon the print, vnto your maiesties most
-sacred handes. For in neede of countenaunce,
-where best abilitie is most assurance, and knowne
-vertue the fairest warrant, who is more sufficient
-then your excellencie is, either for cunning to
-commend, or for credit to commaunde? And what
-reason is there more likely to procure the fauour
-of your maiesties most gracious countenaunce,
-either to commende the worke, or to commaunde
-it waie, then the honest pretence of a generall
-good, wherein you cannot be deceiued? For of
-your accustomed care you will circumspectlie consider,
-and by your singular iudgement, you can
-skillfully discerne, whether there be any appearance,
-that my booke shall performe so great a good, as
-it pretendeth to do, before you either praise it, or
-procure it passage. In deede it is an argument
-which craueth consideration, bycause it is the
-leader to a further consequence: and all your
-maiesties time is so busily employed, about many
-and maine affaires of your estate, as I may seeme
-verie iniurious to the common weale, besides some
-wrong offered to your owne person, to desire your
-Maiestie at this time to reade any part therof,
-much lesse the whole, the booke it selfe being
-very long, and your Maiesties leasure being very
-litle.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_v">v</span></p>
-
-<p>And yet if it maye please your most excellent
-Maiestie of some extraordinarie grace towardes a
-most obsequious subiect in way of encoraging his
-both toilsome and troublesome labour, to take but
-some taste of any one title, of smallest encumbraunce,
-by the very inscription, the paw of a
-Lion may bewraie the hole body in me by the
-prouerbe, in your highnesse by the propertie, as
-who can best iudge, what the Lion is. For the
-rest, which neither your Maiesties time can tarie
-on, neither my boldnesse dare desire that you
-should: other mens report, which shall haue time
-to read, and will lend an officious countrieman
-some parte of their leysure, will proue a referendarie,
-and certifie your highnesse how they finde
-me appointed. I haue entitled the booke <span class="smcap">Positions</span>,
-bycause entending to go on further, for the
-auauncement of learning I thought it good at the
-first to put downe certaine groundes very needefull
-for my purpose, for that they be the common circunstances,
-that belong to teaching and are to be
-resolued on, eare we begin to teach. Wherin I
-craue consent of my countrey, to ioyne with me
-in conceit, if my reasons proue likely, that therby
-I may direct my whole currant in the rest, a great
-deale the better.
-Now if it maye stand with your<span class="pagenum" id="Page_vi">vi</span>
-Maiesties most gracious good will to bestow vpon
-me the fauourable smile of your good liking, to
-countenance me in this course, which as it pretendeth
-the publike commoditie, so it threateneth
-me with extreme paines, all my paine will proue
-pleasant vnto me, and that good which shall come
-thereby to the common weale shall be most iustly
-ascribed to your Maiesties especial goodnesse,
-which encoraged my labour, and commended it
-to my countrey. Which both encoragement to
-my selfe, and commendacion to my countrey, I do
-nothing doubt but to obtaine at your Maiesties
-most gracious handes, whether of your good nature,
-which hath alwaye furthered honest attemptes: or
-of your Princely conceit, which is thoroughly bent
-to the bettering of your state, considering my
-trauell doth tend that way. For the very ende
-of my whole labour (if my small power can attaine
-to that, which a great good will towards this my
-cuntrey hath deepely conceiued) is to helpe to
-bring the generall teaching in your Maiesties
-dominions, to some one good and profitable vniformitie
-which now in the middest of great varietie
-doth either hinder much, or profit litle, or at the
-least nothing so much, as it were like to do, if it
-were reduced to one certaine fourme. The effecting<span class="pagenum" id="Page_vii">vii</span>
-wherof pretendeth great honour to your
-Maiesties person, besides the profit, which your
-whole realme is to reape therby. That noble
-Prince king <span class="smcap">Henry</span> the eight, your Maiesties most
-renowned father vouchesafed to bring all Grammers
-into one fourme, the multitude therof being some
-impediment to schoole learning in his happie time,
-and thereby both purchased himselfe great honour,
-and procured his subiectes a marueilous ease.
-Now if it shall please your Maiestie by that Royall
-example which otherwise you so rarely exceede,
-to further not onely the helping of that booke to
-a refining: but also the reducing of all other
-schoole bookes to some better choice: and all
-manner of teaching, to some redier fourme: can
-so great a good but sound to your Maiesties most
-endlesse renowne, whose least part gaue such cause
-of honour, to that famous King, your Maiesties
-father? By these few wordes your highnesse
-conceiueth my full meaning I am well assured,
-neither do I doubt, but that as you are well able
-to discerne it, so you will very depelie consider
-it, and see this so great a common good thoroughly
-set on foote. I know your Maiesties pacience to
-be exceeding great in verie petie arguments, if not
-I should haue bene afraid, to haue troubled you<span class="pagenum" id="Page_viii">viii</span>
-with so many wordes, and yet least tediousnesse
-do soure euen a sweete and sound matter, I will
-be no bolder. God blesse your Maiestie, and
-send you a long, and an healthfull life, to his
-greatest glorie, and your Maiesties most lasting
-honour.</p>
-
-<p class="right">
-Your Maiesties most humble and<br />
-<span class="gap4r">obedient subiect</span></p>
-
-<p class="right"><i>Richard Mulcaster</i>.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter">
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_ix">ix</span></p>
-
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_pix.jpg" alt="Decoration" />
-</div>
-
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="AVTHOR_IPSE_AD"><i>AVTHOR IPSE AD
-librum suum.</i></h2></div>
-
-
-<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza">
- <div class="verse">Insita naturæ nostræ sitis illa iuuandi</div>
- <div class="verse indent2">Ignauum vitæ desidis odit iter.</div>
- <div class="verse">Parca cibi, saturata fame, deuota labori,</div>
- <div class="verse indent2">Prodiga nocturni luminis vrget opus.</div>
- <div class="verse">Quod, simul ac lucis patiens fore viderit, edit</div>
- <div class="verse indent2">Inde licet multo plena timore gemat.</div>
- <div class="verse">Pœnitet emissam per mille pericula prolem,</div>
- <div class="verse indent2">Quæ poterat patriæ tuta latere domi.</div>
- <div class="verse2">Iudicium[que] timens alieni pallida iuris</div>
- <div class="verse indent2">Omine spem lædit deteriore suam.</div>
- <div class="verse">Sed sine sole nequit viui, prodire necesse est,</div>
- <div class="verse indent2">Cura[que] quod peperit publica, iura vocant.</div>
- <div class="verse">Fortunæ credenda salus, quam prouida virtus</div>
- <div class="verse indent2">Quam patris æterni dextera magna regit.</div>
- <div class="verse">Sic sua Neptuno committit vela furenti</div>
- <div class="verse indent2">Spem solam in medijs docta phaselus aquis.</div>
- <div class="verse">Sic mihi spes maior, cui res cum gente Deorum,</div>
- <div class="verse indent2">Quæ certo dubijs numine rebus adest.</div>
- <div class="verse">Perge igitur, sorti[que] tuæ te crede, parentis</div>
- <div class="verse indent2">Tessera parue liber prima future tui.</div>
- <div class="verse">Et quia, quà perges, hominum liberrima de te</div>
- <div class="verse indent2">Iudicia in medijs experiere vijs,</div><span class="pagenum" id="Page_x">x</span>
- <div class="verse">Quidnam quis[que] notet, quidnam desideret in te,</div>
- <div class="verse indent2">Quo possim in reliquis cautior esse, refer.</div>
- <div class="verse">Interea veniam supplex vtrique precare,</div>
- <div class="verse indent2">Nam meus error erat, qui tuus error erit.</div>
- <div class="verse">Qui neutrius erit, cum, quis sit, sensero, quippe</div>
- <div class="verse indent2">Nullum in correcto crimine crimen erit.</div>
- <div class="verse">Ergo tuæ partes, quæ sint errata, referre:</div>
- <div class="verse indent2">Emendare, mei cura laboris erit.</div>
- <div class="verse">Nam[que] rei nouitas nulli tentata priorum</div>
- <div class="verse indent2">Hac ipsa, qua tu progrediere, via,</div>
- <div class="verse">Vtri[que] errores multos, lapsus[que]; minatur,</div>
- <div class="verse indent2">Quos cum resciero, num superesse sinam?</div>
- <div class="verse">Cui tam chara mei lectoris amica voluntas,</div>
- <div class="verse indent2">Vt deleta illi displicitura velim.</div>
-</div></div></div>
-
-<p class="right"><big><i>R. M.</i></big></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter_spaced">
-<img src="images/i_px.jpg" alt="Decoration" />
-</div>
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xi">xi</span></p>
-
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_pxi.jpg" alt="Decoration" />
-</div>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_ARGVMEMTES_HANDLED">THE ARGVMEMTES HANDLED<br />
-
-<small>IN EVERY PARTICVLAR TITLE</small>.</h2>
-</div>
-
-<div class="small">
-<p class="center"><a href="#FIRST_CHAPTER">Cap. 1.</a></p>
-
-<p>The entrie to the Positions, conteining the occasion of this present discourse,
-and the causes why it was penned in English. (<a href="#Page_1">P. 1.</a>)</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_2">Cap. 2.</a></p>
-
-<p>Wherfore these Positions serue, what they be, and how necessarie it was to
-begin at them. (<a href="#Page_4">P. 4.</a>)</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_3">Cap. 3.</a></p>
-
-<p>Of what force circunstance is in matters of action, and how warily authorities
-be to be vsed, where the contemplatiue reason receiues the check of the actiue
-circunstance, if they be not well applyed. Of the alledging of authours. (<a href="#Page_8">P. 8.</a>)</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_4">Cap. 4.</a></p>
-
-<p>What time were best for the childe to begin to learne. What matters some
-of the best writers handle eare they determine this question. Of letes and
-libertie, whervnto the parentes are subiect in setting their children to schoole.
-Of the difference of wittes and bodies in children. That exercise must be
-ioyned with the booke, as the schooling of the bodie. (<a href="#Page_14">P. 14.</a>)</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_5">Cap. 5.</a></p>
-
-<p>What thinges they be, wherein children are to be trained, eare they passe to
-the Grammar. That parentes, and maisters ought to examine the naturall
-abilities in children, whereby they become either fit, or vnfit, to this, or that
-kinde of life. The three naturall powers in children, Witte to conceiue by,
-Memorie to retaine by, Discretion to discerne by. That the training vp to
-good manners, and nurture, doth not belong to the teacher alone, though most
-to him, next after the parent, whose charge that is most, bycause his commaundement
-is greatest, ouer his owne childe, and beyond appeale. Of
-Reading, Writing, Drawing, Musicke by voice, and instrument: and that they
-be the principall principles, to traine vp the minde in. A generall aunswere
-to all obiections, which arise against any, or all of these. (<a href="#Page_25">P. 25.</a>)
-</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xii">xii</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_6">Cap. 6.</a></p>
-
-<p>Of exercises and training the body. How necessarie a thing exercise is.
-What health is, and how it is maintained: what sicknesse is, how it commeth,
-and how it is preuented. What a parte exercise playeth in the maintenaunce
-of health. Of the student and his health. That all exercises though they
-stirre some one parte most, yet helpe the whole bodie. (<a href="#Page_40">P. 40.</a>)</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_7">Cap. 7.</a></p>
-
-<p>The braunching, order, and methode, kept in this discourse of exercises.
-(<a href="#Page_49">P. 49.</a>)</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_8">Cap. 8.</a></p>
-
-<p>Of exercise in generall, and what it is. And that it is Athleticall for games,
-Martiall for the fielde, Physicall for health, preparatiue before, postparatiue
-after the standing exercise: some within dores, for foule whether, some without
-for faire. (<a href="#Page_51">P. 51.</a>)</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_9">Cap. 9.</a></p>
-
-<p>Of the particular exercises. Why I do appoint so manie, and how to iudge
-of them, or to deuise the like. (<a href="#Page_54">P. 54.</a>)</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_10">Cap. 10.</a></p>
-
-<p>Of lowd speaking. How necessarie, and how proper an exercise it is for a
-scholer. (<a href="#Page_55">P. 55.</a>)</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_11">Cap. 11.</a></p>
-
-<p>Of lowd singing, and in what degree it commeth to be one of the exercises.
-(<a href="#Page_59">P. 59.</a>)</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_12">Cap. 12.</a></p>
-
-<p>Of lowde, and soft reading. (<a href="#Page_60">P. 60.</a>)</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_13">Cap. 13.</a></p>
-
-<p>Of much talking and silence. (<a href="#Page_62">P. 62.</a>)</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_14">Cap. 14.</a></p>
-
-<p>Of laughing, and weeping. And whether children be to be forced toward
-vertue and learning. (<a href="#Page_63">P. 63.</a>)</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_15">Cap. 15.</a></p>
-
-<p>Of holding the breath. (<a href="#Page_68">P. 68.</a>)</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_16">Cap. 16.</a></p>
-
-<p>Of daunsing, why it is blamed, and how deliuered from blame. (<a href="#Page_72">P. 72.</a>)</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_17">Cap. 17.</a></p>
-
-<p>Of wrastling. (<a href="#Page_76">P. 76.</a>)</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_18">Cap. 18.</a></p>
-
-<p>Of fensing, or the vse of the weapon. (<a href="#Page_78">P. 78.</a>)
-</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xiii">xiii</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_19">Cap. 19.</a></p>
-
-<p>Of the Top, and scourge. (<a href="#Page_80">P. 80.</a>)</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_20">Cap. 20.</a></p>
-
-<p>Of walking. (<a href="#Page_82">P. 82.</a>)</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_21">Cap. 21.</a></p>
-
-<p>Of running. (<a href="#Page_89">P. 89.</a>)</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_22">Cap. 22.</a></p>
-
-<p>Of leaping. (<a href="#Page_92">P. 92.</a>)</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_23">Cap. 23.</a></p>
-
-<p>Of swimming. (<a href="#Page_94">P. 94.</a>)</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_24">Cap. 24.</a></p>
-
-<p>Of riding. (<a href="#Page_96">P. 96.</a>)</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_25">Cap. 25.</a></p>
-
-<p>Of hunting. (<a href="#Page_98">P. 98.</a>)</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_26">Cap. 26.</a></p>
-
-<p>Of shooting. (<a href="#Page_101">P. 101.</a>)</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_27">Cap. 27.</a></p>
-
-<p>Of the ball. (<a href="#Page_103">P. 103.</a>)</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_28">Cap. 28.</a></p>
-
-<p>Of the circumstances, which are to be considered in exercise. (<a href="#Page_108">P. 108.</a>)</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_29">Cap. 29.</a></p>
-
-<p>The nature and qualitie of the exercise. (<a href="#Page_109">P. 109.</a>)</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_30">Cap. 30.</a></p>
-
-<p>Of the bodies which are to be exercised. (<a href="#Page_110">P. 110.</a>)</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_31">Cap. 31.</a></p>
-
-<p>Of the exercising places. (<a href="#Page_114">P. 114.</a>)</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_32">Cap. 32.</a></p>
-
-<p>Of the exercising time. (<a href="#Page_115">P. 115.</a>)</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_33">Cap. 33.</a></p>
-
-<p>Of the quantitie that is to be kept in exercise. (<a href="#Page_118">P. 118.</a>)</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_34">Cap. 34.</a></p>
-
-<p>Of the manner of exercising. (<a href="#Page_122">P. 122.</a>)</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_35">Cap. 35.</a></p>
-
-<p>An aduertisement to the training master. Why both the teaching of the
-minde and the training of the bodie be assigned to the same master. The
-inconueniences which ensue, where the bodie and the soule be made particular
-subiectes to seuerall professions. That who so will execute any thing well,
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xiv">xiv</span>must of force be fully resolued, in the excellencie of his owne subiect. Out of
-what kinde of writers the exercising maister maie store himselfe with cunning.
-That the first groundes would be laide by the cunningest workeman. That
-priuate discretion in any executour is of more efficacie, then his skill. (<a href="#Page_124">P. 124.</a>)</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_36">Cap. 36.</a></p>
-
-<p>That both yong boyes, and yong maidens are to be put to learne. Whether
-all boyes be to be set to schoole. That to many learned be burdenous: to
-few to bare: wittes well sorted ciuill: missorted seditious. That all may
-learne to write and reade without daunger. The good of choice, the ill of
-confusion. The children which are set to learne hauing either rich or poore
-freindes, what order and choice is to be vsed in admitting either of them to
-learne. Of the time to chuse. (P. <a href="#Page_133">133.</a>)</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_37">Cap. 37.</a></p>
-
-<p>The meanes to restraine the ouerflowing multitude of scholers. The cause
-why euery one desireth, to haue his childe learned, and yet must yeilde ouer
-his owne desire to the disposition of his countrie. That necessitie and choice
-be the best restrainers. That necessitie restraineth by lacke and law. Why
-it may be admitted that all may learne to writ and reade that can, but no
-further. What is to be thought of the speaking and vnderstanding of latine,
-and in what degree of learning that is. That considering our time, and the
-state of religion in our time law must needes helpe this restraint, with the
-aunswere to such obiections as are made to the contrarie. That in choice of
-wittes, which must deale with learning, that wit is fittest for our state which
-aunswereth best the monarchie, and how such a wit is to be knowne. That
-choice is to helpe in schooling, in admission into colledges, in proceding to
-degrees, in preferring to liuings, where the right and wrong of all the foure
-pointes be handled at full. (P. <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.)</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_38">Cap. 38.</a></p>
-
-<p>That yong maindens are to be set to learning, which is proued by the
-custome of our countrie, by our duetie towardes them, by their naturall
-abilitie, and by the worthie effectes of such, as haue bene well trained. The
-ende whereunto their education serueth, which is the cause why and how
-much they learne. Which of them are to learne. When they are to beginne
-to learne: What and how much they may learne. Of whom and where they
-ought to be taught. (P. <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.)</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_39">Cap. 39.</a></p>
-
-<p>Of the training vp of yong gentlemen. Of priuate and publike education,
-with their generall goodes and illes. That there is no better way for gentlemen
-to be trained by in any respect, then the common is, being well appointed.
-Of rich mens children, which be no gentlemen. Of nobilitie in generall. Of
-gentlemanly exercises. What it is to be a nobleman or a gentleman. That
-infirmities in noble houses be not to be triumphed ouer. The causes and
-groundes of nobilitie. Why so many desire to be gentlemen. That gentlemen
-ought to professe learning, and liberall sciences for many good and honorable
-effectes. Of trauelin into forraine contries, with all the braunches,
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xv">xv</span>allowance and disallowance thereof: and that it were to be wished that gentlemen
-would professe, to make sciences liberall in vse, which are liberall in name.
-Of the training vp of a yong prince. (P. <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.)</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_40">Cap. 40.</a></p>
-
-<p>Of the generall place and time of education. Publike places elementarie,
-grammaticall, collegiat. Of bourding of children abroad from their parentes
-howses: and whether that be the best. The vse and commoditie of a large
-and well situate training place. Observations to be kept in the generall time.
-(P. <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.)</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_41">Cap. 41.</a></p>
-
-<p>Of teachers and trainers in generall: and that they be either Elementarie,
-Grammatticall, or Academicall. Of the elementarie teachers abilitie and
-entertainement: of the grammer maisters abilitie and his entertainement. A
-meane to haue both excellent teachers and cunning professours in all kindes of
-learning: by the diuision of colledges according to professions: by sorting
-like yeares into the same rowmes: by bettering the studentes allowance and
-liuing: by prouiding and maintaining notable well learned readers. That for
-bringing learning forward in her right and best course, there would be seuen
-ordinarie ascending colledges for tounges, for mathematikes, for philosophie,
-for teachers, for physicians, for lawyers, for diuines. And that the generall
-studie of law, would be but one studie. Euery of these pointes with his particular
-proufes sufficient for a position. Of the admission of teachers. (P. <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.)</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_42">Cap. 42.</a></p>
-
-<p>How long the childe is to continew in the elementarie, eare he passe to the
-toungues and grammer. The incurable infirmities which posting haste maketh
-in the whole course of studie. How necessarie a thing sufficient time is for a
-scholer. (P. <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.)</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_43">Cap. 43.</a></p>
-
-<p>How to cut of most inconueniences wherewith schooles and scholers,
-masters and parentes be in our schooling now most troubled: whereof there
-be too meanes, vniformitie in teaching and publishing of schoole orders.
-That vniformitie in teaching hath for companions dispatch in learning and
-sparing of expenses. Of the abbridging of the number of bookes. Of curtesie
-and correction. Of schoole faultes. Of friendlines betwene parentes and
-maisters. (P. <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.)</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_44">Cap. 44.</a></p>
-
-<p>That conference betwene those which haue interest in children: Certaintie
-of direction in places where children vse most: and Constancie in well
-keeping that, which is certainely appointed, be the most profitable circunstances
-both for vertuous mannering and cunning schooling. (P. <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.)
-</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xvi">xvi</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_45">Cap. 45.</a></p>
-
-<p>The peroration, wherein the summe of the whole booke is recapitulated and
-proofes vsed, that this enterprise was first to be begon by Positions, and that
-these be the most proper to this purpose. A request concerning the well
-taking of that which is so well meant. (P. <a href="#Page_292">292</a>.)</p>
-</div>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-
-<div class="center small">
-<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
-<tr>
- <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#FIRST_CHAPTER">Chapter 1</a></span>——</td>
- <td align="right"><small>PAGE</small></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td> &nbsp; &nbsp;</td>
- <td align="left">Author aims at improving Schools</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_2">2</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Why he writes in English</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_2">Chapter 2</a></span>——</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Settling first Principles</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">The three Stages of Learning</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">The first Stage chosen</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Matters to be discussed</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_3">Chapter 3</a></span>——</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Mistake of neglecting Circumstance</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Consideration of Circumstance</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">The Realm of Circumstance</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Authority affected by Circumstance</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Use of previous writers</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Right Reason the best Authority</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Truth no Respecter of Persons</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_4">Chapter 4</a></span>——</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">The Ideal and the Possible</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">What Parents want</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">At what age should schooling begin?</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Circumstances limit choice</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Against forcing young wits</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Powers of mind and body</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Father must decide Care of the body</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Parents’ duty in training the body</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Meet schoolroom stillness by regulated exercise</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Parents must consult with Schoolmaster</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_5">Chapter 5</a></span>——</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Discerning of ingenerate abilities</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Measure of ripeness in soul or body</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Three Powers: Perception, Memory, Judgment</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Morals the care of Parents and Teachers</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Instruction before Grammar Age. Reading</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Reading English before Latin</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Rote for Youth: Reason for Years. English</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Writing invented before Reading</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Skill in Writing: its value for the child</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Write English hand first. Drawing</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Value of Drawing. Painting?</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Music</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Music good for mind and body</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Objections to Music answered</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">For child reading, writing, drawing, music</td>
- <td align="right">39
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xvii">xvii</span></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_6">Chapter 6</a></span>——</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Training needed for both body and mind</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Bodily exercise needed by student</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Exercise and health</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">What is health and sickness?</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Dangers to health of the body</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Use of exercise The Student</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Parents’ and Masters’ parts</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Parts of the body and their train</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Heart, liver, brain, &amp;c.</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Exercises for the various parts</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_7">Chapter 7</a></span>——</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Four Points to be treated of</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_8">Chapter 8</a></span>——</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Exercise athletical</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Exercise martial</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Exercise for health</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_9">Chapter 9</a></span>——</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">The particular exercises chosen</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Defence of the choice</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_10">Chapter 10</a></span>——</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Loud speaking</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Good effects of loud speaking</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Cautions in loud speaking</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Recitations</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_11">Chapter 11</a></span>——</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Music and health</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Music and health</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_12">Chapter 12</a></span>——</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Reading aloud</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Reading aloud approved by Ancients</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Soft Reading</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_13">Chapter 13</a></span>——</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Talking</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_14">Chapter 14</a></span>——</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Laughing. Weeping</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Laughing and weeping as exercises</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Weeping no Exercise</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Keep the Young in awe</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_15">Chapter 15</a></span>——</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Soundness of Wind</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Use of holding the Breath</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Effects of holding the Breath</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Cautions</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_16">Chapter 16</a></span>——</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Defence of Dancing</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Dancing: its use and misuse</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Kinds and causes of Dancing</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Ancient and modern Dancing</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_17">Chapter 17</a></span>——</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Kinds of Wrestling</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Cautions to Wrestlers</td>
- <td align="right">77
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xviii">xviii</span></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_18">Chapter 18</a></span>——</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Kinds of Fencing. The Ancients</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Counsels for Fencing</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_19">Chapter 19</a></span>——</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Tops ancient and modern</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Use both Hands alike. Plato quoted</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_20">Chapter 20</a></span>——</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Walking commonest and best for health</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Kinds of Walking</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Kinds of Walking and their effects</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Walking up and down hill, &amp;c.</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Choice of place: by the sea, &amp;c.</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Times of Walking</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_88">88</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_21">Chapter 21</a></span>——</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Running, its importance</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Vehement Running unhealthy</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Moderate Running. Running backwards, &amp;c.</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_22">Chapter 22</a></span>——</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Of Leaping</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Kinds of Leaping. Spartan women</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Leaping. Skipping</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_23">Chapter 23</a></span>——</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Of Swimming</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Swimming: where best</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Swimming in salt water</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_24">Chapter 24</a></span>——</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Riding, ancient and modern</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Trotting: Ambling: Posting</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_25">Chapter 25</a></span>——</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Hunting combines all exercises</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Hunting on horseback and on foot</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_26">Chapter 26</a></span>——</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Shooting practised in Islands</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Archery <i>v.</i> Hunting. Ascham</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Prince Arthur’s Knights</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_103">103</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_27">Chapter 27</a></span>——</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Ball games ancient and modern. Handball</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Handball and Football</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Football and Armball</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Why some classic games are left out</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_28">Chapter 28</a></span>——</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Rules must vary in practice</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_29">Chapter 29</a></span>——</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Galen’s triple division</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_30">Chapter 30</a></span>——</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Diseases are of three kinds</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">When exercise helps in disease</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Exercises for the weak and old</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Exercise according to state of the body</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_31">Chapter 31</a></span>——</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Place for exercise</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_114">114</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Pure air</td>
- <td align="right">115
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xix">xix</span></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_32">Chapter 32</a></span>——</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Time of exercise</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Times according to Hippocrates, &amp;c.</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Time for exercise and meals</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Morning best</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_33">Chapter 33</a></span>——</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Limits in exercise</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Limits. Strong and weak. Old and young</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Time of year. Condition of the body</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Kind of life</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_34">Chapter 34</a></span>——</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Rubbing the body</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Practice of the Ancients</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_123">123</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_35">Chapter 35</a></span>——</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Same trainer for body and mind</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">The Divine and the Physician</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Against specialising</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Trainer to magnify his office</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_127">127</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Praise of health. Trainer’s knowledge</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_128">128</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Physician the Trainer’s Friend</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Importance of Groundwork</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Discretion in applying Knowledge</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Art general; Discretion particular</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_36">Chapter 36</a></span>——</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Boys and girls. Boys first</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Train tests wit. Is school for all?</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Danger from too many learned</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">This danger universally admitted</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Evils from too few learned. Choice</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Sorting of wits. Dangers from misplacement</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Reading and writing for all. Rich and poor scholars</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Middle sort best for learning</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">School not for all. Choosing</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_37">Chapter 37</a></span>——</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">All parents would have children learned</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">The Country must decide</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Necessity a good restraint</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_144">144</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Number of scholars kept down by law</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_145">145</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Private opinion must yield to public</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">The poor and the rich</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Fewer bookmen needed since Reformation</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_148">148</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">A learned paucity. Choice</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Right choice in a monarchy</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Ideal monarchy scholar</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">His patience with masters and comrades</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Less clear cases. Master first chooser</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Against early choice. Some dullards kept</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Schoolmaster and parent</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_155">155</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">The same. Colleges not almshouses</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Evils from bad elections</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Catchers in Colleges</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">College factions warned</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Influence of the great misused by the little</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Abuse of patronage</td>
- <td align="right">161
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xx">xx</span></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Bursuries. Degrees gained by favour</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_162">162</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Daws as peacocks</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_163">163</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Evils ensuing. Livings</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_164">164</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Preferment to livings</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_165">165</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Professions overcrowded</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_166">166</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_38">Chapter 38</a></span>——</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Teaching of girls</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_166">166</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Four reasons. First, English custom</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_167">167</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Second, Our duty</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_168">168</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Physical education of girls</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_169">169</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Third, Girls’ natural towardness</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_170">170</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Fourth, Good results accruing</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Plutarch, &amp;c., about women</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Panegyric of Queen Elizabeth</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Limits. Learning allowed</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Choice, as with boys</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Studies for girls. Reading</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Writing. Music. Housewifery</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Learning suited to station</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">How much?</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Professions denied. Drawing allowed</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Languages, &amp;c. To what age?</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_181">181</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Where? and by whom?</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_39">Chapter 39</a></span>——</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Need of train in women and in gentlemen</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Public training best for gentlemen. Private</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Private education and public</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Disadvantages of private training</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_186">186</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">The same</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">The same</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_188">188</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Why prefer private to public?</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_189">189</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Public school with a private tutor</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Public schools and private</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_191">191</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Studies of a gentleman</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Gentlemen. The new rich</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">The new rich</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_194">194</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Noblesse oblige</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">What makes the gentleman</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_196">196</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Nobility and gentry</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_197">197</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">“As they be true gentlemen”</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_198">198</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Virtues not tied to the person</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_199">199</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Noble and gentle</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_200">200</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Learning useful to noblemen</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">A wise counsellor</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">The Divine</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">The lawyer and the physician</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_204">204</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Apes</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_205">205</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">What is needed for the gentleman</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_206">206</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">The same</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_207">207</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Travelling beyond sea</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_208">208</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Travel not necessary</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_209">209</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Against foreign travel</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_210">210</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">The same</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_211">211</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Women do not travel. Queen Elizabeth</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_212">212</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Socrates. Plato on travel</td>
- <td align="right">213
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxi">xxi</span></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Plato’s traveller</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">His treatment on return</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_215">215</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Plato’s reception of foreigners</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_216">216</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Doubts about travel</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_217">217</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Gentlemen and the professions</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_218">218</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Gentlemen’s advantages</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_219">219</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Must not be smatterers. Princes</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_220">220</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Training of a Prince. Elizabeth</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_221">221</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_40">Chapter 40</a></span>——</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Three stages of school education</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_222">222</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">School building: 1, superior; 2, primary</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_223">223</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">3, Secondary. Buildings and hours</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_224">224</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Boarding schools, pro and con</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_225">225</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Grammar schools in suburbs</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_226">226</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Master’s pay dependent on diligence</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_227">227</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Changing schools. Master’s pay</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_228">228</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Moving schools out of towns</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_229">229</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">School buildings. Times</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_230">230</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Hours best for study and play</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_231">231</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_41">Chapter 41</a></span>——</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Same trainer for mind and body</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_232">232</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Elementary master most important</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_233">233</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Pay elementary master highest</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_234">234</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Grammar master and his pay</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Good masters stopt by bad pay</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_236">236</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Teacher’s training. University reform</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_237">237</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">A college for tongues</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_238">238</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">A college for mathematics?</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_239">239</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Tongues too much thought of. Ascham</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_240">240</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Sir J. Cheeke on Cambridge mathematics</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Talking Latin. Mathematics</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_242">242</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">College for Philosophy</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_243">243</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Study of words. Necessity of mathematics</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Philo and Aristotle</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_245">245</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Mathematics studied by Ancients</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_246">246</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Mathematics and Philosophy</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_247">247</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Law Reform. Training College</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_248">248</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Use of the seven colleges</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_249">249</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Sorting by age. Uniting of colleges</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">University Readers</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_251">251</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">University Reform. Readerships</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">The same</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_253">253</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Learned Professors needed</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_254">254</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Admission of teachers</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_255">255</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_42">Chapter 42</a></span>——</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Against forcing</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_256">256</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Ills from haste</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_257">257</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Degrees taken too young</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_258">258</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Over-hasting. Vives</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_259">259</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Value of time</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_260">260</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Limit of elementary course</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_261">261</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_43">Chapter 43</a></span>——</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Schoolmasters’ troubles. Melanchthon</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_262">262</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Want of uniformity</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_263">263</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Proposal of common scheme</td>
- <td align="right">264
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxii">xxii</span></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Able and ordinary teachers</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_265">265</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Gains from uniformity</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_266">266</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Changing schools. The common Grammar</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_267">267</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Too many school books</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_268">268</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Choice of books. Chrestomathies</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_269">269</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">The same. No poetic fury</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_270">270</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Profit from uniformity</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_271">271</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Mulcaster will write himself</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_272">272</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Printed rules of hours, punishments, &amp;c.</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_273">273</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Parents and punishments</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_274">274</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Monitors. The rod needed</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_275">275</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">The rod</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_276">276</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Socrates. Plato. Xenophon</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_277">277</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Coat story in Cyropædeia</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_278">278</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Tarif of stripes</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_279">279</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Great offences. Master’s age</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_280">280</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Master’s calling</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_281">281</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_44">Chapter 44</a></span>——</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Confer with parents</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_281">281</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Conference with neighbours</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_282">282</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Teachers and neighbours</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_283">283</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Teachers and parents. Xenophon</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_284">284</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Conference of teachers</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_285">285</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">The same. Certainty in direction</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_286">286</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Certainty at school and at home</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_287">287</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Certainty at home and at Church</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_288">288</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Advantage from certainty. Constancy</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_289">289</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Discretion in change</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_290">290</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Summing up</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_291">291</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_45">Chapter 45</a></span>——</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Plan of this book</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_292">292</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Author’s intention</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_293">293</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Reason of his prolixity</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_294">294</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">His choice of subject</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_295">295</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Advantage of ideal</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_296">296</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Why girls’ training is treated of</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <td></td>
- <td align="left">Wishes</td>
- <td align="right"><a href="#Page_298">298</a></td>
-</tr>
-</table></div>
-
-
-<div class="figcenter_spaced">
-<img src="images/i_pxxii.jpg" alt="Decoration" />
-</div>
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">1</span></p>
-
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_p001a.jpg" alt="Decoration" />
-</div>
-
-
-<p class="half-title">POSITIONS CONCERNING</p>
-
-<p class="center"><small>THE</small></p>
-
-<p class="center"><span class="p11">TRAINING VP OF CHILDREN.</span></p>
-
-<hr class="small" />
-
-<h2 class="nobreak" id="FIRST_CHAPTER">FIRST CHAPTER.<br />
-
-<small>THE ENTRIE TO THE POSITIONS,</small></h2>
-
-<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Conteining the occasion of this present discourse, and
-the causes why it was penned in english</span>.</p></div>
-
-
-<div>
- <img class="drop-cap" src="images/w.jpg" alt="" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap"><span class="smcap">Whosoever</span> shall consider with any
-iudgement the maner of training vp
-children, which we vse generally within
-this Realme cannot but wish, that the
-thing were bettered, as I my selfe do:
-though I do not thinke it good here to
-displaie the particular defectes, bycause
-I am in hope to see them healed, without
-any so sharp a rehersall, (“for the error being once graunted
-and well knowen straight way craueth helpe without aggrauation,
-and that way in helping must needes be most
-gracious, which the partie helped confesseth least greiuouse.”)
-If I should discouer all those inconueniences, wherby
-parentes and maisters, teachers and learners, do but enterchaunge
-displeasures, if I should rip vp those difficulties,
-wherby the traine it selfe, and bringing vp of children is
-maruellously empeached, I might reuiue great gaules, and
-euen therby worse remedie the greifes. And though I
-remedied them yet the partie pacient might beare in minde,
-how churlishly he was cured, and though he payed well for<span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">2</span>
-the healing, yet be ill apayd for the handling. Wherefore
-in helping thinges, that be amisse I do take that to be the
-aduisedest way, which saueth the man, and sowreth not
-the meane. If without quoting the quarrelles, I set down
-that right, whervnto I am led, vpon reasonable grounds,
-that it is both the best, and most within compasse, the
-wrong by comparison is furthwith bewraied, and the chek
-giuen without anie chiding.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The occasion of this discourse.</div>
-
-<p>I haue taught in publike without interrupting my course,
-now two and twentie yeares, and haue alwaie
-had a very great charge vnder my hand, which
-how I haue discharged, they can best iudge of
-me, which will iudge without me. During which time
-both by that, which I haue seene in teaching so long, and
-by that which I haue tryed, in training vp so many, I do
-well perceiue, vpon such lettes, as both my selfe am subiect
-vnto, and other teachers no lesse then I, that neither I
-haue don so much as I might, neither any of them so much
-as they could. Which lettes me thinke I haue both learned,
-what they be, and withall conceiued the meane, how to get
-them remoued. Wherby both I and all other maie do
-much more good, then either I or anie other heretofore
-haue don. Wherin as I meane to deale for the common
-good, so must I appeal to the common curtesie, that my
-good will maie be well thought of, though my good hope
-do not hit right. For I do but that, which is set free to all,
-to vtter in publike a priuate conceit, and to claime kindnes
-of all, for good will ment vnto all: as I my selfe am ready
-both freindly and fauorably, to esteme of others, who shall
-enterprise the like, requiring euery one, which shall vse my
-trauell, either as a reader, to peruse, or as a reaper to profit,
-that he will think well of me, which may cause him allow:
-or if he do not, that yet he will be sorie for me, that so
-good a meaning had so meane an issue.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Why it is penned in English.</div>
-
-<p>I do write in my naturall English toungue, bycause
-though I make the learned my iudges, which
-vnderstand Latin, yet I meane good to the
-vnlearned, which vnderstand but English. And
-better it is for the learned to forbeare Latin, which they neede
-not then for the vnlearned to haue it, which they know not.
-By the English both shall see, what I say, by Latin but
-the one, which were some wrong, where both haue great
-interest, and the vnlearned the greater, bycause the vn<span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">3</span>learned
-haue not any but only such English helpes, the
-learned can fetch theirs from the same fountaines, whence
-I fetch mine. My meaning is principally to helpe mine
-owne countrie, whose language will helpe me, to be vnderstood
-of them, whom I would perswade: to get some
-thankes of them, for my good will to do well: to purchace
-pardon of them, if my good will do not well. The parentes
-and freindes with whom I haue to deale, be mostwhat no
-latinistes: and if they were, yet we vnderstand that tongue
-best, whervnto we are first borne, as our first impression is
-alwaie in English, before we do deliuer it in Latin. And
-in perswading a knowen good by an vnknowen waie, are
-we not to cal vnto vs, all the helpes that we can, to be
-thoroughly vnderstood? He that vnderstands no Latin
-can vnderstand English, and he that vnderstands Latin
-very well, can vnderstand English farre better, if he will
-confesse the trueth, though he thinke he haue the habite
-and can Latin it exceading well. When mine argument
-shall require Latin, as it will eare long, I will not then
-spare it, in the degree, that I haue it, but till it do, I will
-serue my countrie that waie, which I do surely thinke will
-proue most intelligible vnto her. For though the argument,
-which is dedicate to learning, and must therfore of
-force vse the termes of learning: which be mysteries to
-the multitude, maie seeme to offer some darkness and
-difficultie in that point: yet it is to be construed, that the
-thing it selfe must be presented in her owne colours, which
-the learned can discry, at the first blush, as of their acquaintance,
-who must be spoken to in their owne kinde: as the
-vnlearned must be content to enquire, bycause we straine
-our termes to haue them intitled. And yet, in all my drift,
-for all my faire promise, I dare warrant my countrie no
-more, then probabilitie doth me, which if it deceiue me,
-yet I haue it to leane vnto, and perhaps of such pith, as
-might easely haue beguiled a wiser man then me. But till
-I proue beguiled, I will dwell in hope, that I am not, to
-deliuer my minde with the better courage, and therby to
-shew that I thinke my selfe right. For the greatest enemy,
-that can be to any wel meaning conceit is, to mistrust his
-own power, and to dispaire of his good speede where happy
-fortune makes euident shew.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">4</span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_2">CHAPTER 2.</h2>
-
-<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Wherfore these positions serve, what they be, and how
-necessarie it was to begin at them.</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">My</span> purpose is to helpe the hole trade of teaching,
-euen from the very first foundation: that is, not
-only the Grammarian, and what shall follow afterward,
-but also the Elementarie, which is the verie infantes
-train, from his first entrie, vntill he be thought fit to passe
-thence to the Grammar schoole. My labour then beginning
-so low, am I not to follow the president of such writers, as
-in the like argumentes, haue vsed the like methode? The
-maner of proceding which the best learned authors do vse,
-in those argumentes, which both for the matter be of most
-credit, and for the maner of best accompt, kepeth alwaie
-such a currant, as they at the first laie downe certaine
-groundes, wherin both they and their readers, whether
-scholers onely, or iudges alone, do resolutely agree. Which
-consent enureth to this effect, that they maie therby either
-directly passe thorough to their ende without empeachment:
-or else if any difficulty do arise in the way, they
-may easely compound it, by retiring themselues to those
-primitiue groundes. The Mathematicall, which is counted
-the best maister of sound methode, of whome all other
-sciences do borrow their order, and way in teaching well,
-eare he passe to any either probleme or theoreme, setts
-downe certaine definitions, certaine demaundes, certaine
-naturall and necessarie confessions, which being agreed on,
-betwen him and his learner, he proceedeth on to the
-greatest conclusions in his hole profession, as those which
-be acquainted with <i>Euclide</i> and his friendes, do verie wel
-know. Wil the naturall philosopher medle with his maine
-subject, before he haue handled his first principles, matter,
-forme, priuation, motion, time, place, infinitie, vacuitie, and
-such other, whervnto <i>Aristotle</i> hath dedicated eight whole
-bookes? What shall I neede to take more paines in
-rehersall of any other writer, whether Lawyer, Physician,
-or any else, which entreateth of his peculiar argument
-learnedly, to prooue that I am first to plant by positions,
-seeing the verie diuine himselfe, marcheth on of this foote
-and groundeth his religion vpon principles of beleefe? I
-professe my selfe to be a scholer, wherby I do know this<span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">5</span>
-methode, which the learned do kepe, and I deale with an
-argument, which must needes at the first be verie nicely
-entertained, till proofe giue it credit, what countenaunce
-soeuer hope maie seeme to lend it, in the meane while. I
-maie therefore seeme to deale against mine owne knowledge,
-if I do not fortifie myselfe with such helpes, as vpon
-probable reason, maie first purchace their owne standing,
-and being themselues staid in place of liking maie helpe
-vp all the reste.</p>
-
-<p>I am specially to further two degrees in learning, first
-the Elementarie which stretcheth from the time that the
-child is to be set to do any thing, till he be remoued to his
-Grammar: then the Grammarian, while the child doth
-continew, in the schoole of language, and learned tounges,
-till he be remoued for his ripenes, to some Vniuersitie:
-which two pointes be both of great moment.</p>
-
-<p>For the Elementarie: Bycause sufficiency in the child,
-before he passe thence, helpes the hole course of the after
-studie, and insufficiencie skipping from thence to soone,
-makes a very weake sequele. For as sufficient time there,
-without to much hast, to post from thence to timely,
-draweth on the residew of the schoole degrees, in their best
-beseeming time, and in the ende sendeth abroade sufficient
-men for the seruice of their countrie: so to hedlong hast
-scouring thence to swiftly at the first, (for all that it
-seemeth so petie a thing,) in perpetuall infirmity of matter,
-procureth also to much childishnes in yeares to be then in
-place, when iudgement with skill, and ripenes with gray-haires
-should carie the contenaunce. And is not this
-pointe then to be well proyned, where hast is such a foe,
-and ripenes such a freind? Where pushing forward at the
-first before maturitie bid on, will still force that, which
-followeth till at the last it marre all?</p>
-
-<p>For the Grammarian: As it is a thing not vnseemely for
-me to deale in, being my selfe a teacher, so is it verie
-profitable for my countrie to heare of, which in great
-varietie of teaching doth seeme to call for some vniforme
-waie. And to haue her youth well directed in the tounges,
-which are the waies to wisdome, the lodges of learning,
-the harbours of humanitie, the deliuerers of diuinitie, the
-treasuries of all store, to furnish out all knowledge in the
-cunning, and all iudgement in the wise, can it be but well
-taken, if it be well perfourmed? or can it but deserue some<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">6</span>
-freindly excuse, yea though good will want good successe?
-If occasion fitly offered by the waie, cause me attempt any
-further thing then either of these two, though I may seeme
-to be beside my schoole, yet my trust is that I shal not
-seeme to be beside my selfe.</p>
-
-<p>Now then dealing with these matters which appertaine
-to men, and must be allowed of men, if they deserue
-allowance, or wil be reiected by them if they seeme not to
-be sound, whether haue I neede to procede with consent
-or no? For what if some shall thinke their penny good
-siluer, and will not admit mine offer? neither receiue
-teaching at the hand of so meane a controwler? what if
-some other graunt, that there is some thing amisse in
-deede, but that my deuise is no meane to amend it? what
-if disdaine do worke me discredit, and why should he take
-vpon him? A petie companion, I confesse, but till some
-better do deale, why may not my petinesse fullwell take
-place? And if the ware which I do bring, proue marchandable,
-why may I not make shew, and offer it to
-sale? Such instances and obiections wilbe offered, with
-whom seeing I am like to encounter, why ought I not at
-the first to resolue those, which will relent at the voice
-of reason? and so entreat the other, which make more
-deintie, to be drawen on, as my deutie being discharged
-towardes the thing, by argumentes, towardes them, by
-curtesie, if there be any strayning afterwardes themselues
-may be in fault?</p>
-
-<p>But bycause I must applie my positions to some one
-ground, I haue chosen the Elementarie, and him rather
-then the Grammarian: for that the Elementarie is the
-verie lowest and first to be dealt with, and the circunstances
-being well applyed vnto him, may with very small ado, be
-transported afterward to the Grammarian or anie other
-else. And vnder the title of the particular circunstance,
-(though it seeme peculiarly to appertaine to the Elementarie,
-by waie of mine example, which I do applie vnto
-him primitiuely) yet I do trauell commonly with the
-generall considerations in all persons which use the
-same circunstance, in anie degree of learning, as the places
-themselues hereafter will declare. Which I do both to
-ende these positiue arguments at once, and to make the
-precept also somewhat more pleasant to the reader, hauing
-the entertainement of some forreine, but no vnfit discourse.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">7</span></p>
-
-<p>The positions therefore which I do meane, be these and
-such other. At what time the child is to be set
-to schoole. What he is to learne when he is at
-schoole. Whether all be to be set to schoole. Whether
-exercise be to be vsed as a principle in trayning. Whether
-young maidens be to be set to learne. How to traine vp
-young gentlemen. How to procure some vniformitie in
-teaching. Of curtesie and correction. Of priuate and
-publike education. Of choise of wittes, of places, of times,
-of teachers, of schoole orders. Of restrayning to many
-bookish people, and many other like argumentes, which the
-nature of such discourses useth to hale in by the waie.
-Wherin I require my countreymens consent, to thinke as I
-do, and will do mine endeauour to procure it, as I can,
-before I deale with the particular præceptes, and schooling
-of children. Which while I do, as I follow the præsident of
-the best writers, for the methode, which I chuse, so for the
-matter it selfe I will vse no other argument, then both nature
-and reason, custome and experience, and plaine shew of
-euident profit shall recommend to my countrie without either
-manifest appearaunce, or secrete suspicion of a fantasticall
-deuise: considering it were an argument of verie small witte
-knowing fantasticallnes to disgrace the man, and impossibilitie
-to displace the meane: in so necessarie a thing as
-I pretend this to be, to entermingle either fantasticall
-matter, for all men to laugh at, or impossible meane, for as
-many to muse at. If earnest desier to haue some thing
-bettered, do cause me wishe the amendement, I hope that
-will not be accounted fantasticall, vnless it be to such, as
-do thinke themselues in health when they are deadly sicke,
-and feeling no paine, bycause of extreme weaknes, do hold
-their freindes halfe foolish, which wishe them to thinke vpon
-alteration of life.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">8</span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_3">CHAPTER 3.</h2>
-
-
-
-<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of what force circunstance is in matters of action, and how
-warily authorities be to be vsed, where the contemplatiue
-reason receiues the check of the actiue circunstance, if
-they be not well applyed. Of the alleadging of authors.</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">Some</span> well meaning man, when he will perswade his
-countrie to this or that thing, either by penne or
-speache, if he find any good writers authoritie, which
-fauoureth his opinion, he presumeth streight waie therby
-both his owne perswasion to be sufficiently armed, and his
-countries execution to be strongly warranted. Which his
-assuraunce is sometime chekt by wisdome, sometime by
-experience: By wisdome, which forseeth, that the circunstance
-of the countrie will not admit that, which he would
-perswade: by experience, which giuing way at the first to
-some probability, is in the end borne back by vnfitting
-circunstance. So that in those cases, where authorities
-perswade, and circunstances controwle, such as vse writers
-for their credit, must feare circunstance for her chek.
-Bycause the misse in circunstance makes the authour no
-authour, where his reason is altered, and the alledger no
-alledger, where discretion wanteth. Seeing therefore my
-selfe deale with these two pointes of authoritie and circunstance,
-both to confirme mine owne opinion the surer, and
-to confute the contrarie sounder, where difference in opinion
-shall offer to assaile me, I thought it good in the verie
-entrie to say somwhat of both, considering their agreement
-doth promise successe, and their disagreement doth threaten
-defeat.</p>
-
-<p>I do see many very toward wittes, of reasonable good
-reading, and of excellent good vtterance, both forreine
-abroad, and freindes at home marueilously ouershoot themselues
-by ouerruling the circunstance, and ouerstraining
-authoritie. For vpon some affiaunce in their owne wittes,
-that they see all circunstances, and some small assurance,
-that the authours which they reade, do soothe all that
-they say: they will push out in publike certaine resolute
-opinions, before either their wittes be settled, or their
-reading ripe: which is then to be thought wisely ripe,
-when after the benefit of many yeares, after much reading
-of the most and best writers, after sound digesting of that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">9</span>
-which they haue red, and applying it all to some certaine
-ende: time hath fined their iudgement, and by precise
-obseruing and comparing, both what others haue said, and
-what themselues haue seene, hath made them maister the
-circunstance. Which mastering of the circunstance, is the
-only rule, that wisemen liue by, the only meane, that
-wisedome is come by, the only ods between folie and witte.
-The marking wherof is of so great a force, as by it eche
-countrie discouereth the travellour, when he seeketh to
-enforce his forreine conclusions, and clingeth to that
-countryman, which hath bettered her still, by biding still
-at home. It discrieth the young student, which is rauished
-with the obiect, eare he can discern it, and honoreth the
-wise learned, whose vnderstanding is so staied, as he may
-be a leader. The consideration of circunstance is so strong
-in all attemptes, where man is the subiect, as it maketh of
-all nothing, and of nothing all. The skill to iudge of it is
-so lingring, and so late, bycause man is the gatherer, and
-so long eare he learne it, as it seemes to be reserued, till he
-be almost spent. It is not enough to rule the world, to
-alleadge authorities, but to raunge authorities, which be
-not aboue the world, by the rule of the world, is the wisemans
-line.</p>
-
-<p>I am to deale with training, must I entreat my countrey
-to be content with this, bycause such a one commendes it?
-or to force her to that, bycause such a state likes it? The
-shew of right deceiues us, and the likenes of vnlike things
-doth lead vs, where it listeth. Differences and ods discouer
-errors, similitude and likenes lead euen wise men awrie.
-The great philosopher <i>Aristotle</i><a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">1</a> in fining of reason, maketh
-the abilities to discerne these two pointes, where thinges
-like be vnlike, and where the vnlike be like, two of his
-principall instrumentes to trie out the trueth. Which skill
-to discern so narrowly, as it is not in all, so where it is,
-there is great discretion, there will nothing be brought
-from authoritie to practise, but that circunstance will
-praise, and yet hardly winne. For though circunstance in
-our countrie and others do seeme verie like, nay rather
-almost one, yet if our countrie do admit, where any ods
-appeareth, though it offer the relenting, when it comes to
-proufe, she auentureth her selfe, and we which perswade.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">10</span>
-haue great cause to thanke her, that she will harken vnto
-vs, as she also will thanke vs, if she praise at the parting.
-Wherfore seeing the ground is so slipperie to deale by
-authoritie, and therfore to approue it, bycause such a one
-sayth it till iudgement haue subsigned, and circunstance
-sealed, I thought it good, as I said before, to speake somwhat
-therof, that I may therby stay my selfe the better,
-marching by them, and thorough them: and also remoue
-some scrupulouse opinion, that I vse them not strangely,
-when I vse them so, as they wishe themselues to be vsed.</p>
-
-<p>But for the better vnderstanding, with what warynes
-authoritie is to be vsed, may it please you to consider, that
-there be two sortes of authours wherwith we deale in our
-studie: wherof the one regardeth the matter only, and by
-ineuitable argument enforceth the conclusion. In this
-kinde be the Mathematicall sciences, and all such naturall
-philosophie, as proceedeth by necessitie of a demonstrable
-subiect. The other ioyneth the circunstance with the
-matter, as Morall, and politike Philosophie, as the Professions,
-as Poetes, as histories do, when they enforce not the
-necessitie of their conclusion, by necessitie of the matter,
-though by the fourme of their argument, which concludeth
-of force, in matters of least force. The argumentes of
-those Artes and Professions, which be in this second
-kinde, do depende vpon apparence in probable coniecture,
-and be creatures to circunstance, wherin as man is the
-mainest subiecte, so the respectes had to man haue the
-raine in their hand.</p>
-
-<p>Hence commeth it that lawes in seuerall landes do
-differ so much, that Phisicke in seuerall subiectes is so
-seuerall in cure, that Diuinitie in ceremonies admitteth
-change, where the circunstance is obserued, and yet the
-truth not tainted.</p>
-
-<p>Hence it cometh that in diuersitie of states, there be
-diuersities of staie, whereby men gouerne, bycause circunstance
-commaundeth. Whervnto, he that affirmes, must
-still haue an eye, bycause it sheweth, what is seemely and
-conuenient, not in great states alone, but also in the
-meanest thinges of all: bycause it moderateth both what
-soeuer men do: and in what soeuer respect they do. In
-the first kinde of authours and authorities, the truth of
-the matter maintaines it selfe, without he said or he did:
-bycause it is true by nature, which staied it, not by authour<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">11</span>
-which said it. And being so setled, it ministreth of it selfe
-no matter to debate, or at the least verie little. For in
-pointes of necessitie, naturally inferred, the difference of
-opinion is no proufe at all, that the matter is debatable,
-but it is a sufficient argument of an insufficient writer, if he
-penne his opinion, or of an vngrounded learner, if his error
-be in speeche, which harpeth still about some outward
-accident, and neuer perceth the inward substance. So that
-in such conclusions there is but one currant, what forceth
-the matter, and not what sayeth the man: what commandes
-the immutable truth, and not what commendes the changeable
-circunstance. All the controuersie is in the second
-kinde, where circunstance is prescription, wherin the
-writers credite oftimes authoriseth the thing, and the truth
-of the thing doth make the man an authour: wherin vnles
-he take verie good heede, which is the alleadger, he may do
-his writer exceeding great iniurie, by bringing him to the
-barre, and forcing that vpon him, which he neuer dreamed
-on, and harme himselfe to, who mistaking his ground,
-misplaceth his building, and hazardeth his credit.</p>
-
-<p>Hence commeth it, that so many fantasticall deuises do
-trouble the world, while euerie man being desirous to
-breede somwhat worthy of commendacion either for shew
-of learning, or for shield of opinion, bringeth in the poore
-writers, and enioyneth them speach, where in deed they
-be mute: and if they could speake, they would aske the
-alledger why he did so abuse them. A generall and a
-verie hard case in these our dayes, when the most erronious
-opinions be fathered vpon the most honest writers, which
-meant nothing lesse, then that which is threpte vpon them.
-In matter of Pollicy this man wrote thus, and was verie
-well thought of, an other in some schoole pointes gaue his
-censure in this sorte, and became of account. Transport
-the circunstance the allowance is misliked, the alleadger
-laughed at: and yet the worthinesse of the writer not
-empayred at all, when he is rightly weyed, bycause he was
-forced: In this kinde of argument wherin I presently deale,
-it is no proufe, bycause <i>Plato</i> praiseth it, bycause <i>Aristotle</i>
-alloweth it, bycause <i>Cicero</i> commendes it, bycause <i>Quintilian</i>
-is acquainted with it, or any other else, in any argument
-else, that therfore it is for vs to vse. What if our countrey
-honour it in them, and yet for all that may not vse it her
-selfe, bycause circunstance is her check? <span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">12</span>
-Nay what if the writers authoritie be alledged without consideration of
-their owne circunstance? who then offereth his countrey
-the greatest wrong? is it not he which wringeth the writer,
-and wreasteth his meaning? And yet such alledgers there
-be, which passe it ouer smoothly, till they be espyed,
-where then their owne weaknes appeareth, the writers
-worthinesse is euident, and his wrong reuenged, by discouering
-the wreaster. Wherfore he that will deale with
-writers so, as to deriue their conclusions to the vse of his
-countrey, must be verie well aduised, and diligently marke,
-that their meaning, and his applying be both of one ground,
-and also how much of their opinion his countrey will admit,
-which, as she will not be forced by idle supposalles, so
-pronounceth she him to be but a fleeter, who so euer shall
-offer to force her that waye. If the matter be well pikt,
-and properly applyed, she embraceth it forthwith, and
-giues it the growing. Whether I shall perfourme so much
-my selfe, as I require in others, I dare not warrant, but I
-will do my best, to vse my authour well, and to obserue
-the circunstance, and not once to profer any thing to my
-countrey, which shall not haue all those foundations, that I
-promised before, so much as I can, <i>Nature</i> to lead it, <i>reason</i>
-to back it, <i>custome</i> to commend it, <i>experience</i> to allow it,
-and <i>profit</i> to preferre it.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">For alledging of Authours.</div>
-
-<p>But here by the waye, I must aduertise my reader thus
-much, that I thinke a student ought rather to
-inuest himselfe in the habite of his writer, then
-to stand much vpon his title, and authoritie, in
-proofe or disproofe, seeing who knoweth not, that all our
-studies be generally detters to the first deuise, and fairest
-deliuerie? Therfore to auoide length therby, I will neither
-vse authoritie, nor example, seeing matter is the maine, and
-not the mans name, sauing onely where one mans deposition
-vpholdes or ouerthrowes: and the ground of the
-example is so excellent in that kinde, as it were to much
-vnkindenesse, not to let the person be knowen, where the
-fact is so famous. I will reste vpon reason the best, where
-I finde it, the next where that failes, and coniecture is probable,
-to proue such thinges, as reason must paterne. If
-the triall be in proofe, and experience must guide it, I will
-binde vpon proofe, and let triall be the tuche.</p>
-
-<p>For with the alledging of authours, either to shew, what
-I haue read or to tuche common concordes, where any<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">13</span>
-thing is to much, and nothing is enough, I meane not at
-all to buisie my selfe. Bycause we heape but vp witnesses,
-which be nothing needeful, in such cases, as be nothing
-doubtfull, when we vse many gaie names all agreeing in
-one, and none saying but so: wheras the naturall vse of
-testimonies is, to proue where doubt is, not to cloye, where
-all is cleare. In such cases for want of sound iudgement,
-a catalogue of names, and a multitude of sentences, which
-say but that is soothed, and no man denyes, are forced to
-the stage, to seeme to arme the alleadger, which fighteth
-without foe, and flyeth without feare.</p>
-
-<p>In pointes of learning, which be wonne from quarrell, or
-resolute groundes, which be without quarrell, and neede no
-assurer, I referre my dealing to the iudgement of those,
-which can trace me, where I tread and shall finde my
-truth, without the authours name, whom they will confesse
-to be well alleadged, when I saye, as he sayeth, and proue
-as he proueth, either by habite got by reading, or by likenesse
-in iudgement, though I neuer red.</p>
-
-<p>If controuersie arise, and be worth the recounting the
-matter shall not sleepe: if it hange of the man, and without
-him be lame, the man shall not slyp: but otherwise, no.
-Those that be learned know that witnesses, and wise mens
-names be verie good ware, where the question is, whether
-such a thing be done, and they be said to know it, and that
-<i>Rhetorick</i> takes testimonies for a principall proofe, and very
-neare the harte, as <i>Logick</i> placeth them in the utmost of
-her argumentes, being themselues of small pith, though
-their stuffe be worth praise, and both bind and loose, where
-reason beares the swaie, and probabilitie is to purpose. I
-do honour good writers but without superstition, nothing
-addicte to titles. But for so much as <i>Reason</i> doth honour
-them, they must be content to staie without them selues,
-and vse all meanes to preferre her to presence, as their
-ladie and mistresse, whose authoritie and credit procures
-them admission, when they come from her. It is not so,
-bycause a writer said so, but bycause the truth is so, and
-he said the truth, the truth giues him title, and that is it,
-which must passe, strong enough of it selfe, and oftimes
-weakened in the hearers opinion, though not in it selfe, by
-naming the writer: which commonly proues so when the
-hearer is wedded vnto names, and sworn to authoritie, not
-so much eying the thing which is vttered, as the persons<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">14</span>
-title by whom it is vttered. If truth did depend vpon the
-person, she would oftimes be brought into a miserable
-plighte, and looke rufully vpon it, being constrained to
-serue fancie, and to alter vpon will, wheras she is still one,
-and should be bent vnto, neither will her selfe bend, howsoeuer
-opinatiue people do perswade them selues.</p>
-
-<p>This the learned and wise know, whose curtesie I craue
-as I wish them well: for whose helpe and health, I vndertooke
-this paine, whose wisedom I appeal to, if either,
-diffidence do wrangle, or ignoraunce do quarrel. As for
-the vnlearned, I must needes ouertreat them, not to stand
-with me in pointes, where they cannot iudge themselues, if
-not for mine owne, yet for their sakes, which beleue me
-themselues, and will giue their word for me. In such
-pointes, as be intelligible to both, I must praie them both
-to waie me well, and euer to haue before them, that my
-will wisheth well, howsoeuer I perfourme, wherin will deserues
-well, and weaknes prayeth excuse.</p>
-
-
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_4">CHAPTER 4.</h2>
-
-<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">What time weere best for the child to begin to learne. What
-matters some of the best writers handle, eare they determine
-this question. Of lettes and libertie whervnto the
-parentes are subiect in setting their children to schoole.
-Of the difference of wittes and bodies in children. That
-exercise must be ioyned with the booke, as the schooling
-of the bodie.</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">The</span> first question that of any necessitie commeth in
-place, seemeth to be at what yeares children be to
-be put to schoole: for neither would they be
-differed to long for leasing of their time, nor hastened on
-to soone, for hindering of their health. The rule therfore
-must be giuen according to the strength of their bodies,
-and the quicknes of their wittes ioyntly.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">15</span></p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The auncient antecedents.</div>
-
-<p>Such of the auncient writers, both Greek and Latin, as
-either picture vs out the platfourmes of the
-best framed common weales: or do lend vs the
-looking on of some such a paragon as in some
-particular kinde, they deuise to be peerelesse, before they
-call it in question, when their youth shall begin to learne,
-they do fetch the ground of their traine exceeding farre of.
-As, what regard is to be had to the infante, while he is yet
-vnder his nurse. Where they moile themselues sore, with
-the maners and conditions of the nurse, with the fines or
-rudenes of her speeche: with the comelynes of her person
-and fauour of her face. And in controuersie about milkes,
-sometime they preferre the mother, if her health, her complexion,
-her kinde of life, will best fit for her owne: sometime
-they yeeld: but with great choice to the forreine
-nurse: if any iust circunstance do discharge the mother,
-whom nature vnletted seemes to charge most. Againe
-they examine what companie is to be choosen for him,
-when he doth begin first to crepe abroad, wherby that good
-may begin betimes, which must continew longe, and is
-greatly furthered by choice of companie, that pikked and
-choice play fellowes may succede after a fine and well
-fitted nursery. Againe, they debate in good sadnes, what
-an exquisite traine is to be deuised for him, when he is to
-go to schoole, either priuate, or publike, though they still
-preferre the publike as most beseeming him, which must
-liue among many and neuer be recluse. And such other
-considerations they fall into, which do well beseeme the
-bringing vp of such a one, as they did but wishe for: and
-we may not hope for: but by no meanes can be applyed
-to our youth, and our education, wherin we wishe for no
-more, then we hope for to haue. Nay they go further, as
-whether may not wishers? and appoint the parentes of this
-so perfect a child, to be so wise and so well learned, as is
-in verie deede most consonant with their platte, but to
-farre surmonting the modele of my positions. Wherfore
-leauing those meanes, which they do but deuise, to bring
-vp those people, which they do but patterne, I meane to
-proceede from such principles, as our parentes do build on,
-and as our children do rise by, to that mediocritie, which
-furnisheth out this world, and not to that excellencie, which
-is fashioned for an other. And yet the pretence of these
-so fine pictures, by pointing out so absolute a president, is,
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">16</span>to let vs behold thereby, both wherin the best consisteth:
-what colours it is best knowen by: what a state it keepeth:
-and also by what ready meane, we may best approache
-neare it, bycause dispaire to obtaine the verie best it selfe,
-discourageth all hope. For that missinge any one of these
-so fined circunstances, as our frailtie will faile either in all,
-or in most, then we marre the whole moulde. Howbeit we
-are much bounde to the excellent wittes of those diuine
-writers, who by their singular knowledge, approaching
-neare to the truest, and best, could most truly, and best
-discern, what constitution they were of: and being of a
-good ciuill inclination, thought it their parte, to communicate
-that with their posteritie, which they from so nighe,
-had so narrowly decifred, as auailable to others, for this
-onely cause, if there ensewed no more of it, that in despaire
-of hitting the highest, yet by seeing where it lodged, with
-verie great praise, they might draw neare vnto it. For as
-it is but for paragons to mount quite aboue all, so is it
-worthy praise to rest in some degree, which declareth a
-pearcher, though abilitie restraine will, that it cannot aspire
-whervnto it would.</p>
-
-<p>But to returne from this so exquisite, to our ordinarie
-traine, I perswade my selfe, that all my countreymen wishe
-themselues as wise, and as well learned, as those absolute
-parentes are surmised to be, though they be content with
-so much of both, or rather with so litle, as God doth allot
-them: and that they will haue their children nursed as well
-as they can, without question where, or quarrelling by
-whom: so as they may haue that well brought vp by
-nurture, which they loue so well, bequeathed them by
-nature. And that till the infant can gouerne himselfe,
-they will seeke to saue it from all such perilles, as may
-seeme to harme it any kinde of way, or by companie or by
-occasion: and that with such warinesse, as ordinarie circunspection
-may, or can worke, in considerate and careful
-parentes. And finally that for his well schooling, they that
-cannot, will wish it, they that can, will haue it, with small
-charge if they may, if they may not with some coste, and
-very carefully commend the silly poore boy at his first
-entry, to his maisters charge, not omitting euen how much
-his mother makes of him, if she come not her selfe and do
-her owne commendacions. So that for these antecedents,
-as they in precisenes do passe vs, so we in possibility go farre beyond them.
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">17</span>
-For our hope is at ankar, and rides
-in assuraunce, their wishe wandereth still, not like to win
-the rode. These and such like circunstances they handle
-formally as in an absolute picture, I tuche but by the
-waye, as being quite of an other perswasion, nothing giuen
-to the vnpossible, where possibilitie must take place,
-though the vnpossible <i>Idea</i>, offer great force to fancie.
-Wherfore I will now take my leaue of them, and retourne
-to my question, when children be to be set to learning. A
-thing in reason very worthy to be wayed, and in perfourmaunce,
-very like to proue good, both for health of the
-bodie, and helpe of the minde, and so much the rather to
-be well entreated, by cause it is the very first principle,
-which enterteneth our traine. My countrey parentes then,
-being so naturall to their children, both for care before
-schoole, and for choice in schooling, I will commend to
-their charge, all that which is to be considered in their
-first infancie, and tendrest spring, before they be thought
-fit, to be set to learning, which they will diligently looke
-to, I am very well assured. Bycause euery thing drawes
-liking, while it is pretie and young, and specially our owne
-which hath nature to sollicite, and needeth no exhorting,
-to haue it well cherished, where there is no daunger, but
-in to much dalying, neither yet any feare, but in to fond
-cokkering.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Lettes.</div>
-
-<p>But in very good earnest, when shall our boye be set to
-schoole? In all considerations, wherin vpon
-the resolution, something must be executed,
-and done, this thing is necessarily to be first enquired,
-whether all, or most, or any of all the circunstances, which
-be incident to the execution, be in, or without the parties
-power, which is to execute, so as he may either proceede
-at his owne libertie, if nothing withstand him, or may not
-proceede, if he be thwarted by circunstance. For otherwise
-the liberty to passe on, or the restraint, to staie, being not
-agreed vpon, he that directs by rule may be chekt by arrest.
-And where he biddes on thus, circunstance maye replie,
-Ifayth sir no. Wherfore I leaue those parentes to their
-owne discretion, in whom will seekes libertie, to do as she
-would, and circunstance commandes her, to do as she may.
-The parent would haue his child begin to learne at such a
-time: circunstance sayes, no. He would haue him learne
-with such a man: some cause contrarieth. In such a place,
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">18</span>in such a sorte: his power is to poore, to compasse that he
-coueteth. Be not all these lettes, and what so euer is so
-laid, to stop will of his will, where neither counsell can
-giue precept, nor the parent can execute, being so strongly
-ouercharged? It is euen like, as if one should saye, the
-freeman and the bond, be not both in one case. Preceptes
-be for freemen, which maie do as ye bid them, but circunstance
-bindes, and wilbe obeyed. Wherfore I must once
-for all, warne those parentes, which may not do as they would,
-vpon these same lettes which I haue recited, or any other
-like, that they take their oportunitie, when so euer it is
-offered, bycause occasion is verie bald behinde, and
-seldome comes the better. And seeing circunstance is
-their bridle, when they feele the raine loose, course it on
-a maine, and take the benefit of time, the oportunitie of
-place, the commoditie of the teacher, the equitie of the
-maner, and what so euer condition else, wherin the freedom
-of circunstance doth seeme to befreind them. For sauing
-with such a note as this is, I cannot direct them, which
-can giue no counsell, but where <i>necessitie</i> is in ward and
-<i>libertie</i> keepes the keyes.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Libertie.</div>
-
-<p>But if the parent want nothing necessary, for his childes
-bringing vp, neither a place, both conuenient
-for receit, and commodious for distaunce,
-wherin to haue him taught: nor a teacher, sufficient for
-cunning, and considerate, for either curtesie, or correction,
-who can traine him vp well: nor fit companions, as so fit
-a place, and so good a maister may picke out of choice,
-which will throng vnto him: And if the child also himselfe,
-haue a witte apte to conceiue, what shalbe put vnto him:
-and a body able to beare the trauell, which belonges vnto
-learning: me thinke it were then best, that he began to be
-doing, when he maie well perceiue, without trauelling his
-braine, thorough the hardnes of the thing, and neede not
-be toiled to the wearines of his bodie, thorough the wise
-handling of his aduised maister. For being in the schoole,
-he may do somwhat very well, though not very much,
-wheras roming about, he might hap to do ill, and that very
-much.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Variety of wittes.</div>
-
-<p>At what yeares I cannot say, bycause ripenes in children,
-is not tyed to one time, no more then all corne
-is ripe for one reaping, though mostwhat about
-one. Some be hastinges and will on, some be<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">19</span>
-hardinges, and drawe backe: some be willing when their
-parentes will: some but willing, when they will them selues,
-as either will to do well, vpon cherishing wisely, or pleasure
-to play still, vpon cokkering fondly, hath possessed their
-mindes.</p>
-
-<p>But he that deserueth to be a parent, must dispose himselfe
-to be also a iudge, in all these cases: and who is so
-ill freinded, as he hath not one, with whom to conferre, to
-learne by aduise, the towardnes and time of his young
-sonnes schooling, if he be not able to looke into it himselfe?
-They that limitte the beginning to learne by some certaine
-yeares, haue an eye to that knowledge, which it were pitie
-were loste, say they, and may easely be gayned in those
-young yeares. I agree with them, that it were great
-pitie, to lease anything, that neede not be loste, without
-great negligence, and may be well gotten, with very small
-diligence, not endammaging the child. But more pitie it
-were, for so petie a gaine, to forgoe a greater, to winne an
-houre in the morning, and lease the whole daie after: as
-those people most commonly do, which starte out of their
-beds to early, before they be well awaked: or knowe what
-it is a clocke: and be drousie when they are vp, for want
-of their sleepe.</p>
-
-<p>If the childe haue a weake bodie, though neuer so strong
-a witte, let him grow on the longer, till the strength of his
-bodie, do aunswere to his witte. For experience hath
-taught me, and calleth reason to record, that a sharp
-young witte hastened on to wounder at, for the quiknesse
-of his edge, hath therby most commonly bene hastened to
-his graue, thorough the weaknesse of body: to the greife
-of the freindes, whose delite is cut of, and some wite of
-their witte, for ouerhasting their child: Nay, what if it hath
-pleased God to lend him longer life? he neuer sinketh
-deepe, but fleeteth still aboue, with some quicknesse of
-conceit, continuing that wonder, which he wanne in his
-childhood: neuer burdened with much to ballase his head:
-but still aunswering at reboundes, the fairest crop of so
-hasty an haruest. Sometime his witte will grow worse,
-the wonder will vanishe, the bodie will proue feeble, and
-soone after perishe.</p>
-
-<p>But now if he liue, with all these infirmities, of decaying
-witte, decreasing wonder, puling bodie, he liues with small
-comfort, in such a world of weaknesse, which vsually com<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">20</span>meth
-of to much moisture, the corrupter of such carcasses,
-the most vile, and violent massacrer, of the most, and best
-studentes, generally for want of trauell, sauing onely to
-their braine, which the more it is occupyed, the sorer it
-stilleth, and the sorer it stilleth, the sooner it killeth, the
-moe the more pitie. Wherfore I could wishe the wittier
-child, the lesse vpon the spurre, and either the longer kept
-from learning, for turning his edge, as a to sharpe knife:
-or the sklenderer kept at it, for feare of surfait, in one
-hungring to haue it. Yet must not this quickling be
-suffered to do nothing at all, for feare he grow reasty, if
-that nothing be dumpishe, and heauie: or passe beyond
-reclaime, if it be dissolute, and wanton.</p>
-
-<p>The meane conceiuer, in some strength of bodie, is the
-best continuer, and as he serues all places best, in his
-height of learning, so in all respectes, ye may venture on
-his schooling, when it shall please you, with but ordinarie
-regard.</p>
-
-<p>A dull witte in a strong body, if ye like to haue it learne,
-as by learning ye finde it: so till some degree, it may well
-learne, for necessarie seruice in the rest of his life: and
-may be hastened on boldly. For the bodie can beare
-labour, it is so well boaned, and the witte will not cloye, it
-so hardly receiueth. The sharpenesse of witte, the maister
-will sound by memorie, and number: the strength of the
-bodie, the mother will marke, by complaint, and cause.</p>
-
-<p>A weake witte and as weake a bodie, is much to be
-moaned, for the great infirmity, and can hardly be helpt,
-bycause nature is to weake: and therefore it must be
-thought on, as in a case of despaire, againe against hope:
-if any thing be goten, a greife to the freindes, which
-cannot amend it: small ioye to him selfe, which cannot
-auoide it.</p>
-
-<p>A strong witte, in as strong a bodie, is worthy the
-wishing, of the parentes to bring foorth, of the teacher to
-bring vp. For as it is a thing of it selfe not ordinarie, so
-where it lighteth, it giues vs the gaze, and bides all
-beginninges, but that which is to soone, bycause God hath
-prouided that strength in nature, wherby he entendes no
-exception in nurture, for that which is in nature. Such
-spirites there be, and such bodies they haue, if they will,
-and may so keepe them, with orderly regard, which is
-extreme hard vnto them. For that oftimes they will not<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">21</span>
-do so, but distemper their bodies with disordinate doinges,
-when pleasures haue possessed them, and rashenesse is
-their ruler. Oftimes they maie not, thorough varietie and
-weight of important affaires, which commaundeth them
-too farre in some kinde of calling. But where so euer they
-light, or what so euer waye they take, they shewe what
-they be, and alwaye proue either the verie best, or the
-most beastly. For there can scantly be any meane in
-those constitutions, which are so notably framed, and so
-rarely endued. And therefore those parentes which haue
-such children must take great heede of them, as the tippes
-of euill, if they chuse that waye, or the toppes of good, if
-they minde that is best. For the middle and most moderate
-wittes, which commonly supplie eche corner in eche
-countrey, and serue most assaies, some ordinary meane will
-serue to order them: but where extraordinarie pointes begin
-to appeare, there common order is not commonly enough.</p>
-
-<p>This is my opinion concerning the time, when the child
-shall begin to learne: which I do restraine to the strength
-of witte and hardnes of body: the one for to receiue
-learning, the other not to refuse labour: and therfore I
-conclude thus that the parent himselfe ought in reason to
-be more then halfe a iudge of the entrie to schooling, as
-being best acquainted with the particular circunstance of
-his owne child. Yet I do not allow him to be an absolute
-iudge, without some counsell, vnlesse he be a very rare
-father, and well able to be both a rule to himselfe, and
-a paterne to others. Bycause mostwhere men be most
-blinded: where they should see best, I meane in their
-owne: such a tyrant is affection, when she hath wonne the
-field, vnder the conducte of nature, and so imperious is
-nature, when she is disposed to make affection her deputie.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Exercises.</div>
-
-<p>But now for so much as in setting our child to schoole,
-we consider the strength of his bodie, no lesse
-then we do the quicknesse of his witte, it
-should seeme that our traine ought to be double, and to be
-applyed to both the partes, that the body may as well be
-preserued in his best, as the minde instructed in that,
-which is his best, that the one may still be able to aunswere
-the other well, in all their common executions. As for
-the training vp of the minde, the waye is well beaten,
-bycause it is generally entreated on in euery booke, and
-beareth the honour and title of learning.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">22</span></p>
-
-<p>But for the bettering of the body, is there not any meane
-to maintaine it in health, and cheifly in the student, whose
-trade treads it downe? Yes surely, A very naturall and a
-heathful course there is to be kept in exercise, wherby all
-the naturall functions of the body be excellently furthered,
-and the body made fit for all his best functions. And
-therfore parentes and maisters ought to take such a waie,
-euen from the beginning, as the childes diet, neither stuffe
-the bodye, nor choke the conceit, which it lightly doeth,
-when it is to much crammed. That his garmentes which
-oftimes burden the bodie with weight, sometimes weaken
-it with warmth, neither faint it with heat, nor freese it with
-cold. That the exercise of the body still accompanie and
-assist the exercise of the minde, to make a dry, strong,
-hard, and therfore a long lasting body: and by the fauour
-therof to haue an actiue, sharp, wise and therwith all a
-well learned soule. If long life be the childes blessing for
-honoring his parentes, why should not the parentes then,
-which looke for that honour, all that in them lyeth, forsee
-in youth that their children may haue some hope of that
-benefit, to ensue in their age, which cannot take effect,
-vnlesse the thing be begon in their youth? Which if it
-be not by times looked vnto, they afterwardes become
-vncapable of long life, and so not to enioye the reward of
-their honour, for any thing that their parentes helpe to it,
-though God will be true, and perfourme that he promiseth,
-how so euer men hault in doing of their duetie. And yet
-tempting is pernicious, where the meane to hit right, is
-laid so manifest: and the childes honour to his parentes
-beginnes at obedience in his infancie, which they ought to
-reward, with good qualities for honour, and may worke
-them like waxe, bycause they do obey. This negligence
-of the parentes for not doing that, which in power they
-might, and in duetie they ought, giues contempt in the
-children some colour of iustice, to make their requitall with
-dishonour in their age, were it not that the Christian
-religion doth forbid reuenge: which in presidentes of prophanisme
-we finde allowed, where both curtesie to such
-parentes, as failed in education of their children is countercharged
-by lawe: and dissolute parentes by entreating ill,
-are well entertained of their neglected children: the vnfortunate
-children much moaned for their chaunce, that they
-came to so ill an ende: and the vndiscrete parentes more<span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">23</span>
-rated for their charge, which they looked so ill to, wherby
-themselues did seeme to haue forced such an ende.</p>
-
-<p>The minde wilbe stirring, bycause it stirres the body,
-and some good meane will make it to furnish very well, so
-the choice be well made, wherin: the order well laid,
-wherby: and both well kept, wherwith: it shalbe thought
-best trained. The body which lodgeth a restlesse minde
-by his owne reste is betrayed to the common murtherers
-of a multitude of scholers, which be vnholesome and
-superfluous humors, needelesse and noysom excrementes,
-ill to feele within, good to send abroad.</p>
-
-<p>Neither is it enough to saye, that children wilbe stirring
-alwaie of themselues, and that therefore they neede not
-any so great a care, for exercising their bodies. For if
-by causing them learne so and sitting still in schooles, we
-did not force them from their ingenerate heat, and naturall
-stirring, to an vnnaturall stilnesse, then their owne stirring
-without restraint, might seeme to serue their tourne, without
-more adoe. But stilnesse more then ordinarie, must haue
-stirring more then ordinarie: and the still breding of ill
-humours, which stuffe vp the body for want of stirring,
-must be so handled, as it want no stilling to send them
-away. Wherfore as stilnesse hath her direction by order
-in schooles, so must stirring be directed by well appointed
-exercise. And as quiet sitting helpes ill humors to breede,
-and burden the bodie: so must much stirring make a waie
-to discharge the one, and to disburden the other. Both
-which helpes, as I most earnestly require at the parent,
-and maisters hand: so I meane my selfe to handle them
-both, to the helping of both.</p>
-
-<p>In the meane while, for the entring time thus much.
-The witte must be first wayed, how it can conceiue, and
-then the bodie considered, how it can beare labour: and
-the consorte of their strength aduisedly maintained. They
-haue both their peculiar functions, which by mediocrities
-are cherished, by extremities perished, hast doing most
-harme, euen to the most, and lingring not but some, sometimes
-to the best. And yet haste is most harmefull, where
-so euer, it setts foote, as we that teache alwaie finde, and
-they that learne, sometimes feele. For the poore children
-when they perceiue their owne weaknesse, whereof most
-commonly they maye thanke haste, they both faint, and
-feare, and very hardly get forward: and we that teach<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">24</span>
-do meet with to much toile, when poore young babes be
-committed to our charge, before they be ripe. Whom if
-we beat we do the children wrong in those tender yeares
-to plant any hatred, when loue should take roote, and
-learning grow by liking.</p>
-
-<p>And yet oftimes seueritie is to fowre, while the maister
-beateth the parentes folly, and the childes infirmitie, with
-his owne furie. All which extremities some litle discretion
-would easely remoue, by conference before, to forecast
-what would follow, and by following good counsell, when
-it is giuen before. Which will then proue so, when the
-parent will do nothing in placing or displacing of his
-childe, without former aduise, and communicating with the
-maister: and the maister likewise without respecting his
-owne gaine, will plainely and simply shew the parent or
-freind, what vpon good consideration he thinketh to be
-best. Wherein there wilbe no error if the parent be wise,
-and the maister be honest.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">25</span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_5">CHAPTER 5.</h2>
-
-
-
-<p><span class="smcap">What thinges they be, wherin children are to be trained,
-eare they passe to the Grammar. That parentes, and
-maisters ought to examine the naturall abilities in their
-children, wherby they become either fit, or vnfit, to this,
-or that kinde of life. The three naturall powers in
-children, Witte to conceiue by, Memorie to retaine by,
-Discretion to discerne by. That the training vp to good
-manners, and nurture, doth not belong to the teacher
-alone, though most to him, next after the parent, whose
-charge that is most, bycause his commaundement is greatest,
-ouer his owne child, and beyond appeale. Of Reading,
-Writing, Drawing, Musick by voice, and instrument: and
-that they be the principall principles, to traine vp the
-minde in. A generall aunswere to all obiections, which
-arise against any, or all of these.</span></p>
-
-<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">Now</span> that I haue shewed mine opinion concerning
-the time, when it were best to set the child to
-schoole, the next two questions seeme to be, what
-he shall learne and howe he shalbe exercised, when he is
-at schoole. For seeing he is compound of a soule and a
-bodie: the soule to conceiue and comprehend, what is best
-for itselfe, and the bodie to: The bodie to waite, and
-attend the commaundement and necessities of the soule:
-he must be so trained, as neither for qualifying of the
-minde, nor for enabling of the bodie, there be any such
-defecte, as iust blame therfore may be laide vpon them,
-which in nature be most willing, and in reason thought
-most skilfull, to preuente such defaultes. For there be
-both in the body, and the soule of man certaine ingenerate
-abilities, which the wisedom of parentes, and reason of
-teachers, perceiuing in their infancie, and by good direction
-auancing them further, during those young yeares, cause
-them proue in their ripenesse very good and profitable,
-both to the parties which haue them, and to their countries,
-which vse them. Which naturall abilities, if they be not
-perceiued, by whom they should: do condemne all such,
-either of ignorance, if they could not iudge, or of negligence,
-if they would not seeke, what were in children, by nature
-emplanted, for nurture to enlarge. And if they be perceiued,
-and either missorted in place, or ill applyed in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">26</span>
-choice, as in difference of iudgementes, there be many
-thinges practised, which were better vnproued, to the losse
-of good time, and let of better stuffe, they do bewray that
-such teachers, and trainers, be they parentes, be they
-maisters, either haue no sound skill, if it come of infirmitie,
-or but raw heades, if it spring of fansie. If they know the
-inclination, and do not further it rightely, it is impietie to
-the youth, more then sacrilege to the state, which by their
-fault be not suffered to enioy those excellent benefits,
-which the most munificent God, by his no niggardishe
-nature, prouided for them both. If they found them, and
-followed them, but not so fully, as they were to receiue: if
-for want wherwith, it deserues pardon, if for want of will,
-exceeding blame: and cryeth for correction of the state by
-them hindred, and small thankes of the parties, no more
-furthered.</p>
-
-<p>Wherfore as good parentes, and maisters ought to finde
-out, by those naturall principles, whervnto the younglings
-may best be framed, so ought they to follow it, vntil it be
-complete, and not to staie, without cause beyond staie,
-before it come to ripenesse, which ripenesse, while they be
-in learning, must be measured by their ablenes to receiue
-that, which must follow their forebuilding: but when they
-are thought sufficiently well learned, and to meddle with
-the state, then their ripenesse is to be measured, by vse to
-themselues, and seruice to their countrey, in peace, as best
-and most naturall, in warre, as worse, and most vnnatural,
-and yet the ordinarie ende of a disordered peace. For
-when the thinges, which be learned do cleaue so fast in
-memorie, as neither discontinuaunce can deface them, nor
-forgetfulnesse abolishe them: then is abilitie vpon ascent,
-and when ascent is in the highest, and the countrey commaundes
-seruice, then studie must be left, and the countrey
-must be serued.</p>
-
-<p>Seeing therfore in appointing the matter, wherin this
-traine must be employed, there is regard to be had first
-to the soule, as in nature more absolute, and in value more
-precious: and then to the bodie, as the instrument and
-meane, wherby the soule sheweth what is best to be done
-in necessity of fine force, in choice of best shew: I will
-remitte the bodie to his owne roome, which is peculiarly in
-exercises, sauing where I cannot meane the soule, without
-mention of the bodie, and in this place I wil entreat of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">27</span>
-soule alone, how it must be qualified. And yet meane I
-not to make any anatomie, or resolution of the soule his
-partes and properties, a discourse, not belonging to this so
-low a purpose, but onely to pick out some natural inclinations
-in the soule, which as they seeme to craue helpe of
-education, and nurture, so by education, and nurture, they
-do proue very profitable, both in priuate and publicke.
-To the which effect, in the litle young soules, first we finde,
-a capacity to perceiue that which is taught them, and to
-imitate the foregoer. That witte to learne, as it is led, and
-to follow as it is foregone, would be well applyed, by proprietie
-in matter, first offered them to learne: by considerate
-ascent in order, encreasing by degrees: by wary handling
-of them, to draw them onward with courage. We finde
-also in them, as a quickenes to take, so a fastnesse to
-retaine: therfore their memorie would streight waye be
-furnished, with the verie best, seeing it is a treasurie:
-exercised with the most, seeing it is of receite: neuer
-suffered to be idle, seeing it spoiles so soone. For in
-defaulte of the better, the worse will take chaire, and bid it
-selfe welcome: and if idlenesse enter, it will exclude all
-ernest, and call in her kinsfolkes, toyes and triffles, easie for
-remembraunce, heauy for repentaunce.</p>
-
-<p>We finde in them further an ability to discern, what is
-good, and what is ill, which ought foorthwith to be made
-acquainted with the best, by obedience and order, and
-dissauded from the worse, by misliking and frowne.
-These three thinges, witte to take, memorie to keepe,
-discretion to discern, and moe if ye seeke, though but
-braunches to these, which I chuse for my purpose, shall ye
-finde pearing out of the litle young soules: when you may
-see what is in them, and not they themselues. Whose
-abilitie to encrease in time, and infirmitie to crawle at that
-time is commended to them, which first begot them, or
-best can frame them. Now these naturall towardnesses
-being once espied, in what degree they rise, bycause there
-is ods in children by nature, as in parentes by purchase,
-they must be followed with diligence, encreased by order,
-encouraged by comfort, till they come to their proofe.
-Which proofe trauell in time will perfourme, hast knittes
-vp to soone, and vnperfit, slownesse to late, and to weake.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">28</span></p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The rule of discretion.</div>
-
-<p>But for the best waie of their good speede, that witte
-maie conceiue and learne well, memorie retaine and hold
-fast, discretion chuse and discerne best, the cheife and
-chariest point is, so to plie them all, as they may proceede
-voluntarily, and not with violence, that will may be a good
-boye, ready to do well, and lothe to do ill, neuer fearing
-the rod, which he will not deserue. For wheresoeuer will
-in effecting, doth ioyne with abilitie to conceiue, and
-memorie to retaine, there industrie will finde frute, yea in
-the frowne of fortune. By discretion to cause
-them take to that, which is best, and to forsake
-that, which is worst, in common dealinges is
-common to all men, that haue interest in children, parentes
-by nature, maisters by charge, neighbours of curtesie, all
-men of all humanitie: whom either priuate care by custome,
-or publike cure by commaundement of magistrate and lawe,
-doth compell in conscience to helpe their well doing, and
-to fray them from ill, wheresoeuer they meete them, or
-when so euer they see them do that, which is naught.
-And therfore that duetie to helpe them in this kinde for
-their manners, is incident to maisters but among others,
-though somwhat more then some others, as to whom it is
-most seemely, bycause of their authoritie, and most proper,
-bycause of their charge, whom knowledge best enfourmeth
-to embrew them with the best: and power best assisteth,
-to cause them embrace the best: euen perforce at the first,
-till acquaintaunce in time breede liking of it selfe.</p>
-
-<p>But this mannering of them is not for teachers alone,
-because they communicate therin, as I haue said already,
-both with naturall parentes, to whom that point appertaineth
-nearest, as of most authoritie with them, and with all honest
-persons, which seing a child doing euill, are bid in conscience,
-to terrifie and check him as the quality of the childes
-offence, and the circunstance of their owne person doth
-seeme best to require.</p>
-
-<p>Wherfore reseruing for the teacher so much as is for his
-office, to enstruct the child what is best for him in matter
-of manners, and to see to it, so much as in him lyeth: to
-set good orders in his gouvernment, to see them alwaye
-well, and one waye still executed and perfourmed, I referre
-the rest to those, whom either any vertuous consideration
-of them selues, or any particular duetie, enioyned by lawe,
-doth charge with the rest, either by priuate discipline at
-home, or by publike ordinaunce abroade, to see youth well
-brought vp that waye: to learne to discern that which is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">29</span>
-well from ill, good from bad, religious from prophane,
-honest from dishonest, commendable from blame worthy,
-seemely from vnseemely, that they may honour God, serue
-their countrey, comfort their freindes, and aide one an
-other, as good countreymen are bound to do. But how to
-handle their conceit in taking, and their memorie, in
-holding, bycause that appertaineth to teachers wholly:
-(for all that the parentes and freindes, wilbe medlers somtime,
-to further their young impes:) I will deale in that,
-and shew wherin children ought to be trained, till they be
-found fit for Grammer: wherin neuerthelesse, both the
-matters, which they learne: and the manners, which they
-are made to, serue for ground to vertue, and encrease of
-discretion.</p>
-
-<p>As I might verie well be esteemed inconsiderate, if I
-should force any farre fet diuises into these my principles,
-which neither my countrey knew, nor her custome cared
-for, so dealing but with those, and resting content with
-those, which my countrey hath seuered to her priuate vse,
-and her custome is acquainted with of long continuaunce,
-I maye hope for consent, where my countrey commendeth,
-and looke for successe, where custome leades my hand,
-and feare no note of noueltie, where nothing is but
-auncient.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Reading.</div>
-
-<p>Amongst these my countreys most familiar principles,
-<i>reading</i> offereth herselfe first in the entrie, chosen
-vpon good ground continued vpon great proofe,
-enrowled among the best, and the verie formost of the
-best, by her owne effectes, as verie many so verie profitable.
-For whether you marke the nature of the thing, while it is
-in getting, or the goodnesse therof when it is gotten, it
-must needs be the first, and the most frutefull principle, in
-training of the minde. For the letter is the first and
-simplest impression in the trade of teaching, and nothing
-before it. The knitting and iointing wherof groweth on
-verie infinitely, as it appeareth most plainely by daily
-spelling, and continuall reading, till partely by vse, and
-partely by argument, the child get the habit, and cunning
-to read well, which being once gotten, what a cluster of
-commodities doth it bring with all? what so euer any
-other, for either profit or pleasure, of force or freewill, hath
-published to the world, by penne or printe, for any ende,
-or to any vse, it is by reading all made to serue vs: in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">30</span>
-religion to loue and feare God, in law to obey and please
-men: in skill to entertaine knowledge, in will to expell
-ignorance, to do all in all, as hauing by it all helpes to do
-all thinges well. Wherfore I make <i>reading</i>, my first and
-fairest principle of all other, as being simply the first in
-substaunce, and leaning to none, but leading all other, and
-growing after so great, as it raungeth ouer all, being
-somwhat without other, other nothing without it: and a
-thing of such moment, as it is vainely begon, if it be not
-soundly goten, and being once sound it selfe: it deliuereth
-the next maister from manifest toile, and the childe himselfe
-from maruellous trouble, from feare where he failes not,
-from staggering, where he stops not, with comfort where he
-knowes, with courage, where he dare, a securitie to the
-parent, a safty to eche partie. I wishe the childe to haue
-his reading thus perfect, and ready, in both the English
-and the Latin tongue verie long before he dreame of his
-Grammar.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The reading of English first.</div>
-
-<p>Of the which two, at whether it were better to begin, by
-some accident of late it did seeme somwhat
-doubtful: but by nature of the tongues, the
-verdit is giuen vp. For while our religion
-was restrained to the Latin, it was either the onely, or the
-onelyest principle in learning, to learne to read Latin: as
-most appropriate to that effect, which the Church then
-esteemed on most.</p>
-
-<p>But now that we are returned home to our English abce,
-as most naturall to our soile, and most propter to our
-faith, the restraint being repealed, and we restored to
-libertie, we are to be directed by nature, and propertie, to
-read that first, which we speake first, and to care for that
-most, which we euer vse most: bycause we neede it most:
-and to begin our first learning there, where we haue most
-helpes, to learne it best, by familiaritie of our ordinarie
-language, by vnderstanding all usuall argumentes, by continuall
-company of our owne countreymen, all about vs
-speaking English and none vttering any wordes but those,
-which we our selues are well acquainted with, both in our
-learning and living.</p>
-
-<p>There be two speciall, whether ye will call them rules, or
-notes, to be obserued in teaching, wherof the first is: That
-thinges be so taught, as that which goeth before, may induce
-that, which followeth by naturall consequence of the thing<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">31</span>
-it selfe, not by erronious missorting of the deceiued chuser,
-who like vnto an vnskilfull hoste oftimes misplaceth euen
-the best of his guestes, by not knowing their degrees.</p>
-
-<p>The second is, that those thinges be put vnto children,
-which being confessed to be most necessarie, and most
-proper to be learned in those yeares, haue lest sense, to
-their feeling, and most labour, without fainting. For can
-any growne man so moile him selfe, without to much
-cumber, with either the principles of Grammer, or cunning
-without booke, as a child will, the ones memorie being
-empty, the other being distracte with diuersitie of thoughtes?
-<i>Reason</i> directes yeares, and <i>roate</i> rules in youth, <i>reason</i> calls
-in sense and feeling of paine, <i>roate</i> runnes on apase and
-mindeth nothing else but either play in the ende, or a litle
-praise for a great deale of paines. Now praise neuer
-wearies, nor paine euer but wearies, and play pleaseth
-children with any, yea the greatest iniquitie of circunstance,
-whether the weather lowre, or the maister frowne, so he
-will giue them leaue to go. Though the Latin tongue be
-already discharged of all superfluities, exempt from custome,
-to chaunge it, and laid vp for knowledge, to cherish it: and
-of long time hath bene smoothed both to the eye, and to
-the eare: yet in course of teaching it doth not naturally
-draw on the English, which yet remaineth in her lees
-vnrackt and not fined, though it grow on verie faire. Our
-spelling is harder, our pronouncing harsher, our syllabe hath
-commonly as many letters, as the whole Latin word hath.
-So that both consequence, and hardnesse preferre the
-English. Euen here must memorie begin her first traine,
-and store her selfe with such stuffe, as shall laie the best
-foundation to religion and obedience, which beginning in
-these yeares, will crepe on very strongly and no lesse
-soundly: so that the child cannot but proue very good in
-age, which was so consideratly entred in his youth. What
-the thinges shall be, wherin both reading must trauell, and
-memorie must make choice, I will shew in mine Elementarie
-wherin the whole education before Grammer shalbe
-comprised.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Writing.</div>
-
-<p>Next to reading followeth <i>writing</i>, in some reasonable
-distance after, bycause it requireth some strength
-of the hand, which is not so soone staied nor so
-stiffe to write, as the tongue is stirring and redy to read.
-And though writing in order of traine do succede reading,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">32</span>
-yet in nature and time it must needes be elder. For the
-penne or some other penlike instrument did carue and
-counterfeat the letter or some letterlike deuise first rawly
-and rudely, neither all at once: then finely and fully, when
-all was at once: and therby did let the eye beholde that
-in charact, which the voice deliuered to the eare in sounde,
-which being so set downe to vtter the power and knitting
-of the articulate voice, and afterward obserued to expresse
-them in deede, caused writing be much vsed as interpreter
-to the minde, and reading be embrased as expounder to the
-penne, and expressing that in force, which the penne set
-downe in fourme. Wherby it must needes follow, that raw
-and rude charactes, were the primitiue writing, which being
-expressed what they did signifie brought forth reading:
-and that experience vpon triall of their vertues made so
-much of them both, as she recommended them to profit, to
-haue them appointed for principles in the training vp of
-youth. So that reading being but the expresser of the
-written charactes must needes acknowledge and confesse
-her puniship to writing, of whom she tooke both her being
-and her beginning.</p>
-
-<p>To limite any one cause how writing began, or to runne
-ouer the inuentours of thinges to finde out who deuised it
-first, were to gesse at some vncertaine, though probable
-coniecture, without any assuraunce, to build on, as the
-thing it selfe is of small importaunce, for any to tarie on.
-It is more then likely, wherof so euer the first charact came,
-that necessitie caught hold of it, to serue her owne tourne,
-and so enlarged it still, till it came to that perfection which
-we see it now in. I will neither paint out reading with
-such ornamentes, as it needes not, neither praise writing
-with such argumentes, as it craues not. For it is praise
-enough to a good thing to be confessed good, and what so
-euer is said more, is doubtfully to ground that, which is
-determinatly graunted, and to seeke for defence when the
-forte is surrendred. After that reading was reduced into
-forme, and brought to her best, she fined her foundresse,
-and is therfore aboue all praise, bycause she makes the
-eye, the paragon sense, by benefit of that obiect. And
-writing it selfe hath profited so much, since it hath bene
-perfited, as it now proues the proppe to remembraunce,
-the executour of most affaires, the deliuerer of secretes,
-the messager of meaninges, the enheritance of posteritie,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">33</span>
-whereby they receiue whatsoeuer is left them, in lawe to
-liue by, in letters to learne, in euidence to enioye. To
-come by this thing so much commended, so, as it may
-bring foorth all her effectes redily, and roundly, these notes
-must be kept.</p>
-
-<p>That the maister learne himselfe and teach
-his scholer a faire letter and a fast, for plainesse and speede:
-That the matter of his example be pithie, and proper, to
-enrich the memorie with profitable prouision: and that the
-learning to write be not left of, vntil it be verie perfit:
-bycause writing being ones perfectly goten doth make a
-wonderful riddance in the rest of our learning. For the
-master may be bould to charge his child with writing of
-his geare, when he findes him able, to dispatch that with
-ease, what so euer is enioyned him. Neither shall that
-child euer complaine of difficultie after, which can read and
-write perfectly before. For first he hath purchased those
-two excellent faire winges, which will cause him towre vp
-to the top of all learning, as <i>Plato</i> in the like case of
-knowledge, termeth <i>Arithmetick</i> and <i>Geometrie</i><a id="FNanchor_2_2" href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">2</a> his two
-wings wherwith to flie vp to heauen, from whence he doth
-fetch the true direction of his imprisoned ignorant. Secondly
-he hath declared eare he came to that cunning, that his wit
-would serue him, to proceede on further, as his winges will
-helpe him, to flie on faster. For in deede during the time,
-of writing and reading, his witte will bewraie it selfe,
-whether it may venture further vpon greater learning, or
-were best to stay at some smaller skil, vpon defect in
-nature. But if the child can not do that redily, which he
-hath rather looked on, then learned, before he remoue
-from his Elementarie, while his maister conceiues quickly,
-and he perceiues slowly, there is verie much matter offered
-vnto passion, wheron to worke. Which commonly brusteth
-out into much beating, to the dulling of the childe, and
-discouraging of the maister: and bycause of the to timely
-onset, to litle is done in to long a time, and the schoole is
-made a torture, which as it bringes forth delite in the ende,
-when learning is helde fast, so should it passe on verie
-pleasantly by the waye, while it is in learning: And
-generally this I do thinke of perfiting, and making vp, as
-children go on: (seing the argument it selfe doth draw my
-penne so forcibly forward,) that it must needes be most<span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">34</span>
-perfectly good. For what if oportunitie either to go any
-further at all, or at least to go so on, as their freindes did
-set them in, be suddenly cut of, either by losse of freindes,
-or lacke in freindes, or some other misfortune? were it not
-good that they had so much perfectly, as they are practised
-in? which being vnperfectly had, will either stand them in
-very small steede, or in none at all. To write and read
-wel which may be iointly gotten is a prety stocke for a
-poore boye to begin the world with all.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Writing the English hand first.</div>
-
-<p>The same reasons which moued me to haue the child
-read English before Latin, do moue me also, to
-wishe him to write English before Latin, as a
-thing of more hardnesse, and redier in vse to
-aunswere all occasions. Thus farre I do thinke that all my
-countreymen will ioyne with me, and allow their children
-the vse, of their letter and penne. For those that can write
-and read may not gainsaie, least I aske of them why they
-learned themselues? If they that cannot, do mislike that
-they haue not, I will aske of them, why they wishe so oft
-for them?</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Drawing.</div>
-
-<p>Some controuersie before the thing be consideratly
-thought on, but none after, may arise about this
-next, which is to draw with penne or pencill, a
-cosen germain to faire writing, and of the selfe same
-charge. For penne and penknife, incke and paper, compasse
-and ruler, a deske and a dustboxe will set them both
-vp, and in these young yeares, while the finger is flexible,
-and the hand fit for frame, it will be fashioned easely.
-And commonly they that haue any naturall towardnesse
-to write well, haue aknacke of drawing to, and declare
-some euident conceit in nature bending that waye. And
-as iudgement by vnderstanding is a rule to the minde to
-discern what is honest, seemly, and sutable in matters of
-the minde, and such argumentes as fall within compasse of
-generall reason exempt from sense: so this qualitie by
-drawing with penne or pencill, is an assured rule for the
-sense to iudge by, of the proportion and seemelines of all
-aspectable thinges. As he that knoweth best, how to kepe
-that himselfe, which is comely in fashion, can also best
-iudge, when comelinesse of fashion is kept by any other.
-And why is it not good to haue euery parte of the body:
-and euery power of the soule to be fined to his best? And
-seing that must be looked vnto long afore, which must<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">35</span>
-serue vs best alwaye after, why ought we not to ground
-that thoroughly in youth, which must requite vs againe
-with grace in our age? If I or any else should seeme to
-contemne that principle, which brought forth <i>Apelles</i>, and
-that so knowen a crew of excellent painters, so many in
-number, so marueilous in cunning, so many statuaries, so
-many architectes: nay whose vse all modelling, all mathematikes,
-all manuaries do finde and confesse to be to so
-notorious and so needefull: both I and that any else might
-well be supposed to see very litle, not seing the use of that,
-which is laboured for sight, and most delitefull to see.
-Neither is the deuise mine, as if it were, repentance hath
-repulse. For what so euer I do allow in others, which for
-the deuise do deserue wel, I deserued not ill, in mine
-opinion, if I were my selfe the first deuiser therof. That
-great philosopher <i>Aristotle</i> in the eight booke and third
-chapter of his Politikes, and not there onely, as not he
-alone, ioyneth writing and reading, which he compriseth
-vnder this worde, γραμματικὴ, with drawing by penne or
-pencill, which I translate his γραφικὴ, both the two of one
-parentage and petigree, as thinges peculiarly chosen to
-bring vp youth, both for quantitie in profit, and for qualitie
-in vse. There he sayeth, that as writing and reading do
-minister much helpe to trafficque, to householdrie, to
-learning, and all publicke dealinges: so drawing by penne
-or pencill, is verie requisite to make a man able to iudge,
-what that is which he byeth of artificers and craftes men,
-for substaunce, forme, and fashion, durable and handsome
-or no: and such other necessarie seruices, besides the
-delitefull and pleasant.</p>
-
-<p>For the setting of colours I do not much stand in, howbeit
-if any dexterity that waye do draw the child on, it is
-an honest mans liuing and I dare not condemne that famous
-fellowship: which is so renowned for handling the pencill.
-A large field is here offered to praise the praiseworthy, and
-to paint them out well, which painted all thinges so well, as
-the world still wondereth at the hearing of their workes.
-But the praise of painting is no part of my purpose at this
-time, but the appointing of it among the training principles,
-being so aunciently allowed, so necessarie in so many
-thinges, so great a ground to so gallant a misterie, as that
-profession is, wherof <i>Apelles</i> was: and last of all, so neare
-a cosen to the fairest writing, whose cradlefellow it is.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">36</span></p>
-
-<p><i>Musicke</i> maketh vp the summe, and is deuided into two
-partes, the voice and the instrument, wherof the
-voice resembleth reading: as yealding that to
-the eare, which it seeth with the eye: and the instrument
-writing, by counterfeting the voice, both the two in this age
-best to be begon, while both the voice and the iointe be
-pliable to the traine. The voice craueth lesse cost to
-execute her part, being content with so much onely, as
-writing, and drawing did prouide for their furniture, when
-they began their houshold. The instrumente seemeth to
-be more costly, and claimes both more care in keping, and
-more charge in compassing. For the pleasauntnesse of
-<i>Musick</i> there is no man that doth doubt, bycause it seemeth
-in some degree to be a medicine from heauen, against our
-sorowes vpon earth. Some men thinke it to be too too
-sweete, and that it may be either quite forborne, or not so
-much followed. For mine owne parte I dare not dispraise
-it, which hath so great defendours, and deserueth so well,
-and I must needes allow it, which place it among those,
-that I do esteeme the cheife principles, for training vp of
-youth, not of mine owne head alone, but by the aduise of
-all antiquitie, all learned philosophie, all skilfull training,
-which make <i>Musick</i> still one of the principles, when they
-handle the question, what thinges be best, to bring youth
-first vp in. If I had sought occasion of raunging discours
-which I still auoide, but where the opening of some point,
-doth lighten the thing, and may delite the reader, whom
-flatte and stearne setting downe, by waye of <i>aphorisme</i>,
-would soone weary, (though many not of the meanest would
-allow of that kinde exceeding well:) I might haue found
-out many digressions long agoe, or if I had taken holde of
-that which hath bene offered, I haue mette with many such,
-since I began first to write: but of all, in all sortes I do
-finde any, wherin speeche might so spreede all the sailes,
-which she hath, and the penne might vse, all the pencilling,
-which she can: as in painting out the praise and ornamentes
-of <i>Musick</i>. The matter is so ample, the ground so large,
-the reasons so many, which sound to her renowne: the
-thing it selfe so auncient, and so honorable, so generall, and
-so priuate, so in Churches, and so without, so in all ages,
-and in all places, both highely preferred, and richely
-rewarded: the princesse of delites, and the delite of princes:
-such a pacifier in passion, such a maistres to the minde, so<span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">37</span>
-excellent in so many, so esteemed by so many, as euen
-multitude makes me wonder, and with all to staie my hand,
-for feare that I shall not easely get thence, if I enter once
-in. I will not therfore digresse: bycause there is better
-stuffe in place, and more fit for my purpose, then the praise
-of <i>Musick</i> is. The Philosophers, and Physicians, do allow
-the straining, and recoyling of the voice in children, yea
-though they crie, and baule, beside their singing, and
-showting: by the waie of exercise to stretche, and kepe
-open the hollow passages, and inward pipes of the tender
-bulke, whereby <i>Musick</i> will proue a double principle both
-for the soule, by the name of learning, and for the body, by
-the waye of exercise, as hereafter shall appeare.</p>
-
-<p>But for the whole matter of <i>Musick</i>, this shalbe enough
-for me to say at this time, that our countrey doth allow it:
-that it is verie comfortable to the wearyed minde: a preparatiue
-to perswasion: that he must needes haue a head
-out of proportion, which cannot perceiue: or doth not
-delite in the proportions of number, which speake him so
-faire: that it is best learned in childehood, when it can do
-least harme, and may best be had: that if the constitution
-of man both for bodie and soule, had not some naturall,
-and nighe affinitie with the concordances of <i>Musick</i>, the
-force of the one, would not so soone stirre vp, the cosen
-motion in the other. It is wonderfull that is writen, and
-strange that we see, what is wrought therby in nature of
-<i>Physick</i>, for the remedying of some desperate diseases.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Miscontentment.</div>
-<div class="sidenote">Aunswere.</div>
-
-<p>And yet there groweth some miscontentment with it,
-though it be neuer so good, and that not only
-in personages of whom I make small account,
-but in some verie good, honest, and well disposed natures,
-though to stearnly bent, which neuerthelesse, for al their
-stearnnes, wil resigne ouer their sentence, and alter their
-opinion, sometimes of themselues vpon deeper meditation,
-what the thing in it selfe is, sometime by inducement, when
-they fal in with other which are better resolued: but most
-cheifly then, when <i>Musick</i> it selfe consideratly applyed,
-hath for a while obtained the fauorable vse of their listning
-eares. The science it selfe hath naturally a verie forcible
-strength to trie and to tuche the inclination of the minde,
-to this or that affection, thorough the propertie of number,
-wheron it consisteth, which made the <i>Pythagorian</i>, and not
-him alone to plat the soule out so much vpon number.
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">38</span>
-It is also very pleasant for the harmonie and concent, wherby
-the hearer discouers his disposition, and lettes pleasure
-playe vpon the bitte, and dalye with the bridle, as delite
-will not be drowned, nor driuen to hidebare. For which
-cause <i>Musick</i> moueth great misliking to some men that
-waye, as to great a prouoker to vaine delites, still laying
-baite, to draw on pleasure: still opening the minde, to the
-entrie of lightnesse. And in matters of religion also, to
-some it seemes offensiue, bycause it carieth awaye the eare,
-with the sweetnesse of the melodie, and bewitcheth the
-minde with a <i>Syrenes</i> sounde, pulling it from that delite,
-wherin of duetie it ought to dwell, vnto harmonicall fantasies,
-and withdrawing it, from the best meditations, and most
-vertuous thoughtes to forreine conceites, and wandring
-deuises. For one aunswere to all, if abuse of a
-thing, which may be well vsed, and had her
-first being to be well vsed, be a sufficient condemnation to
-the thing that is abused, let glotonie forbid meat, distempering
-drinke, pride apparell, heresie religion, adulterie
-mariage, and why not, what not? Nay which of all our
-principles shall stand, if the persons blame, shal blemish
-the thing? We read foolish bookes, wherat to laugh, nay
-wherin we learne that, which we might and ought forbeare:
-we write strange thinges, to serue our owne fansie, if we
-sway but a litle to any lewde folly: we paint and draw
-pictures, not to be set in Churches, but such as priuate
-houses hide with curtaines, not to saue the colours, but to
-couer their owners, whose lightnesse is discouered, by such
-lasciuious obiectes. Shall reading therfore be reft from
-religion? shall priuate, and publike affaires, lease the benefit
-of writing? shall sense forgoe his forsight, and the beautifier
-of his obiect? Change thou thy direction, the thinges
-will follow thee more swifte to the good, then the other to
-the bad, being capable of both, as thinges of vse be, and
-yet bending to the better. Mans faulte makes the thing
-seeme filthie. Applie thou it to the best, the choice is
-before thee. It is the ill in thee, which seemeth to corrupte
-the good in the thing, which good, though it be defaced by
-thy ill, yet shineth it so cleare, as it bewraieth the naturall
-beautie, euen thorough the cloude of thy greatest disgracing.
-<i>Musick</i> will not harme thee, if thy behauiour be good, and
-thy conceit honest, it will not miscary thee, if thy eares can
-carie it, and sorte it as it should be.
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">39</span>
-Appoint thou it well, it will serue thee to good purpose: if either thy manners
-be naught, or thy iudgement corrupt, it is not <i>Musick</i> alone
-which thou doest abuse, neither cannest thou auoide that
-blame, which is in thy person, by casting it on <i>Musick</i>,
-which thou hast abused and not she thee. And why should
-those people, which can vse it rightly, forgoe their owne
-good, or haue it with embasing to pleasure some peuishe,
-which will not yet be pleased? or seeke to heale sores,
-which will festure still, and neuer skinne, though ye plaster
-them daily, to your owne displeasure. But am I not to
-tedious? This therfore shall suffise now, that children are
-to be trained vp in the Elementarie schoole, for the helping
-forward of the abilities of the minde, in these fower things,
-as commaunded vs by choice and commended by custome.
-<i>Reading</i>, to receiue that which is bequeathed vs by other,
-and to serue our memorie with that which is best for vs.
-<i>Writing</i> to do the like thereby for others, which other
-haue done for vs, by writing those thinges which we daily
-vse: but most of al to do most for our selues: <i>Drawing</i>
-to be a directour to sense, a delite to sight, and an ornament
-to his obiectes. <i>Musick</i> by the instrument, besides the
-skill which must still encrease, in forme of exercise to get
-the vse of our small ioyntes, before they be knitte, to haue
-them the nimbler, and to put Musicianes in minde, that
-they be no brawlers, least by some swash of a sword, they
-chaunce to lease a iointe, an irrecouerable iewell vnaduisedly
-cast away. <i>Musick</i> by the voice, besides her cunning also,
-by the waye of <i>Phisick</i>, to sprede the voice instrumentes
-within the bodie, while they be yet but young. As both
-the kindes of <i>Musick</i> for much profit, and more pleasure,
-which is not voide of profit in her continuing kinde. All
-foure for such vses as be infinite in number, as they know
-best, which haue most knowledge and the parentes must
-learne, to lead their children to them: and the children
-must beleue, to winne their parentes choice, which may be
-in all, if they themselues liste, if they liste not, in no more
-then they like, their restraining conceite neither bridling,
-nor abbridging any other mans entent, which seeketh after
-more. And though all young ones be not thus farre
-trained, yet we may perceiue, that all these be vsed, in
-particular proofes, and not to be refused in generall trade,
-where all turnes be serued, by setting foor[t]h of all thinges
-that be generally in vse, though not generally used. Thus<span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">40</span>
-much of these thinges at this time, which I do meane by
-Gods grace to handle in their owne Elementarie, as precisely
-and yet, as properly, as euer I can.</p>
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_6">CHAPTER 6.</h2>
-
-
-<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of exercises and training the body. How necessarie a thing
-exercise is. What health is, and how it is maintained:
-what sicknesse is, how it commeth, and how it is preuented.
-What a parte exercise playeth in the maintenaunce of
-health. Of the student and his health. That all
-exercises though they stirre some one part most, yet
-helpe the whole bodie.</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">The</span> soule and bodie being coparteners in good and
-ill, in sweete and sowre, in mirth and mourning,
-and hauing generally a common sympathie, and a
-mutuall feeling in all passions: how can they be, or rather
-why should they be seuered in traine? the one made
-stronge, and well qualified, the other left feeble, and a praye
-to infirmitie? will ye haue the minde to obtaine those
-thinges, which be most proper vnto her, and most profitable
-vnto you, when they be obtained? Then must ye also
-haue a speciall care, that the bodie be well appointed, for
-feare it shrink, while ye be either in course to get them, or
-in case to vse them. For as the powers of the soule come
-to no proofe, or to verie small, if they be not fostered by
-their naturall traine, but wither and dye, like corne not
-reaped, but suffered to rotte by negligence of the owner, or
-by contention in chalenge: euen so, nay much more, the
-bodie being of it selfe lumpishe and earthy, must needes
-either dye in drowsinesse, or liue in loosenesse, if it be not
-stirred and trained diligently to the best. And though the
-soule, as the fountaine of life, and the quickner of the body,
-may and will beare it out for some while, thorough
-valiauntnesse of courage: yet weaknesse will not be
-alwayes dissembled, but in the ende will and must bewraie
-her owne want, euen then perauenture, when it were most<span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">41</span>
-pittie. Many notable personages for stomacke and courage,
-many excellent men for learning and skill, in most and
-best professions haue then left their liues, thorough the
-plaine weaknesse, of their contemned bodies, when they
-put their countries in most apparent and gladsome hope of
-rare and excellent effectes, the one of valiantnesse and
-manhood, the other of knowledge and skill. Seing therfore
-there is a good in them both, which by diligent endeuour
-may be auaunced to that, for which it was ordained, and
-by negligent ouersight, doeth either decaye quite, or proues
-not so well, as otherwayes it might, I maye not slightly
-passe ouer the bodies good, being both so neare, and so
-necessarie a neighbour unto the soule: considering I haue
-bestowed so much paines already, and must bestow much
-more, in the seruice of the soule: nay rather considering I
-deale with the bodie but once, and that onely here, wheras
-I entreat of the soule, and the furniture therof in what so
-euer I shall medle with, in my whole course hereafter. If
-common sense did not teach vs the necessitie of this point,
-and extreme feeblenes did not force men to confesse, how
-great feates they could do, and how actiue they would
-proue, if their weake limmes and failing ioyntes, would
-aunswere the lusty courage, and braue swinge of their fierie
-and fresh spirites: I would take paines to perswade them
-by argumentes, both of proofe in experience, and of reason
-in nature, that as it is easie, so it were needefull to helpe
-the body by some traine, not left at random to libertie, but
-brought in to forme of ordinarie discipline, generally in all
-men, bycause all men neede helpe, for necessarie health,
-and ready execution of their naturall actions: but particularly
-for those men, whose life is in leasure, whose braynes
-be most busied, and their wittes most wearied, in which
-kinde studentes be no one small part, but the greatest of
-all, which so vse their mindes as if they cared not for their
-bodies, and yet so neede their bodies, as without the
-strength and soundnesse wherof, they be good for nothing,
-but to moane themselues, and to make other maruell, why
-they take no more heede, how to do that long, which they
-do so well, being a thing within compasse of their owne
-care, and knowledge. For who is so grosse, as he will
-denie that exercise doth good, and that so great, as is
-without comparison, seing olde <i>Asclepiades</i> is by <i>Galene</i>
-confuted, and stawled for an asse: as <i>Erasitratus</i> also his<span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">42</span>
-dissembling friend? or who is so sore tied either to studie,
-or to stocks, as he cannot stirre himselfe if he will, or ought
-not if he may? But the matter being confessed, euen by
-the most idle, and vnweildy to be healthfull and good, I
-shall neede no more reason, to procure assent, and allowaunce
-for exercise. My whole trauell therfore must be to
-finde out, and set foorth, what shalbe requisite to the perfourmaunce
-of this point, concerning the traine and
-exercising of the body, that it may proue healthy, and liue
-long: and be ready to assist, all the actions of the minde.</p>
-
-<p>Wherin therfore consisteth the health of the bodie, and
-how is it to be maintained vntill such time, as nature shall
-dismantle, and pull it downe her selfe? To aunswere this
-question, and withall to declare, how great an officer to
-health exercise is: I will first shew, wherin health doth
-consiste, and how diseases do come: then how health is
-maintained, and disease auoided: Last of all how great a
-parte is appointed for exercise to plaie in the perfourmaunce
-therof, bycause I saye, and not I alone, but <i>Galen</i> also that
-great Physician, neither <i>Galen</i><a id="FNanchor_3_3" href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">3</a> onely, though sufficient
-alone, but all that euer liued, and were cheife of that
-liuerie, that who so can applie the minde well with learning,
-and the bodie with exercise, shall make both a wise minde,
-and a healthfull bodie in their best kinde. Wherfore seing
-I haue set downe wherin the traine of the minde doth
-consist, so much as the Elementarie course doth admit,
-and must perfourme, and so farre as these my Positions
-require at this time, whose profession is not to tary, though
-it tuche them: I wil now handle that other part of exercise,
-wherwith the bodie is either to be kept in health, or to be
-helpt to health: and that not onely in the Elementarie, to
-whom this treatise should seeme to aunswere, but also in
-the generall student during his whole life: which must
-alwaye rule himselfe by those circunstances, which direct
-the application of exercise, according to time, age, &amp;c. and
-shalbe handled herafter.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">What is health and sicknesse.</div>
-
-<p>There be in the bodie of man, the force of foure
-elementes, fire and aire, water and earth, and
-the pith of their primitiue, and principall
-qualities, heat and couldnesse, moysture and
-drynesse, which the Physicians call the similarie partes, of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">43</span>
-the similitude and likenesse that they haue, not the one to
-the other, but the partes of eche to their owne whole,
-bycause euerie least part, or degree of these great ones,
-beare the name of the whole, as euerie part or parcell of
-fier, is called fier, no lesse then the whole fier, of water,
-water, of aier, aier, of earth, earth, and euerie degree of
-heat, is heat, of cold, is cold, of moysture, is moysture, of
-drynesse, is drynesse, though greater and smaller, lesse and
-more, be epithetes vnto them, as either their quantitie, or
-qualitie doth sprede or close.</p>
-
-<p>There be also in the same bodie certaine instrumentall
-partes, compounded and consisting in substance of the
-similarie, which the bodie doth vse in the executing of the
-naturall functions, and workinges therof. Now when these
-similarie partes be so tempered, and disposed, as no one
-doth excede any other in proportion to ouerrule, but all be
-as one in consent to preserue: and the instrumentall partes
-also be so correspondent one to an other, in composition
-and greatnesse, in number and measure, as nature thorough
-the temperature of the first, may absolutely vse the perfectnesse
-of the last, to execute and perfourme without let or
-stoppe, what appertaineth to the maintenaunce of her
-selfe: it is called health, and the contrarie, disease, both in
-the whole bodie, and in euery part therof. In the whole
-bodie by distemperature of the whole, in some part, by
-composition, out of place, and disioynted, by greatnes,
-being to bigge or to small: by measure, being misshapen
-and fashionles: by number, being to many and needlesse:
-or to few, and failing. This health whether it be in the
-middle degre, wherin all executions be complete without
-any sensible let: and no infirmitie appeareth, that the
-bodie feeles with any plaine offence: Or if it be in the
-perfectest degree, which is so seldom, as neuer any saw,
-bycause of great frailty, and brittlenesse in our nature: it
-neuer continueth in one estate, but altereth still, and runnes
-to ruyne, without both speedy and daily, nay without
-hourely reparation.</p>
-
-<p>The causes which alter, and chaunge it so, be somtime
-from within the bodie, and were borne with it: sometime
-from without, and yet not without daunger. From within,
-the verie propertie and pithe of our originall substance, and
-matter whence we grew, altereth vs first, which as it
-beginneth, and groweth in moysture, so it endeth, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">44</span>
-stayeth in drynesse, and in the ende decayeth the bodie
-with to much drynesse, which extreame though naturall
-withering, we call olde age, which though it come by
-course, and commaundement of nature, yet beareth it the
-name, and title of disease, bycause it decayeth the bodie,
-and deliuereth it to death. From within also, the continuall
-rebating, and falling awaye of somwhat from the bodie,
-occasioneth much chaunge, nay that is most cause of
-greatest chaunge, and killeth incontinent by meere defect,
-if it be not supplyed.</p>
-
-<p>To these two causes of inward alteration, there aunswere
-two other forreine causes, both vnholesome, and perillous,
-the aire, which enuironneth vs, and violence, which is
-offered vs. The former of the two, decaing our health
-with to much heat, cold, drynesse, and moysture of it selfe:
-or by noysomnesse of the soile, and corruption in circunstance.
-The second, by strong hand brusing, or breaking,
-wounding or wiping awaie, of some one part of the bodie,
-or els killing the whole consort of the bodie with the
-soule, and taking away life from it. These foure ouerthrowes
-of our bodies and health, olde age, waste, aire, and
-violence, finde by helpe of nature, and arte, certaine oppositions,
-which either diuert them quite, if they maye be
-auoided, or kepe them of longer, if they maye be differred,
-or mittigate their malice, when it is perceiued. For forreine
-violence, foresight will looke to, where casualtie commaundes
-not, and cannot be foreseene. For infection by
-the aire, that it do not corrupte and marre so much as it
-would, wisedome will prouide, and defende the bodie from
-the iniuries, and wronges therof. That olde age grow not
-on to fast, circunspectnes in diet, consideration in clothes,
-diligence in well doing, wil easely prouide, both for the
-minde not to enfect, first it selfe and then the bodie: and
-for the bodie not to enforce the minde, by too impotent
-desires. That waste weare not, meat takes in chardge, to
-supplie that is drye, and decayeth: drinke promiseth to
-restore moysture, when it doth diminishe: the breath it
-selfe, and arteriall pulse, looke to heating and cooling.
-And <i>Physick</i> in generall professing foresight to preuent
-euills, and offering redresse, when they haue done harme,
-so not incurable, doth direct both those and all other
-meanes. Now in all these helpes, and most beneficiall
-aides of our afflicted nature, which deuiseth all meanes to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">45</span>
-saue her selfe harmelesse, and deliteth therin, when she is
-discharged of infirmities, to much stuffes and stiffles, to
-litle straites and pines, both vndoe the naturall. To much
-meat cloyes, to litle faintes, both perishe the principall.
-To much liquour drownes, to litle dryes, both corrupt the
-carcasse. Heat burnes, cold chilles, in excesse both to
-much, in defect both to litle, and both causes to decaie.
-Mediocritie preserueth not onely in these but in whatsoeuer
-els.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Exercise.</div>
-
-<p>But now what place hath exercise here? to helpe nature
-by motion in all these her workinges, and wayes
-for health: to encrease and encourage the
-naturall heat, that it maye digest quickly and expell
-strongly: to fashion and frame all the partes of the bodie
-to their naturall and best hauiour: to helpe to rid needelesse,
-and superfluous humours: reffuse and reiected
-excrementes, which nature leaues for naught, when she
-hath sufficiently fed, and wisheth rather they were seene
-abrode, then felt within. And be not these great benefites?
-to defend the body by defeating diseases? to stay the
-minde, by strengthening of her meane? to assist nature
-being both daily, and daungerously, assailed both within
-and without? to helpe life to continue long? to force
-death, to kepe farre a loufe?</p>
-
-<p>Now as all constitutions be not of one and the same
-mould, and as all partes be not moued alike, with any one
-thing: so the exercises must alter, and be appropriate to
-each: that both the constitution may be continued in her
-best kinde, and all the partes preserued to their best vse,
-which exercises being compared among themselues one to
-an other, be more or lesse, but being applyed to the partie
-kepe alwayes in a meane, when they meane to do good.
-Concerning students, for whose health my care is greatest,
-the lesse they eate, the lesse they neede to voide: and
-therfore small diet in them, best preuenteth all superfluities,
-which they cannot auoide, if their diet be great
-and their exercise small. Their exercise must also be very
-moderate, and not alter to much, for feare of to great
-distemperature in that, which must continue moderate:
-and with all it should be ordinarie, that the habit may be
-holesome, and sudden chaunge giue no cause of greater
-inconuenience. Wherfore to auoide distemperature the
-enemie to health, and so consequently to life, and to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">46</span>
-maintaine the naturall constitution so, as it may serue to
-the best, wherin her duetie lyeth, and liue to the longest,
-that in nature it can, besides the diet, which must be small,
-as nature is a pickler, and requires but small pittaunce:
-besides clothing which should be thin euen from the first
-swadling to harden, and thick the flesh: I do take this
-traine by exercise, which I wishe to be ioyned with learning,
-to be a marueilous furtherer.</p>
-
-<p>But for diet to auoide inward daungers, and clothing to
-auert outward iniuries, and all such preuentions, as are not
-proper to teachers, though in communitie more proper
-then to any common man: I set them ouer to parentes,
-and other well willers, which will see to them, that they
-faile not in those thinges: and if they do, will fly to
-Physicians, by their helpe to salue that, which themselues
-may forsee. For exercises I will deale, which to commend
-more then they will commend them selues, when I shall
-shew both what they be, and the particular profites of euery
-one of them, which I chuse from the rest, were me thinke
-verie needlesse, and cheifly to me, which seeme sufficiently
-to praise them, in that I do place them among principles
-of prerogatiue. But as in the soule I did picke out certaine
-pointes, whervnto I applyed the training principles: so
-likewise in the bodie, may I not also seuer some certaine
-partes, whervnto my preceptes must principally be conformed?
-that shall not neede. For as in the soule the
-frute of traine doth better and make complete euen that
-which I tuched not, and so consequently the whole soule:
-so in the bodie, those exercises which seeme to be appointed
-for some speciall partes, bycause they stirre those partes
-most, do qualifie the whole bodie, and make it most actiue.
-Wherefore as there I did promise not to anatomise the
-soule, as neither dealing with Diuines nor Philosophers: so
-do I not here make profession to shew the anatomie of the
-bodie, as medling neither with Physicians nor Surgeans,
-otherwise then any of them foure can helpe me in exercise.
-To the which effect, and ende, I will onely cull out from
-whence I can, such speciall notes, as both Philosophers,
-and Phisicians do know to be most true, and both the
-learned, and vnlearned, will confesse to be for them: and
-such also, as the training maisters may easely both helpe,
-and encrease in their owne triall. For both reason, and
-rule, do alwaye commaunde, that the maister be by, when<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">47</span>
-exercise is vsed, thorough whose ouerlooking the circunstance
-is kept, which helpeth to health, and the contrarie
-shunned, which in exercise doth harme. In the elder
-yeares, reason at the elbow must serue the student, as in
-these younger, the maisters preference helpes to direct the
-child.</p>
-
-<p>But to ioyne close with our traine. What partes be
-they in our bodie, vpon whom exercise is to shew this
-great effecte? or what be the powers therof, which must
-still be stirred, so to say, and establish the perpetuitie of
-health, not in themselues alone, but in the whole bodie, by
-them? Where ioyntes be to bend, where stringes to tye,
-where synewes to stirre, where streatchers to straine, there
-must needes be motion: or els stifnesse will follow, and
-vnweildynesse withall: where there be conduites to conuey
-the blood, which warmeth, canales to carie the spirite,
-which quickneth, pipes to bestow the aire, which cooleth,
-passage to dismisse excrements which easeth, there must
-needes be spreding, to kepe the currant large, and eche
-waie open, for feare of obstructions, and sudden fainting.
-Where to much must needes marre, there must be forcing
-out, where to litle must nedes lame, there must be letting
-in: where thickning threates harme, there thinning fines
-the substance: where thinning is to much, there thickning
-must do much, and to knit vp all in short, all those offices,
-whervnto our bodie serueth naturally, either for inward
-bestowing of nurriture, and maintenaunce of life: or for
-outward motion, and executions of vse, must be cherished
-and nusled so, as that they do by nature well, and truely,
-they may do by traine, both long, and strongly. I shall
-not neede to name the partes, all in one ruk, as of set
-purpose, which be knowen by their effectes: and the
-exercises also themselues will shew for whom they serue.
-But for example first in the partes let vs see, whether we
-can discern them by their working, and properties, that
-therby the exercise may be pickte, which is most proper to
-helpe such effectes.</p>
-
-<p>1. Who doth not streight waye conceiue, that the lunges
-or lightes be ment, when he heareth of an inward part,
-which prouideth winde for the harte, to allay his heat, and
-to minister some clammy matter vnto it, whence he may
-take aire, most fit for his functions, and not at the sudden
-be forced to vse any forreine?</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">48</span></p>
-
-<p>2. Or who doth not by and by see, that the harte is
-implyed, when he heareth of an other inward part, which
-is the spring, and fountaine, of the vitall spirite and
-facultie, the seat and sender out of naturall heat, the
-occasion and cause of the arteriall pulse, which by one
-arterie, and way, receiueth cooling from the lunges, by an
-other, sendeth the vitall spirite, the hote, and hurling
-blood, thorough out the whole bodie?</p>
-
-<p>3. Or who is so grosse, as not to gesse at the liuer, when
-he heareth of an other inward part, which is the cheife
-instrument of nurriture, the workhouse of thicke and grosse
-blood: that feedeth the life and soule: when it desireth
-meat, and drinke, and what is els necessarie: which
-conueieth blood thorough the veines to nurrish all partes
-of the bodie, with the naturall spirit in it, if there be any,
-verie darke and heauie?</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">He can tel what the parte is.</div>
-
-<p>4. Nay hath he any braine, which seeth not the braine
-plainly laid before him, when he heareth a part of mans
-bodie named, which breedeth a sowlish, and life spirite, as
-most pure, so most precious, and rather a qualitie then a
-bodie, and vseth it partly to further the working of that
-princely, and principall part of mans soule, wherby he
-vnderstandeth and reasoneth: partly to helpe the instrumentes
-of sense, and motion, by meane of the sineues,
-neuer suffering them to lacke spirite: which is the cheife
-and capitall cause, why these instrumentes do their dueties
-well? And so forth in all the partes aswell
-without, as within sight, whose properties when
-one heareth and finding that they be helped by
-such a motion he can forthwith say, that such an exercise
-is good for such a part.</p>
-
-<p>1. Now againe for exercises. Who hearing that moderate
-running doth warme the whole body, strengthneth the naturall
-motions, prouoketh appetite, helpeth against distilling
-of humours and catarres, and driueth them some other
-waie:</p>
-
-<p>2. Or that daunsing beside the warmth, driueth awaye
-numnesse, and certaine palsies, comforteth the stomacke,
-being cumbred with weaknes of digestion, and confluence
-of raw humours, strengtheneth weake hippes, fainting
-legges, freatishing feete:</p>
-
-<p>3. Or that ryding also is healthfull for the hippes and
-stomacke: that it cleareth the instrumentes of all the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">49</span>
-senses, that it thickneth thinne shankes: that it stayeth
-loose bellies:</p>
-
-<p>4. Or that loud speaking streatcheth the bulke exerciseth
-the vocalle instrumentes, practiseth the lungues, openeth the
-bodie, and all the passages therof:</p>
-
-<p>5. Or that loud reading scoureth all the veines, stirreth
-the spirites thorought out all the entraulles, encreaseth
-heat, suttileth the blood, openeth the arteries, suffereth not
-superfluous humours to grow grosse and thicke: who, say
-I, hearing but of these alone in taste for all, or of all
-together by these alone, doth not both see the partes,
-which are preserued, the exercise which preserueth, and the
-matter wherin?</p>
-
-<p>Wherfore seing exercise is such a thing, that so much
-enableth the bodie, whom the soule hath for companion in
-all exploites, a comfort being lightsome, a care being
-lothesom, a courage being healthy, a clog being heauie, I
-will, bycause I must, if I meane to do well, plat forth the
-whole place of exercising the bodie, at ones for all ages.</p>
-
-
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_7">CHAPTER 7.</h2>
-
-<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">The braunching, order, and methode, kept in this
-discours of exercises.</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">Bycause</span> the speciall marke wherat I shoote, is to
-bring the minde forward to his best, by those
-meanes which I take to be best, wherin I must of
-force continue verie long, as in my principall and cheife
-subiecte, and in no place sauing this, entreat of the bodie,
-but onely how to apply that to it, which I pitche downe
-here: I thinke it good therefore in this place to perfit, and
-handle at full the whole title of exercises with all the cicunstances
-belonging thervnto, so sufficiently and fully, as
-my simple skill can aspire vnto: and as the present
-occasion of a position or passage vseth to require, leauing<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">50</span>
-that which I do not medle with, to those that shall professe
-the thing, ether for their owne, or for their childrens health,
-wherin I will kepe this methode and manner of proceeding.
-1. First I wil note somewhat, generally concerning all exercises.
-2. Secondly I will chuse out some especiall exercises,
-which vpon good consideration I do take to be most proper,
-and propitious to schooles, and scholers. 3. Thirdly, I will
-applye the circunstances, required in exercise to euerie of
-them, so neare as I can, that there be no error committed
-in the executing. For the better the thing is, if it hit right,
-the more dangerous it proueth, if it misse of that right.
-4. Last of all I will shew the training maister, how to furnish
-himselfe thoroughly, in this professed exercising: bycause
-he must both applie the minde with learning, and the bodie
-with mouing, at diuerse times, refreshing himselfe, with
-varietie and chaunge.</p>
-
-<p>But in handling of these foure pointes, I meane to rippe
-vp no idle question: I terme that idle, where health is the
-ende, and the question no helpe to it, but cause to discours,
-and delaye of precept. Such questions be these: who
-first found out the arte of exercise called <i>Gymnastice</i>, or
-whether it belong to the Physician or no: being a preseruatiue
-to health: or who first deuised the particular
-exercises: or who were most famous for the executing
-therof, and a number of such like discoursory argumentes,
-which learned men hauing leasure at will, as a schoolemaister
-hath not, and willing to wade farre, as my selfe
-could wish, haue mined out of the bowelles of antiquitie,
-and entraules of authoritie, sometimes sadly, and saing in
-deede much, vpon euident and apparent testimonies, sometimes
-simply, and surmising but some such thing, by very
-light and slight coniectures: oftimes supported by bare
-guesse, at some silly word, or some more naked warrant.
-Wherfore to the matter.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">51</span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_8">CHAPTER 8.</h2>
-
-
-<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of exercise in generall and what it is. And that it is Athleticall
-for games, Martiall for the fielde, Physicall for health, præparatiue
-before, postparatiue after the standing exercise: some
-within daores, for foule whether, some without for faire.</span></p>
-
-
-<div class="sidenote">The diuision of exercises.</div>
-
-<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">All</span> exercises were first deuised, and so in deede
-serued, either for games and pastime,
-for warre and seruice, or for suretie of
-health and length of life, though somtime all
-the three endes did concurre in one, sometimes they could
-not. For why might not an healthfull, and a sound body,
-both serue in the fielde for a soldiar, and in the sand for a
-wrastler? But we seldom reade, that the <i>athleticall</i> constitution
-whose ende was gaming, whose exercise was
-pastime, whose diet was vnmeasurable for any man to vse,
-did either deliuer the world an healthfull body, being
-strained beyond measure, or a courageous soldiar, being
-vnweildy to fight, as one compounded and made of fat and
-fog, brawnie and burdenous.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Athleticall.</div>
-
-<p>The <i>athleticall</i> and gaming exercises, were in generall
-assemblies, to winne some wager, to beare awaie
-the prise, to be wondered at of the world, or to
-set foorth the solemnities of their festiuall seruice, and
-ceremonies in the honour of their idoles: or in publike
-spectacle to adourne and set foorth, the triumphant and
-victorious shewes, the sumptuous and costly deuises of
-their princes and states. Wherin we reade, that particular
-men haue shewed such effectes of strength, and sturring, by
-the helpe of exercise, and traine, as nature her selfe could
-neuer attaine vnto, though she furthered the feat, and got
-her selfe the worst, both by empairing of health, and
-hastning on of death, thorough straining to much. It is
-more then marueilous to thinke on, and yet we finde it of
-verie good recorde, what and how incredible weight, both
-of liuing creatures, and massier mettal, one mans force
-hath bene noted to haue borne, by being only vsed to that
-burthen. Would any man beleue it, if it were not of good
-writen credit, that one <i>Milo</i> so strutted himselfe, so pitcht<span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">52</span>
-his feet, so peysed his bodie, as he remained vnremoueable
-from his place, being haled at and pulde by a number of
-people. <i>Actiuitie</i> hath wrought wonders, <i>swiftnesse</i> incredible
-thinges, and what propertie what not? where nature
-and ambition were backt with exercise and good will, to
-do but one thing well.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Martiall.</div>
-
-<p>For the vse of warre, and defence, it is more then
-euident, that exercise beares the bell: Can one
-haue a bodie to abide cold, not to melte with
-heat, not to starue for hunger, not to dye for thirst, not
-to shrinke at any hardnesse, almost beyond nature, and
-aboue common reache, if he neuer haue it trained? will
-nimblenesse of limmes awaie with all labour, surpasse all
-difficulties, of neuer so diuers, and dangerous groundes,
-pursue enemies to vanquish, reskue freinds to saue, retire
-from danger without harme, thrust it selfe into daunger
-without daunger, where no traine before made acquaintance
-with trauell? Whervpon called the <i>Romaines</i> their whole
-armie <i>Exercitus</i>, but bycause it consisted of a valiant
-number of exercised and trained men? which were not to
-seeke at a sudden, bycause they had vsed armes before?
-how could common weales where the territory was but
-small, and the enhabitantes few, haue still deliuered themselues
-from mightier assailantes, then they seemed defendantes?
-or in continuall threates, of ieleous neighbours,
-how could they still haue kept their owne, if that small
-territorie, had not bene thoroughly employed, and that
-petie paucitie gallantly trained? wherby it was able for
-hardnesse and sufferance to abide what not? For actiuitie
-and manhood, to haue mastered whom not? or at the
-least had good meanes, not to receiue any foile, where
-onely the huger number, and the vntrained multitude,
-were to trie the masterie in fielde against them?</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Physicall.</div>
-
-<p>For health it is most manifest that exercise is a mighty
-great mistresse, whether it be to confirme that
-which we haue by nature, or to procure that
-which we haue not by nature: or to recouer that by
-industrie, and diligence, which we haue almost lost, by
-misfortune and negligence. The exercises which do serue
-to this healthy end, do best serue for this my purpose, and
-though an healthfull body be most apt and actiue, both for
-gaming to get wagers, and for warring to winne victories,
-yet in my exercises, I neither meane to dally with the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">53</span>
-gamester, not to fight with the warrier, but to marke which
-way I may best saue studentes, who haue most neede of
-it: being still assailed by those enemies of health, which
-waxe more eager and hoat, the more weake and cold that
-exercise is.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">What is exercise?</div>
-
-<p>This exercise of ours by forme of definition, is said to be
-a vehement, and a voluntarie stirring of ones
-body, which altereth the breathing, whose ende
-is to maintaine health, and to bring the bodie
-to a verie good habit. Doth not exercise at this her first
-entry offer to performe so much as I did vndertake for
-her? health of the body, and an healthy habit of all the
-limmes: which two effectes, bycause they be good, who
-doth not desire them? and being got by exercise, why is it
-not in price? and being reducible to order, why should it
-not be in traine? They that write of exercise, make three
-degrees in it, wherof they call the first a preparatiue, in
-Greek παρασκευαστικόν, the next simply by the name of
-exercise γυμνὰσιον the third a postparatiue, in Greek
-ἀποθεραπευτικὸν. The preparatiue serued, not to passe rudely,
-and roughly into the maine exercise, without qualifying
-the bodie by degrees before, bycause sudden alteration
-workes ill disposition. The postparatiue or apotherapeutike
-followeth the maine exercise, to reduce the body
-by gentle degrees, to the same quietnesse in constitution,
-wherin it was, before it was so moued. Which two pointes
-bycause they rest most in the maisters consideration,
-which is to ouersee the traine, I commit them to his care:
-so to applie his cunning as he shall see cause in exercising
-his charge. And yet herein I entend to helpe him, when I
-shall handle the circunstances which direct exercises.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">γυμνασιον.</div>
-
-<p>The third degree, which is enclosed betwene these two,
-is that same exercise, which I praise so much,
-and vpon whom the other two waite, wherof, as
-writers make to many, and to finely minced distinctions, so
-I make account but of one at this time, wherof I do make
-two braunches, or spieces, the one to be vsed within dores,
-and the other abroade, that whether the weather be faire
-or fowle, the exercise in some kinde may neuer faile.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">54</span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_9">CHAPTER 9.</h2>
-
-<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of the particular exercises, why I do appoint so manie, and
-how to iudge of them, or to deuise the like.</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">I will</span> not here runne thorough all the kindes of
-exercises that be named either by <i>Galene</i> or any
-other writer, wherof many be discontinued, many be
-yet in vse, but out of the whole heape I haue pickt out
-these for within dores, <i>lowd speaking, singing, lowd reading,
-talking, laughing, weaping, holding the breath, daunsing,
-wrastling, fensing, and scourging the Top</i>. And these for
-without dores, <i>walking, running, leaping, swimming, riding,
-hunting, shooting, and playing at the ball</i>. Wherof though
-the very most be vsed oftimes, not in nature of exercises,
-but either of pleasure, or necessitie, yet they be all such,
-as will serue well that waie, and be so made account of
-among the best writers, that deale in this kinde: and for
-that some of them maye be said to be most proper to men,
-and farre aboue boyes plaie: you must remember, that I
-deale for all studentes, and not for children alone, to whom
-it is in choice, besides all these to deuise other for their
-good, as circunstance shal lead them. There may also be
-reasons, to perswade some men to mislike of, I do not
-thinke all, but I suppose some, of these thinges, which I
-do appoint, as both commendable and profitable exercises,
-with whom I will not here striue, but desire them to iudge
-of me, without preiudice, and to stay their sentence, vntill
-they see in what sorte I allow them. For knowing the
-cause of offence, I might seeme very simple, if I should
-simply allow that, which is disallowed vpon reason, and
-not misliked without manifest shew of probable cause: and
-so to reserue the thing, as I did not remoue the blame.
-They must also thinke that nothing is abused, but that
-both may and ought to be well vsed, which well, they must
-vse, and refuse the ill: seing where misuse draweth blame,
-there right vse deserueth praise.</p>
-
-<p>Therfore I wishe those that be of yeares, and abilitie to
-guide themselues to call circunstance to counsell, and consideration
-to aduise. For as consideration shapeth the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">55</span>
-circunstance, so circunstance is a thing, which maketh all
-that is done, either to please or displease: to be sent awaie
-with a cutting checke: or to be bid tarie, with a cheary
-contenaunce. As for the child in whom wisdom wanteth,
-to way with discretion, what it is that he doeth, the maister
-alone must supplie all wantes, or beare all blames, though
-it be but a simple recompence, to blame wante of consideration,
-when harme is receiued. Some man may also
-say, what needes so many, and mislike the multitude. Of
-many to chuse some, is vsuall in all choice, and where
-store is, why should choice be stinted? he may lessen the
-number, that alloweth but of one, and I haue pickt out the
-likest, to satisfie all in diuersities of liking, who so shall
-like any of these, may vse them with me, or vpon the like
-ground, may deuise himselfe other. In handling of eche of
-these, I will first shew for what partes, to what end, and in
-what manner, they be profitable and holesome being
-moderatly vsed: then for whom, and with what daunger,
-they be strained to the contrarie.</p>
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_10">CHAPTER 10.</h2>
-
-<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of lowd speaking. How necessarie, and how proper
-an exercise it is for a scholler.</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">The</span> exercise of the voice which in Latin they name
-<i>vociferatio</i>, in Greek ἀναφωνησις, as them φωνασκόι
-which were the training maisters, in English maye
-be tearmed lowd speaking, of the height: for though it vse
-all the degrees, which be in the voice, yet is it most
-properly to take his name, of the lowdest and shrillest, as
-the most audible in sound, and therfore fittest to giue the
-name, as all thinges els receiue theirs, of some one qualitie
-of most especiall note. The auncient <i>Physicians</i> entertaine
-it among exercises, bycause it stirreth the bulke, and all
-those instrumentes, which serue for the deliuerie of voice,
-and vtterance of speeche: bycause it aideth, dilateth, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">56</span>
-comforteth the lunges in his windworke, it encreaseth, cleanseth,
-strengtheneth, and fineth the naturall heat: it maketh the
-sound and soueraigne partes of the bodie strong and pure:
-and not lightly to be assailed by any disease: it mendeth
-the colour, and cheareth the countenaunce. Now that it
-hath these properties they do proue by naturall argumentes.
-That it practiseth and stirreth the inward partes, and vocall
-instrumentes, no man may denie, which will confesse, that
-the mouth alone, is the onely port and passage for speeche.
-That it encreaseth the naturall heat, the breath it selfe
-doth most euidently declare, bycause it is alwaye exceeding
-warme, when one exerciseth the voice, it is so thronged
-and crusshed with taking in and letting out. That it
-cleanseth and cleareth, there be two causes to proue: the
-one is, bycause it maketh the flesh more fine and thinne,
-and smoother to the hand, not onely thorough stretching
-and straining the skinne, but by remouing excrementes,
-which naturally thicken and make rugged. The other is,
-for that by mouing the vocall instrumentes the inward
-moysture consumeth and wasteth, as it doeth appeare by
-that thicke and grosse vapour, which proceedeth out of his
-mouth that speaketh alowd, and other congealed excrementes
-resting of olde in other passages, which this
-exercise expelled from the inward partes. That it both
-fines and strengthens the naturall heat, hereby it is more
-then plaine. For that the inward vesselles and pipes be
-scoured thereby, and sundry superfluities expelled both at
-the nose, and mouth, which as they darkened, weakned,
-and thickned the naturall heat, when they were within the
-bodie: so being dismissed themselues, they leaue it pure,
-fine, and strong, whereby the partes being sound and
-cleare more strength groweth on to healthward, and lesse
-to disease. Hervpon it falleth out, that this exercise of
-the voice, must needes be a singular helpe for them, which
-haue their inwarde partes troubled with moysture, and be
-of cold constitution, as also for such, as be troubled with
-weaknesse, or pewkishnesse of stomacke, with vomiting, or
-bytter rifting, with hardnesse of digestion, with lothing of
-their meat, with feeding that feedes not, with faintnesse,
-with naughty constitution, that corrupteth the blood, with
-dropsies, with painfull fetching their breath, or but then
-easely, when they sit vpright, with consumptions, with any
-long disease, in the breast or midrife, with apostemes<span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">57</span>
-which are broken within the bulke, with quartane agues,
-with fleame, and also for all those, which be on the
-mending hand, after sicknesse: for those that are troubled
-with the scurfe, or Egyptian lepre, called <i>Elephantiasis</i>, or
-whose bellies be so weake, as they cannot avoide, but
-watry and thin excrementes, for the hikup, for the voice,
-and her instrumentes, whether naturally resolued, or casually
-empaired.</p>
-
-<p>Now as this exercise aduisedly, and orderly vsed, is
-verie good for those effectes in these partes, so rashly and
-rudely ventured vpon, it is not without daunger of doing
-harme, and cheifly to those which neuer vsed it before: it
-filleth the head and makes it heauie, it dulleth the
-instrumentes of the senses, which are in the head. It
-hurtes the voice, and breakes the smaller veines, and is
-verie vnwholesome for such, as are subiect to the falling
-sicknesse, bycause it shaketh the troubled partes too sore:
-it is daungerous when one is troubled with ill, and corrupt
-humours, or when the stomacke is cumbred, with great and
-euident crudities, and rawnes, bycause thorough much
-chafing of the breath, and the breath instrumentes, it disperpleth,
-and scattereth corrupt humours, thorough out the
-whole bodie. And as the gentle exercising of the voice,
-who oft enterlacing of graue soundes, is wholesome, so to
-much shrilnesse straynes the head, causeth the temples
-pante, the braines to beate, the eyes to swell, the eares to
-tingle. Further it is verie vnwholesom after meat, bycause
-the breath being chafed partly by reason of late eating,
-partly by lowdnesse of the voice as it passeth thorough,
-gawlleth the throte, and so corrupteth the voice. It is also
-enemie to repletion, to wearinesse, to sensualitie: for that
-in those people, which are subiect to those infirmities, the
-great and forcible straining of the voice, doth oftimes cause
-ruptures and conuulsions, so that the commodities, and
-incommodities of the exercise do warne the training
-maister to vse it wisely and with great discretion. The
-vse of it for the motion is this, that I haue said, but for
-the helpe of learning, it is to some other verie good and
-great purpose, to pronounce without booke, with that
-kinde of action which the verie propertie of the subiect
-requireth, orations and other declamatory argumentes,
-either made by the pronouncer him selfe, or borowed of
-some other, but cheifly the hoatest <i>Philippik</i>, <i>Catilinarie</i>,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">58</span>
-and <i>Verrine</i> argumentes, and the rest of that race, either
-out of many Greeke oratours, or our one and onely Latin
-<i>Tullie</i>, and whether ye list to prose alone, or to be bold with
-Poetes, and vse their meeter. <i>Cælius Aurelianus</i><a id="FNanchor_4_4" href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">4</a> an auncient
-<i>Romane</i> Physician, though borne at <i>Sicca</i> in <i>Aphricke</i>
-speaking of this exercise vseth these wordes. They did
-vtter their beginninges or prohemes with a gentle and a
-moderate voice, their narrations, and reasoning discourses
-with more straining, and louder: their perorations, and
-closinges, with a discent, and fall of the voice. And is not
-that to my saying?</p>
-
-<p>The manner of this exercise, which <i>Antyllus</i> a verie
-olde Physician doth shew in <i>Oribasius</i><a id="FNanchor_5_5" href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">5</a>, that wrate his
-bookes vnto <i>Iulian</i> the apostate, whose Physician he was,
-agreeth also with mine opinion. For hauing appointed
-certaine preparatiues for nimbling, and spreding the vocall
-powers, he sayth, that such, as exercised the voice, did first
-begin lowe, and moderatly, then went on to further
-strayning, of their speeche: sometimes drawing it out,
-with as stayed, and graue soundes, as was possible, sometimes
-bringing it backe, to the sharpest and shrillest, that
-they could, afterward not tarying long in that shrill sound,
-they retired backe againe, slacking the straine of their voice,
-till they fell into that low, and moderate tenour, wherwith
-they first began. Which wordes do not onely shew, that it
-was thus vsed, but also how the voice is to be vsed, in this
-exercise generally. But vpon what matter, and argument
-was all this paines bestowed? Those which were vnlearned
-said such things as they could remember, which were to be
-spoken aloud, and admitted any change of voice in the
-vttering, now harshe and hard, now smoothe and sweete.
-Those that were bookish recited either <i>Iambike</i> verses or
-<i>Elegies</i>, or such other numbers, which with their currant
-carie the memorie on, but all without booke, as farre
-surmounting any kinde of reading. I haue dwelt the
-longer in this exercise, bycause it is both the first in
-rancke, and the best meane to make good pronouncing of
-any thing, in any auditorie, and therfore an exercise not
-impertinent to scholers.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">59</span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_11">CHAPTER 11.</h2>
-
-<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of loude singing, and in what degree it commeth
-to be one of the exercises.</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">It</span> were to much to wishe, that <i>Musick</i> were the most
-healthy exercise, as it is the most pleasaunt profession,
-bycause either to much delite would drowne
-men in it alone, or to much cloying would cause it be
-quite contemned. Wherfore as it may not diminish other
-of their due, by occupying to much roome, so by change
-after other, and distance in it selfe, it continueth in her owne
-credit. For both varietie refresheth, and distance reneweth,
-where still the same dulles, and continuance wearies. As
-Musick is compounde of number, melodie, and harmonie,
-it hath nothing to do with <i>gymnastick</i> and <i>exercise</i>, but
-serueth in that sense either for delite and pleasure, and
-exerciseth desire: or in some respectes concerneth the
-manering and training vp of youth in matter of knowledge,
-as I said before. Whervnto I was induced not onely by
-argument, and nature of the thing, but by great authorities
-of <i>Plato</i>,<a id="FNanchor_6_6" href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">6</a> and <i>Philo</i>, of <i>Aristotle</i>,<a id="FNanchor_7_7" href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">7</a> and <i>Galene</i>,<a id="FNanchor_8_8" href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">8</a> and whom
-not? out of all antiquitie, which both allow of the thing in
-nature, and admit it in pollicie, into the best common
-weales, as a great worker of much good. But for as much
-as <i>singing</i> vseth the voice for her meane, and the voice
-instrumentes for her vtteraunce, and medleth with all sortes,
-and degrees in sounde base, meane, and triple, which in
-deliuerie do labour, and trauell the pipes, it is receiued
-among exercises of health, though it be not so forcible, nor
-can pearce so farre, as loude speaking doth, which doth
-not much care for any fine concent, so it vtter strongly,
-and straine within compasse: wheras Musick to the contrary
-standes not much vpon straining or fullnesse of the voice,
-so it be delicate and fine in concent. And yet in <i>Aristotles</i><a id="FNanchor_9_9" href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">9</a>
-opinion, it both exerciseth, and preserueth the naturall
-strength bycause it standeth vpon an ordinate, and degreed
-motion of the voice. We finde in our owne experience,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">60</span>
-that it sturreth the voice, spreadeth the instrumentes therof,
-and craueth a cleare passage, as it also lightneth the
-laborer, and encreaseth his courage, in carying of burdens.
-It was vsed in the olde time Physicklike, to stay mourning
-and greife, for the losse of deare freindes, or desired
-thinges. In curing diseases, which rise vpon some distemperature
-of the minde, the temperature of time iudicially
-applyed, hath bene found both a straunge and a strong
-remedie. Alwaye prouided, that whether ye say loud, or
-sing loud, ye neither say to long, nor sing to much, for
-feare of a worse turne, if any entraill teare, with to much
-straining, as some times hath proued to true, for the
-afflicted partie. But to make an ende of <i>Musick</i> at this
-time, though it be neither so strong, nor so stirring an
-exercise, yet it hath made a great purchace, that it is
-allowed for one, and therby esteemed a double principle, of
-more value, where her force is more, in matters of the
-minde, of very good worth, though of much lesse worke in
-the health of the bodie. Which seeing it is an exercise
-within dore, it gaineth with the place a good footing to
-grow fairer: for whether ye allow it for a cunning exercise,
-or an exercised cunning, it exerciseth cunning, and
-encreaseth by exercise.</p>
-
-
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_12">CHAPTER 12.</h2>
-
-<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of loude and soft reading.</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">Reading</span> is a thing so familiarly knowne, as there
-needeth no great proofe, that it exerciseth the
-voice, and therwith all the health, wherof the
-Physicians admit two kindes, into the raunge of exercises,
-which be furtherers to health. The one quicke, cleare,
-and straining, the other quiet, caulme, and staing. The
-cleare and straining kinde of <i>reading</i>, bycause it stirreth
-the breath, not sleightly nor superficially, but sheweth what
-it can do, in the verie fountaine and depth of all the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">61</span>
-entrailles, it encreaseth the naturall health, maketh the
-blood suttle and fine, purgeth all the veines, openeth all
-the arteries, suffereth not superfluous humours to thicken,
-neither to congeale and freese to a dreggie residence
-within any of those places, which do either receiue and
-lodge, or distribute and dispose, the meat and nurriture.
-Whervpon <i>Cornelius Celsus</i><a id="FNanchor_10_10" href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">10</a> an eloquent Romain Physician
-accounteth it one of the finest and fairest exercises. To
-proue that it is holesome for the head, what more credible
-witnesses neede we, then <i>Cœlius Aurelianus</i><a id="FNanchor_11_11" href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">11</a> a diligent
-Physician, and <i>Annæus Seneca</i><a id="FNanchor_12_12" href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">12</a> a deepe Philosopher?
-<i>Cœlius</i> holdeth this kinde of <i>reading</i> to be verie soueraine
-not onely in headaches, but also in frensies and troubled
-mindes. <i>Seneca</i> vsed it to stay the rewme, and distillation
-from the head, which troubled him sore, as a man being
-both of eager conceit, and earnest studie, where by the
-waye, <i>Cœlius</i> giueth this note, whether ye meane to reskew
-the patient, from the headache, or the frantike from
-madnesse, by this exercise of <i>reading</i>, that the matter
-which is read, be pleasaunt and plaine, and nothing hard
-to vnderstand, to cause the witte to muse. For that such
-obiectes do no lesse trouble the weake braine, then sore
-shaking or hard iogging doth the wearied body. Moreouer
-cleare <i>reading</i> and loude, doth refreshe not onely the
-inward partes of the breast, but the stomack also: and
-comforteth it in feeblenesse, bycause therby phelgmatike
-excrementes, are without paine both thinned and consumed:
-whervpon it is held to be verie holesome, to mend
-a feeble voice, to helpe the colicke, occasioned by cold
-humours, and to check some consumptions. And to that
-ende the young <i>Plinie</i> writeth, that his vncle did vse it.
-When I haue said that it is also good for the drie cowghe,
-I neede not say any more good of it here. <i>Auicen</i><a id="FNanchor_13_13" href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">13</a> the
-Arabian and princely Physician speaking herof, sayth that
-in the beginning, this <i>reading</i> must be soft and caulme,
-then mount by degrees, and when the voice seemeth to be
-in his strength, growing, and long, that then it is hie time,
-to staie for that time, nor to straine till ye sticke, but to
-leaue with some list, and abilitie to do more. The quiet
-and staid kinde of <i>reading</i>, sauing that the working is
-weaker, doth the best that it can, about all this that is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">62</span>
-said: and in one pointe it hath obtained a prerogatiue
-aboue the loude, that it is admitted and allowed streight
-after meat, when the other is licensed and allowed to
-depart. The maister may so vse these two exercises of
-<i>reading</i> and <i>speaking</i> as besides the health of the bodie,
-whervnto they are deputed, they may proue excellent and
-great deliuerers of cunning, and well beseeme the schoole:
-as to much in either doth trouble the scholer to much,
-which yet boyes would defend, by the countenaunce of a
-commended exercise, were it not, that in boyes exercises,
-I do require the maisters presence, who will refourme that
-exercise against their will to his owne discretion. Thus
-much concerning this exercise, wherby the training maister
-may perceiue, both what the learned haue thought of it,
-and how much the learners are like to gaine by it.</p>
-
-
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_13">CHAPTER 13.</h2>
-
-<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of much talking and silence.</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">Talking</span> in Latin <i>Sermo</i>, as it is accounted an
-exercise for succouring some partes, so both for
-eagernesse, and heat, in the nature of speeche,
-though not of passion, it comes farre behinde others, and
-is therfore regestred among the meane, and weake exercises.
-It is thought verie fit for such, as be drousely giuen:
-which haue their senses daunted, either thorough dreaming
-melancholie, or dulling phleame. For such kinde of people
-by talking be cleared, their mindes awaked, their senses
-freed from the burden of their bodies. That <i>talking</i>
-spendes phleame there is no plainer proofe, then that they
-which talke much spit stil, which as it commeth partly
-from the head, partly from the stomacke, partly from the
-chest: so it declareth, that those partes delite in speeche,
-and receiue comfort from speeche, which makes roome for
-health, where reume kept residence. But as in these
-cases, it is counted healthfull: so hath it a force to fill the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">63</span>
-head, with somwhat more then dinne, and to make it
-dumpishe. And therefore in aches, and distemperatures of
-the head, clattering is commended to the cloakbag by
-Physick. It is also a poyson to the pained eyes: ill for
-them that voide blood either at the nose or from the bulke.
-Whervpon in any such bleading silence is enioyned. And
-as silence is a meane both to stay bleading, and to slake
-thirst, so talking dryes the toungue and prouockes thirst,
-openeth the passage, and promoteth bleading. In so
-much as <i>Pline</i><a id="FNanchor_14_14" href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">14</a> writeth, that one <i>Mecenas Messius</i>, a noble
-Romain, betooke him selfe to voluntarie silence, the space
-of three yeares, to staie the casting of blood, which he fell
-into by reason of some straine. To be short, as silence
-remedyeth the cough and hikup: so talking pulleth downe,
-and paines the patient, when agues grow vpward, and be
-in the encrease. Herevpon I conclude, that talking hath
-great meane either to make or marre, not onely for the
-subiect, wheron the toungue walketh, but also for the
-obiect, wherin health resteth.</p>
-
-
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_14">CHAPTER 14.</h2>
-
-<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of laughing, and weeping. And whether children be to be
-forced toward vertue and learning.</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">If</span> <i>laughing</i> had no more wherfore to be enrouled in the
-catalogue of exercises, then <i>weeping</i> hath, they
-might both be crossed out. And yet as they be
-passions, that tende in some pointes, to the purging of
-some partes, so some may thinke it, a verie strange
-conceit, to laugh for exercise, or to weepe for wantonnesse.
-For as laugh one may, with an hartie good will, so weepe
-none can, but against their wil, to whom it is allotted in
-the nature of an exercise, and not quite questuarie, as to
-those wailing women, which wepte for the deade, whom
-they knew not aliue. There be manie and very easie, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">64</span>
-much desired meanes, to make one laugh though they haue
-small cause, and lesse deuotion to be mery at all, but to
-make one weepe, is stil againe the haire. For ill newes or
-matter to weepe for, neither children, nor olde folkes, will
-thanke you at all. If you meane to make them weepe for
-ioye, or crye for kindenesse, that is an other matter. If
-the maister should beate his boye, and bring no cause why,
-but that he sought to haue him weepe, so to exercise him
-to health, and to ridde him of some humours, which made
-him to moist, the boye would beshrew him, and thinke his
-maister beate him so, to exercise himselfe, though at the
-verie conceit of his maisters mad reason, he might brust
-out in <i>laughing</i> streight after his stripes, and so become a
-patrone to the contrary exercise: a great deale more
-gracious and more desired in nature, whose enemie greife
-is, and <i>weeping</i> also: as a plaine argument of an vnpleasaunt
-guest. Howbeit seing they be both set downe,
-by the name of pettie, and pretie exercises, let them haue
-that is giuen them, seeing they are thought to stirre, and
-cleare some partes: <i>laughing</i> more and better: <i>weeping</i>
-lesse and worse. And therfore the more children laugh
-for exercise, the more light some they be, the more they
-weepe if it be not in ieast, so much the worse in very good
-earnest. For I can hardly beleue that much <i>laughter</i> can
-auoide a foole, if it be not for exercise, which is also somwhat
-rare: or that but a foole can weepe for exercise,
-which deserues the bat, to make him weepe in earnest.</p>
-
-<p>But for <i>laughing</i> in the nature of an exercise and that
-healthful, can there be any better argument, to proue that
-it warmeth, then the rednesse of the face, and flush of highe
-colour, when one laugheth from the hart, and smiles not
-from the teethe? or that it stirreth the hart, and the
-adiacent partes, then the tickling and panting of those
-partes themselues? which both beare witnesse, that there
-is some quicke heat, that so moueth the blood. Therfore
-it must needs be good for them to vse <i>laughing</i>, which
-haue cold heades, and cold chestes, which are troubled
-with melancholie, which are light headed by reason of
-some cold distemperature of the braine, which thorough
-sadnesse, and sorrow, are subiecte to agues, which haue
-new dined, or supped: which are troubled with the head
-ache: for that a cold distemperature being the occasion of
-the infirmitie, <i>laughing</i> must needes helpe them, which<span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">65</span>
-moueth much aire in the breast, and sendeth the warmer
-spirites outward. This kinde of helpe wil be of much more
-efficacie, if the parties which desire it, can suffer themselues
-to be tickled vnder the armepittes, for in those partes there
-is great store of small veines, and litle arteries, which being
-tickled so, become warme themselues, and from thence
-disperse heat thorough out the whole bodie. But as
-moderate <i>laughing</i> is holesome, and maketh no too great
-chaunge, so to much is daungerous, and altereth to sore.
-For besides the immoderate powring, and pressing out of
-the spirites: besides to much mouing and heating, it
-oftimes causeth extreame resolution and faintnesse, bycause
-the vitall strength and naturall heat driue to much outward.
-Whervpon they that laugh do sweat so sore, and
-haue so great a colour, by the ascending of the blood.
-And as the naturall heat, and fire it selfe do still couet
-vpward, as to their naturall place, so must it needes be,
-that the lower roomes lie open, and emptie in their absence,
-wherby whether soeuer motion be marred, the naturall
-heat dyeth, and the vitall force faileth. Besides this, no
-man wil denie, but that this kinde of <i>laughing</i>, doth both
-much offende the head, and the bulke, as oftimes therewith
-both the papbones be loosed, and the backe it selfe
-perished. Nay what say ye to them that haue dyed
-<i>laughing</i>? where gladnesse of the minde to much enforcing
-the bodie, hath bereft it of life.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Weeping.</div>
-
-<p>For <i>weeping</i> in the nature of an exercise, there is not
-much to be said, but that it is accompanied with
-crying, sobbing groning and teares, wherby the
-head, and other partes are rid of some needlesse humour:
-though the disquieting do much more harme, then the
-purging can do good, and the humour were a great deale
-better auoided some other waye. Wherof some children
-seeme to be exceeding full, when feare of beating makes
-them straine their pipes. <i>Aristotle</i> must beare both most
-blame for this exercise, if it displease any, and most praise,
-if it profit any, who in the last chapter<a id="FNanchor_15_15" href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">15</a> of the seuenth
-booke of his politikes writeth thus of it, and for it. That
-they do not well which take order, that children straine not
-themselues, with crying and weeping, bycause that is a
-meane to their growing, in the nature of an exercise.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">66</span>
-And that as holding the breath doth make one stronger to
-labour: so crying and weeping in children, do worke the
-same or the like effectes. And yet me thinke it should
-be no exercise, by the verie definition. For if it were
-vehement, yet is it not voluntarie, and though it did alter
-the breath, yet it bettereth not the bodie, howsoeuer it
-serue the soule.</p>
-
-<p>But seeing the <i>gymnastikes</i> haue it, let vs lend it them
-for their pleasure, though we like it not for our owne. It is
-generally banished by all Physicians as being the mother
-to manie infirmities, both in the eyes and other partes:
-neither if it could be auoided in schooles were it worthy
-the looking on: being the heauy signe of torture and
-trouble. And though it somtime ease the greiued minde
-to shedde a few teares, as some for extreme anguish cannot
-let fall one, yet children would be lesse greiued if they
-might shedde none, as some hold it a signe of a verie
-shrewd boye, when he deserues stripes, not to shew one
-trikle. Some Physicians thinke by waye of a conserue to
-the minde, that it ought to be vsed in schooles sometimes,
-though not voluntarie, yet in forme of an exercise to warme
-shrewd boyes, and to expell the contagious humours of
-negligence, and wantonnesse, the two springes of many
-streaming euilles: as playing would be daily, at some
-certaine houres, then to vse these exercises, when bookes
-be out of season.</p>
-
-<p>The greatest patron of weeping that I finde, leauing
-<i>Heraclitus</i> to his contemplation of miseries, is a soure
-centurion in <i>Xenophon</i>,<a id="FNanchor_16_16" href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">16</a> which sat at the table with <i>Cyrus</i>
-in his pauilion. He commendeth weeping, wherto he had
-no great deuotion, to discountenaunce <i>laughing</i> which he
-saw allowed, and his reason is: bycause <i>awe</i>, <i>feare</i>, <i>correction</i>,
-<i>punishements</i>, which commonly haue <i>weeping</i>, either
-companion, or consequent, be vsed in pollicy, to kepe good
-orders in state, and good manners in stay, wheras <i>laughing</i>
-is neuer, but vpon some foolish ground. And yet both
-<i>laughing</i> for exercise may be for a good obiecte, and
-occasion to make laughter, may well deserue praise, when
-the minde being wearied either about great affaires that
-are alreadie past, or about preuenting of some anquish
-which is to ensue, doth call <i>laughing</i> to helpe, to ease the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">67</span>
-one, and to auert the other. And this kinde of <i>weeping</i>,
-which the soldiar settes out so, concerneth no exercise,
-though it commonly follow all vnpleasaunt exercises, where
-the partie had rather be idle with pleasure, then so occupyed
-to his paine: but it tendeth to the impression, or continuing
-of vertue in the minde: which should be so much the
-worse, bycause that waye it seemeth vnwilling, where feare
-is the forcer, and not free will. Which free will is the
-principall standard to know vertue by, which is voluntary,
-and not violent: as it is not the beast meane, to bring
-boyes neither to learning, nor to vertue.</p>
-
-<p><i>Socrates</i> in <i>Plato</i><a id="FNanchor_17_17" href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">17</a> thinketh, that an absolute witte in the
-best sorted kinde, and aboue all common sorte, for ciuill
-societie, ought not to be forced, as in deede what needes
-he, being such a paragon? and that free will in such a one
-so sifted is the right receit of voluntarie traine. But we
-neither haue such common weales, as <i>Socrates</i> sets forth,
-nor such people to plant in them, as <i>Socrates</i> had, which he
-made with a wishe: nor any but subiecte to great infirmities,
-though some more, some lesse, by corruption in
-nature, which runneth headlong to vnhappinesse, and
-needeth no beating for not being nought. And therfore
-we must content our selues with that which we haue, and
-in our countrey which is not so absolute, in our children
-which be no <i>Socraticall</i> saintes, in our learning which will
-not proue voluntarie, if the child playe voluntarie we must
-vse correction and awe, though more in some, then some,
-bycause in illnesse there be steps, as in excellencie oddes.
-Wherof there is no better argument then that which this
-verie place offereth, not for the soldiars saying, which so
-commendeth awe, bycause his authoritie is to campishe,
-though he that brought him in, and platted the best prince
-were himselfe no foole: but for mine owne collection. For
-if one neede not to beat children to haue them do ill, whervnto
-they are prone, we must needes then beat them for
-not doing wel, where nature is corrupt. Onelesse we meete
-with one, that will runne as swift vphill against nature, to
-do that which is good, as we all runne downe bancke, with
-the swinge of nature, to do that which is ill. Which when
-I finde, I will honour him, as I do none, though I do oft
-beare with some, in whome there appeareth but some shew<span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">68</span>
-of such a one. If vnder doing well, ye comprehend not
-learning, ye must needes comprise vertue, and make her
-meane violence, against all both heauenly <i>Diuinitie</i>, and
-earthly <i>Philosophie</i>, with whom all vertues be voluntarie,
-when reason is in ruffe: but not in children euen for
-compassing of the best effectes, whom custome and traine
-must now and then force foreward, to be ready for reason,
-when she maketh her entrie, which requireth some yeares.
-For howsoeuer <i>religion</i>, <i>wisdome</i>, <i>duetie</i>, and reasonable
-<i>consideration</i> do worke in riper age, sure if awe be absent,
-in the younger yeares, it will not be well. And who can
-tell, what euen he that vnder lawe is most obsequious and
-ciuill, would of him selfe proue, if lawe, which emportes
-awe, would leaue him at libertie?</p>
-
-
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_15">CHAPTER 15.</h2>
-
-<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of holding the breath.</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">Though</span> all men can tell, what a singular benefit
-breathing is, whervnder the vse of our life is comprehended:
-yet they can best tell, which haue it
-most at commaundement. For as they liue with others,
-in societie of common dealinges, so they can execute any
-thing by the bodie, farre better then others, whether it be
-politike in the towne, or warlike in the fielde. And all
-exercises haue this ende, most peculiar and proper, by
-helping the naturall heat, to digest the good nurriture, and
-to auoide the offall, thorough out the whole bodie. Which
-what is it els, but to set the breathing at most libertie,
-being best discharged of impediment and let? And as
-the libertie of breathing maketh the soldiar to abide in
-fight long, the runner to continue his race long, the daunser
-to endure his labour long, and so forth in the rest, which
-must either haue breath at their will, or els shrinke in the
-midest: so the restraint and binding of the breath, euen
-where it is most at will, (for else it could not abide the re<span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">69</span>straint,)
-hath his commoditie, by waye of exercise to assist
-our health.</p>
-
-<p>Now in breathing there be three thinges to be considered,
-the taking in, the letting out, and the holding in of
-the breath, wherof euerie one hath his priuate office to
-great effect, in the vpholding of health, and maintaining of
-life. For when we take in our breath, by the working of
-the lungues thorough such passages, as be appointed for
-the vse of breathing, we conueigh and fetch in aire into the
-roomy and large places of the bulke, to coole the harte and
-fine the spirites. When we let out our breath by those
-same passages, by which we tooke it in, we discharge the
-hart of a certaine smoky substance engendred in it, which
-is conueyed thence, thorough the same hollow, and roomie
-places of the bulke. When we hold and kepe in our breath
-which is of iudgement, and not of such neede as the other
-two, and done vpon cause to helpe nature therby: we must
-neither fetch aire inward, nor sende those smokie excrementes
-outwarde, bycause the belly and breast muscles
-and such fleshy partes as be about the ribbes being
-violently and vehemently strained and stretched, do for the
-time as it were mure vp, and stop the passage. This
-keeping in of the breath, by reason of the straine offered to
-those partes, and heating of the bowells, is therfore heeld
-for one of the vehement exercises, as it is also a postparatiue,
-called before apotherapeutike, bycause after maine
-stirringes it helpeth to expell those residences, which
-lynger within the bodie as being lothe to depart: and
-furthereth those, that are in good waye, and make hast to
-be gone. They that vsed this exercise by waye of traine
-to health, did it in two sortes: for either they strayted
-onely those muskles, which appertaine to the breast and
-bulke, and let those be at libertie which belong to the
-midrife and belly, that the excrementes might haue the
-readier waye downward, being once forced on: or they
-strayned both all the partes, and all their muscles at one
-time, that the bowelles also which are beneth the midrife
-might enioye the benefit of the exercise, and be as ready to
-discharge, as the other to driue downe. But for the better
-and more daungerlesse performing therof, they were wont
-to swadle the chest, the ribbes, and the belly. Bycause the
-holding of ones breath vnaduisedly and with to much
-strayning causeth ruptures and diuers other infirmities in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">70</span>
-the interiour vesseles of the bodie. Their meaning was
-hereby, sometime to strengthen the inward and naturall
-heat being encreased by exercise: sometime to helpe the
-breathing partes: sometime to discharge the breast and
-bellie of needlesse burden. For the breath being so
-violently strayted, when it findeth issue forceth his owne
-passage, and caryeth with him some finish and thinne
-excrement, either driuing it before, if it lye in his waye, or
-drawing it with him, if he catch it by the waye. Being of
-it selfe such a strainer, and expeller, it is good for to open
-the pipes, to fine the skinne, to driue out moysture from
-vnder the skinne: to warme, to strengthen and to scoure
-the spirituall and breathing partes, to make the places of
-receit more roomy, to encrease strength in labour, to helpe
-the eare in listening, to remoue coldnes or inflations from
-the entrailles, to stay the hikup and the cowgh: which
-commeth of some cold distemperature in the windepipes,
-to remedie the colick, the weaknesse of stomacke, the want
-or difficultie of breath. So that all those ought to esteeme
-of it, which haue their breathing and spirituall partes
-either cold or weake, or cloyed with excrementes, or whose
-bodies can either with much adoe or with none at all expell
-and ridde superfluous humours, or that be cumbred with
-much gaping and yawning, with resolution or weaknesse
-of the tongue, or any vocalle instrument. If it were to be
-perceiued by no waye els, verie children let vs see, that
-holding of the breath doth stirre and strengthen that power
-in vs, wherwith we expell superfluities. For let them staye
-their breath either laughing long, or weeping fiercely, or
-vpon some such other occasion, and they will either
-presently or verie shortly after, disburden themselues one
-waie or other, by ordure, vrine, or some other matter at the
-nose and eares. Now as this exercise is healthful to manie
-in good order: so contrariewise to some in disorder it is
-verie daungerous, bycause oftimes while the breath is to
-forcibly stopt, the arteries in the iawes, and baulles of the
-eyes swell so, as they will never come in temper againe.
-It filleth the head also with a grosse and stuffing humour,
-as maie easely be seene by the swelling of the vaines and
-arteries in the neck, by the puffing about the eyes, by the
-rednesse of the face, and by the strutting of the whole
-head, all which be manifest signes of repletion. It is
-daungerous for those which be subiect to the falling sick<span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">71</span>nesse,
-bycause it encreaseth the disease by that recourse,
-which the blood hath vp into the head: as also to them
-which spit or cast vp blood, for that both the sound and
-whole inward vesseles do burst with stretching, if they be
-but weake: or being broken once before, and healed
-againe, they will then breake out againe, by reason of heat
-which is encreased in the hollow of the breast, and the
-ouerstraining of the said vesselles withall. Moreouer such
-as from their birth haue small entraulles and thinne, or the
-rim of their bellie tender and weake: or that be troubled
-with renting and ruptures must in no case minde this
-exercise, bycause it straineth those partes to sore, and
-lightly teareth them, as it proueth oftimes to pitifull true
-in young children, which by holding their breath to long,
-either weeping or otherwise, oftimes breake either the rim
-of their belly, or the call of their cods, wherby the bowelles
-and guttes falling downward, they become miserably
-tormented with incurable ruptures and burstinges: If
-trumpetters, and those that play vpon winde instruments
-were asked the question, whether they feele not the effect
-herof somtime, they would shake the head, and so sooth
-the demaunde, though they said no more. They do write
-of <i>Milo</i><a id="FNanchor_18_18" href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">18</a> the <i>Crotoniate</i>, a great champion in those achleticall
-exercises, that he vsed to binde his forehead, his breast, and
-his ribbes with verie strong tapes, and would neuer let his
-breath goe, till the vaines were swelled so full, as they burst
-the tapes. But this fellow had no fellow in any of those
-pastimes. It was he that bare the bull vpon his shoulder
-in the <i>Olympian</i> assemblie by vsing to cary him of a litle
-young calfe. So great thinges be easely compassed, if they
-be set in hand with, when they be but litle, or medled with,
-by litle and litle. The best waye to auoide perill in this
-exercise is to beginne gently, and so to grow on by degrees,
-and to leaue be times before extremitie bidde hoe, and
-while ye be yet able to do more, neither to force nature to
-the furthest.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">72</span></p>
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_16">CHAPTER 16.</h2>
-
-<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of daunsing, why it is blamed, and how deliuered from blame.</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">Daunsing</span> of it selfe declareth mine allowance, in
-that I name it among the good and healthfull
-exercises: which I must needes cleare from some
-offensiue notes, wherwith it is charged by some sterne
-people: least if I do not so, it both continue it selfe in
-blame still, and draw me thither also with it, for allowing
-of a thing, that is disliked, and by me not deliuered from
-iust cause of misliking, which by my choice do seeme to
-defend it. And yet I meane not here to rippe vp, what
-reading hath taught me of it, though it seeme to haue
-serued for great vses in olde time, both athleticall for
-spectacle and shew: militare for armour and enemie: and
-Physicall for health and welfare: so many and so notable
-writers, make so much and so oftimes mention therof in
-all these three kindes. Some dedicate whole volumes to
-this argument onely, some enterlace their brauest discourses
-with the particularities therof, and those no meane ones.
-And in deede a man, that neuer red much, and doth but
-marke the thing cursorily, would scant beleue, that it were
-either of such antiquitie, or of such account, or so generally
-entreated of by learned men, all those their writinges stil
-sounding to the praise and aduancement therof: howsoeuer
-in our dayes either we embase it in opinion: or it selfe
-hath giuen cause of iust embasement, by some peoples
-misvse. Many sortes of it I do reade of, but most discontinued,
-or rather quite decayed, that onely is reserued,
-which beareth oftimes blame, machance being corrupted by
-the kinde of <i>Musick</i>, as the olde complaint was: machance
-bycause it is vsed but for pleasure and delite onely, and
-beareth no pretense or stile of exercise, directly tending to
-health, which is our peoples moane now in our dayes.
-For where honest and profitable reasons be not in the first
-front, to commend a thing, but onely pleasaunt and deliteful
-causes, which content not precise surueiours, there
-groweth misliking, the partie that exerciseth, not pretending
-the best, which is in the thing, and the partie that accuseth,
-marking nothing else but that, which maye moue offence.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">73</span></p>
-<p>The sad and sober commodities, which be reaped by
-<i>daunsing</i> in respect of the motion applyed to health be
-these, by heating and warming, it driueth awaie stifnes
-from the ioyntes, and some palsilike trembling from the
-legges and thighes, whom it stirreth most, it is a present
-remedie to succour the stomacke against weaknesse of
-digestion, and rawnesse of humours: it so strengtheneth
-and confirmeth aching hippes thinne shankes, feeble feete,
-as nothing more: in deliuering the kidneys or bladder
-from the stone, it is beyond comparison good: but now
-such as haue weake braines, swimming heades, weeping
-eyes, simple and sory sight, must take heede of it, and
-haue an eye to their health, for feare they be disie when
-they daunce, and trip in their turning, or rather shrinke
-downe right when they should cinquopasse. Such as haue
-weake kidneys and ouerheated, may displease them selues,
-if it please then [them] to daunce, and encrease their
-diseases, by encreasing their heat.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The blame that daunsing beareth.</div>
-
-<p>The <i>daunsing</i> in armour, called by the Greekes πυῤῥιχὴ,
-as it is of more motion in exercise, so it worketh more
-nimblenesse in executing, when ye deale in the field with
-your enemies. These be the frutes which are reaped by
-<i>daunsing</i> well and orderly vsed, for the benefit of health,
-and the contrary displeasures, which are caught by it,
-thorough inconsiderate applying of it, by the partie which
-is not made for it. The blames which it beareth
-be these. That it reuelleth out of time, wherewith
-Physick is offended: That it serueth
-delite to much, whereat good manners repine. For these
-two faultes there is but one generall aunswere: that
-daunsing is healthfull, though the daunsers vse it not
-healthfully, as other things of greater countenaunce be verie
-good, though the professours do not so, as their professions
-do enioine them. For the first in particular, the rule of
-health condemnes not daunsing, but the mistyming of it:
-that it is vsed after meat, when rest is most holesome:
-with full stomacke, when digestion should haue all the
-helpe of naturall heat: that to please the beholders, such
-as vse daunsing do displease them selues. And sure if
-<i>daunsing</i> be an exercise, as both all antiquitie doth commend
-it for, and I my selfe do allow of it by that name: it
-would by rule of Physick go before meat, and not be vsed
-but long after, as a preparatiue against a new meale: and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">74</span>
-a disburdener of superfluities, against a surcharge of new
-diet: Howbeit there be in it some more violent measures
-then some: and in beginning with the most staydest and
-most almanlike, and so marching on, till the springing
-galliard and quicker measures take place, choice in euerie
-one, vpon knowledge of his owne bodie, and his emptinesse
-or saturitie maye helpe health, though the custome of eche
-countrey commaunde not onely health, though to her
-harme, but euen the verie science which professeth the
-preseruation of health, if desire egge delite, to shew it selfe
-in place. Wherevpon the second blame of <i>daunsing</i>, doth
-especially builde, and take her hold.</p>
-
-<p>To keepe thinges in order, there is in the soule of man
-but one, though a verie honorable meane, which is the
-direction of reason: to bring things out of order there be
-two, the one strongheaded, which is the commaundement
-of courage, the other many headed, which is the enticement
-of desires. Now <i>daunsing</i> hath properties to serue eche of
-these, <i>exercise</i> for health, which <i>reason</i> ratifieth, <i>armour</i> for
-agilitie, which <i>courage</i> commendeth, <i>liking</i> for allowance,
-which <i>desire</i> doth delite in. But bycause it yeildeth most
-to delite, and in most varietie of pleasures, desire ministreth
-most matter to blame, <i>daunsing</i> by pleasing desire to much,
-hath pleased reason to litle, and when reason obiecteth
-inconueniences, it turneth the deafe side, and followeth her
-owne swinge. For when the tailour hath braued, where
-nature hath beawtified: when amiablenesse of person hath
-procured agilitie by cunning, what gallant youthes in
-whom there is any courage, can abide not to come to shew,
-hauing such qualities so worthy the beholding? here will
-courage shew her selfe, though repentance be her port,
-here will desire throng in prease, though it praise not in
-parting. All this doth confesse that <i>daunsing</i> is become
-seruant to desire, though not <i>daunsing</i> alone: and yet
-companions in blame be no dischargers of fault. What
-then? for the generall, seing thinges which man vseth,
-cannot be quite free from misuse, it is halfe a vertue to
-winne so much, as there be as litle misuse, as may be: and
-to charge the partie that deserues blame, with hinderance
-of health, with corruption of manners, with ill losse of good
-time: which if he care not for, the precept may passe,
-though he passe not for it. But howsoeuer <i>daunsing</i> be or
-be thought to be, seing it is held for an exercise, we must<span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">75</span>
-thinke there is some great good in it, though we protecte
-not the ill, if any come by it. Which good we must seeke
-to get, and praie those maisters, which fashion it with <i>order</i>
-in time, with <i>reason</i> in gesture, with <i>proportion</i> in number,
-with <i>harmonie</i> in <i>Musick</i>, to appoint it so, as it may be
-thought both seemely and sober, and so best beseeme such
-persons, as professe sobrietie: and that with all, it may be
-so full of nimblenesse and actiuitie, as it may proue an
-exercise of health, being vsed in wholesome times, and not
-seeking to supplant rest, as the rule of health at this daie
-complaineth. And generally of all ages, me thinke it
-beseemeth children best, to enable, and nimble their
-iointes therby, and to stay their ouermuch deliting therin
-in further yeares. The very definition of it declareth, what
-it was then, when it was right, and what it is now, when it
-seemes to be wronge, if right in such thinges be not
-creature to vse, and maye change with time, without
-challenge for the change. They define <i>daunsing</i> to be a
-certaine cunning to resemble the manners, affections, and
-doinges of men and women, by motions and gestures of
-the bodie, artificially deuised in number and proportion.
-This was to them a kinde of deliuerie, to vtter their mindes,
-by signes and resemblances, of that which came nearest to
-the thing, and was most intelligible to the lookers on. But
-now with vs, there is nothing left to the dauncer ordinarily,
-but the bare motion, without that kinde of hand cunning
-(for so I terme their χειρονομία) bycause the skill seemed
-then to rest most in the vse of the vpper partes, and
-gesturing by the hand. The credit of our <i>daunsing</i> now is
-to represent the Musick right, and to cause the bodye in
-his kinde of action to resemble and counterfet that liuely,
-which the instrument in his kinde of composition deliuereth
-delicately: and with such a grace to vse the legges and
-feete, as the olde daunsers vsed their armes and handes.
-And as in the olde time both men, wymen and children
-did vse <i>daunsing</i> to helpe and preserue their health, to
-purchace good hauiour and bearing of their bodies: so in
-these our dayes, being vsed in time, by order, and with
-measure, it will worke the same effectes of health, hauiour
-and strength, and may well auoide the opinion of either
-lewdnesse, or lightnesse. Thus much for <i>daunsing</i>, as the
-motion is for health, and the meaning for good.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">76</span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_17">CHAPTER 17.</h2>
-
-<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of wrastling.</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">For</span> wrastling as it is olde and was accounted cunning
-sometimes, so now both by Physicians in arte, and
-by our countreymen in vse, it seemeth not to be
-much set by, being contemned by the most, and cared for
-but by the meanest. Yet the auncient <i>Palestra</i> a terme
-knowen to the learned, and ioined with letters, and Musick,
-to proue the good bringing vp of youth as a most certaine
-argument of abilitie well qualified, fetcht that name of the
-Greeke πάλη, which we in English terme wrastling, and was
-alwaye of good note, as wrastling it selfe in games gat
-victories, in warre tried forces, in health helpt hauiour, in
-the bodye wrought strength, and made it better breathed.
-<i>Clemens Alexandrinus</i><a id="FNanchor_19_19" href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">19</a> which liued at <i>Rome</i> in <i>Galenes</i>
-time in the third booke of his Pædagogue, or training
-maister, in the title of exercise, reiecting most kindes of
-wrastling yet reserueth one, as verie well beseeming a ciuill
-trained man, whom both seemelinesse for grace, and
-profitablenesse for good health, do seeme to recommende.
-Then an exercise it is, and healthfully it may be vsed: if
-discretion ouerlooke it, our countrey will allow it. Let vs
-therefore vse it so, as <i>Clement</i> of <i>Alexandria</i> commendes it
-for, and make choice in our market. Wherfore not to
-deale with the catching pancraticall kinde of wrastling,
-which vsed all kindes of hould, to cast and ouercome his
-aduersarie, nor any other of that sort, which continuance
-hath reiected, and custome refused, I haue picked out two,
-which be both ciuill for vse, and in the vsing vpright
-without any great stouping, the one more vehement, the
-other more remisse. The vehement vpright wrastling
-chafeth the outward partes of the bodie most, it warmeth,
-strengthneth, and encreaseth the fleshe, though it thinne
-and drie withall. It taketh awaie fatnesse, puffes, and
-swellinges: it makes the breath firme and strong, the
-bodie sound and brawnie, it tightes the sinews, and backes
-all the naturall operations. If they that wrastle do breath
-betwene whiles, it prouoketh sweat, bycause the humours,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">77</span>
-which were gathered together by rest, are egde out by
-exercise. If they go on still without intermission, it dryeth
-vp the bodie in such sort as the sonne doth. It is good for
-the head ache, it sharpneth the senses, it is enemie to
-melancholie, it whetteth the stomacke being troubled with
-any cold distemperature. And bycause the attemptes to
-get vantage in wrastling be very eager and earnest wherwith
-the whole bodie is warmed and set in a heat, it must
-of force be good for the bellie, being anoyed and cumbred
-with any kinde of cold. Now contrarie it is daungerous to
-be delt with in agues, as to vehement and conspiring with
-the quiuerer, in naturall moysture as to filling, where it
-spreadeth. For the necke and iawes perillous whom it
-harmes by rowgh handling, and strangleth by much ouerstraining.
-For the breast and bulke not of the best, as
-either bursting some conduit, or stopping some windcourse.
-Weake kidneis, and wearie loynes may be but lookers vpon
-wrastlers. They that be gawled or byled within, may
-neither runne nor wrastle, for eagering the inward, being in
-way to amendement, or in will to proue worse. If weake
-legges become wrastlers, of their owne perill be it, for they
-do it without warrant. The remisse kinde of vpright
-wrastling, as it is a more gentle exercise, so it breadeth
-much flesh, and is therfore verie commodious for such as
-be vpon the recouerie after sicknesse, as a kinde of motion,
-which without any danger, bringeth strength and stowtnesse.
-It is freind to the head, bettereth the bulke, and
-strengthened the sinewes. Thus much for wrastling,
-wherin as in all other exercises, the training maister must
-be both cunning to iugde of the thing: and himselfe
-present to preuent harme, when the exercise is in hand.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">78</span></p>
-
-
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_18">CHAPTER 18.</h2>
-
-<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of fensing, or the vse of the weapon.</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">The</span> vse of the weapon is allowed for an exercise, and
-may stand vs at this daie now liuing, and our
-posteritie in great stede, as wel as it did those
-which went before vs. Who vsed it <i>warlike</i> for valiauntnesse
-in armes, and actiuitie in the field, <i>gamelike</i> to winne
-garlandes and prices, and to please the people in solemne
-meetinges: <i>Physicklike</i> to purchace therby a good hauiour
-of body and continuance of health. Herof they made
-three kindes, one to fight against an aduersarie in deede,
-an other against a stake or piller as a counterfet aduersarie,
-the third against any thing in imagination, but nothing in
-sight, which they called σκιομαχία, a fight against a shadow.
-All these were practised either in armes, or vnarmed. The
-armed fensing is to vehement for our trade, let them trie
-it, that entend to be warriers, which shall finde it their
-freinde, if they meane to follow the fielde, where, as in all
-other thinges vse worketh maisterie. But we scholers
-minde peace, as our muses professe that they will not
-medle, nor haue to do with <i>Mars</i>. All these sortes of
-fensing were vsed in the olde time, and none of them is
-now to be refused, seing the same effectes remaine, both
-for the health of our bodies, and the helpe of our countries.
-That kinde of fensing or rather that misuse of the weapon,
-which the <i>Romane</i> swordplayers vsed, to slash one an other
-yea euen till they slew, the people and princes to looking
-on, and deliting in the butcherie, I must needes condemne,
-as an euident argument of most cruell immanitie, and
-beyond all barbarous, in cold blood, to be so bloodie. For
-their allegation, to harten their people against the enemie,
-and not to feare woundes: no not death it selfe in the
-verie deadly fight, that caryeth small countenaunce, where
-the <i>Athenian</i><a id="FNanchor_20_20" href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">20</a> comes in, which in cokfights and quailefightes,
-did so harten their people: bycause those birdes will fight
-till they fall: without either embrewing their youth with
-blood, or acquainting their citisens eyes with such sanguinarie
-spectacles.</p>
-
-<p>A thing complained on in the time when it was vsed,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">79</span>
-euen by them which behelde it, as <i>Plinie</i><a id="FNanchor_21_21" href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">21</a> doth note: and
-by the <i>Christianes</i> which abhorred it, as <i>Cypriane</i><a id="FNanchor_22_22" href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">22</a> cryeth
-out of it in moe places then one. But for the credit and
-countenaunce of the exercise, that was then vsed, and is
-now to be continued, <i>Plato</i>,<a id="FNanchor_23_23" href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">23</a> a man whose authoritie is
-sacred among Philosophers and studentes, in his dialogue
-surnamed <i>Laches</i>, where he handleth the argument of
-fortitude and valiantnesse, encourageth young men to
-learne the vse of their weapon: as being an exercise which
-needeth not to make curtsie to go with the very best and
-brauest in his parish: either for trauelling or strengthening
-the bodie, besides the cunning of it selfe. The profites
-which health receiues by all these three kindes be these.
-He that exerciseth him selfe either against an aduersarie,
-or against a post or pillar as deputie to his aduersarie
-heateth himselfe thoroughly, maketh way for excrementes,
-prouoketh sweat, abateth the abundance of flesh, strengtheneth
-his armes and shoulders, exerciseth his legges and
-feet marueilously. He that fighteth against a stake stirreth
-the bodie, plucketh the flesh downe, and straynes the iuyce
-awaye, a peculiar freind to the armes and handes: It
-refresheth the wearied sense, it setleth the roming humours,
-it redresseth the fainting and trembling of the sinewes, it
-deliuereth the breast from his ordinarie diseases: it is good
-for the kidneyes: and the great gutte called κῶλον, it
-furthereth such cariage as must be conueighed downward.
-The same effects hath the fight against the shadow or the
-shadowish nothing, but that it is a litle more valiant to
-light vpon somwhat then to fight against nothing. But of
-all these three, the exercise against an aduersarie is both
-most healthfull, and most naturall to aunswere all assaies:
-and specially to canuase out a coward, that will neither
-defend his freinde, nor offend his foe: the cheife frute that
-should follow fensing. This is the opinion of the best
-writers concerning fensing, or skill how to handle the
-weapon: no worse in it selfe, though it be sometimes not
-worthily vsed, as it is no lesse profitable, then hath bene
-said afore: though it shake and shiuer weake heades,
-swimming braynes, and ill kidneys. The mo reasons any
-man can bring of him selfe for any of these exercises, the
-more he fortifieth my choice, which point them but out
-slightly.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">80</span></p>
-
-
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_19">CHAPTER 19.</h2>
-
-<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of the Top and scourge.</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">He</span> that will deny the Top to be an exercise, indifferently
-capable of all distinctions in stirring,
-the verie boyes will beate him, and scourge him
-to, if they light on him about lent, when Tops be in time,
-as euerie exercise hath his season, both in daie and yeare,
-after the constitution of bodies, and quantities in measure.
-Of this kinde of Top, that we vse now a dayes, both for
-young and olde people, to warme them in cold weather, I
-finde nothing in writing, bycause hauing no yron ringes,
-nor pinnes, it can neither be the Greek κρῖκος nor τρόχος,
-though the running about be bold to borrow the last name
-<i>trochus</i>. For they whirled about, and along, with a marueilous
-great, though a pretie noyse, and were pastimes
-for men euen in the midst of sommer, when our Tops be
-bestowed, and laid vp against the spring. It resembleth
-the Latin <i>Turbo</i> most, and the Greeke βέμβιξ. The place
-of <i>Virgil</i> in the 7. of his <i>Æneis</i>, where he compareth
-<i>Amata</i> the Queene in her furie to this <i>Turbo</i> which the
-boyes scourged about the wide haule: declareth both what
-<i>Turbo</i> is, and whose play it was, and that it best resembleth
-our Top. Of βέμβιξ there was an old Greek <i>Epigram</i>,
-which maketh it either the like or the same with our Top.</p>
-
-<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza">
- <div class="verse">Οἵδ’ ἄρ ὑπὸ σκυτάλῃσι θοὰς βέμβικας ἔχοντες,</div>
- <div class="verse indent8">Ἒϛρεφον ἐυρείῃ παῖδες ἐνὶ τριόδῳ.</div>
-</div></div></div>
-
-<p>Which is to say, that children when they had their whirling
-gigges vnder the deuotion of their scourges, caused
-them to troule about the broad streates. The harme this
-exercise may bring must be to the head and eyes, thorough
-stouping to much forward, or to the backe and shoulders
-by bending to much downwardes, otherwise it warmeth
-the bodie, and worketh all the effectes, which those exercises
-do that either by mouing the legges or armes most, and
-with all the whole bodie in degree, enlarge and stirre the
-naturall heat either to prouoke appetite, or to expel superfluities.
-The more roome the Top hath to spinne in, the
-better for the legges and feete, the bigger it is, the better
-for the armes and handes. The vprighter one scourgeth,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">81</span>
-the better for all partes, whom neither bending doth
-crushe, nor moysture corrupt. It were to be wished, that it
-were whipt with both the handes, in play to traine both
-the armes, seing vse makes the difference, and no infirmitie
-in nature. As both <i>Plato</i> wishing the same professeth it
-to be most true and our experience teacheth vs, both in
-left handed people, which vse but the left, and in double
-right handed which vse both the handes a like, and beare
-the name of the right hand as the more common in vse.
-But bycause the place of <i>Plato</i> concerning the left hande
-is verie pithie to this purpose though I vse not to auouch
-much in the Greeke toungue, yet me thinke I maye not
-ouerpasse it. In the seuenth booke of his lawes, allowing
-the indifferent vse of our feete and legges, he complayneth
-of to much partialitie vsed towardes the armes and handes,
-in these wordes, τάγε περὶ πόδας τε καὶ τὰ κάτω
-τῶν μελῶν οὐδὲν διαφέροντα πρὸς τοὺς πόνους
-φαίνεται. Τὰ δὲ κατὰ χεῖρας ἀνοίᾳ τροφῶν καὶ μητέρων οἷον
-χωλοὶ γεγόναμεν ἕκαστοι. τῆς φύσεως γὰρ ἑκατέρων τῶν
-μελῶν σχεδὸν ἰσοῤῥοπούσης, αὐτοὶ διὰ τὰ ἤθη διάφορα αὐτὰ
-πεποιήκαμεν οὔκ ὀρθῶς χρώμενοι, &amp;c. For the performance
-of any kinde of labour there is no difference, sayeth
-he, in the legges, and lower partes. But for our armes,
-thorough ignoraunt nurses and mothers, we be euery one
-of vs halfe lamed. For wheras naturally both the armes
-be almost of equall strength, thorough our owne default we
-make the difference. And so he passeth on still prouing
-the vnnaturall handling of the left hande, when it is left
-weaker then the right hande is.</p>
-
-<p>These be the exercises which I terme within dores,
-bycause they may be practised at home vnder couert, when
-we cannot go abroad for the weather: though all may be
-vsed abroad, if the roome and the weather do serue abroad.
-Wherein I take it, that I haue kept <i>Galenes</i><a id="FNanchor_24_24" href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">24</a> rule in chusing
-these exercises, and that they be all both pleasant, profitable
-and parable, the perfect circunstances of all good and
-generall exercises, not to be costly to compasse, nor
-vnpleasant to loth them, nor vnprofitable to leaue them.
-Those that require more libertie of roome, to raunge at
-will, or to forrage in the field, be these, which I noted
-before, <i>walking</i>, <i>running</i>, <i>leaping</i>, <i>swimming</i>, <i>riding</i>, <i>hunting</i>,
-<i>shooting</i>, and <i>playing at the ball</i>.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">82</span></p>
-
-
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_20">CHAPTER 20.</h2>
-
-<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of walking.</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">Among</span> those exercises which be vsed abroade, what
-one deserueth to be set before walking, in the order
-and place of traine: what one haue they more
-neede to know, which minde, the preseruation and continuaunce
-of health? what one is there, which is more
-practised of all men, and at all times, then walking is? I
-dare saye that there is none, whether young or olde, whether
-man or woman, but accounteth it not onely the most excellent
-exercise, but almost alone worthy to beare the name
-of an exercise. When the weather suffereth, how emptie
-are the townes and streates, how full be the fieldes and
-meadowes, of all kindes of folke? which by flocking so
-abroad, protest themselues to be fauourers of that they do,
-and delite in for their health. If ye consider but the vse of
-our legges, how necessarie they be for the performaunce of
-all our doings, <i>nature</i> her selfe seemeth to haue appointed
-<i>walking</i>, as the most naturall traine, that can be, to make
-them discharge their duetie well. And sure if there be any
-exercise, which generally can preserue health, which can
-remedie weaknesse, which can purchace good hauiour, considering
-it is so generall, and neither excludeth person nor
-age, certainly that is <i>walking</i>. Herevpon Physicians when
-they entreat of this argument, vse alwaye to giue it, the
-place of preferment and birthright in this kinde. The
-auncient Princes, and common weales so highly esteemed
-of it, as in the places appointed for exercise, whether within
-their great buildinges, or without, they seemed to minde no
-one thing more: and still prouided walking roomes, to
-serue for all seasons and times of the yeare, some couert
-and close, some vncouert and open, some secret and hidden.
-The reason why they thus regarded <i>walking</i>, was great, for
-as it seemeth to be, so it is in verie deede wholly consecrate
-to the vse of health.</p>
-
-<p>Is it euer red that the athlets or gamesters vsed walking
-for an exercise: either in sportes, or in theaters, or in the
-solemnising of their sacred ceremonies, whervnto they
-serued? did either <i>Plato</i><a id="FNanchor_25_25" href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">25</a> handling this argument, or any<span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">83</span>
-good writer else saye that walking was any waye to traine
-vp soldiars withall? Onely <i>Vegetius</i><a id="FNanchor_26_26" href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">26</a> sayeth in his discourse
-of warfare, that it were good for soldiars to accustome
-themselues to walke quickly and proportionately, for their
-better breathing: and <i>Augustus Cesar</i>, and <i>Adrian</i> the
-Emperours, did ordeine by constitution, that soldiars both
-horsemen and footemen should monthly be led abroad to
-walke and that not only in the plaine fieldes, but in all
-kindes of soile, to be able by that acquaintaunce with
-groundes, to make difficultie at none. So that <i>walking</i>
-seemeth to be onely institute both by nature and custome
-for the vse of health: and that in the traine of health, no
-one thing deserueth better place than it doth: bycause no
-other thing besides health layth claime vnto it.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The vse of slow walking after exercise.</div>
-
-<p>Herof there be two kindes, the one vsed after vehement
-exercises, the other, which beareth the name of
-the exercise itselfe. Concerning the former of
-the two, I haue but thus much to saye: bycause
-the latter is my peculiar subiect. That it commeth in place,
-when other exercises are dismissed, and finished, after
-purgations ministred by counsell of Physick, after great
-vomiting: that it is good to refresh the wearied minde: to
-alter and bring in order the spirites: to loose that which is
-strayted, to scoure the chest: to make one fetch his breath
-at ease: to strengthen the instrumentes of the senses, to
-confirme the stomacke, to cleare and fine the bodie: and
-not to suffer it after trauaile to melt or decaie, but to purge
-and cleanse it: and that, which is of most account, to
-dissolue and bannish awaye all affections that procure any
-feeling of weariesomnes, or disturbaunce to the bodie.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The three principall kindes of walking.</div>
-
-<p>The second kinde of <i>walking</i> hath three sortes vnder him.
-Wherof the first beareth his name of the kinde
-of motion, how: The second of the place, where:
-The thrid of the time, when the walking is vsed.
-Which three also haue particular braunches vnder eche of
-them, as hereafter shall appeare.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Walking which is named after ye time of mouing.</div>
-
-<p><i>Walkinges</i> which take their names of the
-motion now, be either swift or slow, vehement
-or gentle, much or litle, moderate, or sore, long
-and outright, or short and turning: now bearing
-vpon the whole feete, now vpon the toes, now vpon the
-heeles.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">84</span></p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Moderate walking.</div>
-
-<p>Of all these diuersities in <i>walking</i> the moderate
-is most profitable, which alone of all, that I
-rekened, hath no point either of to much, or of
-to litle, and yet it is both much, and strayning, which be
-the two properties of an healthfull walke. It is good for
-the head, the eyes, the throte, the chest, when they be out
-of frame: so the partie spit not blood. For distilling
-from the head, for difficultie of breath, for a moyste and
-pained stomacke, wherin the nurriture either groweth bitter
-or corrupteth: for the iaundise, costifnesse, fleeting of the
-meat in the stomacke, stopping of the vrine, ache of the
-hippes, and generally for all such, as either neede to prouoke
-any superfluitie from the vpper partes downward, or to send
-that packing, which is already in waye to depart. Now to
-the contrarie it is naught for agues, bycause it encreaseth
-heat, and so consequently the disease: for the falling euill,
-for hauking vp of blood: and in the time when one is
-making water.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Swift and quick walking.</div>
-
-<p>Swift <i>walking</i> doth heat sore and abateth the
-flesh, whervpon to ease the colicke, and to take
-awaie grossenesse, it is accounted a verie good
-meane.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Slow walking.</div>
-
-<p>Slow <i>walking</i> hath the same effectes, that the
-apotherapeutike hath. And therfore it is good
-for sickly weake olde men, and those which delite in, or
-neede walking after meate, to setle it better in the bottome
-of their stomacke: or that be newly awaked from sleepe, or
-that prepare themselues to some greater exercise, or that
-feele any ache in any part, or that haue drie bodies. When
-one hath the head ache it is good to walke first slowly, and
-after a while a litle faster, and stronger, strutting out the
-legges. Slow <i>walking</i> is also good against the falling sicknesse:
-bycause without any shaking to the head, it fetcheth
-the humours downward, where it thinneth and disperseth
-them, and warmes the whole bodie, without endammaging
-it. Finally in quartane agues, when the fit is past, in
-leprosies, for tetters, ringewormes, cankars, and to procure
-easie fetching of ones breath, it is verie soueraine.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Vehement and to sore.</div>
-
-<p>Vehement or to sore and to eager <i>walking</i>, is
-best for cold folkes, and therfore good to driue
-away trembling or quaking, it encreaseth puffing
-and blowing, and yet dissolueth, and disperseth winde.
-But it is ill for weake heades and feete, and such as are in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">85</span>
-daunger of the gout. For both the gout and the hippe
-ache do oftimes come of to much and to sore walking. As
-to the contrarie gentle walking vpon soft straw, or grasse,
-or vpon euen ground is good for any gout or inward exulceration,
-before meat, but not after. For wearinesse is their
-principall enemie: which heateth and enflameth their iointes
-to sore: and thereby causeth them to draw stil more matter
-from the partes further of, to feede their continuall fluxe.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Much and oft.</div>
-
-<p>Much and oft <i>walking</i> is good for them that
-haue a distempered bulk or head: that perceiue
-small nurriture in their lower partes, that in their exercises
-neede more vehement stirring.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Litle and seldome.</div>
-
-<p>Litle <i>walking</i> is good for them, that vse no
-bathing or washing after exercise, which must
-needes walke after meate, to send it downe, to
-the bottom of their stomacke, and for those which finde
-some heauinesse in their bodies.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Long and outright.</div>
-
-<p>Long and outright <i>walking</i> is nothing so
-troublesome as the short, that maketh many
-turnes. It is good for the head, and yet it
-sucketh vp humours, and dryeth to fast.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Long and quicke.</div>
-
-<p>Long and quicke <i>walking</i> is goode to staye the hikup
-or yeaxing.</p>
-
-<p>Short and soone <i>turning</i> wearyeth sooner:
-and troubleth the head sorer.</p>
-
-<p>Circular or <i>walking</i> round about maketh one disie, and
-hurteth the eyes.</p>
-
-<p>In <i>walking</i> to strout the legges, and beare vpon the heeles,
-is verie good for an ill head, a moyst bulke, a strayned bellie,
-and for such of the lower partes, as prosper not, yea, though
-the partie feede well: and generally for all those, in whome
-superfluities steeme vpward.</p>
-
-<p>To beare vpon the toes hath bene proued good for ill
-eyes, and to staye loose bellies.</p>
-
-<p>Bearing vpon the whole feete is alwaye incident to some
-of the other kindes, and therefore ioyneth with eche of them
-in effectes.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Walking which is named
-after the place.</div>
-
-<p><i>Walking</i> which taketh the name after the
-place, is either on hilles and high groundes, or
-in valleies and lowe groundes: againe the lowe
-ground is, either euen, or vneuen: either vnder couert, or
-abroad: in the sunne, or in the shade. When one walketh
-vp against the hill, the bodie is marueilously wearied,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">86</span>
-bycause all the sway and poize of it presseth downe those
-partes, which are first moued. And for all that such motions
-be heauie and slow, yet they cause one sweat sooner and
-sorer, and staye the breath more, then the <i>walking</i> downhill
-doeth: bycause heauie thinges bearing naturally downward,
-are forced vpward against nature. Whervpon heat which
-beareth the bodie vp, as in comming downe it trauelleth not
-of his owne nature, so preasing vpward it is burthened with
-the bodie, whereby it both encreaseth it selfe, prouoketh
-sweat, and stayeth the breath. This kinde of walke afore
-meate is good for the bulke, which hath not his breath at
-commandement. <i>Demosthenes</i><a id="FNanchor_27_27" href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">27</a> strengthened his voice by
-it, pronouncing his orations alowd, as he walked vp against
-the hill, whereby he gat the benefit of breathing, to deliuer
-his long periodes, without paine to himselfe, or breach to
-his sentence. The knees are most toiled in this kinde of
-walking, being forced backward contrarie to their nature,
-and therfore to their griefe.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Walking downhill.</div>
-
-<p><i>Walking</i> downhill draweth superfluity from
-the head more than the other doeth: but withall
-it is enemy to feeble thighes, bycause they both
-moue the legges, and support all the whole weight of the
-bodie aboue. The change and varietie of the motion causeth
-that kinde of walking to be best liked, which is sometime
-vphill, sometime downhill.</p>
-
-<p>When ye walke vpon euen or vneuen ground, ye walke
-either in medowes or grassie places, or in rowgh and brambly,
-or in sandie and soft. If ye walke in a medow, it is without
-all contradiction most for pleasure, bycause nothing there
-anoyeth, nothing offendeth the sense, and the head is fed
-both with varietie of sweet odours, and with the moysture
-of such humour, as the medow yeeldeth.</p>
-
-<p>Rough, brambly, and bushy groundes stuffe the head.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Walking vpon sande.</div>
-
-<p>Sandie, and cheifly if it be any thing deepe,
-bycause the walking in it stirreth sore, confirmeth
-and strengtheneth all the partes of the bodie:
-and fetcheth superfluities mightily downward. This was
-one of <i>Augustus Cæsars</i> remedies, as <i>Suetonius</i><a id="FNanchor_28_28" href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">28</a> writeth, to
-helpe his haulting and weake legges. For to cleare the
-vpper partes of that which cloyeth them, there is nothing
-better then to trauell in deepe sande.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">87</span></p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Walking in a close gallerie.</div>
-
-<p><i>Walking</i> in a close gallerie is not so good,
-bycause the ayre there is not so fresh, free, and
-open, but pent, close, and grosse: and therfore
-stuffeth the bodie, onelesse the gallerie be in the vppermost
-buildinges of the house, where neither any vapour from the
-ground can come: and the ayre that commeth is pure and
-cleare.</p>
-
-<p>The close <i>walkes</i>, which were called <i>cryptoporticus</i> were
-not of choice but of necessitie, when extremitie of weather
-would not let them walke abroad.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Walking in an open place.</div>
-
-<p><i>Walking</i> in an open place, and cheifly
-greene, is much better and more wholesome,
-then vnder any couert. First of all for the eyes,
-bycause a fine and subtile ayre comming from the greene
-to the bodie, which is more penetrable bycause of stirring,
-scourreth awaye all grosse humours from the eyes, and so
-leaueth the sight fine and cleare. Further, bycause the
-bodie in walking waxeth hoat, the aire sucketh humours
-out of it, and disperseth whatsoeuer is in it more then it can
-well beare.</p>
-
-<p>Now in <i>walking</i> abroad there is consideration to be had
-to the soile. For <i>walking</i> by the sea side ye thinne and
-drie vp grosse humours, by riuers and standing waters ye
-moyst. Howbeit both these two last be naught, and
-specially standing waters. Walking not neare any water,
-as it is not so good as the walke by the sea, so it is much
-better, then walking neare any other water. Walking in
-the dew moystes and harmes.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">It is good to walke where birdes haunt.</div>
-
-<p>If ye <i>walke</i> in a place where birdes haunt, it
-is of great efficacie to cleare by the breath, and
-to disburden the bodie so, as if ye did walke in
-some higher ground. If there be no winde where ye walke,
-it cleareth by breath, it disperseth excrements, it slakes and
-nippes not, and is good for colicks that come of a cold cause.
-If there be winde, the <i>Northern</i> causeth coughing, hurtes
-the bulke, and yet confirmes the strength, soundes the
-senses, and strengthens the weake stomacke. The <i>Southwinde</i>
-filles the head, dulles the instrumentes of sense, yet
-it looseth the bellie, and is good to dissolue. The <i>Westwinde</i>
-passeth all the rest, both for mildenesse and wholesomnesse.
-The <i>Eastwinde</i> is hurtefull and nippes.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">It is better to walke in the shade then in
-the sunne.</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Daungerous walking vnder dewy trees.</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote">What effecte the faire and cleare
-aire hath.</div>
-
-<p>It is better <i>walking</i> in the shade then in the
-sunne: as it is naught for the headache to walke<span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">88</span>
-either in the cold or in the heat. And yet it is
-beter to walke in the sunne, then to stend in it,
-and better to walke fast, then slowly. Of all shades, those
-be the best which be vnder walles or in herboures. It is
-verie daungerous <i>walking</i> neare vnto dewye
-trees, for feare of infection by the sappie dew:
-bycause dew in generall is not so wholesome, it
-abateth the flesh, as wymen that gather it vp with wooll or
-linnen clothes for some purposes do continually trye. Now
-if the dew come of any vnwholesome matter, what may it
-proue to? The best <i>walking</i> in shadowes simply is vnder
-myrtle and baye trees, or among quicke and sweet smelling
-herbes, as wilde basell, penyroyall, thyme, and mynt, which
-if they be wild and of their owne growing be better to wholesome
-the soile, then any that be set by hande: but if the
-better cannot be, the meaner must serue. Againe
-in this kinde of <i>walke</i> the faire and cleare
-aire lighteneth, scoureth, fineth, procureth good
-breathing, and easie mouing. Darke and cloudie aire
-heauyeth, scoureth not by breath, and stuffeth the head.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Walking which taketh his name after the time.</div>
-
-<p><i>Walking</i> which is termed after the time, is
-either in winter or summer: in the morning or
-in the euening, before meat or after. The most
-of these differencies will appeare then playnest, when the
-time for all exercises is generally appointed, in consideration
-of circunstance, as shall be declared vnder the title of time.
-In the meane while <i>walking</i> whether in the morning or
-euening, ought still to go before meat.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The good of ye morning walk.</div>
-
-<p>The <i>morning walke</i> looseth the belly, dispatcheth
-sluggishnes, which comes by sleep,
-thinneth the spirits, encreaseth heat, and prouoketh
-appetite. It is good for moyst constitutions, it
-nimbleth and quickneth the head, and all the partes in it.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The good and ill of the euening walk.</div>
-
-<p>The <i>euening walke</i> is a preparatiue to sleepe,
-it disperseth inflations, and yet it is ill for a
-weake head. Walking after meat is not good
-but only for such as are vsed vnto it. Yet euen they maye
-not vse it to much. It is good also for them, which otherwise
-cannot cause their meat go downe to the bottome of
-their stomacke.</p>
-
-<p>And thus much for <i>walking</i>, both regarding the manner
-of the motion, the place where, and the time when. Which
-circunstances though they be many and diuers: yet to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">89</span>
-purchase the commodities, which walking is confessed to be
-very full of, they must needes be cared for: considering
-our whole life is so delt with, as if we hastened on death,
-against the which, this exercise may be rightly termed an
-antidote, or counterreceit.</p>
-
-
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_21">CHAPTER 21.</h2>
-
-<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of running.</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">The</span> manifest seruices which we receiue by our legges
-and feete, in <i>warre</i> for glorie, to pursue or saue, in
-<i>game</i> for pleasure to winne and weare, in <i>Physick</i>
-for health to preserue and heale, do giue parentes to vnderstand,
-that they do suffer their children to be more then
-halfe maymed, if they traine them not vp in their youth to
-the vse and exercise therof. To polishe out this point with
-those effectuall reasons, which auaunce and set forth nature,
-when she sayeth in plaine termes, that she meanes to do
-good: or with those argumentes, wherwith the best authors
-do amplifie such places, when they finde nature so freindly
-and forward, (as the anatomistes which suruey the workmanship
-of our bodie, and histories, which note the effectes
-of swiftnesse, do wonder at nature, and wish exercise to
-helpe her, for that which they see) were to me nothing
-needefull, considering my ende is not the praise, but the
-practise of that which is praiseworthy: neither to tell you,
-what <i>Alexander</i> the <i>Macedonian</i>, nor what <i>Papyrius</i> the
-<i>Romain</i> did by swifte foote, nor that <i>Homere</i> gaue <i>Achilles</i>
-his epithete of his footmanship, but to tell you that <i>running</i>
-is an exercise for health, which if reason cannot winne,
-wherof euery one can iudge, sure historie will not, where the
-authors credit may be called in question as to much fauoring
-the partie whom he praiseth, wherefore I will leaue of all
-manner of by ornamentes, wherwith such as be in loue with
-running do vse, to set it forth, and directly fall to the seuerall
-kindes there of which differ one from an other, both in the
-mouing it selfe, and also in the manner of the mouing<span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">90</span>
-whervpon the effectes, which follow must needes proue
-diuers according to that diuersitie. Running of it selfe is
-helde by the Physicians generally to be a swift exercise
-which needeth neither much strength, nor great violence,
-and in what sorte so euer it is vsed, it is ill for agues.</p>
-
-<p>1. The first kinde of <i>running</i> which beareth his name of
-the verie motion vehement swift, and withall outright, hindereth
-health, rather then helpeth it: and if it helpe it any
-waye, it is in that it abateth the fleshinesse, and corpulence
-of the body: which if it chaunce to be moyst, swift running
-will empty it of humours, and stay it also quickly. It hath
-bene found so wholesome in some diseases of the splene or
-mylt, as <i>Ætius</i> a learned Physician writeth, that he knew
-some which by walking and running onely were deliuered
-from all greife and peine there. But it is verie vnwholesome
-for such as haue ill heades. Whervpon <i>Aristotle</i><a id="FNanchor_29_29" href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">29</a> in
-his Problemes, asking the question why running which is
-thought to driue all excrementes downward, if it be vehement
-and swift should be offensiue to the head, not in men and
-wymen alone, but also in beastes, aunswereth thus: that the
-swift motion, bycause it strayneth the strength, and stayeth
-the breath, heates the head with all, and swelles the veines
-therein: so that they draw vnto them forreine meane as cold
-or heat: and besides that, it enforceth what so euer is in the
-breast to ascend vpwarde, whereby the head cannot chuse
-but ake, which is the cause, that swift running is naught for
-the falling euill. <i>Galene</i><a id="FNanchor_30_30" href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">30</a> thinketh so basely of this kinde
-of running, as he termeth it, a thing both an enemie to
-health, to great a thinner of the whole bodie, and such a
-one, as hath no manner of manly exercise in it. Besides
-this, it putteth him which runneth so vehemently in daunger
-of some great conuulsion, if he fortune to encounter any
-violent stop by the way.</p>
-
-<p>2. The second kinde of <i>running</i> which taketh his name
-of the gentle and moderate mouing, warmes the body very
-well, strengthens the naturall actions, prouokes appetite,
-helpes and turnes rewmes, and catarres, some other waye.
-And therfore it is commended for a remedie against the
-swiming of the head, against the drie cough, if ye holde
-your breath withall, against exulcerations in the inner side
-of the iawes, and the distortion or writhing of the mouth,
-which the Greekes call κυνικὸν σπὰσμα. For though at the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">91</span>
-first it seeme to prouoke defluxions and distilling of humours,
-yet within a small time it stayeth them: and therfore it is
-thought to be good for those, which are pained with the
-<i>Ischiatica</i>, which haue much a do to stirre their legges at
-the first, but after that they haue runne a while, they be so
-nimble and quicke, as if they had neuer felt any paine in
-those partes. It strengtheneth the stomacke mightely, and
-deliuereth the bellie from winde, and cold passions: whereby
-it is thought, and that not without great cause to be verie
-good for the colike and dropsie: it delayeth the swelling of
-the milt. For the gnawing of the guttes, and some diseases
-of the kidneis it is exceeding good, so the kidneies be not
-either presently, or haue not bene of late, subiect to some
-exulceration. To saye that it is wholesome for the legges
-and feete, were to make a doubt, where none can be, considering
-<i>running</i> is their proper and peculiar action. This
-exercise for all that it is such a freind to health: yet bringes
-with it some inconueniences: for it is verie laborious: it
-cooleth the flesh and furthereth not the feeding. And as
-naturally of it selfe, it breadeth no great harme, so if it
-meete with an ill head, or a weake bulke, or burning and
-hoat vrine, it helpes to draw on diuers diseases. He that
-hath any rupture in the twiste, or els where, must forbeare
-running, as those also, which haue infected liuers or gauled
-kidneies. If the chased deare could speake, he would desire
-the hunter to giue him leaue to pisse, when he pursueth him
-sorest, and that for but so litle respite, he would shew him
-a great deale more pastime: but the hunter which knoweth
-well that the skalding vrine will not let him runne long, wil
-not lend him that leasure: bycause he careth more for the
-frute of his owne praie, then the effect of the deares prayer.
-All the other kindes of <i>running</i> which follow, take their
-names of the manner of their mouing, wherof the first is the
-long outright running, which if it continue on gently though
-long, it warmeth the flesh, and makes it plumpe, and is verie
-good, for great feeders, though it make the bodie slow and
-grosse. <i>Running</i> streight backward, and withall not hastily,
-is good for the head, the eyes, the streatchers, the stomacke
-and the loynes. <i>Running</i> round about, thinnes the flesh
-and streaches it, but cheifly the belly, and bycause of the
-quicke motion, it gathereth moysture quickly. And therefore
-<i>Hippocrates</i><a id="FNanchor_31_31" href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">31</a> wisheth them to vse it, which dreame of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">92</span>
-blacke starres, as the fore warning of some forreine disease.
-It troubleth the head and makes it dizie: it marreth both
-the bulke and the legges, and therefore would be left. He
-that runnes vphill straynes him selfe sore, and doth neither
-his bulke nor his legges any great good. He that runnes
-downhill makes his head giddy, shakes all within him, and
-tries the weaknesse, or strength of his hippes. He that runneth
-in his clothes sweateth sore, and warmes his flesh more:
-and therefore it is good for them, that haue the head ache
-to runne so: and those that haue somewhat to do, to fetch
-their breath. He that runneth out of his clothes single or
-naked, sweateth much, which is much more healthful how
-litle so euer it be, then much more, with the clothes on.
-<i>Hyppocrates</i><a id="FNanchor_32_32" href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">32</a> likes running generally more in winter then
-sommer. <i>Oribasius</i><a id="FNanchor_33_33" href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">33</a> in both, yea though sommer be in his
-prime and cheife heat. The resolution is, when most sweating
-is best, which <i>Artistotle</i> sayeth is in sommer.</p>
-
-
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_22">CHAPTER 22.</h2>
-
-<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of leaping.</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap"><i>Leaping</i></span> should seeme to be somewhat naturall, and
-chearfull, bycause at any pleasant or ioyefull newes,
-not onely the hart will leape for ioye, but also the body it
-selfe will spring liuely, to declare his consent, with the
-delited minde, and that not in young folkes alone, but also
-in the elder, whom we commonly say that no ground can
-hold: so that leaping seemes to stand the body in such a
-steade for vttering of ioy, as the tongue serues the minde to
-deliuer her delite by speche with laughter. The cattell and
-brute beastes bewraie their contentment, and well liking,
-by the selfe same meanes, leaping and galloping of them
-selues in their pasture when they be lustily disposed and in
-good health. Though in training of the bodie by waye of
-exercise, there be not so much regard had to the mirth of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">93</span>
-the minde, as to the motion of the bodie: and yet being an
-exercise it may not be vnpleasant. In which kinde it is
-noted to be vehement, wherein both strength is vsed to
-make the body spring, and swiftnesse to make it nimble:
-being naturally an interrupted race, as running is a continued
-leape. It serued the olde world in <i>game</i> for brauerie, and
-shew of actiuitie: in <i>warfare</i> to skip ouer diches and hard
-passages, in <i>Physicke</i> for an exercise of health, whereby it
-became more stately and imperiall, bycause the first famous
-Romain Emperor <i>Augustus Cæsar</i>,<a id="FNanchor_34_34" href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">34</a> being troubled with the
-<i>Ischiatica</i> and stone in his bladder, and also hauing some
-weaknesse in his left legge and feet, vsed this running leape,
-or leaping race to helpe himselfe thereby. There be diuers
-kindes of leaping wherof I will tuch the most likely.</p>
-
-<p>1. <i>Leaping</i> and springing without intermission is good to
-encrease the naturall heat, to helpe digestion, to dispatche
-raw humours, though afterward it anoie the head and brest,
-bycause it shaketh the head verie vehemently: and by
-reason of much bending and so pressing the backe, it oftimes
-breaketh some canall in the breast or lungues. 2. To <i>leape</i>
-running is good for such diseases of the head, as haue
-troubled it long. It helpeth the bulke, bycause it vseth no
-violent bending, nor pressing of the bodie, it fetcheth downe
-such needeles fumes, as otherwise would haue ben aspiring
-vpward: it chearisheth weake legges: which prosper not by
-nurriture, thorough some trembling and benummed flesh.
-3. <i>Leaping</i> as we do commonly call it and vse it, doth driue
-idle superfluities downward thoroghly, but bycause it shaketh
-the bulke to sore, both by to violent mouing and to forcible
-strayning, it is not good for it: though it shew a verie
-deliuer and an actiue bodie: both to stirre and to do anything
-else. It driueth also the stone from the kidneies into
-the bladder: yet it hurteth the knees by reason of violent
-and continuall bending them. The <i>Lacedemonian</i> wymen,
-whose picture <i>Callimachus</i> the painter, for his foolish curiosity
-named κακοχειρότεχνος, as <i>Plinie</i><a id="FNanchor_35_35" href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">35</a> reporteth, vsed to leape
-so, as their heeles did hitte their hippes, which manner of
-leaping doth both purge and drie. But me thinke I here
-some gentlewymen saye, fye vpon them <i>Rigs</i>. Not so.
-The lawes and custome of their countrey did allow, nay did
-commaunde them to runne, to leape, to wrastle, and to do
-all such exercises, both as well, as men, and also with men.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">94</span>
-Their reason
-was. They did thinke the childe lame of the one side, whose mother
-was delicate, daintie, tender, neuer stirring, neuer exercising, not
-withstanding, the father were neuer so naturally strong, neuer so
-artificially trained. And to preuent that infirmitie in their owne
-youth, they exercised their wymen also, no lesse then their men. As
-_Plato_<a id="FNanchor_36_36" href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">36</a> wisheth his people in his common weale, which he patterneth
-for the best. _Skipping_ againe the banck, as it helpeth the hippes,
-so it hurteth the breast: and the same downhill cleareth the head from
-superfluities, which it fetcheth downward: It strengtheneth the legges,
-but it shaketh the bowelles to sore, which is very dangerous, for
-ruptures anywhere: for the crooked swelling veines in the legge: for
-all gouttes: for all those, in whom the humours vpon any small occasion
-will fall downe to the feete: and cause them to swell.<a id="FNanchor_37_37" href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">37</a> Further in
-cases where it were good to let blood or to purge, if either yeares or
-some other impediment wil admit neither, to auoide superfluous humours,
-_leaping_ will supply the roome. As it is verie ill for those which
-pisse blood: or be in a flixe: or haue weake or ouerheated kidneies:
-or that haue at that time, or not long before had, some gaule or
-exulceration in the kidneies. And yet though the kidneies be sound,
-eaping will sometime loose a veine. Eche kinde of _leaping_ is better
-accomplished by holding of some weight in the hand for steddinesse,
-then with the hand emptie and without his ballace.</p>
-
-
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_23">CHAPTER 23.</h2>
-
-<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of swimming.</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">In</span> the old time, when they would point at a fellow, in
-whom there was nothing to be made account of, they
-were wont to saye, he neither knoweth letter on the
-booke, nor yet how to <i>swimme</i>: wherby it appeareth that
-<i>swimming</i>, was both in great vse, and of great price in those
-daies, which either first brought forth that byword or afterward
-maintained it, seing he was helde for no bodie that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">95</span>
-could not, or but for a dastard which would not learne the
-sleight to <i>swimme</i>. The traine came bycause it was then
-best to learne, when the iointes were most pliable, and yet
-strong withall. The ende was either to saue themselues in
-fightes by sea, or in flightes by lande, where they were to
-passe riuers, or to assaile enemies by water, or for other
-such seruices: as what if <i>Leander</i> say it serues for loue, and
-bring both <i>Hero</i> to witnesse, which was partaker of the euill,
-and <i>Musæus</i> the Poete, which described their misfortune?
-Which considerations may recommende <i>swimming</i> to vs
-also: who may stand in neede of it, vpon the same causes,
-and in the like euentes that they did. But bycause it is so
-necessarie, it would not be vncurteously entertained, and
-therefore regard must be had in what water ye swimme, for
-if ye swimme in springes which are naturally hoat, it is
-stuffing, and yet good for the palsie, so he that swimmeth
-do vse bladders, to ease him selfe withall: and lighten his
-labour. To <i>swimme</i> in marsh waters, and pooles, infecteth
-both the head and all the residue of the bodie, bycause
-rotten, and corrupt vapours, enter the pores of the bodie,
-together with the moysture. It is reasonable good <i>swimming</i>
-in lakes and standing meres, which the larger they be and
-the clearer, the more commodious and wholesome to swimme
-in. But no kinde of fresh water is so good to swimme in,
-as the running riuer is, chiefly for them, which be in health,
-to whom besides many other commodities, it serueth for a
-preparative to sleepe. Yet it is not good abiding long in
-any fresh water, for feare of perishing the sinues both with
-cold and moysture, whose issues be the crampe, and the
-swimmers daunger. But nothing at all, be it neuer so good
-for health, be it neuer so defensible to saue, can be gotten
-without perill in prouing. And why should <i>swimming</i>
-dreame of securitie, and neuer thinke to drowne? Doth it
-not deale with water, where there is no warrant, but wisedome
-to forsee? pointe the place, pointe the fight, pointe
-the daunger and a pointe for daunger: but where you cannot
-appointe the particularitie, ye cannot warrant the perill.
-<i>Cocles</i>,<a id="FNanchor_38_38" href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">38</a> scaped, it was in a small riuer, and reskue at hand.
-<i>Scœna</i> the centurion scaped, he was neare both shippe and
-shoar. Nay <i>Cæsar</i><a id="FNanchor_39_39" href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">39</a> himselfe saued him selfe from drowning,
-and helde his lettres vp drie in the one hand. A signe of
-courage and cunning as that man had enough; but his<span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">96</span>
-shippes were at hand, and it is not writen, that either he
-swamme alone, or any long waye. But of all daungers to
-drowne, there is least in the sea, where the swimming is
-best: for the salt water as it is thicker then the fresh, so it
-beareth vp the bodie better, that it may fleet with lesse
-labour. The <i>swimming</i> in salt water is very good to remoue
-the headache, to open the stuffed nosethrilles, and therby
-to helpe the smelling. It is a good remedie for dropsies,
-scabbes, and scurfes, small pockes, leprosies, falling awaye
-of either legge, or any other parte: for such as prosper not
-so, as they would, though they eate as they wishe, for ill
-stomackes, liuers, miltes, and corrupt constitutions. Yet all
-<i>swimming</i> must needes be ill for the head, considering the
-continuall exhalation, which ascendeth still from the water
-into the head. <i>Swimming</i> in hoat waters softeneth that
-which is hardened, warmeth that which is cooled, nimbleth
-the iointes which are benummed, thinneth the skinne, which
-is thickned, and yet it troubleth the head, weakneth the
-bodie, disperseth humours, but dissolueth them not. <i>Swimming</i>
-in cold water doth strengthen the naturall heat, bycause
-it beates it in: it maketh verie good and quick
-digestion: it breaketh superfluous humours, it warmeth the
-inward partes, yet long tarying in it hurtes the sineues, and
-takes awaye the hearing. Thus much concerning <i>swimming</i>,
-which can neither do children harme in learning, if the
-maister be wise, nor the common weale but good, being
-once learned, if either priuate daunger or publike attempt
-do bid them auenture. For he that oweth a life to his
-countrey, if he die on lande, he doeth his duetie, and if he
-drowne in water, his duetie is not drowned.</p>
-
-
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_24">CHAPTER 24.</h2>
-
-<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of riding.</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">If</span> any wilbe so wilful as to denie <i>Riding</i> to be an exercise
-and that a great one, and fittest also for greatest personages,
-set him either vpon a trotting iade to iounce
-him thoroughly or vpon a lame hakney to make him exer<span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">97</span>cise
-his feete, when his courser failes him. In all times, in
-all countries, among all degrees of people, it hath euer bene
-taken, for a great, a worthy, and a gentlemanly exercise.
-Though <i>Aristophanes</i> his testimonie, were naught against
-honest <i>Socrates</i>, yet it is good to proue, that riding was a
-gentlemanly traine, euen among the principles of education
-in Athens. And <i>Virgile</i> in the legacie sent to <i>Latinus</i>,
-describeth the same traine in the Romain children, which,
-sayeth he, exercised themselues on horsebacke before the
-towne. And <i>Horace</i> accuseth the young gentleman in his
-time as not able to hange on a horse. But to deale with
-stories, either Greeke, or Latin, for the Romain or other
-nations exercise in riding in a matter of such store, were
-more then needeles. The <i>Romains</i> had their whole citie
-diuided into partialities, by reason of the foure factions of
-those exercising horsemen. Who of the foure colours, which
-they vsed, Russet, White, Greene, and Blew, were named
-<i>Russati</i>, <i>Albati</i>, <i>Prasini</i>, <i>Veneti</i>.<a id="FNanchor_40_40" href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">40</a> For the warres how great
-a traine riding is, I would no countrey had tried, nor had
-cause to complaine, nor the subdued people to be sorofull,
-though the conquerour do vant himselfe, of his valiantnesse
-on horsebacke. For health it must needes be of some great
-moment, or els why do the Physicians seeme to make so
-much of it? They saye that generally it encreaseth naturall
-heat, and that it purgeth superfluities, as that to the contrarie
-it is naught for any sicke bodie, or that hath taken
-Physicke hard before, or that is troubled with infection or
-inflammation of the kidneies. They vse to deuide it into
-fiue kindes, <i>Slow</i>, <i>quicke</i>, <i>trotting</i>, <i>ambling</i>, and <i>posting</i>.</p>
-
-<p>1. Of <i>Slow riding</i> they write that it wearieth the grines
-very sore, that it hurteth the buttokes, and legges, by hanging
-downe to long, and yet it heateth not much: that it
-hindreth getting of children, and breadeth aches and lamenesse.</p>
-
-<p>2. Of <i>quicke riding</i> they saye, that of all exercises it
-shaketh the bodie most, and that yet it is good for the head
-ache, comming of a cold cause: for the falling euill, for
-deafnesse, for the stomack, for yeaxing or hikup, for clearing
-and quickning the instrumentes of sense: for dropsies: for
-thickning of thinne shankes: which was found true in
-<i>Germanicus Cæsar</i><a id="FNanchor_41_41" href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">41</a> nephew to <i>Tiberius</i> the Emperour, which<span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">98</span>
-so helped his spindle shankes. Againe quick riding is
-naught for the bulke: for a weake bladder, which must
-forebeare all exercises, when it hath any exulceration: for
-the <i>Ischiatica</i>, bycause the hippes are to much heated and
-weakned, by the vehementnesse of the motion. Whervpon
-the humours, which are styrred rest there: and either breede
-new or augment olde aches.</p>
-
-<p>Of <i>trotting</i>, it is said euen as we see, that it shaketh the
-bodie to violently, that it causeth and encreaseth marueilous
-aches, that it offendes the head, the necke, the shoulders,
-the hippes, and disquieteth all the entrailes beyond all
-measure. And though it may somewhat helpe the digestion
-of meate, and raw humours, loose the belly, prouoke
-vrine, driue the stone or grauell from the kidneyes downward,
-yet it is better forborne for greater euilles, then borne with
-for some sorie small good.</p>
-
-<p><i>Ambling</i> as it exerciseth least, so it anoyeth least, and
-yet looseth it the bellie.</p>
-
-<p>As for <i>posting</i>, though it come last in reading, it will be
-first in riding, though for making such hast, it harme eche
-part of the bodie, and specially the bulke, the lungues, the
-bowells generally, the kidneyes: as what doth it not allway
-anoy, and oftimes either breake or put out of ioynte by
-falles or straynes? It warmes and paires the body to sore,
-and therfore abateth grossenes, though a grosse man be ill
-either to ride post himselfe, or for a iade to beare. It
-infecteth the head, it dulleth the senses, and especially the
-sight: euen til it make his eyes that posteth to run with
-water, not to remember the death of his friendes, but to
-thinke how sore his saddle shakes him, and the ayer bites
-him.</p>
-
-
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_25">CHAPTER 25.</h2>
-
-<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of hunting.</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap"><i>Hvnting</i></span> is a copious argument, for a poeticall humour
-to discours of, whether in verse, with <i>Homer</i>, or in
-prose, with <i>Heliodorus</i>. <i>Dian</i> would be alleged, as so
-auoyding <i>Cupide</i>. <i>Hippolytus</i>, would be vsed in commenda<span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">99</span>tion
-of continence, and what would not poetrie bring in to
-auaunce it, whose musicke being solitarie and woddishe,
-must needes be, nay is very well acquainted with the chace.
-If poets should faint, the <i>Persians</i> would fight, both for
-riding and hunting: so that if patrocinie were in question,
-we neede not to enquire, they would offer them selues, from
-all countries, and of all languages. But we need not either
-for praise, or for prose, to vse forraine aduocats. For hunting
-hath alway caried a great credit, both for exercising the
-bodie, and deliting the mynde, as it semes to be verie
-naturall, because it seeketh to maister, and to take beastes,
-and byrdes, which are naturally appointed for mans vse,
-and therefore though they be taken and killed, there is no
-wrong done them. The courteous <i>Xenophon</i><a id="FNanchor_42_42" href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">42</a> as delited
-himselfe therein, and all the auncient writers, as subscribing
-to a truth, commend it marueilously, and chiefly, for a
-proper elementarie to warlike vses, and <i>Mars</i> his schoole,
-whether for valiauntnes or for pollicy, because the resemblaunces
-of the chiefe warlike executions do fall out in
-hunting, as the qualitie or courage of the game offereth
-cause, either to vse force and manhoode, or to flie to deuise
-and sutteltie.</p>
-
-<p>The <i>Romain Emperours</i> did exhibit publike hunting vnto
-the whole people in way of pastime and pleasure. The
-<i>Physicians</i> make much of it: as being an exercise, which
-containeth vnder it most of the other stirring exercises, for
-they that hunt, walke, runne, leape, shout, hallow, ride, and
-what may they not do, hauing the whole country for roome,
-and the whole day for time, to do in what they list? And
-though <i>Galene</i><a id="FNanchor_43_43" href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">43</a> do restraine it to men of great abilitie, as if
-hunting were not for euery man to vse, which is one of the
-markes, whereby to know the best exercises, that they be
-parable, and purchaceable euen to meane purses: yet we
-see it in common to most, where restraint by law doth not
-forbid it. Neither is the charge in respect of the exercise,
-but in respect of the game, whereon the exercise is employed.
-To hunt a hare, and course a hart, to chase a bucke, and
-chase a bore is not all one, neither for prouision, nor for
-perill though the exercise haue small oddes, which being
-compounded of those exercises that I named, must nedes
-haue the same effectes, that those exercises haue besides
-his owne. To warme the bodie very well, to disperse super<span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">100</span>fluites,
-to abate flesh, to lessen ouerflowing moysture, to
-make one sleepe soundly, to digest meat, and raw humors,
-to quicken both the sight and the hearing, to keepe of old
-age, and finally to make the body most healthfull, and the
-health most lasting.</p>
-
-<p><i>Rases</i><a id="FNanchor_44_44" href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">44</a> a notable Arabicke Physician, writeth that in a
-great plague there remained almost none aliue in a certaine
-towne, saue hunters only, which escaped by reason of their
-preseruing exercise. And <i>Mitbridates</i> that famous king
-vsed hunting so much for his healthes sake, as in seuen
-yeares space, it is written that he neuer came within house,
-neither in citie nor countrie. And yet hunting is not good
-for the head, when it is vsed with vehemence, as no other
-vehement exercise is.</p>
-
-<p>There be but two kindes of <i>Hunting</i> to my purpose, the
-one on horsebacke, the other one foote.</p>
-
-<p>1. They that <i>Hunt</i> on horsebake, for so much as they
-sometime gallop, sometime ride fast, sometime hallow, sometime
-be stil, and varie so in most actions, seeme to trauel
-euery part of their body, and therefore it is thought, that
-thereby the brest, the stomacke, the entrailes, the backe and
-legges be strengthened: but it is ill for them, which are
-troubled with any paine in their head, and daungerous for
-feare of breaking some veine in the breast: for the stone in
-the kidneyes, for those that be of hoate constitution of
-body: for weake bellicawles, and for feare of ruptures, because
-such thinges fall out oftentimes in hunting on horsebacke:
-not without losse sometime of life.</p>
-
-<p>2. <i>Hunting</i> on foote, hath all the commodities, and incommodities
-to, that hunting on horsebacke hath, sauing
-the daunger whereunto it is not so much subiecte. And
-yet the trauell of the bodie is more, the body hoater, the
-legges and feete more strengthened, the appetite to meat
-more, to make children lesse. Neither of then is good but
-for strong and healthful bodies, neither can hunting be but
-harmefull vnto them, which vse it vnaduisedly, without
-consideration how they runne, by way of pleasure and
-ordinarie exercise, or at the suddaine of a head, for by
-tarying abroade all day, and feeding so vncertainely, and
-so vnseasonably, there come sundrie inconueniences.</p>
-
-<p>But of all <i>Hunting</i> that is still best, wherein we exercise
-our selues and our owne bodies most, not our hauks of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">101</span>
-howndes, because exercises be meanes to make men healthfull,
-and other thinges be meanes to bring that meane about.
-Such a kinde of hunting was it which <i>Chiron</i>, <i>Machaan</i>,
-<i>Podalyrius</i>, <i>Æsculapius</i>, the parentes and patrones of physike
-did vse, whose delite thererin, is our warrant in choyce,
-bycause they being so great physicians, as physicke went
-then in <i>Platoes</i> opinion, did trie that in their owne persons,
-which they deliuered to posteritie for the same vse.</p>
-
-
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_26">CHAPTER 26.</h2>
-
-<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of shooting.</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">The</span> physicians seeme to commend shooting for the
-vse of health sufficiently, in that they make <i>Apollo</i>
-and <i>Æsculapius</i> the presidentes and protectors of
-<i>Archerie</i>, which both be the greatest gods, and chiefest
-patrones of ther owne profession. And that it is a thing to
-be beloued, and liked, what argument is there that can be
-alleadged of comparable force to that of <i>Cupide</i> himselfe,
-which in the matter of loue, doth bend with his bow, and
-enamour with his arrow? But in sadnes to say enough of
-this exercise in few wordes, which no wordes can praise
-enough for the commodities which it bringeth to the health
-of the body: as it hath bene vsed by diuers nations, in
-diuerse sortes, both on horsebacke and on foote, both for
-peace and warre, for healthfull exercise and pleasant pastime:
-so none either now doth vse it, or heretofore hath
-vsed it, more to health, and bettering of the body then our
-owne countrimen do. As if it were a thing somewhat
-naturall to <i>Ilandes</i>, bycause they of <i>Crete</i> and <i>Cyprus</i> in olde
-stories, they of the <i>Indian</i> Ilandes in new stories are noted
-also for neare <i>Shooting</i>, strong <i>Darting</i>, and streight <i>Slinging</i>,
-whereof the <i>Balear Ilandes</i> seeme to take their name.
-Nay by all auncient monumentes <i>Shooting</i> should seeme to
-be both the eldest, and the vsuallest defence in fighting a
-farre of, which though it haue now, and tofore, haue had<span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">102</span>
-great place in the fielde for warfare: yet hath it a great
-deale better place in our fields for wellfare: and therefore
-the more, because it consisteth both of the best exercises,
-and the best effectes of the best exercises. For he that
-shooteth in the free and open fields may chuse, whether
-betweene his markes he will runne or walke, daunce or
-leape, hallow or sing or do somewhat els, which belongeth
-to the other, either vehement or gentle exercises. And
-whereas <i>hunting</i> on foote is so much praised, what mouing
-of the body hath the foote <i>hunter</i> in hilles and dales, which
-the rouing <i>Archer</i> hath not in varietie of growndes? Is his
-naturall heate more stirred then the <i>Archers</i> is? Is his
-appetite better then the <i>Archers</i> is though the prouerbe
-helpe the hungrie <i>hunter</i>? Nay in both these the <i>Archer</i>
-hath the vantage. For both his howers be much better to
-eate, and all his mouing is more at his choice: because the
-<i>hunter</i> must follow his game of necessitie, the <i>Archer</i> neede
-not but at his owne leasure. For his pastime will tarystil,
-till he come to it, the hunters game is glad to get from him.
-In fine what good is there in any particular exercise, either
-to helpe natural heat, or to cleare the body, or to prouoke
-appetite, or to fine the senses, or to strengthen the sinewes,
-or to better all partes, which is not altogither in this one
-exercise? Onely regard to vse it in a meane doth warrant
-the <i>archer</i> from daunger to himselfe: and an eye to looke
-about, doth defende the passager from perill by him. I
-could here speake much, if it were not to much, to say euen
-so much in such a thing, being so faire a pastime, so pleasant
-to al people, so profitable to most, so familiar to our country,
-so euery where in eye, so knowne a defence, such a meane
-to offende, as there is no man but knoweth it to be a preseruatiue
-to health, and therefore well to be numbred
-among the trayning exercises. And chiefly as it is vsed in
-this Iland, wherein the rouing must nedes be the best and
-most healthful, both for varieties of motion in diuersities of
-soile, and by vsing all <i>archery</i>, in exercising one kinde.
-For in rouing, you may vse either the butte, or the pricke
-by the way for your marke, as your pleasure shalbe. This
-exercise do I like best generally of any rownde stirring
-without the dores, vpon the causes before alleadged, which
-if I did not, that worthy man our late and learned countrieman
-maister <i>Askam</i> would be halfe angrie with me, though
-he were of a milde disposition, who both for trayning the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">103</span>
-<i>Archer</i> to his bow, and the scholler to his booke, hath
-shewed him selfe a cunning <i>Archer</i>, and a skilfull maister.</p>
-
-<p>In the middest of so many earnest matters, I may be
-allowed to entermingle one, which hath a relice of mirth,
-for in praysing of <i>Archerie</i>, as a principall exercise, to the
-preseruing of health, how can I but prayse them, who professe
-it throughly, and maintaine it nobly, the friendly and
-franke fellowship of prince <i>Arthurs</i> knightes in and about
-the citie of <i>London</i>, which of late yeares haue so reuiued
-the exercise, so countenaunced the artificers, so enflamed
-emulation, as in themselues for friendly meting, in workemen
-for good gayning, in companies for earnest comparing, it is
-almost growne to an orderly discipline, to cherishe louing
-society, to enrich labouring pouertie, to maintaine honest
-actiuity, which their so encouraging the vnder trauellours,
-and so encreasing the healthfull traine, if I had sacred to
-silence, would not my good friend in the citie maister <i>Hewgh
-Offly</i>, and the same my noble fellow in that order Syr
-<i>Launcelot</i>, at our next meeting, haue giuen me a sowre
-nodde, being the chiefe furtherer of the fact, which I commend,
-and the famosest knight, of the fellowship, which I
-am of? Nay would not euen prince <i>Arthur</i> himselfe maister
-<i>Thomas Smith</i>, and the whole table, of those wel known
-knights, and most actiue <i>Archers</i> haue layd in their chaleng
-against their fellow knight, if speaking of their pastime, I
-should haue spared their names? whereunto I am easily
-led, bycause the exercise deseruing such praise, they that
-loue so praiseworthie a thing neither can of them selues,
-neither ought at my hand to be hudled vp in silence.</p>
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_27">CHAPTER 27.</h2>
-
-<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of the ball.</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">The</span> play at the <i>Ball</i> seemeth compound, bycause it
-may be vsed, both within dores, and without.
-Wherof good writers haue deliuered vs thus much:
-that in the olde time there were diuers kindes of <i>balles</i> and
-diuers kindes of exercise therwith, according to the diuers<span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">104</span>
-vse of the <i>ball</i> either small or great: both amongst the
-<i>Romaines</i> and <i>Greekes</i>, whose names I vse so much, bycause
-they were best acquainted both with the thinges, and with
-the right vse therof. <i>Galene</i> in his first booke of maintaining
-health, speaking of the <i>Germains</i>, who vsed then to
-dippe their new borne children into extreme cold water
-ouer head and eares, to trie their courage and to harden
-their skinne, sayeth that he wrate those lessons of health
-and exercise, no more to the <i>Dutch</i> and such rude people
-as we also were then, then to beares, boares and lyons: but
-to <i>Greekes</i> and such people, as though barbarous in nature,
-yet by traine and learning, were become greekish as we now
-are, and the <i>Romains</i> then were. So that our examples
-be fetcht from these two nations, which either vsed the
-thinges most, and handled them best: or else enriched their
-owne tongues with all that was best, and when they had so
-done set them ouer vnto vs. But of all their exercises with
-the <i>Ball</i>, we haue not any so farre as I can gesse, by their
-notes, though we retaine the name: and yet our playing
-with the <i>Ball</i> worketh the same effectes, which theirs did,
-as it appeareth by their descriptions. Wherfore seeing they
-be so farre different from ours, and almost worne out of
-knowledge euen to curious coniectures, which seeke to sift
-them out, I will neither trouble my selfe with studying to
-set downe their names: nor my reader with reading to
-gesse what they were, and how they were vsed.</p>
-
-<p>Three kindes shall content me, which our time knoweth,
-wherein all the properties of their <i>balles</i>, and all the effectes
-of their exercises, be most euidently seene. The <i>hand ball</i>,
-the <i>footeball</i>, the <i>armeball</i>.</p>
-
-<p>1. The litle <i>hand ball</i> whether it be of some softer stuffe,
-and vsed by the hand alone, or of some harder, and vsed
-with the rackette, whether by tennice play with an other, or
-against a wall alone, to exercise the bodie with both the
-handes, in euerie kinde of motion, that concerneth any, or
-all the other exercises, is generally noted, to be one of the
-best exercises and the greatest preseruations of health. In
-so much as <i>Galene</i> bestoweth an whole treatise vpon the
-vse and praise of it, wherein he compareth it with other
-exercises, and preferreth it before all, for parabilitie, to be
-all mens game: for profitablenesse, to do all men good: for
-pleasauntnesse, to quicke all mens spirites, and in short
-knits vp the some of his conclusion thus. That the vse of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">105</span>
-the litle <i>ball</i> doth plant in the minde <i>courage</i>, in the bodie
-<i>health</i>, in all the limmes a trim and wel proportionate <i>constitution</i>:
-so it be moderately and aduisedly executed.
-Playing at the <i>ball</i> in generall is a strong exercise, and
-maketh the bodie very nimble, and strengtheneth all the
-vitall actions. The litle <i>handball</i> is counted to be a swift
-exercise, without violence, and therefore the rakketters in
-tennyse play, if they vse it in that kinde, which is thought
-to be most healthfull, must shew them selues nymble without
-strayning, and yet it falleth out most conmonly contrarie,
-while desire to wynne some wager makes the winners loose
-a benefit, which they wish for more, and would gladly get
-to better their health by. This playing abateth grossenes
-and corpulence, as al other of the same sort do: it maketh
-the flesh sownd and soft, it is very good for the armes, the
-greene and growing ribbes, the back, and by reason the
-legges are mightely stirred ther by, it is a great furtherer to
-strength, it quickneth the eyes by looking now hither, now
-thither, now vp, now downe, it helpeth the ridgebone, by
-stowping, bending and coursing about: it is verie good for
-bellies and stomakes, that be troubled with winde or any
-paine which proceedeth from colde. Now to the contrary
-it is not good for ill and bleare eyes raw stomakes, vndigested
-meat, which haue more neede of rest then stirring,
-and for such as will soone be turnesicke, which the oft
-turning about of the head and eyes cannot but cause. The
-playing at tennyse is more coastly and strayning to aunswere
-an aduersary, but the playing against the wall is as healthfull,
-and the more ready, bycause it needeth no aduersary,
-and yet practiseth euery kinde of motion, euery ioynt of the
-body, and all without danger. Children vse this ball diuersly,
-and euery way healthfully, in regard of the exercise: if
-accidentarie faultes fall out among children, in the vse of
-the play, the parties must beare the blame, and not the play.</p>
-
-<p>The second kinde I make the <i>Footeball</i> play, which could
-not possibly haue growne to this greatnes, that it is now at,
-nor haue bene so much vsed, as it is in all places, if it had
-not had great helpes, both to health and strength, and to
-me the abuse of it is a sufficient argument, that it hath a
-right vse: which being reuoked to his primatiue will both
-helpe, strength, and comfort nature: though as it is now
-conmonly vsed, with thronging of a rude multitude, with
-bursting of shinnes, and breaking of legges, it be neither<span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">106</span>
-ciuil, neither worthy the name of any traine to health.
-Wherin any man may euidently see the use of the trayning
-maister. For if one stand by, which can iudge of the play,
-and is iudge ouer the parties, and hath authoritie to commaunde
-in the place, all those inconueniences haue bene, I
-know, and wilbe I am sure very lightly redressed, nay they
-wil neuer entermedle in the matter, neither shall there be
-complaint, where there is no cause. Some smaller number
-with such ouerlooking, sorted into sides and standings, not
-meeting with their bodies so boisterously to trie their
-strength: nor shouldring or shuffing one an other so barbarously,
-and vsing to walke after, may vse <i>footeball</i> for as
-much good to the body, by the chiefe vse of the legges, as
-the <i>Armeball</i>, for the same, by the vse of the armes. And
-being so vsed, the <i>Footeball</i> strengtheneth and brawneth the
-whole body, and by prouoking superfluities downeward, it
-dischargeth the head, and vpper partes, it is good for the
-bowells, and to driue downe the stone and grauell from
-both the bladder and kidneies. It helped weake hammes,
-by much mouing, beginning at a meane, and simple shankes
-by thickening of the flesh no lesse then riding doth. Yet
-rash running and to much force oftentimes breaketh some
-inward conduit, and bringeth ruptures.</p>
-
-<p>3. The third kind I call the <i>Armeball</i> which was inuented
-in the kingdom of <i>Naples</i>, not many yeares agoe, and
-answereth most of the olde games, with the great ball, which
-is executed with the armes most, as the other was with the
-feete, and be both very great helpers vnto health. The
-arme in this is fensed with a wooden brace, as the shin in
-the other with some other thing for meeting with a shrew.
-The <i>armeball</i> encreaseth the naturall heate, maketh way for
-superfluities, causeth sound sleepe, digesteth meate wel, and
-dispatcheth raw humors, though it stuffe the head, as all
-vehement exercises do. It exerciseth the armes and backe
-chiefly, and next to them the legges, and therfore it must
-needs be good for such, as desire to haue those partes strong
-and perfit, to digest their meate at will, to distribute profitable
-iuice to the whole body, and to auoide needelesse matter,
-as well by sweate, as by any other kinde of secret euacuation.
-And yet it is very ill for a naughtie backe, for hoat kidneyes,
-for sharp vrine, and generally for any that is troubled with
-infirmities and diseases in those parts which are strained
-with stirring.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">107</span></p>
-
-<p>Thus much concerning the particular exercises, which I
-haue pickt out from the rest, as most reducible to our time
-and countrie, wherein I haue not followed the ordinarie
-diuision, which the training maisters and Physicians do vse,
-but I deuised such a one, as I tooke to be fittest for myne
-owne purpose regarding our soyle and our seasons. Neither
-haue I rekened vp the other <i>antique</i> exercises, but haue let
-them rest with their friends and fauorers, which be long
-ago at rest. For the tumbling <i>Cybistike</i>, the thumping
-<i>Pugillate</i>, the buffeting <i>Cestus</i>, the wrastling <i>Pancrace</i>, the
-quayting <i>Discus</i>, the barlike <i>Halteres</i>, the swinging <i>Petawre</i>,
-and such old memorandums, they are to auncient and to
-farre worne from the vse of our youth: the considering
-whereof may rather stirre coniecture, then stai assurance,
-what they were, when they were. And of these which I
-haue named, many be farre beyond boyes plaie, for whom
-alone I do not deale, but for all studentes in generall, neither
-yet do I exclude either any age, or any person, if I may
-profit any else beside studentes and scholers. Neither do I
-tie the trayne to these exercises alone, but alway to some
-though not alway to one kinde. The cause and consideration
-must leade all, which may bring forth the like, and why
-not the better vpon due and wel obserued circunstance?
-For though the general cause do direct much, yet the particular
-circunstance directeth more, being it self enformed
-in the generall iudgement. The most of these notes, which
-I haue alleaged, were giuen in <i>Italie</i>, <i>Greece</i> &amp; <i>Spaine</i>, and
-that climate farre distant, and much differing from our
-degree. Wherefore our traine vpon consideration of the
-degrees in soyle, in temperature, in constitution, and such
-like, must appropriate it selfe where the difference is apparent.
-Therefore both to vse these exercises which I haue
-named, to the best, and to deuise other by comparison and
-circumstance, as cause shal offer, I will runne thorough
-those particularities, which either make by right, or marre
-by wrong applying, both all that I haue said, or that can be
-deuised in this kinde, to preserue health.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">108</span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_28">CHAPTER 28.</h2>
-
-<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of the circumstances which are to be considered in exercise.</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">There</span> be six circumstances, which leade and direct
-all exercises, and are carefully to be considered of,
-by the trayning maister. For either the missing or
-mistaking of any one of them, may do harme to more then
-one, and the vsing of them with circumspection and warynes,
-doth procure that good to health, which this whole discourse
-hitherto hath promised.</p>
-
-<p>The sixe circumstances be these, the <i>nature</i> of the exercise
-which ye entend to vse: the <i>person</i> and <i>body</i> which is to be
-exercised, the <i>place</i> wherin, the <i>time</i> when, the <i>quantitie</i> how
-much, the <i>maner</i> how, whereof I do meane to giue some
-particular aduertisements so as I do finde the learned
-physicianes, and wise health maisters to haue handled them
-in their writings, yet by the way least any man either dispaire
-of the good, and therefore spare the prouing, because
-the forme of exercise doth seeme so intricate, and there
-with all to much: or if he be entred in triall, and thinke he
-shall faile, if he misse in some litle, bycause the charge is
-giuen so precisely, to keepe al that is enioyned: I wish him
-not to thinke either the errour vnpardonable, to regard, or
-the thing vnauailable to health, if either all, or any one of
-these circumstances be not absolutely hyt. For as a perfit
-healthfull body is not to be found by enquirie, which is not
-to be hoped for in nature, bycause in so continuall a chaunge
-such a perfitnes cannot chaunce, our bodyes being subiect
-to so many imperfections: so is it no wonder for men to do
-what they may, and to wish for the best, though still beyond
-their reach. If any can come neare them, he breakes no
-right of vse, though he misse the rule of art, which alwaye
-enioyneth in the precisest sort, but yet resteth content with
-that which falleth within compasse of ordynarie circumstance.
-The reason is, <i>art</i> weyeth the matter abstracte, and
-free from circumstaunce, and therefore hauing the whole
-obiect at commaundemet, she may set downe her precept,
-according to that perfitnes, which she doth conceiue: but
-the execution being chekt with a number of accidentarie
-occurrences, which <i>art</i> cannot comprehend, as being to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">109</span>
-infinite to collect, must haue one eye to her precept, and an
-other to hir power, and aske consideration counsell, how to
-performe that with a number of lettes, and thwartings which,
-art did prescribe, either without any, or at the lest, with not
-so many.</p>
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_29">CHAPTER 29.</h2>
-
-<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">The nature and qualitie of the exercise.</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">The</span> <i>nature</i> of the exercise which we vse, either to
-recouer health and strength, if they be feebled: or
-to preserue them, that they feeble not, as it is verie
-forcible to worke this healthfull effect: so it deserueth verie
-circumspect consideration, in applying and fitting it to the
-effect: that the exercise in his degree of motion may
-aunswere the partie in his kinde of constitution: least by
-iarring that way too farre, they fall into a greater discord.
-<i>Galene</i><a id="FNanchor_45_45" href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">45</a> examining the thinges, which do please the displeased
-infantes, findes out that all their naturall vnquietnesse
-is appeased by three natural meanes, which the nurse
-vseth, the <i>pappe</i> to feede, the <i>voice</i> to still, the <i>arme</i> to moue.
-Whervpon he concludeth that <i>meat</i> to nourish, <i>Musicke</i> to
-delite, <i>motion</i> to exercise be most naturall, which being so,
-then for the preseruation of nature, she must needes haue
-her owne motion, which agreeth best with her owne disposition.
-For as some exercises go before the maine to
-prepare the bodie, and some follow to retourne it by degrees
-into his former state and temper: so some be verie vehement,
-strong, and strainable: other verie gentle, curteous, and
-remisse: which must haue echone their application, according
-vnto the qualitie, and state of the bodie, wherunto they
-are to be applyed. They be also as far distinct and different,
-as particular circunstance can worke alteration in any
-respect, as their particular titles before did shew in their
-particular braunching and diuision. And yet therein they
-swarue not from the generalitie of Physicke, which leaning
-vpon some vnfallible groundes, yet lighteth still vpon some<span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">110</span>
-fallible euentes, which make the whole profession to seeme
-coniecturall, though in the best and surest kinde of coniecture,
-if the professour haue studied to sufficiencie and
-obserued so long, till discretion haue saide, the thing is thus.
-I will not therfore spend any more labour, about a matter
-of so great confusion, but as they shall fall out, so will I
-apply them, that by their proper vse, their propertie maye
-appeare.</p>
-
-
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_30">CHAPTER 30.</h2>
-
-<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of the bodies which are to be exercised.</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">In</span> the bodie which is to take good of exercise, there be
-three pointes to be considered: 1. for either it is <i>sickly</i>
-hauing his operations tainted and weake: 2. or it is
-<i>healthy</i> and without any extraordinarie and sensible taint:
-3. or it is <i>valetudinarie</i>, neither pure sicke nor perfit whole.</p>
-
-<p>To speake first of the weake and sickish bodie, it is to be
-noted, as hath bene already in parte marked before, that
-sicknesse assaileth vs three wayes: By distemperature, when
-either the whole bodie, or some parte therof is anoyed with
-vnproportionate heat, cold, drynesse, or moysture: or by
-misfashioning, when either the whole bodie, or some parte
-therof, wanteth his due forme, his iumpe quantitie, his iust
-number, his naturall seat: or by diuision, when any part of
-the bodie being naturally vnited vpon some weaknesse is
-dissolued and sundred. And as diseases come by one, or
-all these three wayes, so health doth defend it selfe by the
-contrarie, good temperature, good forme, good vniting of
-partes. It is graunted by the best though contraried by
-some of the soryest Physicians, that sicke bodies may be put
-to exercise: so it be well considered before, what kinde of
-weaknesse the body is in: and what kinde of helpe may be
-hoped for by the exercise. As for example in sicknesse
-which commeth by distemperature: if a bodie be distempered
-with to much heat, it may not be put to any great or
-earnest exercise, for ouer heating. If it be to drie and
-withered, it must forbeare much exercise for feare of ouer<span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">111</span>drying.
-If it be to hoat and dry both, or to hoat and to
-moyste both, it must quite abandon exercise, as in the first
-kinde enflaming, in the second choking. If it be cold and
-drie it must either neuer be exercised or verie gently. If it
-be cold or moyst, then exercise can do it no harme. If it
-be cold and moyst, it maye boldly abide exercise: which
-variety commeth vpon the effectes, that are wrought by
-exercises, either in augmenting heat, and stirring humours,
-or auoiding superfluities. Whervpon the generall conclusion
-is: that no distempered bodie may vse, any great or vehement
-exercise though some there be, which may venture vp
-on some meane and gentle kinde of stirring, whether the
-infirmitie concerne the whole bodie, or be so in some parte,
-as it shake not the whole. If the infirmitie in <i>fashion</i> be
-casuall and come by late misfortune, (for in this kinde
-naturall weaknesse is euer excepted) exercise maye do
-good, bycause it will make that streight, which was croked,
-that smooth, which was rugged, lay that which was swollen,
-raise that which was layd, emptie that which was full, fill
-that which was emptie, open that which was close and shut:
-and so forth, still working the contrarie to the defect, and
-thereby the amendment. If the faulte be in <i>quantitie</i>, great
-and swift exercises will abate, and pull downe the flesh,
-small and slow will fat and thicken it. If the fault be in
-<i>number</i>, exercise helpeth, as vehement mouing driueth the
-stone and grauell from the straite passages of the kidneyes
-to the broader, and from thence downe into the bladder. If
-the fault be in <i>seat</i>, no exercise is good, bycause till the part
-be restored to his place and site, there is no mouing to be
-vsed, nor yet long after, for feare of displacing it againe.
-If the fault come by <i>disvnion</i>, <i>exulration</i>, or <i>gaule</i>, the
-disvniting of the nobler partes, as the braine, the stomacke,
-the liuer, and such other, specially if it be ioyned with any
-ague excludeth all exercises. The baser partes refuse not
-meane stirring, as the skinne being deuided and disvnited
-with scabbes, which come of salt and sharp humours, by
-motion is freed and deliuered of them. This consideration
-is to be had in the exercising of sicke bodies, whether the
-sicknesse come by distemperature of humours, by deformitie
-in composition, or by disvnion of partes.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Valetudinarie.</div>
-
-<p>Concerning <i>valetudinarie</i> bodies, which be
-neither alwaye sicke, nor euer whole, and such
-as be vpon recouerie after sicknesse, and aged men, whom<span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">112</span>
-yeares make weake and sickish, thus I read: that exercise
-is verie necessarie for the two first, to strengthen their limmes,
-to dispatche superfluities, to stirre heat, to restore the bodie
-to his best habite, alwaye prouided that the exercise rise
-from some mediocritie and slownes by degrees to that
-height, which the parties may well abide. For to earnest
-and rash exercise will empaire their health more. Olde men,
-as by want of naturall heat, they grow full of superfluities,
-so they must haue some pleasant and gentle kinde of exercise,
-both to stirre the heat, and to ridde awaye those
-needlesse necessities, which of force inferre sicknes, if they
-be not enforced awaye. And as they be naturally drie, so
-they must vse no exercise, which dryeth to much. Wherein
-these foure circunstances are to be considered, 1. First
-their strength, which being not great, requireth but quiet
-and gentle exercises. For though <i>Prodicus</i> the warie
-Philosopher in <i>Plato</i>, <i>Antiochus</i> the healthy Physician in
-<i>Galene</i>, <i>Spurina</i> the considerate counsellour in <i>Plinie</i>, could
-do straunge thinges in their olde age, by good forsight in
-their former yeares, yet they be no generall presidentes.
-2. Secondly the forme of their bodies. For as good constitutions,
-can do that meanly and pretily well in their olde
-age, which they did strongly and stowtly in their youth, so
-the weake and misfashioned are vnfit for exercise. For
-loude speaking will hurt to narrow bulkes, and any walking
-fainteth weake legges, and so forth in all imperfections of
-the like sorte. 3. Thirdly how they haue bene vsed: bycause
-they will better awaie with their acquainted exercises,
-then with other, wherunto they haue neuer bene vsed, the
-vehemencie and courage of their yong dayes onely excepted.
-4. Fourthly what infirmities they be subiect vnto, as if their
-heades will soone be giddy, or their eyes sore, or if they be
-in daunger of sudden falling, then they must auoide all
-exercises which be offensiue to the head. And this rule is
-generally to be obserued in all bodies, that the partes pacient
-maye not be pressed to sore.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Healthy bodyes.</div>
-
-<p>As for healthy and strong bodies, they are to
-be esteemed not by absolute perfitnesse in
-measure and rule, which will not be found, but by performing
-all naturall functions, without any greife or painfull
-let: wherof in some places there is good plentie. For as
-generally in so many wayes to weaknesse, our bodies neuer
-continuyng any one minute in the same state, perfit health<span class="pagenum" id="Page_113">113</span>
-in the absolutest degree is not to be hoped for: so in the
-second degree of perfection, where no sensible let is, no felt
-feeblenesse, but all ordinaries excellent, though no excellent
-extraordinarie, there be many bodies to be found healthfull,
-lustie, and lasting verie long: as the soile wherin they brede
-and be is of healthfulnesse, and wholesomnesse. Such a
-praise doth <i>Galene</i> giue to his owne, and <i>Hipocrates</i><a id="FNanchor_46_46" href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">46</a> his
-country: Nay that is the common proofe, where small diet,
-and much labour accompanieth necessitie in state and good
-constitution in body. Now these healthfull bodyes, as they
-dayly feede, and digest well, so to auoide superfluities, which
-come thereby, bycause no meat is so meete with the body,
-as it turneth all into nurriture, they must of necessitie pray
-ayde of exercise, which must be neither to violent, nor to
-immoderate, but sutable to their constitution, as in the
-priuate description the particular exercise bewrayeth it
-selfe, and generally the generall reason suffiseth such a
-trayner, as can vse the consideration of circumstance wisely.
-In exercising of healthy bodies, there be fiue speciall thinges
-to be obserued. 1. The first is how they haue bene vsed,
-for looke wherewith they haue bene most acquainted, and
-therein, or in the like they will best continew, and with most
-ease. 2. The second is what age they be of, for old men must
-haue gentle exercises, children somewhat more stirring,
-yong men more then they, and yet but in a meane, bycause
-they are subiect to more harme by violence then either
-children or old men, for that hauing strong and drie bodyes,
-thicke and stiffe flesh, fast cleauing to the bone, and the
-skinne stretched accordingly, they are in great daunger of
-strong conuulsions, and diuers ruptures, both of flesh and
-veines, through extremities of exercise. 3. The third is
-the state of their body, because fat and grosse men, may
-abyde much more exercise, then leane may and so in other.
-4. The fourth is their kinde of liuing, for he that eateth
-much, and sleepeth much, must either exercise much or
-liue but a while. And to the contrary, the spare feeder or
-great waker, needeth not any such kinde of physicke. 5.
-The fift is the temperature of their bodyes, for small exercise
-satisfieth drie or hoat bodyes, in any degree of eager heat.
-Againe colde bodyes may away with both vehement and
-very much, for moyst bodyes to auoide superfluities, exercise
-and labour is very good, so the bodies be not hoat withall,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">114</span>
-the humor very much and very soone turned into vapour,
-and that also neare to the lungues for feare of choking after
-much stirring. Hoat and dry admit no exercise, hoat and
-moyste, cold and dry admit some litle. But of all constitutions
-none is more helpt by exercise then the colde and
-moyst: because heat and clearing, the two effectes of
-exercise haue their owne subiect whereon to worke, which
-must be weyed in complexions, and states of the body.</p>
-
-
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_31">CHAPTER 31.</h2>
-
-<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of the exercising places.</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">That</span> the place, wherein any thing is done, is of great
-force to the well or ill performing therof, and specially
-in natural executions, there can be no better profe,
-then that we se, not onely plantes and trees, not onely brute
-beastes and cattell, but also euen the bodies and myndes of
-men to be altered and chaunged, with the varietie and
-alteration of the place and soyle, so that for the better
-exercising of the bodies to the preseruing or recouering of
-health, it is verie materiall to limit some certainety concerning
-the place. Wherin not to dwell long at this time,
-bycause in the common place both for learning and exercising
-togither, I shall haue occasion to say more of this matter:
-these foure qualities are to be obserued in the place. 1.
-First the place where ye exercise, must haue his ground
-flowred so, as it be not offensiue to the body, as in wrastling
-not hard to fall on, in daunsing soft, and not slipperie.
-How angrie would a boie be to be driuen to scourge his <i>top</i>
-in sand, grauell, or deepe rushes? and so forth in the rest:
-as is most fit for the body exercised, with lest daunger and
-best dispatch. 2. The second, that the place be either free
-from any wind at all, or if be not possible to auoide some,
-that it be not subiect to any sharpe and byting winde:
-which may do the body some wrong, being open, and therefore
-ready to receiue forreine harme by the ayer. 3. Thirdly<span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">115</span>
-that the place be open, and not close nor couered, to haue
-the best and purest ayre at will, whereby the body becommeth
-more quicke and liuely, and after voyding noysom
-superfluities, may proue lightsome by the very ayer and
-soyle. 4. Fourthly that there be no contagious nor noysome
-stenche neare the place of exercise, for feare of infecting
-that by new corruption, which was lately cleared by healthful
-motion. Generally if the place connot be so fit and
-fauourable to exercise, as wish would it were, yet wisedom
-may win thus much, that he may be as well appointed, to
-preuent the ill of euery both season and circumstance, as
-possibility can commonly performe. When great conquests
-had made states almost, nay in deede to wealthie, and libertie
-of soyle giuen them place to chuse, they builded to this end
-meruelous and sumptuous monuments, which time and
-warres haue wasted, but we which must doe as we may,
-must be content with that, which our power can compasse,
-and if the worst fall, thinke that he which placed vs in the
-world, hath appointed the world for vs for an exercising
-place, not onely for the body against infections, but also for
-the mynde against affections, which being herselfe well
-trayned, doth make the bodie yeelde to the bent of her
-choice.</p>
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_32">CHAPTER 32.</h2>
-
-<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of the exercising time.</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap"><i>Time</i></span> is deuided into <i>accidentarie</i> and <i>naturall</i>, and
-<i>naturall</i> againe into <i>generall</i> and <i>particular</i>. The
-<i>naturall time</i> generally construed is ment by the spring,
-the summer, the haruest and the wynter: particularly by
-the howers of the day and night. The <i>accidentarie time</i>
-chaungeth his name still, sometime faire, sometime foule,
-sometime hoat, sometime colde and so forth. Of this <i>accidentary
-time</i> this rule is giuen, that in exercise we chuse, as
-neare as we can, faire weather, cleare and lightsome to
-confirme the spirites, which naturally reioice in light and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">116</span>
-are refreshed thereby: not cloudy, darke and thicke, wherein
-grosse humours make the bodie dull and heauie: againe
-when there is either no great, or no verie noysome winde to
-pearce the open pored body, nor to much forreine heat to
-enflame the naturall: nor to much cold to stiffen it to sore.</p>
-
-<p>For the <i>naturall</i> time generally taken, <i>Aristotle</i><a id="FNanchor_47_47" href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">47</a> would
-haue the bodie most exercised in sommer, bycause the
-naturall heat being then least, and the bodie therefore most
-burdened with superfluities, then exercise most helpes: both
-to encrease the inward heat, and to send out those outward
-dettes. <i>Hippocrates</i><a id="FNanchor_48_48" href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">48</a> againe giuing three principall rules to
-be kept in exercise, to auoide wearinesse, to walke in the
-morning, maketh this the third to vse both more and longer
-exercise in the winter and cold weather, and most of his
-fauourites hold that opinion. The reason is, bycause in
-sommer the heat of the time dryeth the bodie enough, so
-that it needeth no exercise to wither it to much, where the
-aire it selfe doth drie it enough. <i>Galene</i><a id="FNanchor_49_49" href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">49</a> a man of great
-authoritie in his profession, pronounceth thus in generall,
-that as temperate bodies are to be exercised in a temperate
-season which he countes to be spring: so cold bodies are in
-hoat weather: hoat in cold, moyst in drie, drie in moyst:
-meaning thereby that whensoeuer the bodie seemeth to
-yeeld towardes any distemperature, then the contrarie both
-time and place must be fled to for succour. Of these
-opinions iudgement is to chuse, which it best liketh. Me
-thinke vpon diuers considerations, they maye all stand well
-without any repugnance, seing neither <i>Hippocrates</i> nor
-<i>Galene</i>, deny exercise in sommer simply, and <i>Aristotle</i> doth
-shew what it worketh in sommer.</p>
-
-<p>For the <i>naturall time</i> particularly taken, thus much is said,
-that it is vnwholesome to exercise after meat, bycause it
-hindereth digestion by dispersing the heat, which should be
-assembled wholly to further and helpe digestion. And yet
-both <i>Aristotle</i> and <i>Auicene</i>, allow some gentle walking after
-meat, to cause it so much the sooner setle downe in the
-stomacke, specially if one meane to sleepe shortly after.
-But for exercise before meate, that is excedingly and generally
-commended, bycause it maketh the naturall heat
-strong against digesting time, and driuing away vnprofitable
-humours, disperseth the better and more wholesome,
-thorough out the whole bodie, whereas after meate it filleth<span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">117</span>
-it with rawnesse, and want of digestion: bycause mouing
-marres concoction, and lets the boyling of the stomacke.
-Now in this place there be three thinges to be considered.</p>
-
-<p>1. First that none venture vpon any exercise, before the
-bodie be purged naturally, by the nose, the mouth, the belly,
-the bladder, bycause the contrarie disperseth that into the
-bodie, which should be dismissed and sent awaie: nor before
-the ouernightes diet be thoroughly digested, for feare of to
-much superfluitie, besides crudity and cholere. Belching
-and vrine be argmentes of perfit or vnperfit digestion. The
-whiter vrine the worse and weaker digestion, the yealower,
-the better.</p>
-
-<p>2. The second consideration is, that no exercise be medled
-withall the stomacke being verie emptie, and wearie hungrie,
-least rauening cause ouerreaching, and <i>Hippocrates</i><a id="FNanchor_50_50" href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">50</a> condemne
-you, for linking labour with hunger, a thing by him
-in his <i>aphorismes</i> forbid.</p>
-
-<p>The third consideration is not to eate streight after the
-exercise, before the bodie be reasonably setled. Yet corpulent
-carcases, which labour to be lightened of their cariage,
-be allowed their vittail, though they be puffing hoat. The
-cause why this distance betwene mouing and meate is
-enioyned, is this, for that the bodie is still a clearing, while
-it is yet hoat: and the excrementes be but fleeting: so that
-neither the partie can yet be hungrie, nor the heat entend
-digestion. Whervpon they counsell him that is yet hoat
-after exercise, neither to washe himselfe in cold water: nor
-to drinke wine, nor cold water. Bycause washing will hurt
-the open body, wine will streight way steeme vp into the
-head, cold water will offend the belly and lyver, yea sometime
-gaule the sinewes, nay sometime call for death.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Houres.</div>
-
-<p>What <i>houres</i> of the daie were best for exercise,
-the auncient <i>Physicians</i> for their soile, in their
-time, and to their reason, appointed it thus. In the spring
-about noone, for the temperatenesse of the aire: in sommer
-in the <i>morning</i>, to preuent the heat of the daie: in haruest
-and winter towardes night: bycause the <i>morninges</i> be cold,
-the dayes short, and to be employed otherwise: and the
-meat before that time will lightly be well digested. But
-now in our time, the diet being so farre altered, and neuer
-a circumstance the same, no time is fitter for exercise then<span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">118</span>
-the <i>Muses</i> not to wonder and muse at it, that we be so
-boulde with our and their common friend, I meane the
-<i>morning</i>, seeing we seeke to haue learning and health ioyned
-together. Which falling both most fit in the <i>morning</i>, doth
-lend vs an argument to proue that they were ill sundred,
-whom the samenes of time so vniteth together. In the
-<i>morning</i> the bodie is light, being deliuered of excrementes,
-strong after sleepe, free from common lettes and without
-any perill of indigestion, all which fall out quite contrarie
-in the <i>euening</i>. If any writer allow any other houre after
-meate, it is in some extremitie of sicknesse, not in respect
-of exercise: as when the weather is most lowring, and children
-most heauie and dumpish, why is not then the fittest
-time to play, by chearing the minde, to lighthen the bodie?</p>
-
-
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_33">CHAPTER 33.</h2>
-
-<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of the quantitie that is to be kept in exercise.</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">All</span> they which vse exercises vse them either not so
-much as they should, and that doeth small good, or
-more then they should, and that doeth much harme,
-or so as they should, and that doeth much good. Wherupon
-he that hath skill to crie ho, when he is at the height
-of his exercise, wherwith nature feeleth her selfe to be best
-content, knoweth best wherein the best measure consisteth.
-But how may one know the verie pitche in exercise, and
-when it were best for one to crie ho? principally by these
-two generall limittes. 1. Wherof the first is, when a <i>vapour</i>
-mingled with sweat is sensibly perceiued to proceede from
-the bodie: when the <i>vaines</i> begin to swell, and the <i>breathing</i>
-to alter. For wheras the ende of exercise is to strengthen
-the bodie, and to encrease the naturall heat, whereby the
-wholesome iuyce is digested, and distributed to the nurriture
-of the other partes: and vnprofitable residences discharged:
-if the exercise come not to these degrees of <i>sweat</i>, <i>swelling</i>,
-and <i>breathing</i>, it is to weake to worke those effectes, which it<span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">119</span>
-doth vndertake. 2. The second generall limit is, to continue
-the <i>exercise</i> so long, as the <i>face</i> and bodie shall haue a fresh
-colour, the <i>motion</i> shalbe quicke and in proportion, and no
-<i>wearynesse</i> worth the speaking shalbe felt. For if the <i>colour</i>
-begin to faint, or the bodie to be gaunt, or <i>wearynesse</i> to
-wring, or the <i>motion</i> to shrinke, or the sweat to alter in <i>qualitie</i>
-from hoat to cold, in <i>quantitie</i> from more to lesse, which
-should naturally encrease with the exercise, then crie ho, for
-feare of thinning the bodye to much, of consuming the good
-and ill iuyces together, of weakning the naturall heat, of
-destroying in steade of strengthning: bycause these be
-euident shewes, that the bodie wasteth, cooleth and dryeth
-more then it should.</p>
-
-<p>Now as these be generall staies not to proceede further,
-but to rest when we are well: so there be other more particuler,
-wherein there is regard to be had, to the <i>strength</i> or
-<i>weakenes</i> of the partie, to the <i>age</i>, to the <i>time</i> of the yeare,
-to the <i>temperature</i> of the body, to the <i>kinde</i> of life. For in
-all these measure is a mery meane, and immoderatenes a
-remeadilesse harme.</p>
-
-<p>They that be of good <i>strength</i> may continue longer in
-exercise, then any other, without some great occasion to the
-contrary: though they faint, and feele some litle <i>lassitude</i>
-and <i>wearines</i>, bycause they will quickly recouer themselues.
-Those that be but <i>weake</i> must exercise but a while, bycause
-any small taint in them, is long and hard to be recouered,
-and therefore their limit is to be warme, and to be ware of
-sweating.</p>
-
-<p>2. As touching the difference in age. Olde men, yea
-though they vse the same exercises, wherewith they were
-acquainted when they were yong, yet must leaue ear they
-either sweat or begin to be wearie, bycause they are drye
-and wythered. Men of middle <i>age</i> must of necessitie keepe
-the meane lymit, bycause too much offendes them, to litle
-doth them litle good, both hinder the state of their bodies.
-<i>Youth</i> from seuen till one and twenty, will abyde much
-exercising, very well: wherefore they are allowed without
-daunger to be hoat and chafe, to puffe and blow, to sweat,
-to be wearie also to some degree of <i>lassitude</i>: for being
-full of excrementes by reason of ther reacheles diet, they
-finde great ease in labour and sweat: and being strong
-withall, a litle <i>wearines</i> makes them litle worse. And yet
-there must be great eye had to them, that they keepe within<span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">120</span>
-compasse, and so much the more, the lesse they be aboue
-seuen yeare old. For too much exercise in those yeares
-marres their growing, and alters the constitution of their
-bodies to the worse.</p>
-
-<p>3. For the <i>time</i> of the yeare. In <i>Winter</i> the exercise
-may be great, till the body be hotte: but yet sweat not, lest
-the cold do harme. In the <i>Spring</i> more euen till it sweat,
-in the <i>Haruest</i> lesse, in the <i>Sommer</i> least: because the ayre
-which enuironeth the body, doth then of it selfe so wearie
-and weaken it, as it needeth neither sweating, nor heating,
-nor wearying with exercise, wherein <i>Hippocrates</i> and his
-<i>Phisicke</i> will preuaile against <i>Aristotle</i> and his <i>Philosophie</i>.</p>
-
-<p>4. For the temperature of the body: <i>Moyst</i> bodies may
-abide much exercise, by much stirring to drie vp much
-moisture, so that they may sweat, and yet they must take
-heede of wearynes. Dry <i>bodies</i> may very ill away with any
-exercise, and if with any, it must be such as will neither
-cause heat nor sweat. Could <i>bodies</i> may moue till they be
-throughly warme. Hoat <i>bodies</i> must be deintily dealt withall.
-For <i>heat</i>, <i>sweat</i>, and great chaunge of their breathing
-be enemies to their complexion. Hoat and dry for feare
-of encreasing their qualities to much must be content with
-either no exercise at all, or with verie litle. Cold and dry
-may abyde stirring in respect of their coldnes, till they be
-warme: but for feare of ouerdrying they must not venture
-vpon sweat. Hoat and moyst must vse moderate exercise,
-bycause to litle dyminisheth not their superfluous moysture:
-to much melteth to fast, and warmth to much. Whereupon
-daungerous flixes ensue: so that they must needes auoid
-great alteration of breath, and to much warmeth. Cold and
-moyst may exercise them selues till they blow, till they be
-hoat, and till they sweat. To be short, of any constitution
-this may best abide exercise, to emptie it of needlesse
-humors, to stirre the natural heat, and to procure perfit
-digestion. <i>Sicke-men</i> may not dreame of any definite
-<i>quantitie</i> in their exercises, bycause according to the variety
-of their infirmities, both their exercises, and the quantities
-thereof must be proportionally applyed: so that there can
-be no certaine rule set for them.</p>
-
-<p>Such as be newly recouered from sicknes, or that be on
-the mending hand, bycause their strength is feeble, their
-heat weake, their lymes dried vp, must content themselues
-with small and competent exercise, for feare of no small<span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">121</span>
-inconuenience. Their limit therefore must be to stirre, but
-not to change breath, to warme, but not to heat, to labour,
-but not to be wearie: yet as their health growes, their exercise
-may encrease.</p>
-
-<p>5. For the kinde of life. Such as liue moderately and
-with great continencie, though they be not full of superfluities,
-and therefore neede not exercise much: yet they
-must not abandon it quite, least their bodies for want therof,
-becomming vnweildie, lease both the benefit of naturall heat,
-and good constitution, and auoid not such residence, as of
-force breedes in them, and in the ende will cause some
-sicknes crepe on, which comes without warning, bycause
-<i>Iupiter</i>, as both <i>Hesiode</i> sayeth, and <i>Plutarch</i> subscribeth,
-hath cut her tongue out, least she tell, when she comes, for
-that he would haue her come stealing, eare she be perceiued,
-as <i>Galene</i> also maketh the litle vnperceiued, or for the
-smallnesse contemned to be mother to all illes both of bodie
-and soule. <i>Incontinence</i> breedes much matter for exercise:
-and therefore requireth much, cheifly to procure sound
-sleepe, the captaine cause of good digestion. Such as haue
-not vsed exercises before, and be nouices in the trade, must
-first be purged, then by <i>meane</i> and <i>moderate</i> ascents, day by
-day be well applyed, till they come to that degree, wherein
-those are, which haue bene acquainted therewith before.
-But in all those <i>degrees</i> and <i>mediocrities</i>, <i>immoderate</i> exercise
-must alway be eschewed, as a very capitall enemie to health
-causing <i>children</i> not to prosper nor grow: <i>lustie men</i> to fall
-into vnequall distemperatures, and oftimes agues: <i>oldmen</i>
-to become dry and ouerwearied. To conclude who is it, to
-whom it doth not some harme, and from whom it keepeth
-not some great good. These be the tokens, whereby immoderate
-exercises be discerned, if ye feele your ioyntes to
-be very hoat: if you perceiue your body to be drie and
-vnequall: if in your trauell you feele some pricking in your
-flesh, as if it were of some angrie push: if after sweating
-your colour become pale: if you finde your selfe faint and
-wearie more than ordinary, which wearines, fayntnesse and
-pricking, occupy the credit of a great circumstance in physicke,
-of <i>Galene</i>,<a id="FNanchor_51_51" href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">51</a> and greeke physicianes called κόπος of the
-<i>latines</i> and our <i>Linacer lassitudines</i>, and come vpon dissolution
-and thinning of grosse humours, being to many at that
-time to cleare the body of, and pricking as they passe like<span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">122</span>
-some angrie bile within the body, whereby the body is both
-forced to make an end of exercise, and withall is verie
-wearysome, and stif oftymes after.</p>
-
-
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_34">CHAPTER 34.</h2>
-
-<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of the manner of exercising.</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap"><i>Galene</i></span> in the second booke of his preseruatiue to
-health knitteth vp three great thinges in verie few
-wordes, that who so can handle the exercises in due <i>maner</i>,
-with the <i>apotherapeutike</i>, or gouerning the body after exercise,
-and his <i>frictions</i> to rubbe it and chafe it as it should
-be, is an absolute trayner in his kinde. Wherein we may
-see the vse of <i>chafing</i>, and rubbing the body both to be
-verie auncient, and very healthfull, to warme the outward
-partes, to open the passages for superfluitie, and to make
-one actiue and chearie to deale with any thing afterward.
-It hath his place euery day at tymes, euery yeare in seasons,
-altering vpon circumstance, but still both needefull and
-healthfull, and clearith where it chafeth. For the <i>apotherapeutike</i>
-much hath bene saide already: wherefore this place
-must serue peculiarly for the <i>maner</i> of exercising.</p>
-
-<p>They of old time to whom these rules were first giuen
-hauing all thinges at their will, and sparing for no cost,
-neither straited for want of time, which they disposed as
-they listed, and to whom the traine bycause of their libertie
-and leasure was properly bequeathed, did vse many circumstances
-both ear they entred into their exercise, and
-when they were in it, and also after that they had ended it,
-ear they went to meat. Which their curious course, I will
-briefly runne through, onely to let them see it, which can
-do no more but see it, bycause the circumstances of our
-time will skant suffer any to assay it. After that they felt
-their former meat fully digested, and had at leysure performed
-what belonged to the purging of their bodies, they
-disrobed themselues, and were chafed with a gentle kinde<span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">123</span>
-of rubber, till that the freshnes of their colour, and agilytie
-of their ioyntes seemed to call for exercise. Then were
-they oynted with sweete oyle so neatly and with such
-cunning, as it might sooke into their bodies, and search
-euerie ioynt. That being done if they ment to wrastle, they
-threw dust vpon the oyntment: if not, they went to the
-exercise, which they had most fansie vnto, which being
-ended they rested a while, then with certaine scrapers called
-<i>Strigiles</i>, they had all their filth scrapte of their bodies:
-afterward they were chafed and rubbed againe, then oynted
-also againe, either in the <i>Sunne</i> or by the <i>fire</i>. Then to the
-<i>bath</i>, last of all apparelling themselues they fell to their
-meat. And this was not one or two, nor men of might
-alone, but euery one and of euery sort, nay, shall I say it?
-euen of euery sex. A long and laboriouse trauell, and an
-argument of much ease, and to much adoe in that, which
-should be more common.</p>
-
-<p>But in these our dayes, considering we neither haue such
-places wherin, nor the persons by whose helpe, nor the
-leasure by whose sufferance we maye entend so delicate a
-tendring of our selues, and yet for all that may not neglect
-so great a misterie for our owne health, as exercise is,
-though we cannot reatch to the olde, which perhaps we neede
-not, smaller prouision and simpler fourniture, will serue our
-turne, and worke the same effectes, nay may fortune better
-by helpe of some circunstance peculiar to our selues. Therefore
-for our <i>maner</i> and <i>order</i> of exercise, these few and easie
-considerations may seeme to be sufficient: To <i>cleare</i> our
-bodies from superfluities echewaye, to <i>combe</i> our heades, to
-<i>wash</i> our handes and face, to <i>apparell</i> our selues for the
-purpose, to <i>begin</i> our exercise first slowly, and so grow on
-quicker, to <i>rebate</i> softly, and by gentle degrees, to <i>change</i>
-our sweatie clothes, to <i>walke</i> a litle after, last of all our
-bodies being setled, to <i>go</i> to our meate. This is that which
-I promised to note concerning the six circunstances of exercise.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_124">124</span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_35">CHAPTER 35.</h2>
-
-<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">An aduertisement to the training maister. Why both the teaching
-of the minde, and the training of the bodie be assigned
-to the same maister. The inconueniences which ensue, where
-the bodie and soule be made particular subiectes to severall
-professions. That who so will execute anything well, must
-of force be fully resolued of the excellency of his owne
-subiect. Out of what kinde of writers the exercising maister
-may store himselfe with cunning. That the first groundes
-would be laid by the cunningest workeman. That priuate
-discretion in any executor is of more efficacie then his skill.</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">I haue</span> already spoken of the parties, which are to be
-exercised, and what they are to obserue: nowe must
-I saye somwhat of him, and to him, which is to direct
-the exercise, and how he may procure sufficient knowledge,
-wherby to do it exceeding well. And yet the trainers
-person is but a parcell of that person, whom I do charge
-with the whole. For I do assigne both the framing of the
-minde, and the training of the bodie to one mans charge,
-whose sufficiencie may verie well satisfie both, being so
-neare companions in linke, and not to be vncoupled in
-learning. The causes why I medle in this place with the
-training maister, or rather the training parte of the common
-maister, be these: first I did promise in my methode of
-exercises so to do: secondly the late discours of exercise
-will somwhat lighten this matter, and whatsoeuer shall be
-said here, may easely be reuiued there, where I deale with
-the generall maister. Beside this, exercise being so great
-a braunche of education as the sole traine of the whole
-bodie, maye well commaunde such a particular labour,
-though in deede I seuer not the persons, where I ioine the
-properties. For in appointing seuerall executions, where
-the knowledge is vnited, and the successe followeth by the
-continuall comparing of the partes, how they both maye, or
-how they both do best procede in their best way, how can
-that man iudge wel of the soule, whose trauell consisteth in
-the bodie alone? or how shall he perceiue what is the bodies
-best, which hauing the soule onely committed to his care,
-posteth ouer the bodie as to an other mans reckening? In
-these cases both <i>fantsie</i> workes <i>affection</i>, and <i>affection</i> ouer-weyneth,
-either best liking where it fantsieth most, or most<span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">125</span>
-following, where it affecteth best, as it doth appeare in
-<i>Diuines</i>, who punish the bodie, to haue the soule better, and
-in <i>Physicians</i>, who looke a side at the soule, bycause the
-bodie is there best. Where by the way I obserue, the
-different effectes which these two subiectes, being seuered in
-charge, do offer vnto their professours. For the health of
-the soule is the <i>Diuines</i> best, both for his honest delite, that
-it doth so well, and for his best ease, that himselfe faires so
-well. For an honest, vertuous, godly and well disposed
-soule, doth highly esteeme and honorably thinke of the
-professour of diuinitie, and teacher of his religion, bycause
-vertuous dealinges, godly meditations, heauently thoughtes,
-which the one importeth, be the others portion, and the
-best food, to a well affected minde: Whervpon in such a
-healthy disposition of a well both informed and reformed
-soule, the <i>Diuine</i> can neither lacke honor for his person, nor
-substance for his purse.</p>
-
-<p>Now to the contrarie the health of the bodie, which is the
-<i>Physicians</i> subiect, is generally his worst, though it be the
-ende of his profession, which though he be glad of his owne
-good nature, as he is a man, or of his good conscience, as
-he is a Christian, that the bodie doth wel, yet his chymny
-doth not smoke where no pacient smartes. For the healthfull
-bodie commonly careth not for the <i>Physician</i>, it is neede
-that makes him sought. And as the <i>Philosopher</i> sayeth, if
-all men were freindes, then iustice should not neede, bycause
-no wrong would be offered: so if all bodies were whole
-that no distemperature enforced: or if the <i>Diuine</i> were well
-and duetifully heard, that no intemperance distempered,
-<i>Physick</i> should haue small place: Now the contrary dealinges,
-bycause the diuine is not heard, and distemperature
-not auoided, do enforce <i>Physick</i>, for the healing parte of it,
-as the mother of the professours gaine: where as the preseruing
-part neither will be kept by the one, neither enricheth
-the other. In these two professions we do generally see
-what the seuering of such neare neighbours doth bring to
-passe, like two tenantes in one house belonging to seuerall
-lordes. And yet the affections of the one so tuch the other,
-as they cause sometimes, both the <i>Diuine</i> to thinke of the
-body, for the better support of the soule: and the <i>Physician</i>
-to thinke of the soule to helpe him in his cure with comfort
-and courage. The seuering of those two, sometime shew
-vs verie pitifull conclusions, when the <i>Diuine</i> diliuers the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_126">126</span>
-desperate sicke soule, ouer to the secular magistrate, and a
-forcible death by waye of punishement: and the <i>Physician</i>
-deliuereth the desperate sicke bodie to the <i>Diuines</i> care,
-and a forced ende by extremitie of disease. I dare not saye
-that these professions might ioyne in one person, and yet
-<i>Galene</i><a id="FNanchor_52_52" href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">52</a> examining the force which a good or ill soule hath
-to imprint the like affections in the bodie, would not haue
-the <i>Physician</i> to tarie for the <i>Phylosopher</i> but to play the
-parte himselfe. Where to much distraction is, and subalterne
-professions be made seuerall heads, there the professions
-make the most of their subiectes, and the subiectes
-receiue least good, though they parte from most. And
-seuerall professing makes the seuerall trades to swell beyond
-proportion, euerie one seeking to make the most of his
-owne, nay rather vanting his owne, as simply the highest,
-though it creepe very low. And therefore in this my traine
-I couch both the partes vnder one maister’s care. For
-while the bodie is committed to one, and the soul commended
-to an other, it falleth out most times, that the poore
-bodie is miserably neglected, while nothing is cared for but
-onely the soule, as it proueth true in very zealous <i>Diuines</i>:
-and that the soule it selfe is but sillyly looked to, while the
-bodie is in price, and to much borne with, as is generally
-seene: and that in this conflicte the diligent scholer in great
-strength of soule, beares mostwhat about him, but a feeble,
-weake, and a sickish bodie. Wherefore to haue the care
-equally distributed which is due to both the partes, I make
-him but one, which dealeth with both. For I finde no such
-difficultie, but that either for the cunning he may compasse
-it: or for the trauell he maye beare it, hauing all circunstances
-free by succession in houres. Moreouer as the
-temperature of the soule smelleth of the temperature of the
-bodie, so the soule being well affected, will draw on the
-bodie to her bent. For will a modest and a moderate soule
-but cause the body obey the rule of her temperance? or if
-the soule it selfe be reclaymed from follie, doth it not
-constraine the bodie forth with to follow? So that it were
-to much to sunder them in charge, whose dispositions be so
-ioyned, and the skill of such facilitie, as may easely be
-attained, and so much the sooner, bycause it is the preseruing
-parte, which requireth most care in the partie, and but small
-in the trainer, as the healinge part of Physicke requireth<span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">127</span>
-most cunning in the professour, and some obedience in the
-patient.</p>
-
-<p>I do make great account of the parties skill, that is to
-execute matters which besides diligence require skill: for if
-he be skilfull himselfe, it almost needes not to giue precept.
-If he be not, it altogither bootes not. If he be skillfull he
-will execute well, bycause he can helpe the thing, which he
-must execute if particular occurrence pray aide at the
-sudden: if he want skill he will lightly mangle that, which
-is wel set downe, if he be a medler. Wherefore seing I
-wish the executors cunning, and yet must be content to
-take him as I finde him: I will do my best both to instruct
-infirmitie, and to content cunning. I must therefore haue
-him to thinke, that there be two properties which he must
-take to be of most efficacie to make a cunning executor.
-The one is to be rauished with the excellencie and worthynes
-of the thing which he is to execute. The other is, if he
-may very easily attaine vnto some singuler knowledge in
-so noble a subiect, which both concur in this present execution.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The liking of the executors subiect.</div>
-
-<p>1. For graunting the soule simply the preheminence
-both in substance of being, and in
-traine to be bettered, can there be any other
-single subiect, (which I say in respect of a communitie
-directed by diuine and humaine law, that is compound, and
-the principall subiect of any mans dealing,) can there be
-any single subiect I say of greater nobilitie, and more
-worthy to be in loue with, either by the partie, that is to
-finde it, or by him that is to frame it, then healthfullnes of
-body? which so toucheth the soule as it shakes it withall,
-if it selfe be not sownd?</p>
-
-<p>What a treasure health is, they that haue it do finde,
-though they feele it not till it faile, when want bewrayes
-what a iewell they haue lost, and their cost discouers how
-they mynde the recouerie. The ende of our being here is
-to serue God and our country, in obedience to persons, and
-perfourmance of duties: If that may be done with health
-of bodie, it is effectual and pithie: if not, then with sorow
-we must shift the soner, and let other succede, with no more
-assurance of life, then we had made vs, without this healthfull
-misterie: in perpetuall change to let the world see, that
-multitude doth supply with number the defect of a great
-deale better, but to sone decaying paucity.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">128</span></p>
-
-<p>To liue and that long of whom is it not longed for, as
-Gods blessing if he know God: as the benefit of nature, if
-he be but a naturall man.</p>
-
-<p>The state of our bodie, when we are in good health, so
-liuely and lusty, so comfortable and cleare, so quicke and
-chearie, in part and in hole, doth it not paint vs, and point
-vs the valew of so preciouse a iewell, as health is to be
-esteemed?</p>
-
-<p>The pitifull grones, the lamentable shrikes, the lothsome
-lookes, the image of death, nay of a pyning death, yea in
-hope of recouery: the rufull heauines, the wringing handes,
-the wayling friendes, all blacke before blacke, when health
-is in despaire, do they not crie and tell vs, what a goodly
-thing health is, themselues being so griesy?</p>
-
-<p>So many monuments left by learned men, so much sumptuousnes
-of the mightiest princes, so many inuentions of
-the noblest wittes bestowed vpon exercises to maintaine
-this diamond, are they not sufficient to enflame the executour,
-being a partaker him selfe, and a distributer to others, that
-the subiect wherein he dealeth is both massie, most worth,
-and most meruelous? let him thinke it to be so, bycause he
-seeth it is so, and vpon that presumption proceede to his so
-healthfull, and so honorable an execution. In whom his
-owne iudgement is of speciall force to further his good
-speede. For being well resolued in the excellencie of his
-owne subiect he will both himselfe execute the better, and
-perswade other sooner to embrace that with zeale, which he
-professeth with iudgement. If you will haue me weepe for
-you, saith the <i>Poet</i>, then weepe you first: he shall hardly
-perswade an other to like of that, which is his owne choice,
-who shall himselfe not seeme to set by it, where himselfe
-hath set his choise.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">How to become a skillfull exercising maister.</div>
-
-<p>2. The knowledge wherewith, and how to
-deale therein is so much the easier, bycause it is
-so generall, and so many wayes to be wonne.
-I will not seeme to raise vp the memorie which can neuer
-dye, giuen to this traine by all both old and new histories:
-which prayse those vertues and valiances, which they found,
-but had neuer had matter to praise, nor vertues to finde, if
-exercises had not made the personages praiseworthy, whereby
-they did such thinges, and of so great admiration, as had
-bene vnpossible to any not so trained as they were. What
-<i>Philosopher</i> describeth the fairest forme of the worthiest<span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">129</span>
-common weale, either by patterne of one person, as allowing
-that state best, where one steares all: or by some greater
-multitude, as preferring that gouernment, where many make
-much stirre: but he doth alwaye, when he dealeth with the
-youth, and first trayning of that state, not onely make
-mention, but a most speciall matter of exercise for health?</p>
-
-<p>Who is it in any language that handleth the <i>Padagogicall</i>
-argument, how to bring vp youth, but he is arrested there,
-where exercise is enfraunchised? As for the <i>Physicians</i>, it
-is a principall parcell of their fairest patrimonie, bycause
-it is naturally subiect, and so learnedly proued to be by
-<i>Galene</i> in his booke intitled <i>Thrasybulus</i>, to that parte of
-their profession which seeketh to preserue health, and not
-to tarie till it come to ruine, with their gaine to repare it,
-though it still remaine ruinous and rotten, which is so repared.
-Therefore whensoeuer the maintenance of health, is
-the inscription of the booke, this title of exercise hath some
-euidence to shew. Further in the discours of <i>Exercises</i> we
-finde eche where the names of diet, of <i>waking</i>, of <i>sleeping</i>,
-of <i>mouing</i>, of <i>resting</i>, of <i>distemperature</i>, of <i>temperature</i>, of
-<i>humours</i>, of <i>elementes</i>, of <i>places</i>, of <i>times</i>, of <i>partes</i> of the
-<i>bodie</i>, of the <i>vses</i> therof, of <i>frictions</i> and <i>chafings</i>, of <i>lassitude</i>
-and <i>wearinesse</i>, and a number such, which when the training
-maister meeteth with among the <i>Physicians</i>, or naturall
-<i>Philosophers</i>, what els say they vnto him, but that where
-ye finde vs before the dore, ye may be bold to come in?
-As for naturall <i>Philosophy</i> the ground mistresse to <i>Physik</i>
-it must needes be the foundation to this whole traine.
-Hence the causes be set, which proue eche thing either good
-or bad, either noysome or needefull to health. All naturall
-<i>problemataries</i>, <i>dipnosophistes</i>, <i>symposiakes</i>, <i>antiquaries</i>, <i>warmaisters</i>,
-and such as deale with any particular occurence
-of exercise, if ye appose them well: you shall finde them
-yours freindes. This terme <i>Gymnastice</i>, which emplyeth in
-name, and professeth in deede the arte of exercise, is the
-verie seat, wheron the trainer must builde. And therefore
-all either whole bookes, or particular discourses in any writer
-by the waie, concerning this argument, do will him to rest
-there. In which kinde, for the professed argument of the
-whole booke, I know not any comparable to <i>Hieronymus
-Mercurialis</i>, a verie learned <i>Italian Physician</i> now in our
-time, which hath taken great paines to sift out of all writers,
-what so euer concerneth the whole <i>Gymnasticall</i> and exer<span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">130</span>cising
-argument, whose aduice in this question I haue my
-selfe much vsed, where he did fit my purpose.</p>
-
-<p>By these reasons I do see, and by some proofe I haue
-found, that the waye to be skilfull in the preseruatiue part
-of <i>Physick</i>, and so consequently in exercises, as the greatest
-member therof, is very ready and direct, bycause it is so
-plaine, so large, and with all so pleasant: as it is also most
-honorable, bycause it seekes to saue vs from that, which
-desireth our spoile. And therefore this execution requireth
-a liberall courage, where the gaine is not great, but the
-disposition much praised. The repairers get the pence, the
-preseruers reason faire. And as the effect commendes the
-knowledge: so being of it selfe thus necessarie for all, a
-student may with great credit trauell in the cunning, if it
-were for no more but to helpe his owne health, and vpon
-better affection, or some gainfull offer to empart it with
-other. For to helpe himselfe he is bound in <i>nature</i>, and
-will do it in deede: to do good to all if he may, he is bound
-by <i>dutie</i>, and so sure he ought. But to helpe as many as
-he may, and himselfe to, what <i>nature</i> can but loue? what
-<i>dutie</i> can but like? chiefly where the thing which he must
-do, may be done with ease, and the good which he shall do,
-shall gaine him praise, besides the surplus of profit. Some
-will say perhaps to traine vp children, what needes so much
-cunning: or in so petie a matter what needes so much
-labour? Though I entreat of it here, where it first beginnes,
-yet it stretcheth vnto all, both ages and persons: neither is
-the matter so meane, which is the readiest meane to so
-great a good, but if it were meane, the meanest matter
-requireth not the meanest maister, to haue it well done:
-and the first groundworke would be layd by the best workeman.
-For who can better teach to reade, then he which for
-skill can commaund the language? And what had more
-neede to be exactly done then that principle, which either
-marreth the whole sequele, with insufficiencie, or maketh
-all sound, being it selfe well layd? The thing you will
-graunt to be of such efficacie, such an excutor you despaire
-of: such a man may be had, nay a number of such may be
-had, if recompence be prouided to answere such sufficiencie.
-The common not opinion but error is, he hath cunning enough
-for such a small trifle. It is not that small which he hath
-that can do the thing well, but your skill is small, to thinke
-that any small skill, can do anything well. He must know<span class="pagenum" id="Page_131">131</span>
-a great deale more then he doth, which must do that well,
-which he doth: bycause <i>store</i> is the deliuerer of the best
-effectes, <i>neede</i> which sheweth all at once, is but a sorie
-steward, and must put in band, that he hath some credit,
-though verie smal substance.</p>
-
-<p>For the skill of the trayner I take it to be verie euident,
-both whence it may be had, and how plentiful a store house
-he hath for his prouision. Thence he may haue the generall
-groundes, and causes of his cunning.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Discretion in
-the trayner.</div>
-
-<p>3. But there is a third thing yet besides these
-two, which is proper to his owne person, which
-if he haue not, his cunning is worth nought.
-For though he see and embrace the worthines of his subiect,
-though he haue gathered in his whole haruest from out of
-all writers, yet if he want <i>discretion</i> how to apply it according
-vnto that, which is most fit to the verie meanest not
-bowghes and braunches, but euen the twigges and sprigges
-of the petiest circumstances, he is no skillfull trayner: but
-so much the more daungerous, the more helpe of learning
-he hath, which will bolden him to much. Therefore of these
-two other pointes, the one being throughly resolued on, the
-other perfitly obtained, and all the contemplatiue reasons
-well vnderstoode, he must bend his wittes to wey the particularities,
-whereby both the generall conclusions be brought
-to be profitable, and his owne iudgement to be thought
-discrete. The want of this is the cause of such a number
-of discoursers, which swarm ech where, and both like their
-owne choice, and can say pretily well to the generall position,
-which is not denyed to any toward youthe, but they shew
-themselues altogither lame in the particular applying, which
-is a thing that attendeth onely vpon experience and yeares.
-The hauing of it will prouide vs notable store of excellent
-executours, to all their profites, vpon whom they shall
-execute. <i>Aristotle</i> the great <i>philosopher</i> in all his <i>morall</i>
-discourses tieth all those vertues which make mens maners
-praiseworthie, and be subiect to circumstances, to the rule
-of foresight and <i>discretion</i>, whose commendation he placeth
-in skill of speciallities to direct mens doinges. Therefore
-it is no dishonour to the trayner, to be reclaymed vnto
-<i>discretion</i>, which hath all those so many and so manerly
-vertues to attend vpon her traine. Is not death commendable,
-and ascribed to valiancie, when it is voluntary for the
-common good, by reason of the circumstance? and the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_132">132</span>
-sauing of life is it not basely thought of, when it had bene
-better spent, considering the circumstance? Which circumstance
-is the line to liue by, the guide to all our doinges,
-the tuchestone to try a contemplatiue creature from an
-actiue courage.</p>
-
-<p>In the course of training, a thousand difficulties not
-possible to be forseene by the generall direction, will offer
-themselues, and appose the maister, and at the sudden must
-be salued. What will the trainer do? runne to his booke?
-nay to his braines. He must remember his rule, that indiuisibles
-and circunstances be beyond the reach of <i>arte</i>: and
-are committed to the <i>Artificer</i> whose <i>discretion</i> must helpe,
-where <i>arte</i> is to weake: though she giue him great light,
-by fitting this to that, when he hath found wherfore. <i>Arte</i>
-setteth downe the exercise and all the knowen circunstances.
-The person bringes with it some difficultie in execution,
-where is the succour? <i>Arte</i> will not relent, she can not
-make curtsie, her knees be groune stiffe, and her iointes fast
-knit, and yet curtsie there must be. The <i>Artificer</i> must
-make it, and assist his ladie, which if she had not had a
-man to be her meane, she herselfe would haue done all,
-and trusting to man whom she hath made her meane, why
-should she be deceyued, and her clyentes be abused, where
-she commendes them of trust? Children that come to
-schoole dwel not in one house, not in the same streate, nay
-not in the same towne, they cannot lightly come at one
-houre, they be not of one age, nor fit for one exercise, and
-yet they must haue some. The <i>arte</i> knoweth my child no
-more then my neighbours, but the trainer must, and stay
-those vncertainties vpon the arrest of <i>discretion</i>: being enstructed
-afore hand in the generall skill though bound but
-of voluntarie: as the like cause shall lead the like case.</p>
-
-<p>The rule is, no noysome sauour neare the newly exercised:
-how shall the poore boye do, that is to go home thorough
-stinking streates, and filthy lanes.</p>
-
-<p>The rule is, change apparell after sweat: what if he haue
-none other? or not there where he sweateth? Here must
-the trainers <i>discretion</i> shew it selfe, either to chuse exercises
-that be not subiect to any such extremities, or to vse them
-with the fewest. But I am to long, neither neede I to doubt
-of mens discretion, though I say thus much of it, which
-many haue and moe wishe for, I shall haue occasion to
-supplie the rest in the generall teacher.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_133">133</span></p>
-
-<p>Thus haue I runne thorough the whole argument of exercises,
-and shewed not onely what I thinke of them in
-generall, but also what be the cheife particulars, and the
-circunstances belonging thereunto: and according to my
-promise I haue delt with the training maister, and ouertreated
-him to thinke honorably of his profession, to gather
-knowledge, where it is abundantly to be got: and last of
-all to ioine <i>discretion</i> as a third companion to his owne
-admiration and sufficiency.</p>
-
-
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_36">CHAPTER 36.</h2>
-
-
-<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">That both young boyes, and young maidens are to be put to
-learne. Whether all boyes be to be set to schoole. That to
-many learned be to burdenous: to few to bare: wittes well
-sorted ciuill, missorted seditious. That all may learne to
-write and read without daunger. The good of choice, and
-ill of confusion. The children which are set to learne,
-hauing either riche or poore freindes: what order and
-choice is to be vsed in admitting either of them to learne.
-Of the time to chuse.</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">Now</span> that the thinges be appointed, wherwith the
-minde must be first furnished, to make it learned,
-and the bodie best exercised, to keepe it healthfull,
-we are next to consider of those persons, which are to be
-instructed in this furniture, and to be preserued by this
-exercise: which I take to be children of both sortes, <i>male</i>
-and <i>female</i>, young <i>boyes</i> and young <i>maidens</i>, which though
-I admit here generally, without difference of sex, yet I
-restraine particularly vpon difference in cause, as herafter
-shall appeare. But young <i>maidens</i> must giue me leaue to
-speake of <i>boyes</i> first: bycause naturally the <i>male</i> is more
-worthy, and politikely he is more employed, and therfore
-that side claimeth this learned education, as first framed for
-their vse, and most properly belonging to their kinde:
-though of curtsie and kindnesse they be content to lend
-their <i>female</i> in youth, the vse of their traine in part, vpon
-whom in age they bestow both themselues, and all the frute
-of their whole traine.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_134">134</span></p>
-
-<p>It might seeme sufficient for the determining of this case
-to say onely thus much: that they must needes be <i>boyes</i>
-which are to be trayned in this sorte, as I haue declared,
-bycause the bringing vp of young <i>maidens</i> in any kynd of
-learning, is but an accessory by the waye. But for so
-much as there be many considerations in the persons, both
-of <i>boyes</i> and <i>maidens</i> worthy the deciding, I meane to entreat
-of them both somwhat largely: and as neare as I can, to
-resolue both my selfe and my reader in some pointes of
-controuersie and necessitie, or rather in some pointes of
-apparent necessities, being out of all controuersie. For the
-<i>male</i> side, that doubt is long ago out of doubt, that they be
-to be set to schoole, to qualifie themselues, to learne how to
-be religious and louing, how to gouerne and obey, how to
-fore cast and preuent, how to defende and assaile, and in
-short, how to performe that excellently by labour, wherunto
-they are borne but rudely by nature. For the very excellency
-of executions and effectes where by we do so great
-things, as we vonder at our selues in all histories and
-recordes of time, (which be but stages for people to gase
-on, and one to maruell at an others doings) testifieth and
-confirmeth that it were great pitie, that such towardnesse
-should be drowned in vs for lacke of education, which
-neuer comes to proofe, but where education is the meane.
-That we can proue learned, the effect doth shew, but that
-not vnlesse we learne, the defect declares. That our bodies
-can do great thinges, healthfull strength is witnesse to it
-selfe: but where weaknesse is, what doinges there be, verie
-want will pronounce. But now in the way of this so commended
-a traine, there be two great doubtes which crosse
-me. 1. The first is, whether all children be to be set to
-schoole, without restraint to diminish the number. 2. The
-second is, how to worke restraint, if it be thought needefull.
-Touching the first question, whether all children be to be
-set to schoole or no, without repressing the infinitie of
-multitude, it is a matter of great weight, and not only in
-knowledge to be resolued vpon, but also in deede so to be
-executed, as the resolution shall probably giue sentence.
-For the bodie of a common weale in proportion is like vnto
-a naturall bodie. In a naturall bodie, if any one parte be
-to great, or to small, besides the eye sore it is mother to
-some euill by the verie misfourming, wherupon great distemperature
-must needes follow in time, and disquiet the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_135">135</span>
-whole bodie. And in a bodie politike if the like proportion
-be not kept in all partes, the like disturbance will crepe
-thorough out all partes. Some by to much will seeke to
-bite to sore, some by to litle will be trode on to much: as
-both will distemper: which if it fortune not to kill in the
-ende, yet it will disquiet where it greiues, and hast forward
-the ende. But though the pestering of number do ouerlaie
-the most professions and partes of any common weale, and
-harme there where it doth so ouercharge, yet I will not
-medle with any, but this of learning and the learner, which
-I haue chosen to be my peculiar subiect. Wherof I saye
-thus, that to many learned be to burdenous, that to few be
-to bare, that wittes well sorted be most ciuill, that the same
-misplaced be most vnquiet and seditious.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">To many learned.</div>
-
-<p>1. To many burdens any state to farre: for
-want of prouision. For the rowmes which are
-to be supplyed by learning being within number,
-if they that are to supply them, grow on beyound number
-how can yt be but too great a burden for any state to beare?
-To haue so many gaping for preferment, as no goulfe hath
-stoore enough to suffise, and to let them rome helpeles,
-whom nothing else can helpe, how can it be but that such
-shifters must needes shake the verie strongest piller in that
-state where they liue, and loyter without liuing? which
-needeles superfluitie fleeting without seat, what ill can it but
-breede? A dangerous residence it is at hoome, still seeking
-shiftes to liue as they may, though with enemitie to order,
-which neede cannot see. A perilous searcher it is abroode,
-to seeke to fish in a troubled water, if any cause promote
-their quarrell, bycause the cleare is not for them, which they
-haue sounded allready. Sure <i>neede</i> is an imperious mistres
-to force conclusions, whether shee build vpon <i>fantsie</i> and
-<i>desire</i>, which is a <i>maniheaded neede</i>, euen before <i>neede</i>, and
-mostwhat without <i>neede</i>: or vpon meere <i>lacke</i> and <i>want</i> in
-deede, which though it haue but one head, yet that one is
-exceeding strong, importunate, and furiouse. And shee
-hath at hand to salue her mischiefes, a ready and an ordinarie
-excuse, wherewith she will seeme to craue pardon for
-all that is done by needy men, as there vnto enforced by
-her ineuitable violence. A violent remedy, which doth not
-heale infections, but will alleage cause, where to haue
-mischiefes excused and foregiuen.</p>
-
-<p>Wherfore if these mens misdemeanour come of their<span class="pagenum" id="Page_136">136</span>
-owne ill, which prouision cannot preuent, bycause in best
-prouision ill will be ill, so farre as it dare shew, where wealth
-workes wantonnes, it deserues correction and punishment.
-If it come of necessitie, for want of foresight in publike
-gouernment, to helpe the common, from common blame,
-and to prouide for the priuate: it would be amended and
-not suffered to runne, till the harme being receiued and felt,
-cause the question be moued, whether such a mischiefe
-proceede from priuate insolence, or publike negligence.
-For as the priuate is to pay, if it do not performe, when the
-publike hath prouided: so the publike must pardon, if for
-insufficient foresight, the priuate proue dissolute, and lend
-the state a blow. But for my number I neede not to dwell
-any longer in to many, for troubling all with to many
-wordes, seeing all wise men see, and all learned men say,
-that it is most necessary to disburden a common weale of
-vnnecessary number, and multitude in generall, which in
-some countries they compassed by brothelry, and common
-stewes, to let the yong spring: in some by exposition and
-spoile of enfantes, both contrary to nature, and countermaunded
-by religion: but according to their pollicie and
-commaunded by their countries. In particular disposing of
-them that liued, they cast their account, and as the proportion
-of their states did suffer: so did they allote them with
-choice, and constrained them to obey. If such regard for
-multitude be to be had in any one braunche of the common
-weale, it is most needefull in schollers. For they professe
-learning, that is to say the soule of a state: and it is to
-perilous to haue the soule of a state to be troubled with
-their soules, that is necessary <i>learning</i> with vnnecessary
-<i>learners</i>, or the publike body with their priuate, which is
-the common <i>wealth</i> with their priuate want. For in all
-proportion, to much is to bad, and to much out of all proportion,
-and to haue to much euen of the soule, is not the
-soundest, where her offices be appointed and lymited in
-certaine. <i>Superfluitie</i> and <i>residence</i> bring sickenes to the
-body, and must not to much then infect the soule sore,
-being in a <i>sympathie</i> with the body? Scholers by reason of
-their conceit which learning inflameth, as no meane authority
-saith,<a id="FNanchor_53_53" href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">53</a> become to imperiall to rest upon a litle: and by their
-kinde of life which is allway idle they proue to disdainefull
-to deale with labour, vnlesse neede make them trot, or the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_137">137</span>
-<i>Turkish captiuitie</i> catch them, the greatest foe that can fall
-vpon idle people, where labour is looked for, and they not
-vsed to it. <i>Contentment</i> in <i>aspiring</i>, which is hard to such
-wittes, and <i>patience</i> in <i>paines</i> which they neuer learned, be
-the two cognisances, whereby to discerne a ciuill wit, and
-fit to enioye the benefit of his countrie. Now of all ouerflush
-in number, is not that most dangerous, which in conceit
-is loftie, and in life loytering, as the vnbestowed scoller by
-profession is?</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">To few learned.</div>
-
-<p>To few be to bare and naked: bycause necessities
-must be supplyed, and that by the fittest.
-For whereas the defect of the fit enforceth supplement of
-the lookers on, though not the most likely, but whosoeuer
-they be, without further respect, then that they stand by,
-bycause neede bides no choyce where there is no <i>pluralitie</i>,
-and yet biddes <i>pluralitie</i> make choyce: there the vnsufficient
-seruice of necessarie seruices breedes much miscontentment,
-and more shaking to any state. And that chiefly in such
-pointes, as the state embraseth, and the feeble minister doth
-nothing but deface. So that the defeat of the generall
-purpose must be most imputed to the bare defect of insufficient
-persons. For as to many bringes surfettes, so to few
-breedes consumptions.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Wittes well sorted.</div>
-
-<p>3. Wittes well sorted be most ciuill: This I
-say bycause to auoyd excessiue number, choice
-is one principall helpe: for in admitting to vses
-onely such as be fit, and seeme to be made for them, pares
-of the vnfit, and lesseneth the number, which yet would be
-lookt vnto, euen at the verie first. For euen he that is
-thought most vnfit, and is so in deede, yet will grieue at
-repulse, vnles ye repell him by preuention, ear he come to
-the sense and judgement to discerne what a heauie thing
-a flat repulse is. Which <i>miscontentment</i> if it range in a
-number, cannot be without daunger to the common body.
-As to the contrarie such wittes as be placed where the
-place needes them more then they the place, do performe
-with sufficiencie, and proceede with <i>contentment</i> of the state
-that enstawled them. The chiefe signes of <i>ciuilitie</i> be <i>quietnesse</i>,
-<i>concord</i>, <i>agrement</i>, <i>fellowship</i> and <i>friendship</i>, which
-<i>likenesse</i> doth lincke, <i>vnliknesse</i>, vndoeth: <i>fitnesse</i> maketh
-fast, <i>vnfitnesse</i> doth loose: <i>proprietie</i> beares vp, <i>improprietie</i>
-pulleth downe: <i>right matching</i> makes, <i>mismatching</i> marres.
-How then can ciuill societie be preserued, where wittes of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_138">138</span>
-vnfit humours for seruice, are in places of seruice, by appointment,
-either vnaduisedly made, or aduisedly marred.
-Is there any picture so ill fauoured, being compound of
-incompatible natures, as an execution is, being committed
-to a contrarie constitution? If fire be to enflame, and cause
-thinges burne, where water should coole, and be meane to
-quench, is the place not in danger? If that wit fall to
-preach, which were fitter for the plough, and he to clime a
-pulpit, which is made to scale a walle, is not a good <i>carter</i>
-ill lost, and a good <i>souldier</i> ill placed? If he will needes
-lawe it, which careth for no lawe, and professe <i>iustice</i> that
-professeth no <i>right</i>, hath not <i>right</i> an ill <i>caruer</i>, and <i>iustice</i>
-a worse <i>maister</i>? If he will deale with <i>physicke</i> whose
-braines can not beare the infinite circumstances which belong
-thereunto, whether to maintaine health, or to restore it:
-doth he any thing else, but seeke to hasten death, for helping
-the disease? to make way to murther, in steede of amendement?
-to be a <i>butchars prentice</i> for a <i>maister</i> in <i>physike</i>?
-And so is it in all kindes of life, in all trades of liuing, where
-fitnes and right placing of wittes doth worke agreement and
-ease, vnfitnes and misplacing haue the contrarie companions,
-disagreement and disease.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Wittes misplaced.</div>
-
-<p>4. Againe wittes misplaced most vnquiet and
-seditious: as any thing else strayned against
-nature: light thinges prease vpward, and will
-ye force <i>Fire</i> downe? Heauie thinges beare downeward:
-and will ye haue <i>Leade</i> to leape vp? An imperiall witte
-for want of education and abilitie, being placed in a meane
-calling will trouble the whole companie, if he haue not his
-will, as winde in the stomacke: and if he haue his will,
-then shall ye see what his naturall did shoote at. He that
-beareth a tankarde by meanesse of degree, and was borne
-for a cokhorse by sharpenes of witte, will keepe a canuase
-at the Conduites, tyll he be Maister of his companie. Such
-a stirring thing it is to haue wittes misplaced, and their
-degrees mislotted by the iniquitie of <i>Fortune</i>, which the
-equitie of <i>nature</i> did seeme to meane vnto them.</p>
-
-<p><i>Plato</i> in his wished common weale, and his defining of
-naturall dignities, appointeth his degrees and honors, where
-<i>nature</i> deserueth by <i>abilitie</i> and <i>worth</i>, not where <i>fortune</i>
-freindeth by <i>byrth</i> and <i>boldnes</i>, though where both do ioyne
-<i>singularitie</i> in <i>nature</i>, and successe in <i>fortune</i>, there be some
-rare iewell. Hereupon I conclude, that as it necessary to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_139">139</span>
-preuent to great a number for the <i>quantitie</i> thereof: so it is
-more then necessarie, to prouide in the necessarie number
-for the <i>qualitie</i> thereof, wherein <i>restraint</i> it selfe will do
-much good for the one, and <i>choice</i> in restraint will do more
-for the other. Sure all children may not be set to schole,
-nay not though priuate circumstance say yea. And therefore
-scholes may not be set vp for all, though great good
-will finde neuer so many founders, both for the place wherein
-to learne, and for the number also which is for to learne:
-that the state may be serued with sufficiencie enough, and
-not be pestered with more than enough. And yet by the
-way for writing and reading so they rested there, what if
-euerie one had them, for <i>religion</i> sake, and their necessarie
-<i>affaires</i>? Besides that in the long time of their whole
-youth, if they minded no more, these two were easely learned,
-at their leasure times by extraordinary meanes, if the
-ordinarie be daintie and no schoole nigh. Euerie parish
-hath a minister, if none else in the parish, which can helpe
-writing and reading.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Of riche and poore children.</div>
-
-<p>Some doubt may rise here betwene the <i>riche</i>
-and <i>poore</i>, whether all <i>riche</i> and none <i>poore</i>, or
-but some in both maye and ought to be set to
-learning. For all in both that is decided alreadie, No: bycause
-the whole question concerneth these two kindes, as
-the whole common weale standeth vpon these two kindes.
-If all <i>riche</i> be excluded, <i>abilitie</i> will snuffe, if all <i>poore</i> be
-restrained, then will <i>towardnesse</i> repine. If <i>abilitie</i> set out
-some <i>riche</i>, by priuate purses for priuate preferment: <i>towardnesse</i>
-will commende some <i>poore</i> to publike prouision for
-publike seruice: so that if neither publike in the <i>poore</i>, nor
-priuate in the <i>riche</i> do marre their owne market, me thinke
-that were best, nay that will be best, being ruled by their
-wittes to conceiue learning, and their disposition to proue
-vertuous. But how may the publike in the <i>poore</i>, and the
-priuate in the <i>riche</i>, make their owne market in the education
-of those whom they preferre to learning? I will tell ye
-how. The <i>riche</i> not to haue to much, the <i>poore</i> not to lacke
-to much, the one by ouerplus breadeth a loose and dissolute
-braine: the other by vnder minus a base and seruile conceit.
-For he that neuer needeth by supplie of freindes, neuer
-strayneth his wittes to be freind to himselfe, but commonly
-proues retchelesse till the blacke oxe tread vpon his toes,
-and neede make him trie what mettle he is made of. And<span class="pagenum" id="Page_140">140</span>
-he that still needeth for want of freindes being still in pinche
-holdes that for his heauen, which riddes him from neede,
-and serues that Saint, which serues his turne best, euen
-<i>Neptune</i> in shipwrackie. Wherby he maketh the right of
-his iudgement become bond for wealth: and the sight of
-his witte blinde for desire, such slauerie workes want, vnlesse
-Gods grace proue the staye, which is no line to common
-direction, though it be our onely hope, by waye of refuge.
-Now then if the wealthy parentes of their priuate patrimonie,
-and publike patrones of their supererogatorie wealth, will
-but driue to a meane in both these two mains, neither shall
-wealth make the one to wanton, nor want make the other
-to seruile: neither the one to leape to fast, for feare he loose
-some time, nor the other to hast to fast, for feare he misse
-some liuing. Sure to prouide for poore scholers but a poore
-patche of a leane liuing, or but some meane halfe, is more
-then halfe a maime, the desire to supplie that which wanteth,
-distracting the studie more by many partes, then that petie
-helpe, which they haue can possibly further it: bycause the
-charge to maintaine a scholer is great, the time to proue
-well learned, long, and when ripenesse is ready, there would
-be staye to chuse and time to take aduice, where neede
-turnes the deafe eare. The paterne of to prodigall wealth
-oftimes causeth the toward student to ouershoote himselfe
-by corrupt imitation, as brauerie and libertie be great allurers,
-where studie and staye pretend restraint. And therfore
-neither must to much be butte to allurementes, nor to litle
-a burden: to iudgement the one the meane to lewdnesse
-the other a maime to libertie. The midle sorte of parentes
-which neither welter in to much wealth, nor wrastle with to
-much want, seemeth fitteth of all, if the childrens capacitie
-be aunswerable to their parentes state and qualitie: which
-must be the leuell for the fattest to fall downe to, and the
-leanest to leape up to, to bring forth that student, which
-must serue his countrey best. <i>Religion</i> and <i>learning</i> will
-frame them in iudgement, when <i>wealth</i> and <i>abilitie</i> haue
-set them once on foote.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The choosing time.</div>
-
-<p>For the choice of wittes definitely, till they
-come to the time, or verie neare to it, when they
-are themselues naturally and for ripenesse of
-yeares to chuse their owne kinde of life, how so euer circunstance
-free, or binde their choice, I cannot say much, though
-I do see what other haue said in that behalfe. A quicke<span class="pagenum" id="Page_141">141</span>
-witte will take soone, a staid memorie will hold fast, a dull
-head may proue somwhat, a meane witte offers faire, <i>praise</i>
-bewrayeth some courage, <i>awe</i> some, in eche kinde there is
-likelyhood, and yet error in eche. For as there be faire
-blossomes, so there be nipping frostes. And till the daunger
-of reuolt be past, the quicke must be helde in hope, the
-dull without dispaire, the meane the meetest, if the sequele
-do aunswere. I can limit no one thing, though I see great
-shewes, where there is such vncertaine motion, both in soule
-and body, as there is in children. The maisters <i>discretion</i>
-in time and vpon triall, may see and say much, and in a
-number there will some leaders appeare of themselues, as
-some speciall deare in the whole heard. Where great
-appearance is, there one may prophecie, and yet the lying
-spirite may sit in his lippes. For God hath reserued, his
-calling and discouering houres, as all other future euentes
-to his owne peculiar and priuate knowledge: probabilities
-be our guides, and our coniectures be great, though not
-without exception. What kinde of witte I like best for my
-countrey, as most proper to be the instrument for learning,
-it shall appeare herafter. But for the first question of the
-two, it seemeth to me verie plaine that all children be not
-to be set to schoole, but onely such as for naturall wittes,
-and sufficient maintenance, either of their naturall parentes,
-or ciuill patrones, shall be honestly and wel supported in
-their study, till the common weale minding to vse their
-seruice, appoint their prouision, not in hast for <i>neede</i>, but at
-leasure with <i>choice</i>.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_142">142</span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_37">CHAPTER 37.</h2>
-
-
-
-<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">The meanes to restraine the ouerflowing multitude of scholers.
-The cause why euerie one desireth to haue his childe learned,
-and yet must yelde ouer his owne desire to the disposition of
-his countrie. That necessitie and choyce be the best restrayners.
-that necessitie restrayneth by lacke and lawe.
-Why it may be admitted, that all may write and read that
-can, but no further. What is to be thought of the speaking
-and vnderstanding of Latine, and in what degree of learning
-that is. That considering our time and the state of religion
-in our time, lawe must needes helpe this restraint: with the
-answere to such obiections as are made to the contrary.
-That in choice of wittes, which must deale with learning,
-that wit is fittest for our state, which aunswereth best the
-monarchie, and how such a wit is to be knowne. That choice
-is to helpe in scholing, in admission into colledges, in proceeding
-to degrees, in preferring to liuinges, where the
-right and wrong of all the foure pointes be handled at full.</span></p>
-
-<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">In</span> the last title we haue concluded, that there must be a
-<i>restraint</i>, and that all may not passe on to learning
-which throng thitherward, bycause of the inconueniences,
-which may ensue, by want of preferment for such a
-multitude, and by defeating other trades of their necessarie
-trauellours. Our next labour therefore must be, how to
-handle this <i>restraint</i>, that the tide ouerflow not the common,
-with to great a spring of bookish people, if ye crie come
-who will, or ring out all in. Euerie one desireth to haue
-his childe learned: the reason is, for that how hardly soeuer
-either <i>fortune</i> frowne, or <i>casualtie</i> chastice, yet <i>learning</i> hath
-some strength to shore vp the person, bycause it is incorporate
-in the person, till the soule dislodge, neither lyeth it
-so open for mischaunce to mangle, in any degree, as forren
-and fortunes <i>patrimonie</i> doth. But though euerie parent be
-thus affected toward his owne child, as nature leades him to
-wish his owne best, yet for all that euerie parent must beare
-in memorie that he is more bound to his country, then to
-his child, as his child must renounce him in countermatch
-with his countrie. And that country which claymeth this
-prerogatiue of the father aboue the child, and of the child
-aboue the father, as it maintained the father eare he was a
-father, and will maintaine the child, when he is without a
-father: so generally it prouideth for all, as it doth require a
-dutie aboue all. And therefore parentes in disposing of
-their children may vpon good warrant surrender their interest<span class="pagenum" id="Page_143">143</span>
-to the generall consideration of their common countrie, and
-thinke that it is not best to haue their children bookish,
-notwithstanding their owne desire, be it neuer so earnestly
-bent: if their countrie say either they shall serue in this
-trade, without the booke: or if shee say I may not allow
-any more booke men without my to much trouble. I pray
-thee good parent haue pacience, and appoint some other
-course for thy childe, there be many good meanes to liue
-by, besides the booke, and I wilbe thy childes friend, if thou
-wilt fit in some order for me. This verie consideration of
-the countrie, vttered with so milde a speach, spoken by her
-that is able to performe it, may moue the reasonable parent,
-to yealde to her desire as best, as she can tell the headstrong
-in plaine termes, that he shall yeelde perforce, if he will
-not by entreatie, for priuate affection though supported by
-reason of strength whatsoeuer, must either voluntarily bend,
-or forcibly breake, when the common good yeeldeth to the
-contrary side.</p>
-
-<p>Seeing therefore the disposition of wittes according to
-the proportion of ech state is resigned ouer to the countrie:
-and she sayth all may not be set to schole, bycause ech trade
-must be furnished, to performe all duties belonging to all
-parts: it falleth out in this case of <i>restraint</i> which bridles
-desire, that two speciall groundes are to be considered, which
-strip away excessiue number, <i>necessitie</i> and <i>choice</i>, the one
-perforce, the other by your leaue.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Necessity.</div>
-
-<p>As for <i>necessitie</i>, when the parent is ouer
-charged with defect in circumstance, though
-desire carie him on, it then restraineth most, and lesseneth
-this number when desire would encrease it, and straines
-to the contrary. You would haue your childe learned, but
-your purse will not streatch, your remedy is pacience, deuise
-some other way, wherein your abilitie will serue. You are
-not able to spare him from your elbow, for your neede, and
-learning must haue leysure, a scholers booke must be his
-onely busines, without forreine lettes, you may be bold of
-your owne, let booking alone, for such as can entend it,
-from being called away by domesticall affaires, and necessarie
-busines, for the scholers name will not be a cypherlike
-subiect, as he is termed of leasure, so must he haue it. And
-that they cannot spare their children so, must forebeare their
-scholing, by the olde <i>Persian</i><a id="FNanchor_54_54" href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">54</a> ordinance, bycause leasure is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_144">144</span>
-the foregoer to liberall profession: <i>necessitie</i> compelleth and
-bastardeth the conceit, a venom to learning, whom freedom
-should direct. You haue no schole neare you, and you
-cannot pay for teaching further of, let your owne trade
-content you: keepe your childe at home. Your childe is
-weake tymbred, let scholing alone, make play his physician
-and health his midle end. Which way soeuer <i>neede</i> driues
-you perforce, that way must ye trot, if he will not amble,
-and bid Will thinke that well. He that gouerneth all seeth
-what is your best, your selfe may be misseled either by
-<i>ignorance</i> in <i>choice</i>, or <i>affection</i> in blood. In these and the
-like cases <i>lacke</i> is the leader, which way soeuer she straineth.
-Whereby if the restrained childe cannot get the skil to write
-and read: I lament that lacke, bycause I haue allowed him
-somuch before, vpon some reasonable perswasion euen for
-necessary dealings. For these two pointes concerne euery
-man neare, bycause they submit themselues to euerie mans
-seruice: yea in his basest busines and secretest affaires. I
-dare not venture to allow so many the lattine tongue nor
-any other language, vnlesse it be in cases, where their trades
-be knowne, and those toungues be founde to be necessarie
-for them. For all the feare is, though it be more then feare,
-where it still falleth out so, least hauing such benefits of
-schole, they will not be content with the state which is for
-them, but bycause they haue some petie smake of their
-booke, they will thinke any state be it neuer so high to be
-low ynough for them. Which petie bookemen do not consider,
-that both clounes in the countrie, and artificers in
-townes be allowed lattine in well gouerned states, which yet
-rest in their calling, without <i>pride</i> or <i>ambition</i>, for that small
-knowledge, whereby they be better able to furnish out their
-trades, without further aspiring. Neither measure they the
-meaner qualities, as the thinges be in nature, but as themselues
-be in conceit: neither can they consider that at this
-daye it is not the toungue, but the treasure of learning and
-knowledge, which is laid vp in the toungue whereunto they
-neuer came, which giueth the toungue credit, and the speaker
-authoritie. For want of this right iudgement there ensueth
-in them a miscontentment of minde, not liking their owne
-state, and a cumbersome conceit, still aspiring higher, that
-disquieteth the whole state. Wherefore <i>necessitie</i> is a good
-meane to preuent this in many, which would if they could,
-now may not, bycause they cannot.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_145">145</span></p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Lawe.</div>
-
-<p>The second point of <i>necessitie</i> I do assigne to
-<i>lawe</i> and <i>ordinaunce</i> vpon consideration to cut
-of this flocking multitude, which will needes to schoole.
-Whereupon two great goods must needes ensue. <i>Contentment</i>
-of minde in the partie restrained, when he shall perceiue
-publike prouision to be the checke to his fantsie: and timely
-<i>preuenting</i>, eare conceit take roote, and thinke it selfe
-wronged. Bycause it is much better to nip misorder in the
-verie ground, that it may not take hold, then when it is
-growen vp, then to hacke it downe. He that neuer conceiued
-great thinges maye be helde there with ease, but being
-once entred in the waye to mount, and then throwne backward,
-he will be in some greife and seeke how to returne
-gaule, whence he receiued greife, if he chaunce to proue
-peuish, as repulse in great hope is a perillous grater. Yet
-in both these cases of necessarie <i>restraint</i>, I could wish
-prouision were had to some singular wittes, found worthy
-the auauncement: either by priuate patronage, or publike:
-and yet againe if they passe on, and bewtifie some other
-trade: that also is verie good, seeing they serue their
-countrey, whersoeuer they be loated, and in those also
-whom libertie of circunstance doth set to schoole <i>pouertie</i>
-will appeare, and <i>towardnesse</i> call for helpe: and yet the
-number will neuerthelesse proue still with the most.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Two obiections against restraint by lawe.</div>
-
-<p>1. It is no obiection to alleadge against such a
-lawful restraint, the abilitie of good wittes, and
-great learning in men, that either now be, or
-heretofore haue bene, which we might haue lackt if so strait
-a <i>lawe</i> had bene then: 2. or that it were pitie by seueritie
-of an vnkinde <i>lawe</i> to hynder that excellencie, which God
-commonly giues to the poorer sort. To the first I aunswere,
-besides that, which euen <i>lawe</i> to that ende will aunswere for
-it selfe. As in time to come we know not, who shall serue
-the state, if the <i>lawe</i> be made straite, and yet we know well,
-that he which defendes states will prouide sufficient persons,
-by whom they shalbe serued: so in time past or present, if
-these were not, or those had not bene, whom we now see or
-of whom we haue heard, God would haue raised vp other,
-whose benefites in seruing gouernmentes may not be restrained
-to any degree of men, as they be men, but to the
-appointment of a ciuill societie, which hath direction ouer
-men: as a thing which God doth most cherish, both in
-respect of this Church which is of number, and in regard of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_146">146</span>
-societie it selfe, which is the naturall ende of mans being
-here, and not to liue alone. And I warrant you whensoeuer
-such an orderly <i>restraint</i> shalbe put in practise that there
-wilbe as good foresight had to haue necessarie functions
-serued, as there will be regard to draine away the vnnecessarie
-ouerflow. A thing not new faingled, but euer in vse,
-where the common weales, had an eye to distribute their
-multitude to the best and easiest proportion of their owne
-state: which otherwise improportionate would breade an
-<i>aposteme</i>. And therefore if the generall iudgement appoint
-it so, it is best to yeelde. And priuate opinion in politike
-cases will proue an errour, if the generall liking contrarie it
-flat. I do not now meane, where the generall is blinded by
-common errour, but where priuate conceit can take no
-exception, sauing that, which he bredeth from out of his
-owne braine. If the state of my countrey take order, that
-my child shall not go to schoole, sure I will obay, and
-prouide some other course, though I like learning exceeding
-well, and be verie farre in loue with it, besides the affection
-to my child, bycause the squaring with the generall, is to
-farre out of square for any particular. And I pray you
-may it not be, that for want of such an ordinance we mist
-better wittes, then those were, or are, which we either had
-or haue, though we thinke very well of both the sortes,
-whether now liuing with vs, or tofore parted from vs? And
-doth not <i>negligence</i> for want of looking to, ouerthrow as gaie
-and gallant heades, as <i>diligence</i> by doing euen her verie
-best, hath euer brought to light? Aduised and considerate
-planting is like enough to receiue verie good encrease and
-euentes in such cases, by authoritie and testimonie of two
-the greatest oratours in both the best tongues, be but foolish
-maisters, and febler argumentes.</p>
-
-<p>As for pytying the poore, it is no pitie, not to wish a
-begger to become a prince, though ye allow him a pennie, and
-pitie his needefull want. Is he poore? prouide for him, that
-he may liue by trade, but let him not loyter. Is he wittie?
-why? be artificers fooles? and do not all trades occupie
-wit? sometimes to much, and thereby both straine their
-owne heades to the worse, and proue to suttle for a great
-deale their betters. Is he verie likely to proue singuler in
-learning? I do not reiect him, for whom I prouide a
-publike helpe in common patronage. But he doth not well
-to oppose his owne particular, against the publike good, let<span class="pagenum" id="Page_147">147</span>
-his countrie thinke of him enough, and not he of him selfe
-to much. If <i>nobilitie</i> and <i>gentlemen</i> would fall to diligence,
-and recouer the execution of learning, where were this
-obiection? The greatest assurers of it affirme, that learning
-was wont to be proper to <i>nobilitie</i>, and that through their
-negligence it is left for a pray to the meaner sort, and a
-bootie to corruption, where the professours neede offereth
-wrongfull violence to the liberalitie of the thing. Do they
-not therein confesse, where the right of the thing lyeth and
-themselues to be vsurpers, if they should enter vpon their
-owne, whose the interest is, and whom in so many discourses
-of nobilitie, they themselues blame so much for their so
-great negligence? They must needes here yeelde without
-law to their owne confession. But we see God hath shewed
-himselfe meruelous munificent and beneficiall this way to
-the poorer sort. I grant, yet that proues not, but that he
-bestowed as great giftes of them which shewed not. And
-that as <i>diligence</i> in the one did shew that they had, to the
-glorie of the giuer, and their owne praise: so <i>negligence</i> in
-the other, did suppresse that they had to their owne shame,
-who neither honoured the giuer, nor honested themselues,
-nor profited their countrie. So that here not the <i>gift</i>, but
-the <i>shew</i> is brought in allegation. And why not the greater
-<i>talent</i> hid seeing it is no noueltie? But the other shew.
-Nomore then that they haue. And the other shew not.
-No argument that they haue not. Take order then, that
-they shew, which haue and hide, and then make comparisons.
-Be great giftes tied to the meane, or banished from
-the mighty? be there not as good wittes in wealth, though
-oftimes choked with <i>dissolutenes</i> and <i>negligence</i>, as there be
-in pouertie appearing thorough <i>paines</i> and <i>diligence</i>? Nay
-be there not as vntoward <i>poorelinges</i>, as there be wanton
-<i>wealthlinges</i>? I know yes, and when vntowardnes and an
-ill inclynation hittes in a base condition, it proues more vile.
-So that this thing turnes about to my other conclusion, that
-neither pouertie is to be pitied more then the countrey, if
-pitie must needes take place: neither riches more to be
-esteemed then the common weale, if wealth must needes be
-wayed: but that the value in wittes must be heelde of most
-worth, which hath her hauen already appointed, where to
-harbour her selfe, in maintenaunce to studie, either by
-priuate helpe, if the parents be wealthy, or by publike ayde,
-if pouertie praie for it.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_148">148</span></p>
-
-<p>Certainly there is great reason (if euen the terme, great,
-be not to small, when the thing is more then needfull, and
-the time to preuent it, is almost runne to farre) why order
-should be taken, to restraine the number, that will needes
-to the booke. For while the Church was an harbour for all
-men to ride in, which knew any letter, there needed no
-<i>restraint</i>, the liuinges there were infinite and capable of that
-number, the more drew that waye, and found reliefe that
-way, the better for that state, which encroached still on,
-and by clasping all persons, would haue graspid all liuinges.
-The <i>state</i> is now altered, that <i>book-maintenance</i> maimed, the
-<i>preferment</i> that waye hath turned a new leafe. And will
-ye let the <i>fry</i> encrease, where the <i>feeding</i> failes? Will ye
-haue the <i>multitude</i> waxe, where the <i>maintenance</i> waines?
-Sure I conceiue of it thus, that there is as great difference
-in ground, betwene the suffring all to booke it in these
-dayes, and the like libertie to the same number, in the ruffe
-of the papacy amongst vs: as there is betwene the two
-religions, the one expelled and the other retained, in the
-grounds of their kinde. The expelled religion was supported
-by multitude, and the moe had interest, the moe stood for
-it: the retained must pitch the defence of her truth, in some
-paucity of choice: seeing the liuinges are shred, which
-should serue the great number. So that our time, of necessitie
-must restraine: if not: what you breede and feede not,
-the aduersarie part will allure by liuing, and arme by
-corrupting, against their vnwise countrey, which either
-bestowed them not at first, or despised them at last. Where
-your thankes shalbe lost, which brought vp, and forsooke
-their desert shall sinke deepe, which fed the forsaken. And
-is it not meere folly by <i>sufferance</i> to encrease your enemies
-force, which you might by <i>ordinance</i> supplant at ease? it is
-the booke, which bredes vs enemies, and causeth corruption
-to creepe, where cunning neuer came. The enemy state
-cared not so much for many well learned, as for the multitude
-though vnlearned, which backt much bould ignorance, with
-a gaie surface of some small learning: our state then must
-reiect the multitude, and rempare with the cunning. Our
-owne time is our surest touch, and our owne trouble our
-rightest triall, if wisedome in time do not preuent it, folly
-in triall will surely repent. It is to no purpose to alledge,
-when people see, that there is no preferment to be had for
-all learners, that then the number will decay, and abate of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_149">149</span>
-it selfe without any <i>lawe</i>: onelesse ye can worke so, as no
-moe may hope, though but one can hit: or els, if ye can
-appoint vs, how long the controuersie for <i>religion</i> is like to
-endure. For while hope is indifferent, eche one will croud:
-and while <i>religion</i> is in brake, eche one vnder hand, will
-furnish where he fauoreth. The aduersarie of our religion,
-as in deede he needed none, so dreamed he not of any
-defense, while he was rockt in ease, and his state vnassailed
-by any <i>miscontentment</i>: but now that he is skirmished with
-so much, and so sore gauled, he is driuen to studie, and
-seeketh by new coined distinctions to recouer, that credite
-and reputation which he lost by intruding: wherin as he
-dealeth more cunningly with the person of his aduersarie,
-so he bewrayeth still the great auantage, which his aduersaries
-cause hath wonne ouer his. For in disputing, good
-<i>Logicians</i> know that it is an euident shift, to auoide manifest
-foile, when the disputer in dispaire of his cause is forced to
-bend against his aduersaries person. And therefore prouision
-must be, to defend by a learned <i>paucitie</i>, where the
-<i>flocking number</i> by reason of ingenerate wantes, will proue
-but a scare crow, and by apparent defection doth encrease
-the embush, which lyeth still in waite to intercept our
-possession. Thus much of <i>Necessitie</i>, which stayeth the
-multitude of learners either by <i>defect</i> in <i>circunstance</i>, or by
-<i>law</i> in <i>ordinance</i>, when the parties be letted, either by <i>lack</i>
-that they can not, or by <i>law</i> that they may not, lay claime
-to the booke.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Choice.</div>
-
-<p>Now are we come to a larger compasse,
-where libertie giues leaue to learne if he can,
-where forraine circumstances be free, and no let for any to
-be learned but either his wit, if he be dull, or his will, if he
-be stubborne. In this kinde, <i>choise</i> is a great prince, which
-by great reason and good aduice, abridgeth that which is to
-much, and culs owt the best. Which choice, as it begins at
-the entrie of the elementarie schole, so it proceedeth on, till
-the last preferment be bestowed, which either the state hath
-in store for any person, or any person can derserue, for
-seruice in the state. And therefore as it keepeth in an
-ordinate course, so it may full well be orderly handled, and
-by conuenient degrees.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">What wit is fittest for learning in a monarchie.</div>
-
-<p>But bycause the <i>choice</i> is to be made by the wit, and the
-wit is to be applied to the frame and state of the countrie,
-where it continueth: I will first seeke out, what kinde of wit<span class="pagenum" id="Page_150">150</span>
-is euen from the infantcie to be thought most
-fit, to serue for this state in the learned kinde.
-Which if it be to stirring, troubleth, if it
-be well staied, setleth the countrie where it
-lyueth, so farre as it dealeth. And yet oftymes that wit
-maketh least show at the first, to be so plyable, which at the
-last doth best agree with the pollicy. And therefore it is
-then to be taken, when it beginnes first to shew, that it will
-proue such: wherefore precise reiecting of any wit, which is
-in way to go onward, before due ripenes, as it is harmefull
-to the partie reiected, so it bewraieth some rashnes in him
-that reiecteth: bycause the varietie is exceeding great,
-though the coniectures be as great, and the most likelyhood
-must needes leade, where certaintie is denied. But to the
-wittes: wherein as lacke and law do guide necessitie so the
-qualitie of the witte, conformable to the state directeth
-<i>choice</i>.</p>
-
-<p>There be three kindes of gouernment most noted among
-all writers, 1. whereof the first is called a <i>monarchie</i>, bycause
-one prince beareth the sway, by whose circumspection the
-common good is shielded, and the common harme shouldred:
-2. the second an <i>oligarchie</i>: where some few beare all the
-swinge: 3. the third a <i>democratie</i>, where euery one of the
-people hath his interest in the direction, and his voice in
-elections. Now all these three be best maintained by those
-kindes of wit, which are most proper for that kinde of
-gouernment, wherein they liue. But bycause the gouernment
-of our countrie is a <i>monarchie</i>: I will in <i>choise</i> seeke
-out that kinde of wit, which best agreeth with the <i>monarchie</i>,
-neither will I touch the other two, vnles I fortune to trip
-vpon them by chaunce. And for as much as I haue made
-the yong child my first subiect, I will continue therein still:
-bycause that which beginneth to shew it selfe neare vpon
-infancie, will so commonly continue, though alteration
-creepe in sometime. But lightly these wittes alter not,
-bycause the tokens be so fast and firme in nature, and tend
-to so certaine and so resolute a iudgement.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">A wit for learning in a monarchie.</div>
-
-<p>The child therefore is like to proue in further
-yeares, the fittest subiect for learning in a
-<i>monarchie</i>, which in his tender age sheweth
-himselfe obedient to scholeorders, and either will not lightly
-offend, or if he do, will take his punishment gently: without
-either much repyning, or great stomaking. In behauiour<span class="pagenum" id="Page_151">151</span>
-towardes his companions he is gentle and curteous, not
-wrangling, not quarelling, not complaining, but will put to
-his helping hand, and vse all perswasions, rather then to
-haue either his maister disquieted, or his fellowes punished.
-And therefore he either receiueth like curtesie againe of his
-scholefellowes: or who so sheweth him any discurtesie
-must abyde both chalenge and combate with all the rest.</p>
-
-<p>If he haue any excellent towardnes by nature, as commonly
-such wittes haue, whereby he passeth the residue in
-learning, it will shew it selfe so orderly, and with such
-modestie, as it shall soone appeare, to haue no loftines of
-minde, no aspiring ambition, no odiouse comparisons ioyned
-withall.</p>
-
-<p>At home he will be so obsequious to parentes, so curteous
-among seruauntes, so dutiefull toward all, with whom he
-hath to deale: as there will be contention, who may praise
-him most behinde his backe, who may cherish him most
-before his face: with prayer that he may go on, with feare
-of too hastie death, in so od a towardnes of wit and
-demeanour. These thinges will not lightly make any euident
-shew, til the childe be either in the <i>grammar schole</i>, by
-orderly ascent, and not by two forewardly hast, or vpon his
-passage from the perfited <i>elementarie</i>, bycause his yeares
-by that time, and his contynuaunce vnder gouernment, will
-somwhat discouer his inclination. Before that time we
-pardon many thinges, and vse pointes of ambition and
-courage, to enflame the litle ones onward, which we cut of
-afterward, for making them to malapart, as in their apparell
-frise is successour to silke. When of them selues without
-any either great feare, or much hartening, they begin to
-make some muster and shew of their learning to this more
-then that, then is coniecture on foote to finde, what they
-willbe most likely to proue.</p>
-
-<p>But now to examine these signes more nearely and
-narowly, which I noted to be in the child that is like to
-proue so fit a subiect for a <i>monarchie</i>, in matters of learning:
-Is not obedience the best sacrifice, that he can offer vp to
-his prince and gouernour, being directed and ruled by his
-countrie lawes? And in the principles of gouernment, is
-not his maister his <i>monarchie</i>? and the scholelawes his
-countrey lawes? wherunto if he submit himselfe both orderly
-in <i>perfourmance</i>, and patiently in <i>penaunce</i>, doth he not
-shew a mynde already armed, not to start from his dutie?<span class="pagenum" id="Page_152">152</span>
-and so much the more, bycause his obedience to his maister
-is more voluntarie, then that to his prince, which is meere
-necessarie. For in perswasions of children, which the
-parentes will give eare to: in desire to chaunge, where their
-wills be chekt: in multitude of teachers, who thriue by such
-chaunges: all meanes be good, where there is such plentie,
-to offer such parentes as be tikelish, and such scholers as be
-shifting, remouing from maisters and renouncing of obedience.
-The child hath many shadowes to shift in vpon
-any pretence, and as many baites, to winne his parentes
-beleefe, and specially if he stand in feare of beating.
-Whereas neither he, ne yet his parentes, can forsake their
-prince, vpon any colour without forfaiting more then a
-quarters scholehire. And therfore in so many meanes to
-change, and some perhaps offered, bycause who will not
-very willingly deale with such a witte, where his trauell
-will make shew, that child which notwithstanding all these
-entisementes, will continue both on, and one, and digest
-dyscurtesies, though his mayster sometyme chaunce to
-proue churlish, is the peculiar and proper witte, which I
-commende for obedience, and that is like to proue both
-honestly learned, and earnestly beloued. 2. In his owne
-demeanour towardes his fellowes and freindes, and all sortes
-of people generally, either at home, or abroade, either in
-schoole, or elsewhere and in their loue and liking of him
-againe, doth he not shew forth an euident sociabilitie and
-liklyhood, that he will be very well to be liued withall?
-and proue a very curteous man, which is so louing, and so
-beloued while he is yet a boye? 3. In letting nature shew
-her owne excellencie without vnsweetning it with his owne
-sawcinesse doth he not argue that he hath stuffe towards
-preferment, without any sparke of ambition to moue further
-flame? or to prease to fast forwarde? which shall neuer
-neede: bycause all men that know him, will either willingly
-helpe to preferre him, if their voice be in it: or will reioyce
-at his preferment, if they be but beholders. For who will
-not be glad to see vertue, which he loueth, auaunced to
-rewarde? or what can enuie do, in so plausible a case, but
-set forth the partie, by declaring his desert, in that she is
-there? There be many consequentes, which hange vpon
-these, as neither vertue nor vice be single where they be,
-but are alwaie accompanied with the whoule troupe of the
-like retinue. And one conuenience graunted draweth on a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_153">153</span>
-number of the like kinde, as well as one inconuenience
-draweth on his like traine.</p>
-
-<p>But these be the maine as I conceiue at the first blush:
-obedience to superiours and superioritie, freindlynesse and
-fellowship toward companions, and equalles: substance to
-deserue well and winne it, desire to auoide ill and flie it.
-What duetie either towardes God or man, either in publike
-or priuate societie, in any either hie or low kinde of life is
-there, whervnto God hath not seemed in nature to haue
-framed and fashioned this so toward a youth? and therefore
-to haue appointed him for the vse of learning to be ruled
-by his betters, and to rule his inferiours, nothing offensiue
-nor vnpleasant to any? Many such wittes there be, and
-at them must choice first begin. And as those be the best,
-and first to be chosen, in whom there is so rare metall, so
-the second or third after these be vnworthy the refusall, in
-whom the same qualities do appeare, though not in the
-same, but in some meaner degree. For wheras great ill is
-oft in place, and proues the generall foe to that which
-would be better, there meane good, if it may haue place,
-will be generall freind to preferre the better: as euen this
-second mediocritie, if it may be had, as choice will finde it
-out, will proue verie freindly to set forward all good. Now
-these properties and signes appeare in some, verie soone,
-in some verie late, yea oftimes when they are least looked
-for: as either iudgement in yeares, or experience in dealinges
-do frame the parties.</p>
-
-<p>The plat for the <i>monarchicall</i> learner being alwaye reseant
-in the chusers head, concerning the propertie of his witte:
-and appearance towardes proofe: the rest is to be bestowed
-vpon the consideration of learning, and towardnesse in
-children generally (wherof these wittes be still both the
-first and best frutes) where to stay, or how farre to proceede
-in the ascent of learning. Whether he be riche or poore,
-that makes no matter, and is already decided, whether he
-be quicke or slow, therein is somwhat, and requireth good
-regard.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Schoole choice.</div>
-
-<p>Wherfore when sufficient abilitie in circunstances
-bids open the schoole dore, the admission
-and continuaunce be generall, till vpon some proofe the
-maister, whom I make the first chuser of the finest, and the
-first clipper of the refuse, begin to finde and be able to
-discerne, where abilitie is to go on forward, and where<span class="pagenum" id="Page_154">154</span>
-naturall weaknesse biddes remoue by times. For if negligence
-worke weaknesse, that is an other disease, and requires
-an other medecine, to heale it withall. Now when the
-maister hath spied the strength or infirmitie in nature, as
-by lightsomnesse or heauinesse in learning, by easinesse or
-hardnesse in retaining, by comparing of contrarie or the
-like wittes, he shall easely sound both, then as his delite
-wilbe to haue the toward continue, so must his desire be,
-how to procure the diuerting and remouing of the duller
-and lesse toward, to some other course, more agreeing with
-their naturall, then learning is: wherin they are like to go
-forward verie litle, though their fortune be to go to schoole
-very long: but here two considerations are to be had:
-neither to soone to seeke their diuerting, till some good
-ripenesse in time, though with some great paines to the
-teacher in the meane time, wish them to be weined from
-booking: neither yet before their bodies be of strength to
-abide the paines of some more laborious prenticeship. For
-it may so proue, that those wittes, which at the first were
-found to be exceeding hard and blunt, may soften, and
-proue sharp in time and shew a finer edge, though that be
-not to be made a generall caution, to cover dullardes with
-all. For the naturall dulnesse will disclose it selfe generally
-in all pointes, that concerne memorie and conceit: that
-dulnesse which will once breake out sharp, will shew it
-selfe by glaunces, as a clowdy day vseth, which will proue
-faire, when all shrews haue dined. Wherefore peremptorie
-iudgement to soone, may proue perillous to some: and
-againe he that is fit for nothing else, for the tendernesse of
-his bodie, may abide in the schoole a litle while longer,
-where though he do but litle good, yet he may be sure to
-take litle harme.</p>
-
-<p>Moreouer if the parentes abilitie be such, as he may, and
-his desire such, as he will maintaine his child at schoole, till
-he grow to some yeares, though he grow to small learning,
-the maister must haue pacience, and measure his paines by
-the parentes purse, where he knowes there is plentie, and
-not by the childes profit, which he seeth will be small.
-Wherein yet he must impart his opinion continually with
-the parent both for his duetie sake, and for auoiding of
-displeasure. But in the meaner sorte the case altereth, for
-that as a good witte in a poore child, deserues direct
-punishment, if by negligence he for slow the obtaining of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_155">155</span>
-learning, which is the patrimonie to wittie pouertie: so a
-dull witte in that degree would not be dalyed with all to
-long, but be furthered to some trade, which is the fairest
-portion to the slow witted poore. Now bycause the maister
-to whose iudgement I commend the choice, is no absolute
-potentate in our common weale, to dispose of wittes, and
-to sorte mens children, as he liketh best, but in nature of a
-counsellour, to ioine with the parent, if he will be aduised:
-therfore to haue this thing perfectly accomplished, I wish
-the parentes and maisters to be freindly acquainted, and
-domestically familiar. And though some parentes neede
-no counsell, as some maisters can giue but litle, yet the
-wise parent will heare, and can iudge: and the skilfull
-maister can iudge, and should be heard. Where neither of
-these be, neither skill in the teacher to tell it, nor will in
-the parente to heare it, and lesse affection to follow it, the
-poore child is wrung to the worse in the meane while, and
-the parent receiues small comfort in conclusion.</p>
-
-<p>This course for the maister to keepe in iudging of his
-scholer, and the parent to follow in bestowing of his child,
-according to his wit, continueth so long as the child shalbe
-either vnder maistership in schole, or tutorship in colledge.
-During the which time, a great number may be verie wisely
-and fitly bestowed, vnlearned trades sufficiently appointed,
-the proceding in letters reserued to them, to whom for wit
-and iudgement they seeme naturally vowed: and finally
-the whole common weale in euery braunch well furnished
-with number, and the number it selfe discharged of to
-much. Bycause this tyme vnder the maisters gouerment,
-is the time wherin youth is to be bestowed by forraine
-direction: for afterward in a more daungerous age, and a
-more ieoperdouse time, they grow on to their owne choice,
-and these vnfitnesses in nature, or frailtes in maners, being
-not foreseene to, may cause the friendes forthinke it, and
-the parties sore rue it. And though the maister shall not
-allway haue his counsell followed in this case, yet if he do
-signifie his opinion to the parent, his dutie is discharged,
-and that which I require is orderly performed. For if the
-parent shew himselfe vnwilling to be directed that way,
-which the maister shall allow, vpon great ground, and be
-blynded by affection, measuring his childes wit to learning,
-by his doing of some errand, or by telling of some tale, or
-by marking of some pretie toy, as such argumentes there<span class="pagenum" id="Page_156">156</span>
-be vsed, which yet be no argumentes of a towarde learner,
-but of a no foolish obseruer: in this case though the maister
-to his owne gaine draw on vnder his hand a desparate wit,
-the fault is his that would not see, if he that saw did
-honestly tell it. Whereby it still proueth true, that parentes
-and maisters should be familiarly lynked in amitie, and
-contynual conference, for their common care, and that the
-one should haue a good affiance of iudgement in the thing,
-and of goodwill towards himselfe, reposed in the other.
-Which will proue so, when the maister is chosen with
-iudgement, and continued with conference, and not bycause
-my neighbours children go to schole with you, you shall
-haue myne to. A common commendation among common
-coursiters, which post about still to suruey all scholes, and
-neuer staie in one: and reape as much learning, as the
-rowling stone doth gather mosse.</p>
-
-<p>But concerning scholes, and such particularities, as belong
-thereunto I will then deale, when I shall take in hand the
-peculiar argumentes, of schooles and schooling, both for the
-elementarie and the grammarian. Wherein we are no lesse
-troubled with number and confusion in our petie kingdomes,
-then the verie common weale is molested with the same in
-greater yeares, and larger scope.</p>
-
-<p>But bycause it were not orderly delt, to rip the faultes,
-and not to heale them, I wil post all these pointes ouer to
-their owne treatises, in my particuler discourses hereafter,
-where I will presently helpe, whatsoeuer I shall blame.
-The other meanes wherby choice lesseneth number, be
-admissions into colleges, prefermentes to degrees, aduauncement
-vnto liuings, wherein the common weale receiueth the
-greater blow, the nearer these thinges be to publike execution,
-and therefore the playner dealing to preuent mischiefe
-before it infect, is the more praiseworthy.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Admission into colleges.</div>
-
-<p>As concerning <i>colleges</i> I do not thinke the
-liuinges in them to be peculiar, or of purpose
-ment to the poorer sort onely, whose want that
-small helpe could neuer suffice, though there be some prerogatiue
-reserued vnto them, in consideration of some great
-towardnes, which might otherwise be trod down, and that
-way is held vp: but that they be simply preferments for
-learning, and auauncementes to vertue, as wel in the wealthy
-for reward of wel doing, as in the poorer for necessarie
-support. And therefore as I giue <i>admission</i> scope to chuse<span class="pagenum" id="Page_157">157</span>
-of both the sortes, so I do restraine it to honest and ciuill
-towardnes. For if fauour and friendship not for these
-furnitures, but for priuate respectes, carie away elections
-though with some enterlarding of towardnes and learning,
-and some few to giue countenaunce to some equitie of
-choice, and theerby to maintaine the credit of such places,
-surely the scholers and heades which deuised the sleight,
-and conceiued they were not seene, shall repent without
-recouerie, and finde themselues bound, and their colleges
-bowelled, when they shal fele themselues ouerruled by their
-owne deuise: bycause such as come in so, will communicate
-the like with others, and neuer care for the common, which
-were helpt by the priuate. For where fauour bringes in
-almost in despite of order, there must fauour be returned
-with meruelous disorder, and yet I do not mislike fauour,
-which helpeth desert, which otherwise might be foiled, if
-fauour friended not. But when the ground wherupon fauour
-buildes is not so commendable, <i>founders</i> be discouraged,
-common <i>prouision</i> supplanted, <i>learning</i> set ouer to <i>loytering</i>,
-<i>brauerie</i> made enheritour to <i>bookes</i>. Stirringe wittes haue
-their will for the time, and repentance at leasure. The
-fault hereof commeth from scholers themselues, which first
-make way to sinister meanes, and afterward blame, the
-verie meane which they vsed themselues. For finding
-some ease at first in working their owne will, either more
-cunningly to hide some indirect dealing, or more subtilly
-to supplant some contrary faction: or in deede desiring
-rather by commaundement to force, and so to seeme
-somebodie, then of dutie to entreat, and so seeme abiect
-to honestie: they stumble at the last vpon the blocke of
-bondage, being bridled of their owne will, euen when they
-are in ruffe, by the selfe same meanes, which brought them
-vnto it, and thought so to staule them, as themselues would
-commaund where they caused the speed. These fellowes
-be like to <i>Horaces</i> horse, which to ouercome the stag, vsed
-man for his meane once, and his maister alway: neither
-refusing the saddle on his ridg, to be rid on, nether the bit
-in his mouth, to be bridled by. A braue victory so dearely
-bought, to the victours bondage, and perpetuall slauerie.
-Whereas if learning and those conditions which I did lymit
-to a ciuill wit in this state, were the end in elections, the
-vnfit should be set ouer to some other course, in conuenient
-time: the fittest should be chosen, the founders mynde<span class="pagenum" id="Page_158">158</span>
-fulfilled: some periurie for non perfourmaunce of statutes
-auoided: new <i>patrones</i> procured, <i>religion</i> auaunced, good
-studentes encouraged, and fauour vpon extreame and importunate
-sute disfranchised: which neuer will oppose it
-selfe to so honest considerations, so constantly kept: neither
-euer doth intrude, without some such sollicitours, as should
-be sorie for it, and vse no meane to haue it, which oftimes
-vse this meane, to do il by warrant, as if they were forced
-to that, which in deede they ment before, and sought fauour
-but for a shadow to hide their deuise. Now if you that are
-to chuse, yeeld so much to your selues, and your owne
-conceit to bring your deuises to passe, though ye wring by
-the waie, and your state in the ende, why should you not
-in good truth relent, and giue place your selues being in
-places, to your betters and bidders, which gaiue you the
-roome, and yet would haue left all to you, if you would
-haue left any place to reason: or haue bene led by right,
-as ye leaned all to the wronge? you had your will by
-them, and why not they haue theirs of you? requitall
-among equalles is of common curtesie, recompence in inequalities
-is enforced of necessitie.</p>
-
-<p>If any metall be to massie, and way downe the ballance,
-or if any metallish meane, where money will scale, do enter
-that fort, where is small resistance, that is solde, which
-ought not, the enheritaunce of vertue: that is bought, which
-should not, the liuelihood of learning: that is betrayed,
-which neither should for feare, nor ought for freindship, the
-treasure of the state, and prouision of the countrey. And
-if there be neede, which enforceth such dealing, yet deale,
-where it is due, and let neede be remedyed, with her owne
-prouision, not by vnhonest intrusion. I do not blame any
-one, bycause my selfe know none, and I thinke well of
-most, bycause I know some sincere. But some thing there
-is that feedeth the generall complaint, and some contentious
-factions there be, that bring catchers into colleges. For
-both these two inconueniences, worse then mischeifes as
-our common law termeth them, I haue nothing to say more
-then to renue the memorie of two accidentes, which happened
-to the <i>Romain</i> common weale, and may be vnderstood by
-scholers that will marke and applie them. 1. The first is,
-that in <i>Tullie</i>,<a id="FNanchor_55_55" href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">55</a> when <i>Pontius</i> the <i>Samnite</i> wished that he
-either had not bene borne vntill, or but then borne, when<span class="pagenum" id="Page_159">159</span>
-the <i>Romaines</i> would haue receiued giftes and rewardes,
-Why? what if? I would not haue suffred them to haue
-reigned one day longer, by selling their libertie, they should
-haue become bond. The fellow said much, and that state
-felt more, when they fell to fingering.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The main rot of the Romaine empire.</div>
-
-<p>2. The second is this, not noted in any one,
-but obserued by all, that marke and write of
-the declining and ruine of the <i>Romain Empire</i>.
-The principall cause among many, to raze that state, which
-did rise in the blood of other nations and fell in their owne,
-was, when their generalls vsed the helpe of forreine and
-barbarous fellowes, late foes, new freindes, to ouerthrow the
-contrarie factions in their ciuill warres, both before and in
-their Emperours time, and let them both smell and taste
-of the <i>Romish</i> wealth and fatnesse of <i>Italie</i>. Wherwith the
-horesons being rauished, euer as they went home sent more
-of their countreymen to serue in seditious or necessarie
-defenses: till at the last their whole nations ouerflew that
-flourishing towne, and that fertile countrey. Wherby that
-great abundance, that vnspeakeable wealth, those inestimable
-riches, which the whether conquering or rauening <i>Romaines</i>
-had gathered together in so many hundred yeares, from so
-many seuerall countries, in a verie small time, became a
-bootie to that barbarous offall of all kinde of people, which
-neuer had any, till they became lordes, both of the <i>Romain</i>
-substance and the soile of <i>Italie</i>. A glasse for those to
-gase on, which will rather stirre to fall, then be still to
-stand. If ye shew a child an apple, he will crye for it, but
-if you make a mightier then your selfe priuie to your
-pleasures, if he be desirous to haue, and speede not, he will
-make you crye for it.</p>
-
-<p>But now as fauour founded not vpon desert, but vpon
-some fetch, is foe to all choice, enforcing for the fauorite, so
-free admissions into colledges, by but mildely and honestly
-replying: vpon fauour may helpe it in sufficiency, and
-lighten the booke of some needlesse burthen, which hurtes
-not onely in the admission, but also by sending abroade
-such broad dealers, which corrupt where they go, and
-poison more incurably, bycause of their meane, which is
-mothered vpon learning, which the cunninger it is, the
-craftyer meane it is: and of the more credit it is, the more
-conueiance it hath to corrupt with good colour, though it
-be to bad, when it is bewrayed. If hope were cut of to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_160">160</span>
-speede by disorder, such wittes would streight waye sorte
-themselues to order, as they be not the most blockheades,
-which offer violence to order: wherin I must needes say
-somwhat in plaine truth, and plausible to.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The abusing of great personages.</div>
-
-<p>Those great personages, which be so tempted
-by the importunity of such petie companions,
-as seeke them for protection, to force good and
-godly statutes, are litle bound to them. For what do they?
-Their owne obscuritie comes in no daunger, as being but
-vnderlinges, neither much seene, nor whit cared for, though
-they cause the mischeife: but they force good, and well
-giuen dispositions, excellent and noble natures, by false and
-coloured informations, to serue their owne turnes, and to
-beguile their great freindes: they bring them in hatred of
-all those, which builde vpon the good zeale of vertuous
-founders. Which thing reacheth so farre, and to so many,
-as either the possibilitie to enioye their benefit doth, or the
-praise of their doing, to procure the like: or the protection
-of posteritie, which cannot but lament the great misuse,
-and foull ouerthrow of their ancestours good and most
-godly meaning. They cast all men in feare of them to be
-likewise forced in their best interest, as a principle to
-tyrannie, and make them to be odious to all, whom they
-would seeme to honour aboue all. The worst kinde of
-<i>caterpillours</i>, in <i>countenaunce</i> fine and neate, in <i>speeche</i> delicate
-and diuine, in <i>pretence</i> holy and heauenly, in <i>meaning</i> verie
-furies, and diuells: to themselues scraping howsoeuer they
-couer: to nobilitie and countenaunce, whatsoeuer shew they
-make, the verie seminarie of most daungerous dishonour,
-and therfore worthy to be thrust out, bycause they thirst so
-much. For if loue and honour be the treasures of nobility,
-the contrarie meane howsoeuer it be coloured deserues
-coudgelling out, when it croutcheth most. It is no dishonour
-to nobilitie, not to haue their will, but it is their
-greatest disgrace to yielde to that, by vnreasonable desire,
-which they ought not to will, and so make a diuorse
-betwene honestie and honour, which is vnseemely, seeing
-honestie, how basely soeuer some ruffians regard it, is the
-verie mother to honour of greatest moment, and in the best
-kinde. That such honorable natures yeelde to such importunate
-promoters, halfe against their will, bycause otherwise
-they cannot be rid of them: their owne and honorable
-contentment doth oftimes proue, when they haue bene<span class="pagenum" id="Page_161">161</span>
-aunswered truely and duetifully, by such either companies,
-or particulars, as haue preferred plaine trueth, before painted
-colours, whereby noble dispositions do well declare to the
-world, how vnwilling they be to force order by fauour, if
-they be enfourmed of the truth: which will alway proue the
-enfourmers warrant, and foile such fetchers, when it comes
-to the hearing. And as the learned <i>Quintilian</i> sayth, that
-in a grammarian it is a vertue not to seeme to know all:
-so sayth pollicy that in the verie highest, it is not good to
-do all, that authoritie and interest in the extremitie of right
-maie do, with some warrant to it selfe, though with small
-liking, where it goeth. Mine antecedent is of mine owne
-profession, which beareth blame of to much boldnesse, and
-hath bene thought to presumptuous for knowledg, as
-<i>Rhemmius Palæmon</i> one of our coate, was wont to brag,
-that learning began to liue, and should die with him: My
-consequent concerneth my countrey, and good will to nobilitie,
-which as in degree can do most, so were it great pitie
-that it should be vsed, but to worke the best. My chalenge
-is to those infamous meanes, which dishonour their honorable
-patrones, defeat honest men of best education, disturbe
-the state euen while they liue, poison the posteritie by their
-president, euen when they are dead.</p>
-
-<p>Now if <i>choice</i> had taken place in the beginning, such
-impudent wittes had wonne no place, and noble patrones
-had shaked of such sutes. For as deepe waters do seeme
-not to runne bycause of their stillnesse: so true vertue and
-honest learning will tary their calling, and not stirre to
-soone, to set forth their stuffe, though they be the deepest
-and most worthy the place. I must craue pardon: a well
-affected maister speaketh for all poore and toward scholers,
-well nusled in learning, well giuen in liuing, and ill thwarted
-in liuinges, by such visardes of counterfect countenaunces,
-which one may more then halfe gesse, what they will
-receiue, when none seeth but the offerer: which dare themselues
-offer such dishonorable requestes to those personages,
-at whose countenaunces, they ought in conscience to tremble,
-if that impudencie, which first hath reiected God secretly,
-and all goodnesse openly, had not tyrannised them to much,
-so vilely to abuse, where they ought to honour. The consideration
-of the good, the canuasing for the ill, hath caryed
-me from colledges, though not from colleginers, where for
-necessarie roomes there must be boursares, and why not of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_162">162</span>
-the learned sorte? Which the more towarde they be, the
-more trusty they will proue, and cheifly to that colledge,
-which auaunced them for value. Neuer wonder if he do
-sacrifice to the purse, which was admitted either for it, or
-by it. And yet there is some wrong, to fill priuate purses
-for entring, and to punish the common, when they be entred.
-If they could vse it so, as to still it from those, which
-strayned it from them, when they were to enter, the cunning
-were great, and the deceit not amisse, where craft is
-allowed to deceiue the deceiuer. But the common wrings,
-for the priuate wrong, and there the iniury is.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Preferment to degrees.</div>
-
-<p>2. Preferment to degrees in schole may, nay
-in deede ought to be a mightier stripper of
-insufficiencie, bycause that way, the whole
-countrie is made either a lamentable spoile to bould ignorance,
-or a laudable soyle to sober knowledge. When a
-scholer is allowed by authoritie of the vniuersitie, to professe
-that qualitie, whereof he beares the title, and is sent abroad
-with the warrant of his commencement, and want of his
-cunning, who made either fauour and friendship, either
-countenaunce or canuase, or some other sleight the meane
-to enstawle him, what must our common countrie then say,
-when she heareth the bragge of the vniuersities title sound
-in her eares, and findes not the benefit of the vniuersitie
-learning to serue her in neede? Shee must needes thinke
-that the vnlearned and ignorant creature is free from blame,
-bycause he sought to countenaunce himselfe, as the customarie
-led him: but she must needes thinke her selfe not
-onely not bound to the vniuersitie, but shamefully abused,
-nay most vnnaturally offered to the spoile of ignorance
-and insufficiencie by the vniuersitie, to whom committing
-her sight shee is dealt with so blindly, in whom reposing
-her trust, she is betrayed so vntruely. For what is it to
-say in common collection, when the vniuersitie preferreth
-any, to degree: but as if she should protest thus much.
-Before God and my countrie, to whom I owe my selfe and
-my seruice, whereof the one I cannot deceiue, the other I
-ought not, I do knowe this man, whom I now prefer to this
-degree, in this facultie, in the sufficiencie of abilitie, which
-his title pretendeth, not perfunctorilie taken knowledge of,
-but thoroughly examined by me, to be well able to execute
-in the common weale of my countrie, that qualitie in art
-and profession, which his degree endoweth him with: and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_163">163</span>
-that my countrie may rest vpon my credit in securitie for
-his sufficiencie: and betrust her selfe vnto him vpon my
-warrant, which I do seale with the publike acknowledging
-of him to be such a one, as his title emporteth, being consideratly
-and aduisedly bestowed vpon him by me, as I
-will answere almightie God in iudgement, and my countrie
-in my conscience and vpon my credit. Now what if he be
-not such a one? where then is your aduisednesse? where
-then is your credit? where then is then your conscience?
-nay where then is your God, whom ye called to witnesse?
-What if the vniuersitie knew before, that he neither was
-such a one, neither like euer to proue any such? let him
-that weyeth this, if it be to light, reiect it as counterfect.
-Let the earnest professours of the truest religion in the
-vniuersities at this day call their consciences to counsell,
-and redresse the defect, for their owne credit, and the good
-of their countrie. If it shall please the vniuersities, to
-preferre these considerations of countrie and conscience,
-before any priuate persuasion (which if it were roundly
-repelled a while, would neuer be so impudent, as so to
-intrude it selfe) the matter were ended, and despaire that
-way would leaue rowme to learning: and send such fellowes
-to those faculties, which were fitter for them: and not
-suffer them vnder the titles of learning, to supplant the
-learned, and forstaull away their liuinges: to the discouraging
-of the right student in deede, and the defeating of the
-state. For if ye rip the cause why they seeke to set foorth
-then selues, with such forraine feathers, being vnlikely to
-looke on, in their owne coloures, if the eye might behold
-that which the minde conceiueth, ye shall finde that their
-desire to gaine vnder honorable titles, is the verie grounde
-whereupon they goe: which they seeke by indirect wayes,
-bycause they feele them selues to be of no direct worth.
-But what fooles be good scholers in deede, to lende such
-dawes their dignities, vnder that borrowed habit, to rob
-them of preheminence, and to seeme to be <i>eagles</i>, where
-they be but <i>bussardes</i>? Nay do they not discredit the
-vniuersitie more? as if they there were either so simple, as
-they could not descrie a <i>calfe</i>, or so easie to be entreated,
-as when they had discried it, they would sweare by perswasion,
-that the <i>calfe</i> were a <i>camell?</i> good my maisters
-make not all priestes that stand vpon the bridge as the
-<i>Poope</i> passeth. For then the cobler as one consecrated,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_164">164</span>
-bycause his person was in compasse, and his showes with
-in hearing, will sure be a priest, and set nothing by his
-naule, and as good as you and as fit for a benefice, as those
-that came to take orders in deede, and deserued them in
-doing. Looke to it betimes and lende not your garmentes
-to set forth <i>bastardt</i> and bold suters, for feare your selues
-be excluded, when ye entend to sue, both your labour and
-your loue being lost, through your owne follie.</p>
-
-<p>To seeme is not so much in weight as to be, but in paines
-it is much more. To counterfeat vertue, and to auoide
-spying, requireth a long labour, and daily new deuises: to
-be vertuouse in deede, and learned in deede, craues labour
-at the first, and lendes leysure in the end, borne out by it
-selfe, neuer needing any vele. And therefore great warines
-must be vsed to discerne and shake of the counterfeat
-smaller consideration will soone finde, and sooner content
-sufficient stuffe. Let deepe dissembling and dubling <i>hypocrisie</i>
-leape the ladder, and honest <i>learning</i> be beholder the
-while. In these pointes to haue worthinesse preferred, and
-to haue choice to seeke, and saue it, if a teacher deale thus
-earnestly, as methinke I do now, he may deserue pardon
-as I hope I shall haue, considering his end, to him selfe
-ward is delite, to his charge is their profit: to his countrie
-is sound stuffe sent from him. And can he be but grieued
-to see the effect so disorderly defeated, wherunto with
-infinite toile, with inconparable care, with incredible paines,
-he did so orderly proceed? I take it very tollerable for
-any, that hath charge of number and multitude to be carefull
-for their good, not only in priuate gouernment, but also in
-publike protection, so farre, as either the honestie of the
-cause, or the dutie to magistrate, will maintaine his attempt.
-As truely in learning and learned executions, me thinke it
-concerneth all men to be very carefull, bycause the thing
-tucheth themselues so neare in age, and theirs so much in
-youth.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Auauncement to liuinges.</div>
-
-<p>3. For the third part which consisteth in
-<i>auauncement</i> to liuinges, as it is commonly
-handled by the highest in state, and eldest in
-yeares, which haue best skill to iudge, and least neede to be
-misled: so it needes least precept: bycause the misse there
-is mostwhat without amendes, being made by great warrant:
-and the hitting right is the blessed <i>fortune</i> of ech kinde of
-state, when value is in place, whence there is no appeale<span class="pagenum" id="Page_165">165</span>
-but pleasure in the perfit: pitie in imperfection: the common
-good either carried to ruine by intrusion of insufficiencie,
-or strongly supported by sufficient staie. <i>Repulse</i> here is a
-miserable stripp, that insufficiencie should be suffered to
-growe vp so high, and not be hewed downe before. And
-some great iniurie is offered to the bestowers of prefermentes,
-that they are made obiectes to the danger of insufficient
-boldnes, which ought to be cut of by sufficient modestie,
-who pretendeth the claime to be her owne of dutie, and to
-whom the patrones, would rediliest yeild, if they could
-discerne and were not abused by the worthy themselues,
-which lend the vnworthy the worth of their countenance to
-deceiue the disposers, and to beguile their owne selues.
-But blind bayard, if he haue any burden that is worth the
-taking downe, and bestowing somwhere else, wilbe farre
-bolder then a better horse, and so farre from shame, as he
-will not shrinke to offer himselfe to the richest sadle, being
-in deede no better then a blinde iade and seeking to occupie
-the stawle where <i>Bucephalus</i> the braue horse of duety ought
-to stand. And in this case of preferrement, store is lightely
-the greatest enemie to the best choice, bycause in number
-no condition wilbe offered, which will not be admitted,
-though some do refuse. The preuenting of all or most of
-these inconueniences, I do take to be in the right sorting of
-wittes at the first, when learning shall be left to them alone,
-whom nature doth allow by euident signes, and such sent
-awaye to some other trades, as are made to that ende.
-Wherby the sorters are to haue thankes in the ende of both
-the parties, which finding themselues fitted in the best
-kinde of their naturall calling, must of necessitie honour
-them, which vsed such foresight in their first bestowing.</p>
-
-<p>Thus much haue I marked in clipping of, of that multitude
-which oppresseth learning with too too many, as too
-too many wheresoeuer they be, ouercharge the soile in all
-professions. For the matter wheron to liue iustly and truly
-being within compasse, and the men which must liue vpon
-it, being still without ende, must not desire of maintenaunce
-specially if it be ioyned with a porte, wring a number to
-the wall, to get wheron to liue? I neede pinch no particular
-wherethe generall is so sore gauled. Marke but those professions
-and occupations, which be most cloyed vp with
-number, whether they be bookish or not, and waye the
-poorer sort, wheron at the last the pinching doth light,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_166">166</span>
-though it passe many handes before, if to great a multitude
-making to great a state do not proue a shrew, then am I
-deceyued: so that it were good there were stripping vsed,
-and that be time in yonger yeares. For youth being let
-go forward vpon hope, and chekt with dispaire while it
-rometh without purueyaunce, makes marueilous a doe
-before it will die. And if no miserable shift will serue at
-home, verie defection to the foe, and common enemie will
-send them abrode, to seeke for that, which in such a case
-they are sure to finde. Wherefore as countenaunce in the
-ouerflowing number, which findeth place in a state doth
-infect extremely, by seeking out vnlawfull and corrosiue
-maintenaunce: so roming in the vnbestowed offaull, which
-findes no place in a state, doth festure fellonly, by seeking
-to shake it, with most rebellious enterprises.</p>
-
-
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_38">CHAPTER 38.</h2>
-
-
-<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">That young maidens are to be set to learning, which is proued,
-by the custome of our countrey, by our duetie towardes them,
-by their naturall abilities, and by the worthy effectes of
-such as haue bene well trained. The ende whervnto their
-education serueth which is the cause why and how much they
-learne. Which of them are to learne, when they are to
-begin to learne. What and how much they may learne. Of
-whom and where they ought to be taught.</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">When</span> I did appoint the persons, which
-were to receiue the benefit of education:
-I did not exclude young <i>maidens</i>,
-and therefore seeing I made them one braunche of my
-diuision, I must of force say somwhat more of them. A
-thing perhaps which some will thinke might wel enough
-haue bene past ouer with silence, as not belonging to my
-purpose, which professe the education of boyes, and the
-generall traine in that kinde. But seeing I begin so low
-as the first <i>Elementarie</i>, wherin we see that young <i>maidens</i>
-be ordinarily trained, how could I seeme not to see them,
-being so apparently taught?</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_167">167</span></p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The proofes why they are to learne.</div>
-
-<p>And to proue that they are to be trained, I finde foure
-speciall reasons, wherof any one, much more all may perswade
-any their most aduersarie, much more me, which am
-for them toothe and naile. 1. The first is the
-<i>maner</i> and <i>custome</i> of my countrey, which allowing
-them to learne, wil be lothe to be contraried
-by any of her countreymen. 2. The second is the <i>duetie</i>,
-which we owe vnto them, whereby we are charged in conscience,
-not to leaue them lame, in that which is for them.
-3. The third is their owne <i>towardnesse</i>, which God by
-nature would neuer haue giuen them to remaine idle, or to
-small purpose. 4. The fourth is the excellent <i>effectes</i> in
-that sex, when they haue had the helpe of good bringing
-vp: which commendeth the cause of such excellencie, and
-wisheth vs to cherishe that tree, whose frute is both so
-pleasaunt in taste, and so profitable in triall. What can be
-said more? our <i>countrey</i> doth allow it, our <i>duetie</i> doth
-enforce it, their <i>aptnesse</i> calls for it, their <i>excellencie</i> commandes
-it: and dare priuate <i>conceit</i>, once seeme to withstand
-where so great, and so rare circunstances do so earnestly
-commende.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The custome of
-our countrey.</div>
-
-<p>But for the better vnderstanding of these foure reasons,
-I will examine euerie of them, somwhat nearer, as inducers
-to the truth, ear I deale with the traine. For the first: If
-I should seeme to enforce any noueltie, I might seeme
-ridiculous, and neuer se that thing take place,
-which I tender so much: but considering, the
-<i>custome</i> of my countrie hath deliuered me of
-that care, which hath made the <i>maidens</i> traine her owne
-approued trauell, what absurditie am I in, to say that is
-true, which my countrie dare auow, and daily doth trie?
-I set not yong <i>maidens</i> to publike grammer scholes, a thing
-not vsed in my countrie, I send them not to the vniuersities,
-hauing no president thereof in my countrie, I allow them
-learning with distinction in degrees, with difference of their
-calling, with respect to their endes, wherefore they learne,
-wherein my countrie confirmeth my opinion. We see yong
-<i>maidens</i> be taught to read and write, and can do both with
-praise: we heare them sing and playe: and both passing
-well, we know that they learne the best, and finest of our
-learned languages, to the admiration of all men. For the
-daiely spoken tongues and of best reputation in our time,
-who so shall denie that they may not compare euen with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_168">168</span>
-our kinde in the best degree, they will claime no other
-combate, then to talke with him in that verie tongue, who
-shall seeke to taunt them for it. These things our country
-doth stand to, these qualities their parentes procure them,
-as either opportunitie of circunstance will serue, or their
-owne power wil extend vnto, or their daughters towardnesse
-doth offer hope, to be preferred by, for singularitie of
-endowment, either in marriage, or some other meane. Nay
-do we not see in our countrey, some of that sex so excellently
-well trained, and so rarely qualified, either for the
-toungues themselues, or for the matter in the toungues: as
-they may be opposed by way of comparison, if not preferred
-as beyond comparison, euen to the best <i>Romaines</i> or <i>Greekish
-paragonnes</i> be they neuer so much praised: to the <i>Germaine</i>
-or <i>French</i> gentlewymen, by late writers so wel liked: to the
-<i>Italian</i> ladies who dare write themselues, and deserue fame
-for so doing? whose excellencie is so geason, as they be
-rather wonders to gaze at, then presidentes to follow. And
-is that to be called in question, which we both dayly see in
-many, and wonder at in some? I dare be bould therefore
-to admit yong <i>maidens</i> to learne, seeing my countrie giues
-me leaue, and her <i>custome</i> standes for me.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Duetie.</div>
-
-<p>For the second point. The duetie which we
-owe them doth straitly commaund vs to see
-them well brought vp. For what be young <i>maidens</i> in
-respect of our sex? Are they not the seminary of our
-succession? the naturall frye, from whence we are to chuse
-our naturall, next, and most necessarie freindes? The very
-selfe same creatures, which were made for our comfort, the
-onely good to garnish our alonenesse, the nearest companions
-in our weale or wo? the peculiar and priuiest partakers
-in all our fortunes? borne for vs to life, bound to vs till
-death? And can we in conscience but carefully thinke of
-them, which are so many wayes linked vnto vs? Is it
-either nothing, or but some small thing, to haue our childrens
-mothers well furnished in minde, well strengthened
-in bodie? which desire by them to maintaine our succession?
-or is it not their good to be so well garnished, which good
-being defeated in them by our indiligence, of whom they
-are to haue it, doth it not charge vs with breache of duetie,
-bycause they haue it not? They are committed and commended
-vnto vs, as pupilles vnto tutours, as bodies vnto
-heades, nay as bodies vnto soules: so that if we tender not<span class="pagenum" id="Page_169">169</span>
-their education duetifully, they maye vrge that against vs,
-if at any time either by their owne right, or by our default,
-they winne the vpper roome and make vs stand bare head,
-or be bolder with vs to.</p>
-
-<p>They that write of the vse of our bodies, do greatly
-blame such parentes, as suffer not their children to vse the
-left hand, as well as the right, bycause therby they weaken
-their strength and the vse of their limmes: and can we be
-without blame, who seeke not to strengthen that, which
-was once taken from vs, and yet taryeth with vs, as a part
-of vs still: knowing it to be the weaker? Or is there any
-better meane to strengthen their minde, then that knowledge
-of God, of religion, of ciuil, of domesticall dueties,
-which we haue by our traine, and ought not to denie them,
-being comprised in bookes, and is to be compassed in
-youth?</p>
-
-<p>That some exercise of bodie ought to be vsed, some
-ordinarie stirring ought to be enioyned, some prouision for
-priuate and peculiar trainers ought to be made: not onely
-the ladies of <i>Lacedæmon</i> will sweare, but all the world will
-sooth, if they do but wey, that it is to much to weaken our
-owne selues by not strengthning their side. That cunning
-poet for iudgement in matter, and great philosopher for
-secrecie in nature, our well knowen <i>Virgill</i>, saw in a goodly
-horse that was offered vnto <i>Augustus Cæsar</i> an infirmitie
-vnperceaued by either looker on or any of his stable, which
-came as he said by some weaknes in the damme, and was
-confessed to be true. <i>Galene</i> and the whole familie of
-Physicians ripping vp our infirmities, which be not to be
-auoided, placeth the seminarie and originall, engraffed in
-nature, as our greatest and nearest foes. And therfore to
-be preuented by the parentes, thorough considerate traine,
-the best and fairest meane, to better weake nature: so that
-of <i>duety</i> they are to be cared for. And what care in <i>duetie</i>
-is greater, then this in traine?</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Naturall
-Towardnesse.</div>
-
-<p>3. Their <i>naturall towardnesse</i> which was my
-third reason doth most manifestly call vpon vs,
-to see them well brought vp. If nature haue
-giuen them abilities to proue excellent in their kinde, and
-yet thereby in no point to let their most laudable dueties
-in mariage and matche, but rather to bewtifie them, with
-most singular ornamentes, are not we to be condemned of
-extreme vnnaturallnes, if we gay not that by discipline,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_170">170</span>
-which is giuen them by <i>nature</i>? That naturally they are
-so richly endowed, all <i>Philosophie</i> is full, no <i>Diuinitie</i> denyes,
-<i>Plato</i><a id="FNanchor_56_56" href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">56</a> and his <i>Academikes</i> say, that all vertues be indifferent,
-nay all one in man and woman: sauing that they be more
-strong and more durable in men, weaker and more variable
-in wymen. <i>Xeno</i> and his <i>Stoikes</i> though they esteeme the
-ods betwene man and woman naturally to be as great as
-the difference, betwene an heauenly and an earthly creature,
-which <i>Plato</i> did not, making them both of one mould, yet
-they graunt them equalitie and samenesse in vertue, though
-they deliuer the strength and constancie ouer vnto men, as
-properly belonging vnto that side. <i>Aristotle</i> and his <i>Peripatetikes</i>
-confessing them both to be of one kinde, though
-to different vses in <i>nature</i>, according to those differences in
-<i>condition</i>, appointeth them differences in <i>vertue</i>, and yet
-wherin they agree: alloateth them the same. When they
-haue concluded thus of their naturall abilities, and so
-absolutely entitled them vnto all vertues, they rest not there,
-but proceede on further to their education in this sorte.
-That as naturally euery one hath some good assigned him,
-whervnto he is to aspire, and not to cease vntill he haue
-obtained it, onlesse he will by his owne negligence reiect
-that benefit, which the munificence of <i>nature</i> hath liberally
-bestowed on him: so there is a certaine meane, wherby to
-winne that perfitly, which <i>nature</i> of her selfe doth wish vs
-franckly. This meane they call <i>education</i>, whereby the
-naturall inclinations be gently caryed on, if they will curteously
-follow, or otherwise be hastened, if they must needes
-be forced, vntill they ariue at that same best, which <i>nature</i>
-bendeth vnto with full saile, in those fairer, which follow
-the traine willingly, in those meaner, which must be bet
-vnto it. And yet euen there where it is sorest laboured, it
-worketh some effecte vnworthy of repentaunce, and is better
-forced on in youth, then forgon in age: rather in children
-with feare, then not in men with greife. Now as the inclinations
-be common to both the kindes, so they deuide the
-meane of education indifferently betwene both. Which
-being thus, as both the truth tells the ignorant, and reading
-shewes the learned, we do wel then perceaue by <i>naturall
-men</i>, and <i>Philosophicall reasons</i>, that young <i>maidens</i> deserue
-the traine: bycause they haue that treasure, which belongeth<span class="pagenum" id="Page_171">171</span>
-vnto it, bestowed on them by <i>nature</i>, to be bettered in
-them by <i>nurture</i>. Neither doth <i>religion</i> contrarie religious
-<i>nature</i>. For the <i>Lorde</i> of <i>nature</i>, which created that motion
-to continue the consequence of all liuing creatures, by
-succession to the like, by education to the best, appointing
-either kinde the limittes of their duetie, and requiring of
-either the perfourmaunce therof, alloweth all such ordinarie
-and orderly meanes, as by his direction in his word may
-bring them both from his appointment to their perfourmaunce,
-from the first starting place, to the outmost gole:
-that is vnto that good, which he hath assigned them, by
-such wayes, as he hath willed them: so that both by <i>nature</i>
-the most obedient seruant, and by the <i>Lorde</i> of <i>nature</i> our
-most bountifull <i>God</i>, we haue it in commandement not
-onely to traine vp our owne sex, but also our female, seeing
-he hath to require an account for naturall talentes of both
-the parties, vs for directing them: them for perfourmance
-of our direction.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Excellent
-effectes.</div>
-
-<p>4. The excellent effectes of those women,
-which haue bene verie well trained, do well
-declare, that they deserue the best training:
-which reason was my last in order, but not my least in
-force, to proue their more then common excellencie. This
-is a point of such galancie, if my purpose were to praise
-them, as it is but to giue precept, how to make them praiseworthie,
-as I might soner weary my selfe with reckening
-vp of writers, and calling worthie wymen to be witnesses in
-their owne cause then worthely to expresse their weight
-and worth, bycause I beleeue that to be most true, which
-is cronicled of them. I will not medle with any moe writers
-to whom wymen are most bound, for best speaking of them,
-and most spreading of their vertues, then with one onely
-man a single witnes in person, but aboue all singularitie
-in profe: the learned and honest <i>Plutarch</i>, whose name
-emporteth a princis treasure, whose writings witnes an
-vnwearied trauel, whose plaine truth was neuer tainted.
-Would he so learned, so honest, so true, so sterne, haue
-become such a trumpet for their fame, to triumph by, so
-haue gratified that sex, whom he stood not in awe of:
-so haue beutified their doings, whom he might not haue
-medled with, so haue auaunced their honour, to hasard his
-owne sex, by setting them so hie, if he had not resolutely
-knowne the truth of his subiect? he durst be so bould with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_172">172</span>
-his owne Emperour the good <i>Traian</i>, to fore his scholer, in
-his epistle to him before his booke of gouerning the comon
-weale, as to say and call his booke to witnes thereof, that if
-he went to gouerne, and ouerthrew the state, he did it not
-by the authoritie of <i>Plutarch</i>, as disauowing his scholer, if
-he departed from his lessons. And would that courage
-haue bene forced to frame a false argument? or is so great
-a truth not to haue so great a credit? howsouer some of
-the lighter heades haue lewdly belyed them, or vainly
-accused them: yet the verie best and grauest writers thinke
-worthely of them, and make report of them with honour.
-<i>Ariosto</i> and <i>Boccacio</i> will beloth to be tearmed light, being
-so great doctours in their diuinitie, yet they be somwhat
-ouer heauie to wymen, without any great weight as in
-generall the <i>Italian</i> writers be, which in the middest of their
-louing leuities still glaunce at their lightnes, and that so
-beyound all manhoode, as they feele their owne fault, and
-dispaire of reconcilement, though they crie still for pardon.
-As those men know well, which will rather meruell, that I
-haue red those bookes, then mistrust my report, which they
-know to be true. In all good and generally authorised
-histories, and in many particuler discourses, it is most
-euident, that not onely priuate and particular wymen, being
-very well trained, but also great princesses and gallant
-troupes of the same sex haue shewed fourth in them selues
-meruelous effectes of vertue and valure. And good reason
-why. For where naturally they haue to shew, if education
-procure shew, is it a thing to be wondered at? Or is their
-singularitie lesse in nature, bycause wymen be lesse accustomed
-to shew it, and not so commonly employed, as we
-men be? Yet whensoeuer they be, by their dealinges they
-shew vs that they haue no dead flesh nor any base mettle.
-Well, I will knit vp this conclusion and burne day light no
-longer, to proue that carefully, which all men may see
-clearely, and ther aduersaries grieue at, bycause it confutes
-their follie, which vpon some priuate errour of their owne,
-to seeme fautles in wordes, where they be faithles in deedes,
-blame silly wymen as being the onely cause why they went
-awrie.</p>
-
-<p>That yong <i>maidens</i> can learne, nature doth giue them,
-and that they haue learned, our experience doth teach vs,
-with what care to themselues, them selues can best witnes,
-with what comfort to vs, what forraine example can more<span class="pagenum" id="Page_173">173</span>
-assure the world, then our diamond at home? our most
-deare soueraine lady and princesse, by nature a woman, by
-vertue a worthy, not one of the nyne, but the tenth aboue
-the nyne, to perfit in her person that absolute number,
-which is no fitter to comprehend all absolutnes in Arithmetike,
-then she is knowne to containe al perfections in
-nature, all degrees in valure, and to become a president: to
-those nyne worthy men, as <i>Apollo</i><a id="FNanchor_57_57" href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">57</a> is accounted to the nyne
-famouse wymen, she to vertues and vertuous men, he to
-muses, and learned wymen: thereby to proue <i>Plutarches</i>
-conclusion true, that oppositions of vertues by way of comparison
-is their chiefe commendation. Is <i>Anacreon</i> a good
-poet, what say you to <i>Sappho</i>? Is <i>Bacis</i> a good prophet,
-what say you to <i>Sibill</i>? was <i>Sesostris</i> a famouse prince,
-what say you to <i>Semiramis</i>? was <i>Seruius</i> a noble king,
-what say you to <i>Tanaquill</i>? was <i>Brutus</i> a stowt man,
-what say you to <i>Porcia</i>? Thus reasoneth <i>Plutarch</i>,<a id="FNanchor_58_58" href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">58</a> and
-so do I, is it honorable for <i>Apollo</i> a man to haue the presidencie
-ouer nyne wymen, the resemblers of learning? then
-more honorable it is for our most worthy <i>Princesse</i> to haue
-the presidencie ouer nyne men, the paragons of vertue:
-and yet to be so familiarly acquainted with the nyne <i>muses</i>,
-as they are in strife who may loue her best, for being best
-learned? for whose excellent knowledge and learning, we
-haue most cause to reioyce, who tast of the frute: and
-posteritie to praise, which shall maintaine her memorie:
-though I wish their memorie abridged, to haue our tast
-enlarged: our prouing lengthened, to haue their praising
-shortened: to be glad that we haue her, not to greue, that
-we had her: as that omnipotent god, which gaue her vnto
-vs, when we had more neede of such a prince, then shee of
-such a people, will preserue her for vs, I do nothing dout,
-that we both may serue him, she as our carefull soueraine,
-to set forth his glory, we as her faithfull subiectes, to submit
-our selues to it.</p>
-
-<p>If no storie did tell it, if no state did allow it, if no
-example did confirme it, that yong <i>maidens</i> deserue the
-trayning, this our owne myrour, the maiestie of her sex,
-doth proue it in her owne person, and commendes it to our
-reason. We haue besides her highnes as vndershining<span class="pagenum" id="Page_174">174</span>
-starres, many singuler ladies and gentlewymen, so skilfull
-in all cunning, of the most laudable, and loueworthy qualities
-of learning, as they may well be alleadged for a president
-to prayse, not for a pattern to proue like by: though hope
-haue a head, and nature be no nigard, if education do her
-dutie, and will seeke to resemble euen where presidentes be
-passing, both hope to attaine to, and possibilitie to seeme
-to. Wherefore by these profes, I take it to be very clear,
-that I am not farre ouershot, in admitting them to traine
-being so traineable by nature, and so notable by effectes.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The ende of
-learning in yong
-maides.</div>
-
-<p>But now hauing graunted them the benefit and society
-of our education, we must assigne the end, wherfore their
-traine shall serue, whereby we may apply it the better.
-Our owne traine is without restraint for either matter or
-maner, bycause our employment is so generall
-in all thinges: theirs is within limit, and so
-must their traine be. If a yong <i>maiden</i> be to
-be trained in respect of mariage, obedience to her head,
-and the qualities which looke that way, must needes be her
-best way: if in regard of necessitie to learne how to liue,
-artificiall traine must furnish out her trade: if in respect of
-ornament to beawtifie her birth, and to honour her place,
-rareties in that kinde and seemly for that kinde do best
-beseeme such: if for gouernment, not denyed them by God,
-and deuised them by men, the greatnes of their calling
-doth call for great giftes, and generall excellencies for
-generall occurrences. Wherefore hauing these different
-endes alwayes in eye, we may point them their traine in
-different degrees. But some <i>Timon</i> will say, what should
-wymen do with learning? Such a churlish carper will
-neuer picke out the best, but be alway ready to blame the
-worst. If all men vsed all pointes of learning well, we had
-some reason to alleadge against wymen, but seeing misuse
-is common to both the kinds, why blame we their infirmitie,
-whence we free not our selues? Some wymen abuse writing
-to that end, some reading to this, some all that they
-learne any waye, to some other ill some waye. And I praie
-you what do we? I do not excuse ill: but barre them
-from accusing, which be as bad themselues: vnlesse they
-will first condemne themselues, and so proceede in their
-plea with more discretion after a repentant discouerie. But
-they will not deale thus, they will rather retire for shame
-and proue to be nonsuite, then confesse themselues faulty<span class="pagenum" id="Page_175">175</span>
-and blush for their blaming. Wherfore as the communitie
-of vertues, argueth the communitie of vices naturally in both:
-so let vs in that point enterchaunge forgiuenesse, and in
-hope of the vertues direct to the best, not for feare of the
-vices, make an open gap for them. Wherefore in directing
-of that traine, which I do assigne vnto young maidens, I
-will follow this methode, and shew which of them be to
-learne, and when, what and how much, where and of whom.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Which and
-when.</div>
-
-<p>As concerning those which are to be trained,
-and when they are to begin their traine, this is
-my opinion. The same restraint in cases of
-necessitie, where they conueniently cannot, and the same
-freedom in cases of libertie, when they commodiously may,
-being reserued to parentes in their daughters, which I
-allowed them in their sonnes, and the same regard to the
-weaknesse and strength of their witts and bodies, the same
-care for their womanly exercises, for helpe of their health,
-and strength of their limmes, being remitted to their considerations,
-which I assigned them in their sonnes, I do
-thinke the same time fit for both, not determinable by
-yeares, but by ripenesse of witte to conceiue without tiring,
-and strength of bodie to trauell without wearying. For
-though the girles seeme commonly to haue a quicker ripening
-in witte, then boyes haue, for all that seeming, yet it is not so.
-Their naturall weaknesse which cannot holde long, deliuers
-very soone, and yet there be as prating boyes, as there be
-pratling wenches. Besides, their braines be not so much
-charged, neither with weight nor with multitude of matters,
-as boyes heades be, and therefore like empty caske they
-make the greater noise. As those men which seeme to be
-very quicke witted by some sudden pretie aunswere, or
-some sharp replie, be not alwaye most burthened, neither
-with lettes, nor learning, but out of small store, they offer
-vs still the floore, and holde most of the mother. Which
-sharpnesse of witte though it be within them, as it bewraeth
-it selfe: yet it might dwell within them a great while,
-without bewraying of it selfe, if studie kept them still, or
-great doinges did dull them: as slight dealinges and imperious,
-do commonly maintaine that kinde of courage.
-Boyes haue it alwaye, but oftimes hide it, bycause their
-stuffe admitteth time: wenches haue it alwaye, and alwaye
-bewray it, bycause their timber abides no tarying. And
-seeing it is in both, it deserues care in both, neither to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_176">176</span>
-timely to stirre them, nor let them loyter to long. As for
-bodies the <i>maidens</i> be more weake, most commonly euen
-by nature, as of a moonish influence, and all our whole
-kinde is weake of the mother side, which when she was first
-made, euen then weakned the mans side. Therefore great
-regard must be had to them, no lesse, nay rather more then
-to boyes in that time. For in proces of time, if they be of
-worth themselues, they may so matche, as the parent may
-take more pleasure in his sonnes by law, then in his heires
-by nature. They are to be the principall pillers in the
-vpholding of housholdes, and so they are likely to proue, if
-they proue well in training. The dearest comfort that man
-can haue, if they encline to good: the nearest corrosiue if
-they tread awry. And therfore charilie to be cared for,
-bearing a iewell of such worth, in a vessel of such weaknesse.
-Thus much for there persons whom I turne ouer to the
-parentes abilitie for charge: to their owne capacitie for
-conceit: in eche degree some, from the lowest in menaltie,
-to the highest in mistriship.</p>
-
-<p>The time hath tied it selfe to strength in both parts, for
-the bodie to trauell, for the soule to conceiue. The exercises
-pray in no case to be forgot as a preseruatiue to the
-body, and a conserue for the soule.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">What.</div>
-
-<p>For the matter what they shall learne, thus I
-thinke, following the custome of my countrie,
-which in that that is vsuall doth lead me on boldly, and in
-that also which is most rare, doth shew me my path, to be
-already troden. So that I shall not neede to erre, if I
-marke but my guide wel. Where rare excellencies in some
-wymen, do but shew vs some one or two parentes good
-successe, in their daughters learning, there is neither president
-to be fetcht, nor precept to be framed. For preceptes
-be to conduct the common, but these singularities be aboue
-the common, presidentes be for hope, those pictures passe
-beyond al hope. And yet they serue for profe to proceede
-by in way of argument, that wymen can learne if they will,
-and may learne what they list, when they bend their wittes
-to it. To learne to read is very common, where conuenientnes
-doth serue, and <i>writing</i> is not refused, where
-oportunitie will yeild it.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Reading.</div>
-
-<p><i>Reading</i> if for nothing else it were, as for
-many thinges else it is, is verie needefull for
-religion, to read that which they must know, and ought to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_177">177</span>
-performe, if they haue not whom to heare, in that matter
-which they read: or if their memorie be not stedfast, by
-reading to reuiue it. If they heare first and after read of
-the selfe same argument, reading confirmes their memorie.
-Here I may not omit many and great contentmentes, many
-and sound comfortes, many and manifoulde delites, which
-those wymen that haue skill and time to reade, without
-hindering their houswifery, do continually receiue by reading
-of some comfortable and wise discourses, penned either in
-forme of historie, or for direction to liue by.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Writing.</div>
-
-<p>As for <i>writing</i>, though it be discommended
-for some priuate cariages, wherein we men also,
-no lesse then wymen, beare oftentimes blame, if that were
-a sufficient exception why we should not learne to write, it
-hath his commoditie where it filleth in match, and helpes
-to enrich the goodmans mercerie. Many good occasions
-are oftentimes offered, where it were better for them to
-haue the vse of their pen, for the good that comes by it,
-then to wish they had it, when the default is felt: and for
-feare of euill, which cannot be auoided in some, to auert
-that good, which may be commodious to many.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Musike.</div>
-
-<p><i>Musicke</i> is much vsed, where it is to be had,
-to the parentes delite, while the daughters be
-yong, more then to their owne, which commonly proueth
-true, when the yong wenches become yong wiues. For
-then lightly forgetting <i>Musicke</i> when they learne to be
-mothers, they giue it in manifest euidence, that in their
-learning of it, they did more seeke to please their parentes,
-then to pleasure themselues. But howsoeuer it is, seeing
-the thing is not reiected, if with the learning of it once, it
-may be retained still (as by order it may) it is ill let go,
-which is got with great paines, and bought with some cost.
-The learninge to sing and plaie by the booke, a matter
-soone had, when <i>Musike</i> is first minded, which still preserue
-the cunning, though discontinuance disturbe. And seeing
-it is but litle which they learne, and the time as litle
-wherein they learne, bycause they haste still on toward
-husbandes, it were expedient, that they learned perfitly, and
-that with the losse of their pennie, they lost not their
-pennieworth also, besides the losse of their time, which is
-the greatest losse of all. I medle not with <i>nedles</i>, nor yet
-with <i>houswiferie</i>, though I thinke it, and know it, to be a
-principall commendation in a woman: to be able to gouerne<span class="pagenum" id="Page_178">178</span>
-and direct her houshold, to looke to her house and familie,
-to prouide and keepe necessaries, though the goodman pay,
-to know the force of her kitchen, for sicknes and health, in
-her selfe and her charge: bycause I deale onely with such
-thinges as be incident to their learning. Which seeing the
-custome of my country doth permit, I may not mislike,
-nay I may wish it with warrant, the thing being good and
-well beseeming their sex. This is the most so farre as I
-remember, which they commonly vse in youth, and participate
-with vs in. If any parent do priuately traine vp his
-children of either sex in any other priuate fantsie of his
-owne, I cannot commend it, bycause I do not know it, and
-if it fortune to die within his priuate walles, I cannot giue
-it life by publike rehearsall. The common and most
-knowne is that, which I haue saide.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">How much.</div>
-
-<p>The next pointe <i>how much</i>, is a question of
-more enquirie, and therefore requireth aduised
-handling. To appoint besides these thinges, which are
-already spoken of, how much further any <i>maide</i> maye proceede
-in matter of learning and traine, is a matter of some
-moment, and concerneth no meane ones. And yet some
-petie lowlinges, do sometimes seeke to resemble, where
-they haue small reason, and will needes seeme like, where
-their petieship cannot light, vsing shew for a shadow, where
-they haue no fitter shift. And therfore in so doing, they
-passe beyond the boundes both of their birth, and their
-best beseeming. Which then discouereth a verie meere
-follie, when a meane parent traineth vp his daughter hie in
-those properties, which I shall streight waye speake of, and
-she matcheth lowe, but within her owne compasse. For in
-such a case those ouerraught qualities for the toyousnesse
-therof being misplaced in her, do cause the young woman
-rather to be toyed withall, as by them giuing signe of some
-idle conceit otherwise, then to be thought verie well of, as
-one wisely brought vp. There is a comlynesse in eche
-kinde, and a decentnesse in degree, which is best obserued,
-when eche one prouides according to his power, without
-ouerreaching. If some odde property do worke preferrement
-beyond proportion, it commonly stayes there, and
-who so shootes at the like, in hope to hit, may sooner misse:
-bycause the wayes to misse be so many, and to hit is but
-one, and wounders which be but onse seene, be no examples
-to resemble. Euery <i>maide</i> maye not hope to speede, as<span class="pagenum" id="Page_179">179</span>
-she would wishe, bycause some one hath sped better then
-she could wishe.</p>
-
-<p>Where the question is <i>how much</i> a woman ought to
-learne, the aunswere may be, so much as shall be needefull.
-If that also come in doubt, the returne may be, either so
-much as her parentes conceiue of her in hope, if her parentage
-be meane, or prouide for her in state, if her birth beare
-a saile. For if the parentes be of calling, and in great
-account, and the daughters capable of some singular
-qualities, many commendable effects may be wrought
-therby, and the young maidens being well trained are verie
-soone commended to right honorable matches, whom they
-may well beseeme, and aunswere much better, their qualities
-in state hauing good correspondence, with their matches of
-state, and their wisedoms also putting to helping hand, for
-the procuring of their common good. Not here to note,
-what frute the common weale may reape, by such witts so
-worthily aduaunced, besides their owne priuate. If the
-parentes be meane, and the <i>maidens</i> in their training shew
-forth at the verie first some singular rarenesse like to ensue,
-if they florish but their naturall, there hope maye grow
-great, that some great matche may as well like of a young
-maiden excellently qualified, as most do delite in brute or
-brutish thinges for some straunge qualitie, either in nature
-to embrase, or in art to maruell. And yet this hope may
-faile. For neither haue great personages alwaye that
-iudgement, nor young <i>maidens</i> alwaye that fortune, though
-the <i>maidens</i> remaine the gainers, for they haue the qualities
-to comfort their mediocrity, and those great ones want
-iudgement to set forth their nobilitie.</p>
-
-<p>This <i>how much</i> consisteth either in perfiting of those
-forenamed foure, <i>reading</i> well, <i>writing</i> faire, <i>singing</i> sweete,
-<i>playing</i> fine, beyond all cry and aboue all comparison, that
-pure excellencie in things but ordinarie may cause extraordinarie
-liking: or else in skill of languages annexed to
-these foure, that moe good giftes may worke more wounder.
-“For meane is a maime where excellencie is the maruell.”
-To hope for hie mariages, is good meat, but not for mowers,
-to haue leasure to take delite in these gentlewomanly
-qualities, is no worke for who will: Nay to be a paragon
-among princes, to vse such singularities, for the singular
-good of the general state, and the wonder of her person,
-were a wish in dispaire, were not true proofe the iust<span class="pagenum" id="Page_180">180</span>
-warrant, that such a thing may be wished, bycause in our
-time we haue found it, euen then, when we did wish it
-most, and in the ende more maruellous, then at first we
-durst haue wished. The euentes in these wymen which
-we see in our dayes, to haue bene brought vp in learning,
-do rule this conclusion. That such personages as be borne
-to be princes, or matches to great peeres, or to furnish out
-such traines, for some peculiar ornamentes to their place
-and calling, are to receiue this kinde of education in the
-highest degree, that is conuenient for their kinde. But
-princely <i>maidens</i> aboue all: bycause occasion of their
-height standes in neede of such giftes, both to honour
-themselues, and to discharge the duetie, which the countries,
-conmitted to their hands, do daily call for, and besides
-what matche is more honorable, then when desert for rare
-qualities, doth ioine it selfe, with highnesse in degree? I
-feare no workmanship in wymen to giue them <i>Geometrie</i>
-and her sister sciencies: to make them <i>Mathematicalls</i>,
-though I meane them <i>Musicke</i>: nor yet barres to plead at,
-to leaue them the lawes: nor vrinalls to looke on, to lend
-them some Physicke, though the skil of herbes haue bene
-the studie of nobilitie, by the <i>Persian</i> storie, and much
-commended in wymen: nor pulpittes to preach in, to vtter
-their <i>Diuinitie</i>: though by learning of some language, they
-can talke of the lining: and for direction of their life, they
-must be afforded some, though not as preachers and leaders:
-yet as honest perfourmers, and vertuous liuers. <i>Philosophie</i>
-would furnish their generall discourses, if their leasure
-could entend it: but the knowledge of some toungues,
-either of substaunce in respect of deeper learning, or account
-for the present time may verie well be wisht them: and
-those faculties also, which do belong to the furniture of
-speache, may be verie well allowed them, bycause toungues
-be most proper, where they do naturally arme. If I should
-allow them the <i>pencill</i> to draw, as the penne to write, and
-thereby entitle them to all my Elementarie principles, I
-might haue reason for me. For it neither requireth any
-great labour to fraye young maidens from it, and it would
-helpe their nedle, to beautifie their workes: and it is maintainable
-by very good examples euen of their owne kinde.
-<i>Timarete</i><a id="FNanchor_59_59" href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">59</a> the vertuous, daughter to <i>Mycon</i>: <i>Irene</i> the
-curteous, daughter to <i>Cratinus</i>: <i>Aristarete</i> the absolute,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_181">181</span>
-daughter to <i>Nearchus</i>: <i>Lala</i> the eloquent, and euer maide of
-<i>Cyzicus</i>: <i>Martia</i> the couragious, daughter to <i>Varro</i> the best
-learned and most loued of any <i>Romain</i>, and many mo besides,
-did so vse the <i>pencill</i>, as their fame therefore is so much the
-fairer, bycause the fact in that sex is so seldome and rare.</p>
-
-<p>And is not a young gentlewoman, thinke you, thoroughly
-furnished, which can reade plainly and distinctly, write
-faire and swiftly, sing cleare and sweetely, play wel and
-finely, vnderstand and speake the learned languages, and
-those toungues also which the time most embraseth, with
-some <i>Logicall</i> helpe to chop, and some <i>Rhetoricke</i> to braue.
-Besides the matter which is gathered, while these toungues
-be either learned, or lookt on, as wordes must haue seates,
-no lesse then rayment bodies. Were it any argument of
-an vnfurnished maiden, besides these qualities to draw
-cleane in good proportion, and with good symmetrie?
-Now if she be an honest woman, and a good housewife to,
-were she not worth the wishing, and worthy the shryning?
-and yet such there be, and such we know. Or is it likely
-that her children shalbe eare a whit the worse brought vp,
-if she be a <i>Lælia</i>, an <i>Hortensia</i>, or a <i>Cornelia</i>, which were
-so endued and noted for so doing? It is written of <i>Eurydice</i>
-the <i>Epirote</i><a id="FNanchor_60_60" href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">60</a> that after she began to haue children, she
-sought to haue learning, to bring then vp skilfully, whom
-she brought forth naturally. Which thing she perfourmed
-in deede, a most carefull mother, and a most skilfull
-mistresse. For which her well doing, she hath wonne the
-reward, to be enrowled among the most rare matrones.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Where and
-when.</div>
-
-<p>Now there is nothing left to ende this treatise
-of young <i>maidens</i>, but where and vnder whom,
-they are to learne, which question will be
-sufficiently resolued, vpon consideration of the time how
-long they are to learne, which time is commonly till they
-be about thirtene or fouretene yeares old, wherein as the
-matter, which they must deale with all, cannot be very
-much in so litle time, so the perfitting thereof requireth
-much trauel, though their time be so litle, and there would
-be some shew afterward, wherein their trayning did auaile
-them. They that may continue some long time at learning,
-thorough the state and abilitie of their parentes haue also
-their time and place sutably appointed, by the foresight of
-their parentes. So that the time resting in priuate forecast,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_182">182</span>
-I can not reduce it to generall precept, but onely thus farre,
-that in perfitnes it may shew, how well it was employed.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The places.</div>
-
-<p>The places wherein they learne be either
-<i>publike</i>, if they go forth to the <i>Elementarie</i>
-schole, or <i>priuate</i> if they be taught at home. The teacher
-either of their owne sex or of ours.</p>
-
-<p>For <i>publike</i> places, bycause in that kinde there is no
-publike prouision, but such as the professours of their
-training do make of them selues, I can say little, but
-leaue them to that and to their parentes circumspection,
-which both in their being abroad, during their minority,
-and in bringing them vp at home after their minoritie,
-I know will be very diligent to haue all thinges well. For
-their teachers, their owne sex were fittest in some respectes,
-but ours frame them best, and with good regard to some
-circumstances will bring them vp excellently well, specially
-if their parentes be either of learning to iudge, or of authoritie
-to commaund, or of both, to do both, as experience
-hath taught vs in those, which haue proued so well. The
-greater borne Ladyes and gentlewymen, as they are to
-enioy the benefit of this education most, so they haue best
-meanes to prosecute it best, being neither restrained in
-wealth, but to haue the best teachers, and greatest helpes:
-neither abbridged in time, but to ply all at full. And thus
-I take my leaue of yong maidens and gentlewymen, to
-whom I wish as well, as I haue saide well of them.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_183">183</span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_39">CHAPTER 39.</h2>
-
-
-<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of the traning vp of yong gentlemen. Of priuate and publike
-education, with their generall goods and illes. That there
-is no better way for gentlemen to be trained by in any
-respect then the common is being well appointed. Of rich-mens
-children which be no gentlemen. Of nobilitie in
-generall. Of gentlemanlie exercises. What it is to be a
-nobleman, or a gentleman. That infirmities in noble houses
-be not to be triumphed ouer. The causes and groundes of
-nobilitie. Why so many desire to be gentlemen. That
-gentlemen ought to professe learning and liberall sciences
-for many good and honorable effectes. Of trauelling into
-forraine countries: with all the braunches allowance and
-disallowance thereof: and that it were to be wished, that
-gentlemen would professe, to make sciences liberall in vse,
-which are liberall in name. Of the trayning vp of a yong
-prince.</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">In</span> the last title I did declare at large, how yong maidens
-in ech degree were to be auaunced in learning, which
-me thought was verie incident to my purpose, bycause
-they be counter-braunches to vs in the kinde of mortall
-and reasonable creatures, and also for that in eche degree
-of life, they be still our mates, and sometime our mistresses,
-through the benefit of law, and honorablenes of birth.
-Now considering they ioyne allway with vs in number and
-nearenes, and sometime exceede vs in dignitie and calling:
-as they communicate with vs in all qualities, and all honours
-euen vp to the scepter, so why ought they not in any wise
-but be made communicantes with vs in education and
-traine, to performe that part well, which they are to play,
-for either equalitie with vs, or soueraintie aboue vs? Here
-now ensueth another title of meruelous importaunce, for
-the kinde of people, whereof I am to entreat: bycause their
-state is still in the superlatiue, and the greatest executions
-be theirs by degree, though sometime they leese them by
-their owne default, and set them ouer to such, as nature
-maketh noble by ingenerate vertues. I meane the trayning
-vp of yong <i>gentlemen</i> in euery degree and to what so euer
-ascent, bycause euen the crowne and kingdome is their
-height, though it come to the female, when their side faileth.
-For <i>gentlemen</i> will commonly be exempt from the common,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_184">184</span>
-as in title, so also in traine, refrayning the publike, though
-they hold of the male, and preferring the priuate, to be
-liker to maidens, whose education is most priuate, bycause
-of their kinde, and therefore not misliked: whereas yong
-gentlemen should be publike, bycause of their vse. And
-for not being such, they beare some blame, as therein contrarying
-both all the best ordered common weales, and all
-the most excellent and the learnedest writers, which bring
-vp euen the best princes allway with great company.</p>
-
-<p>But seeing they wilbe priuate, and I take vpon me not
-to leap ouer any, which light within my compasse, and
-chiefly yong gentlemen, whose ordinarie greatnes is to
-gouerne our state, and to be publike pillers for the prince
-to leane on, and the people to staie by: their priuate choice
-commaundes me a priuate consideration, which in yong
-gentlewymen needed not any handling, bycause it beseemeth
-them to be taught in priuate: in <i>gentlemen</i> it needeth,
-the case being doubtfull, whether priuate trayning be their
-best or no. And though this argument succede yong
-maidens in order of methode, I hope yong gentlemen will
-not be offended neither with me for the placing, seeing the
-other sex is in possesssion of prerogatiue, nor with them for
-being so placed, which haue wone the best place.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Of priuate
-education.</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Priuate.</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Education.</div>
-
-<p>This question for the bringing vp of yong
-gentlemen offereth the deciding of an other
-ordinarie controuersie, betwene <i>publike</i> education
-and <i>priuate</i>, which verie name in nature is enemy to
-publike, as inclosure is to common, and swelling to much
-ouerlayeth the common, not onely in <i>education</i>, where it
-both corrupteth by planting a to priuate habit, and is
-corrupted it selfe by a degenerate forme, but also in most
-thinges else. Yet do I not deny both personall properties
-and priuate realities, which law doth allow in priuate possessions,
-euen there, where friendship makes thinges to be
-most common by participation. I will therefore speake a
-litle of this <i>priuate</i> traine, before I passe to the
-<i>education</i> of <i>gentlemen</i>. What doe these two
-wordes import, <i>priuate education</i>? <i>Priuate</i> is that, which
-hath respect in all circumstances to some one of choice: as
-<i>publike</i> in all circumstances regardeth euery one alike.
-<i>Education</i> is the bringing vp of one, not to liue
-alone, but amongest others, (bycause companie
-is our naturall cognisaunce) whereby he shall be best able<span class="pagenum" id="Page_185">185</span>
-to execute those doings in life, which the state of his calling
-shall employ him vnto, whether <i>publike</i> abrode, or <i>priuate</i>
-at home, according vnto the direction of his countrie, whereunto
-he is borne, and oweth his whole seruice. All the
-functions here be publike and regard euery one, euen where
-the thinges do seeme to be most priuate, bycause the maine
-direction remaineth in the publike, and the priuate must be
-squared, as it will best ioyne with that: and yet we restraine
-<i>education</i> to <i>priuate</i>, all whose circumstaunces be singular
-to one. As if he that were brought vp alone, should also
-euer liue alone, as if one should say, I will haue you to
-deale with all, but neuer to see all: your end shalbe <i>publike</i>,
-your meane shalbe <i>priuate</i>, that is to say, such a meane as
-hath no minde to bring you to that end, which you seeme
-to pretend: Bycause naturally <i>priuate</i> is sworne enemy to
-<i>publike</i> in all euentes, as it doth appeare when <i>priuate</i> gaine
-vndoeth the common, though <i>publike</i> still pretend friendship
-to all that is <i>priuate</i> in distributiue effects, as it is
-plainely seene when the <i>publike</i> care doth helpe ech <i>priuate</i>,
-and by cherishing the singuler maintaineth the generall,
-whereas the priuate letteth the publike drowne, so it selfe
-may flete aboue. For in deed they march mostwhat from
-seuerall groundes to seuerall issues by most seuerall and
-least sutable meanes, the one in nature a rowmy <i>pallace</i> full
-of most varietie to content the minde, the other a close
-<i>prison</i>, tedious to be tied to, where the sense is shackled:
-the one in her kinde, a <i>libertie</i>, a broade <i>feild</i>, an open <i>aire</i>,
-the other in the contrarie kinde, a <i>pinfold</i>, a <i>cage</i>, a <i>cloister</i>:
-Neither do I take these tearmes to make a fit diuision,
-where the end is still <i>common</i> and the abuse <i>priuate</i>. For
-how can <i>education</i> be <i>priuate</i>? it abuseth the name as it
-abuseth the thing. If they will say <i>education</i> is either good
-or ill, and vse the naturall name, then methinke the disembling
-which is shadowed in the tearme <i>priuate</i> would soone
-appeare: though there can be no worse name then <i>priuate</i>,
-sauing where the publike doth appoint it, which in education
-it will not, thereby to foster her owne foe: though in possessions
-it do, to haue subsidies to sustaine, and paiements
-to maintaine her great common charge.</p>
-
-<p>And though in communities of kinde which naturally is
-deuided into spieces, <i>nature</i> engraffe <i>priuate</i> differences for
-distinction sake, as <i>reason</i> in man to part him from a beast,
-yet that difference remaineth one still, bycause there is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_186">186</span>
-none better: which countenaunce of best cannot here be
-pretended, bycause in <i>education priuate</i> is the worst. This
-<i>priuate</i> renting in sunder of persons, for a pretended best
-<i>education</i>, which must passe on togither after <i>education</i> is
-verie daungerous in all daies, for many priuate pushes,
-while euery parent can serue his owne humour, be it neuer
-so distempered: by the secrecie of his owne house, not to
-be discouered: by the choyce of his teacher, which will be
-ready to follow, if he forgoe not in folley: by the obedience
-of his child, which must learne as he is led, or else be beaten
-for not learning: which must obey as he is bid, or else lease
-his parent blessing. In <i>publicke</i> schooles this swaruing in
-affection from the <i>publicke</i> choice in no case can be. The
-master is in eye, what he saith is in eare: the doctrine is
-examined: the childe is not alone, and there must he learne
-that which is laid vnto him in the hearing of all and censure
-of all. Whatsoeuer inconueniences do grow in <i>common</i>
-schooles, (as where the dealers be men, how can there be
-but maimes?) yet the <i>priuate</i> is much worse, and hatcheth
-moe odde ills. Naturally it is not built vpon vnitie, brad by
-disunion, to seeme to see more then the common man doth,
-to seeme to preuent that by <i>priuate</i> wit, which the common
-doth incurre by vnaduised follie: to seeme to gaine more
-in secrecie, then the common giues in ciuilitie. By cloistering
-from the common it will seeme to keepe a countenaunce
-farre aboue the common, euen from the first cradle. Wherby
-it becomes the <i>puffer</i> vp to <i>pride</i> in the recluse, and the
-<i>direction</i> to <i>disdaine</i>, by dreaming still of bettership: the
-enemie to vnitie, betwene the vnequall: the ouerwayning
-of ones selfe, not compared with others, the disiointing of
-agreement, where the higher contemneth his inferiour with
-skorne, and the lower doth stomacke his superiour with
-spite: the one gathering snuffe, the other grudge.</p>
-
-<p>This kinde of traine which soweth the corne of dissension
-by difference, where the haruest of consent is the harbour
-of common loue, the indissoluble chaine of countriemens
-comfort, may very well be bettered, and much better be
-forborne, bycause by the way it tempereth still the poyson
-of a creeping spite. And certainly the nature of the thing
-doth tend this way, though chaunging bytimes to better
-choice, or the common check, which will not be controwled,
-do many and often times interrupt the course. And though
-the child in proces proue better, and shew himselfe curteous,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_187">187</span>
-contrarie to my note, and the verie nature of priuate education,
-thanke naturall goodnesse or experience seene abroad,
-not the kinde of education, which in her owne sternnesse
-alloweth no such curtesie, though the childe see it in his
-parentes, and finde it in his bookes. And somtimes also
-it maketh him to shepish bashfull, when he comes to the
-light: as being vnacquainted with resort: though generally
-he be somwhat to childish bold, by noting nothing, but
-that which he breedes of himselfe in his solitarie traine,
-where he is best himselfe, and hath none to controwle him,
-no not his maister himselfe, but vnder confession, how so
-euer the title of maister do pretend authoritie and the name
-of scholer, make shew of obedience in priuate cloistring.
-I neede not saie all, but in this short manner, I seeke to
-giue occasion for them to see all, which desire to sift more,
-both for the matter of their learning, and the manner of
-their liuing.</p>
-
-<p>Do ye know what it is for one to be acquainted with all
-children in his childhood, which must liue with them being
-men in his manhood? Is the common bringing vp being
-well appointed good for the common man, and not for him
-of more height? and doth not that deserue to be liked on
-in priuate, which is thoroughly tryed being showed forth in
-common, and sifted by the seeing? which without any
-great alteration, for the matter of traine will be very well
-content to be pent vp within priuate dores, though it mislike
-the cloistring, in priuating the person. Sure that common
-which is well cast, must needes helpe the priuate, as one of
-her partes and feede one child very well being a generall
-mother to all: but priuate be it neuer so well cast in the
-sternnesse of his kinde, still drawes from the publike. I
-count not that priuate which is executed at home for a
-publike vse, in respect of the place, for so all doinges be
-priuate, but that which will be at home, as better so. And
-why? for the priuate parties good. But it should seeme
-generally that the question is not so much for the manner
-of education, nor for the matter, wherin, but for the place
-where, as if that, which is good for all in common, should
-not be good for some but in priuate. I must speake it
-vnder pardon. The effect commendes the common: for
-that the common education in the middest of common
-mediocritie bringeth vp such wittes to such excellencie, as
-serue in all degrees, yea euen next to the hyest, wheras<span class="pagenum" id="Page_188">188</span>
-priuate education in the middest of most wealth, if it
-maintaine it selfe with any more then bare mediocritie
-both of learning and iudgement, when it is at the hyest, let
-him that hath shewed more, giue charge to the chalenge.
-And yet some one young mans odnesse, though it be odde
-in deed, ouerthroweth not the question. And oftimes the
-report of that odnesse which we see not in effect, but heare
-of in speeche, falles out very lame, if the reporters iudgement
-be aduisedly considered, though for the authoritie and
-countenaunce of the man, skill giue place to boldnesse, and
-silence to ciuilitie: which otherwise would replie against it.
-There is no comparison betwene the two kindes, set affection
-apart. If the priuate pupill chaunce to come to speake,
-it falleth out mostwhat dreamingly, bycause priuitie in
-traine is a punishment to the tongue: and in teaching of a
-language to exclude companions of speeche, is to seeke to
-quenche thrist, and yet to close the mouth so, as no moysture
-can get in. If he come to write, it is leane, and nothing
-but skinne, and commonly bewrayes great paines in the
-maister, which brought forth euen so much, being quite
-reft of all helping circunstance, to ease his great labour, by
-his pupilles conference, with more companie. Which is but
-a small benefit to the child, that might haue had much
-more if his course had bene chaunged. He can but vtter
-that, which he heares, and he heares none but one, which
-one though he know all, yet can vtter but litle, bycause
-what one auditorie is two or three boyes for a learned man
-to prouoke him to vtteraunce? If he trauelled to vtter,
-and one of iudgement should stand behinde a couert to
-heare him, methinke he should heare a straunge orator
-straining his pipes, to perswade straunge people, and the
-boye if he were alone, fast a sleepe, or if he had a fellow,
-playing vnder the bourd, with his hand or feete, hauing one
-eye vpon his talking maister, and the other eye on his
-playing mate. If the nyne <i>Muses</i> and <i>Apollo</i> their president
-were painted vpon the wall, he might talke to them with
-out either laughing or lowring, they would serue him for
-places of memorie, or for hieroglyphicall partitions. If he
-that is taught alone misse, as he must often, hauing either
-none, or verie small companie to helpe his memorie, which
-multitude serues for in common scholes, where the hearing
-of many confirmes the sitter by, shall he runne to his
-maister? if he do that boldly, it will breede contempt in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_189">189</span>
-the ende: if he do it with feare, it will dull him for not
-daring. And though it be verie good for the child, not to
-be afrayd to aske counsell of his maister in that, where he
-doubteth, yet if he finde easie entertainment he will doubt
-still, rather then do his diligence, not to haue cause to
-doubt. If the priuate scholer proue cunninger afterward,
-then I conceiue he can be by priuate education, there was
-some forreine helpe which auaunced him abroad, it was not
-his traine within being tyed to the stake, which offereth
-that violence to my assertion.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Why is priuate
-teaching so
-much vsed?</div>
-
-<p>But what leades the priuate, and why is it so
-much vsed? There must needes be some reason,
-which alieneth the particular parente from the
-publike discipline, which I do graunt to very great ones,
-bycause the further they rise from the multitude in number,
-and aboue them in degree, the more priuate they grow as
-in person, so in traine: and the prince himselfe being one
-and singular must needes embrace the priuate discipline,
-wherin he sheweth great valure in his person, if by priuate
-meanes, he mount aboue the publike. And yet if euen the
-greatest, could haue his traine so cast, as he might haue the
-companie of a good choice number, wherein to see all
-differences of wittes, how to discerne of all, which must
-deale with all, were it any sacrilege?</p>
-
-<p>But for the gentleman generally, which flyeth not so high,
-but fluttereth some litle aboue the ordinarie common, why
-doth he make his choice rather to be like them aboue,
-which still grow priuater, then to like of them below, which
-can grow no lower, and yet be supporters, to stay vp the
-whole, and liker to himselfe, then he is to the highest? To
-haue his child learne better maners, and more vertuous
-conditions? As bad at home as abroad, and brought into
-schooles, not bred there. To auoide confusion and multitude?
-His child shall marke more, and so proue the
-wiser: the multitude of examples being the meanes to
-discretion. Nay in a number, though he finde some lewd,
-whom to flie, he shall spie many toward, whom to follow:
-and withall in schooles he shall perceaue that vice is punished,
-and vertue praised, which where it is not, there is daunger to
-good manners, but not in schooles, where it is very diligently
-obserued, bycause in publike view, necessitie is the spurre.
-To keepe him in health by biding at home for feare of
-infection abroad? Death is within dores, and dainties at<span class="pagenum" id="Page_190">190</span>
-home haue destroyed more children then daunger abroad.
-Doth affection worke stay, and can ye not parte from your
-childes presence? That is to fond. And any cause else
-admittes controwlement, sauing onely state in princes children,
-and princelike personages, which are to farre aboue
-the common: by reason of great circunstance. And yet
-their circunstance were better, if they saw the common,
-ouer whom they command, and with due circumspectnesse
-could auoid all daungers, whervnto the greatest be commonly
-subiect, by great desires, not in themselues to haue,
-but in others that hope, which make the greatnesse of their
-gaine their colour against iustice, where they iniurie most.
-It is enough that is ment, though I say no more: besides
-that by a <i>Persian</i> principle, the seldome seing in princes,
-workes admiration the more, when they are to be seene.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Send your
-priuate M. with
-your child to the
-common schoole.</div>
-
-<p>Vse common scholes to the best, ioyne a
-tutor to your childe, let <i>Quintilian</i> be your
-guide, all thinges will be well done, where such
-care is at hand, and that is much better done,
-which is done before witnes to encourage the childe. <i>Comparisons</i>
-inspire vertues, <i>hearing</i> spreads learning: one is
-none and if he do something at home, what would he do
-with company? It is neuer settled, that wanteth an aduersarie,
-to quicken the spirites, to stirre courage, to finde out
-affections.</p>
-
-<p>For the maisters valew, which is content to be cloistered,
-I will say nothing, entertainement makes digressions euen
-to that, which we like not. But if it would please the
-priuate parent, to send his sonne with his priuate maister
-to a common schoole, that might do all parties very much
-good. For the schole being well ordered, and appointed
-for matter and maner to learne, where number is pretended
-to cumber the maister, and to mince his labour so, as ech
-one can haue but some litle, though his voice be like the
-<i>Sunne</i>, which at one time with one light shineth vpon all:
-yet the priuate scholer, by the helpe of his priuate maister
-in the common place hath his full applying, and the whole
-<i>Sunne</i>, if no lesse will content him. The common maister
-thereby will be carefull to haue the best: the priuate
-teacher willbe curiouse to come but to the very best:
-wherby both the priuate and publike scholers shall be sure
-to receiue the best. And if the publike maister be chosen
-accordingly, as allowance will allure euen the principall<span class="pagenum" id="Page_191">191</span>
-best, priuate cunning will not disdaine to be one degree
-beneth, where he knoweth himselfe bettered. And thereby
-disagreement betwene the two teachers will be quite excluded
-which onely might be the meane to marre both my
-meaning and <i>Qintilianes</i> counsell. Sure my resolution is,
-which if it winne no liking abroade may returne againe
-homeward, and be wellcome to his maister, that that which
-must be continued and exercised in publike, the residue of
-ones life, were best to be learned in publike, from the
-beginning of ones life. And if ye will needes be priuate,
-make your priuate publike, and drawe as many to your
-priuate maister, for your priuate sonnes sake, seeing you
-are able to prouide rowme, bycause that will proue to be
-best for your child, as shalbe able to keepe some forme of
-our multitude, that he may haue one companie before him
-to follow and learne of, an other beneth to teach and vaunt
-ouer, the third of his owne standing, with whom to striue
-for praise of forwardnes. Whereby it falleth out still, that
-that priuate is best, which consisteth of some chosen number
-for a priuate ende: and that multitude best, where choice
-restraines number, for the publike seruice: for in deede the
-common scholes be as much ouercharged with too many,
-as any priuate is with to few. Which how it may either be
-helpt, or in that confusion be better handled, I will hereafter
-in my priuate executions declare, seeing I haue noted
-the defect.</p>
-
-<p>To knit vp this question therefore of priuate and publike
-<i>education</i>, I do take publike to be simply the better: as
-being more vpon the stage, where faultes be more seene,
-and so sooner amended, as being the best meane both for
-vertue and learning, which follow in such sort, as they be
-first planted. What <i>vertue</i> is private? <i>wisedome</i> to forsee,
-what is good for a desert? <i>courage</i> to defend, where there
-is no assailant? <i>temperance</i> to be modest, where none is to
-chaleng? <i>Iustice</i> to do right, where none is to demaunde it?
-what <i>learning</i> is for alonnesse? did it not come from collection
-in publike dealinges, and can it shew her force in
-priuate affaires, which seeme affraid of the publike? Compare
-the best in both the kinds, there the ods wil appeare.
-If ye compare a priuate scholer, of a very fine capacity,
-and worthy the open field, so well trayned by a diligent
-and a discreat maister as that traine will yeald: with a
-blockhead brought vp under a publike teacher, not of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_192">192</span>
-best sort, or if in comparison ye march a toward priuate
-teacher with a weake publike maister, ye say somwhat to
-the persons but smallie to the thing, which in <i>equalitie</i>
-shewes the difference, in <i>inequalitie</i> deceiues the doubter,
-and then most, when to augment his owne liking, he wil
-make the conference odde, to seeme to auaunce errour,
-where the truth is against him. And to saye all in one, the
-publike pestring with any reasonable consideration, though
-it be not the best, yet in good sooth, it farre exceedeth the
-priuate alonenesse, though sometime a diligent priuate
-teacher shew some great effect of his maine endeuour.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">That the
-circunstance is
-one in gentlemen
-and common
-mens children.</div>
-
-<p>But to the education of <i>gentlemen</i> and <i>gentlemanly</i>
-fellowes. What time shal I appoint
-them to begin to learne? Their witts be as
-the common, their bodies oftimes worse. The
-same circunstance, the same consideration for
-time must direct all degrees. What thing shall they learne?
-I know none other, neither can I appoint better, then that
-which I did appoint for all. The common and priuate
-concurre herin. Neither shall the priuate scholer go any
-faster on, nay perhaps not so fast, for all the helpe of his
-whole maister, then our boyes shall, with the bare helpe,
-that is in number and multitude, euery boye being either a
-maister for his fellow to learne by, or an example to set
-him on, to better him if he be negligent, to be like him, if
-he be diligent.</p>
-
-<p>Onely this, young <i>gentlemen</i> must haue some choice of
-peculiar matter, still appropriat vnto them, bycause they
-be to gouerne vnder their prince in principall places: those
-vertues and vertuous lessons must be still layd before them,
-which do appertaine to gouernement, to direct others well,
-and belong to obedience, to guide themselues wisely. For
-being in good place, and hauing good to leese, it will proue
-their ill, by vndiscrete attemptes to become prayes to
-distresse. And yet for all this, the generall matter of
-duetie being commonly taught, eche one may applie the
-generall to his owne priuate, without drawing any priuate
-argument into a schoole, for the priuitie not to be communicate
-but with those of the same calling: considering
-the property of that argument falleth as oft to the good of
-the common, whom vertue auaunceth, as the <i>gentlemens</i>
-credit, whom negligence abaseth. What exercises shall
-they haue? The verie same. What maisters? The same<span class="pagenum" id="Page_193">193</span>
-What circunstance else? All one and the same: but that
-for their place and time, their choice makes them priuate,
-though nothing the better for want of good fellowship.
-And if they proue so well trained, as the generall plat for
-all infancie doth promise, and so well exercised, as the
-thing is well ment them, they shall haue no cause, much to
-complaine of the publike, nor any matter at all why to
-couet to be priuate. For it is no meane stuffe, which is
-prouided euen for the meanest to be stored with.</p>
-
-<p>These thinges gentlemen haue, and are much bound to
-God for them, which may make them proue excellent, if
-they vse them well: <i>great abilitie</i> to go thorough withall,
-where the poorer must giue ouer, eare he come to the ende:
-<i>great leasure</i> to vse libertie, where the meaner must labour:
-<i>all oportunities</i> at will, where the common is restrained: so
-that singularitie in them if it be missed, discommendes
-them, bycause they haue such meanes and yet misse: if it
-hit in the meaner, it makes their account more, bycause
-their meane was small, but their diligence exceeding.
-Whereby negligence in gentlemen is euer more blamed,
-bycause of great helpes, which helpe nothing: diligence in
-the meaner is alway more praised, bycause of great wantes,
-which hinder nothing: and those prefermentes, which by
-degree are due vnto gentlemen, thorough their negligence
-being by them forsaken, are bestowed vpon the meaner,
-whose diligent endeuour made meane to enioy them.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Riche men no
-gentlemen.</div>
-
-<p>1. As for <i>riche</i> men which being no <i>gentlemen</i>,
-but growing to wealth by what meanes soeuer,
-will counterfeat <i>gentlemen</i> in the education of
-their children, as if money made equalitie, and the purse
-were the preferrer, and no further regard: which contemne
-the common from whence they came, which cloister vp
-their youth, as boding further state: they be in the same
-case for <i>abilitie</i>, though farre behinde for <i>gentilitie</i>. But as
-they came from the common, so they might with more
-commendacion, continue their children in that kinde, which
-brought vp the parentes and made them so wealthy, and
-not to impatronise themselues vnto a degree to farre beyond
-the dounghill. For of all the meanes to make a gentleman,
-it is the most vile, to be made for money. Bycause all
-other meanes beare some signe of vertue, this onely meane
-is to bad a meane, either to matche with great birth, or to
-mate great worth. For the most parte it is miserably<span class="pagenum" id="Page_194">194</span>
-scraped to the murthering of many a poore magot, while
-liuely cheese is lusty cheare, to spare expenses, that <i>Iacke</i>
-maye be a gentleman. If sparing were the worst, though
-in the worst degree, that were not the worst, nay it hath
-shew of witte: The rest which I tuch not, be so shamefull
-and so knowen to be such, and deserue so great hatred as
-nothing more. Besides the insolencie of the people, triumphing
-ouer them in their cuppes, by whom they buy their
-drinke: which shiftes be shamefull to the world, and hatefull
-to heauen: and too too filthy to be honored vpon earth
-with either armes by harold, or honour by any. He that
-will reade but <i>Aristophanes</i> his blinde <i>Plutus</i> the God of
-richesse, and marke the old fellowes fashions shall see his
-humour naturally, as that poete was not the worst resembler
-though he were not the best man.</p>
-
-<p>For to become a <i>gentleman</i> is to beare the cognisance of
-vertue, wherto honour is companion: the vilest diuises be
-the readiest meanes to become most wealthy, and ought
-not to looke honour in the face, bycause it ioynes not with
-iustice, which greate wealth by the Greeke verse, οὐδεὶς
-ἐπλοὐτησε ταχέως, δίκαιος ὤν, is noted to refuse, and commonly
-dare not name the meane right, whereby it groweth
-great. And though witte be pretended to haue made their
-way, it is not denied but that witte may serue euen to the
-worst effectes, and to wring many a thousand to make one
-a gentleman. It is not witte, that carieth the praise, but
-the matter, wheron, and the manner how it is, or hath bene
-ill or well employed. Witte bestowed vpon the common
-good with wise demeanour, deserueth well: the same holy
-giuen to fill a priuate purse, by any meane, so it be secrete:
-by any misdemeanour, so it be not seene: deserueth no
-prais for that which is seen, but is to be suspected, for that
-which is not seene. These people by their generall trades,
-will make thousandes poore: and for giuing one penie to
-any one poore of those many thousandes will be counted
-charitable. They will giue a scholer some petie poore
-exhibition to seeme to be religious, and vnder a sclender
-veale of counterfeat liberalitie, hide the spoile of the ransaked
-pouertie. And though they do not professe the
-impouershing of purpose, yet their kinde of dealing doth
-pierce as it passeth: and a thousand pound gaines bowelles
-twentie thousand persons. Of these kinde of folkes I
-entend not to speake, bycause their state is both casuall,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_195">195</span>
-and belongeth to the common: and their gentilitie bastardise:
-and yet while I frame a gentleman, if any of them
-take the benefit of my aduice, gentle men must beare with
-me, if my precepts be vsurped on, where their state is
-intruded on.</p>
-
-<p>My purpose is to employ my paines vpon such as are
-<i>gentlemen</i> in deede, and in right iudgement of their vnbewitched
-countrie do serue in best place: neither will I
-rip vp what some write of nobilitie in generall, whether by
-birth or by discent: nor what other write of true nobilitie,
-as disclayming in that which vertue auaunceth not: nor
-what other write of learned nobilitie, as accounting that
-simply the best, where vertue and learning do beawtifie
-the subiect. One might talke beyond enough, and write
-beyond measure, that would examine what such a one
-saith of nobilitie in greeke, such a one in latin, such in
-other seuerall toungues, bycause the argument is so large,
-the vse of nobilitie streaching so farre, and so braue a
-subiect cannot chuse but minister passing braue discourses.
-There be so many vertues to commend it, all the brymmer
-in sight the clearer their subiect is: so many vices to
-assaile it whose disfiguring is foulest, where it falleth in the
-face, and must needes be sene.</p>
-
-<p>All these offered occasions, to enlarge and amplyfie this
-so honorable an argument, I meane to forbeare, and giue
-onely this note vnto yong gentlemen: That if their calling
-had not bene of very great worth in deede, as it is of most
-shew in place, it could neuer haue wone so many learned
-workes, it could neuer haue perced so many excellent wittes,
-to reioyce with it in good, to mourn with it in ill, and to
-make the meditation of nobilitie, to be matter for them to
-maruell. And that therfore it doth stand <i>nobilitie</i> vpon, to
-maintaine that glorie in their families with prayse, which
-learned men in so many languages, do charge them with in
-precept. My friend to be carefull, that I keepe all well,
-and my selfe to be carelesse and consume all ill? an honest
-friend and an honorable care. But what am I? my auncetours
-to auaunce my howse to honour, my selfe to spoile it,
-and bring it to decaye? The auauncement vertuous, the
-aduauncer commendable. But what am I? a <i>gentleman</i> in
-birth and nothing else but brauerie. A sory shew which
-shameth, where it shapeth. It is value that giues name
-and note to <i>nobilitie</i>, it is vertue must endow it, or vice will<span class="pagenum" id="Page_196">196</span>
-vndoe it. The more high the more heynouse, if it fortune
-to faile: the more bruted the more brutish if it fatall vnder
-fame. Which seeing it is so, as I wish the race well, so I
-wish their traine were good, and if it were possible euen
-better then the common, but that cannot be. For the
-common well appointed is simply the best, and euen fittest,
-for them, bycause they may haue it full, where the meaner
-haue it maimed. Their sufficiencie is so able to wyn it
-with perfection, for leasure at will, for labour at ease, for
-want the least, for wealth the most, in all thinges absolute,
-in nothing vnperfit, if they faile not themselues.</p>
-
-<p>But bycause I meane briefly to runne through this title
-of nobilitie, which concerneth the worthiest part of our
-state and country, whatsoeuer cauelling the enemies of
-<i>nobility</i> pretend, whose good education must be applied
-according vnto their degrees and endes, to the commoditie
-and honour of our state and countrie: Before that I do
-meddle with their traine, and shew what is most for them,
-and best liked in them, I will examine those pointes which
-by good education be best got, and being once got do
-beawtifie them most, which two considerations be not impertinent
-to my purpose, bycause I tender their education,
-to haue them proue best.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The method of
-the discourse
-that followeth.</div>
-
-<p>My first note in nature of methode must
-needes be, what it is to be a <i>gentleman</i>, or a
-<i>nobleman</i>, and what force the tearmes of <i>nobilitie</i>
-or <i>gentrie</i> do infer to be in the persons, to whom they are
-proper. Then what be the groundes and causes of <i>gentrie</i>
-and <i>nobilitie</i>: both the efficient which make them, and the
-finall why they serue, wherein the rightnes of their being
-consisteth, and why there is such thronging of all people
-that way.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Gentlemanly
-exercise.</div>
-
-<p>But ear I begine to deale with any of these
-pointes, once for all I must recommend vnto
-them exercise of the bodie, and chiefly such as
-besides their health shall best serue their calling, and place
-in their countrie. Whereof I haue saide, methinke, sufficiently
-before. And as those qualities, which I haue set
-out for the generall traine in their perfection being best
-compassed by them, may verie well beseeme a gentlemanly
-minde: so may the exercises without all exception: either
-to make an healthfull bodie, seeing our mould is all one: or
-to prepare them for seruice, wherein their vse is more. Is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_197">197</span>
-it not for a <i>gentleman</i> to vse the chase and hunt? doth
-their place reproue them if they haue skill to daunce? Is
-the skill in sitting of an horse no honour at home, no helpe
-abroad? Is the vse of their weapon with choice, for their
-calling, any blemish vnto them? For all these and what
-else beside, there is furniture for them, if they do but looke
-backe: and the rather for them, bycause in deede those
-great exercises be most proper to such persons, and not for
-the meaner. Wherefore I remit them to that place.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">What is it to be
-a nobleman or a
-gentleman?</div>
-
-<p>What is it to be a <i>nobleman</i> or a <i>gentleman</i>?
-and what force do those termes of <i>nobilitie</i> and
-<i>gentilitie</i> infer to be in those persons, whereunto
-they are proper? All the people which be in our countrie
-be either <i>gentlemen</i> or of the <i>commonalty</i>. The common is
-deuided into <i>marchauntes</i> and <i>manuaries</i> generally, what
-partition soeuer is the subdiuident. <i>Marchandize</i> containeth
-vnder it all those which liue any way by buying or selling:
-<i>Manuarie</i> those whose handyworke is their ware, and labour
-their liuing. Their distinction is by wealth: for some of
-them be called rich men, which haue enough and more,
-some poore men, which haue no more then enough: some
-beggers which haue lesse then enough: There be also three
-kindes in <i>gentilitie</i>, the <i>gentlemen</i>, which be the <i>creame</i> of
-the common: the <i>noblemen</i>, which be the <i>flowre</i> of <i>gentilitie</i>,
-and the <i>prince</i> which is the <i>primate</i> and <i>pearle</i> of <i>nobilitie</i>.
-Their difference is in <i>authoritie</i>, the <i>prince</i> most, the <i>nobleman</i>
-next, the <i>gentleman</i> vnder both. And as in the baser
-degree, the <i>begger</i> is beneth all for want of both abilitie to
-do with, and vertue to deserue with: so the <i>prince</i> being
-opposite to him, as the meere best, to the pure worst, is of
-most abilitie to do good, and of most vertue to deserue
-best. The limiting of either sort to their owne lystes, will
-bewray either an vsurping intruder vpon superioritie, or a
-base degenerat to inferioritie, either being rauished with
-the others dealinges, and neither deseruing the degree that
-he is in. To be vertuous or vicious to be rich or poore, be
-no peculiar badges to either sort, but common to both, for
-both a gentleman, and a common man may be vertuous or
-vicious, both of them may be either rich or poore: landed
-or vnlanded, which is either the hauing or wanting of the
-most statarie substance: Examples neede not in familiar
-knowledge. And as the gentleman in any degree must
-haue forreine abilitie for the better executing of his lawfull<span class="pagenum" id="Page_198">198</span>
-authoritie: so there be some vertues which seeme to be
-wedded properly to that side: As great wisedom in great
-affaires: great valiancy in great attemptes: great iustice in
-great executions and all thinges excellent, in a great and
-excellent degree of people. The same vertues but in a
-meaner degree in respect of the subiect, whereon they be
-employed: in respect of the persons, which are to employ:
-in respect of circumstance, wherefore they are employed:
-and all thinges meaner be reserued for the common: of
-whom I will speake no more now, bycause this title is not
-for them, though they become the keepers of vertues and
-learning, when nobilitie becomes degenerate. Hereby it is
-euident that the tearme of nobilitie amongst vs, is restrained
-to one order, which I named the flowre of gentilitie: and
-that the gentlemen be in degree next vnto them. Whereof
-where either beginneth, none can dout, which can call him
-a nobleman that is aboue a knight. So that whosoeuer
-shall vse the tearme of gentilitie, speaking of the whole
-order opposite to the common, doth vse the ground whence
-all the rest doth spring, bycause a gentleman in nature of
-his degree is before a nobleman, though not in the height:
-as nobilitie employeth the flowre of the gentlemen, which
-name is taken of the primacie and excellencie of the oddes,
-and where it is vsed in discourse it comprehendeth all
-aboue the common. When the <i>Romaine</i> speaketh of the
-gentleman in generall, nobilitie is his terme, being in that
-state opposite to the common, wherein they acknowledged
-no prince, when that opposition was made. For <i>generosus</i>
-which is our common tearme signifieth the inward valure,
-not the outward note, and reacheth to any actiue liuing
-creature though without reason, wherein there doth appeare
-any praisworthy valiance or courage in that kinde more
-then ordinarie, as in <i>Alexanders</i> horse and <i>Porus</i> his dog.
-Therefore whether I vse the terme of nobilitie hereafter or
-of gentilitie, the matter is all one, both the names signifying
-the whole order, though not one of ground, <i>nobilitie</i> being
-the flower and <i>gentilitie</i> the roote. The account wherof how
-great it is, we may verie well perceaue by that opinion,
-which the nobilitie it selfe hath vsually of it. For <i>truth</i>
-being the priuate protest of a gentleman, <i>honour</i> of a noble
-man, <i>fayth</i> of a Prince, yet generally they do all ioine in
-this. <i>As they be true gentlemen.</i> Such a reputacion hath
-the name reserued euen from his originall.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_199">199</span></p>
-
-<p>Now then nobilitie emplying the outward note of inward
-value, and gentilitie signifying the inward value of the outward
-note, it is verie easie to determine, what it is to be a
-<i>nobleman</i>, in excellencie of vertue shewed, and what it is to
-be a <i>gentleman</i> to haue excellent vertue to shew. Whereby
-it appeareth that vertue is the ground to that whole race,
-by whether name so euer ye call it, <i>wisedome</i> in <i>pollicie</i>,
-<i>valiance</i> in <i>execution</i>, <i>iustice</i> in <i>deciding</i>, <i>modestie</i> in <i>demeanour</i>.
-There shall not neede any allegations of the contraries, to
-grace out these vertues, which be well content with their
-owne gaines and desire not to glister by comparison with
-vices, though different colours in contarietie do commend,
-and thinges contrarie be knowne in the same moment.
-For if true nobilitie haue vertue for her ground, he that
-knoweth vice, can tell what it bringes forth. Whether
-<i>nobilitie</i> come by discent or desert it maketh no matter, he
-that giueth the first fame to his familie, or he that deserueth
-such honour, or he that enlargeth his parentage by noble
-meanes, is the man whom I meane. He that continueth it
-in discent from his auncestrie by desert in his owne person
-hath much to thanke God for, and doth well deserue double
-honour among men, as bearing the true coate of right and
-best nobilitie, where desert for vertue is quartered with
-discent in blood, seeing aunciencie of linage, and deriuation of
-nobilitie is in such credit among vs and alwaye hath
-bene.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Of infirmities
-in nobility by
-discent.</div>
-
-<p>And as it is most honorable in deede thus
-to aunswere auncestry in all laudable vertues,
-and noble qualities of a well affected minde:
-so the defect in sufficiencie where some of a noble succession
-haue not the same successe in pointes of praise and
-worthinesse, either naturally by simplenesse, or casually, by
-fortune: though it be to be moaned in respect of their
-place, yet it is to be excused in respect of the person.
-Bycause the person is, as his parentes begate him, who had
-not at commaundement the discent of their vertues, which
-made them noble, as they had the begetting of a child to
-enherite their landes. For if they had, their nobilitie had
-continued on the nobler side. But vertues and worthinesse
-be not tyed to the person, they be Gods meere and
-voluntarie giftes to bestow there, wheras he entendes that
-nobilitie shall either rise or continue, and not to bestow,
-where he meanes to abase, and bring a linage lowe. Where<span class="pagenum" id="Page_200">200</span>fore
-to blame such wantes, and raile vpon nobilitie as to
-much degenerate, is to intrude vpon prouidence. Where
-we cannot make our selves, and may clearly see, that he
-which maketh, hath some misterie in hande, where he setts
-such markes.</p>
-
-<p>To exhort young men to those qualities, which do make
-noble and gentlemen, is to haue them so excellently qualified,
-as they maye honest their countrey, and honour
-themselues. To encourage noble young gentlemen to
-maintaine the honour of their houses, is to wish them to
-apply such vertues, as both make base houses bigge in any
-degree, and tofore did make their families renowmed in
-theirs. If abilitie will attaine, and idlenesse do neglecte,
-the ignominie is theirs: if want of abilitie appeare to be so
-great, as no endeuour can preuaile, God hath set his seale
-and men must cease to muse, where the infirmitie is euident,
-and thinke that euery beginning is to haue an ende.
-Hereby I take it to be very plaine both what the termes of
-noble and gentle do meane, and what they infer to be in
-those parties to whom they are proper. For as <i>gentility</i>
-argueth a courteous, ciuill, well disposed, sociable constitution
-of minde in a superior degree: so doth <i>nobilitie</i> import
-all these, and much more in an higher estate nothing
-bastarded by great authoritie. And do not these singularities
-deserue helpe by good and vertuous education?</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The causes and
-rgoundes of
-nobilitie.</div>
-
-<p>What be the groundes and causes of <i>nobilitie</i>,
-both the <i>efficient</i> which make it, and the <i>finall</i>
-for whom it serues? Concerning the <i>efficient</i>.
-Though the chiefe and soueraigne Prince, of whom for his
-education I will saye somwhat herafter, be the best and
-fairest blossom of <i>nobilitie</i>, yet I will not medle any further
-with the meane to attaine vnto the dignitie of the crowne,
-then that it is either come by, by conquest, which in meaner
-people is called purchace, and hangeth altogether of the
-conquerours disposition: or else by discent, which in other
-conueyances continueth the same name, and in that highnesse
-continueth the same lawes, or altereth with consent.
-Neither will I speake of such, as the Prince vpon some
-priuate affection doth extraordinarily prefer. <i>Alexander</i>
-may auaunce <i>Hephestio</i> for great good liking, <i>Assuerus
-Hester</i>, for great good loue, <i>Ptolome Galetes</i> for secret
-vertue.<a id="FNanchor_61_61" href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">61</a> And vpon whom soeuer the Prince doth bestow<span class="pagenum" id="Page_201">201</span>
-any extraordinarie preferment, it is to be thought that
-there is in them some great singularity, wherewith their
-princes, which can iudge be so extraordinarily moued.
-Neither will I say any more then I haue said of <i>nobilitie</i>
-by discent, which enioyeth the benefite of the predecessours
-vertue, if it haue no priuate stuffe: but if it haue, it doth
-double and treble the honour and praise of auncestrie.</p>
-
-<p>But concerning other causes, that come by authoritie,
-which make noble and gentlemen vnder their Prince, who
-be therefore auaunced by their Prince, bycause they do
-assist him in necessarie functions of his gouernment, they
-be either single or compound, and depend either holy of
-learning: or but only for the groundes of their execution.
-Excellent <i>wisedome</i> which is the meane to auaunce graue
-and politike counsellors, is but a single cause of preferment:
-likewise <i>valiancie</i> of <i>courage</i> which is the meane to
-make a noble and a warrious captaine is but a single cause
-of auauncement: but where <i>wisedome</i> for counsell, doth
-coucurre with <i>valiancie</i> of <i>courage</i> in the same man, the
-cause is compound and the deserte doubled. The meanes
-of preferment, which depend vpon learning for the ground
-of their execution be either <i>Martiall</i> for warre and defence
-abroad, or <i>politike</i>, for peace and tranquilitie at home. For
-the man of warre will seeme to hange most of his owne
-courage and experience, which without any learning or
-reading at all hath oftimes brought forth excellent leaders,
-but with those helpes to, most rare and famous generalles,
-as the reason is great, why he should proue an excellent
-man that waye with the assistance of learning which without
-all learning could attaine vnto so much, <i>Sylla</i><a id="FNanchor_62_62" href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">62</a> the
-cruell in deede, though surnamed the fortunate of such, as
-he fauored, was a noble generall without any learning.
-But <i>Cæsar</i> which wondered at him for it, as a thing scant
-possible to do any great matter without good learning,
-himselfe with the helpe of learning, did farre exceede him.</p>
-
-<p>Such as vse the penne most in helping for their parte,
-the direction of publike gouemment, or execute offices of
-either necessarie seruice for the state, or iusticiarie, for the
-common peace and quietnesse, without profession of further
-learning, though they haue their cheife instrument of credit
-from the booke, yet they are not meere dettours to the
-booke, bycause priuate <i>industrie</i> considerate <i>experience</i>,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_202">202</span>
-and stayed <i>aduisement</i> seeme to chalendge some interest,
-in their praiseworthie dealing. The other which depend
-wholly vpon learning be most incident to my purpose, and
-best beseeme the place, where the question is, how gentlemen
-must be trained to haue them learned.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">A politike
-counsellour.</div>
-
-<p>The highest degree whervnto learned valure
-doth prefer, is a wise <i>counsellour</i>, whose learning
-is learned pollicie: not as pollicie is commonly
-restrayned, and opposed to plainnesse, but as we
-terme it in learning and philosophie, the generall skill to
-iudge either of all, or of most thinges rightly, and to
-marshall them to their places, and strait them by circunstance,
-as shall best beseeme the present gouernment, with
-least disturbance, and most contentment to the setled state,
-of what sorte soeuer the thinges be, diuine or humaine,
-publike or priuate, professions of minde, or occupations of
-hande. This man for religion is a <i>Diuine</i>, and well able to
-iudge of the generalities, and application of <i>Diuinitie</i>, for
-gouernement, a <i>lawyer</i>, as one that first setts <i>lawes</i>, and
-knowes best how to haue them kept: generally for all
-thinges, he is simply the soundest, whether he be choosen
-of the Ecclesiasticall or Temporall, out of whatsoeuer
-degree, or whatsoeuer profession: so able as I say, and so
-sufficient in all pointes. And though the particular professour
-know more then he in euery particular, which his
-leasure will not suffer him to runne thorough, like the
-particular student: yet of himselfe he will enquire so consideratly,
-and so methodically of the particuler professour,
-as he will enter into the very depth of the knowledge,
-which the other hath, and when he hath done so, handle it
-better, and more for the common good, then the priuate
-professour can, for all his cunning in all his particuler:
-Nay he will direct him in the vse, which enformed him in
-the skill. Of all them that depend wholy vpon learning, I
-take this kinde of man worthyest to be preferred, and most
-worthily preferred for his learned iudgement, the first and
-chiefe naturally in <i>diuinitie</i> among <i>diuines</i> though he do not
-preach: in <i>law</i> among <i>lawyers</i> though he do not pleade:
-and so throughout in all other thinges that require any
-publike direction.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The diuine.</div>
-
-<p>2. Of the secondary and particuler professions,
-the worthynes of the subiect, and the
-authoritie of the argument preferreth the <i>diuines</i>. For<span class="pagenum" id="Page_203">203</span>
-they dealing carefully with the charge of soules, the principall
-part of our composition, and the fairest matter that
-is dealt in, beside the soule of a ciuill societie, which is
-compounded of infinite particular soules: and being the
-miniters and trumpettes of the allmightie God, auancing
-vertue, and suppressing vice, denouncing death and pronouncing
-life, which be both most sure, and that euerlastingly
-to ensue according to demeanour: do well deserue
-to be honoured of men, with the simple benefit of their
-temporall estimation, as what they can do, where they
-cannot do enough. For what reward for vertue is an olyue
-braunch, though it signifie the rewarders good will, confessing
-the thing to be farre aboue any mortall reward? which
-estimation yet is not to be desired of them, though it be
-deserued by them. For humilitie of minde in auauncing
-the <i>diuine</i> draweth him still backeward, as officious thankefullnes
-in the profited hearer doth worthely and well push
-him still on forward. And as the temporall braunche of
-the common weale being so many in number hath distinction
-in degrees, for the better methode in gouernment,
-which function doth honour the executours: so likewise
-with proportionate estimation for the parties executours,
-the church consisting of many, and hauing charge ouer all
-hath her distinction in dignities and degrees to stay that
-state the better, which would soone be shaken, if there
-were no such stay: the argument of religion being vsed
-mostwhat contemplatiue, and in nature of opinion, and
-therefore a verie large field to bring forth matter of controuersies,
-specially in yong men, whose naturall is not
-staied, though their resolution seeme to be, and their zeale
-carie them on, to the profit of their hearer, their owne commendation,
-and the honour of him, whose messengers they
-are. Howbeit in the middle of all these contradictions, the
-particular execution to beleeue this, and to do that, according
-to ones calling, which is but one in all, to beleeue
-truely, and to do honestly, by that same one, doth check
-the diuersities of all difference in saying. Which great
-difference in saying, and diuersities in opinion, the church
-may most thanke the <i>Grecian</i> for, who ioyning with religion
-after diuorce with philosophie, was as bold to be factious
-in the one, as he had bene in the other, and could not rest
-in one, still deuided into numbers, as it still appeareth in
-the ecclesiasticall historie where factious heresies assaile<span class="pagenum" id="Page_204">204</span>
-the firme catholike. Neither doth this difference in publike
-degrees empaire that opinion, that all be but ministers, and
-in that point equal any more, then that both the prince and
-the plowman be one, in respect of their humanitie, and first
-creation. And yet the prince is a thought aboue him for
-all he be his brother in respect of old <i>Adam</i>. The matter
-of both these two, the wise <i>counsellour</i>, and the graue
-<i>diuines</i> honour is best proued to be in the worthynes of
-their owne persons, which is the true ensigne of right
-<i>nobilitie</i>, bycause both their places and lyuinges, in respect
-of their degree depart and die with them (though their
-honorable memorie remaine after) and be not transported
-to their heires, as the inheritaunce of blood, but to their
-successours, as the reward of vertue. If it so chaunce that
-the same person for worthynes be successour both in place,
-and patrimonie, it is most honorable to himselfe, and most
-comfortable to his friendes, and reioyced at of all men.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The lawyer.</div>
-
-<p>3. The peace, and quietnes of ciuill societie,
-by composing and taking vp of quarrelles, and
-by directing iustice, makes the <i>lawyer</i> next, whose publike
-honour dyeth also with him: and declareth the substaunce
-of his worthines, though his priuate name remaine, and his
-children enioy the benefit of his getting. As why may not
-the <i>diuines</i> to, enioy that, which their parentes haue honestly
-saued, if they haue any surplus, whereon to saue, for
-necessarie reliefe of their necessarie charge in succession?
-Which among the Iewes was of such countenaunce, as
-<i>Iosephus</i>, vaunteth himselfe of his nobilitie that way. And.
-But it were to large a roming place, to runne ouer the port
-that the churchmen haue kept, not among christians and
-Iewes onely.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The Physician.</div>
-
-<p>4. The <i>Physician</i> is next, and his circumstaunce
-like, and so furth in learning, where
-the preferment dying with the partie, and transposed to
-other, not by line in nature but by choice in valure, is the
-euidentest argument, that those thinges be most worthiely
-tearmed the best matter of honour, which die with the
-partie, and yet make him liue through honorable remembraunce,
-though he haue no successour but the common
-weale, which is generally surest, bycause priuate succession
-in blood is oftimes some blemish. And yet succession in
-state, is not allway so steddie, but that the old house may
-haue a very odde maister. These do I take to be the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_205">205</span>
-truest, and most worthy causes of nobilitie, lymited not by
-wealth, but by worth, which accompany the party, and
-expire with his breath. For sure that which one leaueth
-behinde him besides an honorable remembraunce of his
-owne worthynes, cannot noble him while he hath it, nor
-his, when he leaues it, bycause it bettereth not the owner,
-but oftimes makes him worse, though it be a necessary
-stay for that person which is of good worthynes to shew
-his worth the better. Therefore when wealth is made the
-way to <i>gentilitie</i>: or if it be exceeding great, the gap to
-<i>nobilitie</i>, it is like to some vniuersitie men, which for fauour
-or feasting lend their schole degrees to doltes to intercept
-those liuinges by borrowed titles which them selues should
-haue for learning, and might haue without let, if they
-hindered not them selues. But both gentlemen and scholers
-be well enough serued, for ouershooting them selues so
-farre: <i>nobilitie</i> being empaired in note, though encreased
-in number by such intruders, and learning empouerished
-in purses, though replenished in putfurthes by such interceptours.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Why so many
-desire to be
-gentlemen.</div>
-
-<p>Yet it is no meruell if the base couet his
-best, as his perfection in nature, and his honour
-in opinion: no more then that the <i>asse</i> doth
-desire the <i>lions</i> skin, to be thought though but a while,
-very terrible to behold. But counterfeat mettall for all his
-best shew will neuer be so naturall, as that is, which it doth
-counterfeat: neither will naturall mettalles euer enterchaunge
-natures, though the finest be seuered, and the
-<i>Alcumist</i> do his best: And for all the <i>lions</i> skin, sure the
-<i>asse</i> is an <i>asse</i> as his owne eares will bewray him, if ye
-fortune to see them: or your eares will discerne him, if you
-fortune to hear him: he will bray so like a beast. I can
-say no better, though this may seeme bitter, where I see
-<i>nobilitie</i> betraid to donghillrie, and learning to doultrie.
-You <i>gentlemen</i> must beare with me, for I wish you your
-owne: you scholers must pardon me, I pity your abuse.
-Your <i>apes</i> do you harme, and scratch you by the face, for
-all the friendship they finde, which if they found not, they
-might tarie <i>apes</i> still. Their suttletie supplantes you, and
-your simplenes lettes them see, what fellowes you are.
-Call vertue to aide, and put slauerie in pinfold, let learning
-leade you, and send loselles to labour, more fit for the
-shouell, then to shuffle vp your cardes. Thus much for the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_206">206</span>
-causes which make <i>nobilitie</i>, whose leader is learning, and
-honour is vertue, not to vse more discourse to proue by
-particular, where the matter is so plaine, as either vertue
-will admit praise, or historie bring proofe.</p>
-
-<p>For the finall cause it is most euident, that if some
-sufficiencie this way be the meane to <i>nobilitie</i>, the effect of
-such sufficiencie doth crowne the man, and accomplish the
-matter. But wherefore is all this? to shew how necessarie
-a thing it is to haue yong gentlemen well brought vp. For
-if these causes do make the meane man noble, what will
-they do in him, whose honour is augmented with perpetuall
-encrease, if with his <i>nobilitie</i> in blood he do ioyne in match
-the worthines of his owne person? Wherefore the necessitie
-of the traine appearing to be so great, I will handle that as
-well as I can in generall precept, for this present place, as
-hauing to deale with such personages, whose <i>wisedom</i> is
-their weight, <i>learning</i> their line, <i>iustice</i> their balance, <i>armour</i>
-their honour, and all <i>vertues</i> in all kindes their best furniture
-in all executions, and their greatest ornamentes in the eies
-of all men, all this tending directly to the common good.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The gentlemens
-train.</div>
-
-<p>As concerning the traine it selfe, wherof I
-said somwhat before, I know none better then
-the common well appointed, which the common
-man doth learne for necessitie at first, and auauncement
-after: the greater personage ought to learne for his credit,
-and honour, besides necessarie vses. For which be gentlemanly
-qualities, if these be not, to <i>reade</i>, to <i>write</i>, to <i>draw</i>,
-to <i>sing</i>, to <i>play</i>, to haue <i>language</i>, to haue <i>learning</i>, to haue
-<i>health</i>, and <i>actiuitie</i>, nay euen to professe <i>Diuinitie</i>, <i>Lawe</i>,
-<i>Physicke</i>, and any trade else commendable for cunning?
-Which as gentlemen maye get with most leasure, and best
-furniture, so maye they execute them without any corruption,
-where they neede not to craue. And be not sciences
-liberall in terme, that waye to be recouered from illiberalitie
-in trade, and can those great liuinges be better employed,
-then in sparing the pillage of the poore people? which are
-to sore gleaned: by the needie and neuer contented professours?
-which making their ende as to do good, and
-their entent but to gaine, do pluk the poore shrewdly,
-while they couet that they haue not, by a meane that they
-should not. Bicause though the professours neede do seeke
-such a supplie, yet the thing which they professe protesteth
-the contrarie: and prayes for ability in the professour to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_207">207</span>
-deale franckely himselfe in the freedome of his cunning,
-and not to straine her for neede. Doth <i>Diuinitie</i> teache to
-scrape, or <i>Lawe</i> to scratche, or any other <i>learning</i>, whose
-epithet is liberall? <i>Diuines</i> do vse it, <i>lawyers</i> do vse it,
-<i>learned men</i> do vse it. But their profession is free and
-liberall, though the execution be seruile and corrupt, and
-cryeth for helpe of <i>nobilitie</i> to raunsome it from necessity,
-which hath emprisoned it so, by the negligence of <i>nobilitie</i>
-who thinke any thing farre more seemly to bestow their
-time and wealth on, then professions of learning. But if it
-would please toward young gentlemen to be so wel affected
-towards their naturall countrey, or to suffer her to ouertreat
-them so farre, as to shoulder out corruption, by professing
-themselues, who neede not to be couetous for want of any
-thing, which haue all thinges at will, how blessed were our
-state, nay how fortunate were euen the gentlemen them
-selues? They may spare number enough that way, besides
-such furniture, as they do affoord vnto the court, to all
-<i>martiall</i> and <i>militare</i> affaires to all <i>iusticiarie</i> functions by
-reason of their multitude, which groweth on dayly to farre
-and to fast, and lessen the middle commoner to much:
-whose bignes is the best meane, if <i>Aristotle</i> say true, as his
-reason seemes great, for peace and quietnes in any publicke
-estate, to desire the rich gentlemen, which haue most, and
-the poore meany, which haue least, to holde their handes,
-and put vp their weapons, when they would be seditious,
-as the two extremities in a publicke body. If the couragious
-gentlemen took them selues to armes, and mynded more
-exercise: if the quieter tooke bookes, and fell vnto learning,
-calling home to them againe by their laudable diligence all
-those faculties, which they haue so long deliuered ouer for
-prayes to the poorer, thorough their to great negligence,
-were not the returne to be receiued with sacrifice? and
-would not the other aswell prouide for them selues by
-other trades, wherwith to liue? Whereby the honestie of
-that subiect, wherein they should trauell, would in the
-meane while, deliuer the honest gentlemen from such
-faultes, as they be now subiect vnto, while intending so
-good, they auoided so euill. This were better than brauerie,
-and more triumphant then trauelling, to remaine at home
-with their prince, not to rome abroad with the pilgrime, to
-see farre in other countries, and be starke blinde in their
-owne.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_208">208</span></p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Trauelling
-beyond sea.</div>
-
-<p>For what is it to trauell, seeing that word
-hath so sodainly crossed me? I will not here
-make any <i>Epitome</i> of other mens trauell, which
-haue set downe whole treaties against this trauelling in
-diuerse languages: neither will I amplyfie the thing with
-any earnest aggrauations, which though they may be true,
-and so may somewhat taint the vnaduised trauellour, yet
-they be not worthy the rehearsall here. For what reason
-carieth it, to finde fault with the forraine, and to foster the
-fault at home? or for particular misdemener, to condemne
-some whole nations? or for some error in some few to wish
-a general restraint? and by to sharp blaming to bitterly to
-eager not the meanest wittes: as commonly dawes be not
-most desirous to trauell. It is lightly the quintessence
-which will be a ranging. Silence in thinges peraduenture
-blameworthy, and friendly entertainement where there is
-no sting, by curtesie wil call, and by liking will winne such
-dispositions sooner to come to the lure where we would
-wish to haue them, then any either launsing, their woundes
-by to bytter speches, or aliening their hartes by too much
-harping on one firing: chieflie considering that trauell and
-going abroad for knowledge in learning, and skill in language
-haue for their protection much antiquitie, long time,
-and great number, though still chekt as either needeles or
-harmfull: and oftimes countermaunded, not onely by
-priuate mens argumentes, but by publike constitutions, of
-the best common weales, which were very vnwilling to
-haue their people to wander.</p>
-
-<p>But what is this trauelling? I meane it not in marchauntes,
-whom necessitie for their owne trade, and oftentimes
-neede for our vse, enforceth to trauell, and tarie long
-from home. Neither yet in souldiers, whom peace at home
-sendes abroad for skill, in forraine warres to learne how to
-fend at home, when peace is displeased: which yet both
-haue their owne, and ouergreat inconueniences, to the
-wringing of their countrie. For marchauntes by forcing
-their naturall soile beyond her proportion to some gainefull
-commoditie verie vtterable abroade, do breede gaules at
-home, and by bringing in also beyond proportion to serue
-pleasure and feede fantsie, proue great vndoers to a great
-number, which can neither temper their tast, nor restraine
-the fashion.</p>
-
-<p>The souldier likewise, which is trained in hoat blood<span class="pagenum" id="Page_209">209</span>
-abroad will hardly be but troublesome in cold blood at
-home: vnlesse he be such a one as followed the warres for
-conscience to his countrie, and of iudgement to learne skil,
-and not vpon bare courage, or hardines of nature, or
-sinisterly to supply some other want. I meane not any of
-these, ne yet such trauellers as <i>Solon</i>, to preuent a mischiefe
-in mutabilitie of his countrie mens mindes, whom he had
-tyed to his lawes, not reuocable till his returne, when
-acquaintance for that time had wone allowance for euer:
-neither as <i>Pythagoras</i>, or <i>Plato</i> were, who sought cunning
-where it was, to bring it where it was not. For <i>Platoes</i>
-iourney into <i>Sicile</i> proceeded not of his minde to trauell,
-but vp on hope to do some good on <i>Dionisius</i> the tyrant,
-who did send for him by <i>Diones</i> meane. We neede not to
-trauell in their kinde for learning. We haue in that kind
-thankes be to God for the pen and print, as much at this
-day as any countrie needes to haue: nay euen as full if we
-will follow it well, as any antiquitie it selfe euer had. And
-yong gentlemen with that wealth, or their parentes in that
-wealth, might procure, and maintaine so excellent maisters
-and ioine vnto them so choise companions, and furnish
-them out with such libraries, being able to beare the charge,
-as they might learne all the best farre better at home in
-their standing studies, then they euer shall in their stirring
-residence, yea though the desire of learning were the cause
-of their trauell. Which rule serueth euen in the meaner
-personages, which loue to looke abroade, and alleadge
-learning for their shew, which might be better had at home,
-with their good diligence, and confirmeth it selfe by sufficient
-persons, which neuer crossed the sea. Let them
-fauour their owne fantsies neuer so much, and defende that
-stoutly, which they haue begone youthfully: yet the thing
-will proue in the end as I haue said. And if there be
-defect, we should deuise, as those philosopher trauellours
-did, to helpe it here at hoome in our owne countrie, that
-we be not allway borrowers, where it is but of wantonnesse,
-bycause we are vnwilling to straine out our owne, which of
-it selfe is able enough to breede, and needeth no more
-helpes then the generall studie, if it be studied in deede,
-and not be dalyed with for shew, as I wish it were not,
-and not I alone. Here lyeth a padde to be pitied though
-not to be published, they that may amend the thing are in
-conscience to thinke of it. But what is trauell, as it is to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_210">210</span>
-be constrewed in this place, where it interrupteth traine,
-and bringes it in question, whether yong gentlemen, while
-they vse trauelling, do vse that, which is best both for their
-countrie, and themselues. What is it to trauell? It is to
-see countries abroad, to marke their singularities, to learne
-their languages, to returne from thence better able to serue
-their owne countrie here with much fourniture, as they
-prouided, and such wisedom, as they gathered by obseruing
-things there.</p>
-
-<p>Sure a good countenaunce to helpe trauelling withall,
-and to hide her skars, which in some may proue so in deede.
-But those some be not any generall patternes: in whom,
-some excellencie in nature, and vertuousnesse in disposition
-doth turne that to profit and good, which the thing of it
-selfe doth assure to be dangerous: bycause it may proue
-to be both perillous and pernicious in those and to those,
-which for heat are impetuous, for yeares to foreward, for
-wealth to rachelesse: and proceeding from them may be
-contagious to others, as cankers will creepe, and the ill
-taches of euery countrey do more easely allure, and obteine
-quicker cariage to enlarge them selues, then the good and
-vertuous do. But while they trauell thus, as sure me thinke
-I see, it is but of some errour caryed with the streame,
-which enwraps them so (onelesse some miscontentment at
-home in busie and displeased humours, vse the colour of
-language and learning, to absent themselues the better
-from that, against the which they haue conceyued some
-stomacke) what might they haue gained at home in the
-meane while? sounder learning, the same language, besides
-the loue and liking of their owne countrey soile which
-breed them, and beares them: by familiaritie, and continuance
-at home encreased, by discontinuance, and strangenesse
-mightely empared: while enamouring and liking of
-forreine warres doth cause lothing, and misliking of that
-they finde at home. Whereby our countrey receiueth a
-great blow, thorough alienation of their fantsies, by whom
-she should be gouerned, which will rather deale in nothing,
-then not force in the forreine.</p>
-
-<p>What is the very naturall end, of being borne a countryman
-of such a countrey? To serue and saue the countrey.
-What? with forreine fashions? they wil not fit. For euery
-countrey setts downe her owne due by her owne lawes,
-and ordinaunces appropriate to her selfe, and her priuate<span class="pagenum" id="Page_211">211</span>
-circunstance vpon information giuen by continuers at
-home, and carefull countreymen.</p>
-
-<p>The verie diuision of lawes, into naturall, nationall, and
-ciuill emport a distinction in applying, though the reason
-runne thorough, and continue generally one. That which
-is very excellent good abroad, and were to be wished in
-our countrey vpon circunstance which either will not admit
-it, or not but so troublesomly, as will not quite the coast,
-nor agree with the state is and must be forborne here,
-though it leaue a miscontentment in the trauellours heade,
-who likes the thing most, and thinkes light of the circunstance,
-which he sayth will yelde to it, though experience
-say no: and in some but petie toyes do shew him, how
-leaning to the forreine hath misfashioned our owne home.
-I do not deny but trauelling is good, if it hap to hit right,
-but I think the same trauel, with minde to do good, as it
-alwaye pretendeth, might helpe much more, being bestowed
-well at home. He that rometh abroade hath no such line
-to lead him, as the taryer at home hath, onlesse his conceit,
-yeares, and experience be of better stay, then theirs is,
-which be causes of this question, and bring trauelling in
-doubt. For the ground of his vyage being priuate, though
-taken to the best, is vnfreindly to our common. It is like
-to an idle, lasie, young <i>gentlewoman</i>, which hath a very
-faire heire of her owne, and for idlenesse, bycause she wil
-not looke to it, combe it, picke it, wash it, makes it a cluster
-of knottes, and a feltryd borough for white footed beastes:
-and therfore must needes haue an vnnaturall perug, to set
-forth her fauour, where her owne had been best, if it had
-bene best applied. Is not he worse then mad, that hath
-an excellent piece of ground, made for fertilitie, and suffereth
-it to be ouergrowen with wedes, while he wandreth abroade,
-and beholdes with delite, the good housbandes and housbandrie
-in other men and other soiles? The president of
-a copie makes a child resemble wel, and a certaine pitch to
-deale within a mans owne countrey in such a kinde of life,
-to his and her auauncement, is the surest and soundest
-direction to any young gentleman: first to learne by, and
-then to liue by: and to leuell all that waye without any
-forreine longing.</p>
-
-<p>If he take pleasure in trauelling, and no care in expending,
-both the expense will bring repentaunce, when reason
-shall reclame, if euer she do, (as in some desperate cases,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_212">212</span>
-fantsie is froward, and wil bide no fronting:) and the
-pleasure bringes some greife, when the gentleman which in
-youth so much pleased himselfe, in his age shall not be
-able to pleasure his countrey, whom he cared for so litle,
-while he so counted of the forreine. Forreine matters fit
-vs not, and though our backes, yet not our braines, if we be
-not sicke there. Forreine thinges be for vs in some cases,
-but we were better to call home one forreine maister to vs,
-then they should cause vs to be forreine scholers, to such a
-forraging maister, as a whole forreine countrey is, to learne
-so by trauelling, and not by teaching.</p>
-
-<p>Our <i>ladies</i> at home can do all this, and that with commendacion
-of the verie trauelled gentlemen: bycause it is
-not that, which they haue seene, that makes them of worth,
-but that which they haue brought home in language and
-learning, which they do finde here at their retourne. Our
-<i>ladie mistresse</i>, whom I must needes remember, when excellencies
-will haue hearing, a <i>woman</i>, a <i>gentlewoman</i>, a
-<i>ladye</i>, a <i>Princesse</i>, in the middest of many other businesses,
-in that infirmitie of sexe, and sundrie impedimentes to a
-free minde, such as learning requireth, can do all these
-things to the wonder of all hearers, which I say young
-<i>gentlemen</i> may learne better at home, as her <i>Maiestie</i> did,
-and compare themselues with the best, when they haue
-learned so much, as her <i>Maiestie</i> hath by domesticall
-discipline. It may be said that her <i>Maiestie</i> is not to be
-vsed for a president, which of a princely courage would not
-be ouerthrowne with any difficulty in learning that, which
-might auaunce her person beyond all praise, and profit her
-state beyond expectation. But yet withall it may be said,
-why may not young gentlemen, which can alledge no let
-to the contrarie, obtaine so much with more libertie, which
-her highnesse gat with so litle? It is wealth at will which
-egges them on to wander, and it is the same, which causeth
-them continue in the same humour, though they heare it
-misliked. If they went abroad as <i>Embassadours</i>, that their
-Princes authoritie might make their entrie to great knowledge
-in greatest dealinges: or if they were excellent
-knowen learned men, that all cunning would crepe to
-them, and honour them with intelligence, and notes of
-importance: or if they went in the traine of the one, or in
-the tuition of the other, where authoritie and awe might
-enforce their benefit, and saue them from harme, I would<span class="pagenum" id="Page_213">213</span>
-not mislike it, to breede vp such fellowes, as might follow
-them in seruice: but for any of the particular endes, which
-be better had at home, I cast of comparisons. Good, plaine,
-and well meaning young <i>gentlemen</i> in purse strong, in yeares
-weake, to trauell at a venture in places of danger to bodie,
-to life, to liuing, though our owne countrey be also subiect
-to all the same perills, but not so farre from succour, and
-reskue. Driue me to such a traunse, as I know not what
-to saye. Commende them I cannot bycause of my countrey:
-offend them I dare not, bycause of them selues, which may
-by discretion in themselues, and wisedome of their freindes
-prouide well for themselues, as I do confesse, though I
-feare nothing so much, as the ouerliking of forreine, and so
-consequently some vnderliking at home, which will neuer
-let them staye. Olde lawes in some countries enacted the
-contrarie, and sillie <i>Socrates</i> in <i>Plato</i> being offered to be
-helpt out of prison, as vniustely condemned by the furie of
-the people, and persuasion of his vnfreindes: would not go
-out of his countrey to saue his owne life, as resolued to die
-by commandment of that lawe, thorough whose prouision
-he had liued at home so long. Diuisions for religion, and
-quarrells of state may worke that which is not well for
-generall quiet, by being hartned abroade with the sight,
-and hearing of that, which some could be content to see,
-and heare at home.</p>
-
-<p><i>Plato</i><a id="FNanchor_63_63" href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">63</a> in his twelfth booke of lawes, seemeth to rule the
-case of trauelling, which moueth this controuersie. Where
-he alloweth both the sending out of his countrymen, into
-forreine landes, and the receiuing of forreine people into
-his countrey. For to medle neither with forreine actions,
-nor forreine agentes might sauour of disdaine, and to suffer
-good home orders to be corrupted by our forreine trauellers,
-or their forreine trafficquers might smell of small discretion.
-Wherfore both to build vpon discretion to preuent harme
-at home, and to banish disdaine to be thought well on
-abroad: he taketh this order both for such as shall trauell
-abroad into forreine countries from his, and for such as
-shall repare, from forreine countries vnto his. For his
-owne trauellers he enacteth first. That none vnder fourtie
-yeares in any case trauell abroad. Then restraining still
-all priuate occasions, for the which he will not dispense
-with his lawe, neither graunt any trauelling at all: he<span class="pagenum" id="Page_214">214</span>
-alloweth the state in publike to send abroad, embassadours,
-messagers, obseruers, for so I turne <i>Plato</i> his θεωροὺς.</p>
-
-<p>Such as are sent abroad to warre for the countrie, though
-foorth of the countrie, he holdes for no trauellers, as being
-still of, and in the state: the cause of their absence continuing
-their presence, and the place of their abyding, not
-altering the nature of their being. And the like rekening
-he maketh of those solemne embassadors, which they sent
-to communicate in sacrifice with their neighbours, at <i>Delphi</i>,
-to <i>Apollo</i>, in <i>Olympus</i>, to <i>Iupiter</i>, at <i>Nemea</i> to <i>Hercules</i>, in
-<i>Isthmos</i> to <i>Neptune</i>: where he appointed the pacificque,
-and friendly Embassages to be furnished out of the most,
-the best, and brauest citisens, which with their port, their
-presence, their magnificence, might honest, and honour their
-countrie most: as to the contrary he requireth in his martiall
-lieuetenant, which in the camp, and fielde shall represent
-the state of his country, credit, estimation, honour, purchased
-before by vertue and valure. His obseruer, whom he
-alloweth to go abroad to see fashions: he will haue not to
-be aboue threescore, nor vnder fiftie yeares old, and such a
-one, as shall be of good credit in his countrie, for great
-dealinges, both in warre and peace. For the occasion of
-his trauell pretending to see the manners of men abroad, to
-marke what is well and them that are good, which be most
-times there, where the place is least likely: and not to be
-marred by that which is ill, and them that are naught,
-which be there oftest, where good orders be rifest: to
-correct his countrie lawes by the better forreine: or to
-confirme them by the worse: how can he iudge of any of
-these thinges, which hath not dealt in great affaires, and
-shewed himselfe there to be a man of iudgement? or how
-is he able to auoide the euill, and cleaue to the good, whom
-yeares haue not stayed and giuen reason the raine, to bridle
-all desires, that might turne him awry? Such a man, of
-such a credit, of so many yeares, but no man yonger doth
-<i>Plato</i> send abroad, to learne in forreine countries, and to
-see forreine fashions, so many of those ten yeares betwene
-fiftie and sixtie, as shall please him selfe best. But what
-must this trauellour do at his returne? There is a counsell
-appointed of the grauest diuines for religion, of ten iustices
-for law, of the new and old ouerseers for education, whereof
-ech one taketh with him one younger man, aboue thirtie
-and vnder fourtie. This counsell hath commission to deale<span class="pagenum" id="Page_215">215</span>
-in matters of lawe, either to make new, or to mend the
-olde: to consider of education and learning, what is good
-and quickneth, what is ill and darckeneth. And what the
-elder men determine that the yonger must execute. If
-any of these young men behaue himselfe not well, the elder
-that brought him into the parlament, beareth blame of the
-whole house: those that behaue themselues well, are made
-honorable presidentes to their countrey to behold: as they
-are most dishonored if they proue worse then other. Where
-by the waye I note these three thinges. 1. First the care
-they had to education, and learning euen in their cheife
-parlament. 2. Secondly the reason they had to traine, and
-vse young men in their parlament. 3. Thirdly their three
-speciall pointes of gouernement, according to the three
-kindes of persons, which were present in the parlament,
-<i>religion</i>, <i>lawe</i>, <i>education</i>. How to traine before <i>lawe</i>, how
-to rule by <i>lawe</i>, how to temper both traine, and <i>lawe</i> by
-<i>diuinitie</i>, and <i>religion</i>.</p>
-
-<p>Before this counsell, the obseruer presenteth himselfe at
-his returning home, and there declareth, what he hath
-either learned of them abroad, or deuised by their doinges,
-for the helpe of his countrey lawes, of his countrey education,
-of his countries prouision. And if he seemed neither
-better nor worse, neither cunninger, nor ignoranter, at his
-returne home, then he was at his departure from home:
-he was commended for his good will, and no more was said
-to him. If he seemed better and more skilfull, he was
-not only honored by the present parlament, while he liued,
-but by the whole countrey after his death. If he seemed
-to returne worse, he was commaunded to vse companie,
-neither with young, nor olde, as one like to corrupt vnder
-colour of wisedom. And if he obayed that order, he
-might liue still, howbeit but a priuate life. If he did not
-obay, he was put to death. As he was also if he vere
-found to be busie headed, and innouating any thing after
-the forreine concerning either <i>lawe</i>, <i>liuing</i>, or <i>education</i>.
-Beholde the patterne of a trauellour, rewarded for his well,
-punished for his ill: neither ill requited, where he meant
-but well.</p>
-
-<p>Then for reparers from forreine countries into his, whom
-he will haue well entertained in any case, he appointeth
-foure kindes. 1. The first wherof be <i>merchantes</i>, whose
-mercates, hauens, and lodging, he assigneth to be without<span class="pagenum" id="Page_216">216</span>
-the citie but very neare to it: and certain officers to see,
-that they innouate nothing in the state, that they do, and
-receaue right, that they haue all thinges necessarie, but
-without ouerplus.</p>
-
-<p>2. The second kinde of straungers he appointeth to be
-such as arriue for <i>religion</i>, for <i>philosophie</i>, for <i>learning</i> sake,
-whom he willeth the <i>Diuines</i>, and church <i>treasurers</i>, to
-entertaine, to lodge, to care for, as the presidentes of true
-hospitalitie for straungers. That when they shall haue
-taryed some conuenient time, when they shall haue seene,
-and heard, what they will desire to see or heare: they may
-depart without either doing, or suffering any iniurie or
-wrong. And that during their abode for any plea vnder
-fiftie drammes, the <i>Diuines</i> shalbe iudges betwene them,
-and the other partie: if it be aboue that summe, that then
-the maior of the citie shall determine the matter.</p>
-
-<p>3. The third sorte were <i>Embassadours</i>, sent from forreine
-Princes, and states, vpon publike affaires. Their entertainment
-he commendeth to the common purse, their
-lodging to some generall, some coronell, or some captaine
-onely. The care of them was committed to the hie <i>treasurer</i>,
-and their host, where they lodged.</p>
-
-<p>4. The fourth kinde was such <i>obseruers</i> from some other
-place, as his countrey did send abroad before, aboue fiftie
-yeares old, pretending a desire to see some good thing
-among them, or to saye some good thing vnto them. This
-kinde of man he excludeth from none, as being comparable
-with the best, bycause of his person so aduisedly choosen.
-Who so was wise, wealthy, learned, valiant might entertaine,
-and entreat him. When he minded to depart after he had
-seene, and obserued all thinges at full, he was sent away
-honorablely, with great presentes, and rewardes. Thus
-thinketh <i>Plato</i> both of comers in, and goers out of one
-countrey into another. But you will say this was a deuise of
-<i>Plato</i> in his lawes, as other be in his common weale. Yet
-it is a wisemans deuise, that findes the harme, and would
-auoide it, and in this our case is well worthy the weying.
-But as <i>Plato</i> neede not to blush for the deuise, which is
-grounded vpon incorruption, whervnto we say that trauelling
-is a foe: so if such a lawe were in very deede, politikly
-planted in any common weale, as it is naturally engraffed
-in any honest witte: there would be exception notwithstanding
-against it. In all this <i>Platonicall</i> prouision, we<span class="pagenum" id="Page_217">217</span>
-may easely obserue, that his cheife care is by trauelling,
-either to amend the countrey, or not to marre it: and that
-the forreine vsually is a steppemother to a strange countrey.
-Therefore as young gentlemen maye trauell, both for their
-pleasure, to see forreine countries, and for their profit, to
-returne wise home: so their owne countrey desires them,
-to minde that profit in deede, and not to marre it with to
-much pleasure, which is the cause why that all ages haue
-misliked <i>trauelling</i>, as the occasion of corruption in most,
-and thinke it better forborne for hindring of so many, then
-to be allowed, for the good of some few, which is hasarded
-at the first, and vncertaine to proue well. The reason of
-all this is, both for the forreine euill, which may corrupt,
-and for the very good, which will not fit, be it neuer so fit
-their, from whence it is fetcht.</p>
-
-<p>But to my purpose, and the training at home for home.
-I remit this trauelling abroad to their consideration, which
-vse it, which I dare not quite mislike, bycause I see very
-many honest people, which haue trauelled, and the argument
-of misliking receiueth instance, that the thing may be well
-vsed, euen bycause some do misuse it, whervnto all other
-indifferences else be also subiect. Nay I dare scant but
-thinke well of it, bycause my Prince doth allow it, thorough
-whose licence their trauelling is warranted. I say but thus
-much generally though some traueller do some good to
-his countrey, euen by the frute of his trauell, and most in
-best places: that yet the statarie countrieman doth a great
-deale more. The reason why is this. The continuall
-residenciarie at home hath his eye still bent vpon some one
-thing: where he meanes to light, and makes the direct and
-naturall meane vnto it: which though the trauellers do
-alledge to be their minde to, yet their meane is not so fit,
-as that is, which ordinarily, and orderly is made for the
-thing. Neither is this allegation generall. For we see the
-course which the most do vse after their returne, to bewraie
-a passage for pleasure, rather then any sound, and aduised
-enterprise. And therefore I do wish the domesticall traine
-to be well trauelled to better vs with our owne, and that
-we did not so much trie how forraine effects do make vs
-out of fashion, though they feede our fantsies, and that it
-would please well disposed yong gentlemen to sort them
-selues betimes to some kinde of learning to make them in
-deede liberall, their abilitie being throughly fensed against<span class="pagenum" id="Page_218">218</span>
-feare of corruption, to serue their country honorably that
-way which doth so honour them.</p>
-
-<p>For as all will be lawyers, or in houses of law, and court,
-to some priuate end: so what if some of choice became
-both diuines, and physicianes, and so furth in other learned
-sciences, as I said before? If there be any gentleman in
-our countrie so qualified at this daie in any kind of learning,
-is he not therefore praysed, esteemed, and honoured of all
-others, and aboue all others of his calling, and somewhat
-higher to which are: not comparably qualyfied? Whence
-I gather this argument: That the worthynes of the thing
-is confessed by the honour giuen vnto it, and that such as
-desire honour ought to seeke for such worthinesse, as
-enforceth the assured confession of the best deserued honour.
-And I pray you be not these faculties for their subiect to
-be reuerenced, as they are? and for their effectes to be
-esteemed of speciall account? which haue bene allway the
-very groundes of the best, and most beneficiall nobilitie?
-I do not hold <i>Tamerlane</i>, or any barbarous, and bloody
-inuasions to be meanes to true nobilitie, which come for
-scourges: but such as be pacifike most, and warlike but
-vpon defense, if the country be assailed: or to offend, if
-reueng be to be made, and former wrong to be awraked.
-Neither take I wealth to be any worthy cause to renowme
-the owner, vnlesse it be both got by laudable meanes, and
-likewise be employed vpon commendable workes: neither
-any qualitie or gift, which beawtifieth the body vnlesse
-vertue do commende it, as seruiceable to good vse, neither
-yet any endewement of the minde, but onely such as keepe
-residence in reason, hauing authoritie in hand, and direction
-to rule, by the philosophers termed το ἡγεμονικὸν.<a id="FNanchor_64_64" href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">64</a> Wherein
-those qualities do claime a tenure, which I haue assigned
-as foundations to honour, and notes of nobilitie, worthy the
-esteeming, and of inestimable worth. Who dare abase
-diuinitie for the thing it selfe; or who is so impudent, as
-not to confesse that profession honorable which hath God
-himselfe to father, and friend, our most louing, and mercifull
-maker: the deuill himselfe to enemie and foe, our most
-suttle, and despitefull marrer, the doctrine of life, the
-daunter of death? Some scruple there is now, which was
-not sometime when the allurement was larger, the liuing
-fatter, and the countenaunce greater: but the matter is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_219">219</span>
-now better, though the man be brought both to more
-basenes in opinion, and barenesse in prouision, and will
-honour a good gentleman, which will seeke honour by it,
-and ought so to do. The time was when the great <i>Cesar</i>,<a id="FNanchor_65_65" href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">65</a>
-at his going furth from his house in his sute for the great
-pontificate sayd to his mother, that she should either see
-her sonne at his returne the great bishop, or else no body.
-Such a step was that state to his whole preferment after.
-<i>Isocrates</i><a id="FNanchor_66_66" href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">66</a> in his oration, where he frameth a prince, ioyneth
-priesthood with the prince, as two thinges of like care,
-requiring like sufficiencie in persons, like skill in well
-handling, which two sayth he, euery one thinkes, he can
-cunningly weild, but hardly anie one can handle them well.</p>
-
-<p>If gentlemen wil not trauel and professe <i>physicke</i>, let
-them feele the price of ignorance, and punish their carcasses
-besides the consumption of their cofers, as all learning being
-refused by them hath no other way to reueng her selfe,
-then only to leaue them to ignorance, which will still
-attend to flatter and fawne there where small stuffing is,
-and that which is most miserable, bycause themselues see
-it not, will cause them selues to be their owne <i>Gnatoes</i>, a
-most vnproper part, to be seene vpon a stage, when the
-same person plaieth <i>Thraso</i>, and answereth himselfe, as if
-he were two. Were it not most honorable for them to see
-these effectes in their owne persons? <i>singuler knowledge</i>
-where studie is for knowledge and knowledge for no neede?
-<i>liberall execution</i>, where desire to do good, and good for
-gramercie be the true ends of most honour? where the
-promises from heauen, the princes vpon earth, the perpetuall
-prayer, and neuer dying prayse of the profited
-people will remember, and requite that honorable labour,
-so honestly employed, that fortunate reuenew so blessedly
-bestowed, not for priuate pleasure, but for common profit?</p>
-
-<p>Albeit there is one note here necessarily to be obserued
-in yong <i>gentlemen</i> that it were a great deale better that
-they had no learning at all and knew their owne ignorance,
-then any litle smattering, vnperfit in his kinde, and fleeting
-in their heades. For their knowne ignorance doth but
-harme them selues, where other that be cunning may supply
-their rowmes: but their vnripe learning though pretie in
-the degree, and very like to haue proued good, if it had
-taryed the pulling, and hung the full haruest, doth keepe<span class="pagenum" id="Page_220">220</span>
-such a rumbling in their heades, as it will not suffer them
-to rest, such a wonder it is to see the quickesiluer. For the
-greatnes of their place emboldeneth the rash vnripenes of
-their studie, in what degree so euer it be, whether in not
-digesting that which they haue read, or in not reading
-sufficiently, or in chusing of absurdities to seeme to be able
-to defende where their state makes them spared, and
-meaner mens regard doth procure them reuerence, though
-their rashnes be seene, or in not resting vpon any one
-thing, but desultorie ouer all. A matter that may seeme
-to be somewhat in scholes, euen amongst good scholers:
-and very much in that state, where least learning is conmonly
-best liked, though best learning be most aduanced,
-when it ioynes with birth in sowndnes, and admiration.
-As the contrary troubleth all the world, with most peruerse
-opinions, beginning at the insufficient, though stout <i>gentleman</i>,
-and so marching forward still among such, as make
-more account of the person whence the ground comes, then
-of the reason which the thing carieth. Wherefore to conclude,
-I wish yong <i>gentlemen</i> to be better then the common
-in the best kinde of learning, as their meane to come to it,
-is euery way better. I wish them in exercise, and the
-frutes thereof to be their defendours, bycause they are able
-to beare out the charge, wherevnder the common of necessitie
-must shrinke: That both those wayes they may helpe
-their countrie in all needes, and themselues, to all honour.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The Princes
-traine.</div>
-
-<p>The <i>prince</i> and <i>soueraigne</i> being the tippe of
-<i>nobilitie</i>: and growing in person most priuate
-for traine, though in office most publike for
-rule, doth claime of me that priuate note, which I promised
-before. The greatest <i>prince</i> in that he is a childe, is, as
-other children be, for soule sometimes fine, sometimes
-grosse: for body, sometimes strong, sometimes weake: of
-mould sometime faire, sometime meane: so that for the
-time to beginne to learne, and the matter which to learne,
-and all other circumstances, wherein he communicateth
-with his subiectes, he is no lesse subiect, then his subiectes
-be. For exercise to health, the same: to honour, much
-aboue: as he is best able to beare it, where coast is the
-burden, and honour the ease. We must take him as God
-sendes him, bycause we cannot chuse, as we could wish:
-as he must make the best of his people, though his people
-be not the best. Our dutie is to obey him, and to pray for<span class="pagenum" id="Page_221">221</span>
-him: his care will be to rule ouer vs, and to prouide for vs,
-the most in safetie the least in perill. Which seeing we
-finde it proue true in the female, why should we mistrust
-to find it in the male? If the prince his naturall constitution
-be but feeble, and weake, yet good traine as it helpeth
-forwardnes, so it strengthneth infirmitie: and is some
-restraint euen to the worst giuen, if it be well applyed, and
-against the libertie of high calling oppose the infamie of ill
-doing. Which made euen <i>Nero</i> stay the fiue first yeares
-of his gouernment, and to seeme incomparable good.
-When the yong princes elementarie is past, and greater
-reading comes on, such matter must be pikt, as may plant
-humilitie in such height, and sufficiencie in such neede,
-that curtesie be the meane to winne, as abilitie to wonder.
-Continuall dealing with forraine <i>Embassadours</i>, and conferring
-at home with his owne counsellours require both
-tongues to speake with, and stuffe to speake of.</p>
-
-<p>And wheras he gouerneth his state by his two armes, the
-<i>Ecclesiasticke</i>, to keepe, and cleare religion, which is the
-maine piller to voluntarie obedience: and the <i>Politike</i>, to
-preserue, and maintaine the ciuill gouernment, which doth
-bridle will, and enforceth contentment: if he lacke knowledge
-to handle both his armes, or want good aduice to
-assist them in their dealing, is he not more then lame? and
-doth not the helpe hereof consist in learning? Martiall
-skill is needfull: But it would be to defend, bycause a
-sturring <i>Prince</i> still redye to assaile, is a plague to his
-people, and a punishment to him selfe, and in his most
-gaine, doth but get that, which either he or his must one
-daye loose againe, if the losse rest there, and pull not more
-with it. But religious skill is farre more massiue: bycause
-religion as it is most necessarie for all, so to a <i>Prince</i> it is
-more then most of all, who fearing no man, as aboue mans
-reache, and commanding ouer all as vnder his commission,
-if he feare not God his verie next both auditour, and iudge,
-in whose hand is his hart? and what a feare must men be
-in for feare of most ill, when the <i>Prince</i> feares not him,
-who can do him most good? Almighty God be thanked,
-who hath at this day lent vs such a <i>Princesse</i>, as in deede
-feareth him, that we neede not feare her which deseruing
-to be loued desires not to be feared. I wish this education
-to be liked of the <i>Prince</i>, to pull the people onward, by
-example that they like of, though they cannot aspire to:<span class="pagenum" id="Page_222">222</span>
-as I pray God long preserue her, whose good education
-doth teach vs, what education can do, wherby neither this
-lande shal euer repent, that education of it selfe did so
-much good in her: and I haue good cause to reioice that
-this my labour concerning education comes abroad in her
-time.</p>
-
-
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_40">CHAPTER 40.</h2>
-
-<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of the generall place, and time of education. Publike places,
-Elementarie, Grammaticall, Collegiate. Of bourding of
-children abroad from their parentes houses, and whether
-that be best. The vse and commoditie of a large, and well
-situate training place. Obseruations to be kept in the
-generall time.</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">These</span> two circunstances for the generall place, and
-the generall time, concerne both the exercise of the
-bodie, and the training of the minde iointly, bycause
-they both are to be put in execution in the same
-place, and at the same time, though not at the same howres.
-For the particular times, and places I will deale in myne
-other treatises, where I will accomodate the particular
-circumstance to the particular argument. Priuate places,
-where euery parent hath his children taught within his
-doares, haue but small interest in this place: bycause such
-a parent, as he may take or leaue of the generall traine,
-what it shall please him, his owne liking being the measure
-to leade him: so for exercise, or any other thing he is the
-appointer of his owne circumstance, and his house is his
-castle.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Diuision of
-publike places.
-Collegiat.</div>
-
-<p>Publike places be either elementarie, grammaticall,
-or collegiate. For the collegiate places,
-whether they be in the vniuersities, or without,
-they be lightly well situate, and for both the traines resonably
-well builded, specially such as haue a cloysture or<span class="pagenum" id="Page_223">223</span>
-galerie for exercise in foule weather, and the open fieldes
-at hand for the faire. If there be any fault in that kinde,
-it may be set downe, in hope sooner to haue it amended in
-new erections, when such founders shalbe found: then to
-be redressed in those which be erected already: bicause
-these buildinges be restrained to the soile, where on they
-stand. Yet wish for the better may take place, when the
-want is found, though the effect do follow a long while
-after, if it euer do at all.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Elementarie.</div>
-
-<p>The elementarie places, admit no great
-counsell, bycause such as enter the yong ones,
-do prouide the rowmes of them selues, and the litle people
-be not as yet capable of any great exercise: so that there
-is no more to be said herein but this, that the Elementarie
-teachers prouide their rowmes as large as they may, and
-that the parentes domesticall care supply: where the
-maisters prouision is not sufficient. For as the collegiate
-yeares must direct themselues most, bycause they are after
-a certaine degree set ouer to their owne gouernment: so
-the elementarie, bycause of their weakenes and youth must
-be ioyntly helpt betwene the maister and the parent, this
-point for the petie ones being altogither priuate, and vpon
-priuate charge, as the other collegiate is altogither publicke
-and vpon publicke erection though alway proceeding from
-some priuat meane. But if any well disposed wealthie
-man for the honour that he beareth to the murthered
-infantes, (as all our erections haue some respect that way,)
-would beginne some building euen for the litle yong ons,
-which were no encrease to schooles, but an helpe to the
-elementarie degree, all they would pray for him, and he
-himselfe should be much bound to the memorie of the yong
-infantes, which put him in remembraunce of so vertuous
-an act. And rich men which haue much more then necessary
-enough, though none of them thinke he haue simply
-enough, would be stirred forward by all good and earnest
-people, which fauour the publicke weale, whose foundation
-is laid in these petie infantes, to spend the supererogation
-of their wealth that waie, where it will do most good to
-other, and least harme to themselues.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Grammaticall.</div>
-
-<p>3. The places where the toungues be taught,
-by order and art of grammer, require more
-obseruation, bycause the yeares that be or at the least
-ought to be emploied that way be fittest, both for the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_224">224</span>
-fashioning of the body, and for framing of the minde: most
-subiect to the maisters direction, and consist of a compound
-care, publicke erection, which prouideth them places wherein
-to learne: and priuate maintenaunce which furnisheth out
-the rest. The scholers either come daily from their fathers
-houses to schoole, or be bourded at their charges somewhere
-verie nigh to the schoole.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Of boarding
-abroad.</div>
-
-<p>Where there riseth a question whether it be
-better for the childe to boord abroad with his
-maister, or some where else: or to come from
-home daily to schoole. If the place where the parentes
-dwell, be neare to the schoole, that the nighnes of his
-maisters house can be no great vantage: or but so farre of,
-as the very walke may be for the boyes health: and the
-parent himselfe be carefull and wise withall, to be as good
-a furtherer in the training, as he is a father to the being of
-his owne chield: certainely the parentes house is much
-better, if for nothing else, yet bycause the parent may more
-easily at all times entend the goodnes of his owne, being
-but one or few, then the maister can, at such extraordinarie
-times as the bourding with him, doth seeme to begge his
-diligence, being both tired before, and distracted among
-many. Further, all the considerations which do perswade
-men rather to haue their children taught at home, then
-among the multitude abroad, for the bettering of their
-behauiour, do speake for their bourding at home, if the
-parentes will consider the thing well: Bycause the parent
-may both see to the entertainement of his childe, when he
-is from schoole, and withall examine, what good he doth at
-schoole. For vndoubtedly the maisters be wearied with
-trauelling all the day, so that the priuate helpe within their
-houses, can be but litle, without both ouertyring the maister,
-and shortening his life, and the dulling of the childe, if he
-still pore vpon his booke. Times of recreation must be
-had, and are as requisite to doe thinges well any long time,
-as studying is necessarie to do any thing well at any time.
-For can any man but thinke it a great deale more, then a
-sufficient time for the maister to teach, and the scholer to
-learne dayly from six in the morning till eleuen, and from
-one in the afternoone till well nigh six at night, if these
-houres be well applied? nay if they were a great deale
-fewer? And may not the residew be well enough bestowed
-vpon solace and recreation in some chaunge to the more<span class="pagenum" id="Page_225">225</span>
-pleasant for either partie? In the maisters house, I graunt
-children may keepe schoolehowers better, and be lesse
-subiect to loytering and trewantrie. The maisters care in
-his generall teaching may eye them nearer, bycause they
-be in his so neare tuition, and in place of his owne children,
-being committed vnto his priuate care by their owne
-parentes and friendes, he may more easily dispence with
-their howers, if they fortune to minde many elementarie
-pointes at one time: and sooner finde out their inclination,
-then in the generall multitude. And if any particular
-preferment be incident to his house, without the common
-wearying both of the scholer and maister, some thing may
-be done. There be also many priuate considerations, which
-some parentes follow in the displacing of their children
-from their owne houses, which I remit to their thoughtes,
-as I reserue some to myne owne. If the maister do entend
-onely such scholers as he bourdeth, and haue both in himselfe
-abilitie to performe, what is needefull for the best
-traine: and haue such a conuenient number as will rise to
-some hight in the traine, I know none better, so the place
-where he dwelleth, and teacheth do answere in conuenientnes,
-and situation and some circumstances, else. But
-while he careth to haue his bourders learne, sure some slow
-paying parentes will keepe him leane, if he looke not well
-to it, and his gaine will go backeward, besides the continuall
-miscontentmentes. At home spoiles, soilthes, twentie
-things, are nothing in the parentes homely eye, which selfe
-same be death abroad, where the parent hath another eye:
-and yet the things misliked not auoidable euen at home.
-But what if sickenes, nay what if death come in deede, then
-all things be constrewed to the worst, as if death did not
-know where the parent dwells. And though the maister
-doe that which the ciuill law requireth in deposing, and vse
-not onely so much diligence to preserue, but much more
-then in his owne, yet all that is nothing. Wherefore as
-parentes must beware of boording out for their owne good:
-so maisters must be warie of admitting any for their owne
-harme. And sure to set downe my resolution, me thinke
-it enough for the maister to take vpon him the traine alone,
-being so great both for exercise and learning, as I wish
-him well considered, that can do both well. If parentes
-dwell not neare the schoole, let some neighbours be hostes,
-which may and will entend it, and deliuer the maister of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_226">226</span>
-the parentes care, whom euen they will fauour more, if
-they find profit by his schooling. They be distinct offices,
-to be a parent and a maister, and the difficulties in training
-do eager sore enough, though the same man be troubled
-with no more. Boording, that is the vndertaking of both a
-fathers and a maisters charge requireth many circumstances
-of conuenientnes in place, of prouision for necessities, of
-trustie and diligent seruauntes, and a number moe: besides
-indifferencie in the parent to be armed against accidentes,
-where there is no euident default, and to content truely
-where there is great desert: as the maister is to giue a
-great account of two seuerall cures, a personage for his
-teaching, and a vicarage for his boording. The maisters
-charge is great of it selfe, but this composition of a duble
-office is a meruelous matter. If the maister minde his
-boorders eitheer only or most, where his charge is ouer
-moe, where then is his dutie? if not, what gaine haue those
-boorders, by their maisters priuate? If he teach but
-boorders let him looke to himselfe, for his charge will proue
-chargeable moe wayes then one: and those that be best
-able to put forth to boord, are alway most strait in making
-all audittes, and to amplifie offences before they be proued,
-without eitheir conference or contentment. I wish parentes
-therefore to be warie, ear they set ouer their owne person
-for more then the training: and the maisters to be as warie
-for feare of had I wist. But to the grammer schooles. As
-the elementaries of force must be neare vnto their parentes
-bycause of their youth, and therefore are not to be denied
-the middle of cities and townes: so I could wish that
-grammer schooles were planted in the skirtes and suburbes
-of townes, neare to the fieldes, where partely by enclosure
-of some priuate ground, for the closer exercises both in
-couert and open: partely for the benefit of the open fieldes
-for exercises of more raunge, there might not be much
-want of roome, if there were any at all. To haue a faire
-schoole house aboue with freedome of aire for the toungues,
-and an other beneath for other pointes of learning, and
-perfiting or continuyng the Elementarie entrances, which
-will hardly be kept, if they be posted ouer to priuate
-practising at home: to haue the maister and his familie
-though of some good number conueniently well lodged: to
-haue a pretie close adioyning to the schoole walled round
-about, and one quarter if no more couered aboue cloisture<span class="pagenum" id="Page_227">227</span>
-like, for the childrens exercise in the rainie weather, as it
-will require a good minde and no mean purse: so it needs
-neither the conference of a countrey, as <i>Lacedemon</i> did in
-<i>Athenæus</i>, and <i>Plato</i>, as <i>Athens</i> did in <i>Pausanius</i>, <i>Suidas</i>
-and <i>Philostratus</i>, as <i>Corinth</i> did in <i>Diogenes Laertius</i>: nor
-yet the reuenue of a Romain Emperour, whose buildinges
-in this kinde, were most sumptuous and magnificent, as
-<i>Adrian</i> the Emperours <i>Athenæum</i>, <i>Hermæum</i> and <i>Panathænaicum</i>
-at <i>Tibur</i>, and <i>Neroes Thermæ</i> at <i>Rome</i>, which in one
-building furnished out both learning and exercise as it
-appeareth by the descriptions of their places called <i>Gymnasia</i>,
-<i>xysta</i>, and <i>Palæstræ</i>.</p>
-
-<p>There is wealth enough in priuate possession, if there
-were will enough to publike education. And yet we haue
-no great cause to complaine for number of schooles and
-founders. For during the time of her <i>Maiesties</i> most fortunate
-raigne already, there hath bene mo schooles erected,
-then all the rest be, that were before her time in the whole
-Realme. My meaning is not to haue so many, but better
-appointed both for the maisters entertainment, and the
-commoditie of the places. Small helpe will make most of
-our roomes serue, and small studie with great good will
-and honest salarie to maintaine a sufficient man, will make
-our teachers able both to enstructe well and to exercise
-better. The places of learning and exercise, ought to be
-ioint tenementes, and neare neigbours capable of number,
-which must be limited by the neede of the countrey, where
-the schoole standeth, and the maisters maintenaunce, which
-way it must rise. For if it rise by the number, better for
-him few and choice, so they consider his paines accordingly.
-And sure experience hath taught me, that where the maister
-is left to the vncertaintie of his stipende to encrease or
-decrease with his diligence, that there he will do best, and
-the children profit most, allway prouided that he deale with
-no more, then he can bring vp vnder himselfe, and hasard
-not his owne credit, nor his childrens profit vpon any
-absolute vnderteacher. Whose vse is not, as we now
-practise it in schooles, where indeede vshers be maisters of
-them selues, but to assist the maister in the easier pointes
-of his charge, which ought to haue all vnder his owne
-teaching, for the cheife pointes, and the same vnder the
-vshers, for more vsuall and easie, as in the teaching of the
-Latin toungue, I will declare more at large. Where the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_228">228</span>
-very practise wil confirme my wordes, and proue them to
-be true.</p>
-
-<p>Againe, it is halfe a wonder euer to bring forth a good
-scholer in the hart of a great towne: where there be chaunge
-of schooles, and many straunge circunstances to procure
-chaunge, as it shall please the child. Who notwithstanding
-he haue his will followed in the chaunge, yet seldome
-winneth very much by the chaunge: though the second
-maister oftimes make shew of the formers ground worke,
-which is made but light of, bycause it kepeth lowe.</p>
-
-<p>If the maisters stipend do rise by foundacion, and standing
-payment, yet the place may not be ouercharged with
-number: nor the maister with care to prouide things needfull
-any other wayes then onely by his trade. For what
-reason is it to haue a mans whole labour, and to allow him
-liuing stant [scant?] sufficient for a quarter? or what pollicie
-is it, to haue him that should teache well, to be enforced for
-neede, to meddle with some trade, quite different from the
-schoole. In this pointe the <i>Pope</i>, and Canon lawe weare
-merueilous freindly to maisters, and helped them still with
-some Ecclesiasticall maintenaunce, as it appeareth in
-<i>Gregories</i> Decretales, the fifth title of the fifth booke, <i>De
-Magistris</i>. And the Glose ripping further then the text,
-is yet more freindly. And our owne countrey also, in
-benefit of priuiledge, by the common lawe at this day, doth
-not frowne vpon vs, and for certaine immunities, letteth vs
-enioye that benefit, which the <i>Canonist</i> meant vs. And the
-good Emperour <i>Frederick</i> did further by his freindly and
-favourable constitution, which he caused to be placed in the
-fourth booke of <i>Iustinians</i> new Codex, the thirtenth title,
-<i>Ne filius, pro patre</i>, where the Glosse, making an anatomie
-of the Emperours meaning, and desirous to do vs good,
-helpeth vs particularly and properly to.</p>
-
-<p>Among many causes which make schooles so vnsufficiently
-appointed, I know not any, nay is there any? that
-so weakneth the profession as the very nakednesse of
-allowance doth. The good that commeth from and by
-schooles is great and infinite: the qualities required in the
-teacher many and resolute: the charges which his freindes
-haue bene at in his bringing vp much and heauy: and in
-the way of preferment, will ye wish any of any worth to set
-downe his staffe at some petie portion, which euen they
-that praise it, would not be content to haue their owne sit<span class="pagenum" id="Page_229">229</span>
-downe with, though the founder follow his president, and
-the time haue bene, when with the Church helpe some litle
-would haue serued? but the case now is quite altered. In
-these our dayes eche man will enhaunce in his owne, without
-reason or remorse: but in professions of greatest neede
-and most account, they will yeelde no more allowance, then
-the auncient rent, where all thinges be improued. Yet
-oftimes they meete with bookmen in some kinds, which wil
-bite them coursdly. But those bookmen be neither Elementarie
-teachers, nor yet Grammarians. Our calling creepes
-low and hath paine for companion, stil thrust to the wall,
-though still confessed good: Our comfort perforce is in the
-generall conclusion, that those thinges be good thinges,
-which want no praising,<a id="FNanchor_67_67" href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">67</a> though they go a cold, for want of
-happing. For our schoole places, which I do know, the
-most are either commodiously situate already, or being in
-the hart of townes might easely be chopt for some field
-situation, farre from disturbaunce, and neare to all necessaries.
-It were no small part of a great and good erection,
-euen to translate roumes to more conuenient places, either
-by exchaunge or by new purchace: and I do thinke that
-licences to that ende, will be more easely graunted then to
-build moe schooles. The inconueniences which I my selfe
-haue felt that waye, both for mine owne, and for my
-scholers health, and the checking of that, which of long I
-haue wished for: I meane some traine in exercise, do cause
-me so much to commend field roome. Though I my selfe
-be not the worst appointed within a citie for roome, thorough
-the great good will towardes the furtherance of learning,
-and the great cost, in the purchasing, and apparelling the
-roome to that vse, done by the worshipfull companie of the
-<i>marchaunt tailours</i> in London. In whose schoole I haue
-bene both the first, and onely maister sence the erection,
-and their haue continued now twenty yeares.</p>
-
-<p>If ye consider, what is to be done in these roomes which
-I require, ye shall better iudge what roomes will serue. In
-the schoole the tongues be taught, and the Elementarie
-traine continued at times thervnto appointed, for those,
-two roomes will serue. An vpper, with some conuenient
-discharging the place from noysome ayre, which the verie
-children cause: and from to great noise if the place be
-vawted vnder, or enclosed with other building: and an<span class="pagenum" id="Page_230">230</span>
-other beneath likewise appointed, to serue for what else is
-to be done. They that will haue their children learne all
-that I haue assigned them vpon good warrant of the best
-writers, and most commendable custome, if their capacities
-be according, may haue their turne serued so: and those
-that will not, need not, but the opportunity of the place,
-and the commoditie of such trainers, wherof a smal time wil
-bring forth a great meany, will draw many on, and procure
-good exhibitours to haue the thing go forward. I could
-wish we had fewer schooles, so they were more sufficient,
-and that vpon consideration of the most conuenient seates
-for the countries, and shires, there were many put together
-to make some few good. <i>Insufficiencie</i> by distraction dismembers,
-and weakens: <i>sufficiencie</i> by vniting strengthens,
-and doth much good. To conclude I wishe the roome
-commodious for situacion, which in training vp of youth
-hath bene an old care, as it appeareth by <i>Xenophon</i> in the
-schooling of <i>Cyrus</i> and the <i>Persian</i> order: large to holde,
-and conuenient to holde handsomely. For as <i>reading</i> and
-thinges of that motion do require small elbow roome: so
-<i>writing</i>, and her appendentes may not be straited. <i>Musicke</i>
-will cumber if it be confounded. Where <i>writing</i> wilbe
-allowed, there <i>drawing</i> will not be driuen out. But exercise
-must haue scope. And such kinde of roomes, if the
-multitude be not to bigge, or the waye to schoole not to
-farre for the infant, with some litle distinctions, and parting
-of places, will serue conueniently both for the <i>Elementarie</i>,
-and the <i>Grammarian</i>, and so much the better.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The time.</div>
-
-<p>For the time there is but litle to be said at
-this time: bycause in the Elementarie and so
-onward, I meane by the grace of God to apply all circunstances
-so neare, and so precisely to schoole vses, as the
-maister shalbe able streight way to execute: if he do but
-follow that which shalbe set before him, for <i>matter</i> wherin:
-for <i>manner</i> how: for <i>time</i> when to do eche thing best.
-For the generall exercising time. These two groundes of
-<i>Hippocrates</i>, must be still kept in remembraunce, to vse no
-exercise when ye be very hungrie: neither yet to eate
-before ye haue vsed some exercise.</p>
-
-<p>For the generall learning times: to begin, the strength
-of body, and conceit of minde were made the generall
-meanes: to continue, perfectnesse, and vse were appointed
-the limittes: for the midle houres this I thinke, that it were<span class="pagenum" id="Page_231">231</span>
-not good, to go to your booke streight after ye rise, but to
-giue some time to the clearing of your body. As also
-studie after meate, and fast before ye sleepe beareth great
-blame for great harmes to health, and to much shortning
-of life. From seuen of the cloke, though ye rise sooner,
-(as the <i>lambe</i> and the <i>larke</i> be the prouerbiale leaders, when
-to rise and when to go to bead) till tenne before noone, and
-from two till almost fiue in the after noone, be the best and
-fittest houres, and enough for children wherin to learne.
-The morening houres will best serue for the memorie and
-conceiuing: the after noone for repetitions, and stuffe for
-memorie to worke on. The reasons be the freenesse, or
-fulnesse of the head. The other times before meat be for
-exercises, as hath bene fully handled heretofore. The
-houres before learning, and after meate, are to be bestowed,
-vpon either neating of the bodie, or solacing of the minde,
-without to much motion: wherin as I said before the
-greatest part, and the best to be plaid consisteth vsually in
-the trainers discretion, to apply thinges according to the
-circunstances of person, place, and time. To conclude we
-must be content with those places, which be already founded,
-and vse those houres which be already pointed to the best
-that we can, and yet prepare our selues towardes the better,
-when soeuer it shall please God to send them. And by
-perswasion some maisters maye well enough bring wise
-parentes to yeelde vnto this note, and to giue it the triall.
-In the meane time some excellent man hauing the commoditie
-of a well situate house, and being able to commaund
-his owne circunstance, neither depending of other mens
-helpe, wherof he cannot iudge, and so that way leasing
-some authoritie in direction, may put many excellent
-conclusions in triall.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_232">232</span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_41">CHAPTER 41.</h2>
-
-
-<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of teachers and trainers in generall, and that they be either
-Elementarie, Grammaticall, or Academicall. Of the Elementarie
-teachers abilitie, and entertaiment. Of the Grammer
-maisters abilitie, and his entertaiment. A meane to haue both
-excellent teachers, and cunning professors in all kindes of
-learning, by the diuision of colleges according to professions:
-by sorting like yeares into the same roumes: by bettering the
-studentes allowance and liuing: by prouiding and maintaining
-notable well learned readers. That for bringing learning
-forward in his right and best course, there would be
-seuen ordinarie ascending colleges for Toungues, for Mathematikes,
-for Philosophie, for Teachers, for Physicians, for
-Lawyers, for Diuines, and that the generall studie of Lawe
-would be but one studie: Euery of these pointes with his
-particular proofes, sufficient for a position. Of the admission
-of teachers.</span></p>
-
-<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">Althovgh</span> I deuided the traine of education into
-two partes, the one for learning to enrich the minde:
-the other for exercise to enable the body: yet I
-reserued the execution of both to one and the same maister:
-bycause neither the knowledge of both is so excessiue great,
-but it may easely be come by: neither the execution so
-troublesome, but that one man may see to it: neither do
-the subiectes by nature receiue partition seeing the soule
-and body ioyne so freindly in lincke, and the one must
-needes serue the others turne: and he that seeth the necessitie
-of both, can best discerne what is best for both. As
-concerning the trainers abilitie, whereby he is made sufficient
-to medle with exercises, I haue already in my conceit
-sufficiently enstructed him, both for the exercises themselues,
-and for the manner of handling them according to the rules
-and considerations of <i>Physick</i> and <i>Gymnastick</i>, besides
-some aduertisements giuen peculiarly to his owne person:
-wherin I dwelt the longer, and delt the larger, bycause I
-ment not to medle with that argument any more then once,
-and for that point so to satisfie the trainer, wheresoeuer he
-dwelt, or of what abilitie soeuer he were, as if he listed he
-might rest vpon my rules being painfully gathered from
-the best in that kinde. If he were desierous to make<span class="pagenum" id="Page_233">233</span>
-further search, and had oportunity of time, and store of
-bookes: I gaue him some light where to bestow his studie.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Teachers.</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Elementarie.</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Grammaticall.</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Academicall.</div>
-
-<p>Now am I to deale with the teaching maister,
-or rather that propertie in the common maister,
-which concerneth teaching, which is either
-<i>Elementarie</i> and dealeth with the first principles:
-or <i>Gramaticall</i> and entreth to the toungues: or
-<i>Academicall</i>, and becomes a reader, or tutour to
-youth in the vniuersity.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Academicall.</div>
-
-<p>For the <i>tutour</i> bycause he is in the vniuersitie,
-where his daily conuersation among a number
-of studentes, and the opinion of learning, which the vniuersitie
-hath of him: wil direct choice and assure desire: I
-haue nothing to saye, but leaue the parentes to those
-helpes, which the place doth promise.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Elementarie.</div>
-
-<p>2. For the <i>Elementarie</i> bycause good scholers
-will not abase themselues to it, it is left to the
-meanest, and therfore to the worst. For that the first
-grounding would be handled by the best, and his reward
-would be greatest, bycause both his paines and his iudgement
-should be with the greatest. And it would easily
-allure sufficient men to come downe so lowe, if they might
-perceaue that reward would rise vp. No man of iudgement
-will contrarie this pointe, neither can any ignorant be
-blamed for the contrarie: the one seeth the thing to be but
-low in order, the other knoweth the ground to be great in
-laying, not onely for the matter which the child doth
-learne: which is very small in shew, though great for
-proces: but also for the manner of handling his witte, to
-harten him for afterward, which is of great moment.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Of the Elementary
-teachers
-entertainment.</div>
-
-<p>But to say somwhat concerning the teachers
-reward, which is the encouragement to good
-teaching, what reason is it, though still pretended,
-and sometimes perfourmed, to encrease wages, as
-the child waxeth in learning? Is it to cause the maister
-to take more paines, and vpon such promise, to set his
-pupille more forward? Nay surely that cannot be. The
-present payment would set that more forward, then the
-hope in promise, bycause in such varietie and inconstancie
-of the parentes mindes, what assurance is there, that the
-child shall continue with the same maister: that he maye
-receiue greater allowance with lesse paines, which tooke
-greater paines, with lesse allowance? Besides this if the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_234">234</span>
-reward were good, he would hast to gaine more, which new
-and fresh repare of scholers would bring, vpon report of
-the furthering his olde, and his diligent trauell. What
-reason caryeth it, when the labour is lesse, then to enlarge
-the allowance? the latter maister to reape the benefit of
-the formers labour, bycause the child makes more shew
-with him? why? It is the foundacion well and soundly
-laid, which makes all the vpper building muster, with countenaunce
-and continuaunce. If I were to strike the stroke,
-as I am but to giue counsell, the first paines truely taken,
-should in good truth be most liberally recompensed: and
-lesse allowed still vpward, as the paines diminish, and the
-ease encreaseth. Wherat no maister hath cause to repine,
-so he maye haue his children well grounded in the <i>Elementarie</i>.
-Whose imperfection at this day doth marueilously
-trouble both maisters and scholers, so that we can hardly
-do any good, nay scantly tell how to place the too too raw
-boyes in any certaine forme, with hope to go forward
-orderly, the ground worke of their entrie being so rotten
-vnderneth. Which weaknes if the vpper maister do redresse,
-when the child commeth vnder his hand, he cannot but
-deserue triple wages, both for his owne making, and for
-mending that, which the <i>Elementarie</i> either marred with
-ignoraunce, or made not for haste, which is both the commonest,
-and the corruptest kinde of marring in my opinion.
-For the next maisters wages, I do conceiue, that the number
-in ripenesse vnder him, will requite the <i>Elementarie</i> allowance,
-be it neuer so great. For the first maister can deale
-but with a few, the next with moe, and so still vpward, as
-reason groweth on, and receiues without forcing. For the
-inequalitie of children, it were good a whole companie
-remoued still togither, and that there were no admission
-into schooles, but foure times in the yeare quarterly, that
-the children of foresight might be matched, and not hurled
-hand ouer head into one forme as now we are forced, not
-by substaunce, but by similitude and coniecture at the
-sudden, which thing the conference betwene the maisters
-in a resolued plat will helpe wonderfully well forward, when
-the one saith this haue I taught, and this can the child do:
-the other knoweth this ye should teach, and this your
-childe should do. Thus much for the <i>elementarie</i> maister,
-that he be sufficiently appointed in himselfe for abilitie,
-and sufficiently prouided for, by parentes for maintenaunce.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_235">235</span>
-Now whether one man, or moe shalbe able to perfourme
-all the <i>elementarie</i> pointes, at diuers houres, or of force
-there must be more teachers, that shalbe handled in the
-<i>elementarie</i> it selfe hereafter. Once fore all good entertainement
-by way of reward, will make very able men to
-leane this way, and one course of training will breed, a
-meruelous number of sufficient trainers, whose insufficiencie
-may now be obiected, that such cannot presently be had,
-though in short time they may. And if there must be moe
-executours, entertainement will worke that to, and conuenientnes
-of rowme will bring all togither.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Grammer maisters.</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The Grammer maisters entertainement
-and his sufficiencie.</div>
-
-<p>3. My greatest trauell must be about the
-<i>grammer</i> maister, as ech parent ought to be
-verie circumspect for his owne priuate that way.
-For he is to deale with those yeares, whereupon all the
-residew do build their likelyhoode to proue well or ill.
-Wherein by reason of the naturall agilitie of the soule and
-body, being both vnsettled, there is most stirre, and least
-stay: he perfiteth the <i>Elementarie</i> in course of learning:
-he offereth hope or despaire of perfection to the <i>tutour</i> and
-vniuersitie, in their proceeding further. For whom in consideration
-of sufficient abilitie, and faithfull
-trauell I must still pray for good entertainement,
-which will always procure most able persons.
-For it is a great daunting to the best able man,
-and a great cutting of his diligent paynes, when he shall
-finde his whole dayes trauell not able to furnish him of
-necessarie prouision: to do good with the best, and to
-gaine with the basest, nay much lesse than the lowest, who
-may entend to shift, when he must entend his charge: and
-enrich himselfe, nay hardly feede himselfe, with a pure, and
-poore conscience. But ye will perhaps say what shall this
-man be able to performe, for whom you are so carefull, to
-haue him so well entertained? to whose charge the youth
-of our country is to be committed? If there were no more
-said, euen this last point were enough to craue enough, for
-that charge is great: and if he do discharge it well, he
-must be well able to do it, and ought to be very well
-requited for doing it so well. Besides his maners and
-behauiour, which require testimonie and assurance: besides
-his skill in exercising and trayning of the body, he must be
-able to teach the three learned toungues, the <i>latin</i>, the
-<i>greeke</i>, the <i>hebrew</i>, if the place require so much, if not, so<span class="pagenum" id="Page_236">236</span>
-much as is required. Wherin assuredly a mediocritie in
-knowledge, will proue to meane, to emplant, that in another
-which he hath in himselfe. For he that meaneth to plant
-but some litle well: must himselfe farre exceede any degree
-of mediocrite. He must be able to vnderstand his writer,
-to maister false printes, vnskilfull dictionaries, simple coniectures
-of some smattering writers concerning the matter
-of his traine, and be so appointed ear he begine to teach,
-as he may execute readyly, and not make his owne imperfection,
-to be a torture to his scooler, and a schooling to
-him selfe. For it is an ill ground to grow vp from ignoraunce
-by teaching, in that place, where no ignorance of
-matter at least should be, at the very first: though time
-and experience do polish out the maner. He must haue
-the knowledge of all the best grammers, to giue notes by
-the way still, though he burden not the childes memorie of
-course, with any more then shalbe set downe. There are
-required in him besides these, and further pointes of learning
-to, as I will note hereafter, <i>hardnes</i> to take paines:
-<i>constancie</i> to continew and not to shrinke from his trade:
-<i>discretion</i> to iudge of circumstances: <i>lightsomnes</i> to delite
-in the successe of his labour: <i>hartines</i> to encourage a
-toward youth: <i>regard</i> to thinke ech childe an <i>Alexander</i>:
-<i>courteous lowlines</i> in himselfe, as if he were the meanest
-thoug he were knowne to be the best. For the verie least
-thing in learning, will not be well done, but onely by him,
-which knoweth the most, and doth that which he doth with
-pleasure and ease, by reason of his former store. These
-qualities deserue much, and in our scooles they be not
-generally found, bycause the rewardes for labour there be
-so base and simple, yet the most neare is best in choice,
-and many there be which would come neare, if entertainement
-were answerable. Let the parentes, and founders
-prouide for the one: and certainely they shall finde no
-default in the other.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">A meane to
-haue excellent
-teachers and
-professours
-generally.</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The foure particular
-meanes.</div>
-
-<p>There were a way in the nature of a seminarie
-for excellent maisters in my conceit, if reward
-were abroad, and such an order might be had
-within the vniuersitie: which I must touch with
-licence and for touching craue pardon, if it be
-not well thought of, as I know it will seeme straunge at
-the first, bycause of some difficultie in perfourming the
-deuise. And yet there had neuer bene any alteration to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_237">237</span>
-the better, if the name of alteration had bene the obiect to
-repulse. This my note but by the way, though it presently
-parhapes doe make some men muse, yet hereafter vpon
-better consideration, it may proue verie familiar to some
-good fantasies, and be exceeding well liked of, both by
-my maisters of the vniuersities them selues, and by their
-maisters abroad. Whereby not onely schoolemaisters, but
-all other professours also shalbe made excellently able to
-performe that in the common weale which she looketh for
-at their handes, when they come from the vniuersitie. But
-by the way I protest simply, that I do not tender this wish,
-as hauing any great cause to mislike the currant, which the
-vniuersities be now in: but graunting thinges
-there to be well done already, I offer no discourtesie
-in wishing that good to be a great
-deale better. My conceit resteth in these foure pointes:
-1. what if the colleges were deuided by professions and
-faculties? 2. what if they of the like yeares, and the like
-profession, were all bestowed in one house? 3. what if the
-liuings by vniting were made better, and the colleges not
-so many: though farre greater? 4. what if in euery house
-there were great pensions, and allowances for continuall
-and most learned readers: which would end their liues
-there? what harme could our countrie receiue thereby?
-nay, what good were not in great forwardnes to be done, if
-this thing were done? And may not the state of the
-realme do this by authoritie, which gaue authoritie to
-founders to do the other, with reseruation of prerogatiue to
-alter vpon cause? or is not this question as worthy the
-debating to mend the vniuersities, and to plant sownd
-learning: as to deuise the taking away landes from colleges,
-and put the studentes to pension, bycause they cannot vse
-them without iarring among themselues? Were there any
-way better to cut away all the misliking, wherewith the
-vniuersities be now charged, and to bring in a new face of
-thinges both rarer and fayrer?</p>
-
-<p>In the first erection of schooles and colleges, <i>priuat zeale</i>
-enflamed good founders: in altering to the better, <i>publicke
-consideration</i> may cause a commoner good, and yet keepe
-the good founders meaning, who would very gladly embrace
-any auauncement to the better in any their buildinges. The
-nature of <i>time</i> is vpon sting of necessitie, to enfourme what
-were best: and the dutie of <i>pollicie</i> is, aduisedly to consider<span class="pagenum" id="Page_238">238</span>
-how to bring that about which time doth aduertise. And
-if time do his dutie to tell, can <i>pollicie</i> auoide blame in
-sparing to trie? And why should not <i>publike consideration</i>
-be as carefull to thinke of altering to fortifie the state now,
-as <i>priuat zeale</i> was hoat then to strengthen that which was
-then in liking?</p>
-
-<p>But I will open these foure interrogations better, that the
-considerations which leade me, may winne others vnto me,
-or at the least let them see, that it is no meere noueltie
-which moueth me thus farre.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Of the diuision
-of colleges.</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The college of
-toungues.</div>
-
-<p>Touching the <i>diuision</i> of <i>colleges</i> by professions
-and faculties, I alleege no president from
-other nations, though I could do diuerse, begining
-euen at <i>Lycæum</i>, <i>Stoa</i>, <i>Academia</i>, themselues, and so downeward,
-and in other nations east and southeast ascending
-vpwarde, where studentes cloystured them selues together,
-as their choice in learning lay: but priuate examples in
-their applying to our country may be controuled by generall
-exception. If there were one college, where nothing should
-be professed, but languages onely, (as there be
-some people which will proceede no further)
-to serue the realme abroad, and studies in the
-vniuersitie, in that point excellently and absolutelie, were
-it not conuenient? nay were it not most profitable? That
-being the ende of their profession, and nothing dealt withall
-there but that, would not sufficiencie be discried by witnes
-of a number? and would not dayly conference and continuall
-applying in the same thing procure sufficiencie?
-Wheras now euery one dealing with euery thing confusedly
-none can assuredly say, thus much can such a one do in
-any one thing, but either vpon coniecture which oftentimes
-deceiueth euen him that affirmes: or else vpon curtesie
-which as oft beguiles euen him that beleueth. These
-reasons hold not in this point for toungues onely: but in
-all other distributions, where the like matter and the like
-men be likewise to be matched. For where all <i>exercises</i>,
-all <i>conferences</i>, all both priuate and publike, <i>colloquies</i>, be of
-the same argument, bycause the soile bringeth foorth no
-other stuffe, there must needes follow great perfection.
-When toungues, and learning be so seuered, it will soone
-appeare, what ods there is betwene one that can but speake,
-and him that can do more, whereas now some few finish
-wordes, will beare away the glorie from knowledge without<span class="pagenum" id="Page_239">239</span>
-consideration, that the gate is without the towne as dismantling
-bewraies, though it be the entrie into it.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The colledge for
-the mathematikes.</div>
-
-<p>If an other colledge were for the <i>Mathematicall</i>
-sciences, I dare say it were good, I will
-not say it were best, for that some good wittes,
-and in some thinges not vnseene, not knowing the force of
-these faculties bycause they neuer thought them worthey
-their studie as being without preferment, and within contempt,
-do vse to abase them, and to mocke at <i>mathematicall</i>
-heades, bycause in deede the studie thereof requireth
-attentiuenes, and such a minde, as will not be soone caried
-to any publike shew, before his full ripenes, but will rest in
-solitarie contemplation, till he finde himselfe flidge. Now
-this their meditation if they be studentes in deede: or the
-shadow of meditation, if they be but counterfettes, do these
-men plaie with all, and mocke such mathematicall heades,
-to solace themselues with.</p>
-
-<p>Wherein they haue some reason to mocke at mathematicall
-heades, as they do tearme them, though they should
-haue greater reason, why to cherish, and make much of
-the mathematicall sciences, if they will not discredit <i>Socrates</i>
-his authoritie, and wisedome in <i>Plato</i>,<a id="FNanchor_68_68" href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">68</a> which in the same
-booke auaunceth these sciences aboue the moone, whence
-some learned men fetch his opinion, and force his iudgement,
-as the wisest maister against such as allow of
-correction in schooles: which they would seeme to banishe,
-till their owne rod beat them. The very end of that booke
-is the course that is to be kept in learning in the perfitest
-kinde, which beginneth at the mathematikes, and it dealeth
-more with the necessitie of them, then with the whole
-argument besides: as it is no noueltie to heare that <i>Plato</i>
-esteemed of them, who forbad any to enter his <i>Academie</i>,
-which was not a <i>Geometrician</i>, whereunder he contained
-the other, but specially her sister <i>Arithmetike</i>.</p>
-
-<p>For the men which professe these sciences, and giue
-cause to their discountenaunce, they be either meere
-ignorant, and maintaine their credit with the vse of some
-tearmes, propositions, and particularities which be in ordinarie
-courses that way, and neuer came nigh the kernell:
-or hauing some knowledge in them in deede, rather employe
-their time, and knowledge aboute the degenerate, and
-sophisticall partes of them, applyed by vaine heades to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_240">240</span>
-meere collusions though they promise great consequences:
-then to the true vse, and auauncement of art. Howbeit in
-the meane time, though the one disgrace them with contempt,
-and the other make them contemptible, by both
-their leaues I do thinke thus of them: but what a poore
-thing is my thought? yet some thing it is where it shalbe
-beleeued. In time all learning may be brought into one
-toungue, and that naturall to the inhabitant, so that schooling
-for toungues, may proue nedeles, as once they were not
-needed: but it can neuer fall out, that artes and sciences
-in their right nature, shalbe but most necessarie for any
-common weale, that is not giuen ouer vnto to to much
-barbarousnes. We do attribute to much to toungues,
-which do minde them more then we do matter chiefly in a
-monarchie: and esteeme it more honorable to speake finely,
-then to reason wisely: where wordes be but praised for
-the time, and wisedom winnes at length. For while the
-<i>Athenian</i>, and <i>Romaine</i> popular gouernementes, did yeald
-so much vnto eloquence, as one mans perswasion might
-make the whole assembly to sway with him, it was no
-meruell if the thing were in price, which commaunded: if
-wordes were of weight, which did rauish: if force of sentence
-were in credit, which ruled the fantsie, and bridled the
-hearer. Then was the toungue imperiall bycause it dealt
-with the people: now must it obey, bycause it deales with
-a prince, and be seruaunt vnto learned matter, acknowledging
-it to be her liege, and mistresse. All those great
-obseruations of eloquence, are either halfe drowned, for
-want of a democratie: or halfe douted of for discredit of
-diuinitie: which following the substance of matter, commendeth
-vnto vs the like in all studies.</p>
-
-<p>For the credit of these <i>mathematicall</i> sciences, I must
-needes vse one authoritie of great, and well deserued countenaunce
-among vs, and so much the rather, bycause his
-iudgement is so often, and so plausibly vouched by the
-curteouse maister <i>Askam</i> in his booke, which I wish he
-had not himselfe, neither any other for him entitled the
-<i>scoolemaister</i>, bycause myselfe dealing in that argument
-must needes sometime dissent to farre from him, with some
-hasard of myne owne credit, seeing his is hallowed. The
-worthy, and well learned gentleman <i>Sir Iohn Cheeke</i><a id="FNanchor_69_69" href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">69</a> in
-the middest of all his great learning, his rare eloquence, his<span class="pagenum" id="Page_241">241</span>
-sownd iudgement, his graue modestie, feared the blame of
-a <i>mathematicall</i> head so litle in himselfe, and thought the
-profession to be so farre from any such taint, being soundly
-and sadly studied by others, as he bewraid his great
-affection towards them most euidently in this his doing.
-Being himselfe prouost of the kings colledge in <i>Cambridge</i>,
-in the time of his most honored prince, and his best hoped
-pupill, the good <i>king Edward</i>, brother to our gracious
-soueraine <i>Queene Elizabeth</i>, he sent downe from the court
-one maister <i>Bukley</i> somtime fellow of the saide colledge,
-and very well studyed in the <i>mathematicalls</i> to reade <i>Arithmeticke</i>,
-and <i>Geometrie</i> to the youth of the colledge: and
-for the better encouraging of them to that studie gaue
-them a number of <i>Euclides</i> of his owne coast. Maister
-<i>Bukley</i> had drawne the rules of <i>Arithmeticke</i> into verses,
-and gaue the copies abroad to his hearers. My selfe am
-to honour the memorie of that learned knight, being partaker
-my selfe of his liberall distribution of those <i>Euclides</i>,
-with whom he ioyned <i>Xenophon</i>, which booke he wished,
-and caused to be red in the same house, and gaue them to
-the studentes, to encourage them aswell to the greeke
-toungue, as he did to the <i>mathematikes</i>. He did I take it
-as much for the studentes in S. <i>Iohns</i> colledge, whose pupill
-he had once bene, as he did for vs of the kinges colledge
-whose prouost he then was. Can he then mislike the
-<i>mathematicall</i> sciences, which will seeme to honour Syr
-<i>Iohn Cheeke</i>, and reuerence his iudgement? can he but
-thinke the opinion to proceede from wisedom, which
-counteth <i>Socrates</i> the wisest maister? Nay how dare he
-take vpon him to be a maister, not of art, but of artes (for
-so is the name,) which hath not studyed them, ear he
-proceeded? Are not the proceeders to reade in any of
-those sciences publickely, by the vice chauncelours appointment,
-after they haue commenced? and do they not promise,
-and professe the things, when they seeke to procure the
-titles? And with what face dare ignorance open her mouth,
-or but vtter some sounde of words, where she hath professed
-the weight of matter? So that the very vniuersity
-her selfe doth highly esteeme of them if she could entreat
-her people to esteeme of their mothers iudgement. These
-sciences bewray them selues in many professions and trades
-which beare not the titles of learning, whereby it is well
-seene, that they are no prating, but profitable grounds:<span class="pagenum" id="Page_242">242</span>
-not gay to the shew, but good to be shewed, and such
-meanes of vse, as the vse of our life were quite maimed
-without them. Then gather I, if bare experience, and
-ordinarie imitation do cause so great thinges to be done by
-the meere shadow, and roat of these sciences, what would
-iudiciall cunning do, being ioyned with so well affected
-experience? Neither is it any obiection of account to say
-what should marchauntes, carpentars, masons, shippmaisters,
-maryners, deuisours, architectes, and a number such do
-with latin, and learning? do they not well enough without,
-to serue the turne in our countrie? If they do well with out
-might they not do better with? And why may not an
-English carpentar, and his companions speake that toungue
-to helpe their countrie the more, being gotten in youth, eare
-they can be set to other labour, which the <i>Romaine</i> artificer
-did naturally vse, seing it is more commendable in ours,
-where labour is the conquerour, then in the Romain where
-nature was commendour? As if none should haue Latin
-but those which were for further degrees in learning.</p>
-
-<p>The tounges be helpes indifferent to all trades as well as
-to learning. Neither is the speaking of Latin any necessarie
-argument of deeper learning, as the Mathematicall sciences
-be the olde rudimentes of young children, and the certaine
-directours to all those artificers, which without them go by
-roate, and with them might shew cunning. I maye not at
-this time prosecute this position, as to fremd for this place:
-but after my Elementarie and toungue schoole, I meane to
-search it to the very bottom, with the whole profession of
-those faculties, if God send me life, and health. 1. For the
-while this shall suffise that these sciences, which we terme
-the Mathematicalles in their effectual nature, do worke still
-some good thing, sensible euen to the simple, by number,
-figure, sound, or motion: 2. In the manner of their teaching
-they do plant in the minde of the learner, an habite inexpungable
-by bare probabilities, and not to be brought to
-beleeue vpon light coniectures, in any other knowledge,
-being still drawne on by vnfallible demonstrations: 3. In
-their similitudinarie applications, they let one see by them
-in sense the like affection in contemplatiue, and intelligible
-thinges, and be the surest groundes to retourne vnto in
-replies and instances, either vpon defect in memorie, or in
-checke of aduersarie, contrarie to the common similitudes.
-For when ye compare the common weale to a ship, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_243">243</span>
-the people to the passagers, the application being vnder
-saile, maye be out of sight, when ye seeke for your proofe.
-But in these sciences the similitudinarie teaching is so
-certain in applying, and so confirmed by effectes: as there
-is nothing so farre from sense, and so secret in vnderstanding,
-but it will make it palpable. They be taken from the
-sense, and trauell the thought, but they resolue the minde.
-And though such as vnderstand them not, do mislike them,
-which yet is no reason in them, nor any disgrace to the
-thing misliked by them, seeing ignoraunce misliketh: yet
-those that vnderstand them, may boldly mislike the mislikers,
-and oppose the whole auncient Philosophie, and all
-well appointed common weales against such mockmathematicalles,
-without whose helpe they could not liue, nor
-haue houses to hide their heades, though they thanke not
-their founders.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The colledge for
-Philosophie.</div>
-
-<p>3. If <i>Philosophie</i> with her three kindes had
-the third colledge, were it thinke you vnproper?
-Then the naturall might afterward proceede to
-<i>Physick</i>, whom she fitteth: the Politicke to <i>Lawe</i>, whom
-she groundeth: the morall to <i>Diuinitie</i>, whom she helpeth
-in discourse. Which three professions, <i>Diuinitie</i>, <i>Lawe</i>,
-<i>Physick</i> should euery one be endowed with their particular
-colledges, and liuinges. 4. To haue the <i>Physician</i> thus
-learned, it were nothing to much, considering his absolutenesse
-is learning, and his ignoraunce butcherie, if he do
-but marke his owne maister <i>Galene</i><a id="FNanchor_70_70" href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">70</a> in his booke of the
-best profession. 5. For the <i>Diuine</i> to tarie time, and to haue
-the handmaiden sciences to attend vpon their mistres profession,
-were it any hindrance to his credit, where discretion
-the daughter of time is his fairest conusance, and if he
-come without her, what sternesse so euer he pretend in
-countenance, we will measure the man, though we marke
-his sayinges? 6. The <i>Lawyers</i> best note in the best iudgementes
-is contentment, not to couet to much, and for that
-desire not to striue to gaine to much: not beyond the
-extremitie of lawe, but farre on this side the extremitie of
-right. And can digesting time be but commodious in this
-case, and contempt of toyes eare he enter into them, be
-but mother to contentment? Time to bread sufficiencie,
-and sufficiencie to bring sound iudgement, cut of all matter
-of blame, and leaue all matter to praise. But in this dis<span class="pagenum" id="Page_244">244</span>tribution
-where is <i>Logicke</i> and <i>Rethoricke</i>, some will saye?
-Where is <i>Grammer</i> then will I saye? A directour to
-language. And so <i>Logicke</i>, for her demonstratiue part,
-plaieth the <i>Grammer</i> to the <i>Mathematicalles</i>, and naturall
-<i>Philosophie</i>: for her probabilitie to morall, and politike,
-and such other as depend not vpon necessitie of matter.
-<i>Rhetoricke</i> for puritie without passion doth ioyne with the
-writer in any kinde, for perswasion with passion, with the
-speaker in all kindes, and yet both the speaker dealeth
-sometime quietly, and the plaine writer waxeth very hoate.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The necessitie of
-the college for
-toungues.</div>
-
-<p>1. Of these colledges, that which is for <i>toungues</i>
-is so necessary as scant any thing more. For
-the toungues being receites for matter, without
-the perfect vnderstanding of them, what hope is there to
-vnderstand matter? and seeing wordes be names of thinges
-applyed and giuen according to their properties, how can
-thinges be properly vnderstood by vs, which vse the ministrie
-and seruice of wordes to know them by, onelesse the
-force of speeche be thoroughly knowen? And do you not
-thinke that euery profession hath neede to haue a title of
-the signification of wordes, as well as the ciuill lawyer?
-I do see in writers, and I do heare in speakers great defectes
-in the mistaking of meaninges: and euident errours thorough
-insufficiencie herin. And as <i>toungues</i> cannot be better perfitted,
-then streight after their entrie by the grammer
-schoole: so they must be more perfitted, then they can be
-there. And what if some will neuer proceede any further,
-but rest in those pleasaunt kinde of writers, which delite
-most in gaing of their language as poetes, histories, discourses,
-and such, as will be counted generall men?</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The necessitie of
-the Mathematicall
-colledge.</div>
-
-<p>2. As for the <i>Mathematicalles</i>, they had the
-place before the toungues were taught, which
-though they be now some necessarie helpes,
-bycause we vse forreine language for conueaunce of knowledge:
-yet they push vs one degree further of from knowledge.
-That the <i>Mathematicalles</i> had the place, and were
-proposed still to children, he that hath read any thing in
-Philosophie cannot be ignorant. <i>Plato</i> is full of it, and
-termeth them commonly the <i>childrens entrance</i>, but cheifly
-in the seuenth booke of his common weale. So is his
-scholer though long after his death <i>Philo</i> the <i>Iewe</i> (whom
-euen his countrieman <i>Iosephus</i>, a man somewhat parciall in
-praising other, yet calleth a singular man for eloquence<span class="pagenum" id="Page_245">245</span>
-and wisedome, speaking of his embassage to <i>Caius</i> the
-Emperour) but specially in that treatise, which he maketh of
-the foretraine, for so I turne <i>Platoes</i> προπαιδεία, and <i>Philoes</i>
-προπαίδευμα.<a id="FNanchor_71_71" href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">71</a> There he deuiseth, as he is a perpetuall
-allegoriser, <i>Sara</i> to be the <i>image</i> of <i>Diuinitie</i>, and <i>Agar</i>
-the figure of all other handmaiden sciences, wherein he
-wisheth a young man to deale very long, or he venture
-vpon <i>Sara</i>, which will not be fertil but in late, and ripe
-yeares. He construeth both in that place, and in <i>Moses</i>
-his life also, those wordes of the bringing vp of <i>Moses</i> in
-all the doctrine of the <i>Ægyptians</i>, to be meant in the
-<i>Mathematicalles</i>, which was the traine of that time, and
-the brood of that soile, or there about. And to saye the
-trueth let any man marke the course of all auncient learning,
-and he shall finde, that it could not be possibly otherwise,
-but that the <i>Mathematicall</i> was their rudiment, though
-no historie, no describer of common weale, no setter forth
-of Philosophers life, no Philosopher himselfe had tolde it
-vs? Is not <i>Aristotles</i> first booke of all in course of his
-teaching, his <i>Organum</i>, which conteineth his whole <i>Logicke</i>?
-and in his proofes for the piking out of his <i>syllogismes</i> doth
-he not bewraie, wherin he was brought vp? I vse <i>Aristotle</i>
-alone for example, bycause our studentes be best acquainted
-with him: whom yet they cannot vnderstand without these
-helpes, as one <i>Brauardine</i> espied well, though not he alone,
-who tooke the paines to gather out of <i>Euclide</i> two bookes
-purposely for the vnderstanding of <i>Aristotle</i>. Can his
-bookes of Demonstration, the <i>Analytica prosteriora</i> be
-vnderstood without this helpe? His whole treatise of
-Motion wheresoeuer, commonly fetcht from the verie forme
-of the thing moued: His confutation of others by the
-nature of Motion, and site: His <i>Mathematicall</i> discriptions
-in many places: His naturall <i>Theoremes</i> echwhere can they
-be conceiued, much lesse vnderstood by any ignorant in
-this pointe? Wherin <i>Aristotle</i> sheweth vs his owne education,
-to whom he commendeth the like, if we like of him,
-whose liking will not fall, though fooles oftimes shake it.
-It were to infinite to vse proofes in so generall, and so
-knowne a case, which the whole antiquitie still allowed of,
-and the famous <i>Athenian</i> common weale vsed euen then,
-when she had the great brood of the most excellent persons,
-for her ordinary traine to her youth as <i>Socrates</i> still alledgeth<span class="pagenum" id="Page_246">246</span>
-in <i>Plato</i>: or rather <i>Plato</i> fathering the speach vpon <i>Socrates</i>
-sayth so himselfe. <i>Aristippus</i> after his shipwrake found
-releise thorough that train, and encoraged his companions
-vpon sight of Geometricall figures in the sande. He that
-will iudge of these sciences in generall, what degree they
-haue in the course of learning, and wherin they be profitable
-to all other studies whatsoever, let him read but either
-<i>Proclus</i> his foure bookes vpon <i>Euclides</i> first in Greeke, or
-bycause the greeke is ill, and corruptly printed: <i>Io. Barocius</i>,
-a young gentleman of <i>Venice</i> which hath turned them into
-Latin, and corrected the copie. Though many haue delt
-in the argument they be but secondarie to <i>Proclus</i>. For
-he handleth euery question that either makes for them, or
-against them cheifly in his first booke. It were to much
-for me to stand vpon enumeration of testimonies in this
-place, that the auncient schoole did begin at the <i>Mathematicall</i>
-after the first <i>Elementarie</i>, while they minded sound
-learning in deede, and sequestred their thoughtes from other
-dealinges in the world. He that marketh but the ordinary
-metaphores in the eloquentest Greeke writers of that time,
-whence we prescribe, shall easily bewray, where in the
-auncient discipline trauelled. To alledge the <i>Romain</i> for
-learning is to alledge nothing, whose cunning <i>Virgile</i><a id="FNanchor_72_72" href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">72</a> describeth
-to lye in gouernement, and conquests, remitting
-other faculties to other people. For till the forreine learning
-in latter yeares, was translated into their toungue, of
-themselues they had litle. <i>Rhetoricke</i>, <i>poetrie</i>, <i>historie</i>, <i>ciuill
-lawe</i>, and some petie treatises of <i>Philosophie</i>, and <i>Physicke</i>
-were the <i>Romaines</i> learning. Some one, or two as <i>Gallus</i>,
-and <i>Figulus</i> were noted for the <i>Mathematicalles</i>, as many
-yeares after them <i>Iulius Firmicus</i>, and some architecture
-<i>Mathematicke</i> in <i>Vitruuius</i>. But their owne stories can
-tell, what an afterdeale in the wynning of <i>Syracusæ</i> <i>Archimedes</i>
-by those faculties put <i>Marcellus</i> their generall vnto,
-which yet was as carefull to haue saued <i>Archimedes</i>, if the
-rashnesse of a rude soldiar had not preuented his proclamation:
-as <i>Demetrius</i> πολιορκητής was to saue <i>Protogenes</i>
-at <i>Rhodes</i>. After the state was brought to a monarchie,
-the Greekes ouerlaid their learning, as it appeareth, from
-<i>Dionysius</i> of <i>Halycarnassus</i>, and <i>Strabo</i>, which were in
-<i>Augustus Cæsars</i> time, downe still in a number of most
-notable Grecians, which serued that state continually both<span class="pagenum" id="Page_247">247</span>
-for training vp their young Emperours, and for all other
-kinde of learning: so that the authoritie of the <i>Mathematicall</i>
-must be fetcht from the Grekes, though they themselues
-borrowed the matter of other nations, and were
-founders onely to language, methode, and those faculties,
-which serue for the direction of language.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The necessitie of
-the colledge for
-Philosophie.</div>
-
-<p>3. For <i>Philosophie</i> to haue the third place it
-will be easily obtained, though there be some
-pretended doubt in the order of the partes for
-the training. We vse to set young ones to the morall and
-politike first and reason against <i>Aristotles</i> conclusion, that
-a young stripling is a fit hearer of morall <i>Philosophie</i>. But
-<i>Aristotle</i> himselfe being well brought vp in the <i>Mathematicalles</i>
-placeth naturall <i>Philosophie</i> next vnto them, as very
-intelligible vnto very young heades, by reason of their
-necessarie consequence, and <i>Theoreticall</i> consideration.
-Wheras the other partes being subiect to particular circunstance
-in life are to be reserued for elder yeares. For not
-onely the <i>Philosophicall</i> resolution, but also the very religious
-was in the best, and eldest time to cause youth abide long
-in study, and to forbeare publike shew, till it were very
-late. To make <i>Logicke</i>, and <i>Rhetoricke</i> serue to those vses,
-and in those places, where I appointed them, was no
-absurdity. For <i>Rhetoricke</i>, there will be small contradiction,
-though declamations, and such exercises seeme to
-make some further claime. <i>Pythagoras</i> his fiue yeares
-silence, hath a meaning that ye heare sufficiently, eare ye
-speake boldly. And <i>Socrates</i> that great maister in <i>Plato</i>
-calleth <i>Logicke</i> the ridge, or toppe of the <i>Mathematicalles</i>,
-as then to succeede, when they were gotten: and good
-reason, why, bycause their methode in teaching, and order
-in prouing did bring forth <i>Logicke</i>. As he that will make
-<i>Plato</i> the example to <i>Aristotles</i> preceptes shall easily perceaue.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The necessitie of
-three colledges
-peculiar for
-Diuinitie, Law,
-Physicke.</div>
-
-<p>3, 4, 5. For <i>Diuinitie</i>, <i>Lawe</i>, and <i>Physicke</i> to
-haue their owne colledges, for their full exercises,
-and better learning, then now thus to
-haue their studentes scattered, it is a thing that
-implyeth no great repugnaunce with any reason,
-and is not without president. As for the <i>Lawe</i>, if the
-whole studie were made one and whatsoeuer appertaineth
-to that profession, for either Ecclesiasticall, or Temporall
-vse were reduced into one body, had our countrey any<span class="pagenum" id="Page_248">248</span>
-cause to complaine? or but great cause to be very glad?
-wheras now three seuerall professions in lawe, bewraye a
-three headed state, one <i>English</i> and <i>French</i>, an other,
-Romish Imperiall, the third Romish ecclesiasticall, where
-meere <i>English</i> were simply our best. I shall not neede to
-say any more herein, but onely giue occasion to those
-which can iudge, and helpe it, to thinke of the position:
-the distraction of temporall, ciuill, and Canon lawe being
-in many pointes very offensiue to our countrey.</p>
-
-<p>6. Some difficultie there will be to winne a colledge for
-such as shall afterward passe to teach in schooles.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The seuenth colledge
-for training
-maisters,
-and the necessitie
-therof.</div>
-
-<p>7. There is no diuerting to any profession
-till the student depart from the colledge of
-<i>Philosophie</i>, thence he that will go to <i>Diuinitie</i>,
-to <i>Lawe</i>, to <i>Physicke</i>, may, yet with great choise,
-to haue the fittest according to the subiect.
-He that will to the schoole is then to diuert. In whom I
-require so much learning to do so much good, as none of
-the other three, (honour alway reserued to the worthinesse
-of the subiect which they professe,) can chalenge to himselfe
-more: either for paines which is great: or for profit
-which is sure: or for helpe to the professions: which haue
-their passage so much the pleasaunter, the forwarder
-studentes be sent vnto them, and the better subiects be
-made to obay them: as the scholing traine is the trak to
-obedience. And why should not these men haue both this
-sufficiencie in learning, and such roome to rest in, thence
-to be chosen and set forth for the common seruice? be
-either children, or schooles so small a portion of our multitude?
-or is the framing of young mindes, and the training
-of their bodies so meane a point of cunning? be schoolemaisters
-in this Realme such a paucitie, as they are not
-euen in good sadnesse to be soundly thought on? If the
-chancell haue a minister, the belfray hath a maister: and
-where youth is, as it is eachwhere, there must be trainers,
-or there will be worse. He that will not allow of this
-carefull prouision for such a seminarie of maisters, is most
-vnworthy either to haue had a good maister him selfe, or
-herafter to haue a good one for his. Why should not
-teachers be well prouided for, to continue their whole life
-in the schoole, as <i>Diuines</i>, <i>Lawyers</i>, <i>Physicians</i> do in their
-seuerall professions? Thereby iudgement, cunning, and
-discretion will grow in them: and maisters would proue<span class="pagenum" id="Page_249">249</span>
-olde men, and such as <i>Xenophon</i> setteth ouer children in
-the schooling of <i>Cyrus</i>. Wheras now, the schoole being
-vsed but for a shift, afterward to passe thence to the other
-professions, though it send out very sufficient men to them,
-it selfe remaineth too too naked, considering the necessitie
-of the thing. I conclude therfore that this trade requireth
-a particular college, for these foure causes. 1. First for
-the subiect being the meane to make or mar the whole frye
-of our state. 2. Secondly for the number, whether of them
-that are to learne, or of them that are to teache. 3. Thirdly
-for the necessitie of the profession which maye not be
-spared. 4. Fourthly for the matter of their studie which is
-comparable to the greatest professions, for language, for
-iudgement, for skil how to traine, for varietie in all pointes
-of learning, wherin the framing of the minde, and the
-exercising of the bodie craueth exquisite consideration,
-beside the staidnes of the person.</p>
-
-<p>1. These seuen colledges being so set vp, and bearing
-the names of the thinges which they professe, for <i>Toungues</i>,
-for <i>Mathematickes</i>, for <i>Philosophie</i>, for <i>Traine</i>, for <i>Physicke</i>,
-for <i>Lawe</i>, for <i>Diuinitie</i> were there any great absurditie
-committed either in the thing if it were so, or in me for
-wishing it so? If it had bene thus appointed at the first,
-as he might, if the whole building had bene made at once,
-which is scant possible where thinges grow by degrees, and
-buildinges by patches: it would haue bene liked very well,
-and the Vniuersities in their commencementes, and publike
-actes would haue commended their pollicy, and wisedome,
-which first did appoint it. And maye not that be now
-toucht without blame, which if it had bene then done, had
-deserued great honour, and when soeuer it shall be done
-will deserue euerlasting memorie? and maye now be well
-done, seeing we haue all thinges needful for the well doing
-redie: And why should it seeme straunge to wish such an
-alteration, seeing greater chaunges haue bene both wished,
-and wrought within this our time? Sad, and lingring
-thoughts, which measure common weales as buildinges
-grounded vpon some rocke of marble, finde many, and
-sober difficulties: resolute mindes make no bones: there is
-stuffe enough, the places be ready, the landes be neither to
-be begd, ne yet to be purchased, they be got, and giuen
-already: they maye be easily brought into order, seeing
-our time is the time of reformation. Before my wish be<span class="pagenum" id="Page_250">250</span>
-condemned, I desire my reader to consider it well, and
-marke if it maye take place, and whether it maye not with
-great facilitie.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The second
-meane, to sorte
-like yeares into
-ye same roomes.</div>
-
-<p>2. For sorting like yeares into one roome,
-which was my second interrogatorie, it is no
-new deuice, nor mine: All good common
-weales not fained by fantsie, but being in deede
-such haue vsed it both for likenes of education in like
-yeares, and for trying out where most excellencie lodged,
-to bestow prefermentes vpon apparent desert, besides that
-it is most fit, and emulation to the better doth best beseeme
-like yeares. The greeke poet saith, that God draweth
-allway the like to the like, and therefore men may well
-follow the president.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The third
-meane to better
-the studentes
-maintenaunce.</div>
-
-<p>3. For vniting of colledges, enlarging of the
-vnited, and bettering studentes liuinges, I dare
-say none of them wilbe against me, which for a
-better liuing will chaung his colledge. Neither
-will he thinke it any great losse to leaue his old poore
-place, for a fatter rowme, which for such a one will abandon
-the vniuersitie and all. Sure the liuings in colledges be
-now to to leane, and of necessitie force good wittes to fly
-ear they be well feathered. More sufficiencie of liuing will
-yeald more conuenient time and furniture to studie, which
-two be the onely meanes to procure more sufficiencie in
-learning, more ripenes in iudgement, more stay in maners.
-The necessitie of studentes may thus be supplyed of their
-owne, and they not forced by accepting of exhibition at
-some handes to admit some bondage vnder hand. Restraint
-will ridde needelesse number: sufficient liuinges will maintaine,
-and make the nedefull number sufficiently well
-learned. I neede not staie any longer here. For methinke
-all those good studentes ioyne with me in this fourme of
-the vniuersitie, whom want, and barenes of liuing will not
-suffer to tarie long enough there, and better it were for our
-countrie to haue some smaller meane well trayned, and
-sufficiently prouided, then a loose number, and an vnlearned
-multitude. And there were two questions more worthy
-the resolution, then all <i>Iohannes Picus</i> the erle of <i>Mirandula</i>
-his nine hundred propounded at <i>Rome</i>: the one whether it
-were agreable to the nature of learning, being liberall in
-condition to be <i>elemosinarie</i> in maintenaunce: the other
-whether it were for a common weale to haue the conceit<span class="pagenum" id="Page_251">251</span>
-bound to respectes, bycause of priuate exhibition, which
-ought to direct simply, without respect, sauing to the state
-alone. For sure where learning growes vp by props, it
-leaseth her propertie: where the stocke of it selfe will
-beare vp the bowes, there it must be best, if choice be
-made leader, and fit wittes bestowed on bookes. My three
-forraine pointes for the furtheraunce of learning be, <i>choice</i>
-for wittes, <i>time</i> for furniture, <i>maintenaunce</i> for direction:
-what shalbe peculiar to the partie, himselfe must tender, as
-therein being detter to <i>God</i>, and his countrie. <i>Diligence</i> to
-apply his wit, <i>continuaunce</i> to store his time, <i>discretion</i> to set
-furth his maintenaunce, are required at his handes.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The fourth
-meane for
-readers.</div>
-
-<p>4. For <i>readers</i> of yeares, of sufficiencie, of
-continuance, methinke I durst enter into some
-combat that it were beyonde all crie profitable,
-and necessarie, to haue whom to follow, and of whom to
-learne how to direct our studies, for <i>yeares</i> auncient fathers:
-for <i>sufficiencie</i> most able to enstruct: for <i>continuance</i> cunning
-to discerne persons, and circumstaunces: for <i>aduise</i> skillfull
-to rule rash heades, which runne on to fast, being armed
-with some priuate opinion of their owne petie learning.
-What was <i>Plato</i> to the <i>Academikes</i>? <i>Aristotle</i> to the
-<i>Peripatetikes</i>? <i>Xeno</i> to the <i>Stoiks</i>? <i>Epicure</i> to the <i>Epicurians</i>?
-<i>Aristippus</i> to the <i>Anicerian</i> and <i>Cyrenaike</i>? and
-other such fathers to the famulies of their professions, but
-<i>readers</i>? It is a meruell to thinke on, how longe those
-fellowes continued in their profession as <i>Diogenes Laertius</i>
-doth note. It should seeme that <i>Plato</i> taught aboue fiftie
-yeares, reckening the time that he left <i>Speusippus</i> his
-deputie during his trauell into <i>Ægypt</i> and that way: whereby
-both himselfe proued an excellent maister, and his
-hearers proued most excellent scholers. They that haue
-bene acquainted with cunning <i>readers</i> any where will subscribe
-to this I know.</p>
-
-<p>Priuate studie tied to one booke led by one braine: not
-alway the best (as what counsellour is commonly worse to
-ones selfe, then himselfe?) so proceeding as the first impression
-leads, be it what it can be, cannot compare for
-iudiciall learning with the benefit of hearing one, nay of
-repeating to one vpon interrogatories after reading, to trie
-his iudgement, his keeping, and remembrance: which one
-hath red, and digested all the best bookes, or at the least
-all the best bookes in that kinde, whereof he maketh pro<span class="pagenum" id="Page_252">252</span>fession:
-which hath a iudgement settled and resolute by
-the helpe of all those good braines: which hath dealte
-with thousandes of the pregnantest wittes, whom experience
-hath taught stay, whom the common weale by sufferance
-commendes as sufficient. He that is not acquainted with
-such an excellent reader or teacher (for both the names
-import one thing) and that with repetition, but pleaseth
-himselfe with his owne priuate studie, as he taketh more
-paines vndoutedly, so getteth he lesse gaine I dare assure
-him, hauing in one lecture the benefit of his <i>readers</i>
-vniuersall studie, and that so fitted to his hand, as he may
-streight way vse it, without further thinking on: wheras
-when he hath beaten his owne braines priuatly about a
-litle, for want of time to digest, being to forward to put
-foorth, he vttereth that which he must either amend vpon
-better aduice, or quite reuoke when he findes he is ouer
-shot. Wherfore such <i>readers</i>, or rather such <i>nurses</i> to
-studie must needes be maintained with great allowance, to
-make their heauen there, where ye meane to vse them.
-Whose seruice, for the benefit that comes from them will
-saue their whole hier in very bookes, which the student
-shall not so much neede, when his <i>reader</i> is his librarie:
-neither must they be soules, as we tearme them, though of
-great reading, neither is it enough to haue read much, but
-they must be of great gouernment withall, which are to
-bring vp such a frie of gouerners. And therefore that
-great sufficiencie doth still call for great recompence to be
-tyed to a stake for it all ones life time.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">That this wish
-is most profitable
-to the
-vniuersitie, and
-hurthfull no not
-to any particular.</div>
-
-<p>But now I pray you by this wish of mine be
-the vniuersities in common sence any whit
-endammaged? if they were, so the harme were
-but some litle, and the good exceeding great,
-the dammage might be consumed by the greatnes
-of the good. I finde not any harme offered
-them, they lease no landes studentes be not put to pensions,
-they that be thought fit, finde better and fuller maintenaunce,
-better meane is made to proue learned, by such
-excellent <i>readers</i>, which the cunninger they be, the more
-affable they be, and thereby the fitter to satisfie any
-studentes dout in that which they professe. And where
-yong men may staie vntill they be singular, and haue
-good meanes to make them singular, is not the thing to be
-wished, and he that wisheth it, not to be thought to wish<span class="pagenum" id="Page_253">253</span>
-the <i>vniuersitie</i> harme, where it is vniuersally holpen? If
-this transposing of houses to this vse were commaunded by
-authoritie, and by some helpe of wealthy patrones for the
-common good sake, were happily accomplished, the <i>vniuersitie</i>
-should lease nothing, though they breake vp for a
-time, and the studentes gaue place, to masons, and carpenters,
-nay though the whole reuenew of all the colledges
-were for that time bestowed vpon the alteration. And yet
-all that trouble should not neede, if the first were first
-begune, and so particularly in order, neither should any
-student now well placed complaine of the chaunge if he
-would set himselfe to any certaine profession. This is but
-my conceit which the effect will confirme, and wise considerations
-will finde, that it carieth a good ground: besides
-that it is all ready in verie neare possibilitie, without any
-great charge, and with verie great good, as also certainetie,
-and greatnes of annuitie would streight way raise vp
-<i>readers</i>, and afterward continew them. How good, and
-how easie a thing this were, the attempt by so many
-particular <i>readers</i> would shew, which being themselues
-excellently well learned in those argumentes, that I do
-appoint to colledges, and professing them in conuenient
-houses of their owne, would vndoutedly drawe as many
-into their priuate hostelles, as there be now studentes in
-publicke colledges. All this my wish offereth greater
-difficulty, in the maner, how to worke it: then dout of
-profit, in the thing, if we had it. Howbeit harder thinges
-haue bene easily accomplished, but any more profitable
-was neuer compassed: neither doth it repent me to wish
-that, which I would reioyce to see. If the hindring lie in
-cost, it is somwhat, and yet but small, considering what is
-ready: if in good will: that is all, and yet but ill, considering
-what it hindereth. For no learning is so well got,
-where her helping meanes be seuered, as where all be
-vnited, which those colledges would cause: a thing neither
-of nouelty, as of an old ground and elswhere practised:
-neither iniuriouse, to any offering profit to all. I do finde
-my selfe so armed in the point, as if there were any hope
-in the thing to be effected, I could answeare any obiection
-of difficultie, which might arise against it, either from
-without the <i>vniuersitie</i>, or from within, eitther for any communitie,
-or for any priuate, that it would be best for all,
-neither any breach of good now well laied, nor any hin<span class="pagenum" id="Page_254">254</span>draunce
-to any, which findes himselfe at ease, as the present
-is now appointed. But will ye haue euerie one rise through
-all these degrees of learning, ear he become a professour?
-yea surely I. but who moueth the question? either he that
-cannot iudge, who is therefore to be pardoned: or he that
-would be doing, who is therefore to be blamed: or he that
-doth not way it, which would be desired to do: or he
-whom neede hasteneth, whose case is to be pitied. And
-yet of all these foure, only he, that desireth to shew him
-selfe ripe in his owne, though raw in other mens opinion,
-will contrarie the conclusion: for ignoraunce, will yeeld
-vpon better instruction: iust consideration, wil relent after
-waing: good wittes oppressed with want, and yet waing
-the truth, will wish for more wealth to tarie their full time,
-and the cariage of their cunning: but the hastie heades, to
-whom any delaie is present death, which will be doing,
-eare they can do well, but in their owne conceites they will
-stand against it, and scrape all defences, though while they
-do scrape, they descrie them selues to be extreme ignorant.
-For if sufficiencie be the onely meane to perfit the professour,
-and to profit the publike, insufficiencie ouerthrowes
-both. And as he that meaneth to turne before, may lymit
-his ascent: so he that will be perfit in the end and last
-profession ought at the least to haue the contemplatiue
-knowledge of all that goeth before, though he practise but
-at pleasure. The generall gaine thereby is this, that while
-the studentes youth is wedded to honest, and learned
-meditation, the heat of that stirring age is cooled which
-might harme in publicke, and set all on fire: ripe iudgement
-is got, to stay, not to stirre: and all ambitiouse
-passions meruellously daunted through resolutenes of iudgement.
-It is no reason, where see ye the like? but it is a
-great reason, the like is worth seeing, and who so comes
-neare, is still better liked, then he that dowteth of it. The
-want of triall, is some shift for a time, but the triall that
-hath bene, may lead vs to the like, and procure good
-allowance. And sure till the yong professours be made to
-tarie longer, and studie sounder, neither shall learning haue
-credit, nor our countrie be but sicke. It is not my complaint,
-though I ioyne with the complainantes. If ye
-meane to take learning before you, you will neuer moue
-the question. It is not he that hath, and knoweth, which
-moueth the question, but he that knoweth not and should.
-<span class="pagenum" id="Page_255">255</span>
-What should a <i>diuine</i> do with the <i>mathematikes</i>? why was
-<i>Moses</i> trained in all the <i>Ægyptians</i> learning? Nay in one
-reason for all, why will ye condemne in <i>diuinitie</i>, or execute
-in <i>lawe</i>, the sciences which ye know not, but finde the
-name condemned? and I pray you with what warrant?
-what if that be not the name? or what if the thing be not
-such? a condemnation without euidence where the iudge
-presumeth, and knoweth not the skill, which he saith is
-naught. The <i>Physician</i> should haue all, and if he haue
-not, he is most to be blamed, bycause the parentes of his
-profession durst not professe without them, and make them
-vnder meanes. To be short I wish they had them, which
-mislike that they haue not, and giue ignorance the raigne.
-For if they had them, we should heare no speach, but
-praise and proufe, admiration and honour.</p>
-
-<p>But to turne to my byace againe which was the mother,
-and matter to my wish, this colledge for teachers, might
-prooue an excellent nurserie for good schoolemaisters, and
-vpon good testimonie being knowne to so many before,
-which would vpon their owne knowledge assure him, whom
-they would send abroad. In the meane time till this come
-to passe, the best that we can haue, is best worthy the
-hauing, and if we prouide well for good teachers, that
-prouision will prouide vs good teachers.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The admission
-of teachers.</div>
-
-<p>There remaineth now one consideration in
-the admitting not of these, whom I admit without
-any exception, for all sufficiencie in religion,
-in learning, in discretion, in behauiour: but of such as we
-daily vse, and must vse, till circumstances be bettered,
-which are in compasse of many exceptions. The admitter
-or chuser considering what the place requireth, must exact
-that cunning, which the place calleth for: the partie himselfe
-must bring testimonie of his owne behauiour, if he be
-altogither vnknowen: and the admission would be lymited
-to such a schoole in such a degree of learning, as he is
-found to be fit for. For many vpon admission and licence
-to teach in generall, ouerreach to farre, and marre to much,
-being vnsufficient at randon, though seruing well for certaine
-by way of restraint. Thus much for the trainer, which I
-know will better my patterne if preferment better him:
-with whom I shall haue occasion to deale againe in my
-grammer schoole: where I will note vnto him what my
-opinion is in the particularities of teaching.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_256">256</span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_42">CHAPTER 42.</h2>
-
-
-<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">How long the childe is to continue in the elementarie ear he
-passe to the toungues, and grammer. The incurable infirmities
-which posting hast worketh in the whole course of studie.
-How necessarie a thing sufficient time is for a scholer.</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">Hastie</span> preasing onward is the greatest enemie,
-which any thing can haue whose best is to ripe at
-leasure. For if ripenes be the vertue, before it is
-greene, after it is rotten: and yet the excesse is the lesse
-harme: bycause it may ioyne, and be compounded with
-the vertue, and be called rotten ripe: and at the least be
-cast away, without any more losse, then of the thing it
-selfe, as it appeareth in frutes. The defect to plucke before
-ripenes, breedes ill in the partie which tasteth therof, and
-causeth the thing after a bite or two to be cast away to:
-vnlesse it be in longing wymen, whose distemperate delite
-vpon a cause not common, doth giue vs to iudge, that too
-timely taking, is but for some disordered humours. This
-plucking before ripenes in my position tendeth to this ende.
-I haue appointed in my elementarie traine, <i>reading</i>, <i>writing</i>,
-<i>drawing</i>, <i>singing</i>, <i>playing</i>: now if either all these be
-vnperfitly gotten, where all be attempted, or some, where
-some: when the childe is remoued to the grammer schoole,
-what an error is committed? The thinges being not perfit,
-to serue the consequence, either die quite if they be not
-seuearly called on: or come forward with paine, where the
-furtherance is in feare. How many small infantes haue we
-set to <i>grammer</i>, which can scarecely reade? how many to
-learne <i>latin</i>, which neuer wrate letter? And yet though
-some litle one could doe much better then all his fellowes,
-it were no harme for him to be captaine a good while in
-his <i>elementarie</i> schoole, rather then to be a meane souldier
-in a captaine schoole. The displeasoures be beyond all
-proportion pernicious, beyond all multitude many, which
-this posting pulles after it. And if moning could amend
-them, I would not onely mone them, that they be so many,
-but also mourne for them, that they be so helpeles. It is a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_257">257</span>
-world to see the weakenes of children, and the fondnes of
-friendes in that behalfe. It is to much, that may be vnderstood,
-where so much is said: the fault is generall, and the
-onely cause, which both makes children loth to learne, and
-the maisters seeme to be tormenters in their teaching. For
-the maister hasting on to the effect of his profession, and
-the scholer drawing backe, as not able to beare the burden:
-there riseth a conflict in the maister, with passion, if it
-conquere him: against passion if he conquere it. If the
-maister be verie sharp witted in deliuering, and the boy
-slowheaded in receiuing, then the passion will lightly conquer.
-Which it cannot doe, where wisedome and consideration
-in the maister be armed aforehand with pacience,
-or where experience, and wearines of extremitie haue
-wrought a calmenes. And as in the maister passion
-breedes heat, so in the childe infirmitie breedes feare, and
-so much the more, if he finde his maister somwhat to fierce.
-Whereupon neither the one nor the other can do much
-good at all, and all through this hastie imperfection being
-the matter of heat in the one, and of feare in the other.
-Whereof if the boy were not in daunger how peart would
-he be, and what a pleasure would the maister take in such
-a perfit perteling? but when the childe is so weake, as both
-he himselfe feeles it in his learning, and the maister findes
-it in his teaching, tell the parent so he will not beleeue it.
-So blynde is affection in the parent which cannot see: and
-in stoore of teachers, he shall finde some which will vndertake,
-and condemne the misliker. Whereby chaunge feedes
-his humour for the time, and repentance his follie long
-after, when the default proues vncurable, and the first
-maister is admitted among the prophetes. Such a thing it
-is to preuent illes in time, and when warning is giuen not
-to mocke the intelligence, nor to blame the watchman.</p>
-
-<p>If the imperfections which come more of haste then of
-ignoraunce from the Elementary schoole would take vp
-their <i>Inne</i> there, and raunge no further, the moane were
-not so much, bycause there were some meane to redresse:
-but now as one billow driueth on an other: so hast beginning
-there makes the other successions in learning trowle
-on too too headlong. Be young children set to soone to
-their <i>Grammer</i> onely? be none sent to the <i>Vniuersitie</i>,
-which when they come thence from yeares after, might
-well with good gaine returne to the <i>Grammer</i> schoole<span class="pagenum" id="Page_258">258</span>
-againe? I will not saye that they were not ready when
-they went, but peraduenture they were not ready, and
-forgat that they were so. Do not some good honest wittes
-in the middest of their studie finde the festering of haste,
-and wishe though in vaine that they had bene more aduised
-in their passage? and if they recouer that which they misse
-and wish for, do they not finde the learned conclusion trew:
-that such thinges be extreme painful to setled memories,
-which were very pleasaunt passages to the youngest boyes?
-He that beginnes his <i>Grammer</i> in any language, when he
-is a <i>Graduate</i>, may perhaps wish for some way without
-<i>Grammer</i>, and couet a <i>Compendium</i>. The <i>Vniuersities</i> can
-best iudge of the infirmities in our <i>Grammer</i> schooles, when
-they finde the want in those yonglinges, whom they haue
-from vs, but not sent by vs: we our selues see them, but
-we cannot salue them. Priuate affection ouerrules all
-reason: straungenesse betwene the parent and maister
-cuttes of conference in the remouing: and in some places
-multitude of schooles marres the whole market: where
-store is the sore, and oportunitie to alter an allurement to
-the worse. So that by degrees the <i>Elementarie</i> feebleth
-the <i>Grammarian</i>: and the <i>Grammarian</i> transporteth his
-weaknesse from his schoolemaister to his <i>Vniuersitie tutour</i>.
-Such a matter it is to stay hast at the first, which distempereth
-till the last. I would not haue the <i>Vniuersities</i>, but
-to thinke freindly of me, bycause though I finde fault, I
-seeke it not: neither blase I it with discredit to them, but
-wish it healed with the profit of my countrey, as I well
-know the most, and best of them there do.</p>
-
-<p>Doth not want of sufficient time (I meane not for taking
-degrees, bycause that time may be complete from the
-proceeders first ariuall into the <i>Vniuersitie</i>) but for want of
-age and yeares: and therwithall for the want of that, which
-yeares do bring, oftimes send abroad youthes, whose degrees
-deserue place, but their depth deserues none? That prentice
-is to hastely out of his yeares, which being at one
-and twentie free from his maister, is eare foure and twentie
-free from his thrift both reft of goodnesse, and left goodlesse.
-If men abroad had not a sensible iudgement in
-yeares, that young ware cannot be but greene, how sprooting
-faire so euer it doth shew: youth might deceiue them
-with titles, as it deceiues it selfe with opinions. <i>Yeares</i>
-without <i>stuffe</i> maye beguile before <i>triall</i>: <i>yeares</i> with <i>stuffe</i><span class="pagenum" id="Page_259">259</span>
-will abide the <i>stampe</i>: <i>Stuffe</i> without <i>yeares</i> is wounderous
-for a while, but it is subiecte to quicke withering, and to
-fade of wonder. Neither <i>stuffe</i> nor <i>yeares</i>, is extreme pitifull,
-and the very ground of my complaint, bycause neither
-few yeares can prouide great <i>stuffe</i>, yea to the best witte:
-nor many yeares to any witte, without great studie, which
-is a death there, where the defecte is great. How fortuneth
-it then, that either freindes be so foolish, or studentes so
-vnstayed, to haste so with so much waste? The causes
-be: <i>impacience</i>, which can abide no tarying, where a restlesse
-conceit is full frawght: <i>libertie</i>, to liue as he listeth,
-bycause he listeth not to liue as he should: <i>brauerie</i>, to
-seeme to be some body, and to cary a countenaunce: <i>hope</i>
-of preferment, to desire dignities before abilitie to discharge.
-In the meane while: the <i>common weale</i> becomes priuate:
-the <i>generall</i> weapeth, while the <i>particular</i> winneth: and yet
-the winning is no soundnesse, but shew. What notable
-men haue dealt with, and against the forestaulling of sound
-time in professions? Among many if onely <i>Viues</i> the
-learned <i>Spaniard</i>, were called to be witnesse, he would
-craue pardon for his owne person, as not able to come for
-the goute, but he would substitute for his deputie his whole
-twentie bookes of disciplines, wherin he entreateth, how
-they come to spoile, and how they may be recouered.
-Lacke of time not onely in his opinion, but also in whose
-not? bringes lacke of learning, which is a sore lacke, where
-it ought not to be lacking. The cankar that consumeth
-all, and causeth all this euill is haste, an <i>vnaduised, rashe,
-hedlong counsellour</i>, and then most pernicious when it hath
-either some apparence in reason that the child is ripe: or
-the hartning of some maister, which either is disposed to
-follow where he seeth replying past cure: or that cannot
-discern colours, bycause he is that in his degree, which the
-childe is in his: both vnripe: the one to teach, the other
-to remoue.</p>
-
-<p>But what if hope of exhibition make an Vniuersitie man
-straine? and either perswade abilitie, or promise to supplie,
-where abilitie wantes? Nay what if exhibitours of some
-litle, seeke recompence to soone, and halfe force some
-poore scholer to toile with imperfection?</p>
-
-<p>When the vnripe boye findeth any such meane to go to
-the Vniuersitie, the maister shall neuer know, till he be
-booted, if he do know then: for feare of stopping his<span class="pagenum" id="Page_260">260</span>
-iourney by contrarie counsell: that is by reason to stay
-him, which runnes to his owne harme.</p>
-
-<p><i>Time</i> of it selfe, as it is the noblest circunstance wherwith
-we haue to deale: so it hath a bredth in it selfe capeable of
-to much, to litle, and enough.</p>
-
-<p>To much <i>time</i> is seldome found fault with iustly, though
-some time pretended, bycause it is seldome taryed for in
-this kinde wherwith I deale.</p>
-
-<p>To litle <i>time</i> is that wheron I complaine, and so much
-the more harmefull, bycause hast to attaine vnto the desired
-ende makes it seeme no fault till the blow be giuen.</p>
-
-<p><i>Time</i> enough is that meane which perfiteth all, the
-<i>Elementarie</i> in his kinde, the <i>Grammarian</i> in his, the
-<i>Graduate</i> in his, and so profiteth the <i>common weale</i> by perfiting
-all: the <i>prerogatiue</i> to thought: the <i>mother</i> to truth:
-the <i>tuchestone</i> to ripenesse: the <i>enemy</i> to errour: mans only
-stay, and helpe to aduice.</p>
-
-<p>For the Grammarians <i>time</i>, though it be not within this
-argument, as many other thinges which the affinitie drew
-in, yet thus much may I say. That his perfitnesse hath a
-pitche, and his yeares yeilde his good, as it shall appeare in
-his owne place, whose time must needes be limited, bycause
-he is so placed after the <i>Elementarie</i>, and before the
-<i>Uniuersitie</i>, as the well appointing of his <i>time</i> shall disapoint
-neither of them. For the <i>times</i>, and yeares of studie before
-degrees in the Vniuersitie, <i>Plato</i> himselfe in his exquisite
-<i>republike</i> cannot, nor doth not appoint them better then
-they be there already, if the <i>Grammar</i>, and <i>Elementarie</i>
-haste marred not, and made them that come to soone
-seeke also to proceede to soone, yet euen so fulfilling
-statutes, which appoint the continuing yeares, though
-smallie for their benefit, which are not appointed in yeares,
-and lesse then not appointed in substaunce. The distances
-betwene degrees orderly employed, and the midle learninges
-being caryed before them, as it is imported by their
-stiles: might worke in the most very reasonable knowledge,
-for methode and ground in habite, though not for particulars,
-which be alwayes endlesse, still without art, though
-most within experience, for their most needfull number.
-Now if that helpe of readers, which I wished for, were put
-in execution, me thinke, the world should see, a marueilous
-number of excellent professours in euery degree. I am to
-long in talking of to litle: but the times hanging one vpon<span class="pagenum" id="Page_261">261</span>
-another haue led me thus onward: wherfore it is now time
-for me to determine that time, which I do take to be
-enough for the <i>Elementarie</i>. When the child can read so
-readily, and roundly, as the length of his lesson shal
-nothing trouble him for his reading: when he can write so
-faire and so fast, as no kinde of exercise shalbe tedious
-vnto him for the writing: when his penne or pencill shall
-delite him with bragge: when his <i>Musicke</i> both for voice,
-and hand is so farre forward, as a litle voluntarie will both
-maintaine, and encrease it: all which thinges the second
-maister must haue an eye vnto: then hath the <i>Elementarie</i>
-had time enough. If the parent account not of all, yet
-perfitnesse in his choice must be his cheife account. The
-childes ordinarie exercises, will continue his writing, and
-reading, himselfe will alwaye be drawing, bycause it deliteth
-his eye, and busieth not his braine. But for <i>Musicke</i>, the
-maister and the parentes delite must further it. For that
-in those yeares, children be Musicall rather for other then
-for them selues. Once in, this is a certaine ground, and
-most infallible, that in tarying long, and perfiting well, there
-is no losse of time, specially seeing those qualities euen
-alone, be a pretie furniture of houshold if they be well
-gotten. The hasting on to fast to see the frute too soone,
-when circunstances perswade tarying, is to winne an houre
-in the morning, and to lease the day after. Thus much
-concerning the <i>Elementarie</i> time, determinable not by
-yeares, but by sufficiencie. If yeares could be limittes to
-knowledge, as they be very good leaders, the rule were
-more certaine: but where witte goeth not by yeares, nor
-learning without, sufficiencie is the surest bounder, to set
-out, wherin enough is. Howbeit in the <i>Elementarie</i>, and
-so forth I will limit the time somwhat nearer, with all the
-considerations, both for varietie of the matters which are to
-be learned, and the men which are to teach, and such
-thinges as seeme not so proper to be set downe here.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_262">262</span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_43">CHAPTER 43.</h2>
-
-
-
-<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">How to cut of most inconueniences wherwith schooles and
-scholers, maisters and parentes be in our schooling now most
-troubled. Wherof there be two meeanes, vniformitie in
-teaching and publishing of schoole orders. That vniformitie
-in teaching hath for companions dispatch is learning, and
-sparing of expenses. Of the abbridging of the number of
-bookes. Of curtesie and correction. Of schoole faultes.
-Of friendlinesse betwene parentes and maisters.</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">A great</span> learned man<a id="FNanchor_73_73" href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">73</a> in our dayes thought so much
-of the troublesome and toilsome life, which we
-teachers lead, as he wrate a pretie booke of the
-miseries of maisters. We are to thanke him for his good
-will: but when any kinde of life be it high, be it low, is not
-troubled with his proportion to our portion, we will yeild
-to misery. Our life is very painfull in deede, and what if
-beyond comparison painfull? Much a do we haue, and
-what if none more? Yet sure many as much, though they
-deale not with so many, and moe more miserable, bycause
-they better not so many. But I will neither rip vp those
-thinges, which seeme most restlesse in vs, though the argument
-offer spreding: neither will I medle with any other
-trade, no lesse troublesome then teaching, by comparing to
-seeme to lessen: bycause comparisons in miseries be vncomfortable
-to both, though some ease to either. To what
-purpose should I shew, why the maister blames this, the
-parent that, the child nothing more then the rod, though
-he will not but deserue it? Such a disease we haue to
-repine at the paine, and not to waye the offence, which
-deserueth the paine. Why beat ye him sayeth one? Why
-offendeth he sayeth none? so harde a thing it is to finde
-defense for right, so easie a thing it is to finde qualifying
-for wrong. Therefore to omit these vnpleasant rippinges,
-I will deale with the remedies how to cut of the most of
-those, which he calles miseries, I terme <i>inconueniences</i>,
-wherwith the trade of teaching at this day seemeth to haue
-a great conflict. Which counsell though it be first laid for<span class="pagenum" id="Page_263">263</span>
-the youngest scholers, yet may it well be translated further,
-and beseeme both the biggest, and best, in any learned
-course.</p>
-
-<p>These remedies I take to be two: 1. The one <i>vniformitie</i>
-in <i>teaching</i>, which draweth after it, <i>dispatch</i> in <i>learning</i>, and
-<i>sparing</i> of <i>expenses</i> about to great a number of bookes.</p>
-
-<p>2. The other is <i>publike schoole lawes</i>, set downe, and seen,
-which bring with them for companions <i>agreement</i> of parentes
-and teachers, <i>continuance</i> of scholers, <i>conference</i> to amend,
-<i>comfort</i> to freindes, and <i>commoditie</i> to the common countrey.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Vniformitie in
-teaching.</div>
-
-<p>For <i>vniformitie</i> in <i>teaching</i> how many gaules
-that will heale, wherwith schooles be now
-greiued, it will then best appeare, when it
-shalbe shewed, what good it will worke, and how necessarie
-a thing it is, to haue all schooles reduced vnto it. That
-there is to much variety in teaching, and therfore to much
-ill teaching (bycause in the midst of many bypathes, there
-is but one right waye) he were senseles, that sees not: if
-he either haue taught, or haue bene taught himselfe. Which
-whence it springeth, diuersities of iudgement bewraie, that
-men haue gotten by better or worse training vp in youth:
-by lesse or more trauell in studie: by longer or shorter
-continuance at their booke: by liking or misliking some
-trade in teaching: by accommodating themselues to the
-parentes choice: and many wayes moe, which either brede
-varietie, or else be bred by varietie. But of all varieties
-there is none vayner, then when ignoraunce sweares that
-that is an <i>aphorisme</i>, the contrarie wherof sound knowledge
-hath set downe for a sure <i>oracle</i>. Now in this confusion of
-varieties what hinderance hath <i>youth</i>? what discredite
-receiue <i>schooles</i>? what inequalities be the <i>Vniuersities</i>
-molested with? what toile is it to <i>Tutours</i>? how small
-riddaunce to <i>readers</i>? when diuersities of groundworke do
-hinder their building, and the scholers weakenesse discrieth
-his maister? And yet oftimes the weake maister bringes
-vp a strong scholer, by some accident not ordinarie, and
-the cunninger man by some ordinarie let makes small shew
-of his great labour. Do not the learners also themselues
-commonly when they come to yeares and misse that commoditie,
-which ther maisters could not giue them, being
-very weake themselues, then blame their fortune and feele
-the want of foresight? For if varietie had bene wipte<span class="pagenum" id="Page_264">264</span>
-awaye by vniformitie, euen the weakest maister might haue
-done very well if he had had but a meane head to follow
-direction being set downe to his hand.</p>
-
-<p>This pointe is so plaine as many of the best learned, and
-of the best teachers also oftimes complaine of it, and wish
-the redresse, though they still draw backe, and spare their
-owne pains for any thing they publish: perhaps not hauing
-the oportunitie and leasure which so great an enterprise
-craueth: perhaps being induced by hope that some other
-will start vp, and publish the amendment. Whereby all
-the youth of this whole Realme shall seeme to haue bene
-brought vp in one schoole, and vnder one maister, both for
-the matter and manner of traine, though they differ in
-their owne inuention which is priuate and seuerall to euery
-one by nature, though generall and one to euery one by
-art. Which thing must needes turne to the profit of the
-<i>learner</i>, whose <i>straying</i> shalbe straited, that he cannot go
-amisse: to the ease of the <i>teacher</i> whose <i>labour</i> shalbe
-lightened, by the easinesse of his curraunt: to the honour
-of the <i>countrey</i>, which thereby shall haue great store of
-sufficient stuffe: and the immortall <i>renown</i> of that carefull
-<i>Prince</i> which procured such a good. Which benefit say I
-must proceede from some <i>vniforme</i> kinde of teaching set
-downe by authoritie, that one waye to supplie all wantes,
-and no one to disdaine, where obedience is enioyned. And
-wheras <i>difference</i> in iudgement worketh <i>varietie</i>: <i>consent</i> in
-knowledge will plant <i>vniformitie</i>. Which consent, as it
-must be enforced by authoritie, so must it proceede from
-some likenesse of abilitie in teachers, namely in that thing
-wherof they are teachers: though both in executing the
-same, and for some other qualities they may differ much.</p>
-
-<p>Now the onely waye to worke this likenesse or rather
-samenesse in abilitie, where otherwise the oddes is so odde,
-were to set downe in some certain plat, the best that may
-seeme to be, if that which is best in deede may not be had,
-as why not? both what and how to teach, with all the
-particular circunstances, so farre forth as they ordinarily do
-fall within common compasse, and may best be seeme the
-best ordered schooles, which both the meane teacher may
-wel attaine vnto, and the cunning maister may rest content
-with, and so they both in that pointe proue equall, while
-the meaner mounting vpword with fethers made for him,
-and the cunninger comming downward at the shew of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_265">265</span>
-lure, they both meete in the middle waye, and flying forward
-like freindes, pay their price with their pastime, and mend
-their faire with their praye, no dishonour offered him, whom
-mo qualities do commend: and a great helpe to him that
-cannot swimme without. In whom diligence borne vp, will
-worke no lesse wonder, nay may fortune more, then greater
-learning in the other, whom either ouer weyning may make
-insolent, or loytering negligent. And sure as I may be
-deceiued herein, so haue I some reason very fauourable to
-my seeming, that it were more fitting for the common
-profit, to prouide a certaine direction to helpe the meane
-teacher, which will continue in the trade without either any
-or very late changing of his course, and so a long time do
-much good, then to leaue it at random to the libertie of the
-more learned, who commonly vse teaching, but to shift
-with for a time, and be but pilgrimes in the profession, still
-minding to remoue to some other kinde of life either of
-more ease, which allureth soone, or of more gaine, which
-enforceth sore. So that in the meane time the scholers
-cannot profit much, while the maisters deale like straungers,
-which entending one day to returne to their countrey, as
-nature calleth homeward, though profit bid tary, cannot
-haue that zealous care, which the naturall countrieman, and
-continuall trauellour of nature hath, and of duetie sheweth.
-And though conscience cause some odde honest man to
-worke well, and discharge his duetie in that rowling residence:
-yet neither be priuiledges generall, nor lawes
-leuelled after some few, and that foolish fellow was fretished
-for cold, which followed the fond <i>swallow</i>, that flew out to
-timely, and to farre before her fellowes. An order must be
-generall to the liking of the better, who should alwaye
-wishe it, and the leading of the weaker, who shall alway
-neede it.</p>
-
-<p>If when this order for matter and manner of teaching
-shalbe set downe, the executor proue negligent, and prolong
-the effect, or else quite defeat it, by ill handling of that,
-which was well ment, the surueiors and patrones of schooles,
-must ouerlooke such teachers, of themselues if they can, if
-not they may call for the assistaunce of <i>learning</i>, which for
-cunning can, and of curtesie will seeke to further such a
-thing. Our preceptes be generall, the particular must
-perfourme, and amend his owne accident. I haue but
-sleightly noted the surface of <i>vniformitie</i> in teaching, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_266">266</span>
-the disioynting of skill by misordered varietie, and yet who
-is so blinde as he may not thereby discerne, that the one
-strips away the euilles, which the other bringes in, and
-thereby cuttes of many encumbraunces from schooles?</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Dispatch in
-learning.</div>
-
-<p>Now <i>vniformitie</i> in <i>teaching</i> once obtained,
-doth not <i>dispatch</i> in <i>learning</i> incontinently follow?
-which consisteth in choice of the best and
-fittest authours at the first, and continuaunce in the same:
-in the best exercises and most proper to the childes ascent
-in learning: and generally in the maisters orderly proceeding,
-and methode in teaching: whereby the child shall not
-learne any thing, which he must or ought to forget, vpon
-his maisters better aduise: nor leaue any needefull thing
-vnlearned till his maister grow to better aduise. The
-maister himselfe shall not neede to chaunge his course, as
-he chaungeth his skill, now coursing on to fast by to much
-rashnes: now retiring to late by to louse repentaunce:
-finally neither the maister nor the scholer shall busie themselues
-to long about a litle, and neuer the better, nor hast
-to fast on, and neuer a whit the further. The best course
-being hit on at the first, as appointment may procure it,
-one thing helpeth an other forward naturally, without
-forcing: that which is first taught maketh way for that
-which must follow next, and continuall vse will let nothing
-be forgot, which is once well got, and the rising vp by
-degrees in learning will succede in proportion, with out
-losse of time or let of labour, either by lingring to long, or
-by posting to fast, which cannot now possibly be brought
-about, while thinges be left to the teachers discretion,
-whereof, as the most be not alway the best, so euen the
-verie best cannot alway hit those thinges, which in deede
-are best, while the <i>customarie education</i> is helde for a sanctuarie:
-<i>alteration</i> to the better is esteemed an heresie:
-<i>allowance</i> is measured by priuate liking: <i>vnthankefulnes</i> is
-made harbour to desert: and the very <i>bookes</i> which we vse
-be not appropriate to our vse. I touch no mo stoppes
-then may easily be remoued, if <i>authoritie</i> take the matter in
-hand. Priuate lettes must haue priuate lessons, and personall
-circumstance shall haue rowme to pleade in, at an
-other time.</p>
-
-<p>These enormities then shew them selues, when children
-do chaunge both schooles and maisters: where alteration
-hindereth beyond all crie, the new maister either thinking<span class="pagenum" id="Page_267">267</span>
-it some discredit to himselfe to beginne where the old left,
-or misliking the choice which the former hath made, or in
-deede by dispraysing him to seeke to grace himselfe: or
-the order of his schoole not admitting the succession, as in
-deede they be all diuerse. Sometimes the boy being vngrounded,
-by his maisters ignorance if he could not, by his
-negligence if he did not the thing which he could, will not
-bende to be bettered, but must keepe the same countenaunce
-which he himselfe conceiueth of himselfe. And this
-commonly falles out so, when the parentes be peuish, and
-thinke their childe disgraced if he be once set backward (for
-so the tearme is) whereas in verie deede he is bidde but to
-looke backe, to see that which he neuer saw, and ought to
-haue seene verie substantially. Which disorder proceeding
-from the parentes ouerruleth vs all, causing great weakenes,
-and much mismatching in the fourmes of our schooles: so
-that we either cannot, or may not finde fault euen to amend
-it, whereas the order being one, and planted by authoritie,
-though the childe vse to chaunge often, yet his profiting is
-soone perceiued: and the parentes also wilbe well contented,
-when they suspect no partialitie by priuate passion, and see
-indifferencie in publicke prouision. Such be the frutes
-which <i>varietie</i> bringes foorth, <i>perillous</i> in great affaires, still
-gathering strength by traine in those petie principles:
-wheras to the contrarie <i>vniformitie</i> is full of contentment.
-Nothing continueth one in our schooles but the common
-grammar set furth by authoritie, which confirmeth mine
-opinion both by pollicie in the first setting out, and by
-profit in the long continuing, wherein we all agree perforce
-as in a case of higher countenaunce, and already ruled.
-Which booke whether it may stand still with some amendement,
-or of necessitie must be cast some other way, for
-better method, it shall then be seene when comparisons
-come in season, that the alteration may shew, whether there
-were cause to chaunge, or some iniurie offered to chaunge
-without cause. For both that booke, and all the like, which
-serue for direction and method must be fashioned to the
-matter which they seeme to direct by rule and precept,
-being not of themselues, but made to serue others. This
-we haue by it, that <i>vniformitie</i> out of al controuersie is best,
-but whether it selfe be best, that is yet in controuersie.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Sparing of
-expenses.</div>
-
-<p>For <i>sparing</i> of <i>expenses</i>, the second commoditie
-which <i>vniformitie</i> bringes with her, this<span class="pagenum" id="Page_268">268</span>
-is my opinion: while it is left to the teachers libertie to
-make his owne choice, both for the booke which he will
-teach and the order how, betweene the varietie of iudgementes,
-and inequalitie of learning in teachers, which by
-order must be made one, by consent neuer will, the parentes
-purses are pretily pulled, and poore men verie sore pinched
-both with chaunge of bookes, the maister oft repealing his
-former choice: and also with number, while euery booke is
-commended to the buyer, which either maketh a faire shew
-to be profitable: or otherwise is sollicited to the sale, as in
-our dayes necessitie must sell, where such an ouerflush of
-bookes growes chargeable to the printer. For the old
-periode is returned, that <i>Iuuenall</i> found in his time, learned
-and vnlearned must needes write, he is marde that comes
-lag. Nay ordinarily some few leaues be occupied in the
-best chosen, and biggest booke, besides the oft leasing and
-much spoiling of them sachels and all, to their gaines it
-may be said that sell them, though to the parentes losse
-that buy them, and those of the meaner sort, whose children
-maintaine schooles most, and swarme thickest in all places
-and professions, which thing might be farre better vsed, if
-the best onely were bought, and with the losse of his bookes
-the childe lost no more. All which inconueniences may
-easily be remeadied, and with small adoe. For whatsoeuer
-is needeful to be vsed in schooles, may be verie well comprised
-in a small compasse, and haue all his helpes with
-him being gathered into some one pretie volume compounded
-of the marrow of many: neither will the charge
-be great, the ware being small, and our profession is not to
-perfit, but to enter. Neither yet hereby is any iniurie done
-to good writers, whose bookes may verie well tarie for the
-ripenes of the reader, and that place which is dew to them,
-in the ordinarie ascent of learning and studie, being no
-intruders into rowmes to meane for them, and content to
-take that place whereunto they are marshalled by their
-value, and degree: to their praise which made them, when
-the student can iudge: to the studentes profit, when he can
-vnderstand: and the fast retaining of them, when order
-maintanes memorie.</p>
-
-<p>In our <i>grammer</i> schooles we professe the toungues nay
-rather the entraunce of toungues. Euerie profession that
-is penned in any toungue ministreth to her student those
-wordes that be proper to her owne subiecte. Which wordes<span class="pagenum" id="Page_269">269</span>
-be then best gotten when they follow the matter, as they
-will do most willingly in the peculiar studie of the same
-profession. If a <i>grammarian</i> therefore be entred to <i>write</i>,
-<i>speake</i>, and <i>vnderstande</i> pretily in some well chosen argument
-best to follow for aptnes ech way, though he neither
-know all, nor most wordes in any toungue, which is reserued
-to further studie: yet our schooles be discharged of their
-dewtie, in doing but so much. They that assigne <i>grammer</i>
-maisters wherein to trauell, appoint them <i>histories</i>, and
-<i>poetes</i>, though they make some choice of men, and some
-distinction of matter in regard of vertuous maners and
-purenes of stile. In our schooles what time will serue vs
-to runne ouer all these? nay to deale but with some few of
-them throughly? how then? Is not some litle well pickt,
-and printed alone the praise of our profession and the
-parentes ease? And be not the maine bookes to be consigned
-ouer to the right place in their owne calling? Some
-vaines be rapt, and will needes proue <i>poetes</i>, leaue them the
-art of <i>poetrie</i>, and the whole bookes and argumentes of
-<i>poetes</i>. Some will commend to memorie, and posteritie
-such actes and monumentes, as be worthy the remembrance:
-Let them haue the rules, whereby the penning of <i>histories</i>
-is directed to write thereby with order: and the matter of
-<i>histories</i> to furnish out their stile. If men of more studie
-and greater learning haue leysure and list to reade, they
-may vse <i>histories</i> for pleasure, as being but an after meates
-studie: neither tyring the braine, nor tediouse any way:
-as they be not generally to build on for iudgement: bycause
-ignorance of their circumstances make some difficultie in
-applying, and great daunger in prouing. They may also
-runne ouer <i>poetes</i>, when they are disposed to laugh, and to
-behold what brauery <i>enthousiasme</i> inspireth. For when the
-<i>poetes</i> write sadly and soberly, without counterfeating though
-they write in verse, yet they be no <i>poetes</i> in that kinde of
-their writing: but where they couer a truth with a fabulous
-veele, and resemble with alteration. We are therefore to
-cull out some of the best, and fittest for our introductorie,
-and to send away the rest to their owne place, in the peculiar
-professions, and that not in <i>poetes</i> and <i>histories</i> alone, but
-also in all other bookes whatsoeuer, which be at this day
-admitted into our schooles. The <i>poetes</i> wordes be verie
-good, and most significant, as it appeareth by <i>Platoes</i> whole
-penning, whose eloquence is thought fit for sainctes, if any<span class="pagenum" id="Page_270">270</span>
-heauenly creature had a longing to speake <i>greeke</i>. And in
-the latin they haue the same grace, in his iudgement, which
-best vnderstoode what wordes were best, as being himselfe
-the best, and eloquentest oratour, speaking of them in that
-booke,<a id="FNanchor_74_74" href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">74</a> wherein he both sheweth his eloquence most, and
-vseth the personages of the most eloquent <i>oratours</i>, to
-deliuer his minde. The quantitie of <i>syllabes</i> is to be learned
-of them, to auoide mistiming, as the wise writer <i>Horace</i>
-pointeth the poet therfore first to frame the tender mouth
-of the yong learner.</p>
-
-<p>Moreouer some verie excellent places most eloquently,
-and forcibly penned for the polishing of good manners, and
-inducement vnto vertue may be pickt out of some of them,
-and none more then <i>Horace</i>. We may therefore either vse
-them, with that choice: or helpe the pointe our selues if
-we thinke it good, and can pen a verse that may deserue
-remembraunce. Suche an helpe did <i>Apollinarius</i> offer vnto
-his time, as <i>Sozomenus</i>, and <i>Socrates</i> the scholer, report in
-their ecclesiasticall histories. For <i>Iulian</i> the renegate
-spiting at the great learning of <i>Basil</i>, <i>Gregorie</i>, <i>Apollinarie</i>,
-and many moe which liued in that time, which time was
-such a breeder of learned men, as in <i>Christian</i> matters and
-<i>religion</i> we reade none like, by decree excluded the <i>christian</i>
-mens Children from the vse of prophane learning wherin
-the christian diuines were so cunning as they stopt both
-his, and his fauorites mouthes with their owne learning,
-they passed them all so farre. Then <i>Apollinarius</i> conueighed
-into verses of all sortes, after the imitation of all
-the best prophane poetes diuine and holy argumentes
-gathered out of scripture whereby he met with <i>Iulians</i>
-edict, and furnished out his owne profession, with matter
-and argument of their owne. Now in misliking of profane
-arguments some such helpe may be had and appropriate to
-our youth. But there must be heede taken, that we plant
-not any poeticall furie in the childes habit. For that rapt
-inclination is to ranging of it selfe, though it be not helpt
-forward, where it is, and would not in any case be forced
-where it is not. For other writers, <i>number</i> and <i>choice</i> of
-wordes, <i>smoothnes</i> and <i>proprietie</i> of composition with the
-<i>honestie</i> of the argument must be most regarded. <i>Quintilianes</i>
-rule is very true and the verie best, and alway to be
-obserued, in chusing of writers for children to learne, to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_271">271</span>
-picke out such as will feede the wit with fairest stuffe,
-and fine the toungue with neatest speach. So that neither
-slight, and vnproper matters, though eloquentlie set foorth,
-neither weightie and wise being rudely deliuered be to be
-offered to children, but where the honestie and familiaritie
-of the argument is honored and apparelled with the finesse
-and fitnes of speach. Which thing if it be lookt vnto in
-planting <i>vniformitie</i>, and pointing out fit bookes, besides
-many and infinite commodities which will grow thereby to
-the whole realme, assuredly the multitude of many needelesse
-volumes, will be diminished and cut of. So that
-<i>vniformitie</i> in schooling may seeme very profitable seeing
-it will supplant so great defectes, as the likelyhood giues,
-and plant the redresse, which in nature it importeth:
-besides that which the common weale doth gaine by acquainting
-yong wittes euen from their cradeles, both to
-embrace and apply orderly <i>vniformes</i>, which in thinges
-subiect to sense is delitefull to behold: in comprehensions
-of the minde is comfortable to thinke on: in executions
-and effectes is the staie whereon we stand, and the steddiest
-recourse to correct errors by. I am led by these reasons
-and many the like, to thinke that either nothing in deede,
-or very litle in shew, can iustly be alleaged to the contrary
-but that such an order must needes be verie profitable, to
-giue schooles a purgation to voide them of some great
-inconueniences: as I take the thing also to be verie compassable,
-if authoritie shall like of it, without which an
-opinion is but shewed, and dieth without effect.</p>
-
-<p>I entend my selfe by the grace of God to bestow some
-paines therein, if I may perceaue any hope to encourage
-my trauell. If any other will deale I am ready to staie,
-and behold his successe: if none other will, then must I be
-borne with, which in so necessarie a case do offer to my
-countrie all my duetifull seruice. Wherein if any vpon
-some repining humor shall seeme to stomacke me, bycause
-being one perhaps meaner then he is himselfe, I do thus
-boldly auaunce my doinges to the stage, and view of my
-countrie: yet still he step foorth and shew vs his cunning
-he hath no wrong offred him, if another do speake while he
-wilbe silent. And whosoeuer shall deale in generall argumentes,
-must be content to put vp those generall pinches,
-which repining people do vse then most, when they are
-best vsed, and esteeme it some benefit, when doing well he<span class="pagenum" id="Page_272">272</span>
-heareth ill: and thinke that he hath gotten a great victorie
-if he please the best, and profit the most, as he may profit
-all and yet displease many: either through <i>ignorance</i> bycause
-they cannot discerne: or through <i>willfulnes</i> being
-wedded to preiudice: or ells through <i>disdaine</i> bycause it
-spiteth some, to see other aboue spite. A disease proper
-to basest dispositions, and of meanest desert, to pinch the
-heele where they pricke at the head.</p>
-
-<p>But such as meane to do well, how souer their power
-perfourme, so the height of their argument ouertop not their
-power to farre, and discouer great want of discretion in
-meddling with a matter to much surmounting their abilitie,
-they may comfort and encourage themselues with that
-meaning, if their doing do answere it in any resonable
-proportion, and thinke it a thing, (as it is in deede) naturally,
-and daily accompanying all potentates either in person, or
-propertie, and therefore no disgrace to any meaner creature
-to wrastle with repyning and sowre spirites euen verie then,
-when they worke them most good, which are readyest to
-repine. If the doinges be massiue they will beare a knocke:
-if they be but slender, and will streight way bruse, beware
-the warranting. As in this my labour I dare warrant
-nothing, but the warines of good will, which euen ill wil
-shall see: if it haue any sight to see that is right, as commonly
-that way it is starke blinde, and so much the more
-incurablely, bycause the blindnes comes either of vnwillingnes
-to see, or of an infected sight, that will misconsture and
-depraue the obiect. I craue the gentle and friendly construction
-of such as be learned, or that loue learning, and
-yet I neede not craue it, bycause learning that is sound in
-deede and needes no bolstering, and all her louers and
-fauorers, be verie liberall of friendly construction, and
-nothing partiall to speake the best, euen where it is not
-craued. I must pray, if prayer will procure it, the gentle
-and curteouse toleration of such, as shall mislike. For as I
-will not willingly do that, which may deserue misliking: so
-if I once know wherein, I will satisfie thoroughly. And
-therefore in one word, I must pray my louing countriemen,
-and friendly readers, this to thinke of me, that either I
-shall hit, as my hope is, and then they shall enioy it: or if
-I misse, I will amend, and my selfe shall not repent it.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Schoole orders
-publicke.</div>
-
-<p>2. The second remedie to helpe schoole <i>inconueniences</i>
-was to set downe the schoole<span class="pagenum" id="Page_273">273</span>
-<i>ordinaunces</i> betwene the maister, and his scholers in a
-publicke place, where they may easily be seene and red:
-and to leaue as litle vncertaine or vntoucht, which the
-parent ought to know, and whereupon misliking may arise,
-as is possible. For if at the first entry the parent condiscend,
-to those orders, which he seeth, so that he cannot
-afterward plead eitheir ignorance, or disallowing, he is not
-to take offence, if his childe be forced vnto them when he
-will not follow, according to that fourme, which he himselfe
-did confirme by his owne consent. And yet when all is
-done the glosse will wring the text. Wherefore the <i>maner</i>
-of teaching, the ascent in fourmes, the <i>times</i> of admission,
-the <i>preuention</i> to haue fourmes equall, the <i>bookes</i> for learning,
-and all those thinges, which be incident vnto that
-<i>vniformitie</i>, wherof I spake, being already knowen to be
-ratified by authoritie, as I trust it shalbe: or if not, yet
-the same order in the same degrees being set downe, which
-the maister priuately according to his owne skill entendes
-to kepe: it shalbe very good to take away matter of iarre
-betwene the parentes and the maister, in the same table
-publickly to be seene, and shewed to the parentes, when
-they bring their child first to schoole, besides all that, which
-I haue generally touched to set downe also in plaine and
-flat termes, 1. what <i>houres</i> he will kepe, bycause there is
-great consideration in that, what to haue fixed and perpetuall,
-and wherein to giue place to particular occasions,
-as there be very many, why all children cannot kepe all
-<i>houres</i>, though the schoole <i>houres</i> must still be certaine:
-and discretion must be the determiner. 2. Againe what
-<i>occasions</i> he will vse to let them go to play, which be now
-very many, and very needefull, while ordinarie exercises be
-not as ordinarily admitted, as ordinarie schooling, is ordinarily
-allowed: 3. and such other thinges as the schoole
-shall seeme necessarily to require. For a certaintie resolueth,
-and preuentes douting.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Of curtesie and
-correction.</div>
-
-<p>But he must cheifly touch what <i>punishment</i>
-he will vse, and how much, for euery kinde of
-fault that shall seeme punishable by the <i>rod</i>.
-For the <i>rod</i> may no more be spared in schooles, then the
-<i>sworde</i> may in the <i>Princes</i> hand. By the <i>rod</i> I meane
-<i>correction</i>, and <i>awe</i>: if that sceptre be thought to fearfull
-for boyes, which our time deuised not, but receiued it from
-auncientie, I will not striue with any man for it, so he leaue<span class="pagenum" id="Page_274">274</span>
-vs some meane which in a multitude may worke obedience.
-For the priuate, what soeuer parentes say, my ladie <i>birchely</i>
-will be a gest at home, or else parentes shall not haue their
-willes. And if in men great misses deserue and receiue
-great punishment, sure children may not escape in some
-qualitie of punishment, which in quantitie of vnhappinesse
-will match some men. And if parentes were as carefull to
-examine the causes of beating, as they are nothing curious
-to be offended without cause for beating, themselues might
-gaine a great deale more to their childrens good: and their
-children lease nothing, by their parentes assurance. But
-commonly in such cases rashnesse hath her recompence,
-the errour being then spied, when the harme is incurable,
-and repentance without redresse. Terme it as ye list, beate
-not you saye for learning but for lewdnesse. Sure to beate
-him for learning which is willing enough to learne, when
-his witte will not serue, were more then frantike: and vnder
-the name of not learning to hide and shrowd all faultes
-and offenses, were more then foolish: and what would that
-childe be without beating, which with it can hardly be reclaimed?
-in whom onely lewdnesse is the let, and capacitie
-is at will? The ende of our schooles is learning: if it faile
-by negligence, punish negligence: if by other voluntarie
-default, punish the default. Spare learning: so that still
-the refuge must be to the maisters discretion: both for
-manners, and for learning, whom I would wish to set downe
-as much in certaintie as he can, at the beginning, and to
-leaue as litle as he may to the childes report, who will
-alway leane and sway to much to his owne side, and beare
-away the bell, euen against the best maister, cheifly if his
-mother be either his counsellour, or his attourney: or the
-father vnconstant, and without iudgement.</p>
-
-<p>The maister therfore must haue in his table a <i>catalogue</i>
-of schoole faultes, beginning at the commandementes, for
-<i>swearing</i>, for <i>disobedience</i>, for <i>lying</i>, for <i>false</i> witnesse, for
-picking, and so thorough out: then to the meaner heresies,
-<i>trewantry</i>, <i>absence</i>, <i>tardies</i>, and so forth. Such a thing
-<i>Xenophon</i><a id="FNanchor_75_75" href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">75</a> seemes to meane in rekening vp the faultes,
-which the <i>Persian</i> vsed to punish, though he limit not the
-penaltie, what, nor how much. Which in all these I wish
-our maister to set downe with the number of stripes also,
-immutable though not many. Wherin the maister is to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_275">275</span>
-take good heed, that the fault may be confessed, if it may
-be, without force, and the boye conuicted by verdit of his
-fellowes, and that very euidently. For otherwise children
-will wrangle amaine, and affection at home hath credulitie
-beyond crye, which makes the boy dare, what reason dare
-not. If any of their fellowes be appointed monitours, (as
-such helpes of Lieutenauncie must be had, where the maister
-cannot alwaye be present himselfe) and take them napping,
-they wil pretend spite, or some priuate displeasure in most
-manifest knauerie. And if ye correcte, as your Lieutenant
-must haue credit, if you meane to keepe state, that must go
-home to proue beating without cause. If the maister
-differre execution, that delaie will enstruct them to deuise
-some starting hole, and that also if it be not heard in
-schoole wilbe heard at home.</p>
-
-<p>To tell tales out of schoole, is now as commonly vsed to
-the worst, as in the old world it was high treason to do it
-at all. There be as many prety <i>stratagemes</i> and deuises,
-which boyes will vse to saue themselues, and as pleasaunt
-to heare as any <i>apopthegme</i> in either <i>Plutarch</i>, <i>Ælianus</i>, or
-<i>Erasmus</i>. The maister therefore must be very circumspecte,
-and leaue no shew, or countenaunce of impunitie deserued,
-where desert biddes pay. It were some losse of time in
-learning, to spend any in beating, if it did not seeme a
-gaine that soundeth towardes good, and seekes amendement
-of manners. It is passing hard, to reclaime a boye, in
-whom long impunitie hath graffed a carelesse securitie, or
-rather some deepe insolencie: and yet freindes will haue it
-so, and beating may not be for discouraging the boye,
-though repentaunce be in rearward. It is also not good
-after any correction to let children grate somwhat to long
-of their late greife, for feare of to greate stomaking,
-onlesse the parentes be wise and stedfast, with whom if a
-cunning, and a discrete maister ioyne, that childe is most
-fortunate which hath such parentes, and that scholer most
-happie which hath light on such a maister. “But certainly
-it is most true, let plausibilitie in speach vse all her excusing
-and blanching colours that she can, that the round maister,
-which can vse the rod discretely, though he displease some,
-which thinke all punishment vndiscrete, if it tuch their
-owne, doth perfourme his duetie best, and still shall bring
-vp the best scholers: As no maister of any stuffe shall do
-but well, where the parentes like that at home, which the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_276">276</span>
-maister doth at schoole: and if they do mislike any thing,
-will rather impart their greife and displeasure with the
-maister priuately, to amend it, then moane their child
-openly, to marre that way more then they shall make any
-way. The same faultes must be faultes at home, which be
-faultes at schoole, and receiue the like reward in both the
-places, to worke the childes good by both meanes, correction
-as the cause shall offer, commendacion as neede shall
-require.”</p>
-
-<p>They that write most for gentlenesse in traine reserue
-place for the rod, and we that vse the terme of seueritie
-recommend curtesie to the maisters discretion. Here is the
-oddes: they will seeme to be curteous in termes, and yet
-the force of the matter makes them confesse the neede of
-the rod: we vse sharp termes, and yet yeilde to curtesie
-more, then euen the verie patrones of curtesie do, for all
-their curifauour.</p>
-
-<p>Wherin we haue more reason to harp on the harder
-stringe for the trueth of the matter, then they to touch but
-the softer, so to please the person: seeing they conspire
-with vs in the last conclusion, that both correction and
-curtesie be referred to discretion. Curtesie goeth before,
-and ought to guide the discourse, when reason is obeyed
-which is very seldome: but the corruptnesse in nature, the
-penalties in lawe, courage to enflame, desire to entice, and
-so many euilles assailing one good do enforce me to build
-my discourse vpon feare, and leaue curtesie to consideration:
-as the bare one reason of reason obeyed, a thing still wished,
-but seldome wel willed, doth cause some curteous conceit,
-not much acquainted with the kinde of gouernment, vpon
-some plausible liking, to make curtesie the outside, and
-keepe canuase for the lyning: but euer still for the last
-staffe to make discretion the refuge. Wherin we agree,
-though I priuately chide him, and saye why dissemble ye?
-Vnder hand he aunswereth me, I lend the world some
-wordes, but I will witnesse with you, I do not speake
-against discrete correction, but against hastinesse, and
-crueltie. Sir I know none, that will either set correction or
-curtesie at to much libertie, but with distinction, vpon
-whom they be both to be exercised: neither yet any, that
-will praise cruelty: and all those, that write of this argument,
-whether Philosophers or others allow of punishment,
-though they differ in the kinde.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_277">277</span></p>
-
-<p>And it is said in the best common weale,<a id="FNanchor_76_76" href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">76</a> not that no
-punishment is to be vsed, but that such an excellent
-naturall witte, as is made out of the finest mould would not
-be enforced, bycause in deede it needes not: neither will I
-offer feare, where I finde such a one: neither but in such a
-common weale shall I finde such a one. And yet in our
-corrupt states we light sometime vpon one, that were
-worthy to be a dweller in a farre better. And I will rather
-venture vpon the note of a sharp maister to make a boye
-learne that, which may afterward do him seruice, yea
-though he be vnwilling for the time, and very negligent:
-then that he shall lacke the thing, which maye do him
-seruice, when age commeth on, bycause I would not make
-him learne, for the vaine shadow of a curteous maister. It
-is slauish sayeth <i>Socrates</i> to be bet. It is slauish then to
-deserue beating sayeth the same <i>Socrates</i>. If <i>Socrates</i> his
-free nature be not found, sure <i>Socrates</i> his slauish courage
-must be cudgelled, euen by <i>Socrates</i> his owne confession.
-For neither is punishment denied for slaues, neither curtesie
-for free natures. This by the waye, neither <i>Socrates</i> nor
-<i>Plato</i> be so directly carefull in that place, for a good maister
-in this kinde, as the place required, though they point the
-learner. And in deed where they had <i>Censores</i> to ouersee
-the generall traine, both for one age and other, there needed
-no great precept this waye. If parentes might not do
-this, neither children attempt that, then were maisters
-disburdened: If all thinges were set in stay by publike
-prouision, priuate care were then mightily discharged. But
-<i>Socrates</i> findes a good scholer which in naturall relation
-inferreth a good maister. And yet <i>Philippe</i> of <i>Macedonie</i>,
-had a thousand considerations in his person, moe then that
-he was <i>Alexanders</i> father, and it is not enough to name the
-man, onelesse ye do note the cause why with all, and in
-what respect ye name him. A wise maister, which must
-be a speciall caueat in prouision, wil helpe all, either by
-preuenting that faultes be not committed, or by well vsing,
-when soeuer they fall out, and without exception must haue
-both correction and curtesie, committed vnto him beyond
-any appeal. <i>Xenophon</i><a id="FNanchor_77_77" href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">77</a> maketh <i>Cyrus</i> be beaten of his
-maister, euen where he makes him the paterne of the best
-Prince, as <i>Tullie</i> sayeth<a id="FNanchor_78_78" href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">78</a> and mindes not the trueth of the
-storie, but the perfitnesse of his deuise, being him selfe very<span class="pagenum" id="Page_278">278</span>
-milde as it appeareth still in his <i>iourney</i> from <i>Assyria</i> after
-the death of <i>Cyrus</i> the younger.<a id="FNanchor_79_79" href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">79</a> For a <i>soule</i> there could
-not be one lesse <i>seruile</i> then he, which was pictured out
-beyond exception: for <i>impunitie</i>, there could not be more
-hope, then in a Prince enheritour, and that is more, set forth
-for a <i>paterne</i> to Princes. And yet this Princes child in the
-absolutenesse of deuise, was beaten by his deuise, which
-could not deuise any good traine exempt from beating
-beinge yet the second ornament of <i>Socrates</i> his schoole.</p>
-
-<p>The case was thus, and a matter of the <i>Persian</i> learning.
-A long boye had a short coate, and a short boye had a
-long one: The long boye tooke awaye the short boyes
-coate, and gaue him his: both were fit: But yet there arose
-a question about it. <i>Cyrus</i> was made iudge, as iustice was
-the <i>Persian</i> grammer. He gaue sentence, that either should
-haue that which fitted him. His maister bette him for his
-sentence: bycause the question was not of fitnesse, but of
-right, wherein eche should haue his owne. His not learning,
-and errour by ignorance, was the fault, wherfore he was
-punished. And who soeuer shall marke the thing well,
-shall finde, that not learning, where there is witte to learne,
-buildeth vpon <i>idlenesse</i>, vnwilling to take paines, vpon
-<i>presumption</i> that he shall carie it awaye free, and in the
-ende, vpon <i>contempt</i> of them, from whom he learned to
-contemne, where he should haue reuerenced. Slight considerations
-make no artificiall anatomies, and therfore wil
-smart, bycause they spie not the subtilities of creeping
-diseases. It is easie for negligence in scholers, to pretend
-crueltie in maisters, where fauour beyond rime, lendes credit
-beyond reason. But in such choice of maisters where
-crueltie maye easily be auoided, nay in such helpe by
-Magistrate, where it may be suppressed: and in such
-wealth of parentes which may change where they like not,
-if I should here a young gentleman say he was driuen from
-schoole, he should not driue me from mine opinion, but
-that there was follie in the parentes, and he had his will to
-much followed, if his parentes had the training of him, or
-that his gardian gaue to much to his owne gaine, and to
-litle to his wardes good, if he were not himselfe some hard
-head besides, and set light by learning, as a bootie but for
-beggers. For gentlenesse and curtesie towarde children, I
-do thinke it more needefull then beating, and euer to be<span class="pagenum" id="Page_279">279</span>
-wished, bycause it implyeth a good nature in the child,
-which is any parentes comfort, any maisters delite. And
-is the <i>nurse</i> to liberall wittes, the maisters <i>encouragement</i>,
-the childes <i>ease</i>, the parentes <i>contentment</i>, the <i>bannishment</i>
-of bondage, the <i>triumph</i> ouer torture, and an <i>allurement</i> to
-many good attemptes in all kinde of schooles.</p>
-
-<p>But where be these wittes, which will not deserue, and
-that very much? and where much deseruing is, who is so
-shamles as to deny correction, which by example doth
-good, and helpes not the partie offender alone. Giue me
-meane dispositions to deserue, they shall neuer complaine
-of much beating: but of none I dare not say, bycause
-insolent rechelessenes will grow on in the very best, and
-best giuen natures, where impunitie profers pardon, eare
-the fault be committed. My selfe haue had thousandes
-vnder my hand, whom I neuer bet, neither they euer much
-needed: but if the rod had not bene in sight, and assured
-them of punishment if they had swarued to much, they
-would haue deserued: And yet I found that I had done
-better in the next to the best, to haue vsed more correction,
-and lesse curtesie, after carelessenesse had goten head.
-Wherfore I must needes say, that in any multitude the
-rod must needes rule: and in the least paucitie it must be
-seene, how soeuer it sound. Neither needeth a good boye
-to be afraid, seeing his fellow offender beaten, any more
-then an honest man, though he stand by the gallowes, at
-the execution of a fellon. This point for punishment must
-the maister set downe roundly, and so as he meaneth in
-deede to deale, bycause the pretence is generally, not so
-much for beating, as for to sore beating, which being in
-sight, the conclusion is soone made, and he that will preuent
-that sore, may see that set downe, which is thought sufficient.
-Whervnto if the parent submit himselfe in consent,
-and his childe in obedience the bargain is thorough, if not
-there is no harme done.</p>
-
-<p>If the schoole rest vpon the maister alone, thus must he
-do if he meane to do well, and to continue freindship where
-he meanes to do good. If it be some free foundacion, the
-founders must ioyne with the maister, if they meane that
-the frute of their cost shalbe commodious to their cuntrey.
-Leaue nothing to had I wist where ye may aunswere ye
-wist it. When any extraordinary fault breaketh out, as
-<i>Solon</i> said of parricide, that he thought there was none such<span class="pagenum" id="Page_280">280</span>
-in nature, conference with the parent, and euident proofe
-before punishment, will satisfie all parties. And euer the
-maister must haue a fatherly affection, euen to the vnhappyest
-boye, and thinke the schoole to be a place of
-amendment, and therfore subiect to misses.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The maistres
-yeares and
-alonenesse.</div>
-
-<p>For the maisters yeares, I leaue that to the
-admitters, as I do his alonenesse. Sufficiency
-of liuing wil make marriage most fit, where
-affection to their owne, worketh fatherlynesse to others:
-and insufficiencie of liuing will make a sole man remoue
-sooner, bycause his cariage is small. Most yeares should
-be most fit to gouerne, both for constantnesse to be an
-ancker for leuitie to ride at, which is naturally in youth:
-and for discretion and learning, which yeares should bring
-with them. But bycause there be errours I leaue this to
-discretion. The admitters to schooles haue a great charge,
-and ought to proue as curious as the very best Godfathers,
-whose charge yet is farre greater, then the account of it is
-made, among common persons. These thinges do I take
-to be very necessarie meanes, to helpe many displeasures
-wherwith schooling is anoyed, and to plant pleasure in
-their place. And yet when all is done the poore teacher
-must be subiect to as much, as the sunne is, to shine ouer
-all, and yet see much more then he can amend: as the
-diuine is, which for all his preaching, cannot haue his
-auditorie perfit: as the Prince is, who neither for reward
-nor penalty can haue generall obedience. The teachers
-life is painfull, and therfore would be pityed: it is euidently
-profitable, and therfore would be cherished: it wrastles
-with vnthankfullnesse aboue all measure, and therefore
-would be comforted, with all encouragement. One displeased
-parent will do more harme vpon a head, if he take
-a pyrre at some toy, neuer conferring with any, but with
-his owne cholere: then a thousand of the thankfullest will
-euer do good, though it be neuer so well deserued. Such
-small recompence hath so great paines, the very acquaintance
-dying when the childe departes, though with confessed
-deserte, and manifest profit: Such extreme dealing will
-furie enforce, where there is no fault, but that conceit
-surmiseth, vnwilling to examine the truth of the cause, and
-lother to reclame, as vnwilling to be seene so ouershot by
-affection. This very point wherby parentes hurte themselues
-in deede, and hinder their owne, though they discourage<span class="pagenum" id="Page_281">281</span>
-teachers, would be looked vnto by some publike ordinaunce,
-that both the maisters might be driuen to do well, if the
-fault rest in them: and the parentes to deale well, if the
-blame rest there: considering the publike is harmed, where
-the priuate is vncharmed, to ende it in meter as my president
-is.</p>
-
-<p>But in the beginning of this argument I did protest
-against <i>Philip Melanchthons</i> miseries, and therefore I will
-go no further, seeing what calling is it, which hath not his
-cumbat against such discurtesies? The prouerbe were
-vntrue, if man should not be as well a wolfe to man, as he
-is tearmed a God and did not more harme, in vnkyndenesse,
-then good in curtesie: so maruelosly fraught with ill and
-good both, as <i>Plinie</i>, cannot iudge whether nature be to a
-man, a better mother, or a bitterer stepdame. But patience
-must comfort where extremitie discourageth: and a resolute
-minde is a rempare to it selfe, vpon whom as <i>Horace</i>
-saith, though the whole world should fall, it might well
-crush him perforce, but not quash him for feare.</p>
-
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_44">CHAPTER 44.</h2>
-
-
-<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">That Conference betwene those which haue interest in children:
-Certainetie of direction in places where children vse
-most: and Constancie in well keeping that, which is certainely
-appointed, be the most profitable circumstances both
-for vertuous manering and cunning schooling.</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">Of</span> all the meanes which pollicie and consideration
-haue deuised to further the good training vp of
-children, either to haue them well learned, or
-vertueously manered, I see none conparable to these three
-pointes: <i>conference</i> betwene those persons, which haue
-interest in children, to see them well brought vp: <i>certainetie</i>
-in those thinges, wherein children are to trauell, for their
-good bringing vp: <i>constancie</i> in perfourming that, which by
-<i>conference</i> betweene the persons is set <i>certaine</i> in the thinges:<span class="pagenum" id="Page_282">282</span>
-that there be either no change at all after a sound limitation:
-or at least verie litle, saue where discretion in execution,
-is to yeald vnto circumstaunce. Therfore I entend to
-vtter some part of mine opinion concerning these three
-things, <i>conference</i> to breede the best: <i>certainetie</i> to plant the
-best: <i>constancie</i> to continue the best: and first of <i>conference</i>.
-Which I find to be of foure cooplementes: <i>parentes</i> and
-<i>neighbours</i>: <i>teachers</i> and <i>neighbours</i>: <i>parentes</i> and <i>teachers</i>:
-<i>teachers</i> and <i>teachers</i>: whereof euerie one offereth much
-matter for the furthering of both learning and good maners
-in children. Vnder the name of <i>neighbours</i> I comprehend
-all forraine persons, whom either commendable dewtie by
-countrie lawe: or honest care of common curtesie doth
-giue charge vnto, to helpe the bettering of children, and to
-fraie them from euill.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Conference
-betwene parentes
-and neighbours.</div>
-
-<p>1. Now if parentes in pointes of counsell vse
-to conferre with such, they may learne by some
-others experience: how to deale in their owne.
-And as this point is naturally prouided to assist infirmitie,
-which craues helpe of others, where it standes in dout: so
-there is a naturall iniunction wherby all men are charged to
-bestow their good and faithfull counsell, where it is required,
-doing thereby great good to the parties, and no harme to
-themselues, vnlesse it be to be rekened a harme, to gaine
-the opinion of wisedom, the estimation of honestie, and the
-note of humanitie, and a well giuen disposition. This consideration
-resteth most in the partie mouer, which is to
-receiue aduise, when himselfe shall require it. The next
-is an euident signe of an excellent inclination, which of it
-selfe will doe good, euen bycause the thing is good, though
-he be not conferred with. For if such persons will conferre
-with parentes, when they spy any thing that is not well
-in their children is it not honorable in them to deale so
-honestly? is it not wisdome in parentes to constrew it most
-friendly? is it not happie for those children which haue
-such carefull forraine helpers abroad, such considerate
-naturall hearers at home? A simple meaning in both the
-parties, the <i>neighbour</i> to tell friendly, the <i>parent</i> to take
-kindely, and to excute wisely will do maruelous much
-good. And what is this else but to loue thy neighbour as
-thy selfe, when thou mindest his childe good, as thou doest
-thine owne? And what is it else but to thinke of thy
-neighbour, as thou wouldest be thought on thy selfe, when<span class="pagenum" id="Page_283">283</span>
-thou beleeuest him in thine, as thou wouldest be beleeued
-in his? A true president of naturall <i>humanitie</i>, a religious
-patterne of honest <i>neighbourhoode</i>, which in no other thing
-can declare more good will, in no other thing can do one
-more good, then in respect to his children, whether ye consider
-the childrens persons, or the thing which is wished
-them. For in deede what be children in respect of their
-persons? be they not the effectes of Gods perfourmaunce
-in blessing? of his commaundement in encrease? be they
-not the assurance of a state which shall continew by succession,
-and not dy in one brood? be they not the parentes
-naturall purtracte? their comfort in hope, their care in prouision?
-for whom they get all, for whom they feare nought?
-And can he which desireth the good of this so great a
-blessing from heauen, so great a staie for the countrie, so
-great a comfort to parentes, deuise how to pleasure them
-more in any other thing? for to wish children to be honest,
-vertuous, and well learned, is to wish that to proue perfitly
-good, which standeth in a mammering, to proue good or
-bad. And can this so great a good wish but proceede from
-a passing honest disposition, and most worthy the embrasing?
-Nay most happy is that state, where youth hath
-such a staie, in such libertie as it is, not to helpe vnlesse
-one list. Hereupon I conclude that <i>conference</i> betwene
-<i>parentes</i> and others, whether by way of asking counsell, or
-by aduertisemente to check faultes, is very profitable for
-the weale of the litle ones.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Conference
-betwene teachers
-and neighbours.</div>
-
-<p>2. This <i>conference</i> may fall betwene the <i>neighbour</i>
-and the <i>teacher</i>. Wherein the <i>teacher</i>
-must be verie warie bycause he hath to deale
-with the informer for credit: with his scholer for amendment:
-with the parent for liking. When the parent dealeth
-with his owne childe, either of his owne knowledge, or by
-credited report, his doome is death or life, the childe hath
-no appeale, but either must amend, or feele the like smart.
-At the <i>teachers</i> dealing, vpon any aduertisement, there may
-and wilbe taken many pretie exceptions. Why did you
-beleeue? why should he medle? why dealt you in this
-sort? And whatsoeuer quarell miscontentment can deuise,
-being incensed with furie: or some extreme heat, as angrie
-nature is an eager monster. And in deede some ouerthwart
-conceit may moue the complainant, whatsoeuer the pretence
-be. Againe some wise man, may light vpon so conuenient<span class="pagenum" id="Page_284">284</span>
-a maister, as he may proue a better meane to redresse, then
-the parent will be, in whom blinde nature will neither see
-the childes fault, nor the friendes faith. But how soeuer it
-be, the maister must be warie, where his commission is not
-absolute. But in the wise handling of this ciuill <i>conference</i>
-the childe shall gaine much towardes his well doing, when
-wheresoeuer he shall be, or whatsoeuer he shall do, he shall
-both finde it true, and feele it so, that either his parent or
-his maister, or both together see him, if any other bodie see
-him.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Conference
-betwene parentes
-and teachers.</div>
-
-<p>3. The next <i>conference</i> is betweene <i>parentes</i>
-and <i>maisters</i>, whereof though I haue saide much,
-yet can I neuer say to much, the point is so
-needefull: bycause their friendly and faithfull communicating
-workes perpetuall obedience in the childe, contempt
-of euill, and desire to do well: seeing both they trauell to
-make one good. There is nothing so great an enemie to
-this so great a good as credulitie is in parentes, not able to
-withstand the childes eloquence, when shed of teares, and
-some childish passion do plead against punishment for
-assured misdemeanour. But though for the time such
-parentes seeme to wynne, bycause they haue their will: yet
-in the conclusion, they want their will, when they wish it
-were not so. Before change either of place, to proceede
-onward to further learning: or of maisters when the old is
-misliked, and a new sought for, then this <i>conference</i> is a
-meruelous helpe. For in change of place, it growndes vpon
-knowledge, and growes by aduice: in change of maisters, it
-is mistresse to warines not to lease by the change. For
-can the new maister vnderstand and iudge of the childes
-fault in so small a time, as the old maister may amend it if
-he be conferred with? You are offended with the former
-maister, haue ye conferred with him? haue ye opened vnto
-him your owne griefe, your childes defect, his owne default?
-are ye resolued that the fault is in the maister? may not
-your sonne forge? or may he not halt, to procure alteration
-vpon some priuate peuishnes? <i>Cyrus</i> as <i>Zenophon</i> writeth<a id="FNanchor_80_80" href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">80</a>
-surprised the king of <i>Armenia</i> being tributarie to the
-<i>Medians</i> but minding to reuolt, when the <i>Assyrians</i> armie
-should enter into <i>Media</i>. And yet though he found him
-in manifest blame, he left him his state, as the best steward
-for the <i>Medians</i> vse, considering the partie pardoned is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_285">285</span>
-bound by defect, he that shall be chosen, will thanke his
-owne merit, not the chusers munificence. Such consideration
-had <i>Cyrus</i>, and such <i>conference</i> with him, whom he
-knew to be a foe, before he surprised him, and yet found
-the frute of his considerate <i>conference</i> and his determination
-vpon his <i>conference</i>, to be exceding good and gainefull for
-himselfe after, and his friendes for the time. A number of
-ills be auoided, and a number of goodes obtained by this
-same <i>conference</i> betwene <i>parentes</i> and <i>maisters</i>. If the
-<i>maister</i> be wise and aduisedly chosen though he chaunce to
-misse, he knowes to amend: if he neither be such a one,
-nor so considerately chosen, yet <i>conference</i> will discouer
-him, and shew hope her listes, and what she may trust to.
-But not to dwel any longer in this point, wherein elsewhere
-I haue not bene parciall, I must needes say thus much of it
-at once for all, that no one meane either publike or priuate
-makes so much for the good bringing vp of children, as this
-<i>conference</i> doth.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Conference betwene
-teachers.</div>
-
-<p>4. The last <i>conference</i> I appoint to be betwene
-those of the same professions, whereby the
-generall traine is generally furthered. For
-whersoeuer any subiect is to be dealt in by many, is not
-the dealers <i>conference</i> the meane to perfit dealing? and to
-haue that subiect absolutely well done, which it selfe is
-subiect to so many doers? Is either the patient any worse
-if the <i>Physitians</i> conferre, or their facultie baser by their
-being togither? is not the case still clearer, where there is
-<i>conference</i> in law? is not the church the purer were <i>conference</i>
-is in proufe? and doth not the contrarie in all do
-much harme in all? And do ye thinke <i>that</i> conference
-among teachers would not do much good in the traine? or
-is the thing either for moment so meane, or for number so
-naked, as it may not seeme worthy to be considered vpon?
-Or can there any one, or but some few, be he or they neuer
-so cunning, discerne so exactly, as a number can in common
-<i>conference</i>? do not common companies which professe no
-learning, both allow it, and proue it, and finde it to be profitable?
-where it is vsed among teachers for the common
-good, it profiteth generally by sending abroad some common
-direction. In places where many schooles be within
-small compasse, it is very needefull to worke present good,
-and to helpe one another, where all may haue enough to
-bestow their labour on.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_286">286</span></p>
-
-<p>But this <i>conference</i>, and that not in <i>teachers</i> alone must be
-builded vpon the <i>honest care</i> of the <i>publike good</i>, without
-<i>respect</i> of <i>priuate gaine</i>: without <i>sting</i> of <i>emulation</i>: without
-<i>gaule</i> of <i>disdaine</i>: which be and haue bene great enemies
-to conference: great hinderers to good schooling: nay
-extreame miners in cases aboue schooling, and yet for the
-footing of that, which must after proue fairest, good schooling
-is no small onset. I neede not to rip vp the position to
-them, that be learned, which know what a mischiefe the
-misse of <i>conference</i> is, where it ought to be of force, and is
-shouldered out by distempered fantsie. He that can iudge,
-knoweth the force of this argument, which followeth:
-“where many illes seeke to chooke one good, which themselues
-were displaced, if that good tooke place: that good
-must needes be a great one, and worthy the wishing, that
-it may procure passage.” Of <i>conference</i> I must needes say
-this, that it is the cognisance of humanitie, and that of the
-best humanitie, being vsed for the best causes that concerne
-humanitie, and all humaine societie. I dare enter no
-deeper in this so great a good: but certainely in matters
-of learning there would be more <i>conference</i>, euen of verie
-conscience. And if that honest desire might bring downe
-great hart, the honorable effect would bring vp great good,
-in all trades beyond crie, in our traine beyond credit. In
-matters of engrosing, and <i>monopoleis</i>, in matters of forestauling
-and intercepting there is dealing by <i>conference</i>
-among the dealers, which we all crie out of, bycause it
-makes vs crie, in our purses. And yet we are slow to trie
-that in the good, which proues so strong in the ill, and was
-first pointed for good. I vse no authorities to proue in
-these cases, where reason her selfe is in place, and standeth
-not in neede of alleaging of names, bycause she may well
-spare her owne retinew, where her hoste himselfe doth
-tender his owne seruice.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Certaintie.</div>
-
-<p>2. The next point after <i>conference</i> is the chiefe
-and best offspring of all wise <i>conferences</i>, <i>certainetie</i>
-in direction, which in all thinges commendes it selfe,
-but in bringing vp of children it doth surpasse commendation,
-both for their manners and their learning. This same
-so much praised <i>certainetie</i> concerneth the limiting of
-thinges, what to do and what to learne, how to do and how
-to learne, where, when, and so furth to do that, which fineth
-the behauiour, and to learne that which aduanceth know<span class="pagenum" id="Page_287">287</span>ledge.
-For children being of themselues meere ignorant
-must haue <i>certainetie</i> to direct them: and trainers being
-not dailie to deuise, are at once to set downe certaine, both
-what themselues will require at the childrens hand for the
-generall order: and what the children must looke for at
-their handes for generall perfourmance. This <i>certainetie</i>
-must specially be set sure, and no lesse soundly kept, in
-<i>schooles</i> for <i>learning</i>, in priuate <i>houses</i> for <i>behauiour</i>, in
-<i>churches</i> for <i>religion</i>, bycause those three places, be the
-greatest aboades, that children haue.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Certainetie in
-schooles.</div>
-
-<p>1. Concerning <i>certainetie</i> in schoole pointes,
-and the benefit thereof, I haue delt verie largely
-in the last title: so that I shall not neede to vse
-any more spreading in that point, sauing onely that I do
-continue in the same opinion: as the thing it selfe continueth
-in it selfe most assurance of best successe, when the
-childe knoweth his <i>certainetie</i> in all limitable circumstances,
-whether he be at schoole himselfe to prouide that must be
-done: or if he be not there, yet to know in abscence, what
-is done there of course. So that where ignorance of orders
-cannot be pretended, there good orders must needes be
-obserued, which ordenarily bringe foorth a well ordered
-effect. The best and most heauenly thinges be both most
-certaine, and most constantly certaine, and the wisest men
-the certainest to builde on, in the middest of our vncertaineties.
-So that <i>certainetie</i> must needes be a great
-leuell, which procureth such liking in those thinges where
-it lighteth. In <i>schooling</i> it assureth the parentes, what is
-promised there, and how like to be perfourmed, by sight of
-the method and orders set downe: it directeth the children
-as by a troden path, how to come thither, as their iourney
-lieth: it disburdeneth the maisters heade, when that is in
-writing, which he was in waying, and when experience by
-oft trying hath made the habit able to march on of it selfe
-without any renewing: whereunto mutabilitie is euerie day
-endaungered.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Certainetie in
-priuate houses.</div>
-
-<p>2. The second point of <i>certainetie</i> entereth
-into families and priuate <i>houses</i>, which in part I
-then touched, when I wished the parentes so to
-deale at <i>home</i>, as there might be a <i>conformitie</i> betwene
-<i>schoole</i> and <i>home</i>. This point will preuent two great inconueniences
-euen at the first, besides the generale sequele of
-good discipline at home. For neither shall schooles haue<span class="pagenum" id="Page_288">288</span>
-cause to complaine of priuate corruption from home, that it
-infecteth them, when nothing is at home done or seene, but
-that which is seemely: neither shall the schooles lightly
-send any misdemeanour home, when the childe is assured
-to be sharpely chekt, for his ill doing, if it appeare within
-doares. This is that point which all writers that deale with
-the <i>œconomie</i> of householdes, and pollicie of states do so
-much respect, bycause the fine blossomes of well trained
-families, do assure vs of the swetest flowres in training vp
-of states, for that the buddes of priuate discipline be the
-beauties of pollicie. I shall not neede to say, what a good
-state that familie is in, where all thinges be most certainely
-set, and most constantly kept, which do belong to the good
-example of the <i>heades</i>, the good following of the <i>feete</i>, the
-good discipline of the whole <i>house</i>. Though some not so
-resolute wittes, or gredier humours will neither harken to
-this rule, neither keepe it in their owne, bycause the distemperature
-is both blinde, and deafe, where the minde is
-distempered, and violently giuen ouer either to extreame
-desire of gaine, or to some other infirmitie which cannot
-stoup to staid order: yet those <i>families</i> which keepe it,
-finde the profitablenesse of it. There children so well
-ordered by <i>certaineties</i> at <i>home</i>: when to rise: when to go
-to bed: when and how to pray euening and morning:
-when and how to visit their parentes ear they goe to bed,
-after they rise, ear they go abroad, when they returne home,
-at tables about meat, at meeting in dutie with officious and
-decent speches of course, well framed, and deulie called for,
-cannot but proue verie orderly and good. He that in his
-infancie is thus brought vp, will make his owne proufe his
-fairest president, and what housholde knoweth not this is
-extreame farre of from any good president. Obedience
-towardes the prince and lawes is assuredly grounded, when
-priuate houses be so well ordered: small preaching will
-serue there, where priuate training settes thinges so forward.
-Being therefore so great a good, it is much to be thought
-on, and more to be called for.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Certaintie in
-Churches.</div>
-
-<p>3. Now can <i>certaintie</i> being so great a bewtifier
-both to publik <i>schooles</i>, and priuate houses, be
-but very necessary to enter the Church with
-children vpon <i>holydaies</i>? to haue all the young ones of the
-Parish, by order of the Parish set in some one place of the
-Church? with some good ouer looking, that they be all<span class="pagenum" id="Page_289">289</span>
-there, and none suffred to raunge abroad about the streates,
-vpon any pretence? that they may be in eye of parentes
-and parishioners? that they may be attentiue to the Diuine
-seruice, and be time learne to reuerence that, wherby they
-must after liue? I do but set downe the consideration,
-which they will execute, who shall allow of it, and deuise it
-best, vpon sight of the circunstance. How other men will
-thinke herof I know not, but sure methinke, both publikly
-and priuately, that <i>certaintie</i> in <i>direction</i> where it may be
-well compassed, is a merueilous profitable kinde of regiment,
-and best beseeming children, about whose bettering
-my trauell is employed. In the very executing it sheweth
-present pleasure, and afterward many singular profites:
-and is in very deede the right meane to direct in <i>vncertainties</i>,
-as a stayed yearde to measure flexible stuff.
-<i>Bladders</i> and <i>bullrushes</i> helpe <i>swimming</i>: the <i>nurses</i> hand
-the <i>infantes going</i>: the <i>teachers line</i> the <i>scholers writing</i>,
-the <i>Musicians tune</i>, his <i>learners timing</i>: what to do? by
-following <i>certaintie</i> at first to direct <i>libertie</i> at last. And he
-that is acquainted with <i>certaintie</i> of <i>discipline</i> in his young
-yeares will thinke himselfe in exile, if he finde it not in age,
-and by plaine comparisons, will reclaime misorders, which
-he likes not, to such orders as he sees not. Who so markes
-and moanes the varietie in <i>schooling</i>, the disorder in <i>families</i>,
-the dissolutenesse in <i>Church</i>, will thinke I saye somwhat.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Constancie.</div>
-
-<p>3. The third part of my diuision was <i>constancie</i>.
-For what auaileth it to <i>conferre</i> about
-the best, and to set it in <i>certaine</i>, where <i>mutabilitie</i> of
-mindes vpon euery infirmitie either of iudgement, or other
-circunstance, is seeking to retire, and to leaue that rouling,
-which was so well rewled. In this point of <i>constancie</i> there
-be but two considerations to be had, the one of knowledge
-in the thing, the other of discretion in the vse. For he that
-is resolued in the goodnesse and pith of the thing, will
-neuer reuolt, but like a valiant general building vpon his
-owne knowledge, is certaine to conquere, what difficultie so
-euer would seeme to dasle his eyes, or to dash his conceit.
-It is weake <i>ignorance</i> that yeildes still, as being neuer well
-setled: it is <i>pusillanimitie</i> that faintes still, not belieuing
-where he sees not. Assured <i>knowledge</i> will resemble the
-great <i>Emperour</i> of all, which is still the same and neuer
-changeth, which set a lawe, that yet remaines in force euen
-from the first, among all his best and most obedient thinges.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_290">290</span>
-The <i>sunnes</i> course is <i>certaine</i>, and <i>constantly</i> kept. The
-<i>moone</i> hath her mouing without <i>alteration</i>, and that so <i>certaine</i>,
-as how many yeares be their eclypses foretold? A
-good thing such as wise <i>conference</i> is most like to bring
-forth, would be <i>certainly</i> knowen, and being so knowen
-would be <i>constantly</i> kept. The fairest <i>bud</i> will bring forth
-no frute, if it fall in the prime, but being well fostered
-by seasonable weather, it will surely proue well. The
-greatest thinges haue a feeble footing, though their perfitnesse
-be strong, but if their meane be not <i>constant</i>, that first
-feeblenesse will neuer recouer that last strength. I medle
-not with change of states, nor yet with any braunches,
-whose particular change, quite altereth the surface, of any
-best setled state, but with the training of children, and the
-change therin: which being once certaine would in no case
-be altered before the state it selfe vpon some generall
-change do command alteration, whervnto all our schooling
-must be still applyed, to plant that in young ones, which
-must please in old ones. As now our teaching consisteth
-in toungues, if some other thing one daye seeme fitter for
-the state, that fitter must be fitted, and fetcht in with procession.
-But yet in changes this rule would be kept, to
-alter by degrees, and not to rush downe at once. Howbeit
-the nature of men is such, as they will sooner gather a
-number of illes at once to corrupt: then pare any one ill
-by litle and litle with minde to amend.</p>
-
-<p>Concerning <i>discretion</i>: there is a circunstance to be
-obserued in thinges, which is committed alwaye to the executours
-person, and hath respect to his iudgement, which
-I call no change, bycause in the first setting downe that
-was also setled, as a most certaine point to rule accidentarie
-<i>vncertainties</i>, which be no changes, bycause they were foreseene.
-Such a supplie hath iustice in positiue lawes by
-equitie in consideration, as a good chauncellour to soften to
-hard constructions. That is one reason why the <i>monarchie</i>
-is helde for the best kinde of gouernment, bycause the
-rigour and seueritie of lawe, is qualified by the princesse
-mercie, without breche of lawe, which left that prerogatiue
-to the princesse person. The conspiracie which <i>Brutus</i> his
-owne children made against their father for the returne of
-<i>Tarquinius</i> euen that cruell Prince, leanes vpon this ground,
-as <i>Dionysius</i> of <i>Halicarnassus</i>, <i>Liuie</i>, and others do note.
-So that <i>discretion</i> to alter vpon cause in some vncertaine<span class="pagenum" id="Page_291">291</span>
-circunstance, nay to alter circunstance vpon some certaine
-cause, is no enemie to <i>certaintie</i>. When thinges are growen
-to extremities then change proues needefull to reduce
-againe to the principle. For at the first planting, euery
-thing is either perfitest, as in the matter of creation: or the
-best ground for perfitnesse to build on, as in truth of religion:
-though posteritie for a time vpon cause may encrease,
-but to much putting to burdeneth to much, and in the ende
-procures most violent shaking of, both in religious and
-politike vsurpations.</p>
-
-<p>But this argument is to high for a schoole position,
-wherefore I will knit vp in few wordes: that as <i>conference</i>
-is most needefull, so <i>certaintie</i> is most sure, and <i>constancie</i>
-the best keeper: that it is no change, which <i>discretion</i> vseth
-in doing but her duetie: but that altereth the maine.
-Which in matters engraffed in generall conceites would
-worke alteration by slow degrees, if foresight might rule:
-but in extremities of palpable abuse it hurleth downe headlong,
-yea though he smart for the time whom the change
-doth most helpe. But in our schoole pointes the case
-falleth lighter, where whatsoeuer matter shalbe offered to
-the first education, <i>conference</i> will helpe it, <i>certaintie</i> will
-staye it, <i>constancie</i> will assure it. Thus much concerning
-the generall positions wherin if I haue either not handled,
-or not sufficiently handled any particular point, it is reserued
-to the particular treatise hereafter, where it will be bestowed
-a great deale better, considering the present execution must
-follow the particular.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_292">292</span></p>
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<h2 id="CHAPTER_45">CHAPTER 45.</h2>
-
-
-<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">The peroration, wherin the summe of the whole booke is recapitulated
-and proofes vsed, that this enterprise was first
-to be begon by Positions, and that these be the most proper
-to this purpose. A request concerning the well taking of
-that which is so well ment.</span></p>
-
-
-<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">Thvs</span> bold haue I bene, with you (my good and
-curteous countriemen) and troubled your time with
-a number of wordes of what force I know not, to
-what ende I know. For my ende is, to shew mine opinion
-how the great varietie in teaching, which is now generally
-vsed, maye be reduced to some vniformnesse, and the cause
-why I haue vsed so long a preface, as this whole booke, is,
-for that such as deale in the like arguments, do likewise
-determine before, what they thinke concerning such generall
-accidentes, which are to be rid out of the waye at once, and
-not alwaye to be left running about to trouble the house,
-when more important matters shall come to handling.
-Wherin I haue vttered my conceit, liking well of that which
-we haue, though oftimes I wishe for that which we haue
-not, as much better in mine opinion, then that which we
-haue, and so much the rather to be wished, bycause the
-way to winne it is of it selfe so plaine and ready. I haue
-vttered my sentence for these pointes thus, wherin if my
-cunning haue deceiued me, my good will must warrant me:
-and I haue vttered it in plaine wordes, which kinde of
-vtterance in this teaching kinde, as it is best to be vnderstood,
-so it letteth euery one see, that if I haue missed,
-they may wel moane me, which meaning all so much good
-haue vnhappily missed in so good a purpose. Vpon the
-stearnesse of resolute and reasonable perswasions, I might
-haue set downe my Positions aphorismelike, and left both
-the commenting, and the commending of them to triall
-and time: but neither deserue I so much credit, as that my
-bare word may stand for a warrant: neither thought I it
-good with precisenesse to aliene, where I might winne with
-discourse. Whervpon I haue writen in euery one of those
-argumentes enough I thinke for any reader, whom reason<span class="pagenum" id="Page_293">293</span>
-will content: to much I feare for so euident a matter, as
-these Positions be, not assailable, I suppose, by any substantiall
-contradiction. For I haue grounded them vpon reading,
-and some reasonable experience: I haue applied them to
-the vse, and custome of my countrey, no where enforcing
-her to any forreine, or straunge deuise. Moreouer I haue
-conferred them with common sense wherin long teaching
-hath not left me quite senselesse. And besides these, some
-reason doth lead me very probable to my selfe, in mine
-owne collection, what to others I know not, to whom I
-haue deliuered it, but I must rest vpon their iudgement.
-Hereof I am certaine that my countrey is already very well
-acquainted with them, bycause I did but marke where vpon
-particular neede, she her selfe hath made her owne choice,
-and by embrasing much to satisfie her owne vse, hath
-recommended the residue vnto my care, to be brought by
-direction vnder some fourme of statarie discipline. Now
-then can I but thinke that my countreymen will ioyne with
-me in consent, with whom my countrey doth communicate
-such fauour? Seeing her fauour is for their furtheraunce,
-and my labour is to bring them to that, which she doth
-most allow.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The examining
-of all the contentes
-of this
-booke.</div>
-
-<p>And what conclusion haue I set downe wherin
-they maye not very well agree with me, either
-for the first impression which set me on worke,
-or for the proofe, which confirmeth the impression?
-My first meaning was to procure a generall good,
-so farre as my abilitie would reach, I do not saye that such
-a conceit, deserueth no discourtesie for the very motion,
-how soeuer the effect do aunswere in rate: but this I may
-well thinke, that my countreymen ought of common courtesie
-to countenaunce an affection so well quallified, till the
-euent either shrine it with praise, or shoulder it with repulse.
-I do not herein take vpon me dictatorlike to pronounce
-peremptorily, but in waye of counsell, as one of that robe,
-to shew that, which long teaching hath taught me to saye,
-by reading somwhat, and obseruing more. And I must
-pray my good countrymen so to construe my meaning, for
-being these many yeares by some my freindes prouoked to
-publish something, and neuer hitherto daring to venture
-vpon the print, I might seeme to haue let the raine of all
-modesty runne to lowse, if at my first onset I should
-seeme like a <i>Cæsar</i> to offerre to make lawes. Howbeit in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_294">294</span>
-very deede my yeares growing downward, and some mine
-obseruations seeming to some folkes to craue some vtteraunce,
-vpon shew to do some good: I thought rather to
-hasard my selfe in hope of some mens fauour, then to burie
-my conceit with most mens wonder. But before I do passe
-to mine Elementarie, which I meane to publish next after
-this booke, I must for mine owne contentation examine
-what I haue done in this, to see whether I haue hit right,
-or writen any thing that may call repentaunce. 1. Was I
-not to cut this course, and to begin at Positions? 2. And
-are not these the cheife and onely groundes in this argument?
-3. And in speking of these haue I in any point
-passed beyond my best beseeming? 1. For the first.
-Whether I ought to begin at Positions, or no, that is not in
-doubte now I hope, bycause I made that pointe very plaine
-in the beginning of my booke: but whether I haue done
-well to dwell so long in them, that maye seeme to deserue
-some excuse, if I mislike it my selfe: or els some cause, to
-satisfie other.</p>
-
-<p>If I had had to do with either <i>Romain</i>, or <i>Grecian</i>, in
-their owne language, where these thinges be familiarly
-knowen, I would not haue taryed in them any long while,
-but dealing with my countrymen in my countrey toungue,
-in an argument not so familiar to my countrey, and yet
-desiring to become familiar vnto her: I thought it good
-rather to saye more then enough, to leaue some chippinges:
-then by saying to litle, to cause a new cruste, where none
-should be: and to referre the rest of my suppressed meaning
-to my learneddest reader, to whose vse as I needed not
-to write, so in deede I do not, though I wish him well, and
-pray the like againe. They that frame happy men, absolute
-oratours, perfit wisedome, paragonne Princes, faultelesse
-states, as they haue their subiect at commaundement, which
-they breede in the commentarie of their owne braines: so
-their circunstances being without errour, where their maine
-is without match, neede very few wordes, as being in
-daunger of very few faultes. But I deale with a subiect,
-which is subiect to all vncertainties: with circunstances,
-which are chekt with many obiections, lying open, to much
-disturbance, cauilled at by euery occasion: where one sillie
-errour, is of strength enough, to ouerthrow a mans whole
-labour. I thought it good therefore to declare at large,
-what my meaning was, to satisfie therby euen the meanest<span class="pagenum" id="Page_295">295</span>
-vnderstandinges, that waye to procure mine opinion the
-freer passage, when it should passe by none, which vnderstood
-it not. I could not but begin with them, bycause
-herafter I shall haue so many occasions to make mention of
-them, to directe the traine by them, to referre my selfe vnto
-them, which if they had not bene handled here, they might
-and would haue troubled me there. Besides this, I would
-gladly (if I could obtaine so much at their handes) that all
-my countrymen did thinke, as I do in these same pointes,
-that by their consent my good speede might go on, with
-the readier and rounder currant, so that I cannot conceiue,
-but that I was both to begin my treatise at Positions, as the
-primitiue in such discourses, and to dwell long in them, to
-satisfie my most readers.</p>
-
-<p>2. Now whether these be the cheife groundes in preparatiue
-to that, which I entend to deale in, I thinke there is
-none, but may very easily iudge. For what is it whervnto
-my trauell to come hath promised her endeuour? to helpe
-children to be well taught for learning: to tell their maisters,
-how to exercise them for health: to aide the common
-course of studie in what I can for the common good. And
-what accidentes belong vnto such an argument, if these
-which I haue quoated out do not? Must there not be a
-time to begin, to continue, to ende the course of schoole
-learning? Then time must needes come in consideration.
-Must there not be somthing, wherin this time must be
-bestowed, both to haue the minde learned, and the body
-healthfull? Then the matter of traine, and the kinde of
-exercises could not haue bene passed ouer. Must there
-not be some vpon whom these thinges are to be imployed
-in these times, of both the sexes, and of all degrees? Then
-the generall schooling of all young ones, and the particular
-training of young maidens, and bringing vp of young
-gentlemen must needes haue their handling. Could these
-thinges be done with out conuenient place? cunning
-teachers? and good schoole orders? I thinke no. And
-therefore I picked these out, as the onely circunstances, that
-were proper to mine argument, and that were to be handled
-eare I entred my argument, if I had neuer seene any writer
-before vse the same choice.</p>
-
-<p>3. But how haue I delt in them. For the time to begin
-I haue measured it by strenght of body and minde that
-may well awaye with the trauell in learning without<span class="pagenum" id="Page_296">296</span>
-emparing of the good of either parte. For the continuing time
-in euery degree of studie, I haue limited it by sufficiencie
-and perfitnesse of habit, before the student remoue. For
-the ending time, the bounder of it is abilitie to serue the
-common countrey, and the priuate student in euery particular
-calling. In this distinction and sorting of time, I
-thinke I haue so dealt, as no reason will gainsaye me.
-2. For pointing so many thinges to be learned in the
-Elementarie schoole, as I do it vpon good warrant, so is no
-man iniuried by it, and euery man may be helpt by it.
-For though neither all men deale with all, nor all men can
-obtaine all, it is no reason but that those which will and
-may, shall know what is best to get: and that those which
-neither will nor can, yet maye see, what they maye and
-ought to get, if circunstances serue. For the traine is to be
-framed after the height, which freedome in circunstance
-maye well attaine vnto. A poore mans purse will not
-stretch so farre: must abilitie therfore be to much restrained?
-Some mans time will not dispense with all: must therfore
-the libertie of leasure be forced to the fetter? Some parente
-makes light of that, which some other esteemeth greatly:
-must he therefore be disapointed of his liking, which
-alloweth to serue his humour, which misliketh? Some
-maime in some circunstance may be some particular let:
-must therefore parciality in not pointing the best proue the
-generall losse.</p>
-
-<p>The best being set downe, without euident dispaire to
-come by it, or manifest noueltie to disgrace it, why should
-it not be sought for by them, which are willing to haue it,
-and know the meanes how? It is no noueltie for some to
-towre aboue the clowdes though other in the same flight do
-but flutter about the ground, and yet with commendation.
-For where the whole is good, and partible by degrees,
-euerie ascent hath his praise, though the prerogatiue be his
-that mounteth highest. And therefore my plat is to satisfie
-those which will medle with the most, and yet so left at
-libertie, as it may serue euen them, which seeke but for the
-least. 3. For the choice of wittes and restraint of number,
-not to pesture learning with to great a multitude, no
-wisedome will blame me. 4. For the helpe and health of
-body, that the doinges of the soule may be both strong and
-long, to ioine ordinarie exercise in forme of traine, who so
-shall mislike, I will match him with melancholie, with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_297">297</span>
-fleame, with reumes, with catarres, and all needelesse residences,
-to see how they will musle him. The limitation of
-certaineties in maisters for their securitie, and parentes for
-their assurance, if it be well wayed; is worth the wishing.
-5. For the places and personall circumstances, who so will
-cauill, neither deserues such a place to be trained in, nor
-such a maister to be trained by, nor such parentes to prouide
-him such a traine. 6. For the good bringing vp of
-yong gentlemen, he that taketh no care, is more then a
-foole considering their place and seruice in our countrie:
-and so of all the rest. 7. But did any man thinke that I
-would not mention my dealing in trayning vp of yong
-maidens, whether that be to be admitted in such sort as I
-haue appointed it? That is such a bulwarke for me, as
-who so shall seeme to pinche me for dealing liberally with
-them, had neede to arme himselfe against them. For they
-will translate the crime, and becomming parties themselues
-discharge me from daunger for vsing them so curteously.
-Is that point in suspition of any noueltie or fantasticallnes
-to haue wymen learned? Then is <i>nature</i> fantasticall for
-giuing them abilitie to learne: <i>custome</i> for putting them to
-it: <i>pollicie</i> for placing them where to vse it: in all ages in
-all degrees, in all countries, both at home and abroad.
-Innouation it is not, for I reade it, I see it, I finde it, it is
-not my deuise. I put the case, that it were one of my
-wishes, that wymen might learne, if they did not. Assuredly
-the proufe that wee see, the profit that we feele, the comfort
-that we haue, the care that we haue not, the happines we
-enioy, the mishap we auoide, the religion we liue by and
-like, the superstition we fly from and hate, the clemencie
-we finde, the cruelitie we feare, by the meere benefit of our
-learned princesse, whom God hath so rarely endewed and
-endowed, giue me leaue to wish that sexe most successe in
-learning, and her maiesties person all successe in liuing:
-all the residew, all the best, and her highnes alone all aboue
-the best: as wish can aspire, where nothing else can come.
-In generall I do not remember any thing, that I haue dealt
-in, but it may be very well digested by any stomake, if it
-be not to farre distempered.</p>
-
-<p>My wishes perhaps may seeme sometimes to be nouelties.
-Nouelties perhappes, as all amendementes be to the thing
-that needeth redresse, but not fantasticall, as hauing their
-seat in the cloudes. If no man did euer wish, then were I<span class="pagenum" id="Page_298">298</span>
-alone. If my wish were vnpossible though it made shew
-of very great profit, impossibilitie in deede, would desire
-profit in wish to be content with repulse: but where the
-thing is both profitable, and possible to, why should not
-profitable possibilitie haue rowme, if wishing may procure
-it? I wish commodious situation and rowmh in places for
-learning and exercise. Our countrie hath it not echwhere,
-nay scant any where as yet. Euen by wishing that it had,
-I graunt that it hath not: but I would not haue wished it,
-if the meane had bene hard: and the motion naturally
-goeth before the effect. I wish that the colledges in the
-vniuersities were deuided by professions: I wish graue and
-learned readers: I wish repetition to the same readers, yea
-euen for the best graduate, that is yet an hearer. I wish
-neither heresie nor harme, ne yet any thing, but that may
-very well be wrought, and deserues endlesse wishing till it
-be brought to an ende. I wish restraint to stop ouerflush,
-and such other things whereto I dare stand, and assuredly
-beleeue, that I wish my countrie very great good, as I hope
-many wilbe partakers with me in wish, to be partakers of
-the good. But some wil say what neede you to medle with
-so much, or so high matters your selfe creeping so low?
-Syr, I did professe in the beginning vnder ech title to deale
-in the generall argument, for all my professing the elementarie
-example. And by the way I do thinke, that I may deserue
-some more equitie in construction, bycause I do entend to
-my great paines to helpe my wish forward, and to trauell
-for the helping, and healthing of all studentes. Wherfore
-I conclude thus, that seeing my dealing in those
-positions was occasioned of so good a ground, and
-hath so passed through them, as I hope it may
-abide the tuch. I must craue of my good
-and curteouse countriemen to laie vp allouance
-in hope, and misliking in pardon,
-till the euent dischardge both, and
-make me bound to all, and some
-benefited by me.</p>
-
-<p class="center">
-<i>FINIS.</i></p>
-
-
-<hr class="full" />
-<p class="center small">HARRISON AND SONS, PRINTERS IN ORDINARY TO HER MAJESTY, ST. MARTIN’S LANE, LONDON.<br />
-</p>
-
-
-<div class="chapter">
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_299">299</span></p>
-
-
-<div class="figcenter" >
-<img src="images/i_p299.jpg" alt="Decoration" />
-</div>
-
-
-<h2 class="nobreak">APPENDIX.</h2>
-<hr class="small" />
-<p class="center"><big>RICHARD MULCASTER.</big><a id="FNanchor_81_81" href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">81</a></p>
-</div>
-
-<p>The birthplace of Richard Mulcaster seems to have been the
-old border tower of Brackenhill Castle, on the river Line. The
-exact date of his birth is uncertain, but it was probably 1530 or
-1531. The Mulcasters had for centuries been an important
-family on the Border. Among the old Exchequer Records in the
-Tower is a letter from Sir Robert de Clifford, King’s Captain of
-the counties of Cumberland, Westmorland, and Lancashire, to
-the Treasurer and Barons of the Exchequer, desiring them to
-excuse Sir William Molcastre, Sir Thomas de Felton, Robert de
-Molcastre, and Richard de Molcastre from appearing in the Court
-of Exchequer according to their summons, by reason of their attendance
-on him in defence of the Marches; dated at Lochmaben
-Castle, 4th July, 1299. The Sir William Mulcaster here spoken of
-was for five years in succession High Sheriff of Cumberland, and
-was much engaged in the war with Scotland. An old pedigree of
-the Mulcasters drawn up in Queen Elizabeth’s time says that Sir
-William Mulcaster in the reign of “Edward Longshanks entayled
-his landes at Torpenham, Bolton, Bolton-Yetten, and Blennerhasset
-on his eldest son, Robert Mulcaster, whom he marryed to Eufemia,
-sister to Raphe Nevil, Erle of Westmerland, and Erle Marshal of
-England. He entayled his landes at Brackenhill and Solport on
-his second sonne, Richard Mulcaster.” The elder branch, however,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_300">300</span>
-did not thrive. In the next generation “Sir Robert Mulcaster
-became ane Unthrift, and for smale summes of present money in
-hand did alien his landes in parcels to his Unkel the Erle of
-Westmerland, who knowing the title to be weake by reson of the
-entayle did straytway selle the said landes. Sir Robert presently
-after the sayle died.” But the Richard Mulcasters have flourished
-on and on through the centuries, and these particulars were communicated
-to me by the last Richard Mulcaster, who lived to see
-this reprint of his ancestor’s book.</p>
-
-<p>In the fifteen hundreds, St. Bees was a noted place for instruction,
-and Bishop Grindal and Archbishop Sandys were brought
-up there. But the Mulcaster of the first half of the century sent
-his sons Richard and James to be “frappit” by the mighty Udal
-at Eton. The <i>vates sacer</i> of Udal is Tusser, without whose help
-he could hardly have been remembered. As it is, his name
-inevitably calls up the lines——</p>
-
-<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza">
- <div class="verse">“From Paul’s I went, To Eton sent,</div>
- <div class="verse">To learn straightways The Latin phrase,</div>
- <div class="verse">When fifty-three Stripes given to me,</div>
- <div class="verse indent10">At once I had,</div>
- <div class="verse">For fault but small, Or none at all;</div>
- <div class="verse">It came to pass, That beat I was,</div>
- <div class="verse">See, Udall, see! The mercy of thee</div>
- <div class="verse indent14">To me poor lad.”</div>
-</div><div class="stanza">
- <div class="verse">(<i>From Tusser’s Metrical Autobiography, printed</i></div>
- <div class="verse"><i>with his “Points of Husbandry,”</i> 1573.)</div>
-</div></div></div>
-
-<p>In 1548 (according to A. Wood) Richard Mulcaster gained
-his election from Eton to King’s, Cambridge; but for reasons
-unknown he did not take a Cambridge degree, but migrated to
-Oxford, where in 1555 he was elected Student of Christ Church,
-and the year following was “licensed to proceed in Arts.” Here
-he became distinguished by his knowledge of Eastern literature,
-and “that great English Rabbi, Hugh Broughton,” a contemporary,
-speaks of him as one of the best Hebrew scholars of the
-age. But the University had been preyed upon by “Reformers,”
-and many students had to beg for their living. So Mulcaster
-went to London and became a schoolmaster in 1558. Three
-years later the Merchant Taylors’ Company opened their new
-school at Lawrence Pountney Hill (between “Caning,” now
-Cannon, Street and the River), and made Mulcaster their first
-Master.</p>
-
-<p>Thus we find Mulcaster’s reign at Merchant Taylors’ began three
-years before the birth of Shakespeare, Mulcaster himself being
-about thirty years old. But his monarchy was by no means absolute,
-and he was not always happy in his relations with the Company.
-The Merchants probably thought of him as one of their servants,
-and he, as<span class="pagenum" id="Page_301">301</span> “by ancient parentage and linnial discent an Esquier
-borne” (so he describes himself in his wife’s epitaph), thought
-himself a better man than they. Certainly many of his successors,
-though unable to lay stress on their parentage, would have grumbled
-at the terms imposed upon him.</p>
-
-<p>The instructions to the Master are in many ways interesting.
-He was told that he was to teach the children not only good
-literature, but also good manners; he was to resign his post whenever
-ordered to do so by the Governors, but might not depart without
-giving the Governors a year’s notice; and he was never to be absent
-from the school more than twenty working days in the year. The
-number of boys is limited to 250, and these are to be taught by the
-High Master and two or three Ushers. “The children shall come
-to the school in the morning at 7 of the clock both winter and
-summer, and tarry there until 11, and return again at 1 of the clock,
-and depart at 5.” “Let not the school master, head usher, nor
-the under ushers, nor any of them, permit nor license their scholars
-to have remedy nor leave to play except only once a week when
-there falleth no holiday. And these remedies to be had upon no
-other day but only upon Tuesdays in the afternoon or Thursdays
-in the forenoon. Nor let the scholars use no cock-fighting, tennis-play,
-nor riding about of victoring [<i>sic</i>] nor disputing abroad,
-which is but foolish babbling and loss of time.” (“History of
-Merchant Taylors’ School,” by H. B. Wilson, 1812, i, 17.)</p>
-
-<p>The Company agreed to pay to Mulcaster £40——<i>i.e.</i>, £10 each
-for the High Master and the ushers; but Mr. Hills, the Master of
-the Company, undertook to double Mulcaster’s £10 out of his own
-purse. Some years afterwards Mr. Hills had heavy expenses with
-one of his children, and was obliged to discontinue his grant to
-Mulcaster; which led to a serious disagreement. But there seem
-to have been “difficulties” about other matters as well. In the
-very middle of his twenty-six years’ mastership (26th November,
-1574) we find the following significant entry in the Minutes of the
-Court:——“Mr. Richard Moncaster convented at this Courte to be
-admonished of suche his contempt of the good orders made for the
-government of the Grammar Schole founded by the Worshipful
-company in St Lawrence Pountney’s parisshe where he is now
-Scholemaister; And also of suche his injurious and quarrellinge
-Speache as he used to the Visitors of the said Schole at the last
-callinge thereof, refused to here his fformer doings in that behalf
-recyted, willinge the said M<sup>r.</sup> Warden and assistants to procede
-against him angrily or otherwise as they listed, so as he mighte
-have a copie of their decree.” (H. B. Wilson’s “Hist, of M. T.
-Sch.,” p. 56.) However, the “Esquier borne” found it prudent to
-yield. In the following month (14th Dec., 1574) it is recorded
-that Mr. Richard Muncaster confessed before the Court that he had
-spoken “merely of choller,” and promised obedience for the future.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_302">302</span>
-Four years later he was in high favour with the Company, for at the
-Court holden 29th April, 1579, an order was passed by which the
-Company undertook, in consideration of Mulcaster’s “painful
-services for near 20 years,” to provide for his wife if she survived
-him. But this was the only recognition his “painful services”
-received. After Hills’s grant of £10 a year had ceased, Mulcaster
-applied to the Company for a larger salary than he had received
-from them; but this very reasonable request was refused. Mulcaster
-then urged that he had been giving additional stipend to
-the senior Usher, and he made a claim for the amount he had lost
-by the stoppage of Hills’s subsidy. In reply to this the Court voted
-that he “might seeke his remedie.” He then petitioned humbly,
-but without avail, and in high dudgeon he resigned his post in 1586,
-either quoting or inventing the expression, <i>Servus fidelis perpetuus
-asinus</i>.<a id="FNanchor_82_82" href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">82</a> In the appointment of his successor (Wilkinson) he had
-no influence, and the dispute between Mulcaster and the Company
-was carried on, the Company making a counter claim against him
-for £50, and offering to waive this claim only on receiving from
-Mulcaster a receipt in full. The quarrel was never made up, and
-years afterwards when Mulcaster had left St. Paul’s he applied to
-the Merchant Taylors’ Company for a gratuity and was refused.</p>
-
-<p>So at about the age of fifty-five, Mulcaster found himself out of
-office. Five years before this he had published his “Positions”
-(1581), and the year after, the “First Part of the Elementarie.”
-Why the Second Part never appeared we cannot tell. Perhaps in
-this country publishing books about education was then, as now,
-an expensive occupation, and Mulcaster having lost half his income
-could publish no longer.<a id="FNanchor_83_83" href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">83</a></p>
-
-<p>Ten years later he became High Master of St. Paul’s School.
-In 1598 Elizabeth made him Rector of Stanford Rivers, in Essex,
-but as he was High Master of St. Paul’s for twelve years, he must
-have been non-resident at his living till 1608. Then at all events
-he took up his abode at Stanford Rivers, where his wife died in
-1609. It seems strange that Mulcaster should have remained at
-the head of a great school till he was about seventy-seven years old,
-but there is no reasonable doubt of it; and that he lived to a great
-age is proved by his wife’s epitaph in which he records that they
-had been married fifty years. He himself died in 1611, only five
-years before Shakespeare, who was his junior by more than thirty
-years.<a id="FNanchor_84_84" href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">84</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_303">303</span></p>
-
-<p>Though Mulcaster himself has been well-nigh forgotten, he had
-relations, friendly or otherwise, with some of his contemporaries who
-are in no danger of being forgotten——Queen Elizabeth, Shakespeare,
-Sir Philip Sydney, and Edmund Spenser.</p>
-
-<p>Elizabeth, as we have seen, gave Mulcaster a living. This was
-not till near the end of her reign, but he seems to have been long
-in her favour. This book, the “Positions,” was dedicated to her, and
-the tone of the letter in which Mulcaster addresses his Sovereign
-is not that of a stranger, but rather of an old acquaintance, who
-is sure of a friendly reception. In the fifteen hundreds a very
-common entertainment was the performance of plays by boys. In
-the Queen’s book of household expenses we find: “18th Mch.
-1573-4. To Mr. Richard Mouncaster for 2 plays presented before
-her on Candlemas-day, and Shrove Tuesday last, 20 marks: and
-further for his charges 20 marks.” Again: “11th Mch. 1575-6.
-To Richard Mouncaster for presenting a play before her on Shrove
-Sunday last, 10 pounds.” This performance seems to have been<span class="pagenum" id="Page_304">304</span>
-continued for many years. In the <i>Liber Famelicus</i> of Sir James
-Whitelocke (Camden Society’s Publications, No. LXX), Sir James
-tells of his bringing up at Merchant Taylors’. He was born in
-1570 and was elected from the School to be a probationer of St.
-John’s College, Oxford, in June, 1588. He says: “I was brought
-up at School under Mr. Mulcaster in the famous school of the
-Merchant Taylors in London, where I continued until I was well
-instructed in the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin tongues. His care
-was also to increase my skill in music, in which I was brought up
-by daily exercise in it, as in singing and playing upon instruments:
-and yearly he presented some plays to the Court, in which his
-scholars were [the] only actors, and I one among them; and by
-that means [he] taught them good behaviour and audacity” (p. 12).</p>
-
-<p>It has been suggested to me by Mr. Lupton that Shakespeare
-may have had Mulcaster in his mind when he put Holofernes the
-schoolmaster in <i>Love’s Labour’s Lost</i>. There was, as we know,
-rivalry between Shakespeare and the boy actors, and when Armado
-says (Act V, sc. 2), “I protest the schoolmaster is exceeding fantastical;
-too too vain, too too vain,” he uses a common expression
-of Mulcaster’s.</p>
-
-<p>That Shakespeare had a contempt for the schoolmasters or
-“pedants” of his time is tolerably clear, and he must have seen in
-Mulcaster a typical schoolmaster and also a rival of his in producing
-court entertainments. Holofernes is both a “pedant” and
-a court entertainer, but in other respects he does not answer to
-Mulcaster, for he is a parish schoolmaster and teaches both boys
-and girls. However, as Mulcaster was a favourite at court,
-Shakespeare, if really thinking of him, may have had reasons for
-not making the resemblance too striking.</p>
-
-<p>In <i>Hamlet</i> (Act II, sc. 2) there is a very remarkable dialogue
-which shows the rivalry that then (<i>i.e.</i>, about 1603) existed
-between “the tragedians of the City” and “the boys.” There is,
-too, a very beautiful epitaph by Ben Jonson on a boy who had
-become famous for playing the part of an old man. Mulcaster no
-doubt had had a great share in keeping the playing of boy actors
-in fashion; but he probably had nothing to do with “the children
-of Powles” whose acting was stopped by edict from about 1589 to
-1600, and then started again with increased popularity (see J. P.
-Collier, “Annals of the Stage,” edition of 1879, vol. i, pp. 271 ff),
-or with “the children of the Revels” who acted at Blackfriars
-Theatre, and are probably the “aiery of children” talked of by
-Rosenkrantz.</p>
-
-<p>To return to Elizabeth, it seems that Mulcaster took part in
-preparing the pageant at Kenilworth in 1575. I have not read the
-accounts by George Gascoigne and Robert Laneham or Langham
-to which Collier refers (“Annals of Stage,” i, 225), but the late<span class="pagenum" id="Page_305">305</span>
-Mr. Mulcaster gives some Latin verses preserved by Gascoigne
-which were, as he says, “devised by Master R. Muncaster.” The
-“Middlesex Minstrel” also recited King “Ryence’s challenge to
-King Arthur.” Of this Bishop Percy says: “It was sung before
-Queen Elizabeth at the grand entertainment at Kenelworth
-Castle in 1575, and was probably composed for that occasion”
-(Percy’s “Relics,” Wheatley’s edition, 1877, vol. iii, p. 24). If so, it
-may have been Mulcaster’s as well as the Latin verses, though for
-my part I doubt his writing so simply.</p>
-
-<p>On Elizabeth’s death in 1603, Mulcaster published “Nænia
-consolans in mortem Serenissimæ Reginæ Elizabethæ,” in which
-he seems quite consoled by the accession of James.</p>
-
-<p>Mulcaster was a correspondent of Sir Philip Sydney’s, and he
-wrote to him in Latin. This was against his own principles, for
-perhaps his best chance of being remembered rests in his vigorous
-protest against the use of Latin, and his advice to his learned
-countrymen to write in their own language (<i>cfr.</i> Masson’s Life of
-Milton).</p>
-
-<p>Perhaps Mulcaster’s enthusiasm for English may have influenced
-one of his pupils who lived to write imperishable verse
-in it. The late Mr. Mulcaster, in his MS. notice of his ancestor,
-surmised that Spenser may have been a “Merchant Taylor” and
-therefore have come under Mulcaster. The guess was a happy
-one. Dean Church, in his volume on Spenser (“English Men of
-Letters”), tells us how the account books of the executors of a
-bountiful citizen, Robert Nowell, have been preserved, and that at
-his funeral in 1568 two yards of cloth were given to selected scholars
-of the great London Schools. The names of these scholars are
-recorded, and at the head of the Merchant Taylors’ list stands
-Edmund Spenser.</p>
-
-<p>It is very remarkable that a schoolmaster noted for his classical
-attainments should before the last decade of the fifteen hundreds
-have urged the literary use of the mother tongue. It is remarkable,
-too, that this man was the master of Edmund Spenser. In these
-and some other respects Mulcaster seems to have been more
-memorable than Ascham. Yet Ascham is known by all, and
-Mulcaster is unknown, not only by ordinary Englishmen, but even,
-as it would seem, by scholars like Mr. George Saintsbury, the
-author of a book on Elizabethan Literature. In Professor Arber’s
-invaluable work for the bibliography of our old books, his “Transcript
-of the Registers of the Company of Stationers of London,
-1554-1640,” we find in vol. ii, p. 178<i>b</i>, the following curious entry:—<span class="pagenum" id="Page_306">306</span>—“Thomas
-Chare <i>sub manu Episcopi Londinii</i>. Sexto die Marcii
-[1581] Receaved of him for his license to printe <i>positions whereupon
-the trayning up of children and so consequentlie the wholle course of
-learninge ys grounded</i> ... xvj<i>d</i>. Provyded alwaies that yf
-this booke conteine any thinge prejudiciall or hurtfull to the booke
-of maister <span class="smcap">Askham</span> that was printed by master Daie called the
-Scholemayster, That then this lycense shal be voyd.” But Ascham’s
-widow needed no protection from the Bishop of London. His
-posthumous book did for the English language what Mulcaster
-tried to do in vain: it showed how English might be used for
-clear and even graceful expression. Mulcaster thought that the
-English language had then reached its highest point. In his
-very curious and interesting allegory of the progress of language
-(“Elementarie,” pp. 66 ff.) he says that Art selects the best age
-of a language to draw rules from, such as the age of Demosthenes
-in Greece, and of Tully in Rome. “Such a period in the English
-tongue,” he continues, “I take to be in our days for both the pen
-and the speech.” And this language, then at its best, was, he
-thought, shown at its best in his own writings. After enumerating
-its excellencies he says, “I need no example in any of these, whereof
-mine own penning is a general pattern.” This tempts one to
-exclaim with Armado, “I protest the schoolmaster is exceeding
-fantastical; too too vain, too too vain” (<i>Love’s Labour’s Lost</i>,
-Act V, sc. 2), and posterity has most emphatically rejected the
-offered pattern. Dean Church describes the writers of that time
-as “usually clumsy and awkward, sometimes grotesque, often
-affected, always hopelessly wanting in the finish, breadth, moderation,
-and order which alone can give permanence to writing,”
-(“Spenser,” p. 3). Some of these epithets certainly hit Mulcaster
-hard. I have spent much time on what he calls his “so careful,
-I will not say so curious writing” (“Elementarie,” p. 253), and I
-perfectly agree with him when he says, “Even some of reasonable
-study can hardly understand the couching of my sentence and the
-depth of my conceit” (<i>ib.</i>, p. 235). This, no doubt, explains to
-us why Mulcaster has been long forgotten.</p>
-
-<p>But if he had taken less pains with his “style,” Mulcaster
-would have been recognised as a master of his subject. A right
-conception of education could not be formed by the worshippers
-of “learning;” and the false ideal set up at the Renascence has
-had a disastrous effect on European education ever since. But
-Mulcaster, scholar though he was, was not in bondage to
-scholarship. With him education was not instruction in the
-classics. How few schoolmasters have asked the question, “Why
-is it not good to have every part of the body and every power of
-the soul to be fined to his best?” (“Positions,” p. 34.) The
-following passage from the “Elementarie” (p. 22) shows how
-much he had risen above the ideal of the learned:—<span class="pagenum" id="Page_307">307</span>—“The end
-of education and train is to help nature unto her perfection,
-which is, when all her abilities be perfected in their habit....
-Consideration and Judgment must wisely mark whereunto Nature
-is either evidently given or secretly affectionate, and must frame
-education consonant thereto.” And having shown this admirable
-conception of the end to be attained, he sets to work to consider
-what are the powers that need training. “We have,” he says,
-“a perceiving by outward sense, to feel, to see, to smell, to taste
-all sensible things; which qualities of the outward being received
-in by the <i>common sense</i>, and examined by <i>fancy</i>, are delivered to
-<i>remembrance</i> and afterward prove our great and only grounds unto
-further knowledge” (“Elementarie,” p. 28). Here we see him feeling
-after the foundation of a science of education. He goes still
-further when in the “Positions” (p. 27) he tells us of the natural
-inclinations in the soul, and of the three things which we shall
-find “peering out of the little young souls,” viz.: Wit to take,
-Memory to keep, and Discretion to discern.</p>
-
-<p>Michelet (“Nos Fils,” p. 170) with justice gives credit to
-Montaigne for avoiding the great blunder of his time, and basing
-his scheme of education, not on what was to be learned, but on
-the nature of the learner, “<i>non l’objet, le savoir, mais le sujet, c’est
-l’homme</i>.” This was indeed a wonderful step in advance, a step
-which placed Montaigne before most schoolmasters of that time,
-perhaps of any succeeding time. But in Mulcaster we have a
-schoolmaster who in Montaigne’s own day seems to have shown
-similar wisdom. Perhaps admirable results might have followed
-had Mulcaster’s mode of expression only been somewhat less
-“curious.”</p>
-
-<p>Looking to human nature as a whole, Montaigne and Mulcaster
-saw that “it was not a mind, it was not a body that we have
-to educate, but a man, and we cannot divide him.” A writer of the
-present day who is supposed to be in the van of modern thinkers
-has given us his notion of “Education as a Science.” In some
-respects the conception of the Elizabethan writer seems to me
-more complete and truly scientific. Mulcaster thinks that the
-educator should care both for mind and body, and adapt his
-“train” to each of them. The treatment of the body recommended
-in the “Positions” will surprise some Continental authors, who
-seem to think that physical education had hardly been considered
-before the appearance of Locke’s “Thoughts.”</p>
-
-<p>There are several other points where Mulcaster seems to me
-to show remarkable wisdom. He does not approve of a very
-early start in the learned languages, and is specially strong against
-the “hastening on” of a “sharp young wit;” so that one of the
-earliest English writers on education warns us against some of
-the latest English practices (see “Positions,” pp. 19, 33; also
-“Elementarie,” xi, pp. 52 ff).</p>
-
-<p>Another of our head-masters, whose teaching now, alas! comes
-to us also recommended by the proverb, <i>Optimi consiliarii mortui</i>,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_308">308</span>
-Edward Thring, has testified to the difficulty and to the importance
-of instructing the younger classes properly. Mulcaster is so strong
-on this point that instead of handing over the younger boys in a
-crowd to the least experienced and worst paid master, as the custom
-still is, he would have the forms smaller at the bottom than at the
-top of the school, and would have the best and best paid teacher for
-them (“Positions,” pp. 233 ff.)</p>
-
-<p>His wisdom appears, too, in his curriculum for the young.
-What a blessing for them could he have arranged their studies all
-over Europe instead of his contemporary, Sturm! He would have
-taught them to read and write their own language, to draw, to
-sing, and to play some musical instrument, and he maintains that
-if instead of beginning with Latin the child were put through a preliminary
-course in these five things, he would learn “the tongue”
-sooner and do more between 12 and 16 than from 7 to 17 the
-other way (“Elementarie,” chap. xi). So school instruction in
-drawing and singing was recommended by this old schoolmaster
-more than 300 years ago. I take up the New England “Journal
-of Education,” dated 2nd February, 1888, and I find a well-known
-writer, Col. T. W. Higginson, telling us: “I can remember when
-the introduction of singing, and later of drawing, into our public
-schools was regarded as a finical whim, suitable for girls’ schools
-only. <i>Emollit mores</i>, each of these practices is found to help
-school discipline and refine the taste, so that the whole tone of
-school life is elevated.” Thus we are at length adopting Mulcaster’s
-proposals, and quoting in their favour what Ovid said
-2,000 years ago.</p>
-
-<p>It is interesting, by the way, to observe that the unfortunate
-“three R’s” had not been invented in Mulcaster’s time, and his
-“Elementarie,” with its five studies, ignores arithmetic.</p>
-
-<p>The five studies are intended for those who are to be put to
-learning, and those only; but we see that Mulcaster would have
-had <i>every one</i> taught to read and write (“Positions,” p. 139).</p>
-
-<p>We have seen that we are at length introducing drawing and
-singing, as Mulcaster advised. In one particular he is still in
-advance of us. He would have at the University a college for
-training teachers. “Is the framing of young minds,” he asks,
-“and the training of their bodies so mean a point of cunning?
-Be schoolmasters in this realm such a paucity as they are not even
-in good sadness to be soundly thought on?... He that will
-not allow of this careful provision for such a seminary of masters
-is most unworthy either to have had a good master himself or
-hereafter to have a good one for his.” (“Positions” p. 248.)</p>
-
-<p>In another respect Mulcaster showed much good sense, and
-though perhaps not in advance of his own generation he was far
-before the generations of the two succeeding centuries. I was at<span class="pagenum" id="Page_309">309</span>
-a private meeting connected with the founding of Girton College,
-when, I remember, the late Professor Brewer denied that girls in
-the Elizabethan age were better educated than in the days that
-followed. Joseph Payne, who was also present, expressed a strong
-opinion that they <i>were</i>. If he had had his copy of the “Positions”
-with him (his collection of rare books on education included this
-work) he might have proved his point by apposite quotation.
-This was twenty years ago. Much has been done for girls’ education
-since then; and in one respect at least the Victorians have
-advanced beyond the Elizabethans, for no English writer can now
-say with Mulcaster, “I set not young maidens to public grammar
-schools, a thing not used in my country; I send them not to the
-universities, having no precedent thereof in my country.” (“Positions,”
-p. 167.)</p>
-
-<p>I have now, I think, said enough so show that at least for the
-history of education Mulcaster’s books are of great interest and
-value. Travellers are always ready to run any risks in exploring
-the source of great rivers. When we consider how many millions
-of the human race using English as their mother tongue receive
-instruction in school, it might seem worth while to spend some
-little time and trouble in tracing back the history of that instruction,
-and seeing what it was in its earliest days. Such knowledge
-as is now obtainable must be derived from a few books, among
-which Mulcaster’s are almost the first, both in time and in importance.
-I know of nothing earlier except Elyot’s “Governor” and
-Ascham’s “Schoolmaster.” The next English work on education
-known to me is W. Kemp’s “The Education of Children” in 1588,
-which probably furthered his wish that the good town of Plymouth
-might “bring forth some young imps and buds of learning;” but
-this is in every way a small book. The next important book is
-John Brinsly’s “Ludus Literarius; or, the Grammar School,” and
-this was not published till 1612.</p>
-
-<p>The first edition of the “Positions” was dedicated to Queen
-Elizabeth. This, which is as far as I have seen the second, I should
-dedicate to no contemporary, not even to the Queen herself; but
-to the coming New Zealander. The prescient eye of Macaulay
-sees that Mulcaster’s scheme of instruction will by that time have
-been adopted, and our intelligent descendant will be able to
-draw. I hope he will know of the old book in which drawing in
-schools was first recommended. He will, I feel certain, take a
-deep interest in the most important discovery of his age, the new
-science of education, and gratitude for this science will make him
-think kindly of those quaint old writers, standing almost together,
-“foreshortened in the tract of time,” who in the days of Elizabeth and
-Victoria made the first crude suggestions and surmises towards it.</p>
-
-<p class="right">
-R. H. Q.</p>
-
-<p><small><i>16th February, 1888.</i></small></p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p class="center small">
-HARRISON AND SONS<br />
-
-PRINTERS IN ORDINARY TO HER MAJESTY<br />
-
-ST. MARTIN’S LANE.</p>
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-
-
-<h2 id="FOOTNOTES">FOOTNOTES</h2>
-<div class="footnotes">
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_1_1" href="#FNanchor_1_1" class="label">1</a> 1. Topic. de 4. instrumentis Dial.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_2_2" href="#FNanchor_2_2" class="label">2</a>
-7. De Rep.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_3_3" href="#FNanchor_3_3" class="label">3</a>
-1. De sani. tuen.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_4_4" href="#FNanchor_4_4" class="label">4</a>
-Libro. 1. Χρονίων, cap. 5. de furore.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_5_5" href="#FNanchor_5_5" class="label">5</a>
-Lib. 6, cap. 8. De sanit. tuen.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_6_6" href="#FNanchor_6_6" class="label">6</a>
-Pla. 2, 3, 4, de Repub. Phil. περὶ τῆς εἰς τὰ προπαιδεὺματα συνόδου.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_7_7" href="#FNanchor_7_7" class="label">7</a>
-Aristot. 8, polit.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_8_8" href="#FNanchor_8_8" class="label">8</a>
-Galen. 1. De sanit. tuen.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_9_9" href="#FNanchor_9_9" class="label">9</a>
-19 part. probl. 38.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_10_10" href="#FNanchor_10_10" class="label">10</a>
-Lib. 1. c. 2.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_11_11" href="#FNanchor_11_11" class="label">11</a>
-Libro 1. Χρονίων, cap. 1.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_12_12" href="#FNanchor_12_12" class="label">12</a>
-Lib. 11. Epist. 97.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_13_13" href="#FNanchor_13_13" class="label">13</a>
-Lib. de remed.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_14_14" href="#FNanchor_14_14" class="label">14</a>
-Lib. 27, cap. 6.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_15_15" href="#FNanchor_15_15" class="label">15</a>
-7 Polit. cap. vlt.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_16_16" href="#FNanchor_16_16" class="label">16</a>
-Lib. 2 παιδ.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_17_17" href="#FNanchor_17_17" class="label">17</a>
-7 De Rep.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_18_18" href="#FNanchor_18_18" class="label">18</a>
-Hier. Mercu. lib. 3, cap. 6.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_19_19" href="#FNanchor_19_19" class="label">19</a>
-παιδαγ. 3. De exercitijs.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_20_20" href="#FNanchor_20_20" class="label">20</a>
-Solon apud Lucianum in Αναχάρσει.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_21_21" href="#FNanchor_21_21" class="label">21</a>
-Lib. 28, cap. 1, &amp; lib. 36. cap. vlt.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_22_22" href="#FNanchor_22_22" class="label">22</a>
-Epist., Lib. 2.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_23_23" href="#FNanchor_23_23" class="label">23</a>
-Plato in Lachete.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_24_24" href="#FNanchor_24_24" class="label">24</a>
-Lib. de parua pila.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_25_25" href="#FNanchor_25_25" class="label">25</a>
-3 De Rep.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_26_26" href="#FNanchor_26_26" class="label">26</a>
-Lib. 1, cap. 9 &amp; penul.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_27_27" href="#FNanchor_27_27" class="label">27</a>
-Plut. in Demost.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_28_28" href="#FNanchor_28_28" class="label">28</a>
-In Augusti vita. cap. 80.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_29_29" href="#FNanchor_29_29" class="label">29</a>
-5. para. probl. 9.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_30_30" href="#FNanchor_30_30" class="label">30</a>
-De parua pila. lib.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_31_31" href="#FNanchor_31_31" class="label">31</a>
-Lib. de insomnijs languentium.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_32_32" href="#FNanchor_32_32" class="label">32</a>
-3. Lib. de Diæta.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_33_33" href="#FNanchor_33_33" class="label">33</a>
-2. part. proble. 21. 33. 42.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_34_34" href="#FNanchor_34_34" class="label">34</a>
-Suetonius in Augusto cap. 83.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_35_35" href="#FNanchor_35_35" class="label">35</a>
-34. Lib. cap. 8.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_36_36" href="#FNanchor_36_36" class="label">36</a>
-4. de Rep.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_37_37" href="#FNanchor_37_37" class="label">37</a>
-Gal. 6. epi. commen. 3. aph. 2.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_38_38" href="#FNanchor_38_38" class="label">38</a>
-Liuius. C. Cæs.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_39_39" href="#FNanchor_39_39" class="label">39</a>
-Appian.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_40_40" href="#FNanchor_40_40" class="label">40</a>
-Gal. 7. meth. Pli. epist. 9. lib. 6. Martial. lib. 11. Iuuenal.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_41_41" href="#FNanchor_41_41" class="label">41</a>
-Suetonius.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_42_42" href="#FNanchor_42_42" class="label">42</a>
-Lib de venat. 1. παιδ.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_43_43" href="#FNanchor_43_43" class="label">43</a>
-De par pila lib.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_44_44" href="#FNanchor_44_44" class="label">44</a>
-3 Commen. 13 tract. cap. 3.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_45_45" href="#FNanchor_45_45" class="label">45</a>
-1. Sanit. tuen.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_46_46" href="#FNanchor_46_46" class="label">46</a>
-2. De tu. vali.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_47_47" href="#FNanchor_47_47" class="label">47</a>
-2. Part. proble. 21. 33. 42.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_48_48" href="#FNanchor_48_48" class="label">48</a>
-3. De diæta.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_49_49" href="#FNanchor_49_49" class="label">49</a>
-2. De tuen. vali.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_50_50" href="#FNanchor_50_50" class="label">50</a>
-2. Aph. 16.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_51_51" href="#FNanchor_51_51" class="label">51</a>
-4. De tuenda sanita.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_52_52" href="#FNanchor_52_52" class="label">52</a>
-1. De san. tu.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_53_53" href="#FNanchor_53_53" class="label">53</a>
-S. Paul.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_54_54" href="#FNanchor_54_54" class="label">54</a>
-Xenop. 1. κυρ παιδ.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_55_55" href="#FNanchor_55_55" class="label">55</a>
-Offic. 2.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_56_56" href="#FNanchor_56_56" class="label">56</a>
-Proclus vpon Platoes common weale, and Theodorus Asinæus vpon the
-question, whether men and wymen haue all vertues common.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_57_57" href="#FNanchor_57_57" class="label">57</a>
-Philo Iudæus in his discours of the ten commaundementes rips out the
-perfitnes of that number.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_58_58" href="#FNanchor_58_58" class="label">58</a>
-Plutarch in his booke of wymens vertues.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_59_59" href="#FNanchor_59_59" class="label">59</a>
-Plin. lib. 35. cap. 11.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_60_60" href="#FNanchor_60_60" class="label">60</a>
-Plut. περὶ παιδ. ἀγωγ.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_61_61" href="#FNanchor_61_61" class="label">61</a>
-Plutarch. Alexand. Hester lib. Ælianus ποικίλ. 2.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_62_62" href="#FNanchor_62_62" class="label">62</a>
-Plut. Sylla. Cæsar.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_63_63" href="#FNanchor_63_63" class="label">63</a>
-Plato 12 de leg.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_64_64" href="#FNanchor_64_64" class="label">64</a>
-Philo.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_65_65" href="#FNanchor_65_65" class="label">65</a>
-Plut. in Cæs.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_66_66" href="#FNanchor_66_66" class="label">66</a>
-Ad Nicoclem.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_67_67" href="#FNanchor_67_67" class="label">67</a>
-Probitas laudatur et alget.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_68_68" href="#FNanchor_68_68" class="label">68</a>
-Plato 7, de rep.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_69_69" href="#FNanchor_69_69" class="label">69</a>
-Sir Iohn Cheeke.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_70_70" href="#FNanchor_70_70" class="label">70</a>
-Gal. περὶ ἀρίστης αἱρέσεως.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_71_71" href="#FNanchor_71_71" class="label">71</a>
-Philo. περὶ τῆς εἰς τὰ προπαιδεύματα συνόδου.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_72_72" href="#FNanchor_72_72" class="label">72</a>
-6 Æneid.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_73_73" href="#FNanchor_73_73" class="label">73</a>
-P. Melancthon.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_74_74" href="#FNanchor_74_74" class="label">74</a>
-De oratore.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_75_75" href="#FNanchor_75_75" class="label">75</a>
-1. παιδί.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_76_76" href="#FNanchor_76_76" class="label">76</a>
-7 De rep. Plato.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_77_77" href="#FNanchor_77_77" class="label">77</a>
-1. παιδ.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_78_78" href="#FNanchor_78_78" class="label">78</a>
-Ad Quintum Frat.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_79_79" href="#FNanchor_79_79" class="label">79</a>
-Ανάβασις.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_80_80" href="#FNanchor_80_80" class="label">80</a>
-παιδ. 3.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_81_81" href="#FNanchor_81_81" class="label">81</a>
-Almost all we know of Mulcaster is given in “Gentleman’s Magazine”
-for 1800——<i>i.e.</i>, vol. lxx, part i, pp. 419-421, 511, 512; and part ii, pp. 600
-and 604. The writer, “E. H.,” is always said to be Henry Ellis. Besides
-this we have H. B. Wilson’s “History of Merchant Taylors’ School.” It is
-a pity these writers do not always refer us to their authorities. I have had
-much kind assistance from Rev. J. H. Lupton, the author of “Life of Colet,”
-&amp;c. I much regret that the late Rev. Richard Mulcaster, of Anglesea House,
-Paignton, did not live to see the use I have made of materials collected by him
-for an article on his ancestor, which materials he was good enough to place in
-my hands.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_82_82" href="#FNanchor_82_82" class="label">82</a>
-Mr. Lupton has pointed out to me a passage in Bishop Pilkington’s
-“Works” (Parker Soc.), p. 447: “The servant, he will write on the wall
-<i>Fidelis servus, perpetuus asinus</i>.”</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_83_83" href="#FNanchor_83_83" class="label">83</a>
-In the “Gentleman’s Magazine,” vol. lxx, p. 603, we read of a second
-edition of the “Positions” published in 1587, in 4to. W. C. Hazlitt (“Handbook,”
-p. 404, ed. 1867) says the “Positions” was reprinted in 1587 and 1591.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_84_84" href="#FNanchor_84_84" class="label">84</a>
-Our information is very scanty. H. B. Wilson, the historian of Merchant
-Taylors’ School, a very painstaking writer, says that Mulcaster was “Surmaster
-of St. Paul’s, 1586; Vicar of Cranbrook, in Kent, 1st April, 1590; Prebendary
-of Sarum, 29th April, 1594; Rector of Stanford Rivers, in Essex, 1598; died
-15th April, 1611.” Did Mulcaster go first as “Surmaster” to St. Paul’s?
-Knight, in his “Life of Colet,” says Mulcaster “came in upper master in
-1596,” which is consistent with his being “surmaster” previously. But after
-his reign of twenty-six years at Merchant Taylors’ he would not be likely to
-accept any mastership where he would be a subordinate. Mr. Lupton tells me
-that in Gardiner’s “Registers of St. Paul’s School,” Richard Smith is put down
-as “surmaster” from 1586 to 1599, when he was pensioned, “being fallen into
-decay of his eyesight and impotency;” but a note speaks of these dates as
-probable, not certain. From Fuller we should suppose that Mulcaster left St.
-Paul’s before he was seventy-seven years old; but it seems certain that he was
-“high-master” till 1608. He must therefore have been for some years non-resident,
-either in his school or in his parish. Fuller inaccurately puts him down
-as a <i>Westmorland</i> worthy; but as Fuller got information from hearers of
-Mulcaster the following passage is valuable:——“In the morning he (Mulcaster)
-would exactly and plainly construe and parse the lessons to his scholars; which
-done, he slept his hour (custom made him critical to apportion it) in his desk in
-the school; but woe be to the scholar that slept the while! Awaking, he heard
-them accurately; and Atropos might be persuaded to pity as soon as he to
-pardon where he found just fault. The prayers of cockering mothers prevailed
-with him as much as the requests of indulgent fathers, rather increasing than
-mitigating his severity on their offending child. In a word he was <i>plagosus
-Orbilius</i>, though it may truly be said (and safely for one out of his school) that
-others have taught as much learning with fewer lashes. Yet his sharpness was
-the better endured because unpartial, and many excellent scholars were bred
-under him; whereof Bishop Andrews was the most remarkable. Then quitting
-that place (St. Paul’s School) he was presented to the rich parsonage
-of Stanford Rivers, in Essex. I have heard from those who have heard him
-preach, that his sermons were not excellent; which to me seems no wonder,
-partly because there is a different discipline in teaching Children and Men;
-partly because such who make divinity (not the choice of their youth but) the
-refuge of their age seldom attain to eminency therein.” (Fuller’s “Worthies,”
-edited by John Nichols (2 vols., 1811), vol. ii, p. 431.)</p></div>
-</div>
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<pre>
-
-
-
-
-
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