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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..535231f --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #61996 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/61996) diff --git a/old/61996-0.txt b/old/61996-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 3d27e1a..0000000 --- a/old/61996-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,7271 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Throttled!, by Thomas Tunney - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll -have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using -this ebook. - - - -Title: Throttled! - The Detection of the German and Anarchist Bomb Plotters - -Author: Thomas Tunney - -Editor: Paul Merrick Hollister - -Release Date: May 2, 2020 [EBook #61996] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THROTTLED! *** - - - - -Produced by deaurider, Charlie Howard, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - -Transcriber’s Note: Italic and some underlined text are indicated by -_underscores_. Boldface text is indicated by =equals signs=. - - - - -THROTTLED! - -[Illustration: Inspector Thomas J. Tunney] - - - - - THROTTLED! - - _THE DETECTION OF THE GERMAN - AND ANARCHIST BOMB PLOTTERS_ - - - BY - - INSPECTOR THOMAS J. TUNNEY - - Head of the Bomb Squad of the New York - Police Department - - AS TOLD TO - - PAUL MERRICK HOLLISTER - - Author, with John Price Jones, of “The German - Secret Service in America” - - - ILLUSTRATED - FROM PHOTOGRAPHS - - - [Illustration] - - - BOSTON - SMALL, MAYNARD & COMPANY - PUBLISHERS - - - - - Copyright, 1919 - BY SMALL, MAYNARD & COMPANY - (INCORPORATED) - - - - -TO - -ARTHUR WOODS - -Formerly Police Commissioner of the City of New York, now colonel in -the United States Army, whose vision and coöperation made the work of -the Bomb Squad possible, this volume is respectfully dedicated - - - - -INTRODUCTION - - -Inspector Tunney’s Squad was formed early in August, 1914, to -specialize in organized crimes of violence. It did some radically -effective work against Black Handers, and handled several cases -against domestic enemies of law and order, but as time wore on and war -developed, the Squad’s energies became directed solely against the -nefarious activities of Germans among us. - -Inspector Tunney is a most skilful detective, resourceful, persistent, -understanding human nature, a good leader. He picked a squad of -fearless, tireless men, who not only worked long and hard, but showed -marked skill and tact. They proved themselves to be Americans all -the way through, aggressive, loyal, bound to put the job through, no -matter what the difficulties might be. They were occupied in hunting -out Germans who were outraging our neutrality; and then--after we -finally started to make war against those who had so long been warring -against us, on the high seas and in our very midst--they set to work to -thwart and capture active German enemies. The results they got went -far toward making it possible to maintain order in New York during -those months and years which were full of such menace to the safety of -the city, when the national danger seemed so plain--so increasingly -plain--and the national military strength was so woefully weak. In -many cases the Inspector worked in coöperation with one or more of the -Federal Secret Service forces. The Federal work was seriously hampered, -however, at first by hopelessly inadequate organization, and, later, -by the existence of several entirely distinct forces, instead of one -powerful, unified body. - -Inspector Tunney has written a most interesting book. Much of what -he tells I knew about at the time, from conference with him, or with -Major Scull, Colonel Biddle, or Major Potter, and some of the events -described I had intimate knowledge of because of personal attention -to the cases. Some, however, I personally know nothing about, as they -have taken place since I left the Department on January 1, 1918. And a -vast amount of good work, of real public service, was done by Inspector -Tunney and his men that is not touched upon in this book, that probably -will never be written, since, though of great value to the public -peace, it lacks some of the dramatic features which characterize the -tales that are told. - -No one can read the book without seeing how brutally active our -enemies were here in this country, even while we were at peace with -them, how they flouted our neutrality brazenly and contemptuously, how -they busied themselves through their accredited officials and their -many secret agents in trying to paralyze our industrial life. Their -deliberate effort was to prevent the shipment of all vital supplies to -the Allies, and they sought this end by fomenting labor troubles, by -burning factories, by blowing up ships. It mattered not the slightest -to them that in this kind of activity they destroyed the property of -a people at peace with them, nor did they give a deterring thought to -the fact that they were maiming and killing human beings with their -burnings and blastings. It did concern them, however, to keep things -dark, to work under cover, so that they might continue this underhanded -war against us without being found out. It was the warfare of the -savage, who knows not fair play, who is guided by no rules or customs, -who strikes down his enemy in the dark, from behind. - -The lessons to America are clear as day. We must not again be caught -napping with no adequate national Intelligence organization. The -several Federal bureaus should be welded into one, and that one should -be eternally and comprehensively vigilant. We must be wary of strange -doctrine, steady in judgment, instinctively repelling those who seek -to poison public opinion. And our laws should be amended so that -while they give free scope to Americans for untrammeled expression of -differences of opinion and theory and belief, they forbid and prevent -the enemy plotter and propagandist. - -There was another part of the Squad’s work, which had to do not with -foreign, but with domestic, enemies. The industrial condition of -unemployment, which was so sharp in 1914 and 1915, was exploited by -those who believed in propaganda by violence, hoping to find eager and -bitter listeners in the thousands who could not get work. To ameliorate -the hardships of the situation the police in New York tried several -plans which were at that time rather new as police methods. They found -jobs for people; they afforded relief in cases of distress from funds, -more than half of which were subscribed by policemen. When street -meetings were held and excitement ran high, they held unswervingly to -the line of conduct mapped out for them. They not merely permitted free -assemblage but protected meetings so long as they kept the laws; and -the law was kept if the meeting did not incite to violence or obstruct -the highways. In case of threatened violence, action, prompt and -strong, was taken to prevent it. Order must be maintained. Inspector -Tunney’s Squad were actively engaged here, not in trying to bottle up -the preachers of any particular doctrine, but simply in finding out who -were the plotters of violent deeds and bringing them to justice. - -I believe the police methods in these times were wholesome and -effective, and are the right ones to follow in times of public -excitement and industrial disturbances. They make it clear in practice -that leeway will be given to all for the full exercise of their lawful -rights; and equally clear that adequate means will be taken to prevent -recourse to unlawful measures. In many places in this country where -serious disorder and bloodshed have come to pass, the trouble seems to -have been fostered, at least, by the denial to groups of people of some -of their lawful rights. - -I hope this book will help to teach another lesson also: the need in -our police forces of brains and high morale; the need of cultivating -the professional spirit in them, that shall dignify the work, shall -banish political influence and all other influences that go to break -the heart of the policeman who tries to do his plain duty; the need of -having the public take an intelligent interest in police methods and -results, doing away with the smoke-screens of mystery and concealment -which are traditionally employed to cover dishonesty or incompetency. - - ARTHUR WOODS - - February, 1919. - - - - -CONTENTS - - - CHAPTER PAGE - I THE BOMB SQUAD 1 - - II WESTPHALIAN EFFICIENCY 8 - - III PLAYING WITH FIRE 39 - - IV THE HINDU-BOCHE FAILURES 69 - - V A TRUE PIRATE TALE 108 - - VI ALONG THE WATERFRONT: SUGAR AND SHIPS AND ROBERT FAY 126 - - VII ALONG THE WATERFRONT (II): “DAMN HIM, RINTELEN!” 156 - - VIII MR. HOLT’S FOUR DAYS 183 - - IX THE NATURE FAKER 217 - - X THE PRUSSIAN, THE BOLSHEVIK, AND THE ANARCHIST 246 - - - - -ILLUSTRATIONS - - - Inspector Thomas J. Tunney _Frontispiece_ - - PAGE - Lieutenant-Colonel Nicholas Biddle, Military Intelligence 4 - - Paul Koenig 10 - - Random Pages from “P. K.’s Little Black Book” 22, 23, 26, 27, 36, 37 - - Alexander Dietrichens and Frederick Schleindl 30 - - Carmine and Carbone in Court 46 - - Pages from the bomb-thrower’s textbook 52 - - A postcard received by Commissioner Woods after the arrest of the - Anarchists 60 - - Detectives in Disguise--George D. Barnitz, Patrick Walsh, James - Sterett, Jerome Murphy 64 - - Threats to Polignani 66 - - Frank Abarno and Carmine Carbone 66 - - A Handbill, printed in Hindu, used by the Hindu-Boche Conspirators 72 - - The Hindu-Boche Conspirators 76 - - The _Annie Larsen’s_ Cash Account 80 - - Gupta’s Code Message 80 - - How the Hindus used Price Collier’s “Germany and the Germans” as - a cryptogram 90 - - Alexander V. Kircheisen and his application for a certificate as - able seaman 106 - - Lieutenant George D. Barnitz, U. S. N. 118 - - Robert Fay and Lieut. George D. Barnitz 130 - - Fay, Daeche and Scholz arraigned in Court 130 - - The Fay Bomb Materials 138 - - Lieutenant Fay’s Motor Boat 150 - - Rudder Bombs 154 - - Franz Rintelen 160 - - Henry Barth, who posed as the German Secret Service Agent 164 - - Ernest Becker 168 - - Captain Charles von Kleist and Captain Otto Wolpert 168 - - Sergeant Thomas Jenkins, U. S. Army, who located part of one of - the bombs in the German Turn Verein in Brooklyn 174 - - Norman H. White, of Boston, a civilian attached to the Military - Intelligence, who unearthed numerous German intrigues 180 - - Mrs. Holt’s Mysterious Letter 208 - - The First Word from Texas 208 - - Fritz Duquesne prepared for a Lecture Tour as Captain Claude - Stoughton 224 - - From Fritz Duquesne’s Past 230 - - Papers found in Fritz Duquesne’s effects 236 - - Lieutenant Commander Spencer Eddy 248 - - Major Fuller Potter, Military Intelligence 252 - - Lieutenant A. R. Fish, Naval Intelligence 260 - - Captain John B. Trevor, Military Intelligence 268 - - - - -THROTTLED! - - - - -I - -THE BOMB SQUAD - - -For the past twenty-three years I have been a member of the police -department of the City of New York. It is a long time, in any -single job. The department is comparable in size to a manufacturing -establishment of the first magnitude--it employs more than ten thousand -men--and its occupations are varied enough to suit the inclinations and -ambitions of any man. And so I went through the mill, graduating from -one duty to another until in 1914 I was an acting captain, and had been -in charge of various branches of the Detective Bureau in Brooklyn and -Manhattan. - -My duty was the detection of crime, my specialty, meaning by that -the special branch of crime with which I had been most often thrown -into contact, was bomb-explosions. As far back as 1904 there were a -number of mysterious explosions in New York which caused considerable -property damage, and there I made the acquaintance of the bomb itself. -It was an interesting subject for study, and a wicked weapon in use. -I managed to pick up information of bomb-manufacture in several ways: -Black-Handers, in prison, told me how they had made their missiles; -at the New York office of the Du Pont explosives company I had an -opportunity to study blasting; the publications of the Bureau of Mines -furnished more information, the practice of the Bureau of Combustibles -of our own department proved interesting and instructive, and I found -myself before long forced to become something of a student of chemistry. - -The difference between our work and the work of the laboratory chemist, -however, was that in our case there was no time to make an explosive -mixture and test it--some criminal usually had done that for us, and we -were called to the scene to find out, from such clues as the wreckage -afforded, the name and address of the criminal. The laboratory chemist -mixes ingredients and counts his work done at the moment of explosion; -the detective begins at that moment a stern chase, and a long one, back -to the ingredients and the man who mixed them. - -By the early part of 1914 I had seen a good deal of experience in -tracing bomb outrages to certain of the anarchistic and Black Hand -elements in the population of the city. As the year wore on these -occurrences became so numerous as to warrant special attention, and -on August 1, the approximate date of the outbreak of war in Europe, -Police Commissioner Arthur Woods created in the police department the -Bomb Squad. I was in command, and reported direct to the Commissioner. -As the volume of work increased, and more men were taken on, the -Commissioner delegated his supervision of the Bomb Squad to Guy Scull, -who was then Fifth Deputy Police Commissioner, and who is now a major -in the United States Army. That supervision was later passed on to -Nicholas Biddle, a Special Deputy Commissioner, who, as I write this, -is lieutenant-colonel in the United States Army, in charge of the -Military Intelligence Bureau in New York; and following Mr. Biddle, -Fuller Potter, another special Deputy Commissioner, and now a major in -the Military Intelligence, directed the policies of the Squad. - -Within a few months the personnel of the Bomb Squad included the -following picked men: George D. Barnitz, Amedeo Polignani, Henry Barth, -George P. Gilbert, Edward Caddell, Patrick J. Walsh, Jerome Murphy, -James J. Coy, Valentine Corell, James Sterett, Henry Senff, Michael -Santaniello, Joseph Fenelly, Joseph Kiley, Charles Wallace, William -Randolph, Thomas Jenkins, and Anthony Terra--all detective sergeants, -and George Busby, a lieutenant. To this list were added the names of -James Murphy, Robert Morris, Thomas J. Ford, Walter Culhane, Vincent E. -Hastings, Thomas J. Cavanagh, Louis B. Snowden, Thomas M. Goss, Daniel -F. Collins, Frederick Mazer, Edward J. Maher, Walter Price, William -McCahill, and Cornelius J. Sullivan. It made a list of fine material -for the work which we were called upon to do, and no one will begrudge -me here a word of tribute to their aptitude, their courage--to all of -the qualities which made them such able and vigilant guardians of the -neutrality of our country during the years preceding our entrance into -the war. Many of the Bomb Squad went to war later: Barnitz became a -junior lieutenant in the United States Navy, in intelligence work of a -high order. Barth, Caddell, Corell, Fenelly, Jenkins, Walsh, Sterett, -Santaniello, Randolph, James Murphy, Morris, Ford, Culhane, Hastings, -Cavanagh, Snowden, Goss, Collins, Price, Mazer, Maher, McCahill and -Sullivan became sergeants in the Corps of Intelligence Police of -the National Army. And after I became connected with the Military -Intelligence Branch of the War Department, I had frequent occasion to -deal during the war in coöperation with the men whom I have mentioned -in service. - -[Illustration: Lieutenant-Colonel Nicholas Biddle, Military -Intelligence] - -My first desire in taking charge of the Squad was to suppress the -activities of persons using explosives to destroy life and property. -What knowledge of the physics and chemistry of explosives my experience -had accumulated I passed on to the men. These periods of instruction -went into considerable detail. We discussed the kinds of explosives -used, their relative strength, their ingredients, the methods of -detonating them, the containers into which they were loaded, and the -use of clockwork, fuses, acids and gas-pressure to explode them. -Special and explicit instruction was given for the handling of -unexploded bombs--a bomb bearing an electrical attachment should not be -placed in water, for example, as water is a conductor of electricity; -it is wise never to smoke in the presence of explosives, even if you -think you know that certain kinds of explosives “_never_ explode by -fire.” The only thing you can depend on explosives to do one hundred -times out of one hundred, is what you don’t expect them to do. The Bomb -Squad was told never to--and why never to--carry bombs on passenger -trains, cars or ferries, or anywhere near where metals were being -shipped. The Bomb Squad was instructed not to remove a bomb found in a -position where its explosion would not endanger life and property, but -to send for an expert and wait until he arrived on the scene, and was -told which positions were dangerous and which were not. Altogether we -conducted a rather thorough course in explosives. - -As the war grew in proportions, and the interest of America in the -conflict became more and more intimate, the activities of the Bomb -Squad became somewhat diverted from the object for which it had been -primarily organized, and its title was changed to the “Bomb and -Neutrality Squad.” We had not expected in August that the German would -try to tip over our neutrality with bombs, but that is what he did, and -that is what kept us grimly busy for three years, until our own nation -had gone to war with those who had so long been waging war upon her. -And that is how the stories which follow come to be told. - -Not that the entrance of the United States into the war put a stop to -the activities of the Squad. I have already cited those who entered -the national service. Their presence in the Naval and Military -Intelligence, their close relations with those whom they left behind in -headquarters, with such men as Commander Spencer Eddy and Lieutenant -Albert Fish of the Navy, Colonel Biddle and Major Potter of the Army, -and with the Corps of Intelligence Police, made possible a degree of -coöperation in spy-hunting in New York which would have been impossible -to develop within a short time with any other set of men, and which -went far towards preserving our domestic security. - - - - -II - -WESTPHALIAN EFFICIENCY - - -The trend of events in early 1915 made it apparent that the Bomb -Squad would be called upon to handle more and more cases of attempted -violation of neutrality. Anyone who remembers our national mind at that -time will recall that it was not yet made up and very liable to attacks -of brainstorm. Every person was seeing events of unheard of violence -and magnitude pass him pell-mell, giving no warning, and not waiting -for comment, and he was too dazed to watch any single event with any -high degree of balanced judgment or reasoning partisanship. It was a -troubled hour, and one in which it behooved us of the Police Department -to keep our heads cool and our eyes open. The Bomb Squad had to act as -a safety valve. - -By the summer of 1915 war orders placed by the Allied governments in -the autumn and winter of 1914 were being filled and shipped overseas -in great quantities. By this time, too, the German navy showed no more -sign of coming out of Kiel in force than it had shown for a year past. -The task of delaying, diverting or destroying those shipments devolved -upon the Germans in America. It took no superhuman amount of reasoning -to combine the abnormal destruction of property in New York with the -strong suspicion of German activity and to arrive at a decision to -check up wherever it was humanly possible the sources and agencies of -destruction. - -Late in the autumn, in our work on the waterfront, we found a man who, -we decided, was worth watching. We learned gradually that Paul Koenig -was a pretty well-known figure along both banks of the Hudson, and that -he carried, as chief detective for the Hamburg-American Line, a certain -amount of authority. That steamship line, which within a week of the -outbreak of war had attempted to send ships to sea under false cargo -manifests to supply the German naval raiders, now had more time than -business on its hands as its entire fleet was tied up in Hoboken. And -yet in spite of the dull times which we knew had been thrust upon them, -their man Koenig was curiously busy, and we became busily curious to -find out why. - -We were more curious than successful at first. We assigned men to -follow him and observe his habits and haunts. This was not as easy as -it might have been with another man, for the Department of Justice had -already tried it and had come to the conclusion that he was not worth -following. - -Now a good shadow is born, not made. The moment the man followed -realizes or even suspects that he is being followed, he becomes a -problem and either gets away or conducts himself in a way which disarms -suspicion and sometimes embarrasses the pursuit. Koenig, a man of keen -animal senses, was unusually quick in discovering his shadower. It used -to confuse certain agents considerably to have him disappear around -a corner, and when the agent quickened his pace and swept around the -same corner after him, to have Koenig pop out of a doorway with a laugh -for his pursuer which meant that the day’s work had gone for nothing. -I have known men who were excellent detectives and poor shadows. -Sometimes they were too large and conspicuous, sometimes they were -over-zealous, sometimes they excited suspicion by being over-cautious; -rare enough was the combination of artlessness and skill which made a -man a good shadow, told him when to saunter away in the opposite -direction, when to pass his man, and how to efface himself. It is, -I think, the instinct of the good fisherman who knows just how much -line to run out, and just when to exert the pressure. For Koenig was a -slippery fish. - -[Illustration: - - _Copyright, International Film Service_ - -Paul Koenig, the Hamburg-American employe, who supplied and directed -agents of German violence in America] - -By a new method of “tailing” or shadowing, we learned that he -frequented several popular German places in the city, such as Pabst’s -in Columbus Circle, the German Club, in Central Park West, where Dr. -Albert, Boy-Ed and von Papen frequently went, Luchow’s restaurant in -14th Street, as well as the good American hotels Belmont and Manhattan. -Both of the hotels are centrally situated, and have several entrances, -including direct connection from the basement with the Subway--one of -the easiest places to lose oneself in the city. (A murderer not many -months ago avoided arrest for two days by riding back and forth in -Subway trains.) But such places as these were no more than the natural -points towards which any German might gravitate, and we could never -pick up a scrap of conversation to give us a lead in any specific -direction. - -The fact remained that he was busy, going and coming, and that -he conducted a good deal of his business from his office in the -Hamburg-American building at 45 Broadway. We might as well have -tried to penetrate to Berlin with a brass band as to have entered the -building for information. But there was one advantage we could take: we -could “listen in” on his telephone wire. - -When the men tailing him reported in that he was in the -Hamburg-American Building, and probably in his office, we cut in on -his wire, and posted an officer at our receiver to take down all -conversations which passed. The outgoing calls were disappointing. -Koenig was no fool--or rather was a highly specialized fool--and was -not careless enough to give information of aid and comfort to the -enemy through such a gregarious medium as a public telephone wire. We -listened for a long while, in vain.... - -Then came a call which offered possibilities. A man’s voice told Paul -Koenig that it thought Paul Koenig was a “bull-headed Westphalian -Dutchman,” and added other more lurid remarks. The conversation was -short, but while it lasted indicated that someone was not pleased with -Mr. Koenig. Within the next few days the same voice called “P. K.” -again and told him several things it had forgotten to mention, all -pointing to the fact that the owner of the unknown voice had been -misused. - -We hunted up the number from which the disgruntled calls had been -made. It was a public telephone pay-station in a saloon. Crucial -events can almost always be traced to some trivial circumstances--the -poem “for the want of a nail the battle was lost” is an illustration -of what I mean. We are not dealing here with possibilities but with -facts, yet I cannot sometimes help speculating on the extent to which -German atrocities might have been carried in New York and Canada, -if we had not found a bartender with a good memory in that saloon. -Yes, he remembered a fellow who had come in there at certain times to -telephone. Yes, he came in once in a while. Didn’t know his name, but -thought he lived around the corner at such and such a number. At that -number we found out the man’s name--the bartender’s description had -been accurate. The name was George Fuchs. - -So to George Fuchs we mailed a letter, typed on the stationery of a -wireless telegraph company, suggesting that we had a position for which -we believed he was the proper man, and that we would be pleased to have -him call at the office of the company, at an appointed hour, to discuss -the work and wages. Fuchs did not show up at the appointed hour, which -disturbed the plans momentarily, but when he did arrive, he was -greeted cordially by an executive of the “company” who proceeded to get -acquainted with the applicant. The manner of the wireless person was so -disarming, his German was so good, and his certainty that Fuchs was the -man for the job so taken for granted that the two adjourned to a nearby -restaurant. (Detective Corell had a very good working knowledge of -German.) - -“Who did you say you were working for?” Corell asked, across the crater -of Fuchs’s glass of beer. - -“That bull-headed Westphalian Dutchman,” Fuchs sputtered. “He is some -relative of my mother’s. She was a Prussian, though, _Gott sei dank!_” - -Corell laughed at the right time, and in the conversation which ensued -drew out the man’s grievance against Koenig. In September Mr. and -Mrs. Koenig had paid a visit to the Fuchs household in Niagara Falls, -N. Y., where Fuchs lived with his mother in the Lochiel Apartments. The -wonders of the Falls had received proper attention from the strangers, -and Koenig showed some interest in the Welland Canal, the channel -through which shipping circumnavigates the Falls. He said that the -waterway was closely guarded, otherwise he would like to go over and -have a look at it, and suggested, as a convenient substitute, that -Fuchs go over to Canada and take some snapshots of the locks for him. - -“Why don’t you go yourself?” Fuchs asked. - -“They would probably pick me up if I did,” Koenig replied. - -“Well, that’s just why I won’t take any camera over there with me,” -Fuchs rejoined. “But I’ll go if you want a report.” - -The bargain was closed. Fuchs, Koenig said, was the very man, as he was -known on the Canadian side as George Fox, was an American by birth, and -would not excite suspicion. So at 7 P. M. of September 30--slightly -more than a year since Horst von der Goltz and Captain von Papen -had made their first abortive attempt to destroy the Canal--“Fox” -registered at the Welland House in Welland, close by the waterway. -There he spent the night. The next morning he went to Port Colborne, -the Lake Erie mouth of the Canal, and during the balance of the day -followed its course northward, making mental notes of the shipping and -the construction and guarding of the locks. By night he had reached -Thorold, where he found a room, jotted down his observations, and spent -the night. The next day he covered the balance of the 27 miles to Lake -Ontario, noting the number of locks, and the fact that there were two -or three armed soldiers on guard at each. With his head full of good -ideas for bad plans he reached Niagara Falls again that night--October -2. - -Koenig was enthusiastic over his report, but when Fuchs had written -it down he decided that it would be hazardous to have such a document -found on his person. “Mail it to me at Post Office Box 840 in New York. -Sign it just ‘George’--nobody would know who that was even if they did -find it.” He went back to New York. Fuchs heard nothing from him for a -few days, except that action had been deferred. Then the country cousin -began to importune the city cousin, and Koenig suggested that he come -down to New York to work for him. Which Fuchs did, and on October 8 -was placed on the payroll of the “Bureau of Investigation” at eighteen -dollars a week. Koenig arranged that Fuchs was to hire men who would -row a boatload of dynamite across the upper Niagara River to smuggle -it into Canada, and he had meanwhile arranged with two others, Richard -Emil Leyendecker, his chief assistant, and Fred Metzler, his secretary, -to carry out a definite plan to sever the main artery of lake traffic -by blowing it to pieces. - -By Sunday, November 7, Fuchs had been occupied in several odd jobs for -Koenig, such as spying on outward-bound cargoes along the waterfront, -doing special guard duty at Dr. Albert’s office, and going over to -Hoboken to frighten a poor German agent named Franz Schulenberg, who -had come on from the west to collect money from von Papen. On that -Sunday he was sick and did not report for duty. He asked for his -regular pay, however, and Koenig refused it, doubting that Fuchs had -really been too ill to report, and holding that illness should never -interfere with service to the Fatherland. This created bad blood -between the two. On November 22 Koenig discharged him for “constant -quarrelling with another operative, drinking, and disorderly habits,” -and announced that he would not be paid for his services of the -previous day, when he had refused to go on duty in a river-launch. That -$2.57 due Fuchs had poisoned his soul against Koenig, and he had grown -so bitter that the result we already know--evidence was at last in our -hands for an arrest. - -It was a case for federal prosecution, obviously, so we called in -Captain William Offley and Agent Adams, an able operative of the -Department of Justice. A few hours later Koenig was placed under -arrest. He resented the intrusion, and snapped to Barnitz: “Anyone who -interferes with Germans or the German Government will be punished!” -His house up-town was searched and that search disclosed, among other -matters, an item which is unquestionably one of the richest prizes of -the spy hunt in America. - -It was Paul Koenig’s little black memorandum book--a loose-leaf -affair, scrupulously typewritten, and brought down to within a day of -his arrest. A fanatic on office efficiency might have conceived it, -but none but a German would have kept it posted up. For it told the -story of his Bureau of Investigation with a devotion to detail almost -religious. - -The Hamburg-American Line probably never thought that when they -assigned a shrewd ruffian named Paul Koenig to investigate an alleged -case of wharfage graft in Jersey City away back in 1912 they had -established a “Bureau of Investigation.” But Paul Koenig knew better. -He surrounded his lightest activities with an air of mystery and -efficiency true to the best of amateur-detective tradition. He called -his first case by a mystic number, he conferred the ominous alias of -“xxx” upon himself, hired a man named Fred Metzler as his secretary, -and convinced himself that he and Metzler were a bureau. In the light -of the all-absorbing importance which his bureau held for him, we are -not surprised (and we must not smile), when we see chronicled neatly -in his little black book that on May 13, 1913, he rented a room at 45 -Broadway for “new offices,” on May 24 his first private telephone was -installed, on Nov. 19 a steel cabinet was purchased for the files of -the department, on May 28 of 1914 the adjoining room was added to Room -82, and Room 82 was converted into a _private_ office for the chief, -and on July 14 a new safe was purchased and placed in the office. It -may be that the assassination of the Archduke Ferdinand had something -to do with that last item, for it is certain that the Hamburg-American -Line knew that war was coming well in advance of the declaration. At -any rate, we find that on July 31, 1914, before England and Germany -had actually gone to war, and on the same day that the director of the -Hamburg-American in New York received instructions from Berlin that -war was coming and that he was expected to supply German naval vessels -in American waters--on that day Paul Koenig began his war duties by -placing a special guard on all the piers and vessels of the Line in New -York Harbor. - -Up to this time the cases Koenig had handled were matters of -shipping--stowaways, fires, steerage rates, charges against ships’ -officers. On August 22 he became a German military spy. We find it -entered in his own words: - - “Aug. 22. German Government, with consent of Dr. Buenz, - entrusted me with the handling of a certain investigation. - Military attaché von Papen called at my office later and - explained the nature of the work expected. (Beginning of - Bureau’s services for Imperial German Government.)” - -The “certain investigation” consisted in sending two men to Canada -to spy on the Valcartier training camp where the first Canadian -Expeditionary Force was being mobilized, and to report to the military -attaché their state of readiness, in order that he might try some means -of keeping them at home if it were not already too late. What von Papen -had in mind was dynamiting the Welland Canal; it failed, but the case -is of momentary interest to us here because it marked the beginning of -a service on Koenig’s part which grew very fast and extended in many -and diverse directions. - -The Bureau was divided into three parts, the pier division, the special -detail division, and the secret service division, or “Geheimdienst.” -No one was allowed to forget that P. K. was head of all three. In his -rules and regulations he records, among other gems, these: - - “#2. In order to safeguard the secrets and affairs of the - department prior to receiving a caller, hereafter my desk must - be entirely cleared of all papers excepting those pertaining to - the business in hand. - - “#9. All persons related to me, however distant, will be barred - from employment with the Bureau of Investigation. This does not - apply to my wife. - - “#6. It has been found detrimental to the discipline of the - Office to invite direct employees of the Bureau to my residence - or other place socially, or to accept their invitations, - therefore this practice must cease. This ruling does not - apply to agents of the Secret Service Division nor to direct - employees if engaged with me on an operation which requires - either social entertainment or travelling.” - -He had an elaborate and complicated outlay of badges, shields and -photographic identification cards for each operative, for which each -operative stood the expense. His meticulous attention to detail, and -the diligent caution which he observed at all times is indicated in a -list of aliases which he set forth in the memorandum book. In 26 cases -listed he used 26 different names--none of them his own. For example, -in what he called “D-Case 250,” in dealing with an operative named -“Sjurstadt” Koenig was known to Sjurstadt only as “Watson”; in D-Case -316, when he negotiated with his agent von Pilis (a propagandist who -was later interned, by the way) Koenig was “Bode.” He devised a new -name for himself for every new case, and sometimes used two or three -names in dealing with different individuals in the same case. Naturally -a man of as many identities as Koenig had to keep a record of who -he was, and so his list of aliases furnished the government with an -excellent catalogue of the pies in which he had his tough fingers. Each -of his own employees in the Secret Service Division was known to him in -three ways: by his Christian (or rather, his German) name, by a number, -and by a special pair of initials. Thus Richard Emil Leyendecker, the -art-woods dealer associated with him in the Welland Canal affair, was -Secret Agent Number 6, known as “B. P.”; Otto Mottola, a member of the -New York Police Department was Secret Agent Number 4, known as “A. S. -(formerly A. M.).” The connections of the bureaus were mentioned in -his reports by numbers, the Imperial German Embassy being 5000, von -Papen being 7000, Boy-Ed 8000, and Dr. Heinrich Albert, the commercial -attaché of the embassy, 9000. - -[Illustration: - -_SECRET SERVICE DIVISION._ - -_List of Aliases Used by XXX._ - - _D-Cases._ - Sjurstadt #250 Watson - Markow #260 von Wegener - Horn #277 Fischer - Portack #279 Westerberg - Berns #306 Werner - Scott #309 Werner - McIntyre #311 Bode - Miller #314 Reinhardt - Harre #315 Kaufmann - Kienzle #316 Wegener - Wiener #316 Wegener - von Pilis #316 Bode - Burns #325 Reinhardt - Stahl #328 Stemmler - Coleman #335 Schuster - Schleindl #343 Wöhler (Paul) - Leyendecker #344 Heyne - Feldheim #357 Winters - Warburg #362 Blohm - Van de Bund #358 Taylor - Lewis #366 Burg - Hammond #357 Decker (W.P.) - Uffelmann #370 Schwartz - Hirschland #371 Günther - Neuhaus #371 Günther - Ornstein #371 Günther - Witzel #371 Wöhler - Plochmann #375 Breitung - Archer #289 Mendez - Bettes ---- Goebels - Reith #382 Brandt - - -_SECRET SERVICE DIVISION._ - -_Ciphers Used In_ - -_Confidential Reports_ - -(Oct. 1914-Sept. 1915) - - ---oOo--- - - 5000 I. G. Embassy - 7000 ” ” Military Attache - 8000 ” ” Naval Attache - 9000 ” ” Commercial Attache - ------- - 7354 von Knorr - 7371 Tomaseck - 7379 Tokio - 7381 Copenhagen - 7600 Burns Agency - 9001 Herbert Boas - -Random Pages from “P. K.’s Little Black Book”] - -[Illustration: - -_SECRET SERVICE DIVISION._ - -_SAFETY BLOCK SYSTEM_ - -Operatives of the S. S. Division, when receiving instructions from me -or through the medium of my secretary as to designating meeting places, -will understand that such instructions must be translated as follows: - - -_For week Nov. 28 to Dec. 4 (midnight)_ - -A street number in Manhattan named over the telephone means that -the meeting will take place 5 blocks further uptown than the street -mentioned. - -Pennsylvania R. R. Station means Grand Central Depot. - -Kaiserhof means General Post Office, in front of P. O. Box 840. - -Hotel Ansonia means Cafe in Hotel Manhattan (basement). - -Hotel Belmont means at the Bar in Pabst’ Columbus Circle. - -Brooklyn Bridge means Bar in Unter den Linden. - - -_For week Dec. 5 to Dec. 12 (midnight)_ - -Code to remain the same as previous week. - - -_For week Dec. 12 to Dec. 19 (midnight)_ - -A street number in Manhattan named over the telephone means that the -meeting will take place 5 blocks further downtown than the street -mentioned. - - -_SECRET SERVICE DIVISION._ - -(Geheimdienst) - - -_Rules and Regulations._ - ---1915-- - - #1. Beginning with November 6th, no blue copies are to be - made of reports submitted in connection with D-Case #343, and - the original reports will be sent to H.M.G. instead of the - duplicates, as formerly. - - #2. In order to accomplish better results in connection with - D-Case #343, and to shorten the stay of the informing agent at - the place of meeting, it has been decided to discontinue the - former practice of dining with this agent prior to receiving - his report. It will also be made a rule to refrain from working - on other matters until the informant in this case has been - fully heard; and all data taken down in shorthand. (11-11-15) - - #3. Beginning with November 28th, 1915, all operations - designated as D-Cases will be handled exclusively by the Secret - Service Division, the Headquarters of which will not be at - the Central Office, as heretofore. This change will result in - discontinuing utilizing operatives or employees attached to the - Central Office, Division for Special Detail and Pier Division. - On the other hand, great - -Random Pages from “P. K.’s Little Black Book”] - -In the same way he disguised his meeting places. In his instructions to -the Secret Service Division we find this: - - “Operatives of the S. S. Division when receiving instructions - from me or through the medium of my secretary as to designating - meeting places will understand that such instructions must be - translated as follows: - - “_For week Nov. 28 to Dec. 4 (midnight)._ - - “A street number in Manhattan named over the telephone means - that the meeting will take place 5 blocks further uptown than - the street mentioned. - - “Pennsylvania R. R. Station means Grand Central Depot. - - “Kaiserhof means General Post Office, in front of P. O. Box 840. - - “Hotel Ansonia means café in Hotel Manhattan (basement). - - “Hotel Belmont means at the bar in Pabst’s Columbus Circle. - - “Brooklyn Bridge means bar in Unter den Linden.” - -Each week he rearranged this code, so that anyone who thought that -cutting in on a telephone call meant knowing where Koenig was bound -was not likely to find him there. The man knew his German New York, -and had numerous convenient meeting places where he could meet an -agent and converse undisturbed, such as a German hotel at Third Avenue -and 42d Street, or a German bar at Broadway and 110th Street, or a -lodging house at South and Whitehall Streets, near the lower tip of -the island, or a saloon connected with a Turkish bath in Harlem. He -not only made it almost impossible to trace him by tapping his own -wire, but his operatives were instructed to call him from pay-station -telephones in locations where there was not one chance in a million -of identifying the person who had called. Fuchs, of course, was the -one-millionth chance, but Fuchs was no longer obeying Koenig’s orders, -was persistent, and careless. Altogether Koenig had built up a system -of caution on paper which almost beat the game, and which enabled him -to conduct a large volume of business. - -The functions of his departments were clearly defined. The pier -division guarded the piers and vessels of the Line, and furnished him -information of sailings from the New York waterfront, which he in turn -passed on to the naval attaché, Boy-Ed. Through this division he was -able to keep in touch with the waterfront element for whatever service -of violence might be necessary, and to keep a fairly complete record of -shipping. The special detail division was assigned to the guarding of -von Bernstorff’s summer place at Cedarhurst, Long Island, Dr. Albert’s -office in the Hamburg-American building, von Papen’s office at 60 Wall -Street, and the Austrian consulate in New York. This division conducted -every week a test to determine whether or not Dr. Albert was being -shadowed. We find entered in his notes on his operatives this: - - “_H. J. Wilkens_ is commended by me for good service rendered - thus far as attendant on Dr. Albert. This commendation is based - on a note received from the latter under date of November 12, - reading as follows: - - “‘Dear Mr. Koenig: - - “‘The service rendered by your bureau’s operative, H. J. - Wilkens, have proven entirely satisfactory. - - “‘Yours truly, - (Signed) H. T. ALBERT.’” - -Apparently Koenig’s performance of his duty to the German cause -encouraged the high officials of the German government in the United -States to rely upon him, for these posts were gradually placed under -his direction during the summer of 1915, the Embassy at Cedarhurst on -July 3, Dr. Albert’s office on Sept. 1, von Papen’s office on Oct. -26, and the Austrian Consulate on December 15--three days previous to -Koenig’s arrest, and less than a week after Captain von Papen, who was -returning to his own country by the request of our country, had called -P. K. to the German Club to “express his thanks for the services this -Bureau have rendered to him.” “At the same time,” the little notebook -confides, “he bid me Good-Bye.” We find these functions mentioned with -a suggestion of reverence. - -But the autobiography of Paul Koenig resumes its dark shroud of mystery -when it turns to the functions of the division of secret service. There -he is the dominating figure, a sort of cross between a Dr. Moriarity -and a gorilla, a slippery conniver one minute and a pugnacious bully -the next, convicted by his own complimentary reports. It was in -handling the “D-cases” already mentioned that he employed his many -false names, his secret numbers, his elusive places of appointment, and -his essentially Teutonic discipline. The nature of the work of this -division may best be suggested by citing a case which appears rather -often in his records--Case D-343. - -[Illustration: - - may not be in my interest. The stenographer of the Central - Office, however, will continue to write out checks as - heretofore, but the check-book itself, will always be kept - under lock and key. (11-23-15) - - #11. Operatives of the Pier Division in future will carry as - their means of identification only the Bureau’s identification - card, on the reverse side of which a photograph of the bearer - will be pasted, with my signature written above and below the - photo. The front side of the card will also bear my signature. - These men will not carry any more shields, as in the past. - Any changes in the personnel of the Pier Division, such as - attachments and detachments, will be brought to the attention - of the Marine Superintendent or other Superintends at whose - piers they are stationed. There will be special operatives - selected to check up operatives of the Pier Division and - employees of the piers, who will not be named to anyone in - advance, but who will, at Intervals, make their inspections, - carrying with them as their means of identification, a - commission consisting of a letter on Company’s stationery, - setting forth their authority, which will be duly signed by - me and counter-signed by one of the Company’s Vice Directors. - These special operatives are to be known as Central Office men, - and do not come under the jurisdiction of the Pier Division. - (11-23-15) - - #12. Beginning with today, specific plans have been decided - upon as to the best manner in which to keep newspapers and - clippings dealing with the war and political subjects. - Clippings that refer to D-Cases of this Bureau will continue to - be placed in the private files, together with their respective - reports. An exception to this particular rule may be made in - the event that there are too many clippings at hand, in which - case they may be bound together and kept separate, as is being - done in the case of operation D-#332. Other clippings are to be - mounted on cardboard, and the name of the newspaper and date - typewritten thereon. Articles of interest that cover an entire - page or more will not be clipped, but will be kept whole in - a temporary folder in view of binding same later. This, also - applies to copies which deal with matters on which reports have - been rendered. (12-7-15) - -Random Pages from “P. K.’s Little Black Book”] - -[Illustration: - - covering G. G. Station #3 on Sunday, November 21st, from 10 - A.M. until 5 P. M. Contrary to the list of assignments for the - Pier Division he did not do guard duty at the Hoboken Piers - during the night of November 20th to 21st. In order to be at - his new post, G. G. Station #3, he was given this night off - with pay, to be charged to Case #242. Wages while on duty at - G. G. Station #3 will be the same as heretofore. - - _H. v.Staden_ on November 22d, at 10 A. M., reported to Central - Office duty as instructed. He will work jointly with Opt. - W.H.M., his salary to remain unchanged. - - _H. Pearsall_, on Saturday, November 20th upon being instructed - by Opt. H.J.W. that he was to be assigned to the Pier Division, - declared that he refused to accept this post, and tendered - his resignation. According to a written report submitted - by Opt. H.J.W., H. P. acted insolently, and belittled this - Bureau’s service. As H. P. did not tender his resignation - to me personally or by mail, I did not take cognizance of - what he told Opt. H.J.W. regarding leaving the department, - but discharged him at once upon hearing of his conduct. His - services ended on November 21st at 10 A.M. While he has been an - alert watchman, he has often proven to be a cranky, quarrelsome - employee, who was the cause of a great deal of trouble while on - the piers. - - I congratulate myself on having ridden this Bureau of an - ignorant, stubborn and hot-headed man of the caliber of - Pearsall, whose last words to stenographer F. Metzler were that - he would not trust me for a dollar. While it is understood that - this former employee is disbarred from reinstatement, he will - never be given any sort of a recommendation, nor will I receive - him. He is to be kept out of the office entirely. - - _George Fuchs_ was dismissed from the Bureau’s services - on November 22d at 4.30 P.M. The reason for his discharge - is general conduct displayed on Company’s piers, constant - quarreling with another operative, drinking and disorderly - habits. He will receive no pay for the night of November 21st - to 22d, during which he refused to join Opt. J.P.C. in his - duties on Company’s Launch #4. - - _William McCulley_, on November 16th at 3 A.M., was appointed - Chief of the Secret Service Division, his duties to commence - on Sunday, November 28th, at 9 A.M. Salary $28. per week. Upon - his word he promised to remain in this capacity for at least - six months and to be at my disposal at all hours. He is to take - a residence in New York City, and will be known as “William - MacIntyre” at the Headquarters of the Secret Service Division - to be established on December 1st, 1915. - - _R. E. Leyendecker_, on November 23d, at 11 P.M., was appointed - Assistant to the - -Random Pages from “P. K.’s Little Black Book”] - -Rule number 1 of the division stated: - - “Beginning with Nov. 6 (1915) no blue copies are to be made - of reports submitted in connection with D-Case 343, and the - original reports will be sent to H. M. G. instead of the - duplicates, as formerly.” - -“H. M. G.” we learned from the key to special personages for whom the -division was conducting investigations, was von Papen himself. Rule 2 -reads: - - “In order to accomplish better results in connection with - D-Case 343, and to shorten the stay of the informing agent at - the place of meeting, it has been decided to discontinue the - former practice of dining with this agent prior to receiving - his report. It will also be a rule to refrain from working on - other matters until the informant in this case has been fully - heard, and all data taken down in shorthand.” - -The book revealed that in D-Case 343 Koenig’s alias was Woehler, and -his agent’s name Schleindl. In his notes on operatives Koenig had -written that “Friedrich Schleindl ... who was first known as Operative -#51, and later as Agent C. O., beginning with October 21st will be -called Agent B. I.” This enabled us to interpret a further regulation -of the division, to this effect. - - “Agent B. I. has been requested not to call again at the - Central Office, this ruling to take effect immediately. Other - arrangements will be made to meet him elsewhere. Whether or not - the stenographer of the Central Office will continue to write - reports covering D-Case 343 will be determined later.” - -Rule 4 read: - - “Supplementing Rule 2, it has been decided that I refrain from - drinking beer or liquor with my supper prior to receiving Agent - B. I., for the reason that I wish to be perfectly fresh and - well prepared to receive his reports.” - -And Rule 3 contained this passage: - - “... great care is to be taken that operatives and agents of - the Secret Service Division remain entirely unknown to members - of the Central Office and other divisions. These regulations - do not apply to D-Case 343, which has been handled since the - beginning of July (1915) with the knowledge of employees not - belonging to the Secret Service Division. Until more favorable - arrangements can be made this practice may be continued.” - -Here clearly was an unusually important case. The notes indicated -that Koenig was receiving frequent reports of great value from this -Schleindl, had been receiving them for at least five months, was -reporting them to von Papen, and intended to safeguard his obtaining -further information. When a German voluntarily forswears his beer, -something serious is on foot. - -Lieut. Barnitz, with Detectives Walsh and Fenelly, arrested Schleindl -the same day we closed in on Koenig. In his pocket was a cablegram -referring to Russian munitions. He was a German reservist, born in -Bavaria. At the outbreak of war he was a clerk in the National City -Bank of New York, and lived away up in the Bronx, and in the first -reaction to war he reported at the German Consulate for duty. Months -passed, and he had not been called upon, when one night he met a German -who told him to report at the Hotel Manhattan to meet another German -named Wagoner. “You’ll find him in the bar,” added his informant. - -“Wagoner,” who was Paul Koenig himself, met the youth, and playing -on his patriotism drew from him the information that he had access -to many cablegrams to and from the Allied governments through the -bank concerning the purchase and shipment of war supplies. Offering -Schleindl a retainer of $25 a week, Koenig told him to steal from the -files all such messages he could lay his hands on, together with -copies of express-bills showing when the goods were delivered to the -piers for shipment, all data relating to the prices paid, detailed -descriptions of the purchases, and any other particulars which would -help the German Government to complete its knowledge of what supplies -America was shipping abroad. Schleindl grew quite enthusiastic in the -work. Starting with light thefts, he gradually grew bolder, until he -was in a position to steal documents night after night, take them -to his appointment with Koenig, have them copied, and arrive at the -Bank early enough the following morning to put them back where they -belonged. Friday night was the regular appointment, but often messages -of big shipments came in and he relayed the news at once to his chief. -The extra $25 a week practically doubled his earning power, and made -devotion to the Fatherland very attractive--so much so that he began -to be afraid that Koenig, who was merely the receiving station for -his reports, and who took no risks himself, would receive more than -his share of credit. If there were any iron crosses to be given out, -or any ribbons for foreign service, Schleindl felt that he had earned -his, so he forwarded to his brother in Austria from time to time -stenographic notes written in the Bavarian dialect which would be -especially difficult of translation. In order to evade the censor he -tore them into scraps and sifted them into the folds of newspapers -which went unmolested through the British mail censors at Kirkwall. -These scraps, pieced together and translated into reports, were -forwarded by his brother to German officials. - -[Illustration: Alexander Dietrichens] - -[Illustration: - - _International Film Service. Inc._ - -Frederick Schleindl] - -[Illustration: Schleindl and Dietrichens at a German party] - -Schleindl’s zeal had led him into other channels of German activity. -At college in Germany he had had a friend named Alexander Dietrichens, -later known variously as Willish, Sander, Glass, and Lizius--one of -those Riga Russians of German parentage who have served Bolshevism so -eminently in Russia. In 1915 Dietrichens was in America, and the two -renewed their friendship. He said he was eager to serve the Fatherland, -and that he only wanted to know who was supplying munitions to the -Allies to start a campaign of destruction against them. He suggested -the Du Pont factories at Wilmington, and asked the young bank clerk -to come along. Schleindl, impressionable and emotional, had not the -courage. He confessed to me that he wept at the thought, and that he -asked Dietrichens whether any harm could come to him if the explosion -killed anyone. “Very likely,” Dietrichens answered cheerfully. -Schleindl then declined, but he helped the dynamiter to the extent of -keeping an occasional bomb or a package of dynamite for him during the -day in his locker or under his desk at the bank. The main cache where -Dietrichens stored his explosives was near Tenafly, New Jersey, but -when Schleindl and I visited it, in a deserted spot almost a mile from -the nearest building, the shanty was empty. - -Schleindl was tried, convicted and sentenced to an indeterminate term -in the penitentiary, for the theft of documents. Koenig pleaded guilty -to the charge, but sentence was suspended on him owing to the greater -importance of the Welland charges. - -The Schleindl and Dietrichens cases are only two examples of many to -which the little black book gave clues. It suggested investigations -into many others, for it was a real storehouse of names, and knowing -Koenig’s close relationship with the highest German authorities in -the United States, it contributed a large number of items to the bill -of complaint against Germany which provoked the President’s Flag Day -warning of 1916. Koenig’s mere mention of the name of “Horn” in D-Case -277 gave evidence of the German sponsorship of the attempt of Werner -Horn to blow up the Vanceboro bridge in February, 1915; the name -“Stahl” in D-Case 328 indicated by Koenig’s own hand that it was he who -paid Gustave Stahl for the false affidavits that the _Lusitania_ had -carried guns; the name “Kienzle” in D-Case 316 was the name of a man -who was involved in trying to blow up vessels sailing for France and -England; the name “Hammond” in D-Case 357 led to the disclosure that -the Bureau of Investigation, although chiefly engaged in spying and -destroying plots, sometimes ran other and more delicate errands for von -Bernstorff. - -Posing this time as “W. H. Becker” Koenig called on one J. C. Hammond, -a writer and publicity man who had offices at 34th Street and Broadway. -To Hammond he stated that from the standpoint of the Germans in America -two newspapers were taking irritating and unfriendly attitudes. These -were the _New York World_ and the _Providence Journal_. Both papers had -taken, soon after the outbreak of war, definite stands on the American -issues involved, and both pursued the subject in a typically thorough -fashion, the Providence paper obtaining much of its information from -sympathetic British sources, and the _World_ having an influential -position politically which led it across the trail of what the -newspaper men call “big stories.” The _Providence Journal_ in fact -emerged from comparative obscurity during the early months of war with -startling charges against German agents both here and abroad, supported -by evidence which seemed incredible though of sound origin. These -stories were republished widely through the country. It was undoubtedly -having a powerful effect upon the public, for the country, dazed with -the fact of war, was ready to take sides against the nation which was -apparently guilty of the worst acts. Some of those charges were true, -and although they seemed at that time so fantastic as to be almost -impossible, the members of the German Embassy knew they were true and -squirmed inwardly every time a fresh one burst out. The _World_ had -a habit of not only spreading exciting news articles over its front -page, but lending color to them by publishing photographs of supporting -documents to prove their authenticity. So von Bernstorff and the -attachés, after having tried to bring influence to bear in many subtle -ways to curb the publications, called in Koenig, and he made his little -pilgrimage to Hammond’s office. - -He offered the publicity agent a large sum of money to find out what -exposures the two papers had still in the ice-box, ready to release. -Later, he increased this to a blanket offer of any sum which Hammond -should name, provided the latter could induce the papers to turn over -to him the articles and affidavits in their possession. The offer was -not accepted. Hammond did not bite at the offer of a later reward of -$100,000 which Koenig hung up to silence the publication of anti-German -news in certain other large newspapers in the country, nor did he, as -Koenig requested, go to England to visit Rintelen, to find out where -Rintelen had left a trunk full of valuable papers when he fled the -United States. - -The name “Lewis” mentioned in the citation of another case in the -little black book revealed a further variation of the services of the -Secret Service Division. The United States owned a large quantity -of Krag-Joergensen rifles for which in that year of peace it had no -use, but which several foreign governments would have been glad to -buy. Commercial bachelors who were looking for war brides all took -turns paying court to the rifles, and all without success. Readers -of the newspapers may recall a small tempest which raged around the -alleged sale of the rifles, and the charges levelled at one after -another German of the attempt to purchase. Each new charge was denied -by its victim, and it finally developed that a Mrs. Selma Lewis had -been involved in the negotiations, and was willing to pose as the -purchaser. The “man behind” was Franz Rintelen, acting for the German -Government, and the name “Lewis” here in Koenig’s notes, amplified by -the full name and address of Mrs. Lewis in a small address book which -we also captured, indicates that Koenig worked for Rintelen as well -as the abler and more authentic members of the embassy of destruction -which Germany kept in America. - -I think I have made it clear that when the United States interned -Paul Koenig it made prisoner one of the busiest men of the German -spy system, and one of the strangest. He was physically powerful and -mentally quick with a German sort of quickness. He had the most supreme -self-confidence it has been my pleasure to meet, and that caused his -downfall. If he had administered his bureau in a manner calculated to -breed loyalty in his employees he would have been more successful, -but he conceived his work as a one-man job, and made his subordinates -goose-step to his tune. It is certain that had he not set down with -such care every item which would be useful to the United States in -unearthing his actions, no one can say how long they would have -continued. Napoleon had his Waterloo, however, and Paul Koenig had his -notebook, and with the same scrupulous foresight the indomitable “xxx” -left that notebook where we would be most likely to find it. - -[Illustration: - - _HEALTH RULES._ - - #1. I have decide to refrain from chewing tobacco in the - office, as it disagrees with my health, thereby interfering - with my work. (12-1-15) - - #2. I shall drink no more whiskey. (12-6) - - - _HEALTH TABLE #1._ - - XI. - - 9-12-14-17-17-21-23-24-25-28-28- 11 - - XII. - - 1-3-5-8-9-11-13-16- - -Random Pages from “P. K.’s Little Black Book”] - -[Illustration: - - safeguarding of the Imperial German Embassy at Cedarhurst, - L. I. - - Sept. 1. Bureau was entrusted with the safeguarding of the - offices of Commercial Attache Dr. Albert. - - Oct. 26. Bureau was entrusted with the safeguarding of the - offices of the Military Attache. - - Nov. 12. Began first investigation for Austro-Hungarian - Government. - - Dec. 13. As 6.30 P.M. Captain von Papen, German Military - Attache, received me at the German Club to express his - thanks for the services which this Bureau have rendered - to him. At the same time he bid me Good-Bye. - - Dec. 15. Bureau was entrusted with the safeguarding of the - offices of the I. & R. Austro-Hungarian Consulate General. - - - _LIST OF_ _IMPORTANT CASES HANDLED._ - - - 1913 - - - C.#17. Investigation Re: Jersey City Wharfage Graft. - - C.#24. Investigation of Baggage Department, Hoboken. - - C.#32. Chinese Stowaways on S.S. “PRINZ JOACHIM”, Voy. 77. - - C.#40. Investigation Re: Thefts of Cargo on the Atlas Pier, New - York City. - - C.#41. S.S. “FRIEDRICH DER GROSSE”, Arrival at New York July 2, - 1913. - - C.#49. Charges Made Against W. Barbe, Chief Officer, S.S. “CARL - SCHURZ”. - - C.#54. Investigation Re: S.S. “PRINZ FRIEDRICH WILHELM”, - Arrived at New York on June 3. - - C.#67. Fire on Board S.S. “IMPERATOR” on August 28. - - C.#69. Fire Patrol on S.S. “IMPERATOR”, & etc. - - C.#70. Max Ludwig Thomsen, Alias Thomspson. - - C.#95. Charges Against Paul Koenig. - -Random Pages from “P. K.’s Little Black Book”] - -It is a rare treat, aside from its now past informative value. And it -contains one real mystery which the Westphalian himself can alone clear -up. The page headed “Health Rules” reads as follows: - - “#1. I have decided to refrain from chewing tobacco in the - office as it disagrees with my health thereby interfering with - my work. (12-1-15.) - - “#2. I shall drink no more whiskey. (12-6.)” - -Which leads one to believe that he saw the practical value of an -exemplary life. But we must wait for him to explain the page headed -“Health Table,” which reads: - - “XI - - “9-12-14-17-17-21-23-24-28-28. - - - “XII - - “1-3-5-8-9-11-13-16.” - -The “XI” is evidently November, of 1915, the “XII” December. What did -he do on those dates so accurately mentioned? Did temptation lead -him twice from the path on the 17th and 28th of November? If so, -what could this temptation have been? Is it possible that the same -conscience which made him typewrite his rules of conduct weakened, and -then remorse turned about and forced him to set down his lapses from -grace? Is it further possible that each of the dates cited means that -Paul Koenig broke his brand new health rules ten times in November and -eight times in December, and _chewed tobacco in office hours_? - -We must wait in patience--some day his Westphalian conscience may -answer. - - - - -III - -PLAYING WITH FIRE - - -The business of crime prevention and detection depends largely on -the confidence one man has in another. That is one reason why a -“stool-pigeon” is an uncomfortable ally on a case. You can not be -sure that a man who associates with criminals and is giving them away -is not giving the case away at the same time. His gang hates him for -squealing, his evidence is the evidence of a traitor, and he is a good -person not to depend on. I make that point here because I have always -tried to avoid using stool-pigeons, and because the story to follow -will illustrate what can be accomplished by a dependable man. - -The story really starts about twenty years ago. In the spring of 1900, -an Italian from Paterson, N. J., Brescia by name, attended a meeting -of anarchists in a house in Elizabeth Street, New York. The group was -composed of two parties, one which we may call the progressives, and -one the inactives. Brescia assailed the inactives, denounced them as -cowards, and stirred up so much dissension that the meeting broke up -for fear of a police raid, and several of the members retaliated at -Brescia by accusing him of being a police spy. He sailed for Italy, and -on July 29, in the little Lombardi town of Monza, murdered King Humbert -the Good. When the news was cabled to America it was hailed with proper -grief by the public and with great joy by the anarchists who had called -Brescia a traitor. His execution, which followed swiftly, made him a -martyr. So to do him honor, the group was named the Brescia Circle. - -By 1914 the membership of the circle was nearly 600. A cosmopolitan -lot: Italians, Russians, Russian Jews, Germans, Austrians, Spaniards -and Americans, of both sexes. The leaders were agitators whose speaking -ability had lifted them out of the ranks and who found an easier living -by their wits than by their hands. The Bomb Squad knew something of -their activities and habits, for the past history of anarchist cases -linked up certain names in a pointed way. We knew their fondness for -bombs, and the records of the police department contain many instances -of anarchists inspired to violence by the inflammatory speeches of -such agitators, as their idol, Francisco Ferrer, had preached violence -in Spain. The outbreak of war in Europe, from which so many of the -group had migrated to America, and the promise of social confusion -which it held for them had stirred the Brescia Circle more than a -little. The active members met regularly in the basement of a building -at 301 East 106th Street, a shabby house in a shabby district east of -the New York Central tracks. These meetings, which occurred usually -on a Sunday, as many of the members were working during the week, -were addressed by such notorious anarchists as Emma Goldman, Becky -Edelson, Frank Mandese, Carlo Tresca and Pietro Allegra--names probably -unfamiliar to the general public, but names with which the Police -Department had “auld acquaintance.” Occasionally an editor of an -anarchist newspaper in Lynn, Massachusetts, Gagliani by name, came to -speak in the cellar, and Plunkett, Harry Kelly, and Alexander Berkman -were usually to be found in the group. - -The winter of 1913–1914 was one of industrial depression. Many of -the radical labor element rallied to the I. W. W. and the unemployed -readily joined them. The methods of the anarchists and I. W. W.’s -were similar, and the advocates of unrest were enlisted under both -standards. In the late winter demonstrations began and multiplied -until in March a youth named Frank Tannenbaum, to whom Emma Goldman -later took a fancy, led a mob of I. W. W.’s into St. Alphonsus’ Church -demanding food. The police waited until they had passed inside, then -locked the doors, and arrested the whole lot. This was but one instance -of a number which promised more trouble. Whatever nice distinctions of -creed separated the Industrial Workers from the anarchists were paper -distinctions; the performances of both bodies made it fairly plain that -if you scratched an anarchist you found an I. W. W. underneath. - -There may have been some intimation from abroad of the impending -war, among the anarchists, for in July certain of them began to -grow demonstrative. On Independence Day Mandese was arrested in -Tarrytown, in uncomfortable proximity to the estate and person of -John D. Rockefeller. Carron, Berg and Hansen, three members of the -Brescia Circle, were engaged on that same day in perfecting a bomb in -their rooms at Lexington Avenue and 104th Street, when the machine -exploded prematurely and killed them. That bomb had been intended for -the Rockefeller family. Naturally everyone with a shred of respect -for order who read of these episodes recoiled from them, but it was -necessary to judge them from the anarchist’s own standpoint to see that -while one of the cases had resulted in death, and the Mandese incident -in arrest, both had been successful in creating a disturbance. The -anarchist likes disturbance as well as he dislikes order, for unrest is -contagious, and means new recruits to the cause. It became our duty, -therefore, to make a careful investigation of these disturbances at -their source, and we insinuated a detective into the Brescia Circle -itself. - -He spoke only English--a good language for social intercourse, but -not the key to the affairs of the group in the 106th Street basement. -Whenever the more prominent agitators had a really important matter to -discuss they used the Italian tongue, and it was impossible for our man -to eavesdrop. Perhaps he was over-eager, for twice he was brought to -trial by the Circle charged with spying. Twice he was acquitted. But -when his enemies had him formally charged a third time with treachery, -the anarchists decided that although they had no evidence against him -beyond a powerful suspicion, he would be better outside. Outside he -went. - -On October 3, the anarchists gave a grand ball at the Harlem Casino in -honor of Emma Goldman, and at that affair announcement was made that -October 13 would be observed by those of the cause with a celebration -at Forward Hall, in East Broadway, fitting to the anniversary of the -“assassination” of Francisco Ferrer. The orator, Leonard Abbott, also -reminded the gathering that “the Catholic Church had been responsible -for Ferrer’s death.” At five o’clock in the afternoon of October 12 -a vicious explosion occurred in the north aisle of St. Patrick’s -Cathedral. It was an anarchist’s bomb. The nave of the church held -numerous worshippers, who were panic-stricken, but who fortunately -escaped injury with the exception of a young man struck in the face by -a flying splinter from one of the altars. Shortly after midnight of -the next day a bomb placed in the front area of the priests’ house of -St. Alphonsus’ exploded with violence enough to break every window in -the house and every window in the house across the street. Ferrer’s -“assassination” had evidently been appropriately observed. - -The situation was disturbing. We had to put a stop to bombing before -the anarchists grew bolder and began to kill someone beside themselves. -Of course we wanted all the evidence we could lay hands on, and -yet the evidence we had been able to obtain had not prevented two -outrages. We felt that undoubtedly the best place to look for it was -still the Brescia Circle, as it constituted the chief organization -and headquarters for the element which we believed guilty. And we now -return to the question of the stool-pigeon. - -It would have been possible to employ one of the Circle, perhaps. It is -certain that I should have been uneasy with only his evidence to depend -upon, for a bomb does not wait to be investigated. Planting a man in -the Brescia Circle had not been successful, but I felt that it could be -made successful. So out of five or six candidates from the department I -chose Amedeo Polignani for the work. - -He was a young Italian detective who kept his own counsel, short, -strong, mild-mannered and unobtrusive. And he knew Italian. “Your name -from now on is Frank Baldo,” I said. “Forget you’re a detective. You -can get a job over in Long Island City, so as to carry out the bluff. -You are an anarchist. Join the Brescia Circle and any other affiliated -group, and report to me every day. The older members may be suspicious -of you, and they’ll probably follow you, so we had better arrange when -you are to telephone and I’ll let you know whenever and wherever I want -to see you.” We discussed every possible angle of the work in order -to anticipate and forestall whatever accident either of omission or -commission might occur to make Polignani’s position suspicious. He was -instructed to call me by telephone at certain hours, using a private -number, telephoning from a public pay-station in a store in which -there was not more than one booth, so that no one might follow him and -hear his conversation through the flimsy walls of a booth adjoining. -He was to deport himself in a retiring manner, and to throw himself -earnestly into the part he was to act. I felt sure that his quiet, -agreeable nature would disarm any suspicion of him as a newcomer, and -that complete concentration upon the spirit of the masquerade would -gradually draw out important information. First and foremost, he was -to be on the watch for evidence of the man who had committed the two -bomb outrages in October; secondly, he was to cover the activities and -intentions of the anarchists in general; thirdly, he was to keep his -eyes and ears open and his mouth shut, and to deal with any emergency -which might arise. - -[Illustration: - - _Copyright, by International News Service_ - -Carmine and Carbone in Court] - -It often happens in fiction that a man journeys to a far country -and somewhere on the voyage sheds his identity like an old suit of -clothes to proceed through years of adventure as another individual; -in the movies it is no feat at all for a girl to disguise herself as a -man and hoodwink the rest of the actors through several hundred feet -of film; but it remained for a New York detective to discard his name -and his associations for six months, and without once stirring outside -his jurisdiction, without any disguise, and without miraculous power, -to add to the records--and consequently to the efficiency--of his -department a store of information of one of the most troublesome groups -of anarchists in the United States. - -He bade his little family in the Bronx good-by, got employment at -manual labor in a Long Island City factory, and hired a cheap room at -1907 Third Avenue. Throughout November he attended meetings of the -Brescia Circle, listening to bitter speeches full of wild plans to -overthrow the government, and the organized church, and getting the lay -of the land. To such members as chose to speak to him he was courteous -and friendly, but they were not many. The more important members had a -way of gathering in corners and whispering to each other, and the new -member was not invited to join the charmed inner circle. So he held his -peace, and memorized names and faces, and presently his opportunity -came. - -Polignani had noticed on November 30 a young Italian cobbler, named -Carbone, who seemed to have influence in the Circle, and he confirmed -this judgment on the next two Sunday evenings as he saw Carbone in -whispered conversation with Frank Mandese and one Campanielli. The -next Sunday night the same trio was in star-chamber session when a -good-natured wrestling match started in another part of the room, and -Carbone turned to watch it. Polignani was tossing various members to -the floor, and as he was smoothing his ruffled hair after a short -bout, Carbone tapped him on the shoulder and said, “You’re a strong -fellow--I’m glad to see you a member of the Brescia Circle!” The -detective smiled, and the two fell into conversation, which continued -as they left the society’s rooms and strolled up Third Avenue. - -“The trouble with those fellows,” said Carbone, “is that they talk too -much and don’t act enough. They don’t accomplish anything.” - -“That’s right,” Polignani agreed. - -“What they ought to do is throw a few bombs and show the police -something,” Carbone continued. “Wake them up! Look--” he held up the -stumps of five fingers of his right hand--“I got that making a bomb. -Some day I’ll show you how to make ’em.” - -That arrangement suited Polignani perfectly. He had a lead, after -tedious “watchful waiting,” which had been punctuated by the explosion -of a mysterious bomb at the door of the Bronx County Court House on -November 11. He had listened to reams of oratory against the ruling -classes, law, order and the churches, had heard his fellow members -chided because the bombs at St. Patrick’s and St. Alphonsus’ had been -too weak, and had heard speakers advise any members who contemplated -the use of dynamite not to take too many people into their confidences. -Carbone was deliberately confiding in “Baldo,” and the detective made -up his mind to cultivate him. - -This extract from his notebook will illustrate how the acquaintance -ripened: - - “I did not see Carbone again until Sunday the 27th. On this day - he spoke to me of a friend named Frank and said that if all - anarchists were like his friend they would be all right. He - thinks nothing of making and throwing a bomb. On January 1st - about 1.45 P. M. Carbone met me as per appointment. We went to - where the meeting of the unemployed was being held and both - of us shook hands with Louise Berg, Mandese, and Bianco.... He - introduced me to his friend Frank....” - -Enter the third conspirator, Frank Abarno, 25 years old, and a native -of San Velle, Italy. Almost on the heels of his introduction to the -promising new member, the new member began to take a new interest -in life, for on January 3 Carbone drew Polignani out of the meeting -after the speeches and said quietly, “Come on up to the 125th Street -Station. It’s warm up there, and we won’t be bothered. I’ll tell you -something about making bombs.” And on the way up Lexington Avenue -Carbone explained that he needed some caps about two inches long. All -the dynamite he wanted he could get from his uncle, a contractor “out -in the country.” “We’ll get some dynamite, and then you and Frank and -me will blow up some churches, see?” - -“Sure,” the detective answered. “What church?” - -“St. Patrick’s is the best. This time it’ll be a good one too--not like -before.” - -“Did you hear what Mandese was saying the other night?” Polignani -asked. “He was scrapping with another fellow and the fellow says, ‘If -they wouldn’t give me no work I’d throw bombs.’ And Mandese said to -him, ‘The only kind of bombs you shoot are the kind you shoot with -your mouth,’ and he says, ‘What kind of bombs do you shoot then?’ And -Mandese says, ‘The kind that went off at Madison Square and the two -churches, see!’” - -Carbone apparently did not care for the results of the previous -explosions, for he said: - -“Well, they were no good. That bomb that killed Carron and Berg and -Hansen wasn’t made right. It was wound too tight--that’s why it went -off too soon. I can make a bomb from a brass ball off a bed-post that -will start something.” - -A fortnight passed, and Carbone turned up at the Brescia meeting-place -in company with Abarno. They beckoned to Polignani and the three walked -down Third Avenue, Abarno mouthing anarchy, and suddenly suggesting -that he would like to go into St. Patrick’s, find Cardinal Farley -alone, and choke him to death. The gentle soul then remarked: “Carbone, -you make some bombs!” - -“If I can get those caps I’ll make a bomb that will destroy the -Cathedral clear down to the ground, but if I can’t get the caps then -I’ll have to make the other kind.” - -“Well, you make two bombs,” said Abarno. “We’ll set them off on the -outside of the church about six o’clock some morning and then we -can get away clean and get to work on time and nobody will know the -difference.” - -Carbone asked Abarno to get him some sulphur, and turned to Polignani a -slip pencilled, “Collorate di Potase, 1 lb.” and “Andimonio.” “You get -that at a drug store, Baldo,” he said. - -“Baldo” complied, and a few weeks later the materials were assembled. -Carbone instructed Polignani to call on Abarno for a booklet on bomb -manufacture, and about six in the evening of February 4 Abarno gave the -detective the pamphlet to read while he went out to get some spaghetti, -as the two had an appointment with Carbone at 7.30. Polignani was -hardly out of Abarno’s sight when he sprinted to a telephone and called -me. I met him at once, at headquarters, and turned the booklet over to -the photographer, who got to work immediately photographing the pages. -Our time was short, and before we had the job done I had to restore the -book to Polignani. On Lincoln’s Birthday Carbone gave the book to our -man again, to study, and this gave us time to finish the photographic -copying. - -[Illustration: - - ISTRUMENTI - - Una bilancia usata L. 8.-- - Un termometro ” 2.50 - Misure ” 3.-- - Matracci di vetro ” 6.-- - Tre imbuti di vetro e tre bacchette di vetro ” 2.-- - Lampada a spirito ” 1.-- - Un mastello di legno di 30 o 35 litri ” 3.-- - Spese varie e impreviste ” 20.50 - --------- - TOTALE L. 46.-- - - Raccomandiamo a coloro che si vogliono mettere a questi lavori, - di procurarsi prima di tutto il denaro necessario; altrimenti - arrischiano di doversi fermare a mezza strada, di tirar le cose - in lungo ed esporsi inutilmente. - - Raccomandiamo agli stessi di non trascurare nessuna delle - precauzioni necessarie per non attirare l’attenzione della - polizia, di non mettersi in vista colla propaganda pubblica, di - non farsi vedere coi compagni conosciuti, e di non lavorare mai - nelle case soggette ad essere perquisite. - - Sopratutto raccomandiamo non mettersi a fabbricare esplosivi - per il gusto di fabbricarli. Tutto ciò che si può avere bello e - fatto, è inutile, è stupido il volerlo fare da sè, quando non - si ha la pratica ed i mezzi che hanno quelli del mestiere. Nei - posti in cui si può avere la dinamite--e oggi la si può avere - quasi dappertutto--perchè mettersi a fabbricarla? - - Bisogna poi che fra i diversi esplosivi, le diverse bombe, - ecc., ognuno scelga le cose che per lui sono più facili e più - pratiche ricordandosi sempre che: =E’ meglio una cosa piccola - fatta, che una grande restata in proposito.= - - --13-- - - stessa: si legano bene con fil di ferro intorno alla rotaia, - si mette capsula e miccia, si copre con terra e la mina è - pronta. Questa produce una rottura di mezzo metro. Per avere - rotture più estese non v’è che preparare parecchie di queste - mine, a debita distanza e munirle di miccie di eguali qualità e - lunghezza; e raccogliere insieme i capi delle miccie, in modo - che dando fuego alle miccie lo scoppio è contemporaneo in tutti - i punti. Spesso è vantaggioso per far saltare gli scambii, cioè - i punti dove s’incrociano diverse linee. Per mettere fuori - d’uso una locomotiva o una macchina a vapore qualsiasi, basta - far scoppiare 3 o 4 petardi in un tubo intemo della caldaia. - - - BOMBE - - Sono recipienti di metallo pieni di materia esplosiva, che - scoppiando si rompono in pezzi e feriscono i circostanti. - Possono avere qualunque forma, ma la sferica è più efficace. - Per farle scoppiare si può adoperare una capsula con miccia - che brucia rapidissimamente tanto da aver giusto il tempo - per accenderle e lanciarle. Si può anche applicarvi tutto - a l’intorno dei luminelli con capsule o altri apparati, in - modo che per l’urto della caduta il fulminato scoppi e faccia - scoppiare la carica della bomba, come in quelle all’Orsini. - - La bomba fa tanto più effetto quanto più il metallo è - resistente, sempre che la carica abbia la forza di farla - scoppiare. Quindi il miglior metallo è il ferro o l’acciaio, - poi il rame, l’ottone, il bronzo, quindi la ghisa ed infine - lo zinco solo o legato con stagno; il piombo non serve. LO - SPESSORE DELLE PA- - - --39-- - -Pages from the bomb-thrower’s textbook] - -I realized when I saw the translation how Carbone knew so much about -making bombs. - -“La Salute e’ in voi!” read the cover, or “Health is in you!” Evidently -a toast to the brotherhood for which it was prepared. It was a pamphlet -of some sixty pages, measuring about four by eight inches, and cleanly -printed in Italian. It was nothing less than a text-book on how to go -about making bombs--a sort of guide to anarchist etiquette. It would be -unwise to reproduce its instructions here in detail, as they were too -accurate for the general peace, but the index which follows will give -a conception of the thoroughness with which the anonymous writers in -far-off Italy covered their subject. - - “Index-- - First principles 1 - Instruments 7 - Manipulation 8 - Explosive material 11 - Powder 14 - Nitroglycerine 14 - Dynamite 20 - Fulminate of mercury 23 - Gun cotton 27 - Preparation of fuses 31 - Capsule and petard 34 - Application of explosive materials 35 - Bombs 39 - Incendiary materials 44” - -Yes, it was accurate--and very practical. To quote from its advice to -struggling anarchists: - - “We recommend most earnestly that if you wish to engage in - this line of work, you procure, before all else, a sufficient - amount of money, otherwise you risk being put out in the middle - of the street, only to find your long work and trouble all in - vain. We recommend at the same time that you do not omit any - precaution necessary to avoid attracting the attention of the - police, and avoid mixing with the public, nor be seen with - known companions. And do not work at it in the house except - when necessary.... - - “The work should be done in a well ventilated room provided - with a good chimney place and furnished in such a way that you - can hide things if anyone enters, and this room ought to be on - the top floor of the house on account of the odors that are - always being produced.... - - “Above all we recommend that you never make explosives for - the mere pleasure of making them. All you do beyond enough is - useless and stupid--especially so when you have neither the - practice nor the proper means for making them. As to the place - to keep the dynamite, why make it until it is needed? Take - heed that among the various kinds of explosives, bombs, etc., - always choose the one that will be most easily used and most - practical, remembering always that it is better to do a little - thing well than to leave a big thing half done....” - -The little booklet contained a list of the necessary tools with their -estimated costs, and said of the chemicals to be used, “The materials -to be employed should be sufficiently pure. They may be had of dealers -in chemical and pharmaceutical products, and it is well not to buy all -the stuff from the same merchant, in order that he may not know what -you wish to make....” It explained the relative forces of explosives -in this way: “The relative force which the various explosives have -is as follows: Shot-gun powder has a force of 1; an equal amount of -‘Panclastite’ has the force of 6; of dynamite 7; of dry gun-cotton 9 -(if with 50% of salts of nitre, 5); of nitroglycerine 9; of fulminate -of mercury 10 or 3½; of nitromannite 11.... All the other explosives of -which we speak, such as melenite, etc., have nitroglycerine for their -bases, therefore have no greater force than that of nitroglycerine.” - -After an exposition of the method of making nitroglycerine--the mere -reading of which would make your hair bristle--the compilers conclude -“... it is not very dangerous to use when cold, notwithstanding -all that has been said. It would be a great work if some American -manufacturer would devise some means of congealing it so that it would -be less sensitive to shock, so that it might safely be carried on the -railways.” Of fulminating cotton they remark, “As it ignites with -instantaneous rapidity it is best to use a fuse that burns the most -quickly; for example, when for use in bombs made to throw at a person, -it will be enough to twist the cord, etc., etc.” Minute directions are -given for the home-laboratory manufacture of the explosives listed, and -the experimenter who cared to attempt their manufacture was warned in -the simplest and most emphatic terms of the caprices of the different -materials. He was told how to make cord-fuses that would burn at the -rate of 8 hours to the yard, and of 6 hours to the yard; paper fuses -which would reach the explosive two hours after a spark had touched the -corner of a sheet of prepared paper; thread fuses which would sparkle -fifteen seconds to the metre, or three minutes to the metre; and, -finally, an instantaneous fuse which “Because it will burn with all the -speed of electricity ... may be made to serve many important purposes: -to fire a mine under a passing train, under gatherings, or troops of -cavalry.” - -If the bomber wished to blow up a wall, he was told how to compute -by simple mathematics the quantity of explosive required. A bridge -“will require twice the charge needed for a wall”--and the vulnerable -points of the bridge were indicated. Telephone and telegraph poles and -wires, street gratings, street railways, locomotives, steam-boilers, -all came in for their share of attention. “It is very easy to find -suitable receptacles for bombs,” the writer went on. “For example, -large inkwells, brass handles such as are used on letter-presses.... -For certain purposes a bottle may be made to serve as a bomb--they -are suitable for throwing from a window.... Fragile glass bottles -when filled with this solution (an incendiary mixture) make handy -incendiary bombs to hurl among troops, official gatherings, etc.; also -to pour from windows upon troops, or to throw from a drinking glass or -pail....” I have wondered whether Gavrio Prinzip of Sarajevo ever saw -this book, and whether it may not have been translated into Italian -from the original German. - -Mere possession of this wicked treatise would suggest that the owner -was up to no good, especially if the owner, as in this case, was known -to be a volatile member of an anarchistic circle who had already -declared his intentions of wrecking something. It was reasonable to -assume that there must be such a book of instruction in existence, that -the bombers had not been handling delicate explosives with no better -knowledge than word-of-mouth, hearsay chemistry, but I am free to -confess that my first sight of the pamphlet brought the plots of the -men we were watching very close to grim reality. I never knew just when -we would get an ambulance call and have to go and pick Polignani out of -the wreck of a premature explosion, and I never heard him report in on -the telephone that I didn’t experience a momentary apprehension of his -latest news. The detective himself was calm enough, and enthusiastic -over the fact that the trail was growing hotter all the time. The -question of evidence of the previous explosions was in the background -now, and the activities of the Brescia Circle as a political unit did -not concern us nearly as much as the activities of three of its members -with their “andimonio, collorate di potase” and their pamphlet, and -their hatred of the Catholic Church. - -Polignani had seen this hatred demonstrated many times by Carbone. -They passed two Sisters of Charity one chilly evening near the Harlem -station, and the anarchist spat, and cursed them. So the detective -was not surprised by Abarno’s proposal on the night of St. Valentine’s -Day that the three conspirators plant their bombs in St. Patrick’s -Cathedral. “We’ll go over there some day soon and look for a good place -to set them. And then we’ll plant the bomb on some good holiday--say on -March 21, eh?” - -“What’s that day?” Polignani inquired. - -“The Commune!” Abarno answered. - -Polignani bought the antimony and the chlorate of potash, and at a -subsequent meeting watched uneasily while Carbone tried to pulverize -the antimony with a hammer. It was too hard work, however, and “Baldo” -was directed to buy a small quantity of the pulverized substance. This -he did. The three had meanwhile been trying to pick out a good room in -an English-speaking lodging house in 29th Street, but finally gave it -up and hired a furnished room at 1341 Third Avenue. There they brought -their materials, consisting of twelve yards of copper wire, a trunk -full of odds and ends, tools, fuse cord, and various ingredients. To -this supply they wanted to add some hollow iron balls, but the hollow -iron ball market was sparse, and they finally substituted three tin -hand-soap cans. On February 27 Polignani and Abarno made a tour of -inspection of St. Patrick’s, and as they were descending the steps -Abarno remarked that when he had destroyed the Cathedral they would -turn their attention first to the Carnegie residence at 90th Street and -Fifth Avenue, and then to the Rockefeller home. “We won’t wait till -March 21,” he observed impatiently. “Let’s get this job done soon. Say -Tuesday morning.” - -[Illustration: A postcard received by Commissioner Woods after the -arrest of the Anarchists - -The message reads: - - “MR. WOODS - My Dear Sir - - Your police Espionage may go as far as you like for the - promotion of your Bankrupt Law & Order of Society. The - Anarchists of New York have but one Life to give for the Ideal - of Humanity and absolute Freedom of mankind the world over. - yours The Society for the Propagation of absolute Liberty and - Human Freedom....” -] - -High noon of the following day saw the three plotters cheerfully at -work in the furnished room. Abarno and Carbone measured carefully the -proportions of sulphur, sugar, chlorate of potash and antimony; Carbone -filled the tins with the mixture, and led the fuses into the heart of -the mass, glancing up from time to time to the detective with real -pride, as if to say: “See, Baldo? That’s how an expert works!” “Baldo” -had contributed his share of the materials--a few lengths of iron rod. -Carbone bound these to the outside of the cans with cord, and added a -few bolts which he found in a bureau drawer, and a coat-hanger, twisted -out of shape. Round and round this shapeless tangle of metal he wove -copper wire, and so produced two heavy, compact bombs. Polignani had -grown almost gray when, after boring the fuse holes in the can-tops, -Carbone casually picked up a hammer and began to tattoo the cans. -The detective promptly took refuge behind the bed, near the floor. - -“No use to hide there, Baldo!” This with a laugh from Carbone. “If -she goes off she’ll blow the whole house down. How’s that, Frank?” he -added, showing the finished product to Abarno. - -“I’ll throw that one and you can throw the other, Carbone,” Abarno -said. “Now listen. We will meet here Tuesday morning at six o’clock -to the minute. We will get to the Cathedral just at 6.20. Then we’ll -light the bombs, and the fuses will burn slow for twenty minutes, so -as we can get over to the Madison Avenue car and then we can all get -to work on time, and we will have a good alibi all right. Then we’ll -get together Tuesday night and go some place and have a good time to -celebrate throwing a scare into Fifth Avenue, boys! Tuesday morning, -six o’clock sharp?” - -Carbone and Polignani assented, and Abarno left. - -Polignani kept in close touch with me from that moment forward. Ever -since the day when Carbone had sent him to the drug store for black -antimony, with instructions to bribe the drug clerk if he could not -easily obtain it, we had had a double check on the conspirators, for I -had assigned two men to shadow them constantly. The case was building -towards a climax. Polignani had shrewdly kept the slip on which -Carbone wrote the prescription for the explosives, and when Carbone -asked where it was he said, “I tore it up. I didn’t want it to be -found on me. It would get me into trouble.” The anarchist praised the -detective for his forethought. The two men from the Bomb Squad never -let Abarno and Carbone out of their sight, so that for a month we had -not only the direct evidence of Polignani of what the conspirators -said and did in his presence, but evidence from the two shadows which -accounted for their time more fully, probably, than they could have -recalled themselves. And so when Polignani--who did not know he was -being observed--told me of the final plans, I passed the information on -to the two shadows, and we formulated a counter-campaign for Tuesday -morning. - -Shortly after sunrise on Tuesday, Polignani tumbled out of bed and into -his clothes. He ate a hasty and nervous breakfast at a cheap lunch-room -around the corner, and hurried to the sidewalk before 1341 Third -Avenue, arriving a few minutes after six. Abarno joined him at 6.30. - -“Where’s Carbone--isn’t he here?” he said by way of greeting. - -“No,” replied “Baldo.” - -“Well, we can’t wait for him. We can’t lose any time. I got to be at -work at 7.30. Come up and get the bombs with me. We’ll probably meet -him on the way down the street. Or maybe he’s at the shoe-shop.” - -The two men went upstairs and into the third-floor-back. “Give me the -key,” Abarno muttered. Polignani did so. Abarno opened the trunk and -took out the two bombs. “You take one and I’ll take the other,” he -whispered. “Come on. Put it under your coat.” - -When they started down Third Avenue the two shadows--who had also risen -early--disengaged themselves from the doorways where they were idling -and proceeded at an even pace down the Avenue behind the men. A few -hundred yards or so in the rear of the procession was a limousine, and -I was in the limousine. I could spot the men distinctly, and I had to -chuckle when I saw them catch sight of a uniformed officer a block or -so ahead and hastily cross the street. The same thing occurred twice -again in the course of the march. Our parade continued. No one but -ourselves paid any attention to the two laborers who were carrying -lumpy bundles under their coats. - -At Fifty-third Street my chauffeur turned west and slipped into high -speed. We were at the Cathedral in a minute more, and I jumped out and -hurried into the vestibule. No one there but three or four scrub-women, -puttering around in the half-light with their mops and pails. Several -hundred worshippers were already gathered in the front of the nave, -where Bishop Hayes was conducting early mass. As I passed into the body -of the church there was no one near except an elderly usher, with white -hair and beard. I stepped into a dark corner and waited. - -[Illustration: 1. Detective George D. Barnitz - -2. Detective Patrick Walsh - -3. Detective James Sterett - -4. Left to right: Patrick Walsh, Jerome Murphy and James Sterett] - -A matter of two or three minutes passed, though it seemed much longer. -Then I saw Abarno and Polignani enter the vestibule, cross it and enter -the church itself, taking their cigars out of their mouths as they -turned towards the north aisle. Abarno led the way. At the tenth pew -he motioned to Polignani to sit there, and Polignani obeyed, dropping -to his knees in prayer. Abarno continued to the sixth pew ahead. Two -of the scrub-women had deserted their mops, and were dusting the pews -along the north aisle near the newcomers. Abarno rested for a moment in -his pew, with his head and body bent as if in prayer, then rose and -rejoined Polignani. Again he rose, and this time moved toward the north -end of the altar, where he crouched for several seconds, placing his -bomb against a great pillar. With his other hand he flicked the ashes -from the coal of his cigar and touched the glowing end to the fuse. He -had taken perhaps three steps down the aisle again when the scrub-woman -stopped plying her dust-cloth. She fastened an iron grip on Abarno’s -arms and hustled him down the aisle so swiftly that no one remarked the -affair. The scrub-woman was Detective Walsh, disguised. The elderly -usher passed the two and hurried to the spot where Abarno had crouched -by the pillar. He saw the lighted fuse and pinched it out with his -fingers. The elderly usher, underneath his makeup, was Lieutenant -Barnitz. Polignani was promptly placed under arrest and led to the -vestibule with Abarno--for the evidence was not yet all in. - -Abarno immediately suspected Carbone of treachery. He protested -violently that the missing conspirator had instigated the whole affair, -that it was his idea, that he had made the bombs, and that he could -be found living with a Hungarian-Jewish family on the fourth floor of -a house at 216 East 67th Street. He was fluent in the accusations he -made against Carbone, and he grew more fluent as he recovered from the -fright of his arrest. So while we escorted the two bombs and the two -prisoners to headquarters, other members of the Bomb Squad visited -Carbone and placed him under arrest. - -From them at headquarters we verified the story as we already knew it. -Each man accused the other. Both men exonerated Polignani of any part -in suggesting the plot or in making the bombs for several days after -their arrest. But Polignani’s true identity could not be unknown to -them indefinitely, of course, and when they found out that they had -been confiding in a full-fledged detective--ah, then the storm broke! -Prompted, I suspect, by pseudo-legal advice, they cried “Frame-up!” -until they grew hoarse, but it was too late, for in the possession of -Assistant District Attorney Arthur Train was already a sworn statement -which fixed their guilt by their own confession. - -[Illustration: 1. The Dagger Threat to Polignani - -2. The Black Hand Threat - -3. Frank Abarno - -4. Carmine Carbone] - -The anarchists rushed to their rescue, but their efforts were chiefly -verbal. At the Brescia Circle, and at I. W. W. headquarters at 64 East -4th Street, it was common gossip that counsel for the defendants were -going to supply 45 or 50 witnesses to swear that Polignani had invited -them to make bombs. This I had enjoined him strictly not to do, -as a newcomer who talks bombs is a suspicious character in anarchist -circles. I know he obeyed. There was organized a “Carbone ed Abarno -Defence Committee” with headquarters at 2205 Third Avenue, which -solicited other neighboring Italian clubs with anarchistic tendencies -for support of the two. Polignani’s photograph appeared presently in a -New York Italian newspaper with this caption: - - “The filthy carrion who by order of the Police of New York - devised the bomb plot which led up to the arrest of Abarno and - Carbone, now before the Courts. All of us comrades will keep - this in mind.” - -He received several threatening anonymous letters, some bearing the -familiar “black hand,” others sketching on newspaper photographs of him -the point in his anatomy at which he might expect to feel the dagger of -revenge; others mere bombastic defiance. (The anonymous letter-writer -is very often a courageous soul who spells out his messages with -letters and words clipped from newspapers, so that his handwriting will -not betray him.) - -What was the reward of those five months invested in patience? The -two prisoners convicted and sentenced to terms of from six to twelve -years, was one result. But a far greater one was a sharp decrease in -bomb-throwing in New York, and perhaps the most gratifying was the -discord which grew in the Brescia Circle. The group was frightened, -and the members began to suspect each other of espionage. One former -anarchist was quoted as saying that he wouldn’t even trust himself--he -had been dreaming the night before that he was a spy. The Brescia -Circle became disorganized, and several other similar groups in the -city suffered the same fate. Their leaders drifted away--and got into -more trouble, as we shall see later. - -We never found the original of the treatise on bombs. Carbone said he -had destroyed it. But there are probably other copies from the same -press in the hands of accredited bomb-throwers. If not, they may apply -to the New York police department. - - - - -IV - -THE HINDU-BOCHE FAILURES - - -Bret Harte said that “the heathen Chinee” was peculiar. The British -have learned long since that the Hindu, being an Oriental, cannot -help being equally “peculiar,” and it is a great tribute to British -persistence that it has labored so hard and so successfully in the good -government of a people so temperamentally complex. They have studied -the Hindu, and have understood him as well as may be. Understanding him -they have watched him. When war broke out, this great Oriental empire -presented to Britain a grave problem, for as a Hindu editor in the -United States phrased it, “England is Germany’s enemy. England is our -enemy. Our enemy’s enemy is our friend.” - -It is not in my intention or power to discuss the methods which England -employed to maintain strict loyalty in the Indian peninsula, but to -outline here the part we played in uncovering a plot which threatened -seriously to complicate her efforts around on the other side of the -earth. - -Scotland Yard told us in February, 1917, that Hindus were conspiring in -bomb plots with certain Germans in the United States. If it was true, -it was against the laws of our country. They supplied us with a few -names, but tactfully suggested that inasmuch as it was our country and -our laws which the plotters were attempting to disturb, we would prefer -to develop the case ourselves. Various authorities in this country had -already had strong suspicions of the British claims, but as yet those -suspicions had not grown to proof of any specific act. So we went to -work. - -Among other names which were furnished us was that of one Chakravarty, -whose address was 364 West 120th Street, New York. For more than a -fortnight men of the Bomb Squad under Mr. (now Lieut.-Col.) Nicholas -Biddle, as special aid to the commissioner, watched that house. They -hired a room opposite, where through a slit in the window shade they -could keep the doorway under observation. At the hours when working New -York leaves its home to make money, and comes home at night having made -it, the door was rarely used, but sometimes at mid-forenoon, sometimes -in the small hours of the morning, the men on watch saw several -dark-skinned individuals pass in and out of the house. The building -itself gave no sign of suspicious activity. We were on the brink of -war, and as was the case in most of the other houses in the block, an -American flag hung draped in the front window. What went on behind the -camouflage screen we did not know. Now and then our men, hiding in the -shadow of the areaway, would go quietly up into the dark doorway and -listen, but the house never gave out a sound. There was certainly no -indication that these Hindus were conspiring with the Imperial German -Government in dynamite plots. - -We knew certain East Indians who could be depended upon, and told them -to call upon Chakravarty. This ruse failed because Chakravarty never -presented to the callers anything but a guileless reception. So far -as they could learn his occupation was that of manufacturer of pills; -he and a certain Ernest Sekunna constituted the Omin Company, which -company packed in aluminum boxes and sold to a limited clientele pills -which like most patent remedies were recommended for any ailment from -indigestion up or down--if the pill sold, then it was a success. This -news did not quiet our impatience, and we decided on a raid. - -On the night of March 7, 1917, Detectives Barnitz, Coy, Randolph, -Murphy, Jenkins, Walsh, Sterett and Fenelly called at the house, -Sterett, pretending to be a messenger, and carrying a dummy package, -presenting himself at the front door, and the rest of the party -covering other avenues of escape. The portal was opened by a little -Hindu who looked up innocently to Sterett and said that Dr. Chakravarty -was not in--he had gone to Boston. The detectives announced their -intention of searching the house. The little man protested, and was -given certain short reasons why the search was in order. Surprise, -injured innocence, and irritation crossed his olive-drab face, and -he announced that he was a patriotic American and that he had never -done anything to break the laws of the United States. If we wanted -Dr. Chakravarty, he said, we should go and get him, and not disturb a -peaceful household in this way, and he added that Chakravarty had left -for New England months before, leaving no address. In this the little -Hindu was borne out by the answers which the other occupant of the -house gave to our questions--this was Sekunna, a German of thirty-five -or so. We searched the house, and took the two prisoners and -considerable material to headquarters. - -[Illustration: A Handbill, printed in Hindu, used by the Hindu-Boche -Conspirators] - -The search disclosed a supply of literature of the Omin Company -describing the properties of its pills, a photograph of Sekunna and -Chakravarty as the turbaned benefactors of an unhealthy world, and a -number of express money-order receipts, deeds and a bank book which -showed the missing Chakravarty to be one who had acquired a good deal -of money during the past two years. The photograph on closer inspection -revealed that the little prisoner was Dr. Chakravarty himself. Sekunna -verified this, and Chakravarty, confronted by it, admitted it. - -We asked the prisoner how he had suddenly come by the $60,000 which -his books showed. He said that it was his inheritance from the estate -of his grandfather in India, and that no less a personage than -Rabindranath Tagore, the Indian poet, had paid him, in December, 1916, -$25,000 of the $45,000 due from the estate. About $35,000 had been -given him, he added, by a lawyer named Chatterji, from Pegu, Burma, in -March, 1916. - -So far as he gave us his history, it related that he had graduated from -the University of Calcutta, and had lived for a time in London, and -later in Paris, before coming to the United States. He had heard that -there was a warrant out for his arrest in India for sedition, probably -due, he suggested, to his having written several articles on the -subject of British Rule. - -“Have you been to Germany recently?” I asked. - -“Of course not,” he answered. “How could I get there, with the British -watching for me? They would arrest me if I tried to go. Why do you ask -that?” - -“Because I wanted to know,” I answered. I had good reason to believe -that he had been there because among his effects we found several -exhibits which pointed toward such a trip. A letter from a woman in -Florida dated December 13, 1915, said: - -“I would never for one moment try to deter you from the effort or -achievement of your lofty ideals and noble aims, for in this as in many -other things my spirit accords with yours. Brother dear, _do_ nothing, -_say_ nothing, _trust_ nobody, without extreme caution. God speed you. -God hasten your return to those who are interested in you, and in all -in which you are interested. Bless you, precious brother.” - -This indicated a journey, clearly. A cablegram dated Bergen, Norway, -Dec. 23, 1915, addressed to Sekunna, read, “Safe arrival here,” and -took him as far as the Continent, at least. Three postcards supplied -the rest of the information; they were addressed by Sekunna to -himself at a Berlin address, and bore the instructions, “Return to -Sender, E. A. Sekunna, Omin Company, 417 E. 142nd Street, New York -City”; postmarked Berlin in December and January, they suggested -that Chakravarty had used them as part of a pre-arranged system of -communication with America in which he did not wish his own name used. - -I found among the papers a photographic print of Chakravarty wearing -a fez, which I knew was not an orthodox head-dress for a Bengalese. -Furthermore, it struck me that the print was of the size and finish -usually used on passports for identification of the bearer. I showed it -to him, with the remark: - -“Why do you tell me you haven’t been in Berlin, when you used this -photograph so you could get a passport as a Persian?” - -He bit. “I see you got me,” he replied. “I lied to you. I want to tell -you a different story--the real one. I did go to Germany.” - -“Why?” - -“To see Wesendonck. He is a secretary for India of the German foreign -office. He wanted to make plans for propaganda for the liberation of -India from British rule.” - -Chakravarty sat there and unfolded an amazing story. He touched -gingerly upon his own part in it at first, then evidently sensed the -fact that there were others in the plot guilty of perhaps no less -reprehensible but more violent crimes, and the little doctor’s capture -and confession not only gave clues to the authorities which enabled -them to follow up the outstanding German-Hindu plots in America, but -developed prosecutions of the first magnitude and the keenest general -interest. - -[Illustration: 1. Franz Schulenberg - -2. Ram Chandra - -3. Ram Singh (on the left) - -4. Dr. Chandra Chakravarty and Dr. Ernest Sekunna - -5. Dr. Chandra Chakravarty in his Persian Dress] - -The enterprises must be recounted out of their actual sequence. -The first he claimed to have had little part in--the project of an -uprising in India which its sponsors hoped would repeat the Mutiny of -1857--but with a more successful outcome. Captain Hans Tauscher, the -New York agent of the Krupp steel and munitions works, was in Berlin -when war broke out. He reported for active duty to Captain von Papen, -in New York, as soon as he could cross the Atlantic, and one of his -earliest services was the purchase of a large quantity of rifles, field -guns, swords and cartridges, which he stored in 200 West Houston -Street, New York. On January 9, 1915, he shipped a trainload of arms -and ammunition to San Diego, California. There it was loaded into a -little vessel, the _Annie Larsen_, which had been chartered by German -interests, and the _Annie Larsen_ put to sea, ostensibly for Mexico, -where revolutionary arms were in demand. Her real destination was a -rendezvous off Socorro Island with the _Maverick_, a tank-ship which -had been bought in San Francisco with German money. The _Maverick_ -was to trans-ship the arms, flood them with oil in her cargo tanks in -case she might be searched, and proceed by way of Batavia and Bangkok -to Karachi, a seaport in India which is the gateway to the Punjab. -There she would be met by friendly fishing vessels who would land her -cargo, and if all went well, there would be a massacre of the garrison -of Karachi, and hell would break loose over India. The effect of such -an uprising upon Great Britain’s sorely tried military condition of -early 1915 would have been incalculable. The native troops in France -who were helping to stop the breach until England’s great armies could -be trained would have to be recalled, the semi-loyal tribes would have -seen their opportunity, Germany would hardly have hesitated to throw a -Turkish force at the northern passes, and altogether it would not have -been pleasant for the integrity of the British Empire. - -The _Maverick_ and the _Annie Larsen_ missed connections at Socorro. -The _Annie Larsen_ wandered about the Pacific for some weeks and -eventually put into Hoquiam, Washington, where the United States -seized the arms. The _Maverick_ blundered from Socorro to San Diego, -to Hilo, Hawaii, to Anjer, Java, by way of Johnson Island, then to -Batavia, Java, where she was received with disappointment by a German -agent and where she was finally sold. The filibuster ended in flat -and costly failure: the arms cost not less than $100,000 and probably -$150,000, the freight to the Pacific Coast some $12,000, the charter -of the _Annie Larsen_ $19,000, the purchase of the _Maverick_ involved -hundreds of thousands, not to mention the individual fees of the -numerous agents employed. - -We knew in a general way of this plot, though it remained for the -tireless efforts of United States District Attorney John W. Preston in -San Francisco to unearth the details. In a raid which had been made on -the office of Wolf von Igel, von Papen’s secretary, at 60 Wall Street, -New York, agents of the Department of Justice had found von Igel’s -memoranda of correspondence in arranging the expedition through the -San Francisco consulate. But Chakravarty said that the revolutionary -end of the project had been handled by another Hindu, Ram Chandra, and -denied that he was guilty of any part in it. Ram Chandra had negotiated -with the German consuls in Seattle and San Francisco, and through -them with Tauscher and von Papen. Chakravarty supplied the names of -Hindus who had sailed on the _Annie Larsen_, said that there had been -Filipinos and Germans aboard as well, and added that the Filipinos had -been transferred to a German ship, and had later escaped from her in a -motorboat while she was being pursued by a Japanese cruiser. But, he -said, he had nothing to do with it--it was Ram Chandra who was the real -agent. - -It was this Ram Chandra who was editor of the Hindu revolutionary -newspaper _Ghadr_ (Mutiny) published at Berkeley, California. He -succeeded to the editor’s chair in 1914 when his predecessor, Har -Dayal, out on bail after an arrest for ultra-free speech, had fled -across the continent and the Atlantic Ocean to Berlin. There Dayal -established the Hindustani Revolutionary Committee, collaborating with, -taking orders from, and financed by the German Government, under the -direction of Herr Wesendonck of the Foreign Office. Ten million marks -had been placed to their credit, and German consulates throughout the -neutral world had instructions through their parent-embassies to render -all possible assistance to the revolutionary project, and to spend -whatever money might be necessary, charging it to the account of the -Indian Nationalist Party. Three hundred thousand dollars was invested -in China and Java. Hindus were sent through Persia and Afghanistan into -India with German credit to foster unrest, and Afghanistan itself was -full of spies trying to break the Amir’s promise, given to the British -Government at the outbreak of war, that he would maintain strict -neutrality. It was this same Har Dayal who conferred with Chakravarty -when the latter made his visit to Berlin in December, 1915. The reason -for this visit to Berlin came out very soon, and that will lead us in -turn to the second of the German-Hindu plots hatched in America. - -[Illustration: The _Annie Larsen’s_ Cash Account - -Gupta’s Code Message] - -Chakravarty got bail from a surety company without much trouble. Two -or three days after his arrest he called me up on the telephone and -said that a man named Gupta had threatened him. “He says I must give -him $2,000. And there is another man named Wagel. He is a Hindu. -He wants $10,000 from me, otherwise he will do me harm. He already -has had $7,000 from the German Government in Mexico. He has demanded -$20,000,000 of Count von Bernstorff to finish up the revolution in -India.” - -“Wait a minute, now,” I suggested. The figures were going to my head. -“Where is Wagel?” - -“I do not know,” Chakravarty answered. - -“Well, where is Gupta?” - -“He is a student at Columbia,” replied the little man. - -“All right, doctor,” I said, “we’ll not let any harm come to you.” - -Detectives Coy and Walsh at once got on the trail of Gupta. They found -him in his dormitory room at 73 Livingston Hall, Columbia, and brought -him to headquarters. “I saw of Chakravarty’s arrest in the paper,” he -said, “and I thought I might be arrested if he implicated me.” Gupta -knew full well he would be arrested, for there was jealousy between the -two, and he went on to reveal why. - -Heramba Lal Gupta was then thirty-two years old. Since his boyhood -in Calcutta he had been all over the world, and had studied in the -United States. In the spring of 1915 he had several conferences with -Captain von Papen in the city in which the military attaché conceived -such confidence in the young Hindu that he gave him $15,000 for -expense money and sent him to Chicago to confer with Gustav Jacobsen, -an ex-German consul. With him went Jodh Singh, another Hindu who had -migrated from Brazil to Berlin and thence to Captain von Papen, and an -art collector named Albert H. Wehde. They were joined by George Paul -Boehm and a German named Sterneck, and two plans were arranged. Gupta, -Singh and Wehde were to proceed to Japan to establish connections and -obtain assistance for fomenting Indian revolt. Boehm and Sterneck -were to go to the Philippines, pick up a third plotter, Chakravarty’s -lawyer-friend Chatterji, proceed thence to Java to meet two escaped -officers of the destroyed German cruiser _Emden_, and thence to the -Himalayan hills north of India, where Dr. Frederick A. Cook, the Arctic -romancer, was on an expedition. There they were to overpower the Cook -party, Boehm was to assume the explorer’s identity and travel about the -hills spreading sedition among the native tribes. This wild plan failed -completely, as the Germans never kept their appointment in Java. (Gupta -believed in preparedness to the extent of taking Boehm to several -shooting galleries in Chicago and practising pistol firing with him.) - -Gupta, Singh and Wehde set sail from San Francisco in the _Mongolia_ -and landed in Yokohama, September 16, 1915. Gupta immediately got -in touch with various prominent Hindus. Although their conferences -were enthusiastic and the prospect of obtaining Japanese arms for the -revolution was good, his work was hampered by the discovery on the part -of British agents that Gupta was in Japan. He was notified within a -week of his arrival that he must leave by the next steamer: the next -steamer was bound for Shanghai, a British port; the order was equal to -delivery into the hands of the British, and death. A Japanese friend -came to his rescue. He took him to his house, followed by the police. -By a subterfuge the police were distracted long enough to allow the -Hindu to slip out the back door, jump into an automobile, and flee -to the interior of the country. There he was hidden for six months, -between the flimsy walls of his friend’s house. It was May of 1916 -before he could escape, smuggled out in an eastbound vessel, and it was -June before he returned to New York. There he found that the following -order had been issued from Berlin: - - “Berlin, February 4, 1916. To the German Embassy, Washington. - - “In future all Indian affairs are to be exclusively handled by - the committee to be formed by Dr. Chakravarty. Dhirendra Sarkar - and Herambra Lal Gupta, the latter of whom has meanwhile been - expelled from Japan, thus cease to be representatives of the - Indian Independence Committee existing here. - - “(Signed) ZIMMERMANN.” - -Gupta, in short, found himself displaced. His expedition had been a -failure. Chakravarty had had his job for nearly six months. He tried -to negotiate with Chakravarty for a restoration of some of his lost -prestige, but the little man would not have much to do with him. In -January, 1917, the French secret service intercepted at the Swiss -border a letter postmarked New York, November 16, 1916, and addressed -as follows: - - “Mr. Albourge - “Hotel Des Alpas - “Territel - “Montreau, Switzerland.” - -The letter was in cipher, and was seized and returned to French -agents in the United States, and by them turned over to the American -authorities for investigation, at about the time when diplomatic -relations were broken off with Germany. Search here disclosed little. -The letter was typewritten, and the only clue to its message was a hint -suggested by a sub-address on the back of the envelope: - - “Mr. Chatterjee” - -who was apparently a Hindu. (This, by the way, was the same Chatterji -who persists in cropping up in the wings of this story from time to -time). Now there is no “Hotel Des Alpas” in Montreux; the name of the -inn referred to is the “Hotel des Alpes.” Again, the name “Territel” -was apparently a misspelling of “Territet,” and “Montreau” probably -meant “Montreux.” When we captured Gupta we found in a memorandum book -not only the address cited above, but the _same misspellings_--pretty -conclusive proof that he was the author of the letter. This address was -later found with the same misspellings, in the mailing list of _Ghadr_, -the revolutionary paper published in California. Thus little errors -combined to forge important links. - -The code of the Gupta letter was a popular and scholarly volume by an -American author: Price Collier’s “Germany and the Germans,” published -in New York in 1913. The letter was so written that the words which -contained the meat of each sentence were carefully enciphered. The -letter said, for example: - - “... I do - not believe there - are very many men - including - 98-5-2 - 98-1-1 - 98-1-9 - 98-4-1 - 98-5-8 - 98-3-3 - ------ - ”Who can show much - better results a- - long the line of - 97-1-3 - 97-1-11 - 97-6-5 - 97-8-4 - -------- - 132-1-1 - -------- - “Undertook” - -Turning to page 98 of “Germany and the Germans,” we see that the second -letter of the fifth line is _b_; the first letter of the first line is -_h_; the ninth letter of the first line is _u_; the first letter of -the fourth line is _p_; the eighth in the fifth line is _e_; and the -third in the third line _n_. Sum total: B-h-u-p-e-n--a Hindu name. On -page 97, the first few lines read: - - “am willing to concede that perhaps even an emperor - has been baptized with the blood of the martyrs, - and feels himself to be in all sincerity the instrument - of God; if we are to understand this one, we must - admit so much. - - “In certain ...” etc. - -Thus 97-1-3 is _w_, 97-1-11 is _o_, 97-6-5 is _r_, 97-8-4 is _K_; total -w-o-r-k. 132-1-1 is _I_. Our translation reads therefore: - - “_I do not believe that there are very many men including - Bhupen, who can show much better results along the line of work - I undertook._” - -Four columns to the typewritten page it ran on over seven sheets of -foolscap, and wound up with a plea in plain English which showed that -Gupta was angry: - - “Seems no action taken yet. If want work, change methods - completely. I insist the man in charge is not only useless but - spoiling the work; important workers wasting time for want of - coöperation and funds while that man is squandering money. Do - not care what you decide, I inform you as it is my duty but you - don’t seem to pay any attention. This is my last warning for - the cause. Again I appeal to you to think more seriously and - not spoil the work by leaving it in the hands of irresponsible - and insane person. I again tell you that no one is willing to - work with him because he does not understand anything, secondly - he spends money in a ridiculous way, thirdly he does not do any - work. Think seriously and reply.” - -In order to show why Gupta was upset and also in passing to show how -innocently he had coded his letter, we shall quote it in full, with -those words in italics which had to be decoded months later: - - “Dear _Chatto_: Am back from _Japan_. Had lots _trouble_. - _Thakur_, real _name Rash Behari Ghose_, splendid worker in - _India_ still in _Japan_. Sent report twice, besides messages - through _German_ sources. Went to _Japan_ as planned. Am - surprised to hear from _Tarak_ you said I had no _right_ to go - to Japan. See my reports submitted to the committee. Before - leaving _Berlin Shanghai_ authorities also wanted me for - important work. This I was told at _German Embassy_ so cannot - understand why you failed to know anything about me. Have sent - two reports since my return. Hope you got them. _Tarak_ said - you were not satisfied with _my work_ and _Bhupen Dutt_ said - that such incapable men as _I_ should not have been sent to - America. _Bhupen_ before leaving _America_ said to _Chakravarty - ‘Gupta_ nothing but _adventurer_; should not have been sent,’ - and as usual everybody knew and it naturally prejudiced men - _I_ had to work with. What right had _Bhupen_ to make such - remarks? I don’t claim to be a very capable man. You remember - I did not want to _come here_. But how _Bhupen_ measured my - abilities? If no report was received how could anybody pass an - opinion on unknown things? You may _criticize my_ reticence. - I do not believe there are very many men including _Bhupen_ - who can show much better results along the line of _work I_ - undertook. Results of such work cannot be shown in _black and - white_ but I challenge anybody who dares ignore the _solid - work_ done through _our agencies_. Time alone can prove it. - You cannot compare the _work_ lately undertaken with the - _program_ we started with. If we _failed to start a revolution - in Bengal_ as asked by you it has been for the best. If we - _failed land arms_ it was due more to _Germans_ than anybody - else. Our _men worked, suffered_. Still _suffering_. The whole - plan under the direct supervision of _Germans_ of more capable - _brains failed_ too. We have succeeded in laying foundation - for _future work_. Our _work_ in _Japan_ has been unique. Even - _Lajpat Rai_ who slights our _work_, quite often admits in - three months more _solid work_ done there than any other part - of the world outside _India_ in number of years. I understand - _Chakravarty_ has charge of affairs. Met him. _Tarak Harish_ - says he was given instruction to form a _committee_ of five - including _myself_. He did not agree. Said all depended on his - discretion. Fact is he has grudge against me and the fault lies - with _you_. Report went to _Berlin_ concerning his _relations_ - with _Mrs. Warren_. You told him I did it. I did not. Even if - I did you had no business to mention my name. I like also to - know how did the _committee_ satisfy itself as to the charge - being false. From _Chakravarty’s letters_ only? He wanted me - to _apologize_. I did not: will not. First I did not _report_; - secondly suppose I did, in the interest of the _cause_. I was - of opinion he had _connection with Mrs. Warren_. She came to - know many things about _work_ through _him_. Am still of same - opinion. I do not care how many _women man enjoys_ but he has - no right to talk about serious _work to women_. I do not know - what _work he_ doing. Does not give me any information. The - _house_ he took with _princely furniture_ shows at once _German - connection_. Some of his _pamphlets_ nothing but _German - propaganda_. It may be your _policy_. We have _centres in - Japan, Burmah, Manila_; regular _communication_ with _India_ - through _Japanese_ sources. _Working_ but badly _in need of - funds_. Started _work_ with impression _balance of funds - credited_ to my _account_ would be forthcoming but no sign of - it. For better _work_ need send at least one more _man_ to - _Japan_. _Tarak_ going _China, Chakravarty_ told him his - men would _watch Tarak_ for a month. If behaves well will be - helped, given facilities. What _grand diplomacy! Chakravarty_ - told me _committee_ not sure of _Tarak_ so sent him away. - _Tarak_ said large _funds_ have been sanctioned. He can draw - without receipt. Will you blame me (if this be true) if I fail - to understand the policy? _Ram Chandra working_ in his own - way. I did not interfere for _fear_ of creating divisions. - Only helped getting _funds_. Have now influence over him but - as _Chakravarty gone San Francisco_ I consider my duty keep - quiet until hear from you. Have _worked_ to best abilities and - shall work but cannot do so at the instance of people who I am - sure do not know the exact nature of work _done last year_ and - _half_. Am surprised at _mean jealousies_, even sacrificing - _work_. Am shocked at your _faith shaken in me_ and _my work_. - Hope to hear soon all regarding _work_. Remember me to all. - Did not mail the first letter as waiting for information from - _Berlin_.” - -[Illustration: How the Hindus used Price Collier’s “Germany and the -Germans” as a cryptogram] - -Followed the postscript in English already cited. - -The reader will probably be interested, even at the cost of -interrupting the narrative, in the way in which this cipher code was -discovered and the letter translated. By a partial decipherment by -common methods of deduction, it was found to be almost sure that on a -certain page of the code book--the name of which was of course not -then known--the phrase “foreign legation” would appear. The cipher -experts deduced, too, that the phrase “rush to a newspaper” must appear -in a certain line of another page of the volume, and working further -they assembled some twenty-five fragmentary words and phrases of whose -position in the missing volume they were certain. The problem was to -find the volume. The nature of the words and phrases suggested that -the work was a recent one, probably dealing with history--and perhaps -with the nature of a people. These limitations reduced the field of -possibility to a minimum of 100,000 volumes, and the cipher experts set -agents at work searching for such books. The caption of the letter, -“Hossain’s Code,” threw them off the scent and they spent some time in -scouring Allied Europe and America for such a code. There was none, -for “Houssain” was merely a Hindu agent in Trinidad. Then, one of the -agents hunting for the needle in the haystack found it--Mr. Collier’s -book. - -Gupta, it is evident, was a prejudiced judge of Chakravarty’s ability. -Even when Gupta was arrested Chakravarty wiped out past scores, and -went bail for the man who had blackmailed and traduced him. But Gupta -was definitely in trouble this time. The evidence supplied of his trip -to Japan, its purpose, and his collusion with Germans brought him to -trial in Chicago with Jacobsen, Wehde, and Boehm. (Mr. Chatterji was a -witness for the prosecution.) The three Germans, after a trial in which -the State’s case had been admirably handled by U. S. District Attorney -Clyne, were convicted and sentenced to serve five years in prison and -pay fines of $13,000. Gupta was sentenced to two years, fined $200, and -released on bail, pending an appeal. He jumped his bail and escaped to -Mexico in May, 1918, while a number of his countrymen were being tried -in San Francisco. - -His escape was probably due to fear. The Hindus are a vengeful lot, and -it is no more than possible that the “grapevine cable” had informed him -that friends of the men on trial in San Francisco were planning to get -even with him for having supplied part of the evidence used against -them. Some of that evidence we found in his room at Columbia, and more -in his safety deposit box in a Columbus Avenue bank. Among other items -was the list of addresses in Switzerland already mentioned, and this -was amplified by a letter which we found in Chakravarty’s house, from -Sekunna to the little doctor, which read: - - “My dear boy, - - “Enclosed please find addresses from Wesendonck. Send your - reports to: Mr. Director Karl Hirsch, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland.” - -Chakravarty, in turn, furnished us with two more codes which were used -in writing to these addresses: One which cited pages and word-numbers -in a certain German-English dictionary, and a second, based on an -entirely different principle. The second and third were often used in -the same letter, as this fragment from one of Chakravarty’s reports -will show. The letter reads, in part: - - “50337069403847695228, 265-3, 331-6, 497-2, 337-10-3, 335-14, - 77-11.” - -The first series of figures is written in the third code mentioned, and -must be deciphered by using the following square: - - _1 2 3 4 5 6 7_ - _1_ A B C D E F G - _2_ H I J K L M N - _3_ O P Q R S T U - _4_ V W X Y Z - -Each letter is indicated first by the digit marking the horizontal -row in which the letter falls, second by the number of the vertical -column. Thus “A” is 1-1, or 11: “K” 2-4, or 24, and so on. But if the -Hindu wished to transfer a message in cipher, he would not stop with -this simple designation of the letters, for they would recur too often -and fall too readily under the “laws of repetition” by which most -ciphers can be untangled. So after he had his word translated by this -square chart, he added four key numbers to it, those key numbers being -fixed and permanent, and being added in rotation. In order that we may -find out what this word is, we must therefore subtract the key number -thus: - - _Message_ 50337069403847695228 (or divided into letters) - - 50 33 70 69 40 38 47 69 52 28 - _Key numbers_ 25 11 26 32 25 11 26 32 25 11 - - _Result_ 25 22 44 37 15 27 21 37 26 17 - -Consulting our chart again, we see that 25 is “L,” 22 is “I” 44 is “Y,” -and that the message deciphers thus: - - _L I Y U E N H U N G_ - -The line we quoted above read: - -“_Li Yuen Hung is now the president of China_” After transmitting the -proper-name in the second cipher (as the name of course would not have -appeared in the dictionary code), Chakravarty had lapsed back into the -first code, as being swifter. - -Gupta, we observed, was harshly critical of Chakravarty. Let us see -whether he was justified. Chakravarty said he had been commissioned to -deal only with the broader propaganda. From captured reports which he -transmitted through the German embassy as well as through the mails -to Switzerland, he had been delegated to form a committee of five, -with Ram Chandra as one of the other members, to handle Indian affairs -here. They were to send an agent to the West Indies to stir up the -Hindu coolies there, of whom there were estimated to be 100,000, and -to send back to India all who would volunteer for revolution. The same -policy was to be followed in British Guiana, Java, and Sumatra. From -Ram Chandra’s _Ghadr_ press were to be issued reams of propaganda in -the various Indian dialects for circulation throughout the East and -West Indies, in Hindustan itself, and even for German aviators to drop -upon Hindu troops in France. Chakravarty was to procure letters of -introduction to parties in Japan which would assure a safe welcome to -an emissary to be sent there to carry out what Gupta had failed to do, -and an envoy was to be sent to China for a similar purpose. It was a -broad program, and the doctor set to work immediately upon his return -to organize his staff. - -In all his work he had the coöperation of von Bernstorff and the -embassy at Washington. Chakravarty organized a Pan-Asiatic League as -a blind, so that Hindus posing as its members could travel without -exciting suspicion. His work was somewhat handicapped in the early -spring by an automobile accident which took him to the hospital, and by -the seizure of the military attaché’s papers in von Igel’s office. He -hired a Chinaman named Chin as the delegate to China, and shipped him -off on a Greek vessel from New York. Referred by Berlin to Houssain, -the spy in Trinidad, Chakravarty established contact with him, and -supervised the formation of an organization there. In July Chakravarty -started for a tour of the West, in the course of which he visited two -disloyal Hindus in Vancouver and determined upon a plan of action for -that section. Then he swung down to San Francisco, where he called -upon Ram Chandra, the western head of the committee. He conferred with -friendly agents of Japanese newspapers who proposed to attack the -Anglo-Japanese treaty. He conferred with W. T. Wang, private secretary -to the new president of China, as the secretary was leaving for Peking, -and learned that “some of the prominent people are quite willing to -help India directly and Germany indirectly--on three conditions, those -conditions being a secret treaty with Germany for military protection, -to last five years after peace had been declared, and to be secured by -giving China one-tenth of all the arms and ammunition which she would -undertake to smuggle across the Indian frontier.” By the late autumn of -1916 Chakravarty was acting as the master-wheel in a most elaborate and -complicated machine for disturbing British rule in almost all of her -colonial holdings, and it is safe to say that if the _Maverick_ affair -had not roused shipping inspectors to unusual vigilance to prevent -filibustering, the United States might have seen the bloody result of -his work by March of 1917, when we arrested him. Even as it was, he was -the general manager of a going concern. - -It may be wondered how he was able to perfect an organization. The -answer to that we found in Gupta’s safety deposit box--a list of two -hundred or more members of an Indian society in the United States, a -large proportion of whom were students in American colleges, sent -here for education on scholarships, in the hope that they would return -to their native country and uplift it. Some of them were influential -agents, and they were scattered conveniently about the country. Add to -this force the coöperation of almost innumerable German agents and pay -it with a share of the $32,000,000 which Chakravarty said had been set -aside in Berlin for anarchistic, race-riot and Hindu propaganda in the -western world, and you have a real factor for trouble. It is perhaps -surprising that the organization worked undiscovered as long as it -did, but it is more surprising that having worked under cover for more -than fourteen months it did not break out into a grave demonstration. -Chakravarty’s arrest, however, came in time, and the authorities were -on the whole satisfied that so much time had elapsed because it gave -them more clues to work on and a larger group to round up. - -And Chakravarty himself was pleased, I think. When he confessed his -trip to Berlin, he was on the horns of a dilemma, for he feared the -British would revenge themselves on him. I assured him that he would be -protected as an American prisoner. He said, “Well, if I tell you about -what I have done for the Germans, and they hear about it, they will -kill me. And in any case my own people will kill me. You don’t know -them!” I again quieted him and suggested that he tell me now where he -got the money which he said had come to him from his estate in India. - -“Von Igel gave it to me,” he answered. “I could not go to his office -downtown, so I sent Sekunna. In all I got $60,000. I spoke of the -poet, Tagore, because he won the Nobel prize, and I thought he would -be above suspicion.” He had bought the house at 364 West 120th Street -and equipped it comfortably as a residence. He bought a house in -77th Street to open a Hindu restaurant. He bought a farm at Hopewell -Junction to use as a rendezvous for the plotters. And when he had given -us valuable information, and had appeared at the trial, and had been -himself convicted and had served his sentence (a short term) in jail, -and the smoke had cleared away, he was the owner of three nice parcels -of real estate and a comfortable income. Dr. Chakravarty, although -a failure as a Prussian agent, fared pretty well as an investor of -Prussian funds. - -After a series of digressions which I hope have not led us too far -from the path, we may return to the third of the Hindu-German projects -in which we of the Bomb Squad were especially interested. Ever since -Captain von Papen’s check-book had been captured by the British at -Falmouth in January, 1916, students of the German plots in the United -States had wondered why two of the stubs bore the entries: - - “Feb. 2, 1915, German Consulate, Seattle - (Angelegenheit) $1,300. - - “May 11, 1915, German Consulate, - Seattle - (for Schulenberg) 500.” - -In December, 1917, Barnitz, Randolph and I had gone to San Francisco -to testify in the _Annie Larsen-Maverick_ case. It so happened that a -German who was unable to give a satisfactory account of himself had -just been picked up at San Jose. His name was Franz Schulenberg, and -at the invitation of the San Francisco authorities we assisted in the -examination of the prisoner. He testified that in the early months -of 1915 he had met Lieutenant von Brincken, of the San Francisco -Consulate, who had sent him to the consul at Seattle. There von Papen -in person paid him $4,000 to buy fifty guns, fifty Maxim silencers, a -ton of dynamite, and deliver it to one Singh, at the border between -Sumas, Washington, and Canada. There Singh was to deliver it to a -small army of coolies, who would start a reign of terror in the -Canadian northwest, dynamiting bridges, railways and shipping, and -shooting guards. Schulenberg had actually bought some of the munitions -when he received a letter from von Brincken telling him to break off -relations with the Hindus. After some time he tried to get more money -from von Brincken, but Franz Bopp, the consul, spurned him, and von -Brincken sent him to New York, to get it from von Papen. Von Papen -refused to pay him further. While Schulenberg was in Hoboken, three men -from Paul Koenig’s staff approached him and posing as United States -agents offered him $5,000 for any information which would incriminate -Count von Bernstorff. Von Papen had had Koenig send them--although -Schulenberg did not know this--to test him. One of the three was George -Fuchs. The air was getting thick around von Papen’s head at the moment, -and he could not afford to have a disgruntled and unpaid henchman -gabbling about the saloons in Hoboken. But Schulenberg believed that -the three were really American secret service men, and refused to -divulge what he knew. The next morning a German whom he had not seen -before appeared at his lodging house and gave him a railroad ticket -to Mexico. “They’re after you--the secret service,” he said. “Here’s -a ticket. Use it.” Schulenberg was half sick anyway, and evidently it -did not enter his mind to squeal. He fled to Mexico, and von Papen thus -disposed of a troublesome source of information. When we talked to -Schulenberg, two years later, he was a sorry reminder of another German -failure. - -Although we three members of the Bomb Squad had made the trip to San -Francisco to testify to the circumstances of Chakravarty’s arrest, and -to the statements which he and Gupta had made, we were not in at the -death of the Hindu hunt. The trial was a long affair, with more than a -hundred defendants. Aided by the revelations of the little doctor, the -Government had presented to the Grand Jury a picture of violation of -Section 13 of the Federal Code which caused indictments to be returned -against the entire German consulate of San Francisco, its accomplices -among the shipping men who chartered the _Annie Larsen_ and bought -the _Maverick_, its Hindu agents from the nucleus of Berkeley and Ram -Chandra’s editorial rooms, and a list of other notorious characters -which included von Papen and von Igel, both of whom were by this time -safe in Germany. We did, however, have opportunity to observe the -Indian prisoners, and we noticed that they did not seem altogether -fond of each other. They were forever whispering, wagging their heads, -stuffing notes down each other’s necks and when the testimony of one of -their number grew too truthful they squirmed and scowled. Chakravarty’s -life was threatened during the trial. The officials in charge of the -case all had more than their usual share of responsibility to maintain -order. The trial lasted more than six months. The Germans upbraided -each other in the court room: von Brincken, who had been jealous -of Bopp, and had accused him of indifference to his duties, openly -showed his independence of his chief, and ill feeling spread among -the defendants. Its climax came on April 24, 1918, the day when, with -the testimony all in, Judge Van Fleet ordered a recess preparatory to -delivering his charge to the jury. Ram Singh, one of the defendants, -suddenly rose in the court room and fired two shots at Ram Chandra from -a revolver. Ram Chandra fell dead, and as he did so, a bullet from the -revolver of United States Marshal Holohan broke Ram Singh’s neck. The -jury then received its charge, retired, and returned convictions of the -great majority of the conspirators. - -So, just as Holohan’s bullet broke Ram Singh’s neck, Chakravarty’s -statements had broken the neck of the Hindu plot. But there was one -more incident related to it in store for us; it will conclude our -story. The men in charge of the _Annie Larsen_ were a spy named -Alexander V. Kircheisen and a Captain Othmer. Kircheisen’s name had -appeared in several German secret service reports as “K-17.” As late -as 1917 he was arrested in Copenhagen, Denmark, and on his person -was found a letter addressed to another agent, La Nine by name. The -letter advised La Nine that if he arrived in the United States before -Kircheisen, he was to call for the former’s mail at “Kotzenberg’s, 1319 -Teller Avenue, in the Bronx.” - -When this information reached us, Detectives Randolph and Senff called -at Mr. Kotzenberg’s house. He knew nothing of Kircheisen, he said, -except that he was a friend of his cousin’s. - -“Who is your cousin?” asked Randolph, in German. - -“His name is Othmer,” Kotzenberg replied. “He escaped from San -Francisco, and he came back across the whole country, half by train and -half in automobile. He stayed here for a while. One morning he put on -some overalls and he left and he went away on a Norwegian boat, and I -guess now he is back into Germany.” - -Randolph and Senff searched the house. They found among other papers, -an application which Kircheisen had filled out in New York on January -9, 1917, for a certificate of service as an able seaman. In order to be -granted such a certificate he had to swear that he was a naturalized -citizen of the United States, and that he would “support and defend -the Constitution of the United States against all enemies ... and ... -bear true faith and allegiance to the same,” which he swore without any -qualms of conscience. Furthermore, his character was attested to by one -Charles A. Martin, who also wanted a seaman’s certificate. The records -of the office show that Kircheisen obligingly turned about and swore -to Martin’s good character. I have often wondered who Martin was.... -We found in Kotzenberg’s house an expense account which the fugitive -Othmer had submitted to von Papen after he had left the unfortunate -_Annie_ at Hoquiam. And finally, we found two scraps of a memorandum -book, which constituted the log of _Annie_ herself. It reads: - - “Mar. 8. left S.D. - Mar. 18. arr Soc. - Apr. 5. Start Digg. wells. - Apr. 9 boat _Emma_ arrived. - 2 sailors. - Apr. 10. _Emma_ arrived. - two crews working on well - April 16. Well 22 feet struck hard rock bottom no water gave up - Apr.17. left for Mex. coast - ” 22 went ashore in boat look for water - Apr.24th. arr at Acapulco - U. S. S. _Yorktown_ _Nansham_(?) - _N. Orleans_ _Annapolis_ - April 27 left Acapulco - May 19 gave up Socorro - made for coast - June 7 (_two illegible words_) - got provisions - June 29 arr. Hoquiam - July 1 arr. W. - 1 arr. Investigator - Jul. 4 _aus_” - -So, in a word, Othmer summed up all the efforts of the Hindus and the -Germans to hatch revolution in America. All, all “_aus_”! - -[Illustration: Alexander V. Kircheisen and his application for a -certificate as able seaman] - - - - -V - -A TRUE PIRATE TALE - - -Of all the stories of the sea to which the war has given rise, here is -one that is certainly not the least entertaining. It is not a story of -hunting a criminal. The only part which the Bomb Squad played in it -was bringing the prisoner back to justice. It called for no service on -our part save that of examining the prisoner, and returning him, with -his statements and the statements of others who had dealings with him, -to New York. And I think those statements themselves had best tell the -story. - - -(_From Detective Corell to the Commanding Officer of the Bomb Squad, -April 1, 1916_) - - Sir: In compliance with orders received I went to Lewes, - Delaware, to investigate and if possible bring back one Ernest - Schiller, an alleged German spy.... - - -(_From, a statement taken by Corell at Lewes, Del., March 31, 1916_) - - My name is Ernest Schiller. I am a native of Russia, 23 years - of age.... My occupation is that of textile engineer. I arrived - in New York in April, 1915, in the steamship _Colorado_ from - Hull, England, as a member of the crew, my assignment on the - ship being greaser. My name on the ship was Frank Robertson. - When I arrived at New York the captain gave me some of my money - and I left the ship. I worked all told about eight or nine - months, in Pawtucket, R. I., Lawrence, Mass., Whitinsville, - Mass., Newton Upper Falls, Mass., and finished erecting a - factory in Salem, Mass.... - - -(_From the examination of Clarence Reginald Hodson, alias Ernest -Schiller, Robinson, Robertson, A. Henry, New York, April 1, 1916_) - - _Question._ What is your full name? - - _Answer._ Clarence Reginald Hodson. - - _Q._ What other names are you known by? - - _A._ Robinson, Robertson, A. Henry, and Ernest Schiller. - - _Q._ Where were you born? - - _A._ Petrograd, Russia. - - _Q._ Where were your father and mother born? - - _A._ My father in Russia, my mother in Germany. We lived in - Petrograd until I was about 10 or 11. Then we went to England. - My father and mother left me in Chatham House College, in - Ramsgate. I stayed there three years.... - - _Q._ What is the name of the head of that college? - - _A._ A. Henry. - - _Q._ Did you graduate? - - _A._ No. I was put on a Cadet--a Marine ship--named _Conway_, - to train as a marine officer. I was on that ship two years. - I left when I was 17 and went to work in a machine shop in - Oldham, outside Manchester, and learned the trade of machinist - there. I left there in August, 1914, and I joined the English - Army.... I was asked to leave the job--was told that they would - not have any young fellows on the job.... My boss said that - sooner or later I should have to leave and that it would be - better to go now, and that there would be a better opportunity. - - _Q._ At that time were your sympathies with the English? - - _A._ They were never with England. I just wanted to see what - it was like to be a soldier. I didn’t intend to fight against - Germany. I did not think the war would last long--only a few - months--and I knew all the time I could run away if I wanted - to. So in December I left. - - _Q._ What was the occasion of your leaving? - - _A._ I commenced to discriminate the soldiers and make them - out as to what they really were, and I found them a lot of - rats. I saw that I was not a Britisher in my ideas, and that - I favored the cause of Germany. I used to stay away from the - other soldiers all I could, and go out with a newspaper and - read in the fields. They were always bullyragging me, and one - time I almost killed two soldiers for it. They chastised me for - a German spy. I got away, and worked in Bath for a week, and - then the police caught me and brought me back, and I was later - discharged by my colonel when I explained that I could not - agree with their theory of the war.... - - -(_From the statement of “Schiller” to Corell_) - - A few months ago I received a letter from my mother and she - wanted me to go back to Russia. I came down to New York to get - my passport, but it did not arrive, so I waited a month. My - money was gradually going down, so I borrowed some money, I - won’t say from whom....” - - -(_From the examination of Hodson_) - - _Q._ While in Lawrence, Mass., where did you stop? - - _A._ At the Saxsonia House, with Germans.... - - _Q._ What are the names of any other people that you met at the - Saxsonia House? - - _A._ Met a gentleman named Gruenwald at a German party. He - invited me to come to his saloon in Lawrence.... - - _Q._ While up in his saloon was there anybody else you were - acquainted with there? - - _A._ Nobody, but I knew a young lady who stopped at the same - house.... - - _Q._ You were quite friendly with her? - - _A._ Yes, platonic friendship. - - _Q._ Did she loan you any money? - - _A._ She loaned me money from her own will. Two hundred - dollars.... I only asked for $30, but she brought $200 in gold, - all in gold.... - - _Q._ How long after that before she loaned you any more? - - _A._ About a month later.... Telegraphed to her “Want money - immediately.” I received by 12 o’clock $40. She said some more - money coming tonight. Next morning I went to the address in - Hoboken and there was a letter and there was another $40 in - the letter. Then I received $10 another time from her. - - _Q._ That’s $290. - - _A._ Yes, all I can think of. - - -(_From the “Schiller” statement_) - - ... so I borrowed some money, I won’t say from whom. I went - to Boston again and was looking for work. I could not get the - work I wanted, so I returned to New York, and in Hoboken I ran - across a few fellows, I do not know their names, and we made a - plan to get some money.... - - -(_From the Hodson examination_) - - _Q._ Now where did you meet the Germans? - - _A._ When I arrived in New York, in a saloon near the Cunard - Steamship Company in West Street about 12th, I met a man who - I thought was a German, and I talked to him about blowing up - ships, and we then went to Hoboken where I met the man Haller - in a saloon.... Then we proposed which ship to blow up. That - was the Cunard liner _Pannonia_.... - - _Q._ And how did you come to decide upon that boat? - - _A._ Because I knew perfectly well that all were carrying - plenty of ammunition.... I went down to the piers, and I saw - this boat, and I thought that would be the right kind of a - boat.... I met the three men in the vicinity of Pier 54. I - bought them their suppers.... I then told the unknown man to - get some dynamite ... and I gave him $6. Becker said that he - had a boat, and I gave Becker $8 to buy gasolene, then to buy - two revolvers out of a pawnshop.... I bought Haller a revolver - and 100 cartridges.... - - _Q._ Did you see them after that? - - _A._ Yes, I saw them Saturday morning and asked Becker about - his motorboat and he said that he did not expect it would be - frozen up, and acted as if he would have been willing to go - into the plot only that the boat was frozen up. Becker said - that the boat could be launched in two hours, and although I - do not know anything about running a motorboat it is my belief - that it would have taken six hours to launch this boat---the - boat we were supposed to use to go over in to blow up the - _Pannonia_--and this would be too late to get to the ship - before she sailed.... Since that time I have not seen any of - these men.... - - -(_From the “Schiller” statement_) - - ... but the other fellows left me, so I went on my own accord. - I saw the steamship _Mattoppo_ was going to leave, so I stowed - away on her, in a life boat, where I remained for five days. - The sixth day we left.... - - -(_From the statement of Captain R. Bergner, of the British S. S. -“Mattoppo”_) - - At 3:30 P. M. on the 29th March, the British S. S. _Mattoppo_ - sailed from 12th Street pier, Hoboken, destined to - Vladivostock, Russia. - - -(_From the “Schiller” statement_) - - That night ... I came out from my hiding place and walked - towards the captain’s cabin.... - - -(_From Captain Bergner’s statement_) - - At about 7:45 P. M. ... when at a point about twenty miles from - Sandy Hook Lightship, I was talking to the Chief Engineer in - his room, and at 8:05 P. M. left and went to my own cabin, and - as I entered my bedroom, which was adjoining, I was held up at - the point of two revolvers by one Ernest Schiller, who said to - me: “Hands up! I am a German. I am going to sink your ship.” He - then made me turn round and gave me a frisk. He found nothing - on me. He ordered me to shut my cabin door; then stood me in - a corner and kept me covered with the two revolvers. Then he - said: “Where is the safe? You have two thousand pounds aboard, - and I want the money!” He told me he had placed bombs aboard - the ship and was going to blow her up. - - At 8:20 P. M. the Second Engineer knocked at my door, and - receiving no reply opened it. Schiller instantly covered him - with one of the revolvers and ordered him to come into the - room, which he did. He then locked and bolted the doors on the - inside and asked me for my keys.... He got them and proceeded - to go through all the ship’s papers and my private effects. He - opened my cash box and took four pounds in gold and five pounds - in silver and said it was the first time he had ever robbed - anyone but he needed the money. On seeing from the ship’s - papers that she had barbed wire in her, he said: “That is - contraband, and I am going to sink her.” He then inquired where - I was bound for, and on my telling him she was going to Russia - he seemed to hesitate about sinking her as he said he loved - Russia. The conversation continued until about midnight.... - - -(_From the “Schiller” statement_) - - While I was in the Captain’s room the Second Engineer came up, - and after searching him to see if he had any revolvers on him, - I told him to sit down and make himself comfortable. I asked - the Captain if he had any whiskey, as I was cold and had not - had much to eat for five days, so the Captain gave me a bottle - of whiskey and biscuits. After wishing one another good health - we sat there for a couple of hours.... - - -(_From Captain Bergner’s statement_) - - At midnight he said that he was going to disable the wireless, - and on hearing someone in the chart room he bound me on my - honor not to leave the cabin saying that if I did he would - shoot me on sight.... - - -(_From the statement of the Second Officer Allen Maclurcom_) - - When I came on watch at midnight I passed someone outside the - chart room, but it being dark, and thinking it was the Captain, - I walked on into the chart room, where this party followed - me, and told me to throw my hands up. He told me the ship was - under German command, and not attempt to make any resistance - as it would mean the sacrifice of the Captain’s and Second - Engineer’s lives. He said if the ship had been going to England - he would have destroyed her immediately, but as she was bound - for Russia he would probably spare her. Then he told me to - walk ahead of him to the port-after-lifeboat, and get the axe, - which was in the forward end of it. He then took me back to the - Marconi room.... - - -(_From the statement of the wireless operator, Alexander Dunnett_) - - I was on watch in the wireless room when this man came along - with the Second Officer. He held me up with two revolvers, and - brought me along to the apprentice’s room, together with the - Second Officer. The latter told the apprentice, who acts as - second operator, to come out. Schiller held him up, and told us - both to go up to the chart room.... - - -(_From the Second Officer’s statement_) - - He then took me back to the Marconi room, and proceeded to - demolish the installation, holding the revolver against my - ribs. From there he went to the Chief Engineer’s cabin and - demanded his rifle, I accompanying him, and after obtaining it, - threw it overboard. From there he made me walk ahead of him - to the Chief Officer’s cabin, who he disarmed whilst he was - asleep. He then ordered me to the bridge to steer south-west by - compass, and as I was going on the bridge the Third Officer - came down and he held him up, I going on the bridge in the - meanwhile. - -[Illustration: Lieutenant George D. Barnitz, U. S. N.] - - -(_From the Wireless Operator’s statement_) - - Schiller came back again, and took us into the Captain’s - room. Some time later he came back again and brought me down - to the wireless room to see if I could repair the wireless - installation, which he said he had smashed. I told him it might - be possible to repair one instrument, and he said, “We will - leave it until morning,” and then brought me along the deck - to the Fourth and Fifth Engineers’ cabins and I opened the - door and he went in. Both engineers were asleep and he made me - search all the drawers; he brought out a revolver and a box of - cartridges, which he made me throw over the side. He then took - me to the Third Engineer’s cabin, and searched all the drawers - there. He brought out of there a bottle of whiskey, and asked - me if I had any money. Then he marched me up to the Captain’s - cabin and ordered me to remain there until 6 A. M. - - -(_From “Schiller’s” statement_) - - I went into the various officers’ rooms and took all the - revolvers from them. From the Steward I took ten dollars, and a - two-dollar bill from the Second Mate. - - -(_From the Second Officer’s statement_) - - At 1:30 A. M. he returned to the bridge and ordered me to steer - south by compass. - - -(_From the “Schiller” statement_) - - Then I went to the Captain’s cabin again, and told him I should - sink the ship, but the Captain said he has worked since a boy - on ships for a few shillings a week and he has worked himself - up to this and surely it has not come to this. He said he has - a wife and a child--a girl--and showed me on the wall the - portrait of the child, and I asked him suppose the ship went - down would he get another job, and he said he would have to - work as a longshoreman. He said it was too rough for the boats - to be lowered, so I did not want to commit murder. And knowing - that the Captain would lose his position, and as I am a young - man and can always find work, I asked the Captain if he will - put me ashore in the morning. He gave me his word of honor that - he would.... - - -(_From Captain Bergner’s statement_) - - At 5:30 A. M. ... he let me take charge of the ship, and I made - for Delaware Breakwater.... - - -(_From the Wireless Operator’s statement_) - - At 6 A. M. he told me I could go below, but not to go into the - wireless room. I was along near the carpenter’s room when he - was searching it, and he made me bring out an axe and took me - to the wireless room again; there he told me to smash up one of - the instruments, and he stood in back of me threatening me. I - asked him then if that would do, after I had partly demolished - the instruments, and he told me to leave the axe and lock the - door, which I did. He then left me. - - -(_From “Schiller’s” statement_) - - When we sighted shore the Captain said that we would have to go - straight towards the lighthouse, or else, if we went the other - way (the way I wanted to) we should run ashore, so I left it to - the Captain and trusted to his word, as he said he would land - me.... - - -(_From Captain Bergner’s statement_) - - On approaching land he ordered one of the ship’s boats to be - manned, and said that he was going to take two of the ship’s - officers along as hostages to guarantee that I should not run - him down, and he wanted three Chinese from the crew to row him - ashore.... - - -(_From the statement of John S. Wingate, Keeper of the Cape Henlopen -Coast Guard Station_) - - At about 11:30 A. M. I noticed a steamship coming in from off - shore. I said to the crew that it was a war vessel coming but - I didn’t know whether it was German or British. At 11:45 the - lookout reported to me that the steamer was headed direct for - Hen and Chicken Shoal. I immediately ordered the signal “J. D.” - hoisted on the pole, which means, “You are standing into - danger.” When we supposed the ship saw our signal, he stopped, - and laid to for about ten minutes, when he hard a-port and went - clear of the shoal. - - A few minutes later he lowered a boat--we thought to take - soundings, for the boat pulled away from the ship and headed - direct for the beach. - - -(_From the Second Officer’s statement_) - - At approximately 11:45 A. M.... I got into the small boat at - his command, with four of the crew, and we proceeded toward - shore, but were stopped by the pilot cutter _Philadelphia_ who - told us that if we attempted to land we would be drowned. The - _Philadelphia_ then towed us into smooth water.... - - -(_From Captain Wingate’s statement_) - - Meanwhile the pilot boat was heading down on the ship, blowing - her whistle to warn the ship of her danger. By this time the - ship hoisted a signal “K. T. S.,” which means “_Piracy_.” I - ordered my boat made ready at once when I saw the “Piracy” - signal; five minutes later he started for the ship. At 12:20 I - had called Keeper Lynch of the Lewes station telling him what I - was going to do, and to meet me off the Point. - - -(_From the statement of Captain John S. Lynch of the Lewes Coast Guard -Station_) - - I and my crew launched our power lifeboat and started for the - steamer. Before I could get to the steamer I saw the pilot - boat towing in the steamer’s skiff. The pilot boat let go of - the skiff right off the Capes, and the occupants of the skiff - started to row for shore. I called to them and they stopped. We - went alongside, and I told them I would take the man ashore and - save them the trouble. So he got into our boat. - - I then run off and picked up Captain Wingate, whose boat is a - rowboat, and we went alongside the steamer. I asked for the - Captain of the steamer, and they told me he was going ashore in - the sail pilot boat, so we run alongside the sail pilot boat, - and I asked the Captain of the steamer to come along with me. - He says, “I will not. Not with _that_ man in your boat. He’s - got five guns on him!” I then told him that I did not care how - many guns he had as I was not afraid of him and he requested me - to take the man ashore myself. Then this man Ernest Schiller - began to throw his guns overboard: Schiller throwed one gun - overboard, Captain Wingate, who had come aboard my boat throwed - two overboard, and C. A. Jenkins throwed another one overboard, - Schiller having thrown them into the bottom of the boat. He, - Schiller, throwed a lot of cartridges overboard, and when - we came ashore we searched him and took the balance of the - cartridges which he had on him and throwed them overboard. I - then brought him up to the Customs Office and left him there. - - -(_From “Schiller’s” statement_) - - I am willing to go back to New York ... immediately, and - confess my guilt. I swear on oath that there are no bombs - placed on the ship, to my knowledge. I simply made that - statement to the Captain as a bluff. - -Thus this venturesome Russian, Hodson by birth, Schiller by preference, -and German by conviction, who single-handed captured a steamship, -returned to New York, thirty-six hours after he had left port. He -walked the plank to the United States Penitentiary at Atlanta for life, -for “piracy on the high seas.” - - - - -VI - -ALONG THE WATERFRONT - -I - -_Sugar and Ships and Robert Fay_ - - -Anyone familiar with the waterfront of a great port can appreciate its -difficulties as an area to be policed. One of the busiest sections of -the community during the daytime, it is little frequented at night. In -districts where you find few people you will rarely find lights, and -where there are no lights you may well expect crime. The contours of -the shoreline are irregular, following usually the original margins -of solid ground lining the natural harbor, and for every thoroughfare -which can pass as a street there are a dozen or two alleys, footpaths, -shadowy recesses and blind holes. Locks and keys and night watchmen -will protect the land side of the piers, but from the water side -entrance to any pier is easy, concealment still easier, and flight no -trick at all. - -If New York harbor in 1914 had presented the aspect of the same harbor -of twenty years before, I could hardly estimate the confusion which -would have resulted from the coming of war. But there is probably no -port in the world which handles New York’s volume of shipping with -greater orderliness--I speak now from the standpoint of “law and order” -rather than of the terminal facilities of the port. Its waterfront was -physically clean and its longshore population, thanks to a competent -police force, manageable. And yet, as Shakespeare said, “there are land -rats and water rats--” - -From August, when war was declared and the Bomb Squad formed, through -the fall of the year 1914, certain changes came over the waterfront. -Great German liners of the Hamburg-American and North German Lloyd -Lines, freighters of the Atlas Line, and a miscellany of other vessels -flying the red-white-and-black lay idle in port when England’s fleet -blockaded the seaward channels. Some eighty German vessels were tied -up at their piers. They dared not move, for Germany’s only available -convoys were in southern waters trying to dodge the British and prey -upon shipping. The Hamburg-American Line and Captain Boy-Ed made -several abortive attempts to supply the raiders, but the considerable -merchant fleet caught in port by the war stayed in port. This dumped -on the longshore population some thousands of ardent Boches. Meanwhile -the great steamship lines owned by neutral and allied capital entered -on a period of activity such as they had never seen before. The first -ships from abroad brought purchasing agents and European money to -barter for American supplies, for immediate delivery. Any man who owned -anything that bore a speaking likeness to a cargo-boat suddenly found -himself potentially wealthy. The whole United States began to pour into -the New York waterfront a huge volume of supplies for the Allies--and -for a time for Germany, via neutral Holland and Scandinavia--and out of -the Hudson and East rivers flowed a steady, swelling current of this -overseas trade. - -By the arrival of the year 1915 the current was well under way. -The piers were extremely busy and the facilities for trouble were -multiplying. On January 3 there was an explosion on the steamship -_Orton_ in Erie Basin for which there was no apparent explanation. -A month later a bomb was discovered in the cargo of the _Hennington -Court_, but no one could say how it came there. Toward the end of -February the steamship _Carlton_ caught fire at sea--mysteriously. Two -months passed, then two bombs were found in the cargo of the _Lord -Erne_. We might have had a look at them, for that was the business of -the Bomb Squad, if those who had found the bombs had not dumped them -overboard rather hastily. A week later a bomb was found in the hold of -the _Devon City_. Again no explanation. Nor any reasonable cause why -the _Cressington Court_ caught fire at sea on April 29. Our attention -had been directed to each of these instances, and we had investigated, -and folders waited in the files for the reports which properly -developed would lead to an arrest, and the sum total of those reports -was--nothing. Then our luck turned for a moment. - -The steamship _Kirkoswald_, out of New York, laden with supplies for -France, docked at Marseilles, and in four sugar-bags in her hold were -found bombs. The French authorities commandeered them, and removed -and analyzed the explosive charge. The police commissioner cabled at -once to Marseilles requesting the return of one of the bomb-cases, -together with the bag in which it had been found, and an analysis of -the contents. No answer. So he cabled again. The bomb-case then began -a journey back to the United States, presented with the compliments -of the Republic of France by M. Jusserand to the State Department -at Washington, and forwarded in turn to Mayor Mitchel of New York. -Our study disclosed that it was of a new type: a metal tube some ten -inches long, divided into two compartments by a thin aluminum disc. One -compartment had held potassium chlorate, a powerful explosive, and the -other had contained sulphuric acid. The acid had been expected to eat -through the thin disc separating the compartments, and explosion was to -have followed, but for some reason it had failed. The metals were of -good quality, and the workmanship was thorough. - -Here was our first clue on the case. Many policemen work on theory -so determinedly that they exclude really important facts which do -not fit comfortably into the theory. I have always believed in -taking the evidence, building a theory upon it, and then trying to -confirm or reject that theory as new facts appear. It was well that -we followed such a policy here, for we had nothing but the bomb-tube -itself to build our theory upon. What did it offer? First, we were -fortunate in having a bomb to study, for usually the fire following -an explosion leaves no trace of its origin. We had its construction -and ingredients as real, if vague, clues. Second, we knew that -the _Kirkoswald_ had carried supplies to France, and that all of the -vessels on which bombs had been found or fires had broken out, had -also been carrying supplies to the Allies. The list, by this time, had -grown, for there were three more ship cases of fires or bombs in May, -one in June, and five in July. Our primary theory was, therefore, that -the bombs were made and placed on the vessels either by Germans or -their paid agents. - -[Illustration: - - _Copyright, by Underwood and Underwood, N. Y._ - -Lieut. Robert Fay (on right) and Lieut. George D. Barnitz after Fay’s -arrest] - -[Illustration: - - _Copyright, by Underwood and Underwood_ - -From left to right: Fay, Daeche and Scholz, arraigned in Court] - -The _Kirkoswald_ carried sugar. By examining the cargo-records of the -other ships which had suffered near or actual mishaps, we found that -they had also carried sugar, and that in the instances when fire broke -out, the highly inflammable sugar gave a lot of trouble to the fire -crew. The vigilance of the waterfront and harbor police had of course -been keyed up to detect anything suspicious, but a bomb-planter does -not often carry his bomb under a policeman’s nose, and it seemed not -unreasonable to suspect that the bombs had gone aboard with the sugar. -So I went to a sugar refinery to see how sugar was made. - -I followed the process from the entry of the raw sugar to the bagging -and shipping of the finished product. All of the sugar shipped abroad -went in bags, which were sewn tight either by hand or by machinery. -After considerable testing I found that it was fairly easy to open a -hand-sewn bag and sew it up again without leaving evidence of what I -had done; the machine stitches, however, resisted any intrusion, and -were hard to duplicate once they had been taken out. I put that fact -away for future reference and looked in on the shipping department, to -learn there that the only two persons who could know of the destination -of a consignment of sugar before it was actually loaded into a vessel’s -hold were the shipping clerk of the refinery and the captain of the -lighter who took the sugar from the refinery to the ship. - -So we first paid court to the lighter captains and their aids. We -followed shipments of sugar from the refinery doors to the lighters, -saw the shipping clerk hand over his bill to the captain, saw the -lighter pull out for a pier somewhere about the harbor, followed him to -the pier, and watched the transfer of the cargo into the vessel’s hold. -If a lighterman knew that hand-sewn bags could be ripped open, and -wished to insert a bomb and close the bag again, he would have to do it -on the way from the refinery to the pier--of that we were confident, -for as soon as the lighter pulled up to the vessel’s side the -stevedores rushed the cargo into the hold, the hatches were sealed, and -the cargo-checker, employed by the vessel, turned over to the lighter -captain his receipt for the consignment. There was apparently no other -time for tampering with the bags. - -How to watch the bags themselves from the refinery into the vessel was -a troublesome problem. The river, during the daytime, is in constant -traffic, and navigation for a cumbersome lighter in the river-paths is -about as comfortable as crossing Fifth Avenue on foot at rush hour. -The river at night was comparatively free, and it was then that most -of the lightering was done. A waterman can identify the uncouth shapes -of queer craft on dark waters, a landsman cannot, but we had to make -the best of a bad bargain and chase the lighters in a motorboat, often -diligently following a blinking light through the mist for hours to -discover finally that it was on the wrong ship. Ships on a dark river -are like timid spinsters in a dark street--they exhibit, perhaps -through fear of collision, perhaps because ships are feminine, a strong -suspicion of anything that approaches. Our barking motorboat advertised -itself half a mile away. If we drifted we lost our quarry. We tried to -smuggle men aboard the lighters, but there were so many, and they were -bound in so many different directions, that we were not manned for this. - -So passed June and July. It was a thankless task, and one which had -its risks. Detective Senff fell into the river one night when he was -chasing a suspicious character around under a pier at the foot of West -44th Street and nearly drowned before he could be pulled out. The case -seemed to be getting no further than abstractions. Ashore, however, we -learned that most of the lighter captains in the harbor were Germans, -and in an effort to reduce the field we learned the names of the -captains of the lighters which had most frequently visited the vessels -on which fires had occurred. This took time and an exhaustive study of -lighterage receipts, but it brought out the fact that in every case -of a delivery of sugar to an outward bound vessel, the captain of the -lighter had returned a full receipt--which exploded the possibility -that a lighterman might take a bag from one shipment, put a bomb in it, -and add it to the next. - -I am happy now to say that we did not give up. We couldn’t, for the -ship fires were going right on, increasing in frequency, and somebody -was making bombs, for they continued to be found. On the assumption -that a lighter captain who would place a bomb in a sugar-bag must first -get the bomb, we began to shadow the captains, not only afloat but -ashore, and then suddenly the case took a queer twist and our theory of -German intrigue got badly balled up. - -We followed certain lightermen to their homes, their drinking haunts, -and their other places of business, and among their other places of -business found the residence--on the lower West Side of Manhattan--of a -man known to be a river pirate. That was enough for an arrest, and on -August 27 we brought Mike Matzet, Ferdinand Hahn, Richard Meyerhoffer -and Jene Storms, Germans, and John Peterson, Swede, to headquarters -for examination. Matzet confessed that he, and “all the rest” of the -lighter captains, as he expressed it, had been regularly stealing sugar -from the consignments, and selling it to river pirates for ⅙ the market -price, which allowed the pirates to re-sell it at ⅚ the market for 400 -per cent. clear profit. The pirates in a motorboat would steal into the -shadow of a lighter as she lay at her anchorage, take off a few bags, -and slip away. We had seen such boats, but had never been able to close -in and see what they were doing. The checkers who were supposed to -render a true and just account of the number of bags which later passed -into the hatches of the ocean vessels were merely accomplices who -shared in the profits when the stolen sugar was sold. - -There were no bombs on the captains (who presently went to jail) but -they were all fully aware of the conditions along the waterfront, for -one said to a pirate who was “buying” sugar: “Take all you want--the -damn ship will never get over anyway!” No bombs--and what if there had -been? We were reasonably certain that the ships were being fired, but -we did not know now whether it was for German reasons, or merely to -efface the sugar thefts before the cargoes reached the other side of -the ocean and were discovered by the consignees. The conviction of the -thieves was not much consolation for the slow development of the case, -and it fixed no guilt for bombs. - -But when you are bound on a long trip, and you have mislaid your -ticket, it is second nature to go through your pockets one by one, -knowing full well that it is not in any of them, for you “just looked -there.” Then you find it in one of the pockets where you knew it could -not be. Acting on a not dissimilar instinct we began to retrace our -steps from June to September, and to follow again the progress of -sugar from the refinery to the hold of the outward bound steamer. Our -theory that the bombs had some connection with the sugar was either -to be proven or destroyed this time. It was in this more or less dull -review that we made the acquaintance of the Chenangoes. - -They were nothing more romantic than fly-by-night stevedores whom the -lighter companies engaged at the sugar wharves to load cargoes. They -worked by the day, or by the job, there were always plenty loitering -around to be hired, and they drew their pay and went their way. No -one ever had to wonder who they were or where they came from, for a -stout body was all the recommendation a Chenango required. They were -a nondescript type of common labor, the same, I suspect, that carried -materials for the Tower of Babel, and speaking almost as many tongues. -The same face rarely appeared a second time to be hired--not that there -was anything particularly unpleasant about the work, but rather that -all work is repulsive to a Chenango. He is the hobo of labor and if the -same man had been re-hired, no one would have noticed or cared. We paid -such attention to them as their variety permitted--followed them to all -the points of the compass, and watched them closely while they worked, -to see whether any of them seemed to linger aboard in the cargo, or -carried any suspicious package. The wickedest thing we found was an -occasional pint flask on the hip, which was no proof of any special -criminal affairs. - -Ever since we had examined the _Kirkoswald_ bomb we had had lines -out to follow the sale of chlorate of potash and sulphuric acid--the -ingredients of the bomb. We examined reams of sales’ records submitted -by explosive and chemical manufacturers, traced dozens of reports from -drug stores, and found nothing of consequence. Those two substances are -widely and harmlessly used, and rarely purchased in small quantities by -any individual whose intentions might excite suspicion. Under our rigid -city explosives’ laws investigation of purchases was facilitated for -us, but all the facility in the world could not help the case without -anything to investigate. So passed September and a part of October, and -just about the time when the bomb case was growing dull and the ship -fires which were constantly occurring had almost found us calloused, -the French Government, with traditional courtesy, helped us out again, -and blew our sugar theory into many and small pieces. - -[Illustration: The Fay Bomb Materials - -Suit cases containing an atlas, two maps of the harbor, drawing -instruments, tools, a wig and two false mustaches, a telescope bomb, -and several packages of ingredients] - -Captain Martyn, the French military attaché in New York, telephoned to -say that he thought we would be interested in a man who he believed was -trying to buy some explosive. What kind? Trinitro-toluol, or “TNT,” one -of the most violent propellants used in modern shell. Yes, we would be -interested. - -A war exporter, Wettig by name, had told Captain Martyn that a fellow -with whom he shared office space had asked him to obtain a quantity of -TNT--a small quantity, for trial purposes. The purchaser, who was known -both as Paul Siebs and Karl Oppegaarde, and who lived at the Hotel -Breslin, directed Wettig to deliver the material to a Jersey address -and said he would then receive payment. On the axiom that a bomb in the -hand is worth two in someone else’s, we were introduced to Wettig, and -formulated with him a plan to follow the explosive. So on Thursday, -October 21, Detective Barnitz accompanied Wettig to a “dynamite store” -at Perth Amboy, New Jersey, where the latter bought some 25 pounds of -TNT. The two returned to New York with their package. We looked up Mr. -Oppegaarde and asked him what he proposed to do with his purchase. He -said he really hadn’t the slightest idea: an acquaintance of his, a war -broker named Max Breitung, had referred a certain Dr. Herbert Kienzle, -a German clock-maker, to him as a likely person to obtain explosives. -Dr. Kienzle had placed the order, had wanted it delivered at a garage -in Main Street, Weehawken, to a man who bore the name of Fay, and who -had assured Siebs that when he had it delivered he would be paid for -his services. Further than that he knew nothing. Nobody seemed to know -anything, although here was a considerable amount of vicious explosive -in which five men were very much interested. We spent the rest of that -day in looking up what we could of the players in this little game of -“passing the TNT”--from Kienzle to Breitung to Siebs to Wettig to Fay. - -Six men were assigned to the case: Murphy, Walsh, Fenelly, Sterett, -Coy and Barnitz, and they most admirably stayed on the job. On Friday -Detectives Barnitz and Coy took the explosive to the Weehawken garage. -Fay was not there, but a man who was there told the detectives he lived -at 28 Fifth Street, so the men from the Bomb Squad and their package -called at the boarding house where Fay lived. Again he was not to be -found, but our men had a chat with the landlady, who told them that Mr. -Fay was a real nice gentleman who had lived there with his friend Mr. -Scholz for a month, always paid his bills, subscribed to a magazine, -and was working on inventions, or at least so she thought, because he -used a table to draw plans on. Sociable, too-- - -They left the TNT for him. I ought to remind the reader that it is -harmless unless confined or heated, and cannot be properly exploded -without a proper detonating charge. It may have been a bit rough on the -boarding house, but we had gone to deliver the goods to Fay; Wettig had -told him they would be delivered (though not by whom) and we had to -carry out the plan even though Fay was not at home. - -At the same hour, across the Hudson Detectives Coy, Walsh and Sterett -learned why Fay had not been receiving visitors, for they found him in -Siebs’s company in the Hotel Breslin. Effacing themselves until the -interview was over, they tailed Fay to the West 42nd Street ferry, then -across the river to Weehawken, up the long hill to the town, and to his -garage at 212 Main Street. In the early evening an automobile emerged -from the garage, driven by Fay and containing another passenger, and -wound out of town in a northerly direction along the Palisades. Behind -it was a police car. North of Weehawken a few miles where the country -is inhabited by installment-plan “villas,” moving-picture studios and -scrub-oak trees, Fay stopped his car at the roadside and disappeared -with the other man into the underbrush and then into the deeper woods. -The police car waited until they returned, and followed them back to -their boarding house, where the detectives took up a vigil outside. - -A New York policeman has not the power of arrest in another state, and -it began to look as though we might have to make an arrest in Jersey, -so Chief Flynn assigned Secret Service Agents Burke and Savage to -the case and they joined forces with us Saturday morning. Detectives -Barnitz, Coy, Walsh, Sterett, Fenelly and Murphy were watching the -house in Weehawken. About noon Fay and his companion appeared, and got -aboard a Grantwood street-car. The Bomb Squad followed at a discreet -distance to the point where the men had dodged into the woods the -night before. Barnitz, who was in command, sent Sterett and Coy in -after them. But nature was against us, for the fallen leaves carpeting -the woods crackled under foot, and to snap a twig was to shout one’s -presence through the clear air. Twice Fay turned sharply around and -peered through the trees. The two detectives were nearly discovered -on both occasions. They finally decided that it would be impossible -to approach their men without alarming them, so they returned to the -waiting automobile. The police party waited an hour or more, and then -realized that Fay and his companion had evidently gone out the other -side of the woods and so worked their way back to civilization. - -Barnitz thought and acted swiftly. He sent Sterett and Coy at once to -New York to cover Dr. Kienzle, on the chance that Fay might get into -communication with him--it was a long chance, but the only one that -offered, for the men were now lost to us. Barnitz, Murphy, Fenelly and -Walsh returned to Weehawken to watch Fay’s house. For two hours nothing -happened to interest them, and Barnitz was beginning to wonder whether -he would ever see his quarry again when an express wagon drove up and -stopped at 28 Fifth Street. The driver presently trundled a trunk out -of the house, swung it up into his wagon and drove off. The police car -idled along behind him for a mile or so through the Weehawken streets, -and the wagon stopped at another house. While the driver was indoors -this time, Fenelly, who was roughly dressed and light of foot, slipped -up behind the wagon, vaulted into the back of it, took one look at the -trunk and rejoined the others. “There’s a plain calling-card on the -trunk. It reads ‘Walter Scholz,’” he said. Again the expressman headed -a small parade, which terminated when the detectives saw him leave -the trunk in a storage warehouse. Barnitz dared not follow it there -for fear of arousing suspicion, and he figured that the trunk would -probably not be removed during the week-end at least. The detectives -once more returned to the boarding house and resumed their tedious -watch. - -The evening passed, and there was no word either from Coy and Sterett -or the lost men. Late fall evenings in Weehawken are cold. Some time -after midnight two figures came up the street, and as they turned in -to the boarding house we saw they were Fay and Scholz. Out of the -shadows a moment later Sterett and Coy slipped up to the car--“I could -have kissed ’em both,” Barnitz said afterward. They had covered the -office of the Kienzle Clock Company at 41 Park Place, picked up Dr. -Kienzle as he left the office, tailed him until five in the afternoon, -and then saw him enter the lobby of the Equitable Building at 120 -Broadway--where he met Fay and Scholz! The men conversed for a few -moments, and Fay excused himself. He went to a telephone booth and -closed the door. Sterett went into the next booth. Through the thin -partition he heard Fay call the garage, ask whether a package had been -delivered to him there, then say “it hasn’t, eh?” and hang up the -receiver. He rejoined Scholz and Kienzle and the three went to a Fulton -Street restaurant to dine. The detectives went to the restaurant but -did not dine, and when the Germans left, and Kienzle parted from the -others, they tailed Fay and Scholz to Grand Central Palace, saw them -appropriate two young women, dance with them, pledge them in a few -drinks, and finally leave them and return to Weehawken. - -That trunk episode made us uneasy. It might have meant that they -had been frightened and were going to disappear, and it certainly -signified their intention of moving. We decided to force the issue, and -accordingly in the small hours of Sunday morning we directed Wettig, -of whom, of course, Fay had no suspicions, to call at Fay’s house -later in the forenoon to arrange to test the TNT. From the automobile, -which was parked at the street-corner some distance from the house, -the detectives saw Wettig enter, and in a few moments saw him come -out-of-doors with Fay and Scholz. They strolled to the street-car line, -allowed two cars to pass unsignalled, and then, suddenly, hailed a -third. It had closed doors, and when Murphy, Fenelly, and Coy, seeing -the men climbing aboard, tried to reach the car themselves, the doors -had slammed in their faces and the car was on its way. Somewhere in -the shuffle Walsh had been mislaid--he had been last seen up the block -covering an alley which led back of the boarding house. There was no -time to pick him up, and the automobile followed the car to Grantwood -and the now familiar woods. At times the car was out of sight of the -pursuers, and they fully expected to lose their men again. But from far -in the rear they saw the car stop opposite the woods. The doors snapped -open, and the first person to set foot on the ground was Walsh. The -second and third were Fay and Scholz, and the last, Wettig. Walsh had -seen them climb aboard in Weehawken, and had promptly sprinted for the -next corner ahead, where he caught the car! That was good shadowing -technique. - -The Germans slipped into the protection of the underbrush immediately. -Barnitz was not disposed to let them get away again, so he spread out -his forces so as to follow the party and finally surround it, and the -Bomb Squad, the Secret Service and two members of the Weehawken police -entered the wood and wove a circle about their victims. As they closed -in they saw Fay enter a little shack in the depth of the brush, and -bring out a package, from which he took a pinch of some material and -placed it on a rock. With a nice new hammer he dealt the rock a sharp -blow, there was a loud report, and the handle snapped in his hand. The -detectives closed in at once, and Barnitz said, “You’re under arrest!” - -“Who is in charge of you all?” Fay asked. - -“I am,” Barnitz replied. - -“Well, I will tell you that I am not going to be placed under arrest,” -Fay announced. “If I am, great people will suffer! You will surely have -war. It cannot be--it is impossible. I will give you any amount of -money if you will let me go.” - -This was good news, not for its financial content but because we had -no previous evidence against this man Fay save that he had TNT in his -possession. Here he was, trying to confirm our suspicions. - -“How much will you give me?” Barnitz parleyed. - -“All you want--any amount!” - -“Fifty thousand?” - -“Yes, fifty thousand, if you want it.” - -“Got it with you?” Barnitz asked instantly. - -“No, I haven’t got it all, but I can get it. I’ll pay you a hundred -dollars now as a guarantee, and I’ll give you the balance at noon -to-morrow.” - -Barnitz called two of the other men. “Get this,” he said, and turning -to Fay: “All right, where’s your money?” Fay paid him. Then they -took him to the Weehawken headquarters, guilty at least of attempted -bribery, and Barnitz turned in the cash as Exhibit A. - -We suspected that he had something more than the possession of -explosives to conceal, and so he had, for a search of his rooms and the -garage brought to light the parts for a number of thoroughly ingenious -mechanical contrivances which, although they were of a new type, we -immediately recognized as bombs. In a packing case at the storage -warehouse were four bombs finished and ready to fill. He had apparently -intended to manufacture them on a large scale, for in addition to his -trial quantity of TNT Fay had twenty-five sticks of dynamite, 450 -pounds of chlorate of potash, four hundred percussion caps, and two -hundred bomb cylinders. Apparently, too, he had German sympathies, for -we found in his rooms a regulation German army pistol, loaded. The -discovery of a chart of New York harbor, and the information, which -we soon got, that he had a motorboat in a slip opposite West 42nd -Street, pointed the finger of guilt toward the waterfront--which after -all those months of waiting was the direction in which we were most -interested. - -Fay told his story. He was a lieutenant of the German Army, detached -for special secret service. He ascribed his detachment from his command -to his own brilliant realization, as he was on the fighting front in -France, that if all the American shells that were being fired at him -from French seventy-fives and British eighteen-pounders could be sunk -before they reached France they would not cause his countrymen so -much annoyance, and also that pushed to its capacity that idea would -probably influence the outcome of the war. The fact is that Fay’s -career, training, education, languages and character were well known -to the secret service in Berlin, and that when they wanted to assign a -reliable and desperate man to Captain von Papen in New York, they sent -him. They knew that Fay had spent years in America, and that he was -trained in mechanics. They gave him $4,000 and a plan of campaign, and -said: “Go west.” - -It was natural that when he landed he should seek out his -brother-in-law, Walter Scholz, who was working as gardener on an -estate in Connecticut. It was natural, too, that when he set about -getting supplies for his bombs he should call on Dr. Kienzle, who made -clock machinery, for Dr. Kienzle had already written to the German -secret service in Berlin recommending just such work as Fay had come to -undertake. When he came to require explosives, it was only natural that -Kienzle should refer him to his friend Max Breitung, with the result -which we have seen, and naturally Paul Daeche, who was a good friend -of both Kienzle and Breitung (he had tried to return to Germany with -both of them on the _Kronprinzessin Cecilie_ when she put out of New -York and put in to Bar Harbor in late July, 1914)--naturally Daeche was -interested in Fay’s projects and devices, and helped him with them. -Daeche was one of those doubtful Germans who had come to America to -“study business methods”--in short a commercial spy, willing to make a -living. - -[Illustration: - - _Copyright, by Underwood and Underwood, N. Y._ - -Lieutenant Fay’s Motor Boat] - -Fay was crestfallen after his arrest. He worried, first, over what his -government would think of him when he had left home promising that not -a single munitions’ ship would leave New York and reach the Allies; -second, because revealing his commission to destroy those ships would -place Germany in a bad light with other neutral nations; third, for -fear he might implicate the Imperial German Embassy at Washington. He -protected the Embassy for a time, and then admitted that his plans had -only been waiting a word from von Papen and Boy-Ed for consummation. -His mines were all ready to be set, and the attachés, whom he had met, -had not given the word. All his clever craftsmanship had gone for -nothing. - -The bombs were so constructed that they might be attached under water -to the rudder-post of a vessel as she lay at her pier. Inside the -bomb case was a clockwork, so poised as to fire two rifle cartridges -into a chamber of ninety pounds of TNT. Lieut. Robert S. Glasburn, of -Fort Wadsworth, who testified at Fay’s trial, is my authority for the -statement that the government requires only 100 pounds of TNT, exploded -at a depth of fifteen feet under water, to destroy a dreadnought; -Fay’s ninety pounds would have torn the rudder out like a toothpick -and ripped away the entire after part of the vessel. The helmsman of -the vessel himself was unconsciously to have set the bomb off, for the -clockwork was geared to a wire attached to the rudder itself in such a -way that each normal swing of the rudder would wind up the mechanism -until it fired the cartridge. The bomb chamber was fitted with rubber -gaskets so that no water would be admitted before the charge had done -its work. Fay was a skilful hand, and had done the assembling himself. -Scholz bought the materials at various machine shops about New York, -Kienzle supplied the mechanisms and approved the finished product. -Breitung contributed 400 pounds of chlorate of potash to make a German -holiday, and Daeche just hung around and helped everybody. - -Fay knew it was easy to approach a pier from the water-side, for he -had spent hours fishing idly in the river to determine that very fact. -Just as soon as the military attaché said the word, he and Scholz were -to put out into the darkness of the river in their fast motorboat and -visit ten ships sailing for England and France, donning a diver’s suit, -and attaching a bomb to each rudder. He would first slip alongside the -police patrol boats, whose haunts he knew, and steal the guns from -them, counting on the swiftness of his own craft to get away from -pursuers. He even entertained the possibility of visiting the British -patrol cruisers outside the harbor to fix bombs to them--though hardly -seriously, I suspect. He had made a different type of bomb, resembling -a telescope, in which the carefully timed dissolution of a white -powder would release a firing pin on a large quantity of potassium -chlorate. This type he proposed to smuggle into the cargo. When he had -created such a reign of terror in New York harbor that no ship dared -leave, he would go to Boston and Philadelphia and do likewise, then -to Chicago and Buffalo to paralyze lake shipping, and thence to New -Orleans and San Francisco and home by way of New York or Mexico. It was -a great pity, he said, that he had been arrested, for this program had -been cancelled. He wished he had got word to start sooner. He had had a -few bombs ready for some time. Then there came a slack period, and he -sent Daeche to Bridgeport on a little side mission for Germany: to get -some dum-dum bullets. These Fay intended to forward to Berlin through -von Papen to support a protest from Germany to the United States that -we were shipping dum-dum bullets to the Allies. We were not, naturally, -but that did not prevent his bringing back a few bullets with the -jackets carefully notched by a German agent in Bridgeport. - -We had heard enough of what he had intended to do, and of his -disappointment. What had he accomplished? What ships had he blown up? -Was he responsible for the five fires in the hold of the _Craigside_ -on July 24? No. Did he make the bombs found on the _Arabic_ on July 27? -Did he cause the fires on the _Assuncion de Larrinaga_, the _Rotterdam_ -or the _Santa Anna_, and did he put a bomb aboard the _Williston_? He -did not, he assured me. - -I showed him the _Kirkoswald_ bomb. - -“Did you ever see that?” - -“No,” he answered. - -“Didn’t you make that?” - -“I did not,” he replied, and laughed. “That’s a joke. I see now why -they sent me over to this country--they wanted someone to make bombs -that would do some damage. That’s crude work.” - -[Illustration: - - _Copyright, by Underwood and Underwood, N. Y._ - -The Rudder Bomb - -A Closer View of the Rudder Bomb] - -His answer was truthful. We had to admit it for there was absolutely no -evidence to connect him with any specific act outside his confession, -and we had to find comfort in the fact that he was guilty at least of -having intended to continue the reign of terror along the wharves. -Bombs had been found or fires had broken out on no less than twenty-two -vessels bound out of New York up to the time we closed on Fay--and not -one was his prey. He was tried with Scholz and Daeche. The only law -then applying to his case, and the one under which he was tried, -charged him with “conspiracy to defraud the insurance underwriters” -who had insured cargoes on certain ships. When the charge was read to -him, Fay innocently asked: “What are underwriters?” He found out. Fay -went to Atlanta for eight years, Scholz for six, and Daeche for four. -Kienzle and Breitung were not brought to trial and after we went to -war were invited to join various other Germans in an internment camp. -Fay had been at Atlanta a month when he escaped. German friends gave -him clothes and helped him to Baltimore, where Paul Koenig met him and -paid him $450, with injunctions to go to San Francisco and get more. -For some reason the fugitive feared that there was a plot against his -life in San Francisco, although he had protected the “great people,” so -instead of going west he fled immediately to Mexico. From there he fled -to Spain, and it was not until the summer of 1918 that he was caught -there. - -He was a bold and important criminal in his field, and we were glad -to have brought him in. He was not the one we wanted most, not if our -sugar theory was sound. The pursuit of Fay had certainly scared that -theory up an alley. It was high time we got out of the alley and back -into Main Street. - - - - -VII - -ALONG THE WATERFRONT - -II - -“_Damn Him, Rintelen!_” - - -The pursuit of Robert Fay unearthed what trial lawyers delight in -calling “not one scintilla of evidence” that he had actually set fire -to a ship. Fay was punished for what he intended to do and not for any -real achievement for the German cause. - -Yet the thought persisted in our minds that he knew who was making and -placing ship bombs. He professed ignorance. “I do know this much,” he -said, after a long session of futile questioning, “I do know that a -certain man paid another man $10,000 to make those bombs. I won’t tell -you who he is, because I think he is now a prisoner in the Tower of -London, and he might get into more trouble. You can make what you like -out of that.” - -We made this out of it--that the prisoner then in the Tower to whom -Fay referred was probably Franz Rintelen. He was a German of prominent -station who had had a vision quite like Fay’s--a vision of interrupting -American shipping, and so damming the flood of war supplies. In early -1915 he had come to America equipped with plenty of authority and a -bank credit limited only by the resources of the German Empire, and -had spent six months here trying to exercise that authority and spend -the money in numerous ways. He had tried to buy rifles of the American -government, he had fostered peace demonstrations, promoted strikes, -lobbied for an embargo on munitions and made himself busily useless in -numerous other ways, only to sail for home in the fall of the year--and -fall into the hands of the British. - -But the charges which I have just cited, and which are now fully -confirmed against this man, were not then known to us, and Fay’s tip -was too ambiguous to help us at the moment. Instead of ceasing after -his arrest, the fires continued. The day after we caught Fay in the -woods the steamer _Rio Lages_ which had sailed a few days previously -took fire out at sea. A week later a blaze started in the hold of -the _Euterpe_. The _Rochambeau_, of the French line, caught fire at -sea on November 6, and the next day there was an explosion aboard -the _Ancona_. The _Tyningham_ suffered two fires on her voyage east -during early December. There was a maddening certainty about it all -that suggested that every ship that left port must have nothing in her -hold except hungry rats, parlor matches, oily waste and free kerosene. -Never in the history of the port had so many marine fires occurred in -a single year. Marine insurance was away up and our patience was away -down. - -The steamship companies put on special details of guards to watch the -vessels from the moment they entered port until they sailed again. -We resumed patrolling the river in various disguises. Fay’s swift -motorboat had disappeared, but there were plenty of others, and the -men of the Bomb Squad suffered real hardship in all sorts of inclement -weather. It seemed as though every item of cargo was watched as it -passed into the hold, and every stranger about the piers carefully -followed, but there was absolutely nothing to excite suspicion. So we -returned to our sugar theory and the Chenangoes. - -I mentioned the fact that they were a floating tribe in more senses -than one, and that the same man rarely came back twice for employment. -A few familiar faces, however, could occasionally be spotted in the -crowd at work loading the lighters. We made it our business to study -these steady workers and found them for the most part a harmless lot of -Scandinavians. - -Those who came, worked once, and vanished, were of all nationalities, -with a considerable German representation. Some of them used to come -from Hoboken, and by a process of elimination we found that certain of -the Hoboken delegation were sailors from the idle North German Lloyd -and Hamburg-American ships. We followed them and asked enough questions -about them to learn the entire history of any civilized people, but -nothing in the form of legal evidence resulted. A friend who knew the -methods taught in the Wilhelmstrasse for destroying property said it -would be futile for us to follow those men anyway, for the destroying -agent himself rarely knows the men higher up, the real conspirators. -So it began to look as if even the arrest of a guilty Chenango would -not supply the background necessary to picture the bomb system in its -entirety. - -On one of the early days of 1916 Detectives Barth, Corell and Senff -reported for duty and were assigned to Hoboken. They were instructed -to hang about the restaurants, saloons and hotels where the officers -and petty-officers from the German ships were accustomed to gather, -and posing as confidential German agents they were to fish about for -whatever might take their bait. All three men are fine Americans of -German descent, with an excellent command of the German language, so -they got on well with the longshore folk they met in the “stubes” of -Hoboken. They occasionally suggested in a vague way that they Were -the picked servants of the Kaiser, and aroused some interest and no -suspicion among their new acquaintances. Every man has more or less -desire to be a “secret service man” and in looking back on the German -antics in America during the war I think one may attribute as much of -their activity to the dramatic instinct, as to their cupidity or their -real patriotic zeal. (Paul Koenig is an exaggerated example of what -I mean.) And so it was with those to whom the three Bomb Squad men -talked: a nod here, and a wink there, a whisper and a wag of the head, -and they took on some importance. - -[Illustration: - - _Copyright, by International Film Service, Inc._ - -Franz Rintelen] - -Their reward came when a German whom Barth had picked up suggested -quietly that he knew a man who had been doing work for the government -(German) and wouldn’t Barth like to meet him? Barth would. So with -some ceremony Barth was introduced as one of von Bernstorff’s special -agents to a funny little old man who looked like a cartoon of the late -Prussian eagle. He was Captain Charles von Kleist of Hoboken. The three -lunched together in Hahn’s restaurant, in Park Row, New York, and von -Kleist found Barth agreeable. He was very glad to meet a real agent, -for he had a grudge against a fellow over in Hoboken who said he was a -member of the German secret service. - -“You can’t be too careful of those fellows,” Barth said. “There are a -lot of fakes around. What’s he done to you?” - -“This Scheele, he has a laboratory, where he has been doing work, -making some things. I was his superintendent now for a long time, and -he owes me several hundred dollars, but he does not pay me. I think von -Igel ought to know about it, and perhaps Captain von Papen himself.” - -“So do I,” said Barth. “I’ll see that it gets to him. What was it you -were doing over there?” - -Von Kleist was a chemist. Dr. Walter T. Scheele had been employing him -in his laboratory at 1133 Clinton Street, Hoboken, in a factory which -was ostensibly for the manufacture of agricultural chemicals. The real -business they transacted was the manufacture of bombs. Ernest Becker, -the chief electrician of the North German Lloyd liner _Friedrich der -Grosse_, and Carl Schmidt, her chief engineer, had made the containers -out of sheet metal. These Becker had delivered to Scheele, and up in -the laboratory the containers had been filled with explosive. Becker -would come then and take them away, and the bombs had been used to -great advantage, von Kleist continued, in harassing the shipping. But -what good did it do him, he asked Barth, if he got no pay for it? - -“You wait,” returned the “secret agent.” “I’ll get you fixed up. I know -a man who is close to von Igel, and I’ll have him meet you. If what you -say is true, you certainly have something coming to you. Wait till I -get this other man.” - -A few days passed. Then von Kleist came again to Hahn’s restaurant, and -was introduced to “Herr Deane,” who Barth said spoke no German, but -was a good man in spite of the handicap. A trace of suspicion crossed -the old chemist’s face, and Barth hastened to add: “We have to use all -kinds of people to fool these stupid Yankees, see?” This bit of heavy -satire reassured von Kleist, and he found Deane a likable person, who -seemed interested in his case against Scheele. He went over the ground -again. “If you want any more proof I’ll show you,” he concluded. “Come -to my house.” “Deane” (who votes under the name of George D. Barnitz, -of the Bomb Squad) joined Barth and accompanied von Kleist to his house -at 1121 Garden Street, Hoboken, and out of the muddy back yard the old -man dug up an empty bomb container, _almost an exact duplicate of the -“Kirkoswald” bomb_! “There is one of them--and I have filled dozens -like that,” he said. - -“Let’s go for a ride,” Barth suggested. “We can go down to Coney -Island and have supper--the hotel has opened up--and we’ll talk things -over.” The old man felt very amiable towards his new friends, and was -a talkative and appreciative guest. They dined at the Shelburne and -later Barnitz wrote out a statement of von Kleist’s services as the -latter outlined them. “This is just for the sake of regularity, you -understand. I have to have a written report to give to the chief, or -else you won’t get yours. You can sign this as your formal statement.” - -“All right,” von Kleist agreed, and signed. “How long do you think it -will be before I could get some money?” - -“Oh, don’t worry about that part of it,” Barth said. “I tell you what -we’ll do. We’ll all three go up to see the chief now--I want him to -meet you anyhow, and you can supply any more facts that we may not have -down.” - -So they came up to my office--not von Igel’s. Barnitz and Barth said -his expression changed when he entered headquarters and knew he had -been betrayed. He said, “I see now why you have been so good to me.” - -The prisoner was docile. He said he knew he was caught and he wanted to -help us round up the rest. I showed him the _Kirkoswald_ bomb, and told -him where it had been found. “Yes,” he said, “Captain Steinburg and -Captain Bode came to the laboratory after they saw in the paper that -the bomb had been found in Marseilles and they gave Dr. Scheele the -devil because it had not gone off. It was supposed to explode within -four days, but it didn’t explode in twelve.” “How many did you make?” -I asked. “I don’t know how many,” the prisoner answered. The ones that -were put on the _Inchmoor_ and the _Dankdale_ went off all right, and -there were two fires on the _Tyningham_. “I gave one box of thirty -of them to two Irishmen from New Orleans, O’Reilly and O’Leary. They -took them down there to set fire to ships with them.” - -“Did you give the rest to Becker?” - -“Yes. And he gave them to Captain Wolpert. Wolpert is superintendent of -the piers of the Atlas Line over in Hoboken. Captain Bode, he is also -a superintendent, for the Hamburg-American Line. Captain Steinburg I -don’t know much about, but he is in Germany now.” - -[Illustration: Henry Barth, U. S. Army, who posed as the German Secret -Service agent in the von Rintelen ship bomb cases] - -I thanked him for his information, and asked him if he would tell me -everything about the plot, from its beginning up to the moment. He said -he would; that he was going to help the United States now. I excused -myself for a moment and left the room. - -Von Kleist saw an electrician in a rough shirt and overalls repairing -the lights in the room, and struck up a conversation with him. The -electrician’s English carried a slight German accent, and von Kleist -said: - -“Sie sind deutsch, nicht wahr?” (You’re German?) - -“Ja,” replied the workman. - -Still using the mother tongue the prisoner asked the workman to do -him a favor. “Deliver these notes for me, will you? I can’t go out of -here, and I would like to send word to some people.” And he wrote on -two messages, one addressed to Wolpert and Bode, the other to Schmidt -and Becker. The substance of both was the same: “Beat it--I’m pinched.” -Detective Senff had been disguised as an electrician and stationed in -the room for the express purpose of getting any statement the prisoner -made--a practice not usually necessary, but this was a serious case. -Evidently von Kleist’s profession of transferred loyalty to the United -States was only a scrap of paper. We locked him up. - -That night Walsh and Murphy watched Captain Bode’s house in a New -Jersey suburb, while Sterett and Fenelly covered Wolpert’s house -nearby. Both men reported at their respective piers for work the next -morning, and both were invited by the detectives to come over to -headquarters “to consult with us in a little waterfront investigation -we were carrying on.” Senff went to the North German Lloyd piers to -call on Becker. The guard at the pier-head put through a telephone -connection, and Senff told Becker he wanted to see him on an urgent -matter. Presently Becker appeared at the pier gates, and through the -bars Senff whispered: “Von Kleist wants to see you. Trouble--” Becker -returned in an instant with his hat and came to headquarters. A little -later in the day the net caught Schmidt, and after a year and a half of -waiting we had rounded up in twenty-four hours five promising prisoners. - -Von Kleist, we knew, was not altogether reliable; Bode was positively -robust in his denial of any knowledge of the affair. Becker, a thin -blond youth, made a complete confession. Yes, he had made the bomb -containers--several hundred of them, under Schmidt’s orders. He had -filled them with chlorate of potash and sulphuric acid at the Scheele -laboratory and had seen Captain Wolpert take them away. At that -moment Wolpert, a hulking red figure, who had been conversing fairly -freely, shut up tight, and refused to answer further questions. Becker -acknowledged that he had made the _Kirkoswald_ bomb, and added that the -later cases were larger than that. - -“Captain Wolpert,” I said, “don’t you think you’re doing Germany more -harm than good by doing this sort of thing?” - -“Damn it!” he exploded. “I gave it up June first. But you’ve got to do -what those bull-headed fellows tell you, haven’t you?” - -“Did you know Robert Fay, Captain?” I asked. - -“Yes--I met him one time in Schimmel’s office with Rintelen,” he -replied. - -“You mean _von_ Rintelen?” I asked, using the aristocratic prefix which -Rintelen had assumed. - -“No!” bellowed Wolpert. “Not _von_, damn him--_Rintelen_!” - -[Illustration: - - _Copyright, International Film Service_ - -Ernest Becker - - _Copyright, International Film Service_ - -Captain Charles von Kleist (left) and Captain Otto Wolpert (right)] - -The result of our first examination of the four was the arrest of Carl -Schmidt, chief engineer of the _Friedrich der Grosse_, and three of -his assistants, Georg Praedel, William Paradies and Friedrich Garbade. -We covered the laboratory, but Dr. Scheele had fled, to Florida. There -he received a telegram telling him it was safe for him to return to -New York. He had traveled as far as Baltimore when another telegram -informed him of the arrests, and he fled to Cuba, and it was March -of 1918 before he was arrested by the Havana police and extradited -to New York. The laboratory was in a secret room on the top floor of -the factory, accessible only through a trap door, and the trap itself -was pierced with eyeholes so that anyone at work inside could see -who was outside. We found a rich store of explosive and incendiary -chemicals--all the ingredients of the bombs, which Lieutenant Busby -brought back as evidence. Scheele was a finished chemist, and a German -spy of 23 years’ standing. It had never occurred to him that von -Kleist would squeal for want of money. “How good a German are you?” he -had asked von Kleist when he engaged him in March, 1915. (The first -project of the two was to saturate fertilizer with lubricating oil and -thus smuggle the oil into Germany.) “I’m as good a German as you ever -pretended to be,” von Kleist answered. “You are not,” said Scheele, -“or you wouldn’t have taken out naturalization papers here. I didn’t -do that.” “Well, I couldn’t have got my captain’s sailing license if I -hadn’t,” said von Kleist. - -Loyalty to Germany alone had not satisfied the appetite of von Kleist, -for he had caught a glimpse that night of the check for $10,000, signed -“Hansen” which Scheele proudly waved as evidence of what Germany -thought of his ship-destroying ability. In the Austrian-subsidized -Transatlantic Trust Company, where von Rintelen had deposited a large -amount of money on his arrival from Germany, he had an account in the -name of Hansen. Here then was the explanation of Fay’s remark about his -friend who was a prisoner in England. - -So far, so good. We knew that Becker, Schmidt and the other engineers -had made the bombs, and that Becker and Scheele had filled them. On -the evidence the four were convicted; Becker and von Kleist were sent -to Atlanta for two years, and the other four to the penitentiary for -six months. We were satisfied, but could not prove, that Wolpert and -Bode had disposed of the bombs where they would do the most damage. -They refused naturally to convict themselves, were admitted to bail of -$25,000, which was provided by friendly Germans, and were interned when -we went to war. The four assistants served their terms and then were -extended the privileges of internment camps as dangerous enemy aliens. - -So far, so good, but the snake was not yet dead--we had only cut off a -section of his tail. To be sure, he could not get about with his former -vigor. The ship fires, which had continued through February, stopped, -and one can count on his fingers the fires that broke out on ships -after that date. Our theory had served its purpose--but who were the -men higher up? - -When Paul Koenig had been taken into custody in late December, 1915, we -had found in his house in West 94th Street an address book containing -some hundreds of names of folk with whom he apparently did business. -The memorandum book is mentioned elsewhere in this volume in detail, -but the present case may show just what specific use we made of the -catalogue of spies which the obliging Koenig had left in our hands. -Among other entries was this: - - “Boniface during the day--3396 Worth--ask for - - Boniface at night 1993 Chelsea--Never home until 10:30 P. M.” - -We had gone systematically through the book, checking up our knowledge -of each person mentioned, in order to see whether the trail of Koenig, -von Papen, Boy-Ed and the Hamburg-American interests might not lead us -to other unexpected outrages, and so we were seeking this Boniface who -was “never home until 10:30 P. M.” For months he proved elusive, but -not long after the arrest of the Hoboken bomb-manufacturers we located -a certain Bonford Boniface. - -He had only a single room for lodgings, and we called there one day -while he was known to be elsewhere and made a careful examination of -its contents. Our first signal that Boniface might be off-color was the -discovery of a file of clippings from newspapers describing the arrest -of von Kleist and his crew. Apparently he was interested in German -bombs. There was no evidence of the reason for his interest, however, -and the detectives were about to ‘leave the room as they had found it -when they ran across two letters signed “Karl Schimmel,” one postmarked -Buenos Aires and one from Holland. Both were colorless messages asking -how fortune was treating Boniface. - -Now a cat may look at a king, and a man may receive friendly notes from -the Argentine and Holland without molestation, but I recalled something -of this name Karl Schimmel. He had come under suspicion before, first, -when the so-called “Do-Do Chemical Company” of 395 Broadway had applied -to the fire department for permission to store dynamite on the premises -of its executive, Karl Schimmel, at 127 Concord Avenue, the Bronx. The -application had been denied, and the fire department had asked the -Bomb Squad to look up the Do-Do Chemical Company and its officers. It -had no factory, no visible business, and as we presently found out no -Karl Schimmel, for he became alarmed at our investigations and fled to -Mexico, and South America, and then, with the aid of Count Luxburg he -made his way back to Germany. Again, Wolpert had spoken of having met -Fay in Schimmel’s office with Rintelen--but Wolpert would not talk. -There was a reasonable margin of doubt in our minds of Schimmel’s -behavior--enough to warrant Barth’s going to Boniface and asking him to -come to headquarters. - -Schimmel, Boniface told us, had employed him for a time at $25 a week. -And what had he done in return? Nothing more than provide Schimmel -with a list of weekly sailings of all steamships leaving New York for -Europe, together with a description of their cargoes. Why had Schimmel, -a lawyer, been interested in sailings and cargoes? Boniface said he -did not know. How had Boniface compiled the list? At first, he said, -by scouting along the waterfront, picking up scraps of conversation -here and there and keeping an observant eye on the trucks bound for -the piers. Pier-guards began to notice him a trifle too attentively, -the waterfront was too many miles long, twenty-five dollars a week was -only twenty-five dollars a week, and Boniface, it must be remarked, was -racially thrifty. So he adopted the much simpler expedient of buying -each morning a copy of the _New York Herald_, a newspaper which pays -some attention to shipping, net cost in those days one cent, copying -sailing dates, hours and destinations from its columns, and conjuring -the cargoes out of his imagination. - -Where had he delivered his reports? To Schimmel in his office at 51 -Chambers Street. Whom had he seen there? Why, Rintelen, once, but he -didn’t know what his business there was. Another time a man named -Herman Ebling. (Ebling, it developed later, had been directed by -Wolpert, who had had his orders from á Captain Steinburg, to take a -tube of glanders germs and a dipping stick, seek out the wharves where -horses were being shipped abroad for artillery and transport, and -insert the germ-soaked stick into the nostrils of every third horse he -could reach, in order that a serious epidemic might presently break -out. Ebling claims he threw the tube overboard without fulfilling his -mission.) Where was Ebling? Boniface professed not to know. Whom else -had he seen? Well, there was another German lawyer, Martin Illsen, -counsel for the _New Yorker Herold_, a German daily. - -We sent for Illsen and questioned him of his dealings with Schimmel. -He had written an article which he sent to the newspapers protesting -against the shipment of arms and ammunition to the Allies, for which -Schimmel had paid him $100. That he said was the extent of his service. - -[Illustration: Sergeant Thomas Jenkins, U. S. Army, who successfully -located a part of one of the bombs in a locker in the German Turn -Verein in Brooklyn] - -“Did you ever see this man Ebling there?” I inquired, feeling that -in Ebling we might find the missing link between the bomb-makers and -the fires. “Yes,” Illsen replied. “Where is he now?” Illsen did not -know. “Do you remember meeting anyone else in the office?” “Yes, there -was a lithographer. His name is Uhde. He comes, I think, from Brooklyn -but I do not know where he is.” - -It is our business to find out where people are, and as the reader may -already have observed, to follow a case through from one man to another -if we have to question a thousand individuals on the way to our goal. -We took up the search for Uhde, and investigated everyone of that name -in Greater New York. More months had passed before we finally found the -man we were after--Walter Uhde. We pounced on him without the formality -of an examination, and searched his room, to find some correspondence -with Schimmel and more newspaper accounts of the arrest and trial -of the Hoboken gang. It was this evidence and the pressure which it -brought to bear upon his conscience that made Uhde give up evidence -enough to picture the bomb plot in its entirety. - -It began, as the outbreak of the ship fires already had indicated, -in the early months of 1915. One winter night there was a secret -meeting in the restaurant of the Brooklyn Labor Lyceum. In a private -dining-room sat Dr. Scheele, the chemist, Captain Wolpert, the -dock-superintendent, Karl Schimmel, the lawyer, Uhde, the lithographer, -Eugene Reistert, the proprietor of the restaurant, and a certain -Captain Steinburg. This man was particularly dangerous to the welfare -of the United States. His real name was Erich von Steinmetz, and he was -a captain in the German navy. At that time he had just come to America -by way of Vladivostock, dodging the immigration examiners by travelling -in woman’s dress, and evading the quarantine authorities by concealing -in the fold of the dress the same tubes of glanders germs with which -he sent Ebling to inoculate the horses for the Allies. Steinmetz was -Rintelen’s first and ablest assistant, and Schimmel was his second. -The two men outlined to the dinner party a plan to manufacture and -plant the bombs. The sailors would make the containers, Scheele would -see that they were filled and would act as paymaster for the group, -Schimmel and Wolpert would keep in touch with the sailings and cargoes, -and Wolpert, Uhde and Reistert would deliver them to the small fry who -could be hired to place them in sugar-bags and other freight. - -How well the plan succeeded we already know. Wolpert distributed the -bombs to several local points of German operation in the greater city, -and even Scheele had on one occasion carried a box full of bombs packed -only in sawdust from the laboratory over to the Labor Lyceum. Reistert -and Uhde tested a few of the infernal machines in the rear of the -building, and Uhde fancied them so much that he kept one as a souvenir, -stowed away in the toe of an old boot in his locker at the Turn -Verein, where Detectives Barth and Jenkins found it. The conspiracy -had originated in March; the first day of May, Wolpert gave a bomb to -a Chenango who smuggled it aboard the _Kirkoswald_, with the result -which we have followed. On May 7, 1915, the glorious _Lusitania_ was -torpedoed, and on the following morning, Karl Schimmel, coming into his -office and finding Illsen and Boniface there, exclaimed: - -“Ah--that U-boat commander has done well enough, but he has stolen all -the glory away from me. I had nine cigars on the _Lusitania_.” (For -“cigars” read “bombs.”) “If they had not torpedoed her the cigars would -have done the work!” - -He may have told the truth. His secret is at the bottom of the Atlantic -now, along with what shreds of respect the civilized world might -otherwise have had for Germany. It is certain that Schimmel tried to -place his “cigars” aboard the vessel, for Reistert had given Uhde $100 -and a little man named Klein a package of bombs with instructions to go -to a saloon in West Street near the White Star piers. There they were -to meet a third man, to whom they would deliver the package, and that -man would see them safely aboard the ship. The man did not appear at -the appointed hour, so they left the package with the bartender, and -went to the missing man’s house in Harlem, where they paid him his fee. -It was the same Klein who had been carrying a bomb in his pocket one -afternoon when Schimmel had sent him to South Ferry to place it aboard -a ship. But the bomb caught fire, and before he could rid himself of it -it had burned through his clothing, so Schimmel magnanimously gave him -$20 for a new suit and his trouble. And it was the same Klein whom we -found dead of disease in a hospital, beyond the law’s reach, when we -finally were tracing him for arrest. - -The stories of the culprits combined to lay at their door the origin -of most of the ship fires with which we had been afflicted for the -past two years. If nothing else had proved it, the cessation of the -fires would have been enough. We were anxious, after our twisting, -winding search, rather to have the guilty men convicted and placed in -safe-keeping than to fix definitely upon them the guilt for all of the -fires--that would have been practically impossible--but the very fact -that the fires ceased is sufficient evidence of their complete guilt. -It was not until October 17, 1917, six months after the United States -had gone to war, that our long hunt came to an end, and we arrested -Boniface, Reistert, Uhde and one Peter Zeffert. It was Zeffert who -confessed to having gone to Schimmel’s office one afternoon to help him -fill the bomb containers with chemicals. Reistert was there, and the -three took the bombs away in a taxi-cab to meet a destroying agent in -a waterfront saloon. The agent did not show up, and Messrs. Schimmel, -Reistert and Zeffert thereupon returned to the Chambers Street office -and unloaded the tubes. - -I am sorry that our laws were not at that time drastic enough to punish -the men as they deserved. James W. Osborne, the assistant United States -Attorney who tried the case, wove an admirable prosecution, and Judge -Harland B. Howe turned a stern face upon the prisoners. Wolpert had -been haled from Atlanta to answer to the new charge, as had von Kleist -and Becker. The engineers were brought out of their internment camps. -And last, and foremost of all, Franz Rintelen was there--returned -to us by the British to answer to a series of charges which he had -tried hard and expensively to conceal. The best our laws of the moment -could do for these men who had defiled our hospitality and destroyed -millions of dollars’ worth of property on our soil was to sentence them -to one-and-one-half years in Atlanta. It is to the everlasting credit -of Judge Howe that Rintelen, Wolpert, von Kleist, Becker, Praedel, -Paradies and Garbade received the maximum prison term, and the maximum -fine of $2,000 each. Under the espionage act later adopted each of them -could be sentenced to twenty years and fined $10,000. - -Popular consent would have made short work of these men’s lives. -Justice had to preside over their trials, however, and they were -punished to the full extent of an inadequate law. A more drastic -criminal code would probably have frightened the German spies in the -United States, and it is equally true that German agents who were -caught in the net of the law laughed up their sleeves as they made use -of one after another of the law’s technical provisions and privileges -to avert what would have been certain and swift death had they worn -the field-gray uniforms of their nation. They have not suffered in -proportion to their crimes. But their nation is paying the price. - -[Illustration: Norman H. White, of Boston, a civilian attached to the -Military Intelligence, who unearthed numerous German intrigues] - -There is something in the spectacle of Rintelen serving his sentence -at Atlanta--a long sentence, which he tried numerous tricks to -evade--that is peculiarly German, and that comes more nearly satisfying -our popular desire for retribution than the plight of any of his -wretched employees. He came to America arrogant, rich, defiant, cruel, -and sly--to wage war upon us. One of his first acts was to sign his -check for $10,000 to manufacture bombs to destroy our shipping. When -certain Americans crossed his reeking trail he ran away in terror. -By great good luck he was captured, discovered, and returned and by -considerable persistence and patience on the part of the Bomb Squad -one of his trails was laid bare. (He had many others.) He suffered -great indignity, as he thought, at being tried with the manual laborers -whom he had employed and left in trouble. He was convicted and sent -to prison. He pleaded ill-health, though he was a strong man, and -he tried to be transferred to a more lenient prison. He invoked the -aid of his crumbling government, who informed Washington that unless -he were surrendered to Germany that nation would take the lives of -American soldiers captured in battle. Every trick failed, and Franz -Rintelen, tried not as a prisoner of war for what morally were acts of -war against the United States, but by our peace courts, and under our -lenient peace laws, must now serve out his term in an American prison, -although his nation has given up the war and begged for clemency. - -Rintelen used to suggest that he was an illegitimate relative of the -late Kaiser. It may be true: the two have something in common. The -Kaiser has become plain Hohenzollern, and the chief German bomb-plotter -in the United States, is, as Wolpert angrily said that day at -headquarters, “not _von_ Rintelen, damn him--_Rintelen_!” - - - - -VIII - -MR. HOLT’S FOUR DAYS - - -The facts were apparently unrelated to each other. Only a flight of -imagination would have connected them, and imagination, though it is -often valuable in speculating on what probably happened, is not court -evidence of what did happen. In the order of their occurrence, the -facts were these: - -1. On April 16, 1906, Leone Krembs Muenter, wife of Erich Muenter, an -instructor in German in Harvard College, died, soon after the birth -of her second baby. The circumstances of her death were suspicious, -and the Coroner directed that the stomach of the body be taken to the -Harvard Medical School for examination. Dr. Muenter, on the following -day, requested that he be allowed to escort the remains from Cambridge -to Chicago for burial, and this permission was granted. With the -children he made the gloomy pilgrimage west. The body of the dead wife -was cremated. Dr. Muenter wrote at once from Chicago to the New York -Life Insurance Company directing that the policy on his wife’s life be -made payable to her sister, instead of to himself. The examination of -the lining of the stomach had indicated slow arsenical poisoning and a -warrant was issued at once for the husband. But it reached Chicago to -find him gone--no one knew where. - -2. In a corridor of the main floor of the Senate wing of the United -States Capitol at Washington used to stand a telephone switchboard. On -the night of Friday, July 2, 1915, an explosion near it blew fragments -of the board through the walls of the telephone booths adjoining. No -one was about, which was lucky, for the wrecked switchboard was not the -only damage done: plaster rained from the walls and ceilings, every -door nearby was blown open (one was a door into the Vice-President’s -office which had not been in use for forty years), the east reception -room was wrecked, a gaping hole was torn in the stonework of the wall, -and fragments of windows, mirrors, crystal chandeliers and telephone -apparatus flew in every direction. - -3. In his country home on East Island, where Long Island reaches out -into the Sound to form Glen Cove, John Pierpont Morgan was having -breakfast on the morning of Saturday, July 3, 1915. It was nearly -half past nine, and the members of his family, together with several -holiday guests, were in the breakfast room, which is on the eastern -side of the house. An automobile drove up to the front door, and the -butler was confronted by a man of dingy appearance who asked, in an -accent suggesting German, to see Mr. Morgan. He presented a card -bearing the legend “Society Summer Directory: represented by Thomas C. -Lester.” The butler wanted better credentials and asked for them. The -stranger pulled a revolver from his pocket, covered the butler with it -and stepping inside the door demanded, “Where is Morgan?” - -With good presence of mind the butler answered, “In the library,”--the -library being in the west wing of the house, and away from the -breakfast room--and stepped toward the library door. Unfortunately it -was open, and the intruder, who was following with his gun aimed, saw -that the room was empty, and that the butler had lied. At the same -moment Physick, the butler, realized that his ruse had not worked. He -shouted, “Upstairs, Mr. Morgan! Upstairs!” hoping by the urgency of his -cry to convey to the banker a warning that something was distinctly -wrong and at the same time to get him out of range. Mr. Morgan at once -hurried up a rear stairway and began to search for the trouble. A -moment later Mrs. Morgan joined him. They proceeded from one room to -another, found nothing, and asked a nurse what was wrong. As the little -search party reached the head of the main staircase, with Mrs. Morgan -in the lead, she caught sight of a strange man with a revolver in each -hand. Lester had come up the front staircase. Mr. Morgan saw his wife -between himself and the guns, brushed her aside, and charged. The man -fired twice as the two went to the floor, grappling, and the hammer -of his revolver clicked twice more on caps that did not explode. Two -wounds, one in the front of the abdomen, and the other in the left -thigh, did not prevent Mr. Morgan, from overpowering his assailant: he -lay with the full weight of his 220 pounds on the man’s body, pinning -down the revolvers to the floor. One of the guns Mrs. Morgan and the -nurse wrenched from the man’s hand; the other Mr. Morgan captured. -Physick had meanwhile roused the servants, and he stunned the intruder -with a lump of coal as he lay on the floor. Lester’s unconscious form -was then trussed up and taken to the Glen Cove jail. - -There, briefly, were the facts. The Morgan shooting I have recounted -in some detail to show the desperation with which the stranger -trespassed, and attempted murder. It was not an affair which suggested -a motive of robbery, but apparently a cold attempt at assassination. -The Capitol explosion had been fruitless in its results so far as the -loss of human life was concerned, and its origin was at that time a -complete mystery. The Muenter affair had long since passed out of my -memory. How to get evidence to establish motives for the crimes, fix -the entire responsibility, and punish the offenders? - -Never, probably, has long-distance communication played a swifter or -more helpful part in a case. In order to show just how a nation which -has been called to the hunt can enter into the pursuit, let us follow -the developments in their strict chronological order. - -At seven o’clock Saturday morning, before Lester had appeared at the -door of the Morgan house, the newspapers in Washington received a -typewritten form letter, signed “R. Pearce,” protesting in excited -terms against the shipment of munitions to the nations at war. Its -second paragraph read: - - “In connection with the Senate affair would it not be well to - stop and consider what we are doing?” - -The writer stated further: - - “Sorry, I, too, had to use explosives (for the last time I - trust). It is the export kind, and ought to make enough noise - to be heard above the voices that clamor for war and blood - money. This explosion is the exclamation point to my appeal for - peace.” - -Again he wrote: - - “By the way, don’t put this on the Germans or Bryan. I am an - old-fashioned American...” - -And he added, in a penned postscript: - - “We would, of course, not sell to the Germans if they could buy - here, and since so far we only sold to the Allies, neither side - should object if we stopped.” - -At half-past nine o’clock the shooting occurred at Glen Cove. About the -same time Dr. Charles Munroe, consulting expert of the Bureau of Mines, -was called to the Capitol to make an examination of the wreckage of the -explosion. He soon arrived at the conclusion that the shock had been -caused by no spontaneous combustion, but by a fair quantity of high -explosive. - -While he was prying about among the débris, Lester was being lodged in -the Glen Cove jail. His bonds were loosened, leaving him a very sore -set of ankles and wrists, his cut forehead was bound up, and when he -was questioned, he gave out the following statement: - - “I, Frank Holt, of Ithaca, N. Y., and lately professor of - German at Cornell, do hereby freely make to William E. Luyster, - justice of the peace, the following statement of the facts - concerning my visit to the home of J. P. Morgan at East Island, - Glen Cove, N. Y. - - “I have been in New York City about ten days and had made a - previous trip to the home of Mr. Morgan last week. My motive in - coming here was to try to force Mr. Morgan to use his influence - with the manufacturers of munitions in the United States, and - with the millionaires who are financing the war loans, to have - an embargo put on shipments of war munitions, so as to relieve - the American people from complicity in the death of thousands - of our European brothers. - - “If Germany should be able to buy munitions here we would of - course positively refuse to sell to her. The reason that the - American people have not as yet stopped the shipments seems - to be that we are getting rich out of this traffic, but do we - not get enough prosperity out of non-contraband shipments? - And would it not be better for us to make what money we can - without causing the slaughter of Europeans? - - “I am very sorry that I had to cause the Morgan family this - unpleasantness, but I believe that if Mr. Morgan would put - his shoulder to the wheel he could accomplish what I have - endeavored to do. I wanted him to do the work I could not do. - I hope that he will do his share anyway. We must stop our - participation in the killing of Europeans, and God will take - care of the rest.” - -Lester, then, was not Lester at all, but Frank Holt. - -Meanwhile I knew nothing of what had transpired. I had risen that -Saturday morning looking forward to a day of relaxation and pleasure, -for there was to be a field day for the police at Gravesend Bay. On the -way down to the track I read with some interest of the explosion in the -Capitol, and then dismissed it from my mind: the newspapers, which had -been printed about one o’clock of that morning, carried no news except -a description of the effects of the explosion. Furthermore, it was a -holiday, with another to follow, and I proposed to enjoy it. - -About noon Police Commissioner Woods called me to the telephone, told -me hurriedly that Mr. Morgan had been “shot by a German,” and told me -to get down to Glen Cove as fast as possible. “Find out the man’s -motives and any accomplices he had,” the commissioner said. “Keep in -touch with me.” And hung up. I found Detective Coy of the Bomb Squad, -and a patrolman who knew German in case we should need an interpreter, -and after some delay in getting a car, we hastened to the little Glen -Cove jail. - -Then, at four o’clock, for the first time, I was told the facts as -Glen Cove knew them. A search of Holt’s person had disclosed two -revolvers, three sticks of dynamite, a number of loose cartridges, a -cartoon clipped from a Philadelphia newspaper, an express receipt, and -a scrap of paper bearing the names in pencilled handwriting of Mr. -Morgan’s children. Frank McCahill, the constable in charge, showed -me the statement Holt had made, and supplied the further information -that Holt had been identified by some of Mr. Morgan’s employees as a -man who had been seen on the estate two days before--on Thursday. Glen -Cove had been in a turmoil since the shooting. Newspaper reporters -and photographers had flocked to the jail, had taken photographs of -the prisoner, and already prints of the photographs were on their way -to every large newspaper in the country. His statement, as well as a -description of the man, had been telegraphed over the Associated and -United Press wires in every direction. So I decided to have a talk with -the prisoner himself. - -He was brought out of his cell, and we sat in comparative privacy on -two camp-stools in the corridor. He was a frail, slight fellow, with -deep eye-sockets, a prominent hook-nose, and a retreating chin. His -accent was certainly German. His name, he said, was Frank Holt, and -he was born in the United States. He told me he was forty years old, -that his father and mother had been born in America, although they had -both French and German ancestors, and that his wife and two children -were in Dallas. For several years, he said, he had taught in Vanderbilt -University, and during the year just past had been instructor in German -in Cornell University, at Ithaca. He had left Ithaca two weeks before, -and had stopped at a Mills Hotel in New York before coming down to Glen -Cove. - -“What did you try to kill Mr. Morgan for?” I asked. - -“I didn’t intend to kill him. I want to persuade him to use his -influence to stop the shipment of ammunition to Europe.” - -“Well, you chose a pretty strong means of persuading him, didn’t you? -What was the dynamite for?” - -“I was going to show him what was causing all the trouble--explosives.” - -He answered frankly, but not completely. The scrap of paper bearing -the names of the Morgan children, he said, was only a memorandum; -he had intended to hold them hostage until Mr. Morgan promised to -exert himself to stop the export of supplies to the Allies. No amount -of questioning would bring an answer as to where he had bought the -dynamite, but he readily volunteered the approximate addresses of the -shops where he had purchased the revolvers and cartridges. These facts -gave me something to work on, and I went outside to a telephone while -he was locked up again. - -Meanwhile the whole United States had been taking a keen interest in -the case. Holt’s statement had reached Washington on the Associated -Press wire, and was delivered to Captain Boardman of the Washington -Police. Captain Boardman had been busy all morning throwing out lines -on the Capitol case, and attempting to trace the author of the R. -Pearce letters, which had been mailed in the city about nine o’clock of -the previous evening. He read the Pearce letter over several times in -search of some clue to the writer. Presently the Holt statement came -in. From the two communications these sentences met the Captain’s eyes: - - -_Pearce_ - - “We would, of course, not sell to the Germans if they could buy - here, and since so far we only sold to the Allies, neither side - should object if we stopped.” - - -_Holt_ - - “If Germany should be able to buy munitions here we would, of - course, positively refuse to sell to her.” - -Captain Boardman’s next move was to wire to his chief, Major Pullman, -who happened to be in New York to attend that same field day that Coy -and I had missed. His message, dated 2 P. M. (while we were on the way -to Glen Cove), read: - - “Ascertain from F. Holt, in custody at Glen Cove, N. Y., for - shooting J. P. Morgan, his whereabouts Thursday and Friday, as - he may have placed the bomb in the Capitol here Friday night.” - -This message, sent in care of Inspector Faurot, was relayed to us at -Glen Cove by Guy Scull, deputy commissioner, but not until after the -Associated Press man at the jail had had a tip telegraphed from his -Washington office to ask Holt the same question. Holt denied that he -had been in Washington, flatly. But McCahill knew he had been in Glen -Cove Thursday, so at 5 P. M. he telegraphed Captain Boardman: - - “F. Holt was in Glen Cove Thursday, July 1, P. M.” - -I telephoned headquarters the numbers of the revolvers, and the -neighborhood in which Holt said he had bought them. Several members of -the squad started out from headquarters to identify the pawnshops, and -to find out what they could of the history of three sticks of dynamite -marked “Keystone National Powder Company. 60 per cent. Emporium, Pa.” - -Holt had proved obstinate to all questions of the source of his supply -of dynamite. The man was getting tired: he had had a hard day, had been -considerably battered, had been interviewed, photographed, harried with -questions, his ankles and wrists ached, his head throbbed, and his -mind, which though alert and active, was none too stable, was showing -signs of exhaustion. His condition suggested that he might be in a mood -to supply some of the further information we needed, so I suggested -that we take an automobile ride and he could show me where he had been -the day before. He protested at once. - -“No! My head is aching, and you want to take me on a ride and make a -show of me to the morbid crowd. I will not tell you--not until later. -Later perhaps, but not now!” - -“All right,” I answered. “Later.” - -Then I decided we had better get our information down on paper in a -formal examination. - -The meeting convened at once, with Coy, McCahill, a county detective -from Mineola, two deputy sheriffs, two patrolmen, a stenographer and -myself as board of inquiry. It may serve to describe the fellow’s -manner, as well as to bring out what the examination further disclosed, -if we make use here of extracts from the proceedings: - -_Question._ Where were you born? - -_Answer._ Somehow my brain is in such a shape that I can’t -remember--Wisconsin, I know. I don’t know what it is that affected -me--something inside of me--maybe it is the shock I got from that. - -_Q._ You speak with a German accent. Were you born in Germany, or in -any of the European countries--tell me the truth. - -_A._ Now listen. That has been said before--that I speak with a foreign -accent. That is because I speak several languages. I speak French, -German, Spanish, and all that. That is the cause of that, you see? - -_Q._ We will eliminate the trouble of asking you questions if you will -tell us the town or city in which you were born. - -_A._ Yes. Now I am trying to think (a pause) I will have to disappoint -you. - -_Q._ Your memory is very clear on other things. - -_A._ As I told you, I have been lying there, thinking, thinking. - -I took up the matter of the express receipt found on him: - -_Q._ On June 11, 1915, you shipped a box by the American Express -Company to D. F. Sensabaugh, 101 South Marsalis Street, Dallas, Texas. -What did that box contain? - -_A._ It evidently must have been a typewriter. I would not be sure now, -I think it was a typewriter. - -And then the cartoon, clipped from the Philadelphia paper, brought out -a very unexpected fact: - -_Q._ How many times have you been in Philadelphia? - -_A._ No time. - -_Q._ You came to New York from Ithaca? - -_A._ Yes. - -_Q._ Do you mean to truthfully answer my question by saying that you -have not been to Philadelphia at any time since you left Ithaca? - -_A._ At no time. - -_Q._ You have a clipping of a Philadelphia newspaper in your -possession. Where did you get that? - -_A._ I think I got that out of a Philadelphia paper of course, that I -found lying around. I think it was a cartoon. - -_Q._ Were you not in Philadelphia when you purchased that paper? - -_A._ I did not purchase that. I saw that lying around somewhere, -probably in the Mills Hotel. - -_Q._ Where did you sleep last night? - -_A._ Now, I will tell you. A reporter from the Associated Press asked -me about this Washington business, and he was trying to connect me with -that. I suppose that is what you are trying to do. - -_Q._ I am not trying to connect you with anything. I want truthful -answers. I am very frank and honest with you. I will fairly investigate -every answer that you make. - -_A._ Yes, I thought that over since he was here, and I think it is just -as well to say that I wrote that R. Pearce letter. I was in Washington -yesterday and came back on the train. I think it is just as well to say. - -Here was news! McCahill slipped out of the room, and sent this telegram -to Captain Boardman: - -“Holt was in Washington Friday. Will wire full particulars later,” and -returned for the particulars, which Holt continued to unfold. - -He had gone to Washington early Friday, arriving at 2 P. M., hired a -furnished room near the Union Station, and two hours later walked over -to the Capitol and found the Senate wing deserted. He placed a bomb -near the telephone booth, timed so as to explode in eight hours. He -idled away the evening, mailed the R. Pearce letters, took a midnight -train to New York, stopped at the Mills Hotel for mail, and took an -early train to Glen Cove Saturday morning. What his activities had been -since then we well knew. But while the confession of his responsibility -for the Washington outrage was a really surprising bit, it did not -conclude our work, for he had pointed out several new alleys of -possibility which we must search. - -By seven o’clock we had, first, a sketch of Holt’s recent career as -a teacher. This we proceeded to verify by telephone to New York and -by telegraph thence to Ithaca, Dallas, Nashville, and Philadelphia. -His account of the Washington bombing Mr. Scull telephoned to -Washington, and Major Pullman left at once for Long Island to secure -a more complete confession. We had the numbers of his revolvers and -were already at work upon that clue. We had no information except -the trade-mark of where he had got his dynamite, and knowing the -strict city restrictions on its sale, I felt confident that he had -accomplices who supplied it to him. The chances were, too, that Holt -had more dynamite than the three sticks which he said had made up the -Capitol bomb, and the three on his person. We knew he had called at -the Mills Hotel, and we sent a man to search his room. We had a wholly -unsatisfactory statement of his birthplace, which he had already -contradicted once, and which lent color to the Germanic origin of his -accent. And finally, Holt had given a description of the methods he -used in making his bomb which I cannot detail here for obvious reasons, -but which from my acquaintance with explosives I knew to be untrue. By -no means all the particulars of his acquaintance with dynamite had -been explained, and the fact that this remarkable teacher of foreign -languages, a man apparently of fair intellect, had committed one major -crime and confessed to another all in the same day, made the motive all -the more obscure. But we had learned that he talked freely, and that -meant that he would give us more information, either consciously or -unconsciously. - -Holt was moved about half past seven that night to safer keeping in -the county jail at Mineola, and we reconvened there an hour later for -further examination. Major Pullman joined us in the course of the -evening and took part in the questioning. By that time I had word from -New York that a telegram had arrived for Holt at the Mills Hotel signed -by D. F. Sensabaugh, and inquiring for particulars. Thinking that this -was a clue to possible accomplices I tried, taking several different -angles of attack, to find out whether Holt had told Sensabaugh (who -he said was his father-in-law), what he was going to do, and why he -had written that evening to his wife. The result of this questioning -was nil. Then we went over his course in Washington, step by step, and -brought out nothing of significance; then returned to the topic of his -views on the shipment of munitions, and tried to draw out any talks -which he might have had with friends on that subject. His answer to -this was: - -“I have not talked to my friends about it, because my friends, in -my position, they are not the kind of people who would talk on such -things. Do you suppose that a university professor would undertake that -sort of thing? I think that can be easily figured out that I could not -have anybody else with me.” - -That was the conclusion which we were being forced to accept. But the -mystery of the dynamite purchase was still unsolved. Holt said we could -not guess the reason why he was withholding the answer to it. I was -inclined to agree with him just then. I couldn’t guess. But he betrayed -in one of his replies the real factor which was to solve the mystery. -Major Pullman asked: - -“Why did you decide to go to the Capitol?” - -“Merely,” replied the thin figure in the chair, “to get the most -prominent place in the country. You see I wanted to call attention to -my appeal.” - -In this he had succeeded. The whole country was working on the case. -If our feeling that Holt had bought more explosives was no more than a -theory at first, it was strengthened when he admitted that he had spent -nearly $275 in two weeks, had only six sticks of dynamite to show for -it, and was able to account for only $50. He denied that he had ever -been in the German Club in New York, reiterated that he was born in the -United States, dodged the exact city, then suggested Milwaukee, said -that the name of the college he had attended in Texas “wouldn’t come,” -and sidestepped cleverly any admission which might allow us to trace -the dynamite purchase. Thus ended Saturday, July 3, which had started -out as a holiday. I left two men to watch Holt, and went home, tired -out, and not at all satisfied. - -While we had been busy with the prisoner, the wires to Boston and -the trains to Chicago had been carrying out their routine tasks -of syndicating news. A police officer in Cambridge in reading the -description of Holt which had flashed out to the newspapers detected -a familiar ring to the natural phrase “shambling walk” which had been -used to describe Holt’s gait. Thousands of men whom we encounter in -daily life have shambling walks, but to this officer only one man had -a shambling walk in which he was interested, and that man was Erich -Muenter, a Harvard instructor, whom he had suspected of wife-murder -nine years before. Nine years is a long time, and the average person -cannot recall offhand the gait of anyone whom he last saw nine years -ago, but those two words had evidently typified to the Cambridge -officer the murderer who got away. When the news photographs followed -the description to Boston and the Cambridge police saw them, they -were not so sure, for Muenter had had a beard, and in his Cambridge -days his head was not bandaged. But suspicion had been aroused, and -that was enough to issue the news throughout the country during the -night. Reporters in Ithaca tried to verify it from Holt’s associates at -Cornell, and failed, reporters two thousand miles away in Dallas tried -to verify it from Holt’s confused father-in-law, and failed. Dallas, -however, supplied the particulars of his previous life so far as -anyone seemed to know them, and these particulars were again relayed, -verified, and amplified in every city in which Holt had ever been known -in recent years. - -Sunday morning, Independence Day, I went early to Mineola and -questioned Holt again, with little result. Meanwhile the Bomb Squad -at work in New York had found one of the shops in Jersey City where -Holt had purchased a revolver. He gave his name to the proprietor as -“Henderson,” and his address as Syosset, Long Island--a little station -not far from Glen Cove. I asked him why he gave this fictitious name -and address; he replied he had happened to see Syosset on a timetable, -and that the name Henderson popped into his head. We then returned to -my favorite subject, dynamite, and Holt finally said that he would tell -me on the following Wednesday, July 7, where he had bought it. Why -Wednesday, July 7? He would not answer, and no amount of questioning -served any end except that of further confusion. - -The day was not without developments, however. During the afternoon -District Attorney Smith of Nassau County paid a visit to the jail, and -identified the wretched Holt as a former acquaintance in Cambridge, -Erich Muenter. At almost the same hour the Chicago authorities came -into possession of the news photograph of the man mailed from New York -the day before. They hurried with it to the home of two spinsters, -known to be sisters of the missing Muenter, and obtained from them an -unqualified identification: it was their lost brother, and “the news -would kill their mother.” This Pearce-Lester-Holt-Henderson-Muenter -was becoming more interesting every minute. Wife-poisoner, dynamiter, -gunman--what next? - -“Next” was Monday. The second revolvershop had been discovered, and -again the use of the alias Henderson and the address Syosset. Holt, -when I called on him in the morning, repeated only what he had told -the day before, and reiterated, “Wednesday I will tell you,” until it -became almost a refrain. He denied that he was Muenter, and that he had -ever heard the name. I returned to New York to spend the rest of the -daylight in investigation among the explosives’ manufacturers. From the -records of the Ætna Company, of which the Keystone was a subsidiary, we -learned during the afternoon that one Henderson had telephoned an order -for 200 sticks of dynamite to be delivered at Syosset. I was just ready -to start for Syosset with Commissioner Scull when, as if we had not -already had enough to interest us, our friends the anarchists exploded -a bomb in Police Headquarters itself. Curiously enough, although it was -a delay, this did not prove the disturbing incident which one might -believe. We had had anonymous threats of it some weeks before; it was -one year and a day after the accidental death of the anarchist Berg, -who was killed making a bomb, and it seemed to have no connection -whatever with the Holt case. No one was injured, and after steps had -been taken to follow the case, I went home to sleep what was left of -the night. - -Tuesday arrived. - -I went to Syosset, and interviewed the station agent, George D. Carnes. -Carnes said he knew a man named Henderson. Henderson had seen him first -about three weeks before when he came to the little station to claim a -new trunk which had been shipped down from New York, apparently empty, -as it weighed only thirty-six pounds. Henderson had signed for the -trunk, and gone away. He reappeared some days later and asked Carnes -whether he had received two boxes of dynamite and two boxes of fuses -and detonating caps--he had to blow up some stumps and he expected the -explosives. They had not arrived. Henderson made inquiries for several -days, and when the boxes came, claimed them, signed the name of Frank -Hendrix to the receipt, and drove away in a Ford. At last we seemed to -be on the right trail. - -He had received the material, we knew, but where was it? In the trunk, -perhaps. Had the trunk been shipped out of Syosset? No, Carnes said. -We telephoned several stations in the vicinity, and finally at Central -Park, a few miles west, we struck the trail again. The baggage records -there revealed that a Henderson had checked a trunk to the Pennsylvania -station, New York, on July 2--Friday. That was enough to take us to -Central Park. - -The check number I telephoned to New York for detectives to trace -from the station if they could. Information of a stranger is freely -offered in a village, and we found shortly that Holt had employed a -small boy with a wheelbarrow to convey his trunk from a shanty in the -woods to the station, and to the shanty we went. Near it lay a charred -dynamite-box, and there were a few wax-paper wrappers from sticks of -dynamite which the weather had left for our information. No explosive -was to be seen, but there was evidence that he had burned some of it -nearby. - -[Illustration: Mrs. Holt’s Mysterious Letter - -The First Word from Texas] - -If he had not burned it all, the balance of those two hundred sticks -were in the trunk. The day was growing old. Carnes and I sped back to -Mineola, and the station agent identified Holt as the dynamite man. I -repeated my questions; Holt replied, “I will tell you Wednesday.” - -“Look here,” I said. “I have the number of that check. That dynamite -is in the trunk. It’s liable to go off any minute and kill a lot of -people. I can trace that check, but it will take time, and you -better tell me quick where you left the trunk.” - -“All right,” Holt answered, and said that he had sent it to a storage -warehouse whose office was somewhere near 40th Street and Seventh -Avenue. Two minutes later Lieut. Barnitz and I were out of the jail and -in a motor bound for New York. - -It took just 28 minutes to cover the 20 miles to Fifty-Ninth Street -and Fifth Avenue, and we turned south to the section around Fortieth -Street. We found the office of the storage company--empty. The -warehouse itself was at 342 West 38th Street, and we hurried over -there, arriving simultaneously with the detectives who had been tracing -the check number from the Pennsylvania station. An old watchman was -in charge who knew nothing whatever of the records of the office, but -who turned bright green when we told him what we were after. While -Detectives Barnitz, Coy, Murphy, Sterett, Walsh and Fenelly went up -into the recesses of the warehouse to hunt for the trunk, I called -headquarters. - -“Commissioner Woods just called and wants you to call him at the -Harvard Club,” the office said. I did so, and reported our progress. - -“Get that trunk as fast you can and find out exactly what’s in it,” -said the Commissioner. “Washington just called me to say that Governor -Colquitt down in Dallas just wired them. He says Holt’s wife got a -letter from Holt dated July 2 saying that he’s put dynamite on a ship -now at sea, and that it will sink on the seventh!” - -On the fifth floor of the great dark barn they discovered the trunk, -with a dozen others on top of it. There were no lights, and it was -necessary to roll it over, haul it out, snake it across other piles, -and carry it down four flights of steep stairs in the dark to the -office. Barnitz picked up an axe and hacked the lock away. He lifted -the cover, and there we found one hundred and thirty-four sticks of -dynamite--one hundred in their original box, and the rest packed in -small spaces between hammers, nails, bolts, and other tools, several -bottles of sulphuric and nitric acid, and 197 detonating caps--a pretty -package to trundle down four flights of dark stairs and open with an -axe! - -Fifty sticks of the original 200 were unaccounted for. I telephoned the -report to the Commissioner, and followed it to the Harvard Club, in -44th Street, while Barnitz telephoned for the inspector of combustibles -to come and take possession of the explosives. The Commissioner, with -Guy Scull, were sitting in the lounge, and I was reporting in greater -detail when the Commissioner was called to the telephone. He returned a -moment later, and his first remark was this: - -“_Holt is dead at Mineola!_” - -And there went our case. - -The first wild report from Mineola had it that Holt had been shot by -a German. The international consequences of the case, which had been -hovering just out of reach for the past four days, now seemed certain. -A nation which was still bitterly angry over the recent _Lusitania_ -sinking would certainly not brook the violation of its Capitol and the -attempted assassination of one of its chief figures by a German agent, -and if Holt had been shot by a German, it was more than likely that he -had been killed to prevent a further confession which would implicate -the Imperial German Government. These thoughts passed through our minds -as we motored back across the Queensboro Bridge, and retraced the route -Barnitz and I had just traveled. - -Holt was not shot by a German. Holt was not shot at all. An aged guard -had been left to watch him that evening, just after Barnitz and I had -left, for the prisoner, despairing over the Muenter identification, had -already made one attempt with a bit of tin from a lead pencil to cut -the arteries of his wrists, and we did not want him to try again. The -old bailiff who sat outside the cell cage had not only left the cage -door unlocked, but had been careless enough to leave Holt’s cell door -ajar. The prisoner seemed quiet enough, and the bailiff fell asleep. He -woke to find Holt’s body in a twisted heap in the center of the floor -of the cell corridor. Holt had evidently been feigning sleep and while -the bailiff dozed had crept out, climbed to the top of the cage, and -dived headforemost to the concrete floor. - -There we found him. The man’s skull was crushed from the impact of his -dive. Rumors that he was shot by a mysterious rifle bullet from outside -notwithstanding, Holt bore no wound except the bruise Physick gave him -with the lump of coal, and the wound which was the result of his fall. -If Holt was a German agent, he died with his secret. - -We had no time to analyze the question. We knew that Holt had written -his wife he had placed dynamite aboard a ship which was at sea, and -that July 7, the date on which he had promised an explosion, was less -than two hours away. On the theory that he might have shipped an -express parcel containing a bomb overseas from some nearby station, Mr. -Scull and I spent the night in an exhaustive canvass by telephone and -motor of every station in Nassau County. Many of the station agents -were asleep, but we woke them, and searched until dawn. The net result -was record of two shipments to Europe since the day Holt received the -dynamite: One from Syosset the other from Oyster Bay. Back to New York -again we raced, and at the office of the Adams Express Company found -the Syosset package, opened it, and found--no dynamite at all. The -Oyster Bay package had already been shipped to Europe; we telephoned -the consignor, and learned that it contained clothes for a poor -relative in England. - -Apparently Holt had not shipped a bomb. While we were opening his trunk -at the warehouse the night before, the government was issuing from -Washington a wireless bulletin to all ships at sea, warning them to -search the cargo thoroughly for a bomb. One by one the vessels which -had sailed during the past week reported that they had investigated -with no result, and as these reports came in we began to rest easier -in our minds. Yet he had so persistently refused to tell us of the -dynamite “until Wednesday” that we could not ignore the prophecy he -had made to his wife--“With God’s help, a ship that sailed from New -York July 3 will sink on July 7.” At noon, of Wednesday, July 7, -an explosion occurred in the hold of the steamship _Minnehaha_, in -mid-ocean, so strong as to blow out a section of the upper decks. The -_Minnehaha_ had left New York on July 3. Happily there was no loss of -life, and she reached port safely. - -Two and two make four, but we must not add them for a moment. Holt--or -Muenter, as he was fully and finally identified--may have placed a -bomb in the _Minnehaha_. His promise may have been valid, but there -is another possible origin for that explosion, namely, the activities -of Paul Koenig’s little group. He may have placed a bomb on the -_Minnehaha_ which was exploded by a bomb placed there by another. He -may have placed a bomb on quite another ship--which did not explode, -and which may have traveled harmless to its consignee in England. That -consignee may have been fictitious, or he may have been an accomplice; -if an accomplice he may have been German. We must not add two and two -until we have gathered up the loose threads as they were gathered up -during those last active days, and begin to sort them out. - -If we do, we shall see that the Ithaca police found in Holt’s rooms -a scrapbook curiously replete with newspaper reports of crimes, -fratricides, patricides and plain murders. But no cases of wife-murder, -nor of arsenical poisoning. And no clippings dating back of 1906; -for all the evidence of the scrapbook, Holt had never existed before -1907. His wife, who, by a queer coincidence, bore the same maiden -name, Leona, as the one whom he had poisoned, apparently knew nothing -of Holt’s life before she met him in Texas in 1909, loved him, and -married him. She did not know that he was born in Germany, and educated -in Germany or that he had fled from Chicago to Mexico in 1906 and had -then worked back into Texas as a student. He probably wrote to her -from Ithaca in September, 1914, that he had just had the pleasure of -meeting Professor Ernest Elster, of Marburg, Germany, who was visiting -Cornell, and that Elster had highly commended him for his articles on -Goethe--but if he did write to her, what then? Perhaps Herr Professor -Elster had commended Holt for some other past or projected service to -_Kultur_. There is a queer development of the story in the fact that -on September 4, 1915, Mrs. Frank Holt, writing from Dallas, Texas, to -Griffithe’s warehouse, enclosed one dollar to pay for storage on a -trunk left there by her husband July 2, and signed her name: “F. H. -Henderson.” Perhaps the rumor is true that a woman appeared at the -offices of J. P. Morgan and Company in New York on July 2, 1915, and -attempted to warn Mr. Morgan of “something that was going to happen the -next day” and perhaps she was a friend of von Rintelen’s. Mr. Morgan -never saw her. But it is a fact that Rintelen had said to an American -with whom he was dealing: “Morgan and Root ought to be put out of the -way!” - -Probably--not perhaps--speculation has already carried this story too -far. The facts are that Mr. Morgan recovered from his wounds, and that -two and two make four. - - - - -IX - -THE NATURE FAKER - - -Richard Harding Davis could have done justice to this story. - -In December of 1917 we had been eight months at war. We would be an -innocent and purposely ignorant nation if we did not acknowledge that -even after we had been eight months at war there were German spies -in the United States practising their quiet trade in order to make -our waging of war as difficult as possible, just as for three years -they had practised to keep us out of the war entirely. It would be as -absurd to assume that there are not German spies in America to-day who -have been here throughout our part in the war, and who have done their -utmost to cripple us. - -But there is one who will not be here indefinitely.... - -In December, 1917, I received a complaint that valuable papers had been -stolen from a certain Captain Claude Staughton, who lived at 137 West -75th Street, Manhattan. The Captain himself said that the lives of -thousands of American soldiers were in jeopardy, and that neither they -nor he would rest in conscious security until those papers were found. -So two other Thomases of the Bomb Squad, Sergeant Thomas J. Ford and -Detective Thomas J. Cavanagh, were sent to investigate the theft. - -They found that Captain Staughton lived in an apartment on the second -floor of the premises at 137 West 75th Street and that his rooms were -shared by a Captain Horace D. Ashton. Staughton, they learned, was a -captain of West Australia Light Horse--or was supposed to be--and a -photograph they found of the captain in his uniform revealed four gold -wound-stripes on his sleeve, which suggested an interesting and heroic -experience overseas. The detectives’ first assumption was that the -missing papers had had to do with British war work on which the captain -was detailed to the United States. Then they found several photographic -prints in which he was dressed in the uniforms of other nations than -Great Britain, and their second assumption was that he might be another -of the nervy little band of counterfeit officers which had done all its -fighting in the restaurants and sympathetic check-books of New York -during the war. - -The detectives learned that Ashton had his mail forwarded to the -“Argus Laboratories” at 220 West 42d Street. They called upon Ashton, -and inquired about his room-mate. Duquesne was all right, Ashton -said--was employed by an engineering company downtown as an inspector -of airplanes, was in Pittsburg at the moment, but was expected shortly -to return. Duquesne returned, and was placed under arrest on the charge -(we had no better one at the moment) of unlawfully masquerading in the -uniform of one of our allies, a uniform to which he had no title. A -thousand questions sprang up in our minds about the man: why was he -in disguise, how long had he been posing, how could he carry out the -bluff without being discovered, especially by the highly reputable firm -which employed him?--those were a few. We began to investigate, and -from Ashton and other sources we pieced together the checkered pattern -of his career. Many of the fragments are missing, and some of them are -probably in the wrong places, but this is the picture we found. - -He had applied for work at the J. G. White Engineering Company on -September 18, 1917, and in his rather detailed application for -employment set forth that his name was Fred du Quesne. He stated -further that he was 39 years old, married, and a United States -citizen, though born in a British colony. His nearest relative was -“A. Jocelyn du Quesne,” in Los Angeles, and he had evidently had some -trouble in parting the name in the middle, for it was written over an -erasure. His next nearest relative was set down as “Viscount François -de Rancogne, Prisoner of War, Germany,”--an address safe enough from -prompt investigation. Last of all his relatives was cited Edward -Wortley, “Colonial Secretary, Jamaica, B. W. I.” The three names -were impressive, and with the possible exception of Los Angeles, the -addresses were too remote to enable the J. G. White Company to find out -quickly what sort of man this du Quesne might be. - -He described himself as a graduate of St. Cyr, the French West Point, -as master of French and English (not German or Portuguese or Spanish), -and as having lived in England, France, Africa, Australia, Central -America, Brazil, Argentine, and the United States (but not Germany). -Present position he had none, but he would like one as “Inspector -of military devices, purchasing agent for same, or army supplies -transportation.” You or I, were we working for the Kaiser, would -have liked just such a position. He gave as references the name of -Thomas O’Connell, a relative employed by the J. G. White Company in -Nicaragua; Ashton, Senator Robert Broussard of Washington, and the -Marquis (not “viscount” this time) de Rancogne, “Lieutenant General of -Cavalry, France.” - -He then set forth his previous experience, which I may quote direct in -the light of later events: - -“1898 to 1899. Secretary to board of selection on military devices -and contracts. South Africa reporting Genr. de Villiers. (salary) £10 -weekly. - -“1899 to 1902. South African War. Was inspector of military -communication and reported secretary of war.” (_He does not state which -secretary of war_) £12.2.6 weekly. - -“1902 to 1903. Lived in United States to start residence. Had an -experience job in the subway looking on. $25.00. - -“1903 to 1904. Went on tour of Congo Free State in the interests of -making favorable publicity in this country for King Leopold. Gerard -Harry in charge of campaign for the King. Received $10,000 for the job, -with expenses. - -“1904–5–6. Headed Eldu expedition and industrial research party in -Australia. Sir Arthur Jones financed me. Received £2,000 yearly. - -“1907–8. Toured Russia for _Petit Bleu_. Publicity. 1,000 florins -weekly. - -“1908–9–10. Organized and built string of theatres in British West -Indies. Financed and erected hydro-electric plant for S. S. Wortley & -Co., Kingston, Jamaica. Made percentages. - -“1911–12. Lived in Nicaragua and Guatemala. Was with Mr. Thomas -O’Connell in Nicaragua for one year. Made industrial and investment -investigations, especially ore, fibre, rubber. $5,000 and expenses -yearly. Mr. Hite financed. Address New Rochelle. - -“1913–14–15–16. Explored and travelled in South America, Brazil, -Argentine, Peru, and Bolivia, on own account. Also conducted special -expedition for Horace Ashton of 220 W. 42d St., New York.” - -An eventful record, certainly. We asked Ashton to cast a little light -on it. Captain Fritz Joubert Duquesne, he said, was a scout in the Boer -war--“the leading scout” were his exact words--but not for the British, -but the Boers. There may have been a touch of irony in Duquesne’s -description of himself as “inspector of military communications” for -he had been captured eight or nine times in his migrations through the -British lines and had escaped each time--until the last, when he was -made a prisoner of war at Cape Town, and according to an entry in the -records of Scotland Yard, “was sent to Bermuda, whence he escaped after -the declaration of Peace.” The same records say: “The man Duquesne -was acting as correspondent for a Belgian paper, the _Petit Bleu_; he -was however in reality working for the Boers....” Duquesne fancied -photographs of himself, as he made up rather dashingly, and an old -print which the Bomb Squad men found in his effects bore out the fact -of his imprisonment, for there he stood in his Bermuda jail with the -shackles on his ankles and a grim, martyred expression on his face. - -The lure of Africa called to him, evidently, and he went back. We -need not take too seriously his statement that he made a junket for -King Leopold through the Belgian Congo, but anyone who remembers the -uproar over the slavery by which the depraved old monarch was turning -his colony into gold to pay for his excesses will also recall the -international complications which the Congo threatened. It was a likely -spot for an international spy. During his survey of the publicity -possibilities of the jungle Duquesne conceived a few publicity -possibilities for himself, and he came to America as a mighty hunter of -big game. - -“I ran across him first,” said Ashton, “in 1909.--At that time he was -writing an article for _Hampton’s Magazine_ called ‘Hunting Big Game -in Africa.’ In publishing his articles he needed photographs, and he -came to me. I was interested in his conversation and I said to him: -‘Why don’t you lecture?’ So he went down to the Pond Lyceum Bureau. He -went on a lecture tour for the Lyceum and later on a tour of the Keith -circuit....” - -We found in his effects a program of the lectures he gave, its cover -decorated with a small round photograph of Colonel Roosevelt in hunting -costume and a large studio photograph of Duquesne in khaki, wearing -boots and a revolver, and looking sternly out of the picture as -tradition says a lion-hunter should look. Page two carried a synopsis -of his lecture, of which one topic was “Hunting with Roosevelt,” and -a reproduction of a number of newspapers which were then publishing -his “Hunting Ahead of Roosevelt,” an article written for _Hampton’s -Magazine_. On page three Captain Duquesne figured again in effigy, this -time standing beside the prostrate form of “A Rare Specimen--the ‘White -Rhinoceros,’” and we are to believe that he killed the beast. Page four -(and last), reproduced a cartoon from the _Washington Star_ of January -26, 1909, which portrayed President Roosevelt pointing to a picture -of an elephant, and enthusiastically inquiring of a hairy hunter -labelled “Duquesne”: “I want to know his vital spot!” - -[Illustration: Fritz Duquesne prepared for a Lecture Tour as Captain -Claude Stoughton] - -A quotation from _Hampton’s Magazine_, also printed in this program, -gives a new vision of the man’s life from 1900 to 1909. It is probably -as truthful as any--here it is: - -“When the British succeeded in cutting cable communications between the -Boer Republic and the rest of the world, Duquesne carried the news of -the Boer victories over the Mozambique border, and from there he wrote -his despatches to the _Petit Bleu_, the official European organ of the -Boer Government. He was once captured by the Portuguese and thrown into -prison at Lorenzo Marques. Later he was taken a prisoner to Europe at -the request of the British Government. When the ship that conveyed him -and his guard touched at Naples, he was suffering from a fever and in -consequence was placed in an Italian hospital. On his recovery he was -allowed to go free. He went to Brussels and was sent back to the front -by Doctor Leyds, with plans for the seizure of Cape Town by the Boer -commandos then mobilized in Cape Colony. - -“Everything was ready for the taking of the city when, a traitor -having revealed the plot, Duquesne and a number of others were captured -in Cape Town inside the British defenses. This was the climax of what -has come to be known as the ‘Cape Town Plot.’ Some of the prisoners -were shot and some sentenced to death who later had their sentences -changed to life imprisonment. Captain Duquesne was among the latter. -Ten months later he escaped from the Bermuda prisons, got aboard the -American yacht _Margaret_ of New York while she was coaling at the -dock, and was conveyed to Baltimore. - -“Back to Europe he went again, as war correspondent and military writer -on the _Petit Bleu_; thence to Africa, where he took a commission on -the Congo. In East Africa he hunted big game for sport and profit, and -finally he came to New York to do newspaper and magazine work.” - -He cut a figure in America as a hunter. Back in 1910, when Congress -amused itself with light diversions, when President Taft was in the -White House and when President Roosevelt was in Africa, the eyes of the -nation were turned perforce toward that great preserve of wild game. On -March 24, 1910, the House of Representatives’ Committee on Agriculture -went into session with the Honorable Charles F. Scott in the chair. -Late March in Washington has a hint of spring, and that Thursday was -probably an off-day, with nothing much to do, for the committee’s -business was the consideration of H. R. 23261--a bill “to import into -the United States wild and domestic animals whose habitat is similar to -government reservations and lands at present unoccupied and unused.... -_Provided_, that such animals will thrive and propagate and prove -useful either as food or as beasts of burden, and that two hundred -and fifty thousand dollars ... be appropriated for this purpose.” The -bill was Representative Broussard’s, of Louisiana; he had in mind the -re-population of the unyielding backwaters of his constituency with -happy families of--what? Foreign sheep, or parrots, or egrets, or fish? -Not at all. Families of hippopotamuses. - -The Gentleman from Louisiana addressed the meeting briefly, saying -that he had brought to the hearing three distinguished specialists in -the matter of wild beasts, Dr. Irwin of the Bureau of Plant Industry, -Major Frederic Russell Burnham, a fine old pioneer whom Richard Harding -Davis did describe in his “Real Soldiers of Fortune,” and “Captain -Fritz Duquesne, formerly in the Boer army, who is lecturing and writing -on this subject....” Dr. Irwin spoke earnestly for the introduction -of the hippo, Major Burnham made an absorbing address on the habits -of wild animals he had known--and a herd of camels he once pursued in -Texas--and our bright and voluble Captain Fritz then told the committee -extraordinary things of the home of the hippopotamus, the delicacy of -its flesh, the amiability of its temperament, and the carelessness -of its appetite. “During my boyhood,” he said at one stage of the -proceedings, “the French soap manufacturers used to come down there -and pay us all sorts of prices, competing with one another, to get the -fat of the hippopotamus; and we made a considerable amount of money -from saving the fat when we killed a hippo. The Boers were in the habit -of going down to the river and killing a hippo and bringing it in and -dividing it among the different families in the district. It is pretty -hard to get rid of four and a half tons of meat. In the case of the -bones of the animal, we would take an ordinary wood saw and saw them -in halves, and make a great big pot of soup for a large number of the -people, including the Kaffir servants on the ranch, or the farm, as we -call it.” Again: “My father was instrumental in sending the camel to -Australia from Africa, and also in introducing it into the Kalahari -desert. The German Government now uses the camel exclusively for its -cavalry in the Kalahari desert, which is practically the counterpart of -the deserts in this country. My father had the contract to take them -over to Australia for the West Australian Government and I took them -over there. To-day camels and ostriches from Africa are being raised in -Australia.” - -Mr. Chapman asked: “Do you think animals such as you have mentioned -would become acclimated here without difficulty?” Duquesne replied: -“Yes, I was over there recently in one place where Colonel Roosevelt -passed through, and the frost was that thick (indicating about one -inch). That is where he went to get some of his best animals....” In -discussing the zebra he said: “There is nothing wrong with the animal. -The English in Africa want to get percentage, you know. They put an -animal out and they want to break it in right away, and they want to -get some money for it right on the spot. That is what they are in -Africa for. They want to take on the animals and break them in at -once. The Germans are more scientific than the English. In German East -Africa they are making a great success of domesticating these animals -I have spoken of, and crossing the zebra.... The Germans in Germany, -France, and Belgium, not to mention those in the United States, tried -scientifically to make the leopard change his spots, too.” - -The man really exhibited an unusual acquaintance with wild beasts, and -he summed up the picturesque argument for the bill when he said: “If -there is vegetation in a river, the hippopotamus will never leave the -river. If you had the hippopotamus in Louisiana and it ate up all your -water plants you would be quite willing to let the hippo live down -there. You see the water plants have to live on a certain amount of -air, and the fish live on a certain amount of air. Neither the plant -nor the fish can live on air that is not there. As the plant is the -stronger, and is able to take the air from above, it will draw it at -the bottom and draw it from the top, and the fish is suffocated in the -water. Then when a storm comes and blows the water plants, which are -floating, all to one side, the fish are netted up against them and kept -in one place until they die. These plants exhaust the air in the water -that is passing through the fishes’ gills and that destroys the fish.” -I wish there were space here to reproduce all the proceedings of that -hearing--it is historic vaudeville: a German spy teaching a class of -American congressmen about the hippo, and suggesting subtly that when -they purchase a fleet of the great beasts for the Louisiana bayous, -they let him round them up. He would have done it if there had been -American money in it. - -[Illustration: 1. Fritz Duquesne as a War Correspondent - -2. Duquesne as a Boer Soldier - -3. From Duquesne’s Press Notices - -4. As a British Prisoner of War - -5. A Prisoner’s Bank Note Found in Duquesne’s Effects] - -American money appeared from another source, however, in 1911. Duquesne -had been working in a desultory way for the moving pictures, and he -interested one Hite, a functionary in the Thanhouser Film Company, in -a plan to explore Central America with a moving-picture camera. Ashton -said he also obtained financial support from Frank Seiberling of the -Goodyear Rubber Company of Akron, a great patron of sports, and the -financier of the ill-fated balloon “Akron” in which Walter Wellman once -tried to cross the Atlantic. He set sail in 1911 for Jamaica, where he -enlisted the finances of his father-in-law, Wortley, in the project, -and then moved on to Guatemala. There he was suspected of revolutionary -activities, and after cabling Washington and receiving a satisfactory -report from the state department, he was released, and made his way -through Honduras to Nicaragua. There he spent some time, and saw -something of O’Connell, the railroad man--enough to receive a pass -over all lines of the Nicaraguan railroad. - -In 1913 he returned to the United States. Among the papers which we -discovered was a record of an insurance policy for a maximum of $80,000 -worth of moving picture film at $4 a foot, which Duquesne took out -with the Mannheim Insurance Company in New York on December 17. He was -setting out on another expedition, and he wished to insure his reels of -film on shipboard from - - “seas, fires, pirates, rovers, assailing thieves, jettison, - barratry of the master and mariners, and all other perils, - losses and misfortunes that have or shall come to the hurt, - detriment or damage of the said goods and merchandise or any - part thereof.” - -By a separate certificate the company also insured Duquesne against -further risk, thus: - - “It is agreed that this insurance covers only the risk of - capture, seizure or destruction by men-of-war, by letters of - marque, by taking at sea, arrests, restraints, detainments - or acts of kings, princes and people authorized by and in - prosecution of hostilities between belligerent nations....” - -and off to the Spanish Main and the pirates and the assailing thieves -sailed Fritz Duquesne. - -His migrations during the years of 1914 and 1915 are not clear. This -much is certain: that on June 16, 1915, Sir C. Mallet, the British -minister at Panama, wrote to the foreign office in London the following -note, setting forth an observation he had made that day in the Zone: - -“Through a Canal Zone detective I learnt confidentially that a -passenger named Captain F. Duquesne, travelling with a passport issued -by the United States Consul at Mañaos, Brazil, had embarked for -Trinidad on the R. M. S. _Panama_ on the 14th instant. - -“My informant stated that Captain Duquesne poses as an American officer -but in reality is an intelligence officer in the service of the German -Government. - -“I have warned the Governor of Trinidad by telegraph so that a watch -may be kept on Captain Duquesne’s movements.” - -The wily captain had been cruising rather busily through the Caribbean, -over the Isthmus, and into South America. His passport connected him -with Mañaos, the British message established his presence at Panama -and Trinidad, a German war communiqué dated “December 20,” and signed -by the German consul, Lehmann, in Guatemala, showed that he was an -acceptable guest at the outposts of the German Empire. And he had -visited Nicaragua before he entered Panama in 1915, for we found in his -possession this letter: - - “Managua, May 5, 1915. - - “Imperial German Consulate - for Nicaragua: - - “It is a pleasure for me to recommend to you, my countrymen, - the bearer of this, Mr. Fritz Duquesne, Captain of Engineers to - the Boer army, very warmly. - - “The same gentleman has on many occasions given many notable - services to our good German cause. - - “The Imperial German Consul, - “UEBERSEXIG.” - -Enclosed in the envelope was Uebersexig’s personal card, reinforcing -his recommendation of Duquesne as an accredited German agent. - -Trinidad is a good jumping-off place into the far tropics, and it -is quite possible that as Ashton said Duquesne disappeared into the -interior of Brazil, and “explored the unknown regions of Brazil and -the Amazon.” It is not hard to find unknown regions of Brazil within -a few miles of the coast. He probably did not penetrate far into the -interior, for in January of 1916, he showed up in lower Brazil. - -He emerged from the interior as a valiant explorer, preceded by native -carriers whom he had hired to transport his precious movie-film. As -he approached the port of Bahia Duquesne’s personality underwent a -perceptible change. Duquesne suddenly became George Fordham. Among his -papers we found an application for shipment by a Brazilian broker which -read as follows: - - “Honorable Superintendent. - - “Francisco Figuerado requests a permit to ship for New York - via steamer _Verdi_ to sail on January 28, 1916, a case as - described below: - - “Bahia, January 27, 1916. - - “Raul E. de Oliveira, Custom House Broker. - - “1 case weighing 80 kilos 00$500 - - “One case of potter’s earth in dust (samples)” - -Potter’s earth may have been included in the materials in the case, -but that is doubtful, for on October 4, 1916, “Mrs. Alice Duquesne -being duly sworn deposes and says that she accompanied her husband, -Captain Fritz Duquesne, during his trip through Central America in the -Spring and Summer of 1914. That in the baggage was an iron trunk used -to carry moving picture films and negatives which she presumes to be -the same trunk that was subsequently shipped by Capt. Duquesne per -the S. S. _Tennyson_ from Bahia to New York sailing in January, 1916. -That the said trunk was about ½ inch thick, and made of iron about 45 -inches in length by 30 inches in height by 26 inches in depth ... had -a hinged cover that overlapped the sides of same, and fastened down -with two thumb screws and a lock. That two iron bands went around the -trunk and were riveted to same. That the cover was lined with packing -where it overlapped the sides of the trunk. That the said trunk was -of very solid construction, painted a dark green, almost black, and -that two men were required to lift same.” Hardly a suitable receptacle -for potter’s earth. Furthermore, George Fordham, whose handwriting is -identical with that of Fritz Duquesne for the simple reason that the -two men were the same, on February 11 signed an invoice at the American -consulate in Bahia stating that he solemnly and truly declared that -the 28,000 feet of moving picture film and the 4100 negatives which -he was shipping back to the United States were to the best of his -knowledge and belief of the manufacture of the United States and had -been exported from the United States in 1913. - -[Illustration: - - 1. A significant clipping found in Duquesne’s effects - - 2. A German Communique found on Duquesne - - 3. The United States Customs invoice by which Duquesne, as - “George Fordham,” shipped his “Films” -] - -The _Tennyson_ sailed quietly out of the river-mouth into the Atlantic -and Duquesne vanished just as quietly. On February 26, when the ship -was coasting along the Brazilian forest toward the Equator, a terrific -explosion occurred in her hold, and three sailors were killed. The iron -trunk never reached New York. The news of the catastrophe set fire to -the British in South America and the English press seethed with such -paragraphs as this--which we found in Duquesne’s papers, clipped from -an Argentine newspaper: - - “Rio de Janeiro. - - “The confession of the clerk Bauer, arrested in connection - with the _Tennyson_ outrage, which led to the discovery of the - papers and funds of the band of German bombers in an English - safe deposit institution reveals a plot of far-reaching - consequences fraught with danger to the neutrality of a number - of South American republics, as well as peril to the lives of - their citizens. - - “Besides a number of important documents, the police seized - $6,740 in American bills, which were in an envelope marked - ‘On His Majesty’s Service’ and addressed: ‘Piet Naciud.’ - When this name was published it caused quite a shock in the - Allied circles here, as this man always cultivated their - society and even recited at their benefits. He was ever loud - in his denunciations of the Germans, and as he was a Boer, - or pretended to be one, was doubly liked for his seemingly - praiseworthy attitude. Little did the English dream that they - were harbouring a black-hearted spy in their midst whom they - now know as one of the leading plotters whose audacity is - beyond belief. The safe deposit was in his own name, and he - gave his home address as Cape Town. Neither he nor the agent - Niewirth and his fellow conspirators have yet been arrested. It - is believed that they left with Naciud in a powerful motorboat - that he owned.” - -How Captain Fritz Duquesne, alias Fordham, alias Naciud, must have -chuckled as he sat safely in the neutral Argentine and read this -flattering tribute to his audacity. For he did turn up presently -in Buenos Aires, and embarked on a new audacity--nothing less than -collecting the insurance of $80,000 for the loss of the film which he -claimed to have shipped in the iron box! - -Let Ashton take up the story: - -“... his wife ... tried to collect the insurance, but was advised -that she would have better chances ... if he would disappear. He -then assumed the name of Fredericks. In 1916 a report was published -in the New York _Evening Post_ and the New York _Times_ that he had -been assassinated by Indians in the interior of Bolivia, and being -interested I called at the office of the N. Y. _Post_ and asked Mr. -A. D. H. Smith, editor, to look this report up, and he found that -the report came from the Associated Press, the same being signed -‘Fredericks.’ They also had a cablegram signed, ‘Captain Duquesne,’ and -it said: ‘I am still alive.’ The report also said that he was the sole -survivor of an attack from the Indians and that he was somewhere in -Bolivia recovering in a hospital, the location being unknown. He sent -the message signed ‘Fredericks’ himself from Buenos Aires. - -“He then became connected with the Board of Education of the Argentine, -supplying films for the schools, and a certain politician in Buenos -Aires claims he gave him $24,000 with which to purchase films (certain -educational films). He claims to have come to New York with a man named -Williamson and purchased the films, paying $24,000 in cash.” - -Mrs. Duquesne was already in New York, having a hard time collecting -her claim against the German-owned Mannheim Insurance Company for the -“sympathy verdict” for damage to the films. He stored the new films -he claims to have purchased in the Fulton and Flatbush Warehouse, 437 -Carlton Avenue, Brooklyn--stored them as “statuary,” and used to visit -the warehouse frequently. On one occasion he arrived after hours, and -tried unsuccessfully to bribe the watchman to admit him. He moved to -a small hotel in Elizabeth, New Jersey, and about two weeks after the -storage of the cases of “statuary” in the Brooklyn warehouse, the -warehouse mysteriously caught fire. - -By a queer coincidence the “films”--Duquesne has never proved that he -did buy them--which of course were destroyed in this fire too, had been -insured by their purchaser, “Mr. Frederick Fredericks,” for $33,000 by -the Stuyvesant Insurance Company, and he set out to collect the $33,000 -for the total loss of his property. If both claims proved successful, -he and his wife would have gathered in some $113,000. But they found it -one thing to be insured and another thing entirely to get the money. -Times were not treating Duquesne well. - -Along in July, 1917, when the United States was in the throes of -buckling down to the business of war, and Washington was sweltering -under its increased load of war-time population and business, Ashton, -Duquesne’s old friend, happened to have business in the capital. He -dropped in to call on Robert F. Broussard, of New Iberia, Louisiana, -who in 1915 had been elected senator from this state ... the same -Broussard who had been the author of the hippopotamus bill. Ashton -asked the United States Senator from Louisiana if he had heard from -Captain Duquesne. Ashton continues: “his secretary overheard the -conversation (his secretary is a charming young lady) and I took her -out to dinner, and about five days later she wrote me and said, ‘You -may be interested to know that Captain Duquesne is in Washington, but -does not want it known.’ I immediately became interested and concluded -that if Captain Duquesne was in Washington and did not want it known, -especially to me, I ... would investigate. So I went to Washington ...” -and learned something of Duquesne’s whereabouts and circumstances. - -“After hearing this story in Washington,” Ashton continues, “I learned -that this man was in desperate need of assistance and I offered to -help him in any way that I could.... Senator Broussard was trying to -secure a position for him with General Goethals,... also at this time -he had plans on file with the Secretary of the Navy, of an invention -to destroy mines in harbors, and was hoping that he might secure a -position with the Navy Department. I had been offered a position -with George Creel, and I also introduced Duquesne to him, and I then -got in touch with Major Kendall Barnelli. I advised him to listen to -Duquesne and to give him a position. I also advised Barnelli that I was -investigating Duquesne’s story.” - -Damon Ashton then brought Pythias Duquesne back to New York and put him -up in the apartment in which the Bomb Squad men had first been called -to investigate the theft of papers. Duquesne begged his friend not -to make him known under his own name, as the insurance case for the -warehouse fire was still pending. So Duquesne continued to masquerade -as “Fredericks.” His health was poor, and he did not go to work at -once. At times Ashton’s charity seemed to irk Duquesne, and he even -went to the telephone and called up an agency to discuss a lecture -tour. The lecture agents told him that only war lectures were making -money. There was a real inspiration, and after working for several -days to assemble a uniform of the West Australia Light Horse, correct -in every detail, he dressed up in it and called at the lecture bureau -as Captain Claude Staughton. His Australian experience as chaperone -to the camels stood him in good stead, and he went about town mixing -with British Army officers without arousing suspicion. He even got on -famously with the late Sir George Reed, prime minister of Australia, -whom he met one night at the Hotel Astor. - -The Pond lecture folk took him up and arranged a tour for him. -Consciously or unconsciously, they swallowed Duquesne whole. They -had him photographed in his new uniform, with the ribbons of three -decorations over his heart, and they reproduced the natty figure on the -cover of a publicity folder announcing the subjects on which Captain -Claude Staughton was prepared to talk. “Captain Staughton,” read the -folder, “has perhaps seen more of the war than any man at present -before the public.... He wears ribbons showing that he has received -five medals: two of these the King’s and Queen’s for service in the -Boer war, carrying seven clasps; one is for service in Natal, and two -for bravery in saving lives. A sixth French medal for which he has been -cited is yet to be awarded. At the outbreak of the Boer war, Captain, -then Lieutenant, Staughton, was an officer in one of Australia’s crack -horse regiments, the Mounted Rifles. He went with his regiment to -Africa, and served in Cape Colony, Orange Free State, Transvaal, Natal -and Basuto Land. He was with Kitchener at the Battle of Paardeburg when -General Cronje was captured; was with Lord Roberts at the Capture of -Bloemfontein; at the fall of Johannesburg and the seizure of Pretoria. -Later, in pursuit of DeWet’s army, he was attached to General Knox’s -flying column as intelligence officer and commandeering officer for -the Australian Bushmen. He later entered the Cape forces and took -active part in the clearing up of Basuto Land, and in the last Natal -insurrection he fought with the Natal forces.” - -That is a mere fragment of the fighting in which this eulogy proceeded -to sketch Captain Staughton’s modest part. New Guinea, Gallipoli, -Flanders, the Somme, Arras (illustrated by motion pictures), four -times gassed, three times bayoneted, once pronged by a German -trench-hook--those were the high lights of the career which, the folder -assured the public, had finally brought him face to face with the most -fearless lecture audience in the world--the United States. He would be -pleased to lecture on the story of the Anzacs, underground warfare--or, -on “German Spy Methods,” of which “he had learned much in Egypt.” - -One of the sub-topics in this lecture on German spy methods was this: -“Germany pays nothing for its spying on us.--We pay it all.--How long -will we stand it?” - -Well, we stood it for a long time--too long a time by half. But -not long enough to permit Captain Staughton to lecture before many -audiences, nor to ask this question too frequently. He gulled a few -suburban Sunday schools, but his arrest put an end at least to his -attempt to pick up a bit of odd change by collecting insurance. - -For the steamship _Tennyson_ was British territory, and, as this is -written, the report comes that this picturesque charlatan is going back -across the Atlantic, to be tried for the murder of a British sailor. So -begins the last chapter in the story of Fritz Duquesne. - - - - -X - -THE PRUSSIAN, THE BOLSHEVIK, AND THE ANARCHIST - - -We caught a glimpse, in the chapter describing the attempt to wreck St. -Patrick’s Cathedral, of the peace-time game of the anarchist group; -we looked into their meeting places and their disorderly minds; and -those of us who are familiar with the localities which were their -haunts in New York City will have been enabled to visualize with some -clearness the squalid surroundings in which they worked. War gave -them new opportunities, and possibly a few high-lights which the Bomb -Squad caught of the anarchist, I. W. W., and Russian activities since -1914 may prove to be readable. If they are readable the author should -be content, but he will not be unless he has put before his people -something which may serve as a warning for the period of readjustment -which the end of war has opened. - -An anarchist publication appeared in New York, dated November 15, 1918, -four days after Germany had signed the armistice, with this legend on -its front page, in large type: - - “The War Is Dead: Long Live the Revolution!” - -It reflects the joyful frame of mind with which orthodox anarchists -received the news of peace, and hailed the beginning of what they -thought would be unrestrained guerilla warfare on law and class. They -had done very little to help the war, and their two chief figures, Emma -Goldman and Alexander Berkman, were in prison for obstructing the draft -of America’s army. Yet the anarchists as a class were extremely happy. -Let us review some of the reasons why. - -On October 25, 1915, Har Dayal, who had fled at the outbreak of war to -the protection of Berlin, where he was placed in charge of the Indian -Nationalist Committee, wrote from Amsterdam, Holland, to Alexander -Berkman in New York. The letter follows: - - “Dear Comrade: - - “I am well and busy and sad. Can you send me some earnest and - sincere comrades, men and women, who would like to help our - Indian revolutionary movement in some way or other? I need the - coöperation of very earnest comrades. Perhaps you can find - them in New York or at Paterson. They should be real fighters, - I. W. W.’s or anarchists. Our Indian party will make all - necessary arrangements. - - “If some comrades wish to come, they should come to Holland. We - have a centre in Amsterdam, and Dutch comrades are working with - us. If some comrades are ready to come, please telegraph me - from New York to the following address: - - “‘Israel Aaronson, c/o Madame Kercher, - “‘116 Oude Scheveningerweg, - “‘Scheveningen, Holland.’ - - “My assumed name is ‘Israel Aaronson.’ Kindly don’t - telegraph in your own name. The word ‘yes’ will suffice. The - Rotterdam-Amerika Line will receive instructions from us here - to give tickets, etc., to as many persons as you recommend. All - financial arrangements will be made by our party. - - “News from India is good. We have lost (?) some very brave - comrades in the recent skirmishes. - - “It would be better if you could intimate in your telegram how - many comrades wish to come. For instance, put the number in - some sentence. I shall understand, e. g., Five months’ holiday - coming. Etc., etc. - - “The need for the services of comrades is urgent. Please do - come to our help. We are fighting against heavy odds. - - “With love and respect. - - “Your for the Fight, - “HAR DAYAL.” - - “P. S. Kindly be very careful in keeping everything secret - and confidential. When comrades arrive they should go and - see Domela Nieuwenhuis, 20 Burgmestre Schooklaan, Hilversum - (near Amsterdam). He will tell them where to meet me. Please - also write a letter to the above address in Scheveningen, in - addition to the telegram. Telegram may be intercepted. - - “H. D.” - -[Illustration: Lieutenant Commander Spencer Eddy] - -Not satisfied apparently that this letter would reach Berkman, Har -Dayal wrote another a week later, which read as follows: - - “Address: Israel Aaronson, - “c/o Madame Kercher, - “116 Oude Scheveningerweg, - “Scheveningen. - - “Dear Comrade: - - “I am well and busy. Can you send me some earnest and sincere - comrades men and women, to help our Indian revolutionary party - at this juncture? They should be persons of good character. If - Tannenbaum is free, would he like to come? - - “Please keep this matter strictly _secret_ and _confidential_. - Kindly don’t discuss it with too many people. - - “This is a great opportunity for our party. I need the - coöperation of earnest comrades for very important work. - Several of our comrades have come from India with encouraging - news and messages. - - “If some comrades can come, please _wire_ and _write_ to the - above address to my assumed name, ‘Israel Aaronson.’ I shall - send you money immediately to the name which you telegraph. Let - it be a name beginning with a B. I shall understand. Please - don’t telegraph in your own name. - - “Kindly also word the telegram in such a way that I can - understand how many comrades are coming. If five comrades wish - to come, please wire: - - “‘Five hundred dollars job vacant come.’ Just put the number of - comrades before the ‘_hundred_.’ Or use any other device. - - “Kindly also send me names and addresses of the prominent - anarchist comrades in Denmark, France, Norway, Sweden, - Switzerland, Italy, Germany, Austria, and other European - countries. Please also send letters of introduction for me to - them from Emma or yourself, if you know them.” - -And so on. There is enough to show the company the Hindu-German -intriguers kept, and to show that the Hindu committee in Berlin had -enough money to buy mercenaries from the American anarchist group, for -which the American brokers would hardly go unrewarded. Rintelen, within -a week of his arrival in the United States in May, 1915, had tried to -hire anarchists to blow up shipping and start strikes in munitions -plants. It further shows that during that week in October of 1915, -Har Dayal had a bright thought that if he could only get letters from -Emma Goldman or Berkman introducing him to the anarchists of Europe, -and could perhaps introduce to them in turn his lieutenant, Frank -Tannenbaum, from America--the same who stormed St. Alphonsus’ church -with a gang of I. W. W.’s in 1914, demanding food--he could hoodwink -the anarchists into believing that he was playing their game, and -really make good use of them in playing his game--which of course was -Berlin’s. - -As it happened, Tannenbaum was busy. So was Emma. So was Berkman, -who received the letter. He was just formulating plans to go to San -Francisco and become an editor--not a new avocation, for he had for -ten years helped Emma Goldman issue a publication known as “Mother -Earth”--and to carry out certain radical and novel ideas. Before we -sketch the way in which he put those ideas on paper, it may be well -to see what experiences he had had to generate ideas, and just what -promise his career contained that he would be of guiding benefit to -these United States. - -Alexander Berkman was a Russian by birth, and was then about 44 years -old. When he was a youth of 20 he became involved in the famous -Homestead strike in Pennsylvania, and on July 22, 1892, he burst into -the office of Henry Frick, a steel manufacturer, in the Carnegie -Building in Pittsburg and shot that gentleman in the neck. He then went -to the Western Penitentiary and served fourteen years. This qualified -him as a rare martyr among anarchists. After he got out of prison he -was occasionally arrested in various cities, for wherever he appeared -among advocates of violence there was pretty certain to be trouble. -The long prison term had given him a chance to develop his mind, and -he had written 512 pages on “The Prison Life of an Anarchist,” which -the “Mother Earth Publishing Company” brought out, and which sold for -$1.15--a very interesting book indeed. - -So he went to San Francisco in the fall of 1915. A short time before he -left New York his friend Bill Shatoff gave him a farewell dinner. As -the evening wore on the diners adjourned to the neighborhood of Second -Avenue and Fifth Street for a frolic, and Berkman and Shatoff playfully -mauled a policeman, and took his club away, for which both men were -arrested. But that did not interfere long with Berkman’s departure for -the Coast, and the purpose and fruit of his journey appeared within a -short time. - -[Illustration: Major Fuller Potter, Military Intelligence] - -It was called _The Blast_. According to its own description _The -Blast_ was a revolutionary labor weekly, which meant that it preached -revolution every so often to those who had a grievance against their -employers and to those who had no employers but who had a deep contempt -for anything of the sort. Alexander Berkman appeared as editor and -publisher, E. B. Morton as associate editor, and M. E. Fitzgerald -as manager. It sold for five cents a copy, unless you bought it in -bundles, in which case you paid half that price. - -In the first issue, dated January 15, 1916, the title of the paper is -explained by the editor. “Do you mean to destroy?” he asks. “Do you -mean to build? These are the questions we have been asked from many -quarters by inquirers sympathetic and otherwise. Our reply is frank and -bold: We mean both: to destroy and to build. For socially speaking, -Destruction is the beginning of Construction.... The time is NOW. The -breath of discontent is heavy upon this wide land. It permeates mill -and mine, field and factory. Blind rebellion stalks upon highway and -byway. To fire it with the spark of Hope, to kindle it with the light -of Vision, and turn pale discontent into conscious social action--that -is the crying problem of the hour. It is the great work calling to -be done. To work, then, and blasted be every obstacle in the way of -the Regeneration!” In a congratulatory telegram in the same issue, -Emma wrote to Alexander: “Let _The Blast_ re-echo from coast to coast, -inspiring strength and courage into the disinherited, and striking -terror into the hearts of the craven enemy, now that one more of our -brothers has fallen a victim to the insatiable Moloch. May _The Blast_ -tear up the solidified ignorance and cruelty of our social structure. -Blast away! To the daring belongs the future.” - -A sample of the methods by which _The Blast_ proposed to begin its -regeneration of the disinherited is this delicate editorial paragraph: - - -“_Judas Made Respectable._ - - “Judas Iscariot delivered the Nazarene agitator into the hands - of the Roman District Attorney. This base betrayal incensed the - people against the mercenary stool-pigeon. Judas had enough - decency to go and hang himself.” - -A slap evidently at the person whom Emma referred to in her telegram, -who had just sold out to Moloch. - -It was a cardinal principle of the paper to be scurrilous and direct -in its attacks upon the enemies of anarchy. General Harrison Grey -Otis, a Los Angeles publisher whose newspaper building was bombed in -1912 after labor trouble, was referred to as “General Hungry Growl -Otis,” Colonel Roosevelt as “The Human Blowout.” The leading cartoon -of the second issue, drawn--and well drawn--by Robert Minor, showed a -huge figure of a laborer bearing on a tray the figure of a tiny though -corpulent judge, its mouth open in speech, and its chair guarded by -three stolid elephantine policemen. The laborer is bearing the dish to -a feast of anarchists, the title of Minor’s contribution is “The Court -Orders--.” The court had evidently ordered in the direction of _The -Blast_, and Berkman did not like the order. In the same issue he wrote -editorials against conscription in England, against the convention -of the American Federation of Labor which had just been held in San -Francisco, against its president, Samuel Gompers, and against national -preparedness. - -I have quoted these extracts not because they are specially interesting -or readable, but because they will give one who is not wholly familiar -with the practical platform of anarchy a suggestion of anarchy’s tone -of voice. It is not friendly, but is on the contrary quite snobbish. -Selig Schulberg, in an article on Mexico, gently suggested: “Toilers -of America, if the Hearsts, Otises and Rockefellers have property, for -which they want protection, in Mexico, let _them_ protect it!” The -editor says: “The Fords, the Bryans, the Jane Addams may be sincere. -If so they are blind leaders of the blind.” A writer signing himself -“L. E. Claypool,” wrote, under the title “Preparedness is Hell,” this -tribute to our tortured Ally in Europe: “Most of you gents that yell -(i. e., yell, ‘What about Belgium?’) never heard of Belgium till this -war broke out. A lot of you probably don’t know that the language -of the Belgians is French. Further, you don’t know that Belgium had -a treaty with England and France which placed the little nation in -the war before the German invasion. You may not know that French and -English engineers and military experts had surveyed the land and were -preparing to make it a battle ground long before the Germans did -so.” That statement was typical German propaganda of a very crude -sort, calculated to appeal by its insinuation to the class of readers -who affected _The Blast_. The platform of the paper, in a word, was -Against. - -Berkman was in a rich field for labor unrest. California is a strong -labor state. The whole country, outside as well as inside California, -had been excited over the _Los Angeles Times_ bomb affair in 1912, and -it revived that excitement when two of the culprits were prosecuted -three years later. One finds constant reference to the case in the -files of _The Blast_, and to the strikes at Lawrence, Mass., and -Ludlow, Colorado, and Youngstown, Ohio. Anti-capitalistic rough-house -in any corner of the continent was good copy for Berkman. If it -flagged for a moment he took up the cudgels for his friend Emma, who -had just been arrested in New York and sentenced to the workhouse for -distributing birth-control literature. Or he dove into international -relations, comparing in one instance Villa and President Wilson, with -little mercy for the latter. The issue of April Fool’s Day, 1916, -carried a leading editorial directed against the Pacific Coast Defense -League, just organized to bring the national guard of the Pacific and -Mountain states into a condition of higher efficiency and to start -a program of “healthy physical and military training” in the public -schools. This editorial was signed by Tom Mooney, who soon appeared in -the columns of the paper in another capacity. - -The publication did not go unheeded by the Post Office department. -On May 1 Berkman burst out with an article headed, “To Hell With The -Government,” in which he used language that would make any ordinary -head of hair curl up. He was angry because the Government had issued an -order holding up all succeeding issues of the paper. In an editorial -he said he welcomed the uprising in Ireland--the Easter Day affair in -Dublin which cost several Sinn Feiners their lives. Other anarchistic -publications in the country were meeting the same fate. _The Alarm_, in -Chicago, _Revolt_ of New York, _Regeneracion_, a Mexican revolutionary -sheet issued in Los Angeles, and _Voluntad_, a Spanish paper in New -York, were closed up. But Berkman went on publishing, and howling about -the constitutional freedom of the press. Back in New York other friends -of his had been making more trouble: Mrs. Max Eastman and Bolton Hall -were arrested for circulating birth-control pamphlets, and Bouck White -was jailed for distributing an effigy of the American flag bearing a -dollar-mark. Berkman took up their cases and howled. He sent appeals -for help in his fight against the Post Office department, and raised -a little money. One of his liberal contributors was a writer named -John Reed, who sent him five dollars from New York. Then a strike -broke out, fostered by the I. W. W., on the iron ranges in Northern -Minnesota, and William M. Haywood wrote Berkman an appeal for help -which the latter published in _The Blast_ with a eulogy. He found -no dearth of subjects to fill his pages, and then suddenly came an -interruption. - -San Francisco turned out in a great preparedness parade on July 22. -Someone threw a bomb into the ranks of the marchers. Nine people were -killed. The next issue of _The Blast_ said substantially: “Well, -they might have expected it,” and said actually: “To try to connect -the Anarchists, the I. W. W., the Labor elements or the participants -in the peace meeting with the bomb tragedy is stupid. The act was -obviously the work of an individual who evidently sought to express -his opposition to Preparedness for Slaughter by using the ammunition -of Preparedness. Terrible as it is, it is merely a foretaste in -miniature of what the people may expect multiplied a million times, -from the Preparedness insanity.” When two men, Nolan and Tom Mooney, -were arrested and charged with the crime, _The Blast_ rushed to their -defense. When Warren Billings and Israel Weinberg were added to the -list of accused, _The Blast_ ran sketches of the defendants by Minor, -the staff artist. The case was of consuming interest to the anarchist -group, and they rubbed their hands, in _The Blast_ office, over their -good luck that it had happened right in their own little circle. _The -Blast_ ceased firing random shots and focussed on the bomb case in -salvos, followed the course of the trials, drew a parallel between the -condition of the San Francisco suspects and that of Fielden, Neebe and -Schwab, three of the anarchists who were implicated in the Haymarket -bomb outrage in Chicago in 1886 and pardoned. - -The business of being an anarchist became surrounded with more and -more difficulty as the year drew toward a close. Caplan, the fourth -Los Angeles bomb suspect to be tried, was convicted and sentenced to -ten years; a group of laborers who had engaged in violence in strikes -against the United States Steel Corporation were under sentence in a -Pittsburg prison; Carlo Tresca (whom we recall as a speaker at the -Brescia Circle in 1915), and ten others were in jail in Duluth charged -with murder in the I. W. W. strike on the Mesaba Iron range; the Magon -brothers, two Mexican revolutionary anarchists, were in prison, and the -days of _The Blast_ were numbered. Berkman came back to New York in the -fall. While he was absent, _The Blast_ sputtered once more in its -issue of January, 1917, with a venomous cartoon by Minor, and went out, -for want of funds. - -[Illustration: Lieutenant A. R. Fish, Naval Intelligence] - -Berkman found Emma Goldman well and prosperous. She had visited him in -March in San Francisco, and again in June and July had delivered two -series of birth-control lectures there. After her first visit, _The -Blast_ had blossomed out with a book advertisement, which included -the list of volumes sold by the Mother Earth Publishing Company in -New York. There were the usual texts on anarchy, revolution, and -syndicalism, and it is interesting to note among the books sent to -Berkman for review the following titles: “A Few Facts About British -Rule In India. Published by the Hindustani Gadar, San Francisco,” -“India’s ‘Loyalty’ to England. Published by The Indian Nationalist -Party,” and “The Methods of the Indian Police in the Twentieth Century. -Published by the Hindustan Gadar.” Har Dayal had been the editor of -_Ghadr_ until 1914; apparently his acquaintanceship with Berkman was -being kept fresh by his successors at the nest of Hindu intrigue in -Berkeley. - -But when Berkman got back to New York he found that birth-control was -no longer the thing. A new development had taken place, half-way -around the earth, and it looked promising for the anarchistic -interests. So we must leave the two for a moment. - -On January 9, 1917, the Russian premier resigned. A fortnight later -the newspapers announced that the Germans had recaptured considerable -important ground on the Riga front. On February 3, the United States -severed diplomatic relations with Germany, gave Bernstorff his papers, -and sent him home two weeks later. On March 11 a revolutionary -demonstration broke out in Petrograd, and the next day the Czar of All -the Russias abdicated his throne. A new cabinet was formed, its foreign -minister told the Allies that Russia would continue to fight, and the -United States recognized the new régime. The news was hailed with a -good deal of fraternal spirit in America, and with special cordiality -in New York, where there were great numbers of Russians who had left -Europe to escape the persecution of the old régime. - -Many of the New York Russians knew what was going to happen in -Petrograd. The Bomb Squad made friends with an anarchist as early as -February 1, 1917. On that day at a spot not far from where Shatoff -and Berkman had attacked the policeman a year before, a certain -Mr. Plotkin met a Mr. Bogdanovitch. Plotkin urged Bogdanovitch to -call a special conference of all the revolutionary organizations in -the city to protest against militarism. “No,” said the conservative -Bogdanovitch. “Our group will either have to pass a resolution as a -single unit, or else go over to Group 2 and see what they are doing -about this news that we are going to have war. Don’t be too ready to -jump to conclusions.” So the two went to call on Group 2, which was -in session--some 50 Russians and Russian Jews, who spent the evening -harmlessly reading the war prospects from American newspapers. No -resolution was passed. - -The next night, however, there was a lecture at Beethoven Hall, at 210 -East 5th Street. The speaker was introduced as “Mr. Bornstein,” who had -just returned from Russia. “Mr. Bornstein” was Leon Trotzky. - -Trotzky, using the Russian language, told of the plans that were being -developed for revolution. “You anarchists here,” he said, “don’t want -any militarism or any government which is of no help to the working -class, and is always ready to fire on the workman. It’s time you did -away with such a government once and forever!” After his speech, the -chairman, Comrade G. Chudnofsky, rose and addressed the crowd of 300 -in the hall, to this effect: - -“Comrades, some of you can’t read English. You don’t know what is -going on until you see it in the Russian papers. Only to-day I noticed -that the Police Commissioner is going to call out all the reserves he -can get to handle the situation, since Germany notified America what -she would do. The capitalistic government is _afraid of us_! They are -afraid of the working class. Remember that, for in case of war, we can -protest against militarism and start our own war. Here is a resolution -which I propose to prevent any of our loyal number joining the army. I -will read it.” And he read it. - -The next day Bill Shatoff was scheduled to speak at a meeting at Number -9 Second Avenue, but he was suddenly called to Boston, and a substitute -took the platform. He was howled down because he made a speech which -reflected loyalty to the United States. The audience consisted of 75 -Russians, of whom some 30 were anarchists known to the Bomb Squad. The -United States severed diplomatic relations with Germany that night. - -On February 4 the representatives of several of the Russian anarchist -groups were to meet at 534 East 5th Street and pass the resolution -against militarism, but they could not agree upon it, and the session -ended by postponing the matter. Most of the delegates present adjourned -to 64 East 7th Street (almost within earshot of the Washington Arch), -to hear Chudnofsky rave against enlistment, the police, the government -and the war. - -Those little meetings were typical of the eruptions which occurred -throughout the poorer districts of the great city during the remainder -of the month of February. Such propagandists as Chudnofsky and Trotzky, -uttering their exhortations to a multiplication of such groups as -gathered in the Fifth Street house, spread among the gossipy East -Siders and into the remotest slums the news that great things were -about to happen in Russia, and rumor and expectancy set the stage for -the arrival of the news of the revolution on March 12. The leaders then -began to mobilize their forces and act quickly. Under Shatoff, Schnabel -and Rodes the revolutionary fire was passed along from one to another. -The story was that Russia was free, reclaimed from Czardom and all that -it had meant of oppression. - -The lid was off, and it was a case of first come, first served. The -Provisional Government was no better than any other, these men said. -“Russia shall be ours.” “How?” asked the eager disciples. “By helping -yourselves,” answered Shatoff and Schnabel and Rodes. “That’s all very -well,” said the proletariat, “but we haven’t the price.” “Oh, in that -case, come to the farewell meeting on March 26 for Leon Trotzky, at -Harlem River Casino, and all will be made clear to you.” - -Some 800 people were at Trotzky’s farewell party, which was held under -the auspices of the German Socialist Federation. Alexander Berkman and -Emma Goldman were among those present. A blond Russian made a speech in -which he said: “Comrades, some of us are going back to Russia to push -the revolution as we think it ought to be pushed, and those who remain -here must get ready to do their share of the work as it ought to be -done.” Trotzky then rose and speaking first in German, then in Russian, -repeated the advice the previous speaker had given, and added: “You who -stay here must work hand in hand with the revolution in Russia, for -only in that way can you accomplish revolution in the United States.” -He was cheered to the echo. - -(There are still those who wonder why we have not recognized the -Bolsheviki.) - -The pier of the Norwegian-American line the next morning was a strange -sight. Trotzky, with his wife, Chudnofsky, Plotkin, and a group -of fifty more Russians, including such names as Muhin, Rapaport, -Dnieprofsky, Yaroshefsky and Rashkofsky, sailed for Norway. An -undersized, wild-eyed, fanatic little plucked-bantam of a Russian -expatriate literally set out from Hoboken to upset the Provisional -Government of Russia, prevent the formation of a republic, stop the war -with Germany and prevent interference from other governments--that was -his open boast. And, if such a mission can be crowned with success, he -succeeded. - -The leaders of the groups left behind began that very afternoon to -examine recruits for the return to Russia. They met at 534 East 5th -Street and elected a committee of five to serve as examining board -for applicants for the $20 to $50 free passage money extended by the -Provisional Government to help Russians who had fled the persecutions -of the old days to repatriate themselves. It is unnecessary to state -that the Provisional Government hardly knew how thoroughly these homing -pigeons were going to re-establish themselves. All those who passed -muster were put down for a sailing date. - -The Norwegian ship bearing Trotzky and his party put into Halifax and -the British detained the entire passenger list. On April 15 a mass -meeting of anarchists, socialists, and Industrial Workers of the World -was held at Manhattan Lyceum to make a formal protest to the British -government against their detention. Kerensky asked for their release, -and they were allowed to go on. By this time a second consignment had -left, but by a different route. On April 3 George Brewer, H. Gurin, -Mr. and Mrs. David Rohlis, one Kotz, one Schmidt, one Nemiroff and 27 -others left the Pennsylvania Station for Chicago, Vancouver, Japan -and Siberia. On April 23 Comrades Bogdanovitch, Bendetsky, Albert -Greenfield, John (or Ivan) Stepanoff, Michael Smirnoff, Henry Shklar -and 89 more left on the Erie Railroad for Seattle, Japan and Siberia. -On the 12th day of May, “Dynamite Louise” Berg, sister of the anarchist -who was killed July 4, 1914, by the accidental explosion of a bomb, -boarded the steamship _United States_ of the Scandinavian-American Line -in Hoboken for Christiania and Russia. On that ship sailed nearly a -hundred others of the anarchist and revolutionary element. Ninety more, -including Sokoloff, a prominent I. W. W., left for San Francisco -and Japan two days later. On May 26 Mrs. Bill Shatoff, with Alexander -Broide, J. Wishniefsky, and 18 more members of the Coöperative -Anarchist Organization sailed from Hoboken on the _Oskar II_. Two days -passed and Meyer Bell, an anarchist who had seen the inside of many an -American jail for revolutionary agitation, and Mrs. Meyer Bell, with -110 others took their departure for San Francisco and the Orient. The -last consignment but one, a group of 90 more potential Bolsheviki, -followed them on June 24. - -[Illustration: Captain John B. Trevor, Military Intelligence] - -Shatoff and Wolin waited until their flock had been herded out of -the country, and then vanished themselves. No one knew their route, -but they were heard from in Seattle. Altogether some 600 anarchists -made the pilgrimage. Some never reached Russia. Others who did get -back found that conditions offered slim picking, and the Chinese and -Manchurian ports are sprinkled with them to-day--men without a country, -who cannot live in Russia, and who may not return to the United States. - -Those who did get through to the capital of Russia straightway joined -the organization. Trotzky had found Lenine there with plans already -well advanced. The Provisional Government superficially was adequate -to handle the situation, and during June it gave some slight promise -of being able to prosecute its share of the war, but a breach was -coming. A Council of Workmen and Soldiers had sprung up to oppose the -Duma and the government when the Duma voted for an immediate offensive -in Galicia, the Council voted for a separate peace. Kerensky swung -himself back into balance for a month, and led a military offensive. It -turned into a retreat, the retreat into a rout. Korniloff took command -of the army on August 2, and the following day the military governor -of Petrograd was assassinated. The deposed Czar was taken to Siberia. -On September 2 Kerensky tried the expedient of arrest against his -rising enemies in Moscow. On September 16 he proclaimed a new republic, -but political structures could not keep out the terrifying German -military advance that already was threatening Petrograd nor the German -propaganda which was already there. Mid-October saw the government in -flight to Moscow. On the 21st of October Leon Trotzky, at the head of -the Bolsheviki in the Council, declared his party for an immediate -democratic peace, and left the hall at their head, cheering. Municipal -elections on November 1 rejected the Bolsheviki, but they would not be -rejected, and on November 7 the Maximalists deposed Kerensky and took -possession of the Government. Lenine became premier, Trotzky minister -of foreign affairs. - -The New York delegation won influential positions under the new -régime. A United States senator has described the current Russian -government as nothing but “Lenine and a gang of anarchists from New -York, Philadelphia and Chicago.” Wolin took charge of a branch of the -press--a sort of commissioner of public misinformation. Shatoff, in -America a humble syndicalist and I. W. W., rose to the eminence of -chairman of the “Extraordinary Commission for the Struggle Against -Speculators and the Counter Revolution” in Petrograd, a commission -whose activities are perhaps better described by its common title -in the capital. It is called the “Blood and Murder” or the “To the -Wall” committee. He has filled in his spare time as Commissioner of -Railroads, and has been commonly credited in Petrograd with the murder -of the Czar and his family. Ouritzky, Shatoff’s predecessor at the -head of the Committee, had amassed a fortune of some four million -roubles during his tenure of office. He died a violent death. Shatoff, -in October of 1918, had not followed suit. The same John Reed who -contributed to the support of the _Blast_ appeared in Petrograd as a -sympathetic correspondent, and was made consul to New York--a portfolio -which he was unable to use when he returned to New York because of -his indictment, along with Max Eastman and several other editors of -a paper known as _The Masses_, for attempting to obstruct the draft. -The balance of the New York anarchists who made up the expeditionary -force of 1917 found their way, such of them as escaped the rigors of -Petrograd life, into positions of influence in the government of one -hundred or more millions of Russian people. To be sure, their hold is -not too secure, but they are enjoying for the moment a sense of power -which is intoxicating. Nothing seems to please a Bolshevik of the New -York City group more than power--the same thing he tried to overthrow. -I suppose it makes a difference whose power it happens to be. - -Neither Goldman nor Berkman returned to Russia. Their publishing and -bookselling business kept them here, and both were always in demand as -lecturers. Both had pictured themselves for many years as the champions -of anarchy in the United States, and it is conceivable that they -did not wish to pass over their sceptres to any less well qualified -successors. Unlike the ringleaders of the I. W. W., these anarchists -did not dodge real work. Both had active minds, and were happiest when -they were busy. Berkman’s writing at times shows a certain cheerful -tenderness underneath its bombast, and Emma Goldman had a rather -good-natured sarcasm at times as a speaker. - -The two cast their lot in with the pacifists, the -anti-conscriptionists, and the factions whose chief aim was to -interfere with America’s going to war. Emma began to lecture on the -subject. On the night of May 18 she spoke to a meeting in the Harlem -River Casino. After a preamble advising the audience that government -agents were present and that violence would be out of order, she drew -what she probably considered a logical conclusion from this advice and -shouted: - -“And so, friends, we don’t care what people will say about us. We -only care for one thing, and that is to demonstrate to-night, and to -demonstrate as long as we can be able to speak, that when America went -to war ostensibly to fight for democracy, it was a dastardly lie. -It never went to war for democracy!... It is not a war of economic -independence, it is a war for conquest. It is a war for military -power. It is a war for money. It is a war for the purpose of trampling -underfoot every vestige of liberty that you people have worked for, -for the last forty or thirty or twenty-five years, and therefore we -refuse to support such a war.... - -“We believe in violence and we will use violence.... How many people -are going to refuse to conscript? I say there are enough. I could count -fifty thousand, and there will be more.... They will not register! What -are you going to do if there are 500,000? It will not be such an easy -job, and it will compel the government to sit up and take notice, and -therefore we are going to support, with all the money and publicity at -our hands, all the men who will refuse to register and who will refuse -to fight. - -“I hope this meeting is not going to be the last. As a matter of fact -we are planning something else.... We will have a demonstration of all -the people who will not be conscripted, and who will not register. We -are going to have the largest demonstration this city has ever seen, -and no power on earth will stop us.... If there is any man in this hall -that despairs, let him look across at Russia ... and see the wonderful -thing that revolution has done.... - -“What is your answer? Your answer to war must be a general strike, and -then the governing class will have something on its hands....” - -She wound up her speech with an appeal for funds, and said that her -paper, _Mother Earth_, was going to support the rebellion against -the draft law which had been signed by the president that very day. -_Mother Earth_ spoke, in her next issue, which appeared shortly before -registration day, June 5, and spoke in fairly disapproving terms toward -conscription. But the sun went down into New Jersey on registration day -without having witnessed the greatest demonstration New York City ever -saw, or any demonstration whatever save the quiet, cheerful enrollment -of what later became a heroic national army. - -On June 15 Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman were arrested in the -office of _Mother Earth_ at 20 East 125th Street. On June 27 they were -arraigned for trial. On July 9 the jury pronounced them guilty of -having attempted to obstruct the draft. Judge Mayer thereupon sentenced -Berkman to two years in the Federal penitentiary at Atlanta, Goldman -to the state penitentiary at Jefferson City, Missouri for two years, -and fined each of them $10,000. It was a stiff blow to organized -anarchy--the maximum sentence possible, and the judge followed it by -directing the District Attorney, Harold A. Content, to notify the -Commissioner of Labor of the conviction, in order that when the two -emerged from prison, they might be deported as aliens convicted of two -or more crimes to the country from which they came, bringing uplift to -down-trodden America. - -Their work has since been carried on in a more or less desultory way. -They, too, have become official martyrs to the cause, whose names will -be inscribed along with those of Brescia, the Haymarket murderers, and -a score of others, on the anarchist service flag. The undercurrent -of opposition appeared spasmodically during the war and it became -necessary for an Alabama Judge, sitting in the District Court of New -York, on October 25, 1918, to impose maximum sentences under the -espionage act upon three more advocates of unrest, Jacob Abrams, Samuel -Lipman and Hyman Lachnowsky, the ringleaders of a group who circulated -leaflets denouncing armed intervention in Russia and advocating a -general strike. They were sentenced to twenty years apiece; a fourth -member got three years and a $1,000 fine. A woman in the group, Mollie -Steiner, was sentenced to fifteen years. - -The efforts at “demonstration” which the imported anarchists in America -have employed are neither as picturesque nor as popularly received as -those of their comrades in the old world. Anarchy is out of tune in -America. Prussianism has already had its answer from the United States. -Bolshevism is not for a well-educated, deep-breathing nation like ours. -And anarchy, the poorest wretch of the three, must make terrifying -faces through some other window than that of a country full of people -who are going to continue to make this democracy safe for itself. - - -THE END - - - - -Transcriber’s Notes - - -Punctuation and spelling were made consistent when a predominant -preference was found in the original book; otherwise they were not -changed. Inconsistent hyphenation was not changed. - -Simple typographical errors were corrected; unbalanced quotation -marks were remedied when the change was obvious, and otherwise left -unbalanced. - -Illustrations in this eBook have been positioned between paragraphs -and outside quotations. In versions of this eBook that support -hyperlinks, the page references in the List of Illustrations lead to -the corresponding illustrations. - -Transcribers improved readability of some numbers in some -illustrations, and switched the transcribed sequence of the text of one -pair of “random pages” (following page 26) to make it easier to follow. - -Transcriber corrected the Title page misspelling of “SMALLL, MAYNARD & -COMPANY” to “SMALL, MAYNARD & COMPANY”, which is how it appears on the -Copyright page. - -Transcriber removed redundant book title just above the title of the -first chapter. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Throttled!, by Thomas Tunney - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THROTTLED! *** - -***** This file should be named 61996-0.txt or 61996-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/1/9/9/61996/ - -Produced by deaurider, Charlie Howard, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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- margin-bottom: .1em; - visibility: hidden; - color: white; - width: .01em; - display: none; - } - - blockquote {margin: 1.5em 3% 1.5em 3%;} - - .transnote { - page-break-inside: avoid; - margin-left: 2%; - margin-right: 2%; - margin-top: 1em; - margin-bottom: 1em; - padding: .5em; - } - - .covernote {visibility: visible; display: block; text-align: center;} -} - </style> - </head> - -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Throttled!, by Thomas Tunney - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll -have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using -this ebook. - - - -Title: Throttled! - The Detection of the German and Anarchist Bomb Plotters - -Author: Thomas Tunney - -Editor: Paul Merrick Hollister - -Release Date: May 2, 2020 [EBook #61996] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THROTTLED! *** - - - - -Produced by deaurider, Charlie Howard, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - -<div class="transnote covernote"> -<p class="center larger">Transcriber’s Note</p> - -<p>Cover created by Transcriber, using images from -original book, and placed in the Public Domain.</p> -</div> - -<h1>THROTTLED!</h1> - -<div id="i_frontis" class="newpage figcenter" style="max-width: 27em;"> - <img src="images/i_001a.jpg" width="432" height="600" alt="" /> - <div class="caption">Inspector Thomas J. Tunney</div></div> - -<div class="newpage p4 center wspace"> -<p class="xxlarge"> -<span class="larger">THROTTLED!</span></p> - -<p class="p1 larger"><i>THE DETECTION OF THE GERMAN<br /> -AND ANARCHIST BOMB PLOTTERS</i></p> - -<p class="p2">BY</p> - -<p>INSPECTOR THOMAS J. TUNNEY<br /> - -<span class="smaller">Head of the Bomb Squad of the New York<br /> -Police Department</span></p> - -<p class="p1 small">AS TOLD TO</p> - -<p><span class="larger">PAUL MERRICK HOLLISTER</span><br /> - -Author, with John Price Jones, of “The German<br /> -Secret Service in America”</p> - -<p class="p2 vspace">ILLUSTRATED<br /> -FROM PHOTOGRAPHS</p> - -<div id="i_logo" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 6em;"> - <img src="images/i_002.png" width="96" height="133" alt="" /></div> - -<p class="p2 larger vspace">BOSTON<br /> -SMALL, MAYNARD & COMPANY<br /> -PUBLISHERS -</p> -</div> - -<hr /> - -<p class="newpage p4 center vspace"> -Copyright, 1919<br /> -<span class="larger"><span class="smcap">By</span> SMALL, MAYNARD & COMPANY</span><br /> -(INCORPORATED) -</p> - -<hr /> - -<div class="newpage p4 center vspace narrow"> -<p class="larger">TO<br /> -ARTHUR WOODS</p> - -<p>Formerly Police Commissioner of the -City of New York, now colonel in the -United States Army, whose vision and -coöperation made the work of the -Bomb Squad possible, this volume is -respectfully dedicated</p> -</div> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_vii">vii</span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="INTRODUCTION">INTRODUCTION</h2> -</div> - -<p>Inspector Tunney’s Squad was formed early in -August, 1914, to specialize in organized crimes of -violence. It did some radically effective work -against Black Handers, and handled several cases -against domestic enemies of law and order, but as -time wore on and war developed, the Squad’s -energies became directed solely against the nefarious -activities of Germans among us.</p> - -<p>Inspector Tunney is a most skilful detective, resourceful, -persistent, understanding human nature, -a good leader. He picked a squad of fearless, -tireless men, who not only worked long and hard, -but showed marked skill and tact. They proved -themselves to be Americans all the way through, -aggressive, loyal, bound to put the job through, no -matter what the difficulties might be. They were -occupied in hunting out Germans who were outraging -our neutrality; and then—after we finally -started to make war against those who had so long -been warring against us, on the high seas and in -our very midst—they set to work to thwart and -capture active German enemies. The results they<span class="pagenum" id="Page_viii">viii</span> -got went far toward making it possible to maintain -order in New York during those months and years -which were full of such menace to the safety of -the city, when the national danger seemed so plain—so -increasingly plain—and the national military -strength was so woefully weak. In many -cases the Inspector worked in coöperation with one -or more of the Federal Secret Service forces. The -Federal work was seriously hampered, however, -at first by hopelessly inadequate organization, and, -later, by the existence of several entirely distinct -forces, instead of one powerful, unified body.</p> - -<p>Inspector Tunney has written a most interesting -book. Much of what he tells I knew about at the -time, from conference with him, or with Major -Scull, Colonel Biddle, or Major Potter, and some -of the events described I had intimate knowledge -of because of personal attention to the cases. -Some, however, I personally know nothing about, -as they have taken place since I left the Department -on January 1, 1918. And a vast amount of -good work, of real public service, was done by Inspector -Tunney and his men that is not touched -upon in this book, that probably will never be written, -since, though of great value to the public -peace, it lacks some of the dramatic features which -characterize the tales that are told.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_ix">ix</span> -No one can read the book without seeing how -brutally active our enemies were here in this country, -even while we were at peace with them, how -they flouted our neutrality brazenly and contemptuously, -how they busied themselves through -their accredited officials and their many secret -agents in trying to paralyze our industrial life. -Their deliberate effort was to prevent the shipment -of all vital supplies to the Allies, and they -sought this end by fomenting labor troubles, by -burning factories, by blowing up ships. It mattered -not the slightest to them that in this kind of -activity they destroyed the property of a people at -peace with them, nor did they give a deterring -thought to the fact that they were maiming and -killing human beings with their burnings and blastings. -It did concern them, however, to keep -things dark, to work under cover, so that they -might continue this underhanded war against us -without being found out. It was the warfare of -the savage, who knows not fair play, who is guided -by no rules or customs, who strikes down his enemy -in the dark, from behind.</p> - -<p>The lessons to America are clear as day. We -must not again be caught napping with no adequate -national Intelligence organization. The several -Federal bureaus should be welded into one, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_x">x</span> -that one should be eternally and comprehensively -vigilant. We must be wary of strange doctrine, -steady in judgment, instinctively repelling those -who seek to poison public opinion. And our laws -should be amended so that while they give free -scope to Americans for untrammeled expression -of differences of opinion and theory and belief, -they forbid and prevent the enemy plotter and -propagandist.</p> - -<p>There was another part of the Squad’s work, -which had to do not with foreign, but with domestic, -enemies. The industrial condition of unemployment, -which was so sharp in 1914 and 1915, -was exploited by those who believed in propaganda -by violence, hoping to find eager and bitter listeners -in the thousands who could not get work. To -ameliorate the hardships of the situation the police -in New York tried several plans which were at -that time rather new as police methods. They -found jobs for people; they afforded relief in cases -of distress from funds, more than half of which -were subscribed by policemen. When street meetings -were held and excitement ran high, they held -unswervingly to the line of conduct mapped out -for them. They not merely permitted free assemblage -but protected meetings so long as they -kept the laws; and the law was kept if the meeting<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xi">xi</span> -did not incite to violence or obstruct the highways. -In case of threatened violence, action, prompt and -strong, was taken to prevent it. Order must be -maintained. Inspector Tunney’s Squad were actively -engaged here, not in trying to bottle up the -preachers of any particular doctrine, but simply in -finding out who were the plotters of violent deeds -and bringing them to justice.</p> - -<p>I believe the police methods in these times were -wholesome and effective, and are the right ones to -follow in times of public excitement and industrial -disturbances. They make it clear in practice that -leeway will be given to all for the full exercise of -their lawful rights; and equally clear that adequate -means will be taken to prevent recourse to unlawful -measures. In many places in this country -where serious disorder and bloodshed have come -to pass, the trouble seems to have been fostered, at -least, by the denial to groups of people of some of -their lawful rights.</p> - -<p>I hope this book will help to teach another lesson -also: the need in our police forces of brains -and high morale; the need of cultivating the professional -spirit in them, that shall dignify the work, -shall banish political influence and all other influences -that go to break the heart of the policeman -who tries to do his plain duty; the need of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xii">xii</span> -having the public take an intelligent interest in -police methods and results, doing away with the -smoke-screens of mystery and concealment which -are traditionally employed to cover dishonesty or -incompetency.</p> - -<p class="sigright"> -<span class="smcap">Arthur Woods</span> -</p> - -<p class="in0"> -February, 1919. -</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xiii">xiii</span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="CONTENTS">CONTENTS</h2> -</div> - -<table id="toc" summary="Contents"> - <tr class="small"> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">CHAPTER</td> - <td class="tdr">PAGE</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr top">I</td> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">The Bomb Squad</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#I">1</a></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr top">II</td> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Westphalian Efficiency</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#II">8</a></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr top">III</td> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Playing with Fire</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#III">39</a></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr top">IV</td> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">The Hindu-Boche Failures</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#IV">69</a></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr top">V</td> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">A True Pirate Tale</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#V">108</a></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr top">VI</td> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Along the Waterfront: Sugar and Ships and Robert Fay</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#VI">126</a></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr top">VII</td> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Along the Waterfront (II): “Damn Him, Rintelen!”</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#VII">156</a></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr top">VIII</td> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Mr. Holt’s Four Days</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#VIII">183</a></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr top">IX</td> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">The Nature Faker</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#IX">217</a></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr top">X</td> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">The Prussian, the Bolshevik, and the Anarchist</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#X">246</a></td></tr> -</table> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xv">xv</span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="ILLUSTRATIONS">ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> -</div> - -<table id="loi" summary="Illustrations"> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Inspector Thomas J. Tunney</td> - <td class="tdr w10"><a href="#i_frontis"><i>Frontispiece</i></a></td></tr> - <tr class="small"> - <td> </td> - <td class="tdr">PAGE</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Lieutenant-Colonel Nicholas Biddle, Military Intelligence</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_4">4</a></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Paul Koenig</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_10">10</a></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Random Pages from “P. K.’s Little Black Book”</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_22">22</a>, <a href="#ip_23">23</a>, <a href="#ip_26">26</a>, <a href="#ip_27">27</a>, <a href="#ip_36">36</a>, <a href="#ip_37">37</a></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Alexander Dietrichens and Frederick Schleindl</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_30">30</a></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Carmine and Carbone in Court</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_46">46</a></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Pages from the bomb-thrower’s textbook</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_52">52</a></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">A postcard received by Commissioner Woods after the arrest of the Anarchists</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_60">60</a></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Detectives in Disguise—George D. Barnitz, Patrick Walsh, James Sterett, Jerome Murphy</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_64">64</a></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Threats to Polignani</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_66">66</a></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Frank Abarno and Carmine Carbone</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_66">66</a></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">A Handbill, printed in Hindu, used by the Hindu-Boche Conspirators</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_72">72</a></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">The Hindu-Boche Conspirators</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_76">76</a></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">The <i>Annie Larsen’s</i> Cash Account</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_80">80</a></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Gupta’s Code Message</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_80">80</a></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">How the Hindus used Price Collier’s “Germany and the Germans” as a cryptogram</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_90">90</a></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Alexander V. Kircheisen and his application for a certificate as able seaman</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_106">106</a></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Lieutenant George D. Barnitz, U. S. N.</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_118">118</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xvi">xvi</span></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Robert Fay and Lieut. George D. Barnitz</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_130">130</a></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Fay, Daeche and Scholz arraigned in Court</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_130b">130</a></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">The Fay Bomb Materials</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_138">138</a></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Lieutenant Fay’s Motor Boat</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_150">150</a></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Rudder Bombs</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_154">154</a></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Franz Rintelen</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_160">160</a></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Henry Barth, who posed as the German Secret Service Agent</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_164">164</a></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Ernest Becker</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_168">168</a></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Captain Charles von Kleist and Captain Otto Wolpert</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_168">168</a></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Sergeant Thomas Jenkins, U. S. Army, who located part of one of the bombs in the German Turn Verein in Brooklyn</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_174">174</a></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Norman H. White, of Boston, a civilian attached to the Military Intelligence, who unearthed numerous German intrigues</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_180">180</a></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Mrs. Holt’s Mysterious Letter</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_208">208</a></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">The First Word from Texas</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_208">208</a></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Fritz Duquesne prepared for a Lecture Tour as Captain Claude Stoughton</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_224">224</a></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">From Fritz Duquesne’s Past</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_230">230</a></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Papers found in Fritz Duquesne’s effects</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_236">236</a></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Lieutenant Commander Spencer Eddy</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_248">248</a></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Major Fuller Potter, Military Intelligence</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_252">252</a></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Lieutenant A. R. Fish, Naval Intelligence</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_260">260</a></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Captain John B. Trevor, Military Intelligence</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_268">268</a></td></tr> -</table> - -<hr /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="THROTTLED"><span class="larger">THROTTLED!</span></h2> -</div> -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">1</span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="I" class="vspace">I<br /> - -<span class="subhead">THE BOMB SQUAD</span></h2> -</div> - -<p>For the past twenty-three years I have been a -member of the police department of the City of -New York. It is a long time, in any single job. -The department is comparable in size to a manufacturing -establishment of the first magnitude—it -employs more than ten thousand men—and its occupations -are varied enough to suit the inclinations -and ambitions of any man. And so I went -through the mill, graduating from one duty to another -until in 1914 I was an acting captain, and -had been in charge of various branches of the Detective -Bureau in Brooklyn and Manhattan.</p> - -<p>My duty was the detection of crime, my specialty, -meaning by that the special branch of crime -with which I had been most often thrown into contact, -was bomb-explosions. As far back as 1904 -there were a number of mysterious explosions in -New York which caused considerable property<span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">2</span> -damage, and there I made the acquaintance of the -bomb itself. It was an interesting subject for -study, and a wicked weapon in use. I managed -to pick up information of bomb-manufacture in -several ways: Black-Handers, in prison, told me -how they had made their missiles; at the New -York office of the Du Pont explosives company I -had an opportunity to study blasting; the publications -of the Bureau of Mines furnished more information, -the practice of the Bureau of Combustibles -of our own department proved interesting -and instructive, and I found myself before long -forced to become something of a student of chemistry.</p> - -<p>The difference between our work and the work -of the laboratory chemist, however, was that in -our case there was no time to make an explosive -mixture and test it—some criminal usually had -done that for us, and we were called to the scene -to find out, from such clues as the wreckage afforded, -the name and address of the criminal. -The laboratory chemist mixes ingredients and -counts his work done at the moment of explosion; -the detective begins at that moment a stern chase, -and a long one, back to the ingredients and the -man who mixed them.</p> - -<p>By the early part of 1914 I had seen a good deal<span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">3</span> -of experience in tracing bomb outrages to certain -of the anarchistic and Black Hand elements in the -population of the city. As the year wore on these -occurrences became so numerous as to warrant special -attention, and on August 1, the approximate -date of the outbreak of war in Europe, Police -Commissioner Arthur Woods created in the police -department the Bomb Squad. I was in command, -and reported direct to the Commissioner. As the -volume of work increased, and more men were -taken on, the Commissioner delegated his supervision -of the Bomb Squad to Guy Scull, who was -then Fifth Deputy Police Commissioner, and who -is now a major in the United States Army. That -supervision was later passed on to Nicholas Biddle, -a Special Deputy Commissioner, who, as I -write this, is lieutenant-colonel in the United States -Army, in charge of the Military Intelligence -Bureau in New York; and following Mr. Biddle, -Fuller Potter, another special Deputy Commissioner, -and now a major in the Military Intelligence, -directed the policies of the Squad.</p> - -<p>Within a few months the personnel of the Bomb -Squad included the following picked men: -George D. Barnitz, Amedeo Polignani, Henry -Barth, George P. Gilbert, Edward Caddell, -Patrick J. Walsh, Jerome Murphy, James J.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">4</span> -Coy, Valentine Corell, James Sterett, Henry -Senff, Michael Santaniello, Joseph Fenelly, -Joseph Kiley, Charles Wallace, William Randolph, -Thomas Jenkins, and Anthony Terra—all -detective sergeants, and George Busby, a lieutenant. -To this list were added the names of -James Murphy, Robert Morris, Thomas J. Ford, -Walter Culhane, Vincent E. Hastings, Thomas -J. Cavanagh, Louis B. Snowden, Thomas M. -Goss, Daniel F. Collins, Frederick Mazer, Edward -J. Maher, Walter Price, William McCahill, -and Cornelius J. Sullivan. It made a list -of fine material for the work which we were called -upon to do, and no one will begrudge me here a -word of tribute to their aptitude, their courage—to -all of the qualities which made them such -able and vigilant guardians of the neutrality of -our country during the years preceding our entrance -into the war. Many of the Bomb Squad -went to war later: Barnitz became a junior -lieutenant in the United States Navy, in intelligence -work of a high order. Barth, Caddell, -Corell, Fenelly, Jenkins, Walsh, Sterett, Santaniello, -Randolph, James Murphy, Morris, Ford, -Culhane, Hastings, Cavanagh, Snowden, Goss, -Collins, Price, Mazer, Maher, McCahill and Sullivan -became sergeants in the Corps of Intelligence<span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">5</span> -Police of the National Army. And after -I became connected with the Military Intelligence -Branch of the War Department, I had frequent -occasion to deal during the war in coöperation -with the men whom I have mentioned in service.</p> - -<div id="ip_4" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 27em;"> - <img src="images/i_004a.jpg" width="424" height="600" alt="" /> - <div class="caption">Lieutenant-Colonel Nicholas Biddle, Military Intelligence</div></div> - -<p>My first desire in taking charge of the Squad -was to suppress the activities of persons using -explosives to destroy life and property. What -knowledge of the physics and chemistry of explosives -my experience had accumulated I passed -on to the men. These periods of instruction went -into considerable detail. We discussed the kinds -of explosives used, their relative strength, their -ingredients, the methods of detonating them, the -containers into which they were loaded, and the -use of clockwork, fuses, acids and gas-pressure -to explode them. Special and explicit instruction -was given for the handling of unexploded -bombs—a bomb bearing an electrical attachment -should not be placed in water, for example, as -water is a conductor of electricity; it is wise never -to smoke in the presence of explosives, even if -you think you know that certain kinds of explosives -“<em>never</em> explode by fire.” The only thing you -can depend on explosives to do one hundred times -out of one hundred, is what you don’t expect them -to do. The Bomb Squad was told never to—and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">6</span> -why never to—carry bombs on passenger -trains, cars or ferries, or anywhere near where -metals were being shipped. The Bomb Squad -was instructed not to remove a bomb found in a -position where its explosion would not endanger -life and property, but to send for an expert and -wait until he arrived on the scene, and was told -which positions were dangerous and which were -not. Altogether we conducted a rather thorough -course in explosives.</p> - -<p>As the war grew in proportions, and the interest -of America in the conflict became more -and more intimate, the activities of the Bomb -Squad became somewhat diverted from the object -for which it had been primarily organized, -and its title was changed to the “Bomb and Neutrality -Squad.” We had not expected in August -that the German would try to tip over our neutrality -with bombs, but that is what he did, and -that is what kept us grimly busy for three years, -until our own nation had gone to war with those -who had so long been waging war upon her. -And that is how the stories which follow come to -be told.</p> - -<p>Not that the entrance of the United States into -the war put a stop to the activities of the Squad. -I have already cited those who entered the national<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">7</span> -service. Their presence in the Naval and -Military Intelligence, their close relations with -those whom they left behind in headquarters, with -such men as Commander Spencer Eddy and Lieutenant -Albert Fish of the Navy, Colonel Biddle -and Major Potter of the Army, and with the -Corps of Intelligence Police, made possible a -degree of coöperation in spy-hunting in New York -which would have been impossible to develop -within a short time with any other set of men, and -which went far towards preserving our domestic -security.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">8</span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="II" class="vspace">II<br /> - -<span class="subhead">WESTPHALIAN EFFICIENCY</span></h2> -</div> - -<p>The trend of events in early 1915 made it -apparent that the Bomb Squad would be called -upon to handle more and more cases of attempted -violation of neutrality. Anyone who remembers -our national mind at that time will recall that -it was not yet made up and very liable to attacks -of brainstorm. Every person was seeing events -of unheard of violence and magnitude pass him -pell-mell, giving no warning, and not waiting for -comment, and he was too dazed to watch any -single event with any high degree of balanced -judgment or reasoning partisanship. It was a -troubled hour, and one in which it behooved us -of the Police Department to keep our heads cool -and our eyes open. The Bomb Squad had to -act as a safety valve.</p> - -<p>By the summer of 1915 war orders placed by -the Allied governments in the autumn and winter -of 1914 were being filled and shipped overseas in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">9</span> -great quantities. By this time, too, the German -navy showed no more sign of coming out of Kiel -in force than it had shown for a year past. The -task of delaying, diverting or destroying those -shipments devolved upon the Germans in America. -It took no superhuman amount of reasoning -to combine the abnormal destruction of property -in New York with the strong suspicion of German -activity and to arrive at a decision to check up -wherever it was humanly possible the sources and -agencies of destruction.</p> - -<p>Late in the autumn, in our work on the waterfront, -we found a man who, we decided, was -worth watching. We learned gradually that Paul -Koenig was a pretty well-known figure along both -banks of the Hudson, and that he carried, as -chief detective for the Hamburg-American Line, -a certain amount of authority. That steamship -line, which within a week of the outbreak of war -had attempted to send ships to sea under false -cargo manifests to supply the German naval raiders, -now had more time than business on its hands -as its entire fleet was tied up in Hoboken. And -yet in spite of the dull times which we knew had -been thrust upon them, their man Koenig was -curiously busy, and we became busily curious to -find out why.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">10</span> -We were more curious than successful at first. -We assigned men to follow him and observe his -habits and haunts. This was not as easy as it -might have been with another man, for the Department -of Justice had already tried it and had -come to the conclusion that he was not worth following.</p> - -<p>Now a good shadow is born, not made. The -moment the man followed realizes or even suspects -that he is being followed, he becomes a -problem and either gets away or conducts himself -in a way which disarms suspicion and sometimes -embarrasses the pursuit. Koenig, a man of keen -animal senses, was unusually quick in discovering -his shadower. It used to confuse certain -agents considerably to have him disappear around -a corner, and when the agent quickened his pace -and swept around the same corner after him, to -have Koenig pop out of a doorway with a laugh -for his pursuer which meant that the day’s work -had gone for nothing. I have known men who -were excellent detectives and poor shadows. -Sometimes they were too large and conspicuous, -sometimes they were over-zealous, sometimes they -excited suspicion by being over-cautious; rare -enough was the combination of artlessness and -skill which made a man a good shadow, told him<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">11</span> -when to saunter away in the opposite direction, -when to pass his man, and how to efface himself. -It is, I think, the instinct of the good fisherman -who knows just how much line to run out, and -just when to exert the pressure. For Koenig was -a slippery fish.</p> - -<div id="ip_10" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 30em;"> - <img src="images/i_010a.jpg" width="474" height="600" alt="" /> - <div class="captionl cr"><i>Copyright, International Film Service</i></div> - <div class="caption"> - <p>Paul Koenig, the Hamburg-American employe, who supplied - and directed agents of German violence in America</p></div></div> - -<p>By a new method of “tailing” or shadowing, -we learned that he frequented several popular -German places in the city, such as Pabst’s in -Columbus Circle, the German Club, in Central -Park West, where Dr. Albert, Boy-Ed and von -Papen frequently went, Luchow’s restaurant in -14th Street, as well as the good American hotels -Belmont and Manhattan. Both of the hotels are -centrally situated, and have several entrances, including -direct connection from the basement with -the Subway—one of the easiest places to lose -oneself in the city. (A murderer not many -months ago avoided arrest for two days by riding -back and forth in Subway trains.) But such -places as these were no more than the natural -points towards which any German might gravitate, -and we could never pick up a scrap of conversation -to give us a lead in any specific direction.</p> - -<p>The fact remained that he was busy, going and -coming, and that he conducted a good deal of his -business from his office in the Hamburg-American<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">12</span> -building at 45 Broadway. We might as well -have tried to penetrate to Berlin with a brass band -as to have entered the building for information. -But there was one advantage we could take: we -could “listen in” on his telephone wire.</p> - -<p>When the men tailing him reported in that he -was in the Hamburg-American Building, and -probably in his office, we cut in on his wire, and -posted an officer at our receiver to take down all -conversations which passed. The outgoing calls -were disappointing. Koenig was no fool—or -rather was a highly specialized fool—and was -not careless enough to give information of aid -and comfort to the enemy through such a gregarious -medium as a public telephone wire. We listened -for a long while, in vain....</p> - -<p>Then came a call which offered possibilities. A -man’s voice told Paul Koenig that it thought Paul -Koenig was a “bull-headed Westphalian Dutchman,” -and added other more lurid remarks. The -conversation was short, but while it lasted indicated -that someone was not pleased with Mr. -Koenig. Within the next few days the same voice -called “P. K.” again and told him several things -it had forgotten to mention, all pointing to the -fact that the owner of the unknown voice had been -misused.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">13</span> -We hunted up the number from which the disgruntled -calls had been made. It was a public -telephone pay-station in a saloon. Crucial events -can almost always be traced to some trivial circumstances—the -poem “for the want of a nail -the battle was lost” is an illustration of what I -mean. We are not dealing here with possibilities -but with facts, yet I cannot sometimes help speculating -on the extent to which German atrocities -might have been carried in New York and Canada, -if we had not found a bartender with a good -memory in that saloon. Yes, he remembered a -fellow who had come in there at certain times to -telephone. Yes, he came in once in a while. -Didn’t know his name, but thought he lived around -the corner at such and such a number. At that -number we found out the man’s name—the bartender’s -description had been accurate. The -name was George Fuchs.</p> - -<p>So to George Fuchs we mailed a letter, typed -on the stationery of a wireless telegraph company, -suggesting that we had a position for which we -believed he was the proper man, and that we -would be pleased to have him call at the office of -the company, at an appointed hour, to discuss the -work and wages. Fuchs did not show up at the -appointed hour, which disturbed the plans momentarily,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">14</span> -but when he did arrive, he was greeted -cordially by an executive of the “company” who -proceeded to get acquainted with the applicant. -The manner of the wireless person was so disarming, -his German was so good, and his certainty -that Fuchs was the man for the job so taken for -granted that the two adjourned to a nearby -restaurant. (Detective Corell had a very good -working knowledge of German.)</p> - -<p>“Who did you say you were working for?” -Corell asked, across the crater of Fuchs’s glass of -beer.</p> - -<p>“That bull-headed Westphalian Dutchman,” -Fuchs sputtered. “He is some relative of my -mother’s. She was a Prussian, though, <i xml:lang="de" lang="de">Gott sei -dank!</i>”</p> - -<p>Corell laughed at the right time, and in the -conversation which ensued drew out the man’s -grievance against Koenig. In September Mr. and -Mrs. Koenig had paid a visit to the Fuchs household -in Niagara Falls, N. Y., where Fuchs lived -with his mother in the Lochiel Apartments. The -wonders of the Falls had received proper attention -from the strangers, and Koenig showed some interest -in the Welland Canal, the channel through -which shipping circumnavigates the Falls. He -said that the waterway was closely guarded, otherwise<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">15</span> -he would like to go over and have a look -at it, and suggested, as a convenient substitute, -that Fuchs go over to Canada and take some -snapshots of the locks for him.</p> - -<p>“Why don’t you go yourself?” Fuchs asked.</p> - -<p>“They would probably pick me up if I did,” -Koenig replied.</p> - -<p>“Well, that’s just why I won’t take any camera -over there with me,” Fuchs rejoined. “But I’ll -go if you want a report.”</p> - -<p>The bargain was closed. Fuchs, Koenig said, -was the very man, as he was known on the Canadian -side as George Fox, was an American by birth, -and would not excite suspicion. So at 7 <span class="smcap smaller">P. M.</span> of -September 30—slightly more than a year since -Horst von der Goltz and Captain von Papen had -made their first abortive attempt to destroy the -Canal—“Fox” registered at the Welland House -in Welland, close by the waterway. There he -spent the night. The next morning he went to -Port Colborne, the Lake Erie mouth of the Canal, -and during the balance of the day followed its -course northward, making mental notes of the -shipping and the construction and guarding of the -locks. By night he had reached Thorold, where -he found a room, jotted down his observations, -and spent the night. The next day he covered the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">16</span> -balance of the 27 miles to Lake Ontario, noting -the number of locks, and the fact that there were -two or three armed soldiers on guard at each. -With his head full of good ideas for bad plans he -reached Niagara Falls again that night—October -2.</p> - -<p>Koenig was enthusiastic over his report, but -when Fuchs had written it down he decided that -it would be hazardous to have such a document -found on his person. “Mail it to me at Post -Office Box 840 in New York. Sign it just -‘George’—nobody would know who that was -even if they did find it.” He went back to New -York. Fuchs heard nothing from him for a few -days, except that action had been deferred. Then -the country cousin began to importune the city -cousin, and Koenig suggested that he come down -to New York to work for him. Which Fuchs did, -and on October 8 was placed on the payroll of the -“Bureau of Investigation” at eighteen dollars a -week. Koenig arranged that Fuchs was to hire -men who would row a boatload of dynamite across -the upper Niagara River to smuggle it into Canada, -and he had meanwhile arranged with two others, -Richard Emil Leyendecker, his chief assistant, and -Fred Metzler, his secretary, to carry out a definite<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">17</span> -plan to sever the main artery of lake traffic by -blowing it to pieces.</p> - -<p>By Sunday, November 7, Fuchs had been occupied -in several odd jobs for Koenig, such as -spying on outward-bound cargoes along the waterfront, -doing special guard duty at Dr. Albert’s -office, and going over to Hoboken to frighten a -poor German agent named Franz Schulenberg, -who had come on from the west to collect money -from von Papen. On that Sunday he was sick and -did not report for duty. He asked for his regular -pay, however, and Koenig refused it, doubting -that Fuchs had really been too ill to report, and -holding that illness should never interfere with -service to the Fatherland. This created bad -blood between the two. On November 22 Koenig -discharged him for “constant quarrelling with another -operative, drinking, and disorderly habits,” -and announced that he would not be paid for his -services of the previous day, when he had refused -to go on duty in a river-launch. That $2.57 -due Fuchs had poisoned his soul against Koenig, -and he had grown so bitter that the result we already -know—evidence was at last in our hands -for an arrest.</p> - -<p>It was a case for federal prosecution, obviously,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">18</span> -so we called in Captain William Offley and Agent -Adams, an able operative of the Department of -Justice. A few hours later Koenig was placed -under arrest. He resented the intrusion, and -snapped to Barnitz: “Anyone who interferes -with Germans or the German Government will be -punished!” His house up-town was searched -and that search disclosed, among other matters, -an item which is unquestionably one of the richest -prizes of the spy hunt in America.</p> - -<p>It was Paul Koenig’s little black memorandum -book—a loose-leaf affair, scrupulously typewritten, -and brought down to within a day of his -arrest. A fanatic on office efficiency might have -conceived it, but none but a German would have -kept it posted up. For it told the story of his -Bureau of Investigation with a devotion to detail -almost religious.</p> - -<p>The Hamburg-American Line probably never -thought that when they assigned a shrewd ruffian -named Paul Koenig to investigate an alleged case -of wharfage graft in Jersey City away back in -1912 they had established a “Bureau of Investigation.” -But Paul Koenig knew better. He surrounded -his lightest activities with an air of mystery -and efficiency true to the best of amateur-detective -tradition. He called his first case by a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">19</span> -mystic number, he conferred the ominous alias of -“xxx” upon himself, hired a man named Fred -Metzler as his secretary, and convinced himself -that he and Metzler were a bureau. In the light -of the all-absorbing importance which his bureau -held for him, we are not surprised (and we must -not smile), when we see chronicled neatly in -his little black book that on May 13, 1913, he -rented a room at 45 Broadway for “new offices,” -on May 24 his first private telephone was installed, -on Nov. 19 a steel cabinet was purchased for the -files of the department, on May 28 of 1914 the -adjoining room was added to Room 82, and -Room 82 was converted into a <em>private</em> office for -the chief, and on July 14 a new safe was purchased -and placed in the office. It may be that the assassination -of the Archduke Ferdinand had something -to do with that last item, for it is certain -that the Hamburg-American Line knew that war -was coming well in advance of the declaration. -At any rate, we find that on July 31, 1914, before -England and Germany had actually gone to -war, and on the same day that the director of -the Hamburg-American in New York received instructions -from Berlin that war was coming and -that he was expected to supply German naval -vessels in American waters—on that day Paul<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">20</span> -Koenig began his war duties by placing a special -guard on all the piers and vessels of the Line in -New York Harbor.</p> - -<p>Up to this time the cases Koenig had handled -were matters of shipping—stowaways, fires, -steerage rates, charges against ships’ officers. On -August 22 he became a German military spy. We -find it entered in his own words:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“Aug. 22. German Government, with consent -of Dr. Buenz, entrusted me with the handling of -a certain investigation. Military attaché von -Papen called at my office later and explained the -nature of the work expected. (Beginning of -Bureau’s services for Imperial German Government.)”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="in0">The “certain investigation” consisted in sending -two men to Canada to spy on the Valcartier training -camp where the first Canadian Expeditionary -Force was being mobilized, and to report to the -military attaché their state of readiness, in order -that he might try some means of keeping them at -home if it were not already too late. What von -Papen had in mind was dynamiting the Welland -Canal; it failed, but the case is of momentary interest -to us here because it marked the beginning -of a service on Koenig’s part which grew very fast -and extended in many and diverse directions.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">21</span> -The Bureau was divided into three parts, the -pier division, the special detail division, and the -secret service division, or “Geheimdienst.” No -one was allowed to forget that P. K. was head of -all three. In his rules and regulations he records, -among other gems, these:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“#2. In order to safeguard the secrets and -affairs of the department prior to receiving a -caller, hereafter my desk must be entirely cleared -of all papers excepting those pertaining to the -business in hand.</p> - -<p>“#9. All persons related to me, however distant, -will be barred from employment with the -Bureau of Investigation. This does not apply to -my wife.</p> - -<p>“#6. It has been found detrimental to the -discipline of the Office to invite direct employees -of the Bureau to my residence or other place socially, -or to accept their invitations, therefore this -practice must cease. This ruling does not apply -to agents of the Secret Service Division nor to -direct employees if engaged with me on an operation -which requires either social entertainment or -travelling.”</p></blockquote> - -<p>He had an elaborate and complicated outlay of -badges, shields and photographic identification -cards for each operative, for which each operative -stood the expense. His meticulous attention to -detail, and the diligent caution which he observed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">22</span> -at all times is indicated in a list of aliases which -he set forth in the memorandum book. In 26 -cases listed he used 26 different names—none of -them his own. For example, in what he called -“D-Case 250,” in dealing with an operative -named “Sjurstadt” Koenig was known to -Sjurstadt only as “Watson”; in D-Case 316, -when he negotiated with his agent von Pilis (a -propagandist who was later interned, by the way) -Koenig was “Bode.” He devised a new name -for himself for every new case, and sometimes -used two or three names in dealing with different -individuals in the same case. Naturally a man -of as many identities as Koenig had to keep a -record of who he was, and so his list of aliases -furnished the government with an excellent catalogue -of the pies in which he had his tough fingers. -Each of his own employees in the Secret Service -Division was known to him in three ways: by his -Christian (or rather, his German) name, by a -number, and by a special pair of initials. Thus -Richard Emil Leyendecker, the art-woods dealer -associated with him in the Welland Canal affair, -was Secret Agent Number 6, known as “B. P.”; -Otto Mottola, a member of the New York Police -Department was Secret Agent Number 4, known -as “A. S. (formerly A. M.).” The connections -of the bureaus were mentioned in his reports by -numbers, the Imperial German Embassy being -5000, von Papen being 7000, Boy-Ed 8000, and -Dr. Heinrich Albert, the commercial attaché of -the embassy, 9000.</p> - -<div id="ip_22" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 38em;"> - <img src="images/i_022a.png" width="600" height="506" alt="" /> - <div class="caption floatl in1 smaller"> - -<p><span class="du">SECRET SERVICE DIVISION.</span></p> - -<p class="u">List of Aliases Used by XXX.</p> - -<table class="narrow left" summary="List of Aliases Used by XXX"> - <tr> - <td> </td> - <td class="tdc"><span class="u">D-Cases.</span></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Sjurstadt</td> - <td class="tdc">#250</td> - <td class="tdl">Watson</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Markow</td> - <td class="tdc">#260</td> - <td class="tdl">von Wegener</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Horn</td> - <td class="tdc">#277</td> - <td class="tdl">Fischer</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Portack</td> - <td class="tdc">#279</td> - <td class="tdl">Westerberg</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Berns</td> - <td class="tdc">#306</td> - <td class="tdl">Werner</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Scott</td> - <td class="tdc">#309</td> - <td class="tdl">Werner</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">McIntyre</td> - <td class="tdc">#311</td> - <td class="tdl">Bode</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Miller</td> - <td class="tdc">#314</td> - <td class="tdl">Reinhardt</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Harre</td> - <td class="tdc">#315</td> - <td class="tdl">Kaufmann</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Kienzle</td> - <td class="tdc">#316</td> - <td class="tdl">Wegener</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Wiener</td> - <td class="tdc">#316</td> - <td class="tdl">Wegener</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">von Pilis</td> - <td class="tdc">#316</td> - <td class="tdl">Bode</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Burns</td> - <td class="tdc">#325</td> - <td class="tdl">Reinhardt</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Stahl</td> - <td class="tdc">#328</td> - <td class="tdl">Stemmler</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Coleman</td> - <td class="tdc">#335</td> - <td class="tdl">Schuster</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Schleindl</td> - <td class="tdc">#343</td> - <td class="tdl">Wöhler (Paul)</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Leyendecker</td> - <td class="tdc">#344</td> - <td class="tdl">Heyne</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Feldheim</td> - <td class="tdc">#357</td> - <td class="tdl">Winters</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Warburg</td> - <td class="tdc">#362</td> - <td class="tdl">Blohm</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Van de Bund</td> - <td class="tdc">#358</td> - <td class="tdl">Taylor</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Lewis</td> - <td class="tdc">#366</td> - <td class="tdl">Burg</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Hammond</td> - <td class="tdc">#357</td> - <td class="tdl">Decker (W.P.)</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Uffelmann</td> - <td class="tdc">#370</td> - <td class="tdl">Schwartz</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Hirschland</td> - <td class="tdc">#371</td> - <td class="tdl">Günther</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Neuhaus</td> - <td class="tdc">#371</td> - <td class="tdl">Günther</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Ornstein</td> - <td class="tdc">#371</td> - <td class="tdl">Günther</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Witzel</td> - <td class="tdc">#371</td> - <td class="tdl">Wöhler</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Plochmann</td> - <td class="tdc">#375</td> - <td class="tdl">Breitung</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Archer</td> - <td class="tdc">#289</td> - <td class="tdl">Mendez</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Bettes</td> - <td class="tdc">——</td> - <td class="tdl">Goebels</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Reith</td> - <td class="tdc">#382</td> - <td class="tdl">Brandt</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - - <div class="caption floatr smaller l2"> -<p><span class="du">SECRET SERVICE DIVISION.</span></p> - -<p><span class="u">Ciphers Used In<br /> - -Confidential Reports</span><br /> - -(Oct. 1914-Sept. 1915)</p> - -<p>——oOo——</p> - -<table class="narrow right" summary="Ciphers 1914-1916"> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">5000</td> - <td class="tdl">I. G. Embassy</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">7000</td> - <td class="tdl">” ” Military Attache</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">8000</td> - <td class="tdl">” ” Naval Attache</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">9000</td> - <td class="tdl">” ” Commercial Attache</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">————</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">7354</td> - <td class="tdl">von Knorr</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">7371</td> - <td class="tdl">Tomaseck</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">7379</td> - <td class="tdl">Tokio</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">7381</td> - <td class="tdl">Copenhagen</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">7600</td> - <td class="tdl">Burns Agency</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">9001</td> - <td class="tdl">Herbert Boas</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<div class="caption floatc"> -<p>Random Pages from “P. K.’s Little Black Book”</p></div></div> - -<div id="ip_23" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 38em;"> - <img src="images/i_022b.png" width="600" height="511" alt="" /> - <div class="captionl floatl smaller narrow50"> - <div class="caption"> - <p><span class="du">SECRET SERVICE DIVISION.</span></p> - <p class="p1 u">SAFETY BLOCK SYSTEM</p> - </div> - -<p>Operatives of the S. S. Division, -when receiving instructions from me or -through the medium of my secretary as -to designating meeting places, will understand -that such instructions must be -translated as follows:</p> - -<div class="caption"><p class="u">For week Nov. 28 to Dec. 4 (midnight)</p></div> - -<p>A street number in Manhattan named -over the telephone means that the meeting -will take place 5 blocks further -uptown than the street mentioned.</p> - -<p>Pennsylvania R. R. Station means -Grand Central Depot.</p> - -<p>Kaiserhof means General Post Office, -in front of P. O. Box 840.</p> - -<p>Hotel Ansonia means Cafe in Hotel -Manhattan (basement).</p> - -<p>Hotel Belmont means at the Bar in -Pabst’ Columbus Circle.</p> - -<p>Brooklyn Bridge means Bar in Unter -den Linden.</p> - -<div class="caption"><p class="u">For week Dec. 5 to Dec. 12 (midnight)</p></div> - -<p>Code to remain the same as previous -week.</p> - -<div class="caption"><p class="u">For week Dec. 12 to Dec. 19 (midnight)</p></div> - -<p>A street number in Manhattan named -over the telephone means that the meeting -will take place 5 blocks further -downtown than the street mentioned.</p> -</div> - -<div class="captionr floatr narrow50 smaller"> -<div class="caption"> -<p><span class="du">SECRET SERVICE DIVISION.</span><br /> -(Geheimdienst)</p> - -<p class="p1"><span class="u">Rules and Regulations.</span><br /> -—1915—</p> -</div> - -<blockquote class="hang wide"> - -<p>#1. Beginning with November 6th, no blue -copies are to be made of reports -submitted in connection with D-Case -#343, and the original reports will -be sent to H.M.G. instead of the duplicates, -as formerly.</p> - -<p>#2. In order to accomplish better results -in connection with D-Case #343, and -to shorten the stay of the informing -agent at the place of meeting, -it has been decided to discontinue -the former practice of dining with -this agent prior to receiving his -report. It will also be made a rule -to refrain from working on other matters -until the informant in this case -has been fully heard; and all data -taken down in shorthand. (11-11-15)</p> - -<p>#3. Beginning with November 28th, 1915, -all operations designated as D-Cases -will be handled exclusively by the -Secret Service Division, the Headquarters -of which will not be at the -Central Office, as heretofore. This -change will result in discontinuing -utilizing operatives or employees -attached to the Central Office, Division -for Special Detail and Pier -Division. On the other hand, great</p></blockquote> -</div> - -<div class="caption floatc"> -<p>Random Pages from “P. K.’s Little Black Book”</p></div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">23</span> -In the same way he disguised his meeting places. -In his instructions to the Secret Service Division -we find this:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“Operatives of the S. S. Division when receiving -instructions from me or through the medium of -my secretary as to designating meeting places will -understand that such instructions must be translated -as follows:</p> - -<p>“<i>For week Nov. 28 to Dec. 4 (midnight).</i></p> - -<p>“A street number in Manhattan named over -the telephone means that the meeting will take -place 5 blocks further uptown than the street -mentioned.</p> - -<p>“Pennsylvania R. R. Station means Grand Central -Depot.</p> - -<p>“Kaiserhof means General Post Office, in front -of P. O. Box 840.</p> - -<p>“Hotel Ansonia means café in Hotel Manhattan -(basement).</p> - -<p>“Hotel Belmont means at the bar in Pabst’s -Columbus Circle.</p> - -<p>“Brooklyn Bridge means bar in Unter den -Linden.”</p></blockquote> - -<p>Each week he rearranged this code, so that anyone<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">24</span> -who thought that cutting in on a telephone call -meant knowing where Koenig was bound was not -likely to find him there. The man knew his German -New York, and had numerous convenient -meeting places where he could meet an agent and -converse undisturbed, such as a German hotel at -Third Avenue and 42d Street, or a German bar -at Broadway and 110th Street, or a lodging house -at South and Whitehall Streets, near the lower -tip of the island, or a saloon connected with a -Turkish bath in Harlem. He not only made it -almost impossible to trace him by tapping his own -wire, but his operatives were instructed to call him -from pay-station telephones in locations where -there was not one chance in a million of identifying -the person who had called. Fuchs, of course, -was the one-millionth chance, but Fuchs was no -longer obeying Koenig’s orders, was persistent, -and careless. Altogether Koenig had built up a -system of caution on paper which almost beat the -game, and which enabled him to conduct a large -volume of business.</p> - -<p>The functions of his departments were clearly -defined. The pier division guarded the piers and -vessels of the Line, and furnished him information -of sailings from the New York waterfront, -which he in turn passed on to the naval attaché,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">25</span> -Boy-Ed. Through this division he was able to -keep in touch with the waterfront element for -whatever service of violence might be necessary, -and to keep a fairly complete record of shipping. -The special detail division was assigned to the -guarding of von Bernstorff’s summer place at -Cedarhurst, Long Island, Dr. Albert’s office in -the Hamburg-American building, von Papen’s -office at 60 Wall Street, and the Austrian consulate -in New York. This division conducted -every week a test to determine whether or not -Dr. Albert was being shadowed. We find entered -in his notes on his operatives this:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“<i>H. J. Wilkens</i> is commended by me for good -service rendered thus far as attendant on Dr. Albert. -This commendation is based on a note received -from the latter under date of November -12, reading as follows:</p> - -<p>“‘Dear Mr. Koenig:</p> - -<p>“‘The service rendered by your bureau’s operative, -H. J. Wilkens, have proven entirely satisfactory.</p> - -<p class="sigright"> -<span class="l4">“‘Yours truly,</span><br /> -(Signed) H. T. <span class="smcap">Albert</span>.’” -</p></blockquote> - -<p>Apparently Koenig’s performance of his duty to -the German cause encouraged the high officials of -the German government in the United States to -rely upon him, for these posts were gradually<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">26</span> -placed under his direction during the summer of -1915, the Embassy at Cedarhurst on July 3, Dr. -Albert’s office on Sept. 1, von Papen’s office on -Oct. 26, and the Austrian Consulate on December -15—three days previous to Koenig’s arrest, and -less than a week after Captain von Papen, who -was returning to his own country by the request -of our country, had called P. K. to the German -Club to “express his thanks for the services this -Bureau have rendered to him.” “At the same -time,” the little notebook confides, “he bid me -Good-Bye.” We find these functions mentioned -with a suggestion of reverence.</p> - -<p>But the autobiography of Paul Koenig resumes -its dark shroud of mystery when it turns to the -functions of the division of secret service. There -he is the dominating figure, a sort of cross between -a Dr. Moriarity and a gorilla, a slippery conniver -one minute and a pugnacious bully the next, convicted -by his own complimentary reports. It was -in handling the “D-cases” already mentioned -that he employed his many false names, his secret -numbers, his elusive places of appointment, and -his essentially Teutonic discipline. The nature -of the work of this division may best be suggested -by citing a case which appears rather often in -his records—Case D-343.</p> - -<div id="ip_26" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 38em;"> - <img src="images/i_026a.png" width="600" height="511" alt="" /> - <div class="captionl floatl narrow50"> - -<blockquote class="hang wide"> - -<p><span class="inhang">may</span> not be in my interest. The stenographer -of the Central Office, however, -will continue to write out -checks as heretofore, but the check-book -itself, will always be kept -under lock and key. (11-23-15)</p> - -<p>#11. Operatives of the Pier Division in -future will carry as their means of -identification only the Bureau’s -identification card, on the reverse -side of which a photograph of the -bearer will be pasted, with my signature -written above and below the -photo. The front side of the card -will also bear my signature. These -men will not carry any more shields, -as in the past. Any changes in the -personnel of the Pier Division, such -as attachments and detachments, will -be brought to the attention of the -Marine Superintendent or other Superintends -at whose piers they are stationed. -There will be special operatives -selected to check up operatives -of the Pier Division and employees of -the piers, who will not be named to -anyone in advance, but who will, at -Intervals, make their inspections, carrying -with them as their means of identification, -a commission consisting -of a letter on Company’s stationery, -setting forth their authority, which -will be duly signed by me and counter-signed -by one of the Company’s Vice -Directors. These special operatives</p> -</blockquote></div> - - <div class="captionr floatr narrow50"> - -<blockquote class="hang wide"> - -<p><span class="inhang">are</span> to be known as Central Office -men, and do not come under the -jurisdiction of the Pier Division. -(11-23-15)</p> - -<p>#12. Beginning with today, specific plans -have been decided upon as to the -best manner in which to keep newspapers -and clippings dealing with the -war and political subjects. Clippings -that refer to D-Cases of this -Bureau will continue to be placed in -the private files, together with -their respective reports. An exception -to this particular rule may be -made in the event that there are too -many clippings at hand, in which case -they may be bound together and kept -separate, as is being done in the -case of operation D-#332. Other clippings -are to be mounted on cardboard, -and the name of the newspaper and -date typewritten thereon. Articles -of interest that cover an entire page -or more will not be clipped, but will -be kept whole in a temporary folder -in view of binding same later. This, -also applies to copies which deal -with matters on which reports have -been rendered. (12-7-15)</p></blockquote> -</div> - -<div class="caption floatc"> -<p>Random Pages from “P. K.’s Little Black Book”</p></div></div> - -<div id="ip_27" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 38em;"> - <img src="images/i_026b.png" width="600" height="505" alt="" /> - <div class="captionl floatl narrow50"> - -<blockquote> - -<p class="in0">covering G. G. Station #3 on Sunday, -November 21st, from 10 A.M. until 5 P. -M. Contrary to the list of assignments -for the Pier Division he did not do -guard duty at the Hoboken Piers during -the night of November 20th to 21st. In -order to be at his new post, G. G. Station -#3, he was given this night off -with pay, to be charged to Case #242. -Wages while on duty at G. G. Station #3 -will be the same as heretofore.</p> - -<p class="in0"><span class="u">H. v.Staden</span> on November 22d, at 10 A. -M., reported to Central Office duty -as instructed. He will work jointly -with Opt. W.H.M., his salary to remain -unchanged.</p> - -<p class="in0"><span class="u">H. Pearsall</span>, on Saturday, November 20th -upon being instructed by Opt. H.J.W. -that he was to be assigned to the Pier -Division, declared that he refused to -accept this post, and tendered his -resignation. According to a written -report submitted by Opt. H.J.W., H. P. -acted insolently, and belittled this -Bureau’s service. As H. P. did not -tender his resignation to me personally -or by mail, I did not take cognizance -of what he told Opt. H.J.W. regarding -leaving the department, but -discharged him at once upon hearing of -his conduct. His services ended on -November 21st at 10 A.M. While he has -been an alert watchman, he has often -proven to be a cranky, quarrelsome employee, -who was the cause of a great -deal of trouble while on the piers.</p> -</blockquote> -</div> - - <div class="captionr floatr narrow50"> - <blockquote> -<p class="in0">I congratulate myself on having ridden -this Bureau of an ignorant, stubborn -and hot-headed man of the caliber of -Pearsall, whose last words to stenographer -F. Metzler were that he would not -trust me for a dollar. While it is understood -that this former employee is -disbarred from reinstatement, he will -never be given any sort of a recommendation, -nor will I receive him. He is -to be kept out of the office entirely.</p> - -<p class="in0"><span class="u">George Fuchs</span> was dismissed from the Bureau’s -services on November 22d at 4.30 -P.M. The reason for his discharge is -general conduct displayed on Company’s -piers, constant quarreling with another -operative, drinking and disorderly habits. -He will receive no pay for the -night of November 21st to 22d, during -which he refused to join Opt. J.P.C. in -his duties on Company’s Launch #4.</p> - -<p class="in0"><span class="u">William McCulley</span>, on November 16th at -3 A.M., was appointed Chief of the Secret -Service Division, his duties to -commence on Sunday, November 28th, at -9 A.M. Salary $28. per week. Upon his -word he promised to remain in this capacity -for at least six months and to be -at my disposal at all hours. He is to -take a residence in New York City, and -will be known as “William MacIntyre” at -the Headquarters of the Secret Service -Division to be established on December -1st, 1915.</p> - -<p class="in0"><span class="u">R. E. Leyendecker</span>, on November 23d, at -11 P.M., was appointed Assistant to the</p></blockquote> -</div> - - <div class="caption floatc"> -<p>Random Pages from “P. K.’s Little Black Book”</p></div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">27</span> -Rule number 1 of the division stated:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“Beginning with Nov. 6 (1915) no blue copies -are to be made of reports submitted in connection -with D-Case 343, and the original reports will -be sent to H. M. G. instead of the duplicates, as -formerly.”</p></blockquote> - -<p>“H. M. G.” we learned from the key to special -personages for whom the division was conducting -investigations, was von Papen himself. -Rule 2 reads:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“In order to accomplish better results in connection -with D-Case 343, and to shorten the stay -of the informing agent at the place of meeting, it -has been decided to discontinue the former practice -of dining with this agent prior to receiving -his report. It will also be a rule to refrain from -working on other matters until the informant in -this case has been fully heard, and all data taken -down in shorthand.”</p></blockquote> - -<p>The book revealed that in D-Case 343 Koenig’s -alias was Woehler, and his agent’s name Schleindl. -In his notes on operatives Koenig had written that -“Friedrich Schleindl ... who was first known -as Operative #51, and later as Agent C. O., beginning -with October 21st will be called Agent -B. I.” This enabled us to interpret a further -regulation of the division, to this effect.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">28</span></p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“Agent B. I. has been requested not to call -again at the Central Office, this ruling to take -effect immediately. Other arrangements will be -made to meet him elsewhere. Whether or not -the stenographer of the Central Office will continue -to write reports covering D-Case 343 will be -determined later.”</p></blockquote> - -<p>Rule 4 read:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“Supplementing Rule 2, it has been decided that -I refrain from drinking beer or liquor with my -supper prior to receiving Agent B. I., for the reason -that I wish to be perfectly fresh and well -prepared to receive his reports.”</p></blockquote> - -<p>And Rule 3 contained this passage:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“... great care is to be taken that operatives -and agents of the Secret Service Division remain -entirely unknown to members of the Central Office -and other divisions. These regulations do -not apply to D-Case 343, which has been handled -since the beginning of July (1915) with the knowledge -of employees not belonging to the Secret -Service Division. Until more favorable arrangements -can be made this practice may be continued.”</p></blockquote> - -<p>Here clearly was an unusually important case. -The notes indicated that Koenig was receiving -frequent reports of great value from this Schleindl,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">29</span> -had been receiving them for at least five months, -was reporting them to von Papen, and intended to -safeguard his obtaining further information. -When a German voluntarily forswears his beer, -something serious is on foot.</p> - -<p>Lieut. Barnitz, with Detectives Walsh and Fenelly, -arrested Schleindl the same day we closed -in on Koenig. In his pocket was a cablegram -referring to Russian munitions. He was a German -reservist, born in Bavaria. At the outbreak -of war he was a clerk in the National City Bank -of New York, and lived away up in the Bronx, -and in the first reaction to war he reported at the -German Consulate for duty. Months passed, and -he had not been called upon, when one night he -met a German who told him to report at the Hotel -Manhattan to meet another German named -Wagoner. “You’ll find him in the bar,” added -his informant.</p> - -<p>“Wagoner,” who was Paul Koenig himself, -met the youth, and playing on his patriotism drew -from him the information that he had access to -many cablegrams to and from the Allied governments -through the bank concerning the purchase -and shipment of war supplies. Offering Schleindl -a retainer of $25 a week, Koenig told him to steal -from the files all such messages he could lay his<span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">30</span> -hands on, together with copies of express-bills -showing when the goods were delivered to the -piers for shipment, all data relating to the prices -paid, detailed descriptions of the purchases, and -any other particulars which would help the German -Government to complete its knowledge of -what supplies America was shipping abroad. -Schleindl grew quite enthusiastic in the work. -Starting with light thefts, he gradually grew -bolder, until he was in a position to steal documents -night after night, take them to his appointment -with Koenig, have them copied, and -arrive at the Bank early enough the following -morning to put them back where they belonged. -Friday night was the regular appointment, but -often messages of big shipments came in and he -relayed the news at once to his chief. The extra -$25 a week practically doubled his earning -power, and made devotion to the Fatherland very -attractive—so much so that he began to be -afraid that Koenig, who was merely the receiving -station for his reports, and who took no risks himself, -would receive more than his share of credit. -If there were any iron crosses to be given out, -or any ribbons for foreign service, Schleindl felt -that he had earned his, so he forwarded to his -brother in Austria from time to time stenographic<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">31</span> -notes written in the Bavarian dialect which would -be especially difficult of translation. In order to -evade the censor he tore them into scraps and -sifted them into the folds of newspapers which -went unmolested through the British mail censors -at Kirkwall. These scraps, pieced together and -translated into reports, were forwarded by his -brother to German officials.</p> - -<div id="ip_30" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 26em;"> - <img src="images/i_030a.jpg" width="414" height="600" alt="" /> - <div class="caption">Alexander Dietrichens</div></div> - -<div id="ip_31b" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img src="images/i_030b.jpg" width="393" height="600" alt="" /> - <div class="captionl cr in2"><i>International Film Service. Inc.</i></div> - <div class="caption"><p>Frederick Schleindl</p></div></div> - -<div id="ip_31c" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 38em;"> - <img src="images/i_030c.jpg" width="600" height="375" alt="" /> - <div class="caption">Schleindl and Dietrichens at a German party</div></div> - -<p>Schleindl’s zeal had led him into other channels -of German activity. At college in Germany -he had had a friend named Alexander Dietrichens, -later known variously as Willish, Sander, Glass, -and Lizius—one of those Riga Russians of German -parentage who have served Bolshevism so -eminently in Russia. In 1915 Dietrichens was in -America, and the two renewed their friendship. -He said he was eager to serve the Fatherland, and -that he only wanted to know who was supplying -munitions to the Allies to start a campaign of -destruction against them. He suggested the Du -Pont factories at Wilmington, and asked the young -bank clerk to come along. Schleindl, impressionable -and emotional, had not the courage. He -confessed to me that he wept at the thought, and -that he asked Dietrichens whether any harm could -come to him if the explosion killed anyone. -“Very likely,” Dietrichens answered cheerfully.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">32</span> -Schleindl then declined, but he helped the dynamiter -to the extent of keeping an occasional bomb -or a package of dynamite for him during the day -in his locker or under his desk at the bank. The -main cache where Dietrichens stored his explosives -was near Tenafly, New Jersey, but when -Schleindl and I visited it, in a deserted spot almost -a mile from the nearest building, the shanty -was empty.</p> - -<p>Schleindl was tried, convicted and sentenced to -an indeterminate term in the penitentiary, for the -theft of documents. Koenig pleaded guilty to the -charge, but sentence was suspended on him owing -to the greater importance of the Welland charges.</p> - -<p>The Schleindl and Dietrichens cases are only -two examples of many to which the little black -book gave clues. It suggested investigations into -many others, for it was a real storehouse of names, -and knowing Koenig’s close relationship with the -highest German authorities in the United States, -it contributed a large number of items to the bill -of complaint against Germany which provoked -the President’s Flag Day warning of 1916. -Koenig’s mere mention of the name of “Horn” -in D-Case 277 gave evidence of the German sponsorship -of the attempt of Werner Horn to blow -up the Vanceboro bridge in February, 1915; the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">33</span> -name “Stahl” in D-Case 328 indicated by -Koenig’s own hand that it was he who paid -Gustave Stahl for the false affidavits that the -<i>Lusitania</i> had carried guns; the name “Kienzle” -in D-Case 316 was the name of a man who was -involved in trying to blow up vessels sailing for -France and England; the name “Hammond” in -D-Case 357 led to the disclosure that the Bureau -of Investigation, although chiefly engaged in spying -and destroying plots, sometimes ran other and -more delicate errands for von Bernstorff.</p> - -<p>Posing this time as “W. H. Becker” Koenig -called on one J. C. Hammond, a writer and publicity -man who had offices at 34th Street and -Broadway. To Hammond he stated that from -the standpoint of the Germans in America two -newspapers were taking irritating and unfriendly -attitudes. These were the <i>New York World</i> and -the <i>Providence Journal</i>. Both papers had taken, -soon after the outbreak of war, definite stands -on the American issues involved, and both pursued -the subject in a typically thorough fashion, -the Providence paper obtaining much of its information -from sympathetic British sources, and -the <i>World</i> having an influential position politically -which led it across the trail of what the newspaper -men call “big stories.” The <i>Providence<span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">34</span> -Journal</i> in fact emerged from comparative obscurity -during the early months of war with startling -charges against German agents both here and -abroad, supported by evidence which seemed incredible -though of sound origin. These stories -were republished widely through the country. It -was undoubtedly having a powerful effect upon -the public, for the country, dazed with the fact -of war, was ready to take sides against the nation -which was apparently guilty of the worst -acts. Some of those charges were true, and although -they seemed at that time so fantastic as -to be almost impossible, the members of the German -Embassy knew they were true and squirmed -inwardly every time a fresh one burst out. The -<i>World</i> had a habit of not only spreading exciting -news articles over its front page, but lending -color to them by publishing photographs of supporting -documents to prove their authenticity. So -von Bernstorff and the attachés, after having tried -to bring influence to bear in many subtle ways to -curb the publications, called in Koenig, and he -made his little pilgrimage to Hammond’s office.</p> - -<p>He offered the publicity agent a large sum of -money to find out what exposures the two papers -had still in the ice-box, ready to release. Later, -he increased this to a blanket offer of any sum<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">35</span> -which Hammond should name, provided the latter -could induce the papers to turn over to him -the articles and affidavits in their possession. The -offer was not accepted. Hammond did not bite -at the offer of a later reward of $100,000 which -Koenig hung up to silence the publication of anti-German -news in certain other large newspapers in -the country, nor did he, as Koenig requested, go -to England to visit Rintelen, to find out where -Rintelen had left a trunk full of valuable papers -when he fled the United States.</p> - -<p>The name “Lewis” mentioned in the citation -of another case in the little black book revealed a -further variation of the services of the Secret -Service Division. The United States owned a -large quantity of Krag-Joergensen rifles for which -in that year of peace it had no use, but which several -foreign governments would have been glad to -buy. Commercial bachelors who were looking -for war brides all took turns paying court to the -rifles, and all without success. Readers of the -newspapers may recall a small tempest which -raged around the alleged sale of the rifles, and the -charges levelled at one after another German -of the attempt to purchase. Each new charge was -denied by its victim, and it finally developed that a -Mrs. Selma Lewis had been involved in the negotiations,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">36</span> -and was willing to pose as the purchaser. -The “man behind” was Franz Rintelen, acting -for the German Government, and the name -“Lewis” here in Koenig’s notes, amplified by -the full name and address of Mrs. Lewis in a -small address book which we also captured, indicates -that Koenig worked for Rintelen as well as -the abler and more authentic members of the embassy -of destruction which Germany kept in America.</p> - -<p>I think I have made it clear that when the -United States interned Paul Koenig it made -prisoner one of the busiest men of the German spy -system, and one of the strangest. He was -physically powerful and mentally quick with a -German sort of quickness. He had the most supreme -self-confidence it has been my pleasure to -meet, and that caused his downfall. If he had -administered his bureau in a manner calculated -to breed loyalty in his employees he would have -been more successful, but he conceived his work -as a one-man job, and made his subordinates goose-step -to his tune. It is certain that had he not -set down with such care every item which would -be useful to the United States in unearthing his -actions, no one can say how long they would have -continued. Napoleon had his Waterloo, however, -and Paul Koenig had his notebook, and with -the same scrupulous foresight the indomitable -“xxx” left that notebook where we would be -most likely to find it.</p> - -<div id="ip_36" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 38em;"> - <img src="images/i_036a.png" width="600" height="521" alt="" /> - <div class="captionl smaller floatl narrow50"> - <div class="caption"> - <p><span class="du">HEALTH RULES.</span></p> - </div> - <div class="captionl"> - <div class="hang"> - <p>#1. I have decide to refrain from chewing - tobacco in the office, as it disagrees - with my health, thereby interfering - with my work. (12-1-15)</p> - - <p>#2. I shall drink no more whiskey. (12-6)</p> - </div> - </div> - </div> - - <div class="captionr smaller floatr narrow50"> - <div class="caption"> - <p><span class="du">HEALTH TABLE #1.</span></p> - <p>XI.</p> - </div> - <div class="captionl"> - <p class="in0">9-12-14-17-17-21-23-24-25-28-28- 11</p> - </div> - <div class="caption u"> - <p>XII.</p> - </div> - <div class="captionl"> - <p class="in0">1-3-5-8-9-11-13-16-</p> - </div> - </div> - - <div class="caption floatc"> - <p>Random Pages from “P. K.’s Little Black Book”</p> - </div> -</div> - -<div id="ip_37" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 38em;"> - <img src="images/i_036b.png" width="600" height="512" alt="" /> - <div class="captionl smaller floatl narrow50"> - -<blockquote class="hang2"> - -<p><span class="inhang4">safeguarding</span> of the Imperial -German Embassy at Cedarhurst, -L. I.</p> - -<p>Sept. 1. Bureau was entrusted with the -safeguarding of the offices of -Commercial Attache Dr. Albert.</p> - -<p>Oct. 26. Bureau was entrusted with the -safeguarding of the offices of -the Military Attache.</p> - -<p>Nov. 12. Began first investigation for -Austro-Hungarian Government.</p> - -<p>Dec. 13. As 6.30 P.M. Captain von Papen, -German Military Attache, received -me at the German Club -to express his thanks for the -services which this Bureau have -rendered to him. At the same -time he bid me Good-Bye.</p> - -<p>Dec. 15. Bureau was entrusted with the -safeguarding of the offices of -the I. & R. Austro-Hungarian -Consulate General.</p> -</blockquote></div> - -<div class="captionr smaller floatr narrow50"> -<p class="center"><span class="u">LIST OF<br /> -IMPORTANT CASES HANDLED.</span></p> - -<p class="center">- 1913 -</p> - -<blockquote class="hang3"> -<p>C.#17. Investigation Re: Jersey City -Wharfage Graft.</p> - -<p>C.#24. Investigation of Baggage Department, -Hoboken.</p> - -<p>C.#32. Chinese Stowaways on S.S. “PRINZ -JOACHIM”, Voy. 77.</p> - -<p>C.#40. Investigation Re: Thefts of Cargo -on the Atlas Pier, New York City.</p> - -<p>C.#41. S.S. “FRIEDRICH DER GROSSE”, Arrival -at New York July 2, 1913.</p> - -<p>C.#49. Charges Made Against W. Barbe, -Chief Officer, S.S. “CARL SCHURZ”.</p> - -<p>C.#54. Investigation Re: S.S. “PRINZ -FRIEDRICH WILHELM”, Arrived at -New York on June 3.</p> - -<p>C.#67. Fire on Board S.S. “IMPERATOR” on -August 28.</p> - -<p>C.#69. Fire Patrol on S.S. “IMPERATOR”, -& etc.</p> - -<p>C.#70. Max Ludwig Thomsen, Alias Thomspson.</p> - -<p>C.#95. Charges Against Paul Koenig.</p></blockquote> -</div> - -<div class="caption floatc"> -<p>Random Pages from “P. K.’s Little Black Book”</p></div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">37</span> -It is a rare treat, aside from its now past informative -value. And it contains one real mystery -which the Westphalian himself can alone clear -up. The page headed “Health Rules” reads as -follows:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“#1. I have decided to refrain from chewing -tobacco in the office as it disagrees with my health -thereby interfering with my work. (12-1-15.)</p> - -<p>“#2. I shall drink no more whiskey. -(12-6.)”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="in0">Which leads one to believe that he saw the practical -value of an exemplary life. But we must -wait for him to explain the page headed “Health -Table,” which reads:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p class="center">“XI</p> - -<p>“9-12-14-17-17-21-23-24-28-28.</p> - -<p class="center">“XII</p> - -<p>“1-3-5-8-9-11-13-16.”</p></blockquote> - -<p>The “XI” is evidently November, of 1915, the -“XII” December. What did he do on those -dates so accurately mentioned? Did temptation -lead him twice from the path on the 17th and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">38</span> -28th of November? If so, what could this temptation -have been? Is it possible that the same -conscience which made him typewrite his rules of -conduct weakened, and then remorse turned about -and forced him to set down his lapses from grace? -Is it further possible that each of the dates cited -means that Paul Koenig broke his brand new -health rules ten times in November and eight -times in December, and <em>chewed tobacco in office -hours</em>?</p> - -<p>We must wait in patience—some day his -Westphalian conscience may answer.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">39</span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="III" class="vspace">III<br /> - -<span class="subhead">PLAYING WITH FIRE</span></h2> -</div> - -<p>The business of crime prevention and detection -depends largely on the confidence one man has in -another. That is one reason why a “stool-pigeon” -is an uncomfortable ally on a case. You -can not be sure that a man who associates with -criminals and is giving them away is not giving -the case away at the same time. His gang hates -him for squealing, his evidence is the evidence of -a traitor, and he is a good person not to depend -on. I make that point here because I have always -tried to avoid using stool-pigeons, and because -the story to follow will illustrate what can -be accomplished by a dependable man.</p> - -<p>The story really starts about twenty years ago. -In the spring of 1900, an Italian from Paterson, -N. J., Brescia by name, attended a meeting of -anarchists in a house in Elizabeth Street, New -York. The group was composed of two parties, -one which we may call the progressives, and one<span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">40</span> -the inactives. Brescia assailed the inactives, denounced -them as cowards, and stirred up so much -dissension that the meeting broke up for fear of -a police raid, and several of the members retaliated -at Brescia by accusing him of being a police spy. -He sailed for Italy, and on July 29, in the little -Lombardi town of Monza, murdered King Humbert -the Good. When the news was cabled to -America it was hailed with proper grief by the -public and with great joy by the anarchists who -had called Brescia a traitor. His execution, -which followed swiftly, made him a martyr. So -to do him honor, the group was named the Brescia -Circle.</p> - -<p>By 1914 the membership of the circle was -nearly 600. A cosmopolitan lot: Italians, -Russians, Russian Jews, Germans, Austrians, -Spaniards and Americans, of both sexes. The -leaders were agitators whose speaking ability had -lifted them out of the ranks and who found an -easier living by their wits than by their hands. -The Bomb Squad knew something of their activities -and habits, for the past history of anarchist -cases linked up certain names in a pointed way. -We knew their fondness for bombs, and the -records of the police department contain many -instances of anarchists inspired to violence by the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">41</span> -inflammatory speeches of such agitators, as their -idol, Francisco Ferrer, had preached violence in -Spain. The outbreak of war in Europe, from -which so many of the group had migrated to -America, and the promise of social confusion -which it held for them had stirred the Brescia -Circle more than a little. The active members -met regularly in the basement of a building at -301 East 106th Street, a shabby house in a shabby -district east of the New York Central tracks. -These meetings, which occurred usually on a Sunday, -as many of the members were working during -the week, were addressed by such notorious -anarchists as Emma Goldman, Becky Edelson, -Frank Mandese, Carlo Tresca and Pietro Allegra—names -probably unfamiliar to the general public, -but names with which the Police Department -had “auld acquaintance.” Occasionally an editor -of an anarchist newspaper in Lynn, Massachusetts, -Gagliani by name, came to speak in the cellar, and -Plunkett, Harry Kelly, and Alexander Berkman -were usually to be found in the group.</p> - -<p>The winter of 1913–1914 was one of industrial -depression. Many of the radical labor element -rallied to the I. W. W. and the unemployed -readily joined them. The methods of the anarchists -and I. W. W.’s were similar, and the advocates<span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">42</span> -of unrest were enlisted under both standards. -In the late winter demonstrations began and multiplied -until in March a youth named Frank Tannenbaum, -to whom Emma Goldman later took a -fancy, led a mob of I. W. W.’s into St. Alphonsus’ -Church demanding food. The police waited until -they had passed inside, then locked the doors, -and arrested the whole lot. This was but one -instance of a number which promised more trouble. -Whatever nice distinctions of creed separated the -Industrial Workers from the anarchists were -paper distinctions; the performances of both bodies -made it fairly plain that if you scratched -an anarchist you found an I. W. W. underneath.</p> - -<p>There may have been some intimation from -abroad of the impending war, among the anarchists, -for in July certain of them began to grow -demonstrative. On Independence Day Mandese -was arrested in Tarrytown, in uncomfortable -proximity to the estate and person of John D. -Rockefeller. Carron, Berg and Hansen, three -members of the Brescia Circle, were engaged on -that same day in perfecting a bomb in their rooms -at Lexington Avenue and 104th Street, when the -machine exploded prematurely and killed them. -That bomb had been intended for the Rockefeller<span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">43</span> -family. Naturally everyone with a shred of respect -for order who read of these episodes recoiled -from them, but it was necessary to judge -them from the anarchist’s own standpoint to see -that while one of the cases had resulted in death, -and the Mandese incident in arrest, both had been -successful in creating a disturbance. The anarchist -likes disturbance as well as he dislikes order, -for unrest is contagious, and means new recruits -to the cause. It became our duty, therefore, to -make a careful investigation of these disturbances -at their source, and we insinuated a detective into -the Brescia Circle itself.</p> - -<p>He spoke only English—a good language for -social intercourse, but not the key to the affairs -of the group in the 106th Street basement. -Whenever the more prominent agitators had a -really important matter to discuss they used the -Italian tongue, and it was impossible for our -man to eavesdrop. Perhaps he was over-eager, -for twice he was brought to trial by the Circle -charged with spying. Twice he was acquitted. -But when his enemies had him formally charged -a third time with treachery, the anarchists decided -that although they had no evidence against -him beyond a powerful suspicion, he would be -better outside. Outside he went.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">44</span> -On October 3, the anarchists gave a grand ball -at the Harlem Casino in honor of Emma Goldman, -and at that affair announcement was made -that October 13 would be observed by those of the -cause with a celebration at Forward Hall, in East -Broadway, fitting to the anniversary of the “assassination” -of Francisco Ferrer. The orator, -Leonard Abbott, also reminded the gathering that -“the Catholic Church had been responsible for -Ferrer’s death.” At five o’clock in the afternoon -of October 12 a vicious explosion occurred in the -north aisle of St. Patrick’s Cathedral. It was an -anarchist’s bomb. The nave of the church held -numerous worshippers, who were panic-stricken, -but who fortunately escaped injury with the exception -of a young man struck in the face by a -flying splinter from one of the altars. Shortly -after midnight of the next day a bomb placed in -the front area of the priests’ house of St. Alphonsus’ -exploded with violence enough to break every -window in the house and every window in the -house across the street. Ferrer’s “assassination” -had evidently been appropriately observed.</p> - -<p>The situation was disturbing. We had to put -a stop to bombing before the anarchists grew -bolder and began to kill someone beside themselves. -Of course we wanted all the evidence we<span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">45</span> -could lay hands on, and yet the evidence we had -been able to obtain had not prevented two outrages. -We felt that undoubtedly the best place -to look for it was still the Brescia Circle, as it -constituted the chief organization and headquarters -for the element which we believed guilty. -And we now return to the question of the stool-pigeon.</p> - -<p>It would have been possible to employ one of -the Circle, perhaps. It is certain that I should -have been uneasy with only his evidence to depend -upon, for a bomb does not wait to be investigated. -Planting a man in the Brescia Circle -had not been successful, but I felt that it could -be made successful. So out of five or six candidates -from the department I chose Amedeo -Polignani for the work.</p> - -<p>He was a young Italian detective who kept his -own counsel, short, strong, mild-mannered and unobtrusive. -And he knew Italian. “Your name -from now on is Frank Baldo,” I said. “Forget -you’re a detective. You can get a job over -in Long Island City, so as to carry out the bluff. -You are an anarchist. Join the Brescia Circle -and any other affiliated group, and report to me -every day. The older members may be suspicious -of you, and they’ll probably follow you, so we had<span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">46</span> -better arrange when you are to telephone and -I’ll let you know whenever and wherever I want -to see you.” We discussed every possible angle -of the work in order to anticipate and forestall -whatever accident either of omission or commission -might occur to make Polignani’s position -suspicious. He was instructed to call me by telephone -at certain hours, using a private number, -telephoning from a public pay-station in a store in -which there was not more than one booth, so that -no one might follow him and hear his conversation -through the flimsy walls of a booth adjoining. -He was to deport himself in a retiring manner, -and to throw himself earnestly into the part -he was to act. I felt sure that his quiet, agreeable -nature would disarm any suspicion of him as a -newcomer, and that complete concentration upon -the spirit of the masquerade would gradually draw -out important information. First and foremost, -he was to be on the watch for evidence of the man -who had committed the two bomb outrages in -October; secondly, he was to cover the activities -and intentions of the anarchists in general; thirdly, -he was to keep his eyes and ears open and his -mouth shut, and to deal with any emergency which -might arise.</p> - -<div id="ip_46" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 38em;"> - <img src="images/i_046a.jpg" width="600" height="471" alt="" /> - <div class="captionl cr"><i>Copyright, by International News Service</i></div> - <div class="caption"> - <p>Carmine and Carbone in Court</p></div></div> - -<p>It often happens in fiction that a man journeys<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">47</span> -to a far country and somewhere on the voyage -sheds his identity like an old suit of clothes to -proceed through years of adventure as another -individual; in the movies it is no feat at all for a -girl to disguise herself as a man and hoodwink -the rest of the actors through several hundred -feet of film; but it remained for a New York detective -to discard his name and his associations -for six months, and without once stirring outside -his jurisdiction, without any disguise, and without -miraculous power, to add to the records—and -consequently to the efficiency—of his department -a store of information of one of the most -troublesome groups of anarchists in the United -States.</p> - -<p>He bade his little family in the Bronx good-by, -got employment at manual labor in a Long -Island City factory, and hired a cheap room at -1907 Third Avenue. Throughout November he -attended meetings of the Brescia Circle, listening -to bitter speeches full of wild plans to overthrow -the government, and the organized church, and -getting the lay of the land. To such members as -chose to speak to him he was courteous and -friendly, but they were not many. The more important -members had a way of gathering in corners -and whispering to each other, and the new<span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">48</span> -member was not invited to join the charmed inner -circle. So he held his peace, and memorized -names and faces, and presently his opportunity -came.</p> - -<p>Polignani had noticed on November 30 a young -Italian cobbler, named Carbone, who seemed to -have influence in the Circle, and he confirmed this -judgment on the next two Sunday evenings as -he saw Carbone in whispered conversation with -Frank Mandese and one Campanielli. The next -Sunday night the same trio was in star-chamber -session when a good-natured wrestling match -started in another part of the room, and Carbone -turned to watch it. Polignani was tossing various -members to the floor, and as he was smoothing -his ruffled hair after a short bout, Carbone -tapped him on the shoulder and said, “You’re a -strong fellow—I’m glad to see you a member of -the Brescia Circle!” The detective smiled, and -the two fell into conversation, which continued as -they left the society’s rooms and strolled up Third -Avenue.</p> - -<p>“The trouble with those fellows,” said Carbone, -“is that they talk too much and don’t act -enough. They don’t accomplish anything.”</p> - -<p>“That’s right,” Polignani agreed.</p> - -<p>“What they ought to do is throw a few bombs<span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">49</span> -and show the police something,” Carbone continued. -“Wake them up! Look—” he held up -the stumps of five fingers of his right hand—“I -got that making a bomb. Some day I’ll show you -how to make ’em.”</p> - -<p>That arrangement suited Polignani perfectly. -He had a lead, after tedious “watchful waiting,” -which had been punctuated by the explosion of a -mysterious bomb at the door of the Bronx County -Court House on November 11. He had listened -to reams of oratory against the ruling classes, -law, order and the churches, had heard his fellow -members chided because the bombs at St. Patrick’s -and St. Alphonsus’ had been too weak, and had -heard speakers advise any members who contemplated -the use of dynamite not to take too -many people into their confidences. Carbone was -deliberately confiding in “Baldo,” and the detective -made up his mind to cultivate him.</p> - -<p>This extract from his notebook will illustrate -how the acquaintance ripened:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“I did not see Carbone again until Sunday the -27th. On this day he spoke to me of a friend -named Frank and said that if all anarchists were -like his friend they would be all right. He -thinks nothing of making and throwing a bomb. -On January 1st about 1.45 <span class="smcap smaller">P. M.</span> Carbone met -me as per appointment. We went to where the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">50</span> -meeting of the unemployed was being held and -both of us shook hands with Louise Berg, Mandese, -and Bianco.... He introduced me to his -friend Frank....”</p></blockquote> - -<p>Enter the third conspirator, Frank Abarno, 25 -years old, and a native of San Velle, Italy. Almost -on the heels of his introduction to the promising -new member, the new member began to take -a new interest in life, for on January 3 Carbone -drew Polignani out of the meeting after the -speeches and said quietly, “Come on up to the -125th Street Station. It’s warm up there, and -we won’t be bothered. I’ll tell you something -about making bombs.” And on the way up Lexington -Avenue Carbone explained that he needed -some caps about two inches long. All the dynamite -he wanted he could get from his uncle, a contractor -“out in the country.” “We’ll get some -dynamite, and then you and Frank and me will -blow up some churches, see?”</p> - -<p>“Sure,” the detective answered. “What -church?”</p> - -<p>“St. Patrick’s is the best. This time it’ll be a -good one too—not like before.”</p> - -<p>“Did you hear what Mandese was saying the -other night?” Polignani asked. “He was scrapping -with another fellow and the fellow says, ‘If<span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">51</span> -they wouldn’t give me no work I’d throw bombs.’ -And Mandese said to him, ‘The only kind of -bombs you shoot are the kind you shoot with your -mouth,’ and he says, ‘What kind of bombs do -you shoot then?’ And Mandese says, ‘The kind -that went off at Madison Square and the two -churches, see!’”</p> - -<p>Carbone apparently did not care for the results -of the previous explosions, for he said:</p> - -<p>“Well, they were no good. That bomb that -killed Carron and Berg and Hansen wasn’t made -right. It was wound too tight—that’s why it -went off too soon. I can make a bomb from a -brass ball off a bed-post that will start something.”</p> - -<p>A fortnight passed, and Carbone turned up at -the Brescia meeting-place in company with Abarno. -They beckoned to Polignani and the three walked -down Third Avenue, Abarno mouthing anarchy, -and suddenly suggesting that he would like to -go into St. Patrick’s, find Cardinal Farley alone, -and choke him to death. The gentle soul then -remarked: “Carbone, you make some bombs!”</p> - -<p>“If I can get those caps I’ll make a bomb that -will destroy the Cathedral clear down to the -ground, but if I can’t get the caps then I’ll have to -make the other kind.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">52</span> -“Well, you make two bombs,” said Abarno. -“We’ll set them off on the outside of the church -about six o’clock some morning and then we can -get away clean and get to work on time and nobody -will know the difference.”</p> - -<p>Carbone asked Abarno to get him some sulphur, -and turned to Polignani a slip pencilled, “Collorate -di Potase, 1 lb.” and “Andimonio.” -“You get that at a drug store, Baldo,” he said.</p> - -<p>“Baldo” complied, and a few weeks later the -materials were assembled. Carbone instructed -Polignani to call on Abarno for a booklet on -bomb manufacture, and about six in the evening of -February 4 Abarno gave the detective the -pamphlet to read while he went out to get some -spaghetti, as the two had an appointment with -Carbone at 7.30. Polignani was hardly out of -Abarno’s sight when he sprinted to a telephone -and called me. I met him at once, at headquarters, -and turned the booklet over to the photographer, -who got to work immediately photographing -the pages. Our time was short, and -before we had the job done I had to restore the -book to Polignani. On Lincoln’s Birthday Carbone -gave the book to our man again, to study, and -this gave us time to finish the photographic copying.</p> - -<div id="ip_52" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 36em;"> - <img src="images/i_052a.png" width="568" height="600" alt="" /> - <div class="p1"> - <div class="captionl floatl narrow50"> - -<table class="wide" summary="Pages from the bomb-thrower's textbook"> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="3">ISTRUMENTI</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Una bilancia usata</td> - <td class="tdc w2">L.</td> - <td class="tdl w3"> 8.—</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Un termometro</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdl"> 2.50</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Misure</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdl"> 3.—</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Matracci di vetro</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdl"> 6.—</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Tre imbuti di vetro e tre bacchette di vetro</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdl"> 2.—</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Lampada a spirito</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdl"> 1.—</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Un mastello di legno di 30 o 35 litri</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdl"> 3.—</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Spese varie e impreviste</td> - <td class="tdc">”</td> - <td class="tdl">20.50</td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr l1"><span class="smcap">Totale</span></td> - <td class="tdc bt">L.</td> - <td class="tdl"><span class="bt">46.—</span></td></tr> -</table> - -<p>Raccomandiamo a coloro che si vogliono -mettere a questi lavori, di procurarsi prima -di tutto il denaro necessario; altrimenti arrischiano -di doversi fermare a mezza strada, -di tirar le cose in lungo ed esporsi inutilmente.</p> - -<p>Raccomandiamo agli stessi di non trascurare -nessuna delle precauzioni necessarie per -non attirare l’attenzione della polizia, di non -mettersi in vista colla propaganda pubblica, -di non farsi vedere coi compagni conosciuti, -e di non lavorare mai nelle case soggette ad -essere perquisite.</p> - -<p>Sopratutto raccomandiamo non mettersi a -fabbricare esplosivi per il gusto di fabbricarli. -Tutto ciò che si può avere bello e fatto, è -inutile, è stupido il volerlo fare da sè, quando -non si ha la pratica ed i mezzi che hanno -quelli del mestiere. Nei posti in cui si può -avere la dinamite—e oggi la si può avere -quasi dappertutto—perchè mettersi a fabbricarla?</p> - -<p>Bisogna poi che fra i diversi esplosivi, le -diverse bombe, ecc., ognuno scelga le cose -che per lui sono più facili e più pratiche ricordandosi -sempre che: <b>E’ meglio una cosa -piccola fatta, che una grande restata in -proposito.</b></p> - -<p class="center">—13—</p> -</div> - -<div class="captionr floatr narrow50"> -<p class="in0">stessa: si legano bene con fil di ferro intorno -alla rotaia, si mette capsula e miccia, si copre -con terra e la mina è pronta. Questa -produce una rottura di mezzo metro. Per -avere rotture più estese non v’è che preparare -parecchie di queste mine, a debita distanza -e munirle di miccie di eguali qualità -e lunghezza; e raccogliere insieme i capi delle -miccie, in modo che dando fuego alle miccie -lo scoppio è contemporaneo in tutti i punti. -Spesso è vantaggioso per far saltare gli scambii, -cioè i punti dove s’incrociano diverse -linee. Per mettere fuori d’uso una locomotiva -o una macchina a vapore qualsiasi, basta -far scoppiare 3 o 4 petardi in un tubo -intemo della caldaia.</p> - -<p class="p2 center bold">BOMBE</p> - -<p>Sono recipienti di metallo pieni di materia -esplosiva, che scoppiando si rompono in pezzi -e feriscono i circostanti. Possono avere qualunque -forma, ma la sferica è più efficace. -Per farle scoppiare si può adoperare una capsula -con miccia che brucia rapidissimamente -tanto da aver giusto il tempo per accenderle -e lanciarle. Si può anche applicarvi tutto a -l’intorno dei luminelli con capsule o altri apparati, -in modo che per l’urto della caduta il -fulminato scoppi e faccia scoppiare la carica -della bomba, come in quelle all’Orsini.</p> - -<p>La bomba fa tanto più effetto quanto più -il metallo è resistente, sempre che la carica -abbia la forza di farla scoppiare. Quindi il -miglior metallo è il ferro o l’acciaio, poi il -rame, l’ottone, il bronzo, quindi la ghisa ed -infine lo zinco solo o legato con stagno; il -piombo non serve. <span class="smcap">Lo spessore delle pa-</span></p> - -<p class="center">—39—</p> -</div> -<div class="caption floatc"> -<p>Pages from the bomb-thrower’s textbook</p></div></div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">53</span> -I realized when I saw the translation how Carbone -knew so much about making bombs.</p> - -<p>“La Salute e’ in voi!” read the cover, or -“Health is in you!” Evidently a toast to the -brotherhood for which it was prepared. It was -a pamphlet of some sixty pages, measuring about -four by eight inches, and cleanly printed in Italian. -It was nothing less than a text-book on how -to go about making bombs—a sort of guide to -anarchist etiquette. It would be unwise to reproduce -its instructions here in detail, as they -were too accurate for the general peace, but the -index which follows will give a conception of the -thoroughness with which the anonymous writers -in far-off Italy covered their subject.</p> - -<div class="narrow20 intact in2"> -<p class="in0">“Index—</p> -<table summary="Index to bomb-making pamphlet"> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">First principles</td> - <td class="tdr">1 </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Instruments</td> - <td class="tdr">7 </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Manipulation</td> - <td class="tdr">8 </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Explosive material</td> - <td class="tdr">11 </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Powder</td> - <td class="tdr">14 </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Nitroglycerine</td> - <td class="tdr">14 </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Dynamite</td> - <td class="tdr">20 </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Fulminate of mercury</td> - <td class="tdr">23 </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Gun cotton</td> - <td class="tdr">27 </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Preparation of fuses</td> - <td class="tdr">31 </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Capsule and petard</td> - <td class="tdr">34 </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Application of explosive materials</td> - <td class="tdr">35 </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Bombs</td> - <td class="tdr">39 <span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">54</span></td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">Incendiary materials</td> - <td class="tdr">44”</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<p>Yes, it was accurate—and very practical. To -quote from its advice to struggling anarchists:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“We recommend most earnestly that if you -wish to engage in this line of work, you procure, -before all else, a sufficient amount of money, -otherwise you risk being put out in the middle of -the street, only to find your long work and trouble -all in vain. We recommend at the same time -that you do not omit any precaution necessary -to avoid attracting the attention of the police, -and avoid mixing with the public, nor be seen with -known companions. And do not work at it in -the house except when necessary....</p> - -<p>“The work should be done in a well ventilated -room provided with a good chimney place and -furnished in such a way that you can hide things -if anyone enters, and this room ought to be on the -top floor of the house on account of the odors -that are always being produced....</p> - -<p>“Above all we recommend that you never make -explosives for the mere pleasure of making them. -All you do beyond enough is useless and stupid—especially -so when you have neither the practice -nor the proper means for making them. As -to the place to keep the dynamite, why make it -until it is needed? Take heed that among the -various kinds of explosives, bombs, etc., always -choose the one that will be most easily used and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">55</span> -most practical, remembering always that it is -better to do a little thing well than to leave a big -thing half done....”</p></blockquote> - -<p>The little booklet contained a list of the necessary -tools with their estimated costs, and said of -the chemicals to be used, “The materials to be -employed should be sufficiently pure. They may -be had of dealers in chemical and pharmaceutical -products, and it is well not to buy all the stuff from -the same merchant, in order that he may not -know what you wish to make....” It explained -the relative forces of explosives in this way: -“The relative force which the various explosives -have is as follows: Shot-gun powder has a force -of 1; an equal amount of ‘Panclastite’ has the -force of 6; of dynamite 7; of dry gun-cotton 9 -(if with 50% of salts of nitre, 5); of nitroglycerine -9; of fulminate of mercury 10 or 3½; of -nitromannite 11.... All the other explosives of -which we speak, such as melenite, etc., have nitroglycerine -for their bases, therefore have no -greater force than that of nitroglycerine.”</p> - -<p>After an exposition of the method of making -nitroglycerine—the mere reading of which would -make your hair bristle—the compilers conclude -“... it is not very dangerous to use when cold, -notwithstanding all that has been said. It would<span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">56</span> -be a great work if some American manufacturer -would devise some means of congealing it so that -it would be less sensitive to shock, so that it -might safely be carried on the railways.” Of -fulminating cotton they remark, “As it ignites -with instantaneous rapidity it is best to use a fuse -that burns the most quickly; for example, when -for use in bombs made to throw at a person, it -will be enough to twist the cord, etc., etc.” Minute -directions are given for the home-laboratory -manufacture of the explosives listed, and the -experimenter who cared to attempt their manufacture -was warned in the simplest and most -emphatic terms of the caprices of the different -materials. He was told how to make cord-fuses -that would burn at the rate of 8 hours to the -yard, and of 6 hours to the yard; paper fuses -which would reach the explosive two hours after -a spark had touched the corner of a sheet of -prepared paper; thread fuses which would sparkle -fifteen seconds to the metre, or three minutes to -the metre; and, finally, an instantaneous fuse -which “Because it will burn with all the speed of -electricity ... may be made to serve many important -purposes: to fire a mine under a passing -train, under gatherings, or troops of cavalry.”</p> - -<p>If the bomber wished to blow up a wall, he<span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">57</span> -was told how to compute by simple mathematics -the quantity of explosive required. A bridge -“will require twice the charge needed for a wall”—and -the vulnerable points of the bridge were -indicated. Telephone and telegraph poles and -wires, street gratings, street railways, locomotives, -steam-boilers, all came in for their share -of attention. “It is very easy to find suitable -receptacles for bombs,” the writer went on. -“For example, large inkwells, brass handles such -as are used on letter-presses.... For certain -purposes a bottle may be made to serve as a bomb—they -are suitable for throwing from a window.... -Fragile glass bottles when filled with this -solution (an incendiary mixture) make handy -incendiary bombs to hurl among troops, official -gatherings, etc.; also to pour from windows upon -troops, or to throw from a drinking glass or -pail....” I have wondered whether Gavrio -Prinzip of Sarajevo ever saw this book, and -whether it may not have been translated into Italian -from the original German.</p> - -<p>Mere possession of this wicked treatise would -suggest that the owner was up to no good, especially -if the owner, as in this case, was known to -be a volatile member of an anarchistic circle who -had already declared his intentions of wrecking<span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">58</span> -something. It was reasonable to assume that -there must be such a book of instruction in existence, -that the bombers had not been handling -delicate explosives with no better knowledge than -word-of-mouth, hearsay chemistry, but I am free -to confess that my first sight of the pamphlet -brought the plots of the men we were watching -very close to grim reality. I never knew just -when we would get an ambulance call and have -to go and pick Polignani out of the wreck of -a premature explosion, and I never heard him -report in on the telephone that I didn’t experience -a momentary apprehension of his latest news. -The detective himself was calm enough, and enthusiastic -over the fact that the trail was growing -hotter all the time. The question of evidence -of the previous explosions was in the background -now, and the activities of the Brescia Circle as a -political unit did not concern us nearly as much -as the activities of three of its members with their -“andimonio, collorate di potase” and their -pamphlet, and their hatred of the Catholic -Church.</p> - -<p>Polignani had seen this hatred demonstrated -many times by Carbone. They passed two Sisters -of Charity one chilly evening near the Harlem -station, and the anarchist spat, and cursed them.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">59</span> -So the detective was not surprised by Abarno’s -proposal on the night of St. Valentine’s Day that -the three conspirators plant their bombs in St. -Patrick’s Cathedral. “We’ll go over there some -day soon and look for a good place to set them. -And then we’ll plant the bomb on some good -holiday—say on March 21, eh?”</p> - -<p>“What’s that day?” Polignani inquired.</p> - -<p>“The Commune!” Abarno answered.</p> - -<p>Polignani bought the antimony and the chlorate -of potash, and at a subsequent meeting watched -uneasily while Carbone tried to pulverize the antimony -with a hammer. It was too hard work, -however, and “Baldo” was directed to buy a -small quantity of the pulverized substance. This -he did. The three had meanwhile been trying -to pick out a good room in an English-speaking -lodging house in 29th Street, but finally gave it -up and hired a furnished room at 1341 Third -Avenue. There they brought their materials, consisting -of twelve yards of copper wire, a trunk -full of odds and ends, tools, fuse cord, and various -ingredients. To this supply they wanted to -add some hollow iron balls, but the hollow iron -ball market was sparse, and they finally substituted -three tin hand-soap cans. On February 27 -Polignani and Abarno made a tour of inspection<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">60</span> -of St. Patrick’s, and as they were descending the -steps Abarno remarked that when he had destroyed -the Cathedral they would turn their attention -first to the Carnegie residence at 90th -Street and Fifth Avenue, and then to the Rockefeller -home. “We won’t wait till March 21,” -he observed impatiently. “Let’s get this job -done soon. Say Tuesday morning.”</p> - -<div id="ip_60" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 38em;"> - <img src="images/i_060a.png" width="600" height="363" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><p>A postcard received by Commissioner Woods after the arrest -of the Anarchists</p></div> - -<div class="captionl"> -<p>The message reads:</p> - -<p class="in0"> -“<span class="smcap">Mr. Woods</span><br /> -<span class="in2">My Dear Sir</span> -</p> - -<p class="in0">Your police Espionage may go as far as you like for the promotion of -your Bankrupt Law & Order of Society. The Anarchists of New York -have but one Life to give for the Ideal of Humanity and absolute Freedom -of mankind the world over. yours The Society for the Propagation of -absolute Liberty and Human Freedom....”</p></div></div> - -<p>High noon of the following day saw the three -plotters cheerfully at work in the furnished room. -Abarno and Carbone measured carefully the proportions -of sulphur, sugar, chlorate of potash and -antimony; Carbone filled the tins with the mixture, -and led the fuses into the heart of the mass, -glancing up from time to time to the detective -with real pride, as if to say: “See, Baldo? -That’s how an expert works!” “Baldo” had -contributed his share of the materials—a few -lengths of iron rod. Carbone bound these to the -outside of the cans with cord, and added a few -bolts which he found in a bureau drawer, and a -coat-hanger, twisted out of shape. Round and -round this shapeless tangle of metal he wove -copper wire, and so produced two heavy, compact -bombs. Polignani had grown almost gray when, -after boring the fuse holes in the can-tops, Carbone -casually picked up a hammer and began to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">61</span> -tattoo the cans. The detective promptly took -refuge behind the bed, near the floor.</p> - -<p>“No use to hide there, Baldo!” This with a -laugh from Carbone. “If she goes off she’ll blow -the whole house down. How’s that, Frank?” -he added, showing the finished product to Abarno.</p> - -<p>“I’ll throw that one and you can throw the -other, Carbone,” Abarno said. “Now listen. -We will meet here Tuesday morning at six o’clock -to the minute. We will get to the Cathedral just -at 6.20. Then we’ll light the bombs, and the fuses -will burn slow for twenty minutes, so as we can -get over to the Madison Avenue car and then we -can all get to work on time, and we will have a -good alibi all right. Then we’ll get together -Tuesday night and go some place and have a good -time to celebrate throwing a scare into Fifth -Avenue, boys! Tuesday morning, six o’clock -sharp?”</p> - -<p>Carbone and Polignani assented, and Abarno -left.</p> - -<p>Polignani kept in close touch with me from -that moment forward. Ever since the day when -Carbone had sent him to the drug store for black -antimony, with instructions to bribe the drug clerk -if he could not easily obtain it, we had had a -double check on the conspirators, for I had assigned<span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">62</span> -two men to shadow them constantly. The -case was building towards a climax. Polignani -had shrewdly kept the slip on which Carbone -wrote the prescription for the explosives, and when -Carbone asked where it was he said, “I tore it -up. I didn’t want it to be found on me. It -would get me into trouble.” The anarchist -praised the detective for his forethought. The -two men from the Bomb Squad never let Abarno -and Carbone out of their sight, so that for a -month we had not only the direct evidence of -Polignani of what the conspirators said and did -in his presence, but evidence from the two shadows -which accounted for their time more fully, probably, -than they could have recalled themselves. -And so when Polignani—who did not know he -was being observed—told me of the final plans, -I passed the information on to the two shadows, -and we formulated a counter-campaign for Tuesday -morning.</p> - -<p>Shortly after sunrise on Tuesday, Polignani -tumbled out of bed and into his clothes. He ate -a hasty and nervous breakfast at a cheap lunch-room -around the corner, and hurried to the sidewalk -before 1341 Third Avenue, arriving a -few minutes after six. Abarno joined him at -6.30.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">63</span> -“Where’s Carbone—isn’t he here?” he said -by way of greeting.</p> - -<p>“No,” replied “Baldo.”</p> - -<p>“Well, we can’t wait for him. We can’t lose -any time. I got to be at work at 7.30. Come up -and get the bombs with me. We’ll probably meet -him on the way down the street. Or maybe he’s -at the shoe-shop.”</p> - -<p>The two men went upstairs and into the third-floor-back. -“Give me the key,” Abarno muttered. -Polignani did so. Abarno opened the -trunk and took out the two bombs. “You take -one and I’ll take the other,” he whispered. -“Come on. Put it under your coat.”</p> - -<p>When they started down Third Avenue the -two shadows—who had also risen early—disengaged -themselves from the doorways where they -were idling and proceeded at an even pace down -the Avenue behind the men. A few hundred -yards or so in the rear of the procession was a -limousine, and I was in the limousine. I could -spot the men distinctly, and I had to chuckle when -I saw them catch sight of a uniformed officer a -block or so ahead and hastily cross the street. -The same thing occurred twice again in the course -of the march. Our parade continued. No one -but ourselves paid any attention to the two laborers<span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">64</span> -who were carrying lumpy bundles under their -coats.</p> - -<p>At Fifty-third Street my chauffeur turned west -and slipped into high speed. We were at the -Cathedral in a minute more, and I jumped out and -hurried into the vestibule. No one there but three -or four scrub-women, puttering around in the half-light -with their mops and pails. Several hundred -worshippers were already gathered in the front of -the nave, where Bishop Hayes was conducting -early mass. As I passed into the body of the -church there was no one near except an elderly -usher, with white hair and beard. I stepped into -a dark corner and waited.</p> - -<div id="ip_64" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 27em;"> - <img src="images/i_064a.jpg" width="418" height="600" alt="" /> - <div class="caption">1. Detective George D. Barnitz - <span class="in2">2. Detective Patrick Walsh</span><br /> - 3. Detective James Sterett<br /> - 4. Left to right: Patrick Walsh, Jerome Murphy and James Sterett</div></div> - -<p>A matter of two or three minutes passed, though -it seemed much longer. Then I saw Abarno and -Polignani enter the vestibule, cross it and enter -the church itself, taking their cigars out of their -mouths as they turned towards the north aisle. -Abarno led the way. At the tenth pew he motioned -to Polignani to sit there, and Polignani -obeyed, dropping to his knees in prayer. Abarno -continued to the sixth pew ahead. Two of the -scrub-women had deserted their mops, and were -dusting the pews along the north aisle near the -newcomers. Abarno rested for a moment in his -pew, with his head and body bent as if in prayer,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">65</span> -then rose and rejoined Polignani. Again he rose, -and this time moved toward the north end of the -altar, where he crouched for several seconds, placing -his bomb against a great pillar. With his -other hand he flicked the ashes from the coal of -his cigar and touched the glowing end to the -fuse. He had taken perhaps three steps down -the aisle again when the scrub-woman stopped -plying her dust-cloth. She fastened an iron grip -on Abarno’s arms and hustled him down the -aisle so swiftly that no one remarked the affair. -The scrub-woman was Detective Walsh, disguised. -The elderly usher passed the two and hurried to -the spot where Abarno had crouched by the pillar. -He saw the lighted fuse and pinched it out with -his fingers. The elderly usher, underneath his -makeup, was Lieutenant Barnitz. Polignani was -promptly placed under arrest and led to the vestibule -with Abarno—for the evidence was not yet -all in.</p> - -<p>Abarno immediately suspected Carbone of -treachery. He protested violently that the -missing conspirator had instigated the whole affair, -that it was his idea, that he had made the -bombs, and that he could be found living with a -Hungarian-Jewish family on the fourth floor of -a house at 216 East 67th Street. He was fluent<span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">66</span> -in the accusations he made against Carbone, and -he grew more fluent as he recovered from the -fright of his arrest. So while we escorted the -two bombs and the two prisoners to headquarters, -other members of the Bomb Squad visited Carbone -and placed him under arrest.</p> - -<p>From them at headquarters we verified the -story as we already knew it. Each man accused -the other. Both men exonerated Polignani of -any part in suggesting the plot or in making the -bombs for several days after their arrest. But -Polignani’s true identity could not be unknown to -them indefinitely, of course, and when they found -out that they had been confiding in a full-fledged -detective—ah, then the storm broke! Prompted, -I suspect, by pseudo-legal advice, they cried -“Frame-up!” until they grew hoarse, but it was -too late, for in the possession of Assistant District -Attorney Arthur Train was already a sworn -statement which fixed their guilt by their own -confession.</p> - -<div id="ip_66" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img src="images/i_066a.jpg" width="398" height="600" alt="" /> - <div class="caption">1. The Dagger Threat to Polignani<br /> - 2. The Black Hand Threat<span class="in2"> - 3. Frank Abarno</span><br /> - 4. Carmine Carbone</div></div> - -<p>The anarchists rushed to their rescue, but their -efforts were chiefly verbal. At the Brescia Circle, -and at I. W. W. headquarters at 64 East 4th -Street, it was common gossip that counsel for the -defendants were going to supply 45 or 50 witnesses -to swear that Polignani had invited them to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">67</span> -make bombs. This I had enjoined him strictly -not to do, as a newcomer who talks bombs is a -suspicious character in anarchist circles. I know -he obeyed. There was organized a “Carbone ed -Abarno Defence Committee” with headquarters -at 2205 Third Avenue, which solicited other neighboring -Italian clubs with anarchistic tendencies -for support of the two. Polignani’s photograph -appeared presently in a New York Italian newspaper -with this caption:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“The filthy carrion who by order of the Police -of New York devised the bomb plot which led up -to the arrest of Abarno and Carbone, now before -the Courts. All of us comrades will keep this in -mind.”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="in0">He received several threatening anonymous letters, -some bearing the familiar “black hand,” -others sketching on newspaper photographs of -him the point in his anatomy at which he might -expect to feel the dagger of revenge; others mere -bombastic defiance. (The anonymous letter-writer -is very often a courageous soul who spells -out his messages with letters and words clipped -from newspapers, so that his handwriting will -not betray him.)</p> - -<p>What was the reward of those five months invested -in patience? The two prisoners convicted<span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">68</span> -and sentenced to terms of from six to twelve -years, was one result. But a far greater one was -a sharp decrease in bomb-throwing in New York, -and perhaps the most gratifying was the discord -which grew in the Brescia Circle. The group -was frightened, and the members began to suspect -each other of espionage. One former -anarchist was quoted as saying that he wouldn’t -even trust himself—he had been dreaming the -night before that he was a spy. The Brescia -Circle became disorganized, and several other -similar groups in the city suffered the same fate. -Their leaders drifted away—and got into more -trouble, as we shall see later.</p> - -<p>We never found the original of the treatise on -bombs. Carbone said he had destroyed it. But -there are probably other copies from the same -press in the hands of accredited bomb-throwers. -If not, they may apply to the New York police -department.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">69</span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="IV" class="vspace">IV<br /> - -<span class="subhead">THE HINDU-BOCHE FAILURES</span></h2> -</div> - -<p>Bret Harte said that “the heathen Chinee” -was peculiar. The British have learned long -since that the Hindu, being an Oriental, cannot -help being equally “peculiar,” and it is a great -tribute to British persistence that it has labored -so hard and so successfully in the good government -of a people so temperamentally complex. -They have studied the Hindu, and have understood -him as well as may be. Understanding -him they have watched him. When war broke -out, this great Oriental empire presented to -Britain a grave problem, for as a Hindu editor -in the United States phrased it, “England is -Germany’s enemy. England is our enemy. Our -enemy’s enemy is our friend.”</p> - -<p>It is not in my intention or power to discuss the -methods which England employed to maintain -strict loyalty in the Indian peninsula, but to outline -here the part we played in uncovering a plot<span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">70</span> -which threatened seriously to complicate her efforts -around on the other side of the earth.</p> - -<p>Scotland Yard told us in February, 1917, that -Hindus were conspiring in bomb plots with certain -Germans in the United States. If it was -true, it was against the laws of our country. They -supplied us with a few names, but tactfully suggested -that inasmuch as it was our country and -our laws which the plotters were attempting to -disturb, we would prefer to develop the case -ourselves. Various authorities in this country had -already had strong suspicions of the British -claims, but as yet those suspicions had not grown -to proof of any specific act. So we went to -work.</p> - -<p>Among other names which were furnished us -was that of one Chakravarty, whose address was -364 West 120th Street, New York. For more -than a fortnight men of the Bomb Squad under -Mr. (now Lieut.-Col.) Nicholas Biddle, as special -aid to the commissioner, watched that house. -They hired a room opposite, where through a -slit in the window shade they could keep the doorway -under observation. At the hours when working -New York leaves its home to make money, -and comes home at night having made it, the -door was rarely used, but sometimes at mid-forenoon,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">71</span> -sometimes in the small hours of the -morning, the men on watch saw several dark-skinned -individuals pass in and out of the house. -The building itself gave no sign of suspicious activity. -We were on the brink of war, and as -was the case in most of the other houses in the -block, an American flag hung draped in the front -window. What went on behind the camouflage -screen we did not know. Now and then our men, -hiding in the shadow of the areaway, would go -quietly up into the dark doorway and listen, but -the house never gave out a sound. There was -certainly no indication that these Hindus were -conspiring with the Imperial German Government -in dynamite plots.</p> - -<p>We knew certain East Indians who could be depended -upon, and told them to call upon Chakravarty. -This ruse failed because Chakravarty -never presented to the callers anything but a guileless -reception. So far as they could learn his -occupation was that of manufacturer of pills; he -and a certain Ernest Sekunna constituted the Omin -Company, which company packed in aluminum -boxes and sold to a limited clientele pills which -like most patent remedies were recommended for -any ailment from indigestion up or down—if -the pill sold, then it was a success. This news did<span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">72</span> -not quiet our impatience, and we decided on a -raid.</p> - -<p>On the night of March 7, 1917, Detectives -Barnitz, Coy, Randolph, Murphy, Jenkins, Walsh, -Sterett and Fenelly called at the house, Sterett, -pretending to be a messenger, and carrying a -dummy package, presenting himself at the front -door, and the rest of the party covering other -avenues of escape. The portal was opened by a -little Hindu who looked up innocently to Sterett -and said that Dr. Chakravarty was not in—he -had gone to Boston. The detectives announced -their intention of searching the house. The little -man protested, and was given certain short reasons -why the search was in order. Surprise, injured -innocence, and irritation crossed his olive-drab -face, and he announced that he was a patriotic -American and that he had never done anything -to break the laws of the United States. If we -wanted Dr. Chakravarty, he said, we should go -and get him, and not disturb a peaceful household -in this way, and he added that Chakravarty had -left for New England months before, leaving no -address. In this the little Hindu was borne out -by the answers which the other occupant of the -house gave to our questions—this was Sekunna, a -German of thirty-five or so. We searched the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">73</span> -house, and took the two prisoners and considerable -material to headquarters.</p> - -<div id="ip_72" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 38em;"> - <img src="images/i_072a.jpg" width="600" height="396" alt="" /> - <div class="caption">A Handbill, printed in Hindu, used by the Hindu-Boche Conspirators</div></div> - -<p>The search disclosed a supply of literature of -the Omin Company describing the properties of -its pills, a photograph of Sekunna and Chakravarty -as the turbaned benefactors of an unhealthy -world, and a number of express money-order receipts, -deeds and a bank book which showed the -missing Chakravarty to be one who had acquired -a good deal of money during the past two years. -The photograph on closer inspection revealed that -the little prisoner was Dr. Chakravarty himself. -Sekunna verified this, and Chakravarty, confronted -by it, admitted it.</p> - -<p>We asked the prisoner how he had suddenly -come by the $60,000 which his books showed. -He said that it was his inheritance from the -estate of his grandfather in India, and that no -less a personage than Rabindranath Tagore, the -Indian poet, had paid him, in December, 1916, -$25,000 of the $45,000 due from the estate. -About $35,000 had been given him, he added, by -a lawyer named Chatterji, from Pegu, Burma, in -March, 1916.</p> - -<p>So far as he gave us his history, it related -that he had graduated from the University of -Calcutta, and had lived for a time in London, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">74</span> -later in Paris, before coming to the United States. -He had heard that there was a warrant out for -his arrest in India for sedition, probably due, he -suggested, to his having written several articles -on the subject of British Rule.</p> - -<p>“Have you been to Germany recently?” I -asked.</p> - -<p>“Of course not,” he answered. “How could -I get there, with the British watching for me? -They would arrest me if I tried to go. Why do -you ask that?”</p> - -<p>“Because I wanted to know,” I answered. I -had good reason to believe that he had been there -because among his effects we found several exhibits -which pointed toward such a trip. A letter -from a woman in Florida dated December 13, -1915, said:</p> - -<p>“I would never for one moment try to deter -you from the effort or achievement of your lofty -ideals and noble aims, for in this as in many other -things my spirit accords with yours. Brother -dear, <em>do</em> nothing, <em>say</em> nothing, <em>trust</em> nobody, without -extreme caution. God speed you. God -hasten your return to those who are interested in -you, and in all in which you are interested. Bless -you, precious brother.”</p> - -<p>This indicated a journey, clearly. A cablegram<span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">75</span> -dated Bergen, Norway, Dec. 23, 1915, addressed -to Sekunna, read, “Safe arrival here,” and took -him as far as the Continent, at least. Three postcards -supplied the rest of the information; they -were addressed by Sekunna to himself at a Berlin -address, and bore the instructions, “Return to -Sender, E. A. Sekunna, Omin Company, 417 E. -142nd Street, New York City”; postmarked Berlin -in December and January, they suggested -that Chakravarty had used them as part of a -pre-arranged system of communication with -America in which he did not wish his own name -used.</p> - -<p>I found among the papers a photographic print -of Chakravarty wearing a fez, which I knew was -not an orthodox head-dress for a Bengalese. -Furthermore, it struck me that the print was of -the size and finish usually used on passports for -identification of the bearer. I showed it to him, -with the remark:</p> - -<p>“Why do you tell me you haven’t been in Berlin, -when you used this photograph so you could -get a passport as a Persian?”</p> - -<p>He bit. “I see you got me,” he replied. “I -lied to you. I want to tell you a different story—the -real one. I did go to Germany.”</p> - -<p>“Why?”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">76</span> -“To see Wesendonck. He is a secretary for -India of the German foreign office. He wanted -to make plans for propaganda for the liberation -of India from British rule.”</p> - -<p>Chakravarty sat there and unfolded an amazing -story. He touched gingerly upon his own -part in it at first, then evidently sensed the fact -that there were others in the plot guilty of perhaps -no less reprehensible but more violent -crimes, and the little doctor’s capture and confession -not only gave clues to the authorities -which enabled them to follow up the outstanding -German-Hindu plots in America, but developed -prosecutions of the first magnitude and the keenest -general interest.</p> - -<div id="ip_76" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img src="images/i_076a.jpg" width="398" height="600" alt="" /> - <div class="caption">1. Franz Schulenberg<span class="in2"> - 2. Ram Chandra</span><br /> - 3. Ram Singh (on the left)<br /> - 4. Dr. Chandra Chakravarty and Dr. Ernest Sekunna<br /> - 5. Dr. Chandra Chakravarty in his Persian Dress</div></div> - -<p>The enterprises must be recounted out of their -actual sequence. The first he claimed to have had -little part in—the project of an uprising in India -which its sponsors hoped would repeat the Mutiny -of 1857—but with a more successful outcome. -Captain Hans Tauscher, the New York agent of -the Krupp steel and munitions works, was in Berlin -when war broke out. He reported for active -duty to Captain von Papen, in New York, as soon -as he could cross the Atlantic, and one of his -earliest services was the purchase of a large quantity -of rifles, field guns, swords and cartridges,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">77</span> -which he stored in 200 West Houston Street, New -York. On January 9, 1915, he shipped a trainload -of arms and ammunition to San Diego, California. -There it was loaded into a little vessel, -the <i>Annie Larsen</i>, which had been chartered by -German interests, and the <i>Annie Larsen</i> put to -sea, ostensibly for Mexico, where revolutionary -arms were in demand. Her real destination was -a rendezvous off Socorro Island with the <i>Maverick</i>, -a tank-ship which had been bought in San -Francisco with German money. The <i>Maverick</i> -was to trans-ship the arms, flood them with oil in -her cargo tanks in case she might be searched, and -proceed by way of Batavia and Bangkok to Karachi, -a seaport in India which is the gateway to -the Punjab. There she would be met by friendly -fishing vessels who would land her cargo, and if -all went well, there would be a massacre of the -garrison of Karachi, and hell would break loose -over India. The effect of such an uprising upon -Great Britain’s sorely tried military condition of -early 1915 would have been incalculable. The -native troops in France who were helping to stop -the breach until England’s great armies could be -trained would have to be recalled, the semi-loyal -tribes would have seen their opportunity, Germany -would hardly have hesitated to throw a Turkish<span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">78</span> -force at the northern passes, and altogether it -would not have been pleasant for the integrity of -the British Empire.</p> - -<p>The <i>Maverick</i> and the <i>Annie Larsen</i> missed -connections at Socorro. The <i>Annie Larsen</i> wandered -about the Pacific for some weeks and eventually -put into Hoquiam, Washington, where the -United States seized the arms. The <i>Maverick</i> -blundered from Socorro to San Diego, to Hilo, -Hawaii, to Anjer, Java, by way of Johnson Island, -then to Batavia, Java, where she was received -with disappointment by a German agent and -where she was finally sold. The filibuster ended -in flat and costly failure: the arms cost not less -than $100,000 and probably $150,000, the freight -to the Pacific Coast some $12,000, the charter of -the <i>Annie Larsen</i> $19,000, the purchase of the -<i>Maverick</i> involved hundreds of thousands, not to -mention the individual fees of the numerous agents -employed.</p> - -<p>We knew in a general way of this plot, though -it remained for the tireless efforts of United -States District Attorney John W. Preston in San -Francisco to unearth the details. In a raid which -had been made on the office of Wolf von Igel, -von Papen’s secretary, at 60 Wall Street, New -York, agents of the Department of Justice had<span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">79</span> -found von Igel’s memoranda of correspondence in -arranging the expedition through the San Francisco -consulate. But Chakravarty said that the -revolutionary end of the project had been handled -by another Hindu, Ram Chandra, and denied that -he was guilty of any part in it. Ram Chandra -had negotiated with the German consuls in Seattle -and San Francisco, and through them with -Tauscher and von Papen. Chakravarty supplied -the names of Hindus who had sailed on the <i>Annie -Larsen</i>, said that there had been Filipinos and -Germans aboard as well, and added that the -Filipinos had been transferred to a German ship, -and had later escaped from her in a motorboat -while she was being pursued by a Japanese cruiser. -But, he said, he had nothing to do with it—it -was Ram Chandra who was the real agent.</p> - -<p>It was this Ram Chandra who was editor of -the Hindu revolutionary newspaper <i>Ghadr</i> -(Mutiny) published at Berkeley, California. He -succeeded to the editor’s chair in 1914 when his -predecessor, Har Dayal, out on bail after an arrest -for ultra-free speech, had fled across the continent -and the Atlantic Ocean to Berlin. There -Dayal established the Hindustani Revolutionary -Committee, collaborating with, taking orders -from, and financed by the German Government,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">80</span> -under the direction of Herr Wesendonck of the -Foreign Office. Ten million marks had been -placed to their credit, and German consulates -throughout the neutral world had instructions -through their parent-embassies to render all possible -assistance to the revolutionary project, and -to spend whatever money might be necessary, -charging it to the account of the Indian Nationalist -Party. Three hundred thousand dollars was invested -in China and Java. Hindus were sent -through Persia and Afghanistan into India with -German credit to foster unrest, and Afghanistan -itself was full of spies trying to break the Amir’s -promise, given to the British Government at the -outbreak of war, that he would maintain strict neutrality. -It was this same Har Dayal who conferred -with Chakravarty when the latter made -his visit to Berlin in December, 1915. The reason -for this visit to Berlin came out very soon, and -that will lead us in turn to the second of the German-Hindu -plots hatched in America.</p> - -<div id="ip_80" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 38em;"> - <img src="images/i_080a.png" width="600" height="394" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><span class="l4">The <i>Annie Larsen’s</i> Cash Account</span><span class="in2"> - Gupta’s Code Message</span></div></div> - -<p>Chakravarty got bail from a surety company -without much trouble. Two or three days after -his arrest he called me up on the telephone and -said that a man named Gupta had threatened him. -“He says I must give him $2,000. And there -is another man named Wagel. He is a Hindu.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">81</span> -He wants $10,000 from me, otherwise he will do -me harm. He already has had $7,000 from the -German Government in Mexico. He has demanded -$20,000,000 of Count von Bernstorff to -finish up the revolution in India.”</p> - -<p>“Wait a minute, now,” I suggested. The figures -were going to my head. “Where is -Wagel?”</p> - -<p>“I do not know,” Chakravarty answered.</p> - -<p>“Well, where is Gupta?”</p> - -<p>“He is a student at Columbia,” replied the little -man.</p> - -<p>“All right, doctor,” I said, “we’ll not let any -harm come to you.”</p> - -<p>Detectives Coy and Walsh at once got on the -trail of Gupta. They found him in his dormitory -room at 73 Livingston Hall, Columbia, and -brought him to headquarters. “I saw of Chakravarty’s -arrest in the paper,” he said, “and I -thought I might be arrested if he implicated me.” -Gupta knew full well he would be arrested, for -there was jealousy between the two, and he went -on to reveal why.</p> - -<p>Heramba Lal Gupta was then thirty-two years -old. Since his boyhood in Calcutta he had been -all over the world, and had studied in the United -States. In the spring of 1915 he had several<span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">82</span> -conferences with Captain von Papen in the city -in which the military attaché conceived such confidence -in the young Hindu that he gave him $15,000 -for expense money and sent him to Chicago -to confer with Gustav Jacobsen, an ex-German -consul. With him went Jodh Singh, another -Hindu who had migrated from Brazil to Berlin -and thence to Captain von Papen, and an art -collector named Albert H. Wehde. They were -joined by George Paul Boehm and a German -named Sterneck, and two plans were arranged. -Gupta, Singh and Wehde were to proceed to -Japan to establish connections and obtain assistance -for fomenting Indian revolt. Boehm and -Sterneck were to go to the Philippines, pick up -a third plotter, Chakravarty’s lawyer-friend -Chatterji, proceed thence to Java to meet two -escaped officers of the destroyed German cruiser -<i>Emden</i>, and thence to the Himalayan hills north -of India, where Dr. Frederick A. Cook, the -Arctic romancer, was on an expedition. There -they were to overpower the Cook party, Boehm -was to assume the explorer’s identity and travel -about the hills spreading sedition among the native -tribes. This wild plan failed completely, as -the Germans never kept their appointment in Java. -(Gupta believed in preparedness to the extent of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">83</span> -taking Boehm to several shooting galleries in -Chicago and practising pistol firing with him.)</p> - -<p>Gupta, Singh and Wehde set sail from San -Francisco in the <i>Mongolia</i> and landed in Yokohama, -September 16, 1915. Gupta immediately -got in touch with various prominent Hindus. Although -their conferences were enthusiastic and the -prospect of obtaining Japanese arms for the revolution -was good, his work was hampered by the -discovery on the part of British agents that Gupta -was in Japan. He was notified within a week of -his arrival that he must leave by the next steamer: -the next steamer was bound for Shanghai, a -British port; the order was equal to delivery into -the hands of the British, and death. A Japanese -friend came to his rescue. He took him to his -house, followed by the police. By a subterfuge -the police were distracted long enough to allow -the Hindu to slip out the back door, jump into an -automobile, and flee to the interior of the country. -There he was hidden for six months, between -the flimsy walls of his friend’s house. It -was May of 1916 before he could escape, smuggled -out in an eastbound vessel, and it was June -before he returned to New York. There he -found that the following order had been issued -from Berlin:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">84</span></p> - -<blockquote> - -<p class="in0">“Berlin, February 4, 1916. To the German Embassy, Washington.</p> - -<p>“In future all Indian affairs are to be exclusively -handled by the committee to be formed by -Dr. Chakravarty. Dhirendra Sarkar and Herambra -Lal Gupta, the latter of whom has meanwhile -been expelled from Japan, thus cease to be -representatives of the Indian Independence Committee -existing here.</p> - -<p class="sigright"> -“(Signed) <span class="smcap">Zimmermann</span>.” -</p></blockquote> - -<p>Gupta, in short, found himself displaced. His -expedition had been a failure. Chakravarty had -had his job for nearly six months. He tried to -negotiate with Chakravarty for a restoration of -some of his lost prestige, but the little man would -not have much to do with him. In January, 1917, -the French secret service intercepted at the Swiss -border a letter postmarked New York, November -16, 1916, and addressed as follows:</p> - -<p class="in0 in4"> -“Mr. Albourge<br /> -<span class="in1">“Hotel Des Alpas</span><br /> -<span class="in2">“Territel</span><br /> -<span class="in3">“Montreau, Switzerland.”</span> -</p> - -<p>The letter was in cipher, and was seized and returned -to French agents in the United States, and -by them turned over to the American authorities -for investigation, at about the time when<span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">85</span> -diplomatic relations were broken off with Germany. -Search here disclosed little. The letter -was typewritten, and the only clue to its message -was a hint suggested by a sub-address on the back -of the envelope:</p> - -<p class="p1 b1 center">“Mr. Chatterjee”</p> - -<p class="in0">who was apparently a Hindu. (This, by the way, -was the same Chatterji who persists in cropping -up in the wings of this story from time to time). -Now there is no “Hotel Des Alpas” in Montreux; -the name of the inn referred to is the -“Hotel des Alpes.” Again, the name “Territel” -was apparently a misspelling of “Territet,” -and “Montreau” probably meant “Montreux.” -When we captured Gupta we found in a memorandum -book not only the address cited above, but -the <em>same misspellings</em>—pretty conclusive proof -that he was the author of the letter. This address -was later found with the same misspellings, -in the mailing list of <i>Ghadr</i>, the revolutionary -paper published in California. Thus little errors -combined to forge important links.</p> - -<p>The code of the Gupta letter was a popular and -scholarly volume by an American author: Price -Collier’s “Germany and the Germans,” published -in New York in 1913. The letter was so written<span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">86</span> -that the words which contained the meat of each -sentence were carefully enciphered. The letter -said, for example:</p> - -<div class="cblock"><div class="ilb"> -<p class="in0 in4"> -“... I do<br /> -not believe there<br /> -are very many men<br /> -including<br /> -<span class="in2">98-5-2</span><br /> -<span class="in2">98-1-1</span><br /> -<span class="in2">98-1-9</span><br /> -<span class="in2">98-4-1</span><br /> -<span class="in2">98-5-8</span><br /> -<span class="in2">98-3-3</span><br /> -<span class="in2">———</span><br /> -”Who can show much<br /> -better results a-<br /> -long the line of<br /> -<span class="in2">97-1-3</span><br /> -<span class="in2">97-1-11</span><br /> -<span class="in2">97-6-5</span><br /> -<span class="in2">97-8-4</span><br /> -<span class="in2">———</span><br /> -<span class="in2">132-1-1</span><br /> -<span class="in2">———</span><br /> -<span class="in6">“Undertook”</span> -</p> -</div></div> - -<p class="in0">Turning to page 98 of “Germany and the Germans,” -we see that the second letter of the fifth -line is <i>b</i>; the first letter of the first line is <i>h</i>; the -ninth letter of the first line is <i>u</i>; the first letter of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">87</span> -the fourth line is <i>p</i>; the eighth in the fifth line is <i>e</i>; -and the third in the third line <i>n</i>. Sum total: -B-h-u-p-e-n—a Hindu name. On page 97, the -first few lines read:</p> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0"> -“am willing to concede that perhaps even an emperor<br /> -has been baptized with the blood of the martyrs,<br /> -and feels himself to be in all sincerity the instrument<br /> -of God; if we are to understand this one, we must<br /> -admit so much.<br /> - -“In certain ...” etc. -</p></blockquote> - -<p class="in0">Thus 97-1-3 is <i>w</i>, 97-1-11 is <i>o</i>, 97-6-5 is <i>r</i>, -97-8-4 is <i>K</i>; total w-o-r-k. 132-1-1 is <i>I</i>. Our -translation reads therefore:</p> - -<p class="p1 b1 in0">“<em>I do not believe that there are very many men -including Bhupen, who can show much better -results along the line of work I undertook.</em>”</p> - -<p>Four columns to the typewritten page it ran on -over seven sheets of foolscap, and wound up with -a plea in plain English which showed that Gupta -was angry:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“Seems no action taken yet. If want work, -change methods completely. I insist the man in -charge is not only useless but spoiling the work;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">88</span> -important workers wasting time for want of coöperation -and funds while that man is squandering -money. Do not care what you decide, I inform -you as it is my duty but you don’t seem to pay any -attention. This is my last warning for the cause. -Again I appeal to you to think more seriously and -not spoil the work by leaving it in the hands of -irresponsible and insane person. I again tell you -that no one is willing to work with him because he -does not understand anything, secondly he spends -money in a ridiculous way, thirdly he does not do -any work. Think seriously and reply.”</p></blockquote> - -<p>In order to show why Gupta was upset and also -in passing to show how innocently he had coded his -letter, we shall quote it in full, with those words -in italics which had to be decoded months later:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“Dear <em>Chatto</em>: Am back from <em>Japan</em>. Had -lots <em>trouble</em>. <em>Thakur</em>, real <em>name Rash Behari -Ghose</em>, splendid worker in <em>India</em> still in <em>Japan</em>. -Sent report twice, besides messages through <em>German</em> -sources. Went to <em>Japan</em> as planned. Am -surprised to hear from <em>Tarak</em> you said I had no -<em>right</em> to go to Japan. See my reports submitted -to the committee. Before leaving <em>Berlin Shanghai</em> -authorities also wanted me for important -work. This I was told at <em>German Embassy</em> so -cannot understand why you failed to know anything -about me. Have sent two reports since -my return. Hope you got them. <em>Tarak</em> said -you were not satisfied with <em>my work</em> and <em>Bhupen Dutt</em><span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">89</span> -said that such incapable men as <em>I</em> should -not have been sent to America. <em>Bhupen</em> before -leaving <em>America</em> said to <em>Chakravarty ‘Gupta</em> -nothing but <em>adventurer</em>; should not have been -sent,’ and as usual everybody knew and it naturally -prejudiced men <em>I</em> had to work with. What -right had <em>Bhupen</em> to make such remarks? I don’t -claim to be a very capable man. You remember -I did not want to <em>come here</em>. But how <em>Bhupen</em> -measured my abilities? If no report was received -how could anybody pass an opinion on unknown -things? You may <em>criticize my</em> reticence. I do -not believe there are very many men including -<em>Bhupen</em> who can show much better results along -the line of <em>work I</em> undertook. Results of such -work cannot be shown in <em>black and white</em> but I -challenge anybody who dares ignore the <em>solid work</em> -done through <em>our agencies</em>. Time alone can -prove it. You cannot compare the <em>work</em> lately -undertaken with the <em>program</em> we started with. If -we <em>failed to start a revolution in Bengal</em> as asked -by you it has been for the best. If we <em>failed land -arms</em> it was due more to <em>Germans</em> than anybody -else. Our <em>men worked, suffered</em>. Still <em>suffering</em>. -The whole plan under the direct supervision of -<em>Germans</em> of more capable <em>brains failed</em> too. We -have succeeded in laying foundation for <em>future -work</em>. Our <em>work</em> in <em>Japan</em> has been unique. -Even <em>Lajpat Rai</em> who slights our <em>work</em>, quite often -admits in three months more <em>solid work</em> done there -than any other part of the world outside <em>India</em> in -number of years. I understand <em>Chakravarty</em> has<span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">90</span> -charge of affairs. Met him. <em>Tarak Harish</em> says -he was given instruction to form a <em>committee</em> of -five including <em>myself</em>. He did not agree. Said -all depended on his discretion. Fact is he has -grudge against me and the fault lies with <em>you</em>. -Report went to <em>Berlin</em> concerning his <em>relations</em> with -<em>Mrs. Warren</em>. You told him I did it. I did not. -Even if I did you had no business to mention my -name. I like also to know how did the <em>committee</em> -satisfy itself as to the charge being false. -From <em>Chakravarty’s letters</em> only? He wanted -me to <em>apologize</em>. I did not: will not. First -I did not <em>report</em>; secondly suppose I did, in the interest -of the <em>cause</em>. I was of opinion he had -<em>connection with Mrs. Warren</em>. She came to know -many things about <em>work</em> through <em>him</em>. Am still -of same opinion. I do not care how many <em>women -man enjoys</em> but he has no right to talk about serious -<em>work to women</em>. I do not know what <em>work -he</em> doing. Does not give me any information. -The <em>house</em> he took with <em>princely furniture</em> shows -at once <em>German connection</em>. Some of his -<em>pamphlets</em> nothing but <em>German propaganda</em>. It -may be your <em>policy</em>. We have <em>centres in Japan, -Burmah, Manila</em>; regular <em>communication</em> with -<em>India</em> through <em>Japanese</em> sources. <em>Working</em> but -badly <em>in need of funds</em>. Started <em>work</em> with impression -<em>balance of funds credited</em> to my <em>account</em> -would be forthcoming but no sign of it. For -better <em>work</em> need send at least one more <em>man</em> to -<em>Japan</em>. <em>Tarak</em> going <em>China, Chakravarty</em> told<span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">91</span> -him his men would <em>watch Tarak</em> for a month. If -behaves well will be helped, given facilities. -What <em>grand diplomacy! Chakravarty</em> told me -<em>committee</em> not sure of <em>Tarak</em> so sent him away. -<em>Tarak</em> said large <em>funds</em> have been sanctioned. -He can draw without receipt. Will you blame -me (if this be true) if I fail to understand the -policy? <em>Ram Chandra working</em> in his own way. -I did not interfere for <em>fear</em> of creating divisions. -Only helped getting <em>funds</em>. Have now influence -over him but as <em>Chakravarty gone San Francisco</em> -I consider my duty keep quiet until hear from you. -Have <em>worked</em> to best abilities and shall work but -cannot do so at the instance of people who I am -sure do not know the exact nature of work <em>done -last year</em> and <em>half</em>. Am surprised at <em>mean jealousies</em>, -even sacrificing <em>work</em>. Am shocked at -your <em>faith shaken in me</em> and <em>my work</em>. Hope to -hear soon all regarding <em>work</em>. Remember me to -all. Did not mail the first letter as waiting for -information from <em>Berlin</em>.”</p></blockquote> - -<div id="ip_90" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 26em;"> - <img src="images/i_090a.png" width="413" height="600" alt="" /> - <div class="caption">How the Hindus used Price Collier’s “Germany and the -Germans” as a cryptogram</div></div> - -<p>Followed the postscript in English already cited.</p> - -<p>The reader will probably be interested, even at -the cost of interrupting the narrative, in the way -in which this cipher code was discovered and the -letter translated. By a partial decipherment by -common methods of deduction, it was found to -be almost sure that on a certain page of the code -book—the name of which was of course not<span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">92</span> -then known—the phrase “foreign legation” -would appear. The cipher experts deduced, too, -that the phrase “rush to a newspaper” must appear -in a certain line of another page of the -volume, and working further they assembled some -twenty-five fragmentary words and phrases of -whose position in the missing volume they were -certain. The problem was to find the volume. -The nature of the words and phrases suggested -that the work was a recent one, probably dealing -with history—and perhaps with the nature of a -people. These limitations reduced the field of -possibility to a minimum of 100,000 volumes, and -the cipher experts set agents at work searching -for such books. The caption of the letter, “Hossain’s -Code,” threw them off the scent and they -spent some time in scouring Allied Europe and -America for such a code. There was none, for -“Houssain” was merely a Hindu agent in Trinidad. -Then, one of the agents hunting for the -needle in the haystack found it—Mr. Collier’s -book.</p> - -<p>Gupta, it is evident, was a prejudiced judge -of Chakravarty’s ability. Even when Gupta was -arrested Chakravarty wiped out past scores, and -went bail for the man who had blackmailed and -traduced him. But Gupta was definitely in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">93</span> -trouble this time. The evidence supplied of his -trip to Japan, its purpose, and his collusion with -Germans brought him to trial in Chicago with -Jacobsen, Wehde, and Boehm. (Mr. Chatterji -was a witness for the prosecution.) The three -Germans, after a trial in which the State’s case -had been admirably handled by U. S. District Attorney -Clyne, were convicted and sentenced to -serve five years in prison and pay fines of $13,000. -Gupta was sentenced to two years, fined $200, -and released on bail, pending an appeal. He -jumped his bail and escaped to Mexico in May, -1918, while a number of his countrymen were being -tried in San Francisco.</p> - -<p>His escape was probably due to fear. The -Hindus are a vengeful lot, and it is no more than -possible that the “grapevine cable” had informed -him that friends of the men on trial in San Francisco -were planning to get even with him for having -supplied part of the evidence used against -them. Some of that evidence we found in his -room at Columbia, and more in his safety deposit -box in a Columbus Avenue bank. Among other -items was the list of addresses in Switzerland already -mentioned, and this was amplified by a letter -which we found in Chakravarty’s house, from -Sekunna to the little doctor, which read:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">94</span></p> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0"> -“My dear boy, -</p> - -<p>“Enclosed please find addresses from Wesendonck. -Send your reports to: Mr. Director Karl -Hirsch, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland.”</p></blockquote> - -<p>Chakravarty, in turn, furnished us with two -more codes which were used in writing to these -addresses: One which cited pages and word-numbers -in a certain German-English dictionary, -and a second, based on an entirely different principle. -The second and third were often used in -the same letter, as this fragment from one of -Chakravarty’s reports will show. The letter -reads, in part:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“50337069403847695228, 265-3, 331-6, -497-2, 337-10-3, 335-14, 77-11.”</p></blockquote> - -<p>The first series of figures is written in the third -code mentioned, and must be deciphered by using -the following square:</p> - -<div class="cblock intact"><div class="ilb"> -<p class="in0 in4 p1 mono"> - <i>1 2 3 4 5 6 7</i><br /> -<i>1</i> A B C D E F G<br /> -<i>2</i> H I J K L M N<br /> -<i>3</i> O P Q R S T U<br /> -<i>4</i> V W X Y Z -</p> -</div></div> - -<p class="in0">Each letter is indicated first by the digit marking -the horizontal row in which the letter falls, second<span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">95</span> -by the number of the vertical column. Thus -“A” is 1-1, or 11: “K” 2-4, or 24, and so on. -But if the Hindu wished to transfer a message in -cipher, he would not stop with this simple designation -of the letters, for they would recur too often -and fall too readily under the “laws of repetition” -by which most ciphers can be untangled. -So after he had his word translated by this square -chart, he added four key numbers to it, those key -numbers being fixed and permanent, and being -added in rotation. In order that we may find out -what this word is, we must therefore subtract the -key number thus:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p class="in0"><i>Message</i> 50337069403847695228 (or divided -into letters)</p> - -<p> -<span class="in4">50 33 70 69 40 38 47 69 52 28</span><br /> -<i>Key numbers</i> 25 11 26 32 25 11 26 32 25 11<br /> - -<i>Result</i> <span class="in3">25 22 44 37 15 27 21 37 26 17</span> -</p></blockquote> - -<p>Consulting our chart again, we see that 25 is -“L,” 22 is “I” 44 is “Y,” and that the message -deciphers thus:</p> - -<p class="p1 b1 center"> -<em>L I Y U E N H U N G</em> -</p> - -<p class="in0">The line we quoted above read:</p> - -<p class="center">“<em>Li Yuen Hung is now the president of China</em>”<span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">96</span></p> - -<p class="in0">After transmitting the proper-name in the second -cipher (as the name of course would not have appeared -in the dictionary code), Chakravarty had -lapsed back into the first code, as being swifter.</p> - -<p>Gupta, we observed, was harshly critical of -Chakravarty. Let us see whether he was justified. -Chakravarty said he had been commissioned -to deal only with the broader propaganda. From -captured reports which he transmitted through the -German embassy as well as through the mails to -Switzerland, he had been delegated to form a committee -of five, with Ram Chandra as one of the -other members, to handle Indian affairs here. -They were to send an agent to the West Indies to -stir up the Hindu coolies there, of whom there -were estimated to be 100,000, and to send back to -India all who would volunteer for revolution. -The same policy was to be followed in British -Guiana, Java, and Sumatra. From Ram Chandra’s -<i>Ghadr</i> press were to be issued reams of -propaganda in the various Indian dialects for -circulation throughout the East and West Indies, -in Hindustan itself, and even for German aviators -to drop upon Hindu troops in France. Chakravarty -was to procure letters of introduction to -parties in Japan which would assure a safe welcome -to an emissary to be sent there to carry out<span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">97</span> -what Gupta had failed to do, and an envoy was -to be sent to China for a similar purpose. It was -a broad program, and the doctor set to work immediately -upon his return to organize his staff.</p> - -<p>In all his work he had the coöperation of von -Bernstorff and the embassy at Washington. Chakravarty -organized a Pan-Asiatic League as a -blind, so that Hindus posing as its members could -travel without exciting suspicion. His work was -somewhat handicapped in the early spring by an -automobile accident which took him to the hospital, -and by the seizure of the military attaché’s -papers in von Igel’s office. He hired a Chinaman -named Chin as the delegate to China, and shipped -him off on a Greek vessel from New York. Referred -by Berlin to Houssain, the spy in Trinidad, -Chakravarty established contact with him, and -supervised the formation of an organization there. -In July Chakravarty started for a tour of the -West, in the course of which he visited two disloyal -Hindus in Vancouver and determined upon -a plan of action for that section. Then he swung -down to San Francisco, where he called upon Ram -Chandra, the western head of the committee. He -conferred with friendly agents of Japanese newspapers -who proposed to attack the Anglo-Japanese -treaty. He conferred with W. T. Wang,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">98</span> -private secretary to the new president of China, -as the secretary was leaving for Peking, and -learned that “some of the prominent people are -quite willing to help India directly and Germany -indirectly—on three conditions, those conditions -being a secret treaty with Germany for military -protection, to last five years after peace had been -declared, and to be secured by giving China one-tenth -of all the arms and ammunition which she -would undertake to smuggle across the Indian -frontier.” By the late autumn of 1916 Chakravarty -was acting as the master-wheel in a most -elaborate and complicated machine for disturbing -British rule in almost all of her colonial holdings, -and it is safe to say that if the <i>Maverick</i> affair -had not roused shipping inspectors to unusual -vigilance to prevent filibustering, the United -States might have seen the bloody result of his -work by March of 1917, when we arrested him. -Even as it was, he was the general manager of a -going concern.</p> - -<p>It may be wondered how he was able to perfect -an organization. The answer to that we -found in Gupta’s safety deposit box—a list of -two hundred or more members of an Indian society -in the United States, a large proportion of -whom were students in American colleges, sent<span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">99</span> -here for education on scholarships, in the hope -that they would return to their native country and -uplift it. Some of them were influential agents, -and they were scattered conveniently about the -country. Add to this force the coöperation of -almost innumerable German agents and pay it -with a share of the $32,000,000 which Chakravarty -said had been set aside in Berlin for -anarchistic, race-riot and Hindu propaganda in -the western world, and you have a real factor -for trouble. It is perhaps surprising that the -organization worked undiscovered as long as it -did, but it is more surprising that having worked -under cover for more than fourteen months it -did not break out into a grave demonstration. -Chakravarty’s arrest, however, came in time, and -the authorities were on the whole satisfied that -so much time had elapsed because it gave them -more clues to work on and a larger group to -round up.</p> - -<p>And Chakravarty himself was pleased, I think. -When he confessed his trip to Berlin, he was on -the horns of a dilemma, for he feared the British -would revenge themselves on him. I assured -him that he would be protected as an American -prisoner. He said, “Well, if I tell you about -what I have done for the Germans, and they hear<span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">100</span> -about it, they will kill me. And in any case my -own people will kill me. You don’t know them!” -I again quieted him and suggested that he tell -me now where he got the money which he said -had come to him from his estate in India.</p> - -<p>“Von Igel gave it to me,” he answered. “I -could not go to his office downtown, so I sent -Sekunna. In all I got $60,000. I spoke of the -poet, Tagore, because he won the Nobel prize, -and I thought he would be above suspicion.” He -had bought the house at 364 West 120th Street -and equipped it comfortably as a residence. He -bought a house in 77th Street to open a Hindu -restaurant. He bought a farm at Hopewell Junction -to use as a rendezvous for the plotters. And -when he had given us valuable information, and -had appeared at the trial, and had been himself -convicted and had served his sentence (a short -term) in jail, and the smoke had cleared away, he -was the owner of three nice parcels of real estate -and a comfortable income. Dr. Chakravarty, although -a failure as a Prussian agent, fared pretty -well as an investor of Prussian funds.</p> - -<p>After a series of digressions which I hope have -not led us too far from the path, we may return -to the third of the Hindu-German projects in -which we of the Bomb Squad were especially interested.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">101</span> -Ever since Captain von Papen’s check-book -had been captured by the British at Falmouth -in January, 1916, students of the German -plots in the United States had wondered why two -of the stubs bore the entries:</p> - -<table summary="stub entries"> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">“Feb. 2, 1915, German Consulate, Seattle (Angelegenheit)</td> - <td class="tdr">$1,300. </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">“May 11, 1915, German Consulate, Seattle (for Schulenberg)</td> - <td class="tdr">500.”</td></tr> -</table> - -<p class="in0">In December, 1917, Barnitz, Randolph and I had -gone to San Francisco to testify in the <i>Annie Larsen-Maverick</i> -case. It so happened that a German -who was unable to give a satisfactory account -of himself had just been picked up at San Jose. -His name was Franz Schulenberg, and at the invitation -of the San Francisco authorities we assisted -in the examination of the prisoner. He -testified that in the early months of 1915 he had -met Lieutenant von Brincken, of the San Francisco -Consulate, who had sent him to the consul -at Seattle. There von Papen in person paid him -$4,000 to buy fifty guns, fifty Maxim silencers, a -ton of dynamite, and deliver it to one Singh, at -the border between Sumas, Washington, and -Canada. There Singh was to deliver it to a small<span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">102</span> -army of coolies, who would start a reign of terror -in the Canadian northwest, dynamiting bridges, -railways and shipping, and shooting guards. -Schulenberg had actually bought some of the munitions -when he received a letter from von Brincken -telling him to break off relations with the Hindus. -After some time he tried to get more money from -von Brincken, but Franz Bopp, the consul, spurned -him, and von Brincken sent him to New York, to -get it from von Papen. Von Papen refused to -pay him further. While Schulenberg was in Hoboken, -three men from Paul Koenig’s staff approached -him and posing as United States agents -offered him $5,000 for any information which -would incriminate Count von Bernstorff. Von -Papen had had Koenig send them—although -Schulenberg did not know this—to test him. -One of the three was George Fuchs. The air was -getting thick around von Papen’s head at the moment, -and he could not afford to have a disgruntled -and unpaid henchman gabbling about the -saloons in Hoboken. But Schulenberg believed -that the three were really American secret service -men, and refused to divulge what he knew. The -next morning a German whom he had not seen -before appeared at his lodging house and gave -him a railroad ticket to Mexico. “They’re after<span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">103</span> -you—the secret service,” he said. “Here’s a -ticket. Use it.” Schulenberg was half sick anyway, -and evidently it did not enter his mind to -squeal. He fled to Mexico, and von Papen thus -disposed of a troublesome source of information. -When we talked to Schulenberg, two years later, -he was a sorry reminder of another German failure.</p> - -<p>Although we three members of the Bomb Squad -had made the trip to San Francisco to testify to -the circumstances of Chakravarty’s arrest, and to -the statements which he and Gupta had made, -we were not in at the death of the Hindu hunt. -The trial was a long affair, with more than a -hundred defendants. Aided by the revelations of -the little doctor, the Government had presented -to the Grand Jury a picture of violation of Section -13 of the Federal Code which caused indictments -to be returned against the entire German -consulate of San Francisco, its accomplices among -the shipping men who chartered the <i>Annie Larsen</i> -and bought the <i>Maverick</i>, its Hindu agents from -the nucleus of Berkeley and Ram Chandra’s editorial -rooms, and a list of other notorious characters -which included von Papen and von Igel, -both of whom were by this time safe in Germany. -We did, however, have opportunity to observe the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">104</span> -Indian prisoners, and we noticed that they did -not seem altogether fond of each other. They -were forever whispering, wagging their heads, -stuffing notes down each other’s necks and when -the testimony of one of their number grew too -truthful they squirmed and scowled. Chakravarty’s -life was threatened during the trial. The -officials in charge of the case all had more than -their usual share of responsibility to maintain order. -The trial lasted more than six months. -The Germans upbraided each other in the court -room: von Brincken, who had been jealous of -Bopp, and had accused him of indifference to his -duties, openly showed his independence of his -chief, and ill feeling spread among the defendants. -Its climax came on April 24, 1918, the day when, -with the testimony all in, Judge Van Fleet ordered -a recess preparatory to delivering his charge to -the jury. Ram Singh, one of the defendants, suddenly -rose in the court room and fired two shots -at Ram Chandra from a revolver. Ram Chandra -fell dead, and as he did so, a bullet from the -revolver of United States Marshal Holohan broke -Ram Singh’s neck. The jury then received its -charge, retired, and returned convictions of the -great majority of the conspirators.</p> - -<p>So, just as Holohan’s bullet broke Ram Singh’s<span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">105</span> -neck, Chakravarty’s statements had broken the -neck of the Hindu plot. But there was one more -incident related to it in store for us; it will conclude -our story. The men in charge of the <i>Annie -Larsen</i> were a spy named Alexander V. Kircheisen -and a Captain Othmer. Kircheisen’s name had -appeared in several German secret service reports -as “K-17.” As late as 1917 he was arrested in -Copenhagen, Denmark, and on his person was -found a letter addressed to another agent, La -Nine by name. The letter advised La Nine that -if he arrived in the United States before Kircheisen, -he was to call for the former’s mail at “Kotzenberg’s, -1319 Teller Avenue, in the Bronx.”</p> - -<p>When this information reached us, Detectives -Randolph and Senff called at Mr. Kotzenberg’s -house. He knew nothing of Kircheisen, he said, -except that he was a friend of his cousin’s.</p> - -<p>“Who is your cousin?” asked Randolph, in -German.</p> - -<p>“His name is Othmer,” Kotzenberg replied. -“He escaped from San Francisco, and he came -back across the whole country, half by train and -half in automobile. He stayed here for a while. -One morning he put on some overalls and he left -and he went away on a Norwegian boat, and I -guess now he is back into Germany.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">106</span> -Randolph and Senff searched the house. They -found among other papers, an application which -Kircheisen had filled out in New York on January -9, 1917, for a certificate of service as an able seaman. -In order to be granted such a certificate he -had to swear that he was a naturalized citizen of -the United States, and that he would “support and -defend the Constitution of the United States -against all enemies ... and ... bear true faith -and allegiance to the same,” which he swore without -any qualms of conscience. Furthermore, his -character was attested to by one Charles A. -Martin, who also wanted a seaman’s certificate. -The records of the office show that Kircheisen -obligingly turned about and swore to Martin’s -good character. I have often wondered who -Martin was.... We found in Kotzenberg’s -house an expense account which the fugitive -Othmer had submitted to von Papen after he had -left the unfortunate <i>Annie</i> at Hoquiam. And -finally, we found two scraps of a memorandum -book, which constituted the log of <i>Annie</i> herself. -It reads:</p> - -<p class="in0 in4"> -“Mar. 8. left S.D.<br /> - Mar. 18. arr Soc.<br /> - Apr. 5. Start Digg. wells.<br /> - Apr. 9 boat <i>Emma</i> arrived.<br /> -<span class="in4">2 sailors.</span><br /><span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">107</span> -Apr. 10. <i>Emma</i> arrived. two crews working on well<br /> -April 16. Well 22 feet struck hard rock bottom no water gave up<br /> -Apr.17. left for Mex. coast<br /> - ” 22 went ashore in boat look for water<br /> -Apr.24th. arr at Acapulco<br /> -<span class="in4">U. S. S. <i>Yorktown</i> <i>Nansham</i>(?) <i>N. Orleans</i> <i>Annapolis</i></span><br /> -April 27 left Acapulco<br /> -May 19 gave up Socorro<br /> -<span class="in4">made for coast</span><br /> -June 7 (<i>two illegible words</i>)<br /> -<span class="in4">got provisions</span><br /> -June 29 arr. Hoquiam<br /> -July 1 arr. W.<br /> -<span class="in4">1 arr. Investigator</span><br /> -Jul. 4 <i>aus</i>” -</p> - -<p>So, in a word, Othmer summed up all the efforts -of the Hindus and the Germans to hatch revolution -in America. All, all “<i>aus</i>”!</p> - -<div id="ip_106" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 29em;"> - <img src="images/i_106a.jpg" width="449" height="600" alt="" /> - <div class="caption">Alexander V. Kircheisen and his application for a certificate -as able seaman</div></div> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">108</span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="V" class="vspace">V<br /> - -<span class="subhead">A TRUE PIRATE TALE</span></h2> -</div> - -<p>Of all the stories of the sea to which the war -has given rise, here is one that is certainly not the -least entertaining. It is not a story of hunting a -criminal. The only part which the Bomb Squad -played in it was bringing the prisoner back to -justice. It called for no service on our part save -that of examining the prisoner, and returning -him, with his statements and the statements of -others who had dealings with him, to New York. -And I think those statements themselves had best -tell the story.</p> - -<p class="stmt">(<i>From Detective Corell to the Commanding Officer -of the Bomb Squad, April 1, 1916</i>)</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>Sir: In compliance with orders received I -went to Lewes, Delaware, to investigate and if -possible bring back one Ernest Schiller, an alleged -German spy....</p></blockquote> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">109</span></p> - -<p class="stmt">(<i>From, a statement taken by Corell at Lewes, Del., -March 31, 1916</i>)</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>My name is Ernest Schiller. I am a native of -Russia, 23 years of age.... My occupation is -that of textile engineer. I arrived in New York -in April, 1915, in the steamship <i>Colorado</i> from -Hull, England, as a member of the crew, my assignment -on the ship being greaser. My name on -the ship was Frank Robertson. When I arrived -at New York the captain gave me some of my -money and I left the ship. I worked all told -about eight or nine months, in Pawtucket, R. I., -Lawrence, Mass., Whitinsville, Mass., Newton -Upper Falls, Mass., and finished erecting a factory -in Salem, Mass....</p></blockquote> - -<p class="stmt">(<i>From the examination of Clarence Reginald -Hodson, alias Ernest Schiller, Robinson, Robertson, -A. Henry, New York, April 1, 1916</i>)</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p><i>Question.</i> What is your full name?</p> - -<p><i>Answer.</i> Clarence Reginald Hodson.</p> - -<p><i>Q.</i> What other names are you known by?</p> - -<p><i>A.</i> Robinson, Robertson, A. Henry, and -Ernest Schiller.</p> - -<p><i>Q.</i> Where were you born?</p> - -<p><i>A.</i> Petrograd, Russia.</p> - -<p><i>Q.</i> Where were your father and mother born?</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">110</span> -<i>A.</i> My father in Russia, my mother in Germany. -We lived in Petrograd until I was about -10 or 11. Then we went to England. My -father and mother left me in Chatham House -College, in Ramsgate. I stayed there three -years....</p> - -<p><i>Q.</i> What is the name of the head of that college?</p> - -<p><i>A.</i> A. Henry.</p> - -<p><i>Q.</i> Did you graduate?</p> - -<p><i>A.</i> No. I was put on a Cadet—a Marine -ship—named <i>Conway</i>, to train as a marine -officer. I was on that ship two years. I left -when I was 17 and went to work in a machine shop -in Oldham, outside Manchester, and learned the -trade of machinist there. I left there in August, -1914, and I joined the English Army.... I -was asked to leave the job—was told that they -would not have any young fellows on the job.... -My boss said that sooner or later I should -have to leave and that it would be better to go -now, and that there would be a better opportunity.</p> - -<p><i>Q.</i> At that time were your sympathies with the -English?</p> - -<p><i>A.</i> They were never with England. I just -wanted to see what it was like to be a soldier. I<span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">111</span> -didn’t intend to fight against Germany. I did -not think the war would last long—only a few -months—and I knew all the time I could run -away if I wanted to. So in December I left.</p> - -<p><i>Q.</i> What was the occasion of your leaving?</p> - -<p><i>A.</i> I commenced to discriminate the soldiers -and make them out as to what they really were, -and I found them a lot of rats. I saw that I -was not a Britisher in my ideas, and that I favored -the cause of Germany. I used to stay away from -the other soldiers all I could, and go out with a -newspaper and read in the fields. They were always -bullyragging me, and one time I almost -killed two soldiers for it. They chastised me -for a German spy. I got away, and worked in -Bath for a week, and then the police caught me -and brought me back, and I was later discharged -by my colonel when I explained that I could not -agree with their theory of the war....</p></blockquote> - -<p class="stmt">(<i>From the statement of “Schiller” to Corell</i>)</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>A few months ago I received a letter from my -mother and she wanted me to go back to Russia. -I came down to New York to get my passport, but -it did not arrive, so I waited a month. My money -was gradually going down, so I borrowed some -money, I won’t say from whom....”</p></blockquote> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">112</span></p> - -<p class="stmt">(<i>From the examination of Hodson</i>)</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p><i>Q.</i> While in Lawrence, Mass., where did you -stop?</p> - -<p><i>A.</i> At the Saxsonia House, with Germans....</p> - -<p><i>Q.</i> What are the names of any other people -that you met at the Saxsonia House?</p> - -<p><i>A.</i> Met a gentleman named Gruenwald at a -German party. He invited me to come to his -saloon in Lawrence....</p> - -<p><i>Q.</i> While up in his saloon was there anybody -else you were acquainted with there?</p> - -<p><i>A.</i> Nobody, but I knew a young lady who -stopped at the same house....</p> - -<p><i>Q.</i> You were quite friendly with her?</p> - -<p><i>A.</i> Yes, platonic friendship.</p> - -<p><i>Q.</i> Did she loan you any money?</p> - -<p><i>A.</i> She loaned me money from her own -will. Two hundred dollars.... I only asked -for $30, but she brought $200 in gold, all in -gold....</p> - -<p><i>Q.</i> How long after that before she loaned you -any more?</p> - -<p><i>A.</i> About a month later.... Telegraphed -to her “Want money immediately.” I received -by 12 o’clock $40. She said some more money -coming tonight. Next morning I went to the -address in Hoboken and there was a letter and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_113">113</span> -there was another $40 in the letter. Then I received -$10 another time from her.</p> - -<p><i>Q.</i> That’s $290.</p> - -<p><i>A.</i> Yes, all I can think of.</p></blockquote> - -<p class="stmt">(<i>From the “Schiller” statement</i>)</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>... so I borrowed some money, I won’t say -from whom. I went to Boston again and was -looking for work. I could not get the work -I wanted, so I returned to New York, and in -Hoboken I ran across a few fellows, I do not -know their names, and we made a plan to get -some money....</p></blockquote> - -<p class="stmt">(<i>From the Hodson examination</i>)</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p><i>Q.</i> Now where did you meet the Germans?</p> - -<p><i>A.</i> When I arrived in New York, in a saloon -near the Cunard Steamship Company in West -Street about 12th, I met a man who I thought -was a German, and I talked to him about blowing -up ships, and we then went to Hoboken where -I met the man Haller in a saloon.... Then we -proposed which ship to blow up. That was the -Cunard liner <i>Pannonia</i>....</p> - -<p><i>Q.</i> And how did you come to decide upon -that boat?</p> - -<p><i>A.</i> Because I knew perfectly well that all were<span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">114</span> -carrying plenty of ammunition.... I went down -to the piers, and I saw this boat, and I thought -that would be the right kind of a boat.... I -met the three men in the vicinity of Pier 54. I -bought them their suppers.... I then told the -unknown man to get some dynamite ... and -I gave him $6. Becker said that he had a boat, -and I gave Becker $8 to buy gasolene, then to -buy two revolvers out of a pawnshop.... I -bought Haller a revolver and 100 cartridges....</p> - -<p><i>Q.</i> Did you see them after that?</p> - -<p><i>A.</i> Yes, I saw them Saturday morning and -asked Becker about his motorboat and he said -that he did not expect it would be frozen up, -and acted as if he would have been willing to go -into the plot only that the boat was frozen up. -Becker said that the boat could be launched in -two hours, and although I do not know anything -about running a motorboat it is my belief that -it would have taken six hours to launch this boat—-the -boat we were supposed to use to go over in -to blow up the <i>Pannonia</i>—and this would be too -late to get to the ship before she sailed.... -Since that time I have not seen any of these -men....</p></blockquote> - -<p class="stmt">(<i>From the “Schiller” statement</i>)</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">115</span></p><blockquote> - -<p class="in0">... but the other fellows left me, so I went on -my own accord. I saw the steamship <i>Mattoppo</i> -was going to leave, so I stowed away on her, in a -life boat, where I remained for five days. The -sixth day we left....</p></blockquote> - -<p class="stmt">(<i>From the statement of Captain R. Bergner, of -the British S. S. “Mattoppo”</i>)</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>At 3:30 <span class="smcap smaller">P. M.</span> on the 29th March, the British -S. S. <i>Mattoppo</i> sailed from 12th Street pier, -Hoboken, destined to Vladivostock, Russia.</p></blockquote> - -<p class="stmt">(<i>From the “Schiller” statement</i>)</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>That night ... I came out from my hiding -place and walked towards the captain’s cabin....</p></blockquote> - -<p class="stmt">(<i>From Captain Bergner’s statement</i>)</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>At about 7:45 <span class="smcap smaller">P. M.</span> ... when at a point about -twenty miles from Sandy Hook Lightship, I was -talking to the Chief Engineer in his room, and -at 8:05 <span class="smcap smaller">P. M.</span> left and went to my own cabin, -and as I entered my bedroom, which was adjoining, -I was held up at the point of two revolvers -by one Ernest Schiller, who said to me: “Hands -up! I am a German. I am going to sink your -ship.” He then made me turn round and gave -me a frisk. He found nothing on me. He ordered -me to shut my cabin door; then stood me in -a corner and kept me covered with the two revolvers. -Then he said: “Where is the safe?<span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">116</span> -You have two thousand pounds aboard, and I -want the money!” He told me he had placed -bombs aboard the ship and was going to blow -her up.</p> - -<p>At 8:20 <span class="smcap smaller">P. M.</span> the Second Engineer knocked at -my door, and receiving no reply opened it. Schiller -instantly covered him with one of the revolvers -and ordered him to come into the room, which -he did. He then locked and bolted the doors on -the inside and asked me for my keys.... He -got them and proceeded to go through all the -ship’s papers and my private effects. He opened -my cash box and took four pounds in gold and -five pounds in silver and said it was the first time -he had ever robbed anyone but he needed the -money. On seeing from the ship’s papers that she -had barbed wire in her, he said: “That is contraband, -and I am going to sink her.” He then -inquired where I was bound for, and on my telling -him she was going to Russia he seemed to -hesitate about sinking her as he said he loved -Russia. The conversation continued until about -midnight....</p></blockquote> - -<p class="stmt">(<i>From the “Schiller” statement</i>)</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>While I was in the Captain’s room the Second -Engineer came up, and after searching him to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">117</span> -see if he had any revolvers on him, I told him to -sit down and make himself comfortable. I asked -the Captain if he had any whiskey, as I was cold -and had not had much to eat for five days, so -the Captain gave me a bottle of whiskey and -biscuits. After wishing one another good health -we sat there for a couple of hours....</p></blockquote> - -<p class="stmt">(<i>From Captain Bergner’s statement</i>)</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>At midnight he said that he was going to disable -the wireless, and on hearing someone in -the chart room he bound me on my honor not to -leave the cabin saying that if I did he would shoot -me on sight....</p></blockquote> - -<p class="stmt">(<i>From the statement of the Second Officer Allen -Maclurcom</i>)</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>When I came on watch at midnight I passed -someone outside the chart room, but it being dark, -and thinking it was the Captain, I walked on into -the chart room, where this party followed me, -and told me to throw my hands up. He told -me the ship was under German command, and not -attempt to make any resistance as it would mean -the sacrifice of the Captain’s and Second Engineer’s -lives. He said if the ship had been going -to England he would have destroyed her immediately,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">118</span> -but as she was bound for Russia he -would probably spare her. Then he told me to -walk ahead of him to the port-after-lifeboat, and -get the axe, which was in the forward end of it. -He then took me back to the Marconi room....</p></blockquote> - -<p class="stmt">(<i>From the statement of the wireless operator, -Alexander Dunnett</i>)</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>I was on watch in the wireless room when this -man came along with the Second Officer. He -held me up with two revolvers, and brought me -along to the apprentice’s room, together with the -Second Officer. The latter told the apprentice, -who acts as second operator, to come out. Schiller -held him up, and told us both to go up to the -chart room....</p></blockquote> - -<p class="stmt">(<i>From the Second Officer’s statement</i>)</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>He then took me back to the Marconi room, and -proceeded to demolish the installation, holding -the revolver against my ribs. From there he went -to the Chief Engineer’s cabin and demanded his -rifle, I accompanying him, and after obtaining -it, threw it overboard. From there he made me -walk ahead of him to the Chief Officer’s cabin, -who he disarmed whilst he was asleep. He then -ordered me to the bridge to steer south-west by -compass, and as I was going on the bridge the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">119</span> -Third Officer came down and he held him up, I -going on the bridge in the meanwhile.</p></blockquote> - -<div id="ip_118" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img src="images/i_118a.jpg" width="400" height="600" alt="" /> - <div class="caption">Lieutenant George D. Barnitz, U. S. N.</div></div> - -<p class="stmt">(<i>From the Wireless Operator’s statement</i>)</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>Schiller came back again, and took us into the -Captain’s room. Some time later he came back -again and brought me down to the wireless room -to see if I could repair the wireless installation, -which he said he had smashed. I told him it -might be possible to repair one instrument, and he -said, “We will leave it until morning,” and then -brought me along the deck to the Fourth and Fifth -Engineers’ cabins and I opened the door and he -went in. Both engineers were asleep and he made -me search all the drawers; he brought out a revolver -and a box of cartridges, which he made me -throw over the side. He then took me to the -Third Engineer’s cabin, and searched all the -drawers there. He brought out of there a bottle -of whiskey, and asked me if I had any money. -Then he marched me up to the Captain’s cabin and -ordered me to remain there until 6 <span class="smcap smaller">A. M.</span></p></blockquote> - -<p class="stmt">(<i>From “Schiller’s” statement</i>)</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>I went into the various officers’ rooms and took -all the revolvers from them. From the Steward -I took ten dollars, and a two-dollar bill from the -Second Mate.</p></blockquote> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">120</span></p> - -<p class="stmt">(<i>From the Second Officer’s statement</i>)</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>At 1:30 <span class="smcap smaller">A. M.</span> he returned to the bridge and -ordered me to steer south by compass.</p></blockquote> - -<p class="stmt">(<i>From the “Schiller” statement</i>)</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>Then I went to the Captain’s cabin again, and -told him I should sink the ship, but the Captain -said he has worked since a boy on ships for a few -shillings a week and he has worked himself up to -this and surely it has not come to this. He said -he has a wife and a child—a girl—and showed -me on the wall the portrait of the child, and I -asked him suppose the ship went down would he -get another job, and he said he would have to -work as a longshoreman. He said it was too -rough for the boats to be lowered, so I did not -want to commit murder. And knowing that the -Captain would lose his position, and as I am a -young man and can always find work, I asked the -Captain if he will put me ashore in the morning. -He gave me his word of honor that he would....</p></blockquote> - -<p class="stmt">(<i>From Captain Bergner’s statement</i>)</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>At 5:30 <span class="smcap smaller">A. M.</span> ... he let me take charge of -the ship, and I made for Delaware Breakwater....</p></blockquote> - -<p class="stmt">(<i>From the Wireless Operator’s statement</i>)</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">121</span></p><blockquote> - -<p>At 6 <span class="smcap smaller">A. M.</span> he told me I could go below, but -not to go into the wireless room. I was along -near the carpenter’s room when he was searching -it, and he made me bring out an axe and took me -to the wireless room again; there he told me -to smash up one of the instruments, and he stood in -back of me threatening me. I asked him then if -that would do, after I had partly demolished the -instruments, and he told me to leave the axe -and lock the door, which I did. He then left -me.</p></blockquote> - -<p class="stmt">(<i>From “Schiller’s” statement</i>)</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>When we sighted shore the Captain said that -we would have to go straight towards the lighthouse, -or else, if we went the other way (the way -I wanted to) we should run ashore, so I left it -to the Captain and trusted to his word, as he said -he would land me....</p></blockquote> - -<p class="stmt">(<i>From Captain Bergner’s statement</i>)</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>On approaching land he ordered one of the -ship’s boats to be manned, and said that he was -going to take two of the ship’s officers along as -hostages to guarantee that I should not run him -down, and he wanted three Chinese from the crew -to row him ashore....</p></blockquote> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">122</span></p> - -<p class="stmt">(<i>From the statement of John S. Wingate, Keeper -of the Cape Henlopen Coast Guard Station</i>)</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>At about 11:30 <span class="smcap smaller">A. M.</span> I noticed a steamship -coming in from off shore. I said to the crew that -it was a war vessel coming but I didn’t know -whether it was German or British. At 11:45 the -lookout reported to me that the steamer was -headed direct for Hen and Chicken Shoal. I immediately -ordered the signal “J. D.” hoisted on -the pole, which means, “You are standing into -danger.” When we supposed the ship saw our -signal, he stopped, and laid to for about ten minutes, -when he hard a-port and went clear of the -shoal.</p> - -<p>A few minutes later he lowered a boat—we -thought to take soundings, for the boat pulled -away from the ship and headed direct for the -beach.</p></blockquote> - -<p class="stmt">(<i>From the Second Officer’s statement</i>)</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>At approximately 11:45 <span class="smcap smaller">A. M.</span>... I got into -the small boat at his command, with four of the -crew, and we proceeded toward shore, but were -stopped by the pilot cutter <i>Philadelphia</i> who told -us that if we attempted to land we would be -drowned. The <i>Philadelphia</i> then towed us into -smooth water....</p></blockquote> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">123</span></p> - -<p class="stmt">(<i>From Captain Wingate’s statement</i>)</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>Meanwhile the pilot boat was heading down on -the ship, blowing her whistle to warn the ship -of her danger. By this time the ship hoisted a -signal “K. T. S.,” which means “<i>Piracy</i>.” I ordered -my boat made ready at once when I saw the -“Piracy” signal; five minutes later he started -for the ship. At 12:20 I had called Keeper -Lynch of the Lewes station telling him what I -was going to do, and to meet me off the Point.</p></blockquote> - -<p class="stmt">(<i>From the statement of Captain John S. Lynch of -the Lewes Coast Guard Station</i>)</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>I and my crew launched our power lifeboat and -started for the steamer. Before I could get to -the steamer I saw the pilot boat towing in the -steamer’s skiff. The pilot boat let go of the -skiff right off the Capes, and the occupants of -the skiff started to row for shore. I called to -them and they stopped. We went alongside, and -I told them I would take the man ashore and -save them the trouble. So he got into our boat.</p> - -<p>I then run off and picked up Captain Wingate, -whose boat is a rowboat, and we went alongside -the steamer. I asked for the Captain of the -steamer, and they told me he was going ashore in -the sail pilot boat, so we run alongside the sail<span class="pagenum" id="Page_124">124</span> -pilot boat, and I asked the Captain of the steamer -to come along with me. He says, “I will not. -Not with <em>that</em> man in your boat. He’s got five -guns on him!” I then told him that I did not -care how many guns he had as I was not afraid -of him and he requested me to take the man -ashore myself. Then this man Ernest Schiller -began to throw his guns overboard: Schiller -throwed one gun overboard, Captain Wingate, -who had come aboard my boat throwed two overboard, -and C. A. Jenkins throwed another one -overboard, Schiller having thrown them into the -bottom of the boat. He, Schiller, throwed a lot -of cartridges overboard, and when we came ashore -we searched him and took the balance of the cartridges -which he had on him and throwed them -overboard. I then brought him up to the Customs -Office and left him there.</p></blockquote> - -<p class="stmt">(<i>From “Schiller’s” statement</i>)</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>I am willing to go back to New York ... immediately, -and confess my guilt. I swear on -oath that there are no bombs placed on the ship, to -my knowledge. I simply made that statement -to the Captain as a bluff.</p></blockquote> - -<p>Thus this venturesome Russian, Hodson by -birth, Schiller by preference, and German by conviction,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">125</span> -who single-handed captured a steamship, -returned to New York, thirty-six hours after he -had left port. He walked the plank to the United -States Penitentiary at Atlanta for life, for -“piracy on the high seas.”</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_126">126</span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="VI" class="vspace">VI<br /> - -<span class="subhead">ALONG THE WATERFRONT</span></h2> -</div> - -<h3>I<br /> - -<span class="subhead"><i>Sugar and Ships and Robert Fay</i></span></h3> - -<p>Anyone familiar with the waterfront of a great -port can appreciate its difficulties as an area to be -policed. One of the busiest sections of the community -during the daytime, it is little frequented -at night. In districts where you find few people -you will rarely find lights, and where there are -no lights you may well expect crime. The contours -of the shoreline are irregular, following -usually the original margins of solid ground lining -the natural harbor, and for every thoroughfare -which can pass as a street there are a dozen -or two alleys, footpaths, shadowy recesses and -blind holes. Locks and keys and night watchmen -will protect the land side of the piers, but from -the water side entrance to any pier is easy, concealment -still easier, and flight no trick at all.</p> - -<p>If New York harbor in 1914 had presented<span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">127</span> -the aspect of the same harbor of twenty years before, -I could hardly estimate the confusion which -would have resulted from the coming of war. -But there is probably no port in the world which -handles New York’s volume of shipping with -greater orderliness—I speak now from the standpoint -of “law and order” rather than of the -terminal facilities of the port. Its waterfront -was physically clean and its longshore population, -thanks to a competent police force, manageable. -And yet, as Shakespeare said, “there are land rats -and water rats—”</p> - -<p>From August, when war was declared and the -Bomb Squad formed, through the fall of the year -1914, certain changes came over the waterfront. -Great German liners of the Hamburg-American -and North German Lloyd Lines, freighters of -the Atlas Line, and a miscellany of other vessels -flying the red-white-and-black lay idle in port when -England’s fleet blockaded the seaward channels. -Some eighty German vessels were tied up at their -piers. They dared not move, for Germany’s only -available convoys were in southern waters trying -to dodge the British and prey upon shipping. -The Hamburg-American Line and Captain -Boy-Ed made several abortive attempts to supply -the raiders, but the considerable merchant fleet<span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">128</span> -caught in port by the war stayed in port. This -dumped on the longshore population some thousands -of ardent Boches. Meanwhile the great -steamship lines owned by neutral and allied capital -entered on a period of activity such as they -had never seen before. The first ships from -abroad brought purchasing agents and European -money to barter for American supplies, for immediate -delivery. Any man who owned anything -that bore a speaking likeness to a cargo-boat suddenly -found himself potentially wealthy. The -whole United States began to pour into the New -York waterfront a huge volume of supplies for -the Allies—and for a time for Germany, via -neutral Holland and Scandinavia—and out of -the Hudson and East rivers flowed a steady, -swelling current of this overseas trade.</p> - -<p>By the arrival of the year 1915 the current was -well under way. The piers were extremely busy -and the facilities for trouble were multiplying. -On January 3 there was an explosion on the steamship -<i>Orton</i> in Erie Basin for which there was no -apparent explanation. A month later a bomb -was discovered in the cargo of the <i>Hennington -Court</i>, but no one could say how it came there. -Toward the end of February the steamship <i>Carlton</i> -caught fire at sea—mysteriously. Two<span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">129</span> -months passed, then two bombs were found in -the cargo of the <i>Lord Erne</i>. We might have had -a look at them, for that was the business of the -Bomb Squad, if those who had found the bombs -had not dumped them overboard rather hastily. -A week later a bomb was found in the hold of -the <i>Devon City</i>. Again no explanation. Nor -any reasonable cause why the <i>Cressington Court</i> -caught fire at sea on April 29. Our attention -had been directed to each of these instances, and -we had investigated, and folders waited in the -files for the reports which properly developed -would lead to an arrest, and the sum total of -those reports was—nothing. Then our luck -turned for a moment.</p> - -<p>The steamship <i>Kirkoswald</i>, out of New York, -laden with supplies for France, docked at Marseilles, -and in four sugar-bags in her hold were -found bombs. The French authorities commandeered -them, and removed and analyzed the -explosive charge. The police commissioner -cabled at once to Marseilles requesting the return -of one of the bomb-cases, together with the -bag in which it had been found, and an analysis -of the contents. No answer. So he cabled again. -The bomb-case then began a journey back to the -United States, presented with the compliments of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">130</span> -the Republic of France by M. Jusserand to the -State Department at Washington, and forwarded -in turn to Mayor Mitchel of New York. Our -study disclosed that it was of a new type: a -metal tube some ten inches long, divided into two -compartments by a thin aluminum disc. One -compartment had held potassium chlorate, a -powerful explosive, and the other had contained -sulphuric acid. The acid had been expected to -eat through the thin disc separating the compartments, -and explosion was to have followed, but -for some reason it had failed. The metals were -of good quality, and the workmanship was thorough.</p> - -<p>Here was our first clue on the case. Many -policemen work on theory so determinedly that -they exclude really important facts which do not -fit comfortably into the theory. I have always -believed in taking the evidence, building a theory -upon it, and then trying to confirm or reject that -theory as new facts appear. It was well that -we followed such a policy here, for we had nothing -but the bomb-tube itself to build our theory -upon. What did it offer? First, we were fortunate -in having a bomb to study, for usually the -fire following an explosion leaves no trace of its -origin. We had its construction and ingredients<span class="pagenum" id="Page_131">131</span> -as real, if vague, clues. Second, we knew that -the <i>Kirkoswald</i> had carried supplies to France, -and that all of the vessels on which bombs had -been found or fires had broken out, had also been -carrying supplies to the Allies. The list, by this -time, had grown, for there were three more ship -cases of fires or bombs in May, one in June, and -five in July. Our primary theory was, therefore, -that the bombs were made and placed on the -vessels either by Germans or their paid agents.</p> - -<div id="ip_130" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 38em;"> - <img src="images/i_130a.jpg" width="600" height="416" alt="" /> - <div class="captionl cr"><i>Copyright, by Underwood and Underwood, N. Y.</i></div> - <div class="caption"> - <p>Lieut. Robert Fay (on right) and Lieut. George D. Barnitz - after Fay’s arrest</p></div></div> - -<div id="ip_130b" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 38em;"> - <img src="images/i_130b.jpg" width="600" height="387" alt="" /> - <div class="captionl cr"><i>Copyright, by Underwood and Underwood</i></div> - <div class="caption"> - <p>From left to right: Fay, Daeche and Scholz, arraigned - in Court</p></div></div> - -<p>The <i>Kirkoswald</i> carried sugar. By examining -the cargo-records of the other ships which had -suffered near or actual mishaps, we found that -they had also carried sugar, and that in the instances -when fire broke out, the highly inflammable -sugar gave a lot of trouble to the fire crew. -The vigilance of the waterfront and harbor police -had of course been keyed up to detect anything -suspicious, but a bomb-planter does not often -carry his bomb under a policeman’s nose, and -it seemed not unreasonable to suspect that the -bombs had gone aboard with the sugar. So I -went to a sugar refinery to see how sugar was -made.</p> - -<p>I followed the process from the entry of the -raw sugar to the bagging and shipping of the -finished product. All of the sugar shipped<span class="pagenum" id="Page_132">132</span> -abroad went in bags, which were sewn tight either -by hand or by machinery. After considerable -testing I found that it was fairly easy to open a -hand-sewn bag and sew it up again without leaving -evidence of what I had done; the machine -stitches, however, resisted any intrusion, and were -hard to duplicate once they had been taken out. -I put that fact away for future reference and -looked in on the shipping department, to learn -there that the only two persons who could know of -the destination of a consignment of sugar before -it was actually loaded into a vessel’s hold were -the shipping clerk of the refinery and the captain of -the lighter who took the sugar from the refinery to -the ship.</p> - -<p>So we first paid court to the lighter captains -and their aids. We followed shipments of sugar -from the refinery doors to the lighters, saw the -shipping clerk hand over his bill to the captain, -saw the lighter pull out for a pier somewhere -about the harbor, followed him to the pier, and -watched the transfer of the cargo into the vessel’s -hold. If a lighterman knew that hand-sewn bags -could be ripped open, and wished to insert a bomb -and close the bag again, he would have to do it -on the way from the refinery to the pier—of -that we were confident, for as soon as the lighter<span class="pagenum" id="Page_133">133</span> -pulled up to the vessel’s side the stevedores rushed -the cargo into the hold, the hatches were sealed, -and the cargo-checker, employed by the vessel, -turned over to the lighter captain his receipt for -the consignment. There was apparently no other -time for tampering with the bags.</p> - -<p>How to watch the bags themselves from the -refinery into the vessel was a troublesome problem. -The river, during the daytime, is in constant traffic, -and navigation for a cumbersome lighter in -the river-paths is about as comfortable as crossing -Fifth Avenue on foot at rush hour. The river -at night was comparatively free, and it was then -that most of the lightering was done. A waterman -can identify the uncouth shapes of queer craft -on dark waters, a landsman cannot, but we had -to make the best of a bad bargain and chase the -lighters in a motorboat, often diligently following -a blinking light through the mist for hours to -discover finally that it was on the wrong ship. -Ships on a dark river are like timid spinsters in a -dark street—they exhibit, perhaps through fear -of collision, perhaps because ships are feminine, -a strong suspicion of anything that approaches. -Our barking motorboat advertised itself half a -mile away. If we drifted we lost our quarry. -We tried to smuggle men aboard the lighters,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_134">134</span> -but there were so many, and they were bound in -so many different directions, that we were not -manned for this.</p> - -<p>So passed June and July. It was a thankless -task, and one which had its risks. Detective Senff -fell into the river one night when he was chasing -a suspicious character around under a pier at the -foot of West 44th Street and nearly drowned before -he could be pulled out. The case seemed -to be getting no further than abstractions. -Ashore, however, we learned that most of the -lighter captains in the harbor were Germans, -and in an effort to reduce the field we learned the -names of the captains of the lighters which had -most frequently visited the vessels on which fires -had occurred. This took time and an exhaustive -study of lighterage receipts, but it brought out -the fact that in every case of a delivery of sugar -to an outward bound vessel, the captain of the -lighter had returned a full receipt—which exploded -the possibility that a lighterman might -take a bag from one shipment, put a bomb in it, -and add it to the next.</p> - -<p>I am happy now to say that we did not give up. -We couldn’t, for the ship fires were going right -on, increasing in frequency, and somebody was -making bombs, for they continued to be found.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_135">135</span> -On the assumption that a lighter captain who -would place a bomb in a sugar-bag must first get -the bomb, we began to shadow the captains, not -only afloat but ashore, and then suddenly the case -took a queer twist and our theory of German intrigue -got badly balled up.</p> - -<p>We followed certain lightermen to their homes, -their drinking haunts, and their other places of -business, and among their other places of business -found the residence—on the lower West -Side of Manhattan—of a man known to be a -river pirate. That was enough for an arrest, -and on August 27 we brought Mike Matzet, -Ferdinand Hahn, Richard Meyerhoffer and Jene -Storms, Germans, and John Peterson, Swede, -to headquarters for examination. Matzet confessed -that he, and “all the rest” of the lighter -captains, as he expressed it, had been regularly -stealing sugar from the consignments, and selling -it to river pirates for ⅙ the market price, which -allowed the pirates to re-sell it at ⅚ the market for -400 per cent. clear profit. The pirates in a motorboat -would steal into the shadow of a lighter as -she lay at her anchorage, take off a few bags, and -slip away. We had seen such boats, but had -never been able to close in and see what they -were doing. The checkers who were supposed to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_136">136</span> -render a true and just account of the number of -bags which later passed into the hatches of the -ocean vessels were merely accomplices who shared -in the profits when the stolen sugar was sold.</p> - -<p>There were no bombs on the captains (who -presently went to jail) but they were all fully -aware of the conditions along the waterfront, for -one said to a pirate who was “buying” sugar: -“Take all you want—the damn ship will never -get over anyway!” No bombs—and what if -there had been? We were reasonably certain -that the ships were being fired, but we did not -know now whether it was for German reasons, or -merely to efface the sugar thefts before the cargoes -reached the other side of the ocean and were -discovered by the consignees. The conviction of -the thieves was not much consolation for the slow -development of the case, and it fixed no guilt for -bombs.</p> - -<p>But when you are bound on a long trip, and -you have mislaid your ticket, it is second nature -to go through your pockets one by one, knowing -full well that it is not in any of them, for you -“just looked there.” Then you find it in one -of the pockets where you knew it could not be. -Acting on a not dissimilar instinct we began to -retrace our steps from June to September, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_137">137</span> -to follow again the progress of sugar from the -refinery to the hold of the outward bound steamer. -Our theory that the bombs had some connection -with the sugar was either to be proven or destroyed -this time. It was in this more or less dull -review that we made the acquaintance of the -Chenangoes.</p> - -<p>They were nothing more romantic than fly-by-night -stevedores whom the lighter companies -engaged at the sugar wharves to load cargoes. -They worked by the day, or by the job, there -were always plenty loitering around to be hired, -and they drew their pay and went their way. No -one ever had to wonder who they were or where -they came from, for a stout body was all the -recommendation a Chenango required. They -were a nondescript type of common labor, the -same, I suspect, that carried materials for the -Tower of Babel, and speaking almost as many -tongues. The same face rarely appeared a second -time to be hired—not that there was anything -particularly unpleasant about the work, but -rather that all work is repulsive to a Chenango. -He is the hobo of labor and if the same man had -been re-hired, no one would have noticed or cared. -We paid such attention to them as their variety -permitted—followed them to all the points of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_138">138</span> -the compass, and watched them closely while they -worked, to see whether any of them seemed to -linger aboard in the cargo, or carried any suspicious -package. The wickedest thing we found -was an occasional pint flask on the hip, which was -no proof of any special criminal affairs.</p> - -<p>Ever since we had examined the <i>Kirkoswald</i> -bomb we had had lines out to follow the sale of -chlorate of potash and sulphuric acid—the ingredients -of the bomb. We examined reams of -sales’ records submitted by explosive and chemical -manufacturers, traced dozens of reports from -drug stores, and found nothing of consequence. -Those two substances are widely and harmlessly -used, and rarely purchased in small quantities by -any individual whose intentions might excite suspicion. -Under our rigid city explosives’ laws investigation -of purchases was facilitated for us, -but all the facility in the world could not help the -case without anything to investigate. So passed -September and a part of October, and just about -the time when the bomb case was growing dull -and the ship fires which were constantly occurring -had almost found us calloused, the French Government, -with traditional courtesy, helped us out -again, and blew our sugar theory into many and -small pieces.</p> - -<div id="ip_138" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 38em;"> - <img src="images/i_138a.jpg" width="600" height="455" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><p>The Fay Bomb Materials</p> - -<p>Suit cases containing an atlas, two maps of the harbor, drawing instruments, -tools, a wig and two false mustaches, a telescope -bomb, and several packages of ingredients</p></div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_139">139</span> -Captain Martyn, the French military attaché -in New York, telephoned to say that he thought we -would be interested in a man who he believed was -trying to buy some explosive. What kind? -Trinitro-toluol, or “TNT,” one of the most -violent propellants used in modern shell. Yes, -we would be interested.</p> - -<p>A war exporter, Wettig by name, had told Captain -Martyn that a fellow with whom he shared -office space had asked him to obtain a quantity of -TNT—a small quantity, for trial purposes. -The purchaser, who was known both as Paul Siebs -and Karl Oppegaarde, and who lived at the Hotel -Breslin, directed Wettig to deliver the material -to a Jersey address and said he would then receive -payment. On the axiom that a bomb in the hand -is worth two in someone else’s, we were introduced -to Wettig, and formulated with him a plan to -follow the explosive. So on Thursday, October -21, Detective Barnitz accompanied Wettig to a -“dynamite store” at Perth Amboy, New Jersey, -where the latter bought some 25 pounds of TNT. -The two returned to New York with their package. -We looked up Mr. Oppegaarde and asked -him what he proposed to do with his purchase. -He said he really hadn’t the slightest idea: an acquaintance -of his, a war broker named Max<span class="pagenum" id="Page_140">140</span> -Breitung, had referred a certain Dr. Herbert -Kienzle, a German clock-maker, to him as a likely -person to obtain explosives. Dr. Kienzle had -placed the order, had wanted it delivered at a -garage in Main Street, Weehawken, to a man who -bore the name of Fay, and who had assured -Siebs that when he had it delivered he would be -paid for his services. Further than that he knew -nothing. Nobody seemed to know anything, although -here was a considerable amount of vicious -explosive in which five men were very much interested. -We spent the rest of that day in looking -up what we could of the players in this little game -of “passing the TNT”—from Kienzle to Breitung -to Siebs to Wettig to Fay.</p> - -<p>Six men were assigned to the case: Murphy, -Walsh, Fenelly, Sterett, Coy and Barnitz, and -they most admirably stayed on the job. On Friday -Detectives Barnitz and Coy took the explosive -to the Weehawken garage. Fay was not there, -but a man who was there told the detectives he -lived at 28 Fifth Street, so the men from the Bomb -Squad and their package called at the boarding -house where Fay lived. Again he was not to be -found, but our men had a chat with the landlady, -who told them that Mr. Fay was a real nice gentleman -who had lived there with his friend Mr.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_141">141</span> -Scholz for a month, always paid his bills, subscribed -to a magazine, and was working on inventions, -or at least so she thought, because he used -a table to draw plans on. Sociable, <span class="locked">too—</span></p> - -<p>They left the TNT for him. I ought to remind -the reader that it is harmless unless confined -or heated, and cannot be properly exploded without -a proper detonating charge. It may have -been a bit rough on the boarding house, but we -had gone to deliver the goods to Fay; Wettig had -told him they would be delivered (though not by -whom) and we had to carry out the plan even -though Fay was not at home.</p> - -<p>At the same hour, across the Hudson Detectives -Coy, Walsh and Sterett learned why Fay had -not been receiving visitors, for they found him -in Siebs’s company in the Hotel Breslin. Effacing -themselves until the interview was over, they -tailed Fay to the West 42nd Street ferry, then -across the river to Weehawken, up the long hill to -the town, and to his garage at 212 Main Street. -In the early evening an automobile emerged from -the garage, driven by Fay and containing another -passenger, and wound out of town in a northerly -direction along the Palisades. Behind it was a -police car. North of Weehawken a few miles -where the country is inhabited by installment-plan<span class="pagenum" id="Page_142">142</span> -“villas,” moving-picture studios and scrub-oak -trees, Fay stopped his car at the roadside and disappeared -with the other man into the underbrush -and then into the deeper woods. The police car -waited until they returned, and followed them back -to their boarding house, where the detectives took -up a vigil outside.</p> - -<p>A New York policeman has not the power of -arrest in another state, and it began to look as -though we might have to make an arrest in Jersey, -so Chief Flynn assigned Secret Service Agents -Burke and Savage to the case and they joined -forces with us Saturday morning. Detectives -Barnitz, Coy, Walsh, Sterett, Fenelly and Murphy -were watching the house in Weehawken. About -noon Fay and his companion appeared, and got -aboard a Grantwood street-car. The Bomb -Squad followed at a discreet distance to the point -where the men had dodged into the woods the -night before. Barnitz, who was in command, sent -Sterett and Coy in after them. But nature was -against us, for the fallen leaves carpeting the -woods crackled under foot, and to snap a twig -was to shout one’s presence through the clear air. -Twice Fay turned sharply around and peered -through the trees. The two detectives were -nearly discovered on both occasions. They<span class="pagenum" id="Page_143">143</span> -finally decided that it would be impossible to approach -their men without alarming them, so they -returned to the waiting automobile. The police -party waited an hour or more, and then realized -that Fay and his companion had evidently gone -out the other side of the woods and so worked -their way back to civilization.</p> - -<p>Barnitz thought and acted swiftly. He sent -Sterett and Coy at once to New York to cover -Dr. Kienzle, on the chance that Fay might get into -communication with him—it was a long chance, -but the only one that offered, for the men were -now lost to us. Barnitz, Murphy, Fenelly and -Walsh returned to Weehawken to watch Fay’s -house. For two hours nothing happened to interest -them, and Barnitz was beginning to wonder -whether he would ever see his quarry again -when an express wagon drove up and stopped at -28 Fifth Street. The driver presently trundled -a trunk out of the house, swung it up into his -wagon and drove off. The police car idled along -behind him for a mile or so through the Weehawken -streets, and the wagon stopped at another -house. While the driver was indoors this time, -Fenelly, who was roughly dressed and light of -foot, slipped up behind the wagon, vaulted into -the back of it, took one look at the trunk and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_144">144</span> -rejoined the others. “There’s a plain calling-card -on the trunk. It reads ‘Walter Scholz,’” -he said. Again the expressman headed a small -parade, which terminated when the detectives saw -him leave the trunk in a storage warehouse. Barnitz -dared not follow it there for fear of arousing -suspicion, and he figured that the trunk would -probably not be removed during the week-end at -least. The detectives once more returned to the -boarding house and resumed their tedious watch.</p> - -<p>The evening passed, and there was no word -either from Coy and Sterett or the lost men. -Late fall evenings in Weehawken are cold. -Some time after midnight two figures came up -the street, and as they turned in to the boarding -house we saw they were Fay and Scholz. Out -of the shadows a moment later Sterett and Coy -slipped up to the car—“I could have kissed ’em -both,” Barnitz said afterward. They had covered -the office of the Kienzle Clock Company at -41 Park Place, picked up Dr. Kienzle as he left -the office, tailed him until five in the afternoon, -and then saw him enter the lobby of the Equitable -Building at 120 Broadway—where he met Fay -and Scholz! The men conversed for a few moments, -and Fay excused himself. He went to a -telephone booth and closed the door. Sterett<span class="pagenum" id="Page_145">145</span> -went into the next booth. Through the thin partition -he heard Fay call the garage, ask whether a -package had been delivered to him there, then -say “it hasn’t, eh?” and hang up the receiver. -He rejoined Scholz and Kienzle and the three -went to a Fulton Street restaurant to dine. The -detectives went to the restaurant but did not dine, -and when the Germans left, and Kienzle parted -from the others, they tailed Fay and Scholz to -Grand Central Palace, saw them appropriate two -young women, dance with them, pledge them in a -few drinks, and finally leave them and return to -Weehawken.</p> - -<p>That trunk episode made us uneasy. It might -have meant that they had been frightened and were -going to disappear, and it certainly signified their -intention of moving. We decided to force the -issue, and accordingly in the small hours of Sunday -morning we directed Wettig, of whom, of -course, Fay had no suspicions, to call at Fay’s -house later in the forenoon to arrange to test -the TNT. From the automobile, which was -parked at the street-corner some distance from the -house, the detectives saw Wettig enter, and in a -few moments saw him come out-of-doors with Fay -and Scholz. They strolled to the street-car line, -allowed two cars to pass unsignalled, and then,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_146">146</span> -suddenly, hailed a third. It had closed doors, and -when Murphy, Fenelly, and Coy, seeing the men -climbing aboard, tried to reach the car themselves, -the doors had slammed in their faces and the car -was on its way. Somewhere in the shuffle Walsh -had been mislaid—he had been last seen up the -block covering an alley which led back of the -boarding house. There was no time to pick him -up, and the automobile followed the car to Grantwood -and the now familiar woods. At times the -car was out of sight of the pursuers, and they fully -expected to lose their men again. But from far -in the rear they saw the car stop opposite the -woods. The doors snapped open, and the first -person to set foot on the ground was Walsh. The -second and third were Fay and Scholz, and the -last, Wettig. Walsh had seen them climb aboard -in Weehawken, and had promptly sprinted for the -next corner ahead, where he caught the car! -That was good shadowing technique.</p> - -<p>The Germans slipped into the protection of the -underbrush immediately. Barnitz was not disposed -to let them get away again, so he spread -out his forces so as to follow the party and finally -surround it, and the Bomb Squad, the Secret Service -and two members of the Weehawken police -entered the wood and wove a circle about their<span class="pagenum" id="Page_147">147</span> -victims. As they closed in they saw Fay enter a -little shack in the depth of the brush, and bring out -a package, from which he took a pinch of some -material and placed it on a rock. With a nice new -hammer he dealt the rock a sharp blow, there was -a loud report, and the handle snapped in his -hand. The detectives closed in at once, and -Barnitz said, “You’re under arrest!”</p> - -<p>“Who is in charge of you all?” Fay asked.</p> - -<p>“I am,” Barnitz replied.</p> - -<p>“Well, I will tell you that I am not going to be -placed under arrest,” Fay announced. “If I -am, great people will suffer! You will surely have -war. It cannot be—it is impossible. I will -give you any amount of money if you will let me -go.”</p> - -<p>This was good news, not for its financial content -but because we had no previous evidence -against this man Fay save that he had TNT in his -possession. Here he was, trying to confirm our -suspicions.</p> - -<p>“How much will you give me?” Barnitz parleyed.</p> - -<p>“All you want—any amount!”</p> - -<p>“Fifty thousand?”</p> - -<p>“Yes, fifty thousand, if you want it.”</p> - -<p>“Got it with you?” Barnitz asked instantly.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_148">148</span> -“No, I haven’t got it all, but I can get it. -I’ll pay you a hundred dollars now as a guarantee, -and I’ll give you the balance at noon to-morrow.”</p> - -<p>Barnitz called two of the other men. “Get -this,” he said, and turning to Fay: “All right, -where’s your money?” Fay paid him. Then -they took him to the Weehawken headquarters, -guilty at least of attempted bribery, and Barnitz -turned in the cash as Exhibit A.</p> - -<p>We suspected that he had something more than -the possession of explosives to conceal, and so -he had, for a search of his rooms and the garage -brought to light the parts for a number of thoroughly -ingenious mechanical contrivances which, -although they were of a new type, we immediately -recognized as bombs. In a packing case at the -storage warehouse were four bombs finished and -ready to fill. He had apparently intended to -manufacture them on a large scale, for in addition -to his trial quantity of TNT Fay had twenty-five -sticks of dynamite, 450 pounds of chlorate -of potash, four hundred percussion caps, and two -hundred bomb cylinders. Apparently, too, he had -German sympathies, for we found in his rooms a -regulation German army pistol, loaded. The discovery -of a chart of New York harbor, and the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_149">149</span> -information, which we soon got, that he had a -motorboat in a slip opposite West 42nd Street, -pointed the finger of guilt toward the waterfront—which -after all those months of waiting was the -direction in which we were most interested.</p> - -<p>Fay told his story. He was a lieutenant of -the German Army, detached for special secret -service. He ascribed his detachment from his -command to his own brilliant realization, as he -was on the fighting front in France, that if all the -American shells that were being fired at him from -French seventy-fives and British eighteen-pounders -could be sunk before they reached France they -would not cause his countrymen so much annoyance, -and also that pushed to its capacity that -idea would probably influence the outcome of the -war. The fact is that Fay’s career, training, education, -languages and character were well known -to the secret service in Berlin, and that when they -wanted to assign a reliable and desperate man to -Captain von Papen in New York, they sent him. -They knew that Fay had spent years in America, -and that he was trained in mechanics. They gave -him $4,000 and a plan of campaign, and said: -“Go west.”</p> - -<p>It was natural that when he landed he should -seek out his brother-in-law, Walter Scholz, who<span class="pagenum" id="Page_150">150</span> -was working as gardener on an estate in Connecticut. -It was natural, too, that when he set -about getting supplies for his bombs he should -call on Dr. Kienzle, who made clock machinery, -for Dr. Kienzle had already written to the German -secret service in Berlin recommending just -such work as Fay had come to undertake. When -he came to require explosives, it was only natural -that Kienzle should refer him to his friend Max -Breitung, with the result which we have seen, -and naturally Paul Daeche, who was a good friend -of both Kienzle and Breitung (he had tried to -return to Germany with both of them on the -<i>Kronprinzessin Cecilie</i> when she put out of New -York and put in to Bar Harbor in late July, 1914)—naturally -Daeche was interested in Fay’s projects -and devices, and helped him with them. -Daeche was one of those doubtful Germans who -had come to America to “study business methods”—in -short a commercial spy, willing to -make a living.</p> - -<div id="ip_150" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 38em;"> - <img src="images/i_150a.jpg" width="600" height="463" alt="" /> - <div class="captionl cr"><i>Copyright, by Underwood and Underwood, N. Y.</i></div> - <div class="caption"><p>Lieutenant Fay’s Motor Boat</p></div></div> - -<p>Fay was crestfallen after his arrest. He worried, -first, over what his government would think -of him when he had left home promising that not -a single munitions’ ship would leave New York -and reach the Allies; second, because revealing his -commission to destroy those ships would place<span class="pagenum" id="Page_151">151</span> -Germany in a bad light with other neutral nations; -third, for fear he might implicate the Imperial -German Embassy at Washington. He protected -the Embassy for a time, and then admitted -that his plans had only been waiting a word from -von Papen and Boy-Ed for consummation. His -mines were all ready to be set, and the attachés, -whom he had met, had not given the word. All -his clever craftsmanship had gone for nothing.</p> - -<p>The bombs were so constructed that they might -be attached under water to the rudder-post of a -vessel as she lay at her pier. Inside the bomb case -was a clockwork, so poised as to fire two rifle -cartridges into a chamber of ninety pounds of -TNT. Lieut. Robert S. Glasburn, of Fort Wadsworth, -who testified at Fay’s trial, is my authority -for the statement that the government requires -only 100 pounds of TNT, exploded at a depth of -fifteen feet under water, to destroy a dreadnought; -Fay’s ninety pounds would have torn the rudder -out like a toothpick and ripped away the entire -after part of the vessel. The helmsman of the -vessel himself was unconsciously to have set the -bomb off, for the clockwork was geared to a wire -attached to the rudder itself in such a way that each -normal swing of the rudder would wind up the -mechanism until it fired the cartridge. The<span class="pagenum" id="Page_152">152</span> -bomb chamber was fitted with rubber gaskets so -that no water would be admitted before the charge -had done its work. Fay was a skilful hand, and -had done the assembling himself. Scholz bought -the materials at various machine shops about New -York, Kienzle supplied the mechanisms and approved -the finished product. Breitung contributed -400 pounds of chlorate of potash to make -a German holiday, and Daeche just hung around -and helped everybody.</p> - -<p>Fay knew it was easy to approach a pier from -the water-side, for he had spent hours fishing idly -in the river to determine that very fact. Just as -soon as the military attaché said the word, he and -Scholz were to put out into the darkness of the -river in their fast motorboat and visit ten ships -sailing for England and France, donning a diver’s -suit, and attaching a bomb to each rudder. He -would first slip alongside the police patrol boats, -whose haunts he knew, and steal the guns from -them, counting on the swiftness of his own craft -to get away from pursuers. He even entertained -the possibility of visiting the British patrol cruisers -outside the harbor to fix bombs to them—though -hardly seriously, I suspect. He had made -a different type of bomb, resembling a telescope, -in which the carefully timed dissolution of a white<span class="pagenum" id="Page_153">153</span> -powder would release a firing pin on a large quantity -of potassium chlorate. This type he proposed -to smuggle into the cargo. When he had -created such a reign of terror in New York harbor -that no ship dared leave, he would go to -Boston and Philadelphia and do likewise, then to -Chicago and Buffalo to paralyze lake shipping, and -thence to New Orleans and San Francisco and -home by way of New York or Mexico. It was a -great pity, he said, that he had been arrested, for -this program had been cancelled. He wished he -had got word to start sooner. He had had a -few bombs ready for some time. Then there -came a slack period, and he sent Daeche to Bridgeport -on a little side mission for Germany: to get -some dum-dum bullets. These Fay intended to -forward to Berlin through von Papen to support -a protest from Germany to the United States that -we were shipping dum-dum bullets to the Allies. -We were not, naturally, but that did not prevent -his bringing back a few bullets with the jackets -carefully notched by a German agent in Bridgeport.</p> - -<p>We had heard enough of what he had intended -to do, and of his disappointment. What -had he accomplished? What ships had he blown -up? Was he responsible for the five fires in the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_154">154</span> -hold of the <i>Craigside</i> on July 24? No. Did he -make the bombs found on the <i>Arabic</i> on July 27? -Did he cause the fires on the <i>Assuncion de Larrinaga</i>, -the <i>Rotterdam</i> or the <i>Santa Anna</i>, and -did he put a bomb aboard the <i>Williston</i>? He did -not, he assured me.</p> - -<p>I showed him the <i>Kirkoswald</i> bomb.</p> - -<p>“Did you ever see that?”</p> - -<p>“No,” he answered.</p> - -<p>“Didn’t you make that?”</p> - -<p>“I did not,” he replied, and laughed. “That’s -a joke. I see now why they sent me over to this -country—they wanted someone to make bombs -that would do some damage. That’s crude -work.”</p> - -<div id="ip_154" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 38em;"> - <img src="images/i_154a.jpg" width="600" height="394" alt="" /> - <div class="captionl cr"><i>Copyright, by Underwood and Underwood, N. Y.</i></div> - <div class="caption"> - <p><span class="in4">The Rudder Bomb</span><span class="in8"> - A Closer View of the Rudder Bomb</span></p></div></div> - -<p>His answer was truthful. We had to admit it -for there was absolutely no evidence to connect -him with any specific act outside his confession, -and we had to find comfort in the fact that he -was guilty at least of having intended to continue -the reign of terror along the wharves. -Bombs had been found or fires had broken out -on no less than twenty-two vessels bound out of -New York up to the time we closed on Fay—and -not one was his prey. He was tried with Scholz -and Daeche. The only law then applying to -his case, and the one under which he was tried,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_155">155</span> -charged him with “conspiracy to defraud the insurance -underwriters” who had insured cargoes -on certain ships. When the charge was read to -him, Fay innocently asked: “What are underwriters?” -He found out. Fay went to Atlanta -for eight years, Scholz for six, and Daeche for -four. Kienzle and Breitung were not brought to -trial and after we went to war were invited to -join various other Germans in an internment -camp. Fay had been at Atlanta a month when -he escaped. German friends gave him clothes -and helped him to Baltimore, where Paul Koenig -met him and paid him $450, with injunctions to -go to San Francisco and get more. For some -reason the fugitive feared that there was a plot -against his life in San Francisco, although he had -protected the “great people,” so instead of going -west he fled immediately to Mexico. From there -he fled to Spain, and it was not until the summer -of 1918 that he was caught there.</p> - -<p>He was a bold and important criminal in his -field, and we were glad to have brought him in. -He was not the one we wanted most, not if our -sugar theory was sound. The pursuit of Fay had -certainly scared that theory up an alley. It was -high time we got out of the alley and back into -Main Street.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_156">156</span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="VII" class="vspace">VII<br /> - -<span class="subhead">ALONG THE WATERFRONT</span></h2> -</div> - -<h3>II<br /> - -<span class="subhead">“<i>Damn Him, Rintelen!</i>”</span></h3> - -<p>The pursuit of Robert Fay unearthed what -trial lawyers delight in calling “not one scintilla -of evidence” that he had actually set fire to a -ship. Fay was punished for what he intended -to do and not for any real achievement for the -German cause.</p> - -<p>Yet the thought persisted in our minds that -he knew who was making and placing ship bombs. -He professed ignorance. “I do know this -much,” he said, after a long session of futile -questioning, “I do know that a certain man paid -another man $10,000 to make those bombs. I -won’t tell you who he is, because I think he is now -a prisoner in the Tower of London, and he might -get into more trouble. You can make what you -like out of that.”</p> - -<p>We made this out of it—that the prisoner<span class="pagenum" id="Page_157">157</span> -then in the Tower to whom Fay referred was -probably Franz Rintelen. He was a German of -prominent station who had had a vision quite -like Fay’s—a vision of interrupting American -shipping, and so damming the flood of war supplies. -In early 1915 he had come to America -equipped with plenty of authority and a bank -credit limited only by the resources of the German -Empire, and had spent six months here trying -to exercise that authority and spend the money -in numerous ways. He had tried to buy rifles of -the American government, he had fostered peace -demonstrations, promoted strikes, lobbied for an -embargo on munitions and made himself busily -useless in numerous other ways, only to sail for -home in the fall of the year—and fall into -the hands of the British.</p> - -<p>But the charges which I have just cited, and -which are now fully confirmed against this man, -were not then known to us, and Fay’s tip was -too ambiguous to help us at the moment. Instead -of ceasing after his arrest, the fires continued. -The day after we caught Fay in the -woods the steamer <i>Rio Lages</i> which had sailed a -few days previously took fire out at sea. A week -later a blaze started in the hold of the <i>Euterpe</i>. -The <i>Rochambeau</i>, of the French line, caught fire<span class="pagenum" id="Page_158">158</span> -at sea on November 6, and the next day there was -an explosion aboard the <i>Ancona</i>. The <i>Tyningham</i> -suffered two fires on her voyage east during -early December. There was a maddening certainty -about it all that suggested that every ship -that left port must have nothing in her hold except -hungry rats, parlor matches, oily waste and -free kerosene. Never in the history of the port -had so many marine fires occurred in a single -year. Marine insurance was away up and our -patience was away down.</p> - -<p>The steamship companies put on special details -of guards to watch the vessels from the moment -they entered port until they sailed again. -We resumed patrolling the river in various disguises. -Fay’s swift motorboat had disappeared, -but there were plenty of others, and the men of -the Bomb Squad suffered real hardship in all -sorts of inclement weather. It seemed as though -every item of cargo was watched as it passed -into the hold, and every stranger about the piers -carefully followed, but there was absolutely nothing -to excite suspicion. So we returned to our -sugar theory and the Chenangoes.</p> - -<p>I mentioned the fact that they were a floating -tribe in more senses than one, and that the same -man rarely came back twice for employment. A<span class="pagenum" id="Page_159">159</span> -few familiar faces, however, could occasionally be -spotted in the crowd at work loading the lighters. -We made it our business to study these steady -workers and found them for the most part a harmless -lot of Scandinavians.</p> - -<p>Those who came, worked once, and vanished, -were of all nationalities, with a considerable German -representation. Some of them used to come -from Hoboken, and by a process of elimination -we found that certain of the Hoboken delegation -were sailors from the idle North German -Lloyd and Hamburg-American ships. We followed -them and asked enough questions about -them to learn the entire history of any civilized -people, but nothing in the form of legal evidence -resulted. A friend who knew the methods taught -in the Wilhelmstrasse for destroying property said -it would be futile for us to follow those men -anyway, for the destroying agent himself rarely -knows the men higher up, the real conspirators. -So it began to look as if even the arrest of a -guilty Chenango would not supply the background -necessary to picture the bomb system in its entirety.</p> - -<p>On one of the early days of 1916 Detectives -Barth, Corell and Senff reported for duty and -were assigned to Hoboken. They were instructed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_160">160</span> -to hang about the restaurants, saloons and -hotels where the officers and petty-officers from -the German ships were accustomed to gather, and -posing as confidential German agents they were to -fish about for whatever might take their bait. All -three men are fine Americans of German descent, -with an excellent command of the German language, -so they got on well with the longshore -folk they met in the “stubes” of Hoboken. -They occasionally suggested in a vague way that -they Were the picked servants of the Kaiser, and -aroused some interest and no suspicion among -their new acquaintances. Every man has more -or less desire to be a “secret service man” and -in looking back on the German antics in America -during the war I think one may attribute as -much of their activity to the dramatic instinct, as -to their cupidity or their real patriotic zeal. -(Paul Koenig is an exaggerated example of what I -mean.) And so it was with those to whom the -three Bomb Squad men talked: a nod here, and -a wink there, a whisper and a wag of the head, -and they took on some importance.</p> - -<div id="ip_160" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 26em;"> - <img src="images/i_160a.jpg" width="415" height="600" alt="" /> - <div class="captionl cr"><i>Copyright, by International Film Service, Inc.</i></div> - <div class="caption"><p>Franz Rintelen</p></div></div> - -<p>Their reward came when a German whom -Barth had picked up suggested quietly that he -knew a man who had been doing work for the -government (German) and wouldn’t Barth like<span class="pagenum" id="Page_161">161</span> -to meet him? Barth would. So with some ceremony -Barth was introduced as one of von Bernstorff’s -special agents to a funny little old man -who looked like a cartoon of the late Prussian -eagle. He was Captain Charles von Kleist of -Hoboken. The three lunched together in Hahn’s -restaurant, in Park Row, New York, and von -Kleist found Barth agreeable. He was very glad -to meet a real agent, for he had a grudge -against a fellow over in Hoboken who said he -was a member of the German secret service.</p> - -<p>“You can’t be too careful of those fellows,” -Barth said. “There are a lot of fakes around. -What’s he done to you?”</p> - -<p>“This Scheele, he has a laboratory, where -he has been doing work, making some things. I -was his superintendent now for a long time, and -he owes me several hundred dollars, but he does -not pay me. I think von Igel ought to know -about it, and perhaps Captain von Papen himself.”</p> - -<p>“So do I,” said Barth. “I’ll see that it gets -to him. What was it you were doing over -there?”</p> - -<p>Von Kleist was a chemist. Dr. Walter T. -Scheele had been employing him in his laboratory -at 1133 Clinton Street, Hoboken, in a factory<span class="pagenum" id="Page_162">162</span> -which was ostensibly for the manufacture of agricultural -chemicals. The real business they transacted -was the manufacture of bombs. Ernest -Becker, the chief electrician of the North German -Lloyd liner <i>Friedrich der Grosse</i>, and Carl -Schmidt, her chief engineer, had made the containers -out of sheet metal. These Becker had -delivered to Scheele, and up in the laboratory the -containers had been filled with explosive. Becker -would come then and take them away, and the -bombs had been used to great advantage, von -Kleist continued, in harassing the shipping. But -what good did it do him, he asked Barth, if he got -no pay for it?</p> - -<p>“You wait,” returned the “secret agent.” -“I’ll get you fixed up. I know a man who is -close to von Igel, and I’ll have him meet you. -If what you say is true, you certainly have something -coming to you. Wait till I get this other -man.”</p> - -<p>A few days passed. Then von Kleist came -again to Hahn’s restaurant, and was introduced to -“Herr Deane,” who Barth said spoke no German, -but was a good man in spite of the handicap. A -trace of suspicion crossed the old chemist’s face, -and Barth hastened to add: “We have to use -all kinds of people to fool these stupid Yankees,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_163">163</span> -see?” This bit of heavy satire reassured von -Kleist, and he found Deane a likable person, who -seemed interested in his case against Scheele. -He went over the ground again. “If you want -any more proof I’ll show you,” he concluded. -“Come to my house.” “Deane” (who votes -under the name of George D. Barnitz, of the -Bomb Squad) joined Barth and accompanied von -Kleist to his house at 1121 Garden Street, Hoboken, -and out of the muddy back yard the old -man dug up an empty bomb container, <em>almost an -exact duplicate of the “Kirkoswald” bomb</em>! -“There is one of them—and I have filled dozens -like that,” he said.</p> - -<p>“Let’s go for a ride,” Barth suggested. “We -can go down to Coney Island and have supper—the -hotel has opened up—and we’ll talk things -over.” The old man felt very amiable towards -his new friends, and was a talkative and appreciative -guest. They dined at the Shelburne and -later Barnitz wrote out a statement of von Kleist’s -services as the latter outlined them. “This is -just for the sake of regularity, you understand. -I have to have a written report to give to the -chief, or else you won’t get yours. You can sign -this as your formal statement.”</p> - -<p>“All right,” von Kleist agreed, and signed.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_164">164</span> -“How long do you think it will be before I could -get some money?”</p> - -<p>“Oh, don’t worry about that part of it,” Barth -said. “I tell you what we’ll do. We’ll all three -go up to see the chief now—I want him to meet -you anyhow, and you can supply any more facts -that we may not have down.”</p> - -<p>So they came up to my office—not von Igel’s. -Barnitz and Barth said his expression changed -when he entered headquarters and knew he had -been betrayed. He said, “I see now why you -have been so good to me.”</p> - -<p>The prisoner was docile. He said he knew he -was caught and he wanted to help us round up the -rest. I showed him the <i>Kirkoswald</i> bomb, and -told him where it had been found. “Yes,” he -said, “Captain Steinburg and Captain Bode came -to the laboratory after they saw in the paper -that the bomb had been found in Marseilles and -they gave Dr. Scheele the devil because it had -not gone off. It was supposed to explode within -four days, but it didn’t explode in twelve.” -“How many did you make?” I asked. “I don’t -know how many,” the prisoner answered. The -ones that were put on the <i>Inchmoor</i> and the <i>Dankdale</i> -went off all right, and there were two fires -on the <i>Tyningham</i>. “I gave one box of thirty<span class="pagenum" id="Page_165">165</span> -of them to two Irishmen from New Orleans, -O’Reilly and O’Leary. They took them down -there to set fire to ships with them.”</p> - -<p>“Did you give the rest to Becker?”</p> - -<p>“Yes. And he gave them to Captain Wolpert. -Wolpert is superintendent of the piers of -the Atlas Line over in Hoboken. Captain Bode, -he is also a superintendent, for the Hamburg-American -Line. Captain Steinburg I don’t know -much about, but he is in Germany now.”</p> - -<div id="ip_164" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 27em;"> - <img src="images/i_164a.jpg" width="419" height="600" alt="" /> - <div class="caption">Henry Barth, U. S. Army, who posed as the German Secret -Service agent in the von Rintelen ship bomb cases</div></div> - -<p>I thanked him for his information, and asked -him if he would tell me everything about the plot, -from its beginning up to the moment. He said -he would; that he was going to help the United -States now. I excused myself for a moment and -left the room.</p> - -<p>Von Kleist saw an electrician in a rough shirt -and overalls repairing the lights in the room, and -struck up a conversation with him. The electrician’s -English carried a slight German accent, -and von Kleist said:</p> - -<p>“Sie sind deutsch, nicht wahr?” (You’re -German?)</p> - -<p>“Ja,” replied the workman.</p> - -<p>Still using the mother tongue the prisoner asked -the workman to do him a favor. “Deliver these -notes for me, will you? I can’t go out of here,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_166">166</span> -and I would like to send word to some people.” -And he wrote on two messages, one addressed -to Wolpert and Bode, the other to Schmidt and -Becker. The substance of both was the same: -“Beat it—I’m pinched.” Detective Senff had -been disguised as an electrician and stationed in -the room for the express purpose of getting any -statement the prisoner made—a practice not -usually necessary, but this was a serious case. -Evidently von Kleist’s profession of transferred -loyalty to the United States was only a scrap of -paper. We locked him up.</p> - -<p>That night Walsh and Murphy watched Captain -Bode’s house in a New Jersey suburb, while -Sterett and Fenelly covered Wolpert’s house -nearby. Both men reported at their respective -piers for work the next morning, and both were -invited by the detectives to come over to headquarters -“to consult with us in a little waterfront -investigation we were carrying on.” Senff -went to the North German Lloyd piers to call on -Becker. The guard at the pier-head put through -a telephone connection, and Senff told Becker he -wanted to see him on an urgent matter. Presently -Becker appeared at the pier gates, and -through the bars Senff whispered: “Von Kleist -wants to see you. Trouble—” Becker returned<span class="pagenum" id="Page_167">167</span> -in an instant with his hat and came to headquarters. -A little later in the day the net caught -Schmidt, and after a year and a half of waiting -we had rounded up in twenty-four hours five promising -prisoners.</p> - -<p>Von Kleist, we knew, was not altogether reliable; -Bode was positively robust in his denial of any -knowledge of the affair. Becker, a thin blond -youth, made a complete confession. Yes, he had -made the bomb containers—several hundred of -them, under Schmidt’s orders. He had filled -them with chlorate of potash and sulphuric acid -at the Scheele laboratory and had seen Captain -Wolpert take them away. At that moment Wolpert, -a hulking red figure, who had been conversing -fairly freely, shut up tight, and refused to answer -further questions. Becker acknowledged -that he had made the <i>Kirkoswald</i> bomb, and -added that the later cases were larger than that.</p> - -<p>“Captain Wolpert,” I said, “don’t you think -you’re doing Germany more harm than good by -doing this sort of thing?”</p> - -<p>“Damn it!” he exploded. “I gave it up June -first. But you’ve got to do what those bull-headed -fellows tell you, haven’t you?”</p> - -<p>“Did you know Robert Fay, Captain?” I -asked.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_168">168</span> -“Yes—I met him one time in Schimmel’s office -with Rintelen,” he replied.</p> - -<p>“You mean <em>von</em> Rintelen?” I asked, using the -aristocratic prefix which Rintelen had assumed.</p> - -<p>“No!” bellowed Wolpert. “Not <em>von</em>, damn -him—<em>Rintelen</em>!”</p> - -<div id="ip_168" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 38em;"> - <img src="images/i_168a.jpg" width="600" height="394" alt="" /> - <div class="caption floatl narrow50"> - <div class="captionl cr"><i>Copyright, International Film Service</i></div> - <div class="caption"><p class="in4 larger">Ernest Becker</p></div></div> - <div class="cap168r"> - <div class="caption floatr narrow50"> - <div class="captionl cr"><i>Copyright, International Film Service</i></div> - <div class="caption"><p class="larger l2 b2">Captain Charles von Kleist (left) - and Captain Otto Wolpert (right)</p></div></div></div></div> - -<p class="p4 clear">The result of our first examination of the four -was the arrest of Carl Schmidt, chief engineer of -the <i>Friedrich der Grosse</i>, and three of his assistants, -Georg Praedel, William Paradies and Friedrich -Garbade. We covered the laboratory, but -Dr. Scheele had fled, to Florida. There he received -a telegram telling him it was safe for him -to return to New York. He had traveled as far -as Baltimore when another telegram informed him -of the arrests, and he fled to Cuba, and it was -March of 1918 before he was arrested by the -Havana police and extradited to New York. -The laboratory was in a secret room on the top -floor of the factory, accessible only through a -trap door, and the trap itself was pierced with -eyeholes so that anyone at work inside could see -who was outside. We found a rich store of explosive -and incendiary chemicals—all the ingredients -of the bombs, which Lieutenant Busby -brought back as evidence. Scheele was a finished -chemist, and a German spy of 23 years’ standing.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_169">169</span> -It had never occurred to him that von Kleist -would squeal for want of money. “How good -a German are you?” he had asked von Kleist -when he engaged him in March, 1915. (The -first project of the two was to saturate fertilizer -with lubricating oil and thus smuggle the oil into -Germany.) “I’m as good a German as you ever -pretended to be,” von Kleist answered. “You -are not,” said Scheele, “or you wouldn’t have -taken out naturalization papers here. I didn’t -do that.” “Well, I couldn’t have got my captain’s -sailing license if I hadn’t,” said von Kleist.</p> - -<p>Loyalty to Germany alone had not satisfied the -appetite of von Kleist, for he had caught a glimpse -that night of the check for $10,000, signed “Hansen” -which Scheele proudly waved as evidence of -what Germany thought of his ship-destroying ability. -In the Austrian-subsidized Transatlantic -Trust Company, where von Rintelen had deposited -a large amount of money on his arrival from -Germany, he had an account in the name of Hansen. -Here then was the explanation of Fay’s remark -about his friend who was a prisoner in England.</p> - -<p>So far, so good. We knew that Becker, -Schmidt and the other engineers had made the -bombs, and that Becker and Scheele had filled<span class="pagenum" id="Page_170">170</span> -them. On the evidence the four were convicted; -Becker and von Kleist were sent to Atlanta for -two years, and the other four to the penitentiary -for six months. We were satisfied, but could not -prove, that Wolpert and Bode had disposed of -the bombs where they would do the most damage. -They refused naturally to convict themselves, were -admitted to bail of $25,000, which was provided -by friendly Germans, and were interned when we -went to war. The four assistants served their -terms and then were extended the privileges of -internment camps as dangerous enemy aliens.</p> - -<p>So far, so good, but the snake was not yet -dead—we had only cut off a section of his tail. -To be sure, he could not get about with his former -vigor. The ship fires, which had continued -through February, stopped, and one can count on -his fingers the fires that broke out on ships after -that date. Our theory had served its purpose—but -who were the men higher up?</p> - -<p>When Paul Koenig had been taken into custody -in late December, 1915, we had found in his house -in West 94th Street an address book containing -some hundreds of names of folk with whom he -apparently did business. The memorandum book -is mentioned elsewhere in this volume in detail, -but the present case may show just what specific<span class="pagenum" id="Page_171">171</span> -use we made of the catalogue of spies which the -obliging Koenig had left in our hands. Among -other entries was this:</p> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0 in4"> -“Boniface during the day—3396 Worth—ask for<br /> - Boniface at night 1993 Chelsea—Never -home until 10:30 <span class="smcap smaller">P. M.</span>” -</p> -</blockquote> - -<p class="in0">We had gone systematically through the book, -checking up our knowledge of each person mentioned, -in order to see whether the trail of Koenig, -von Papen, Boy-Ed and the Hamburg-American -interests might not lead us to other unexpected -outrages, and so we were seeking this Boniface -who was “never home until 10:30 <span class="smcap smaller">P. M.</span>” For -months he proved elusive, but not long after the -arrest of the Hoboken bomb-manufacturers we -located a certain Bonford Boniface.</p> - -<p>He had only a single room for lodgings, and -we called there one day while he was known to -be elsewhere and made a careful examination of -its contents. Our first signal that Boniface might -be off-color was the discovery of a file of clippings -from newspapers describing the arrest of von -Kleist and his crew. Apparently he was interested -in German bombs. There was no evidence -of the reason for his interest, however, and the detectives<span class="pagenum" id="Page_172">172</span> -were about to ‘leave the room as they -had found it when they ran across two letters -signed “Karl Schimmel,” one postmarked Buenos -Aires and one from Holland. Both were colorless -messages asking how fortune was treating -Boniface.</p> - -<p>Now a cat may look at a king, and a man may -receive friendly notes from the Argentine and -Holland without molestation, but I recalled something -of this name Karl Schimmel. He had -come under suspicion before, first, when the so-called -“Do-Do Chemical Company” of 395 -Broadway had applied to the fire department for -permission to store dynamite on the premises of -its executive, Karl Schimmel, at 127 Concord Avenue, -the Bronx. The application had been denied, -and the fire department had asked the Bomb -Squad to look up the Do-Do Chemical Company -and its officers. It had no factory, no visible business, -and as we presently found out no Karl Schimmel, -for he became alarmed at our investigations -and fled to Mexico, and South America, and then, -with the aid of Count Luxburg he made his way -back to Germany. Again, Wolpert had spoken -of having met Fay in Schimmel’s office with -Rintelen—but Wolpert would not talk. There -was a reasonable margin of doubt in our minds<span class="pagenum" id="Page_173">173</span> -of Schimmel’s behavior—enough to warrant -Barth’s going to Boniface and asking him to come -to headquarters.</p> - -<p>Schimmel, Boniface told us, had employed him -for a time at $25 a week. And what had he done -in return? Nothing more than provide Schimmel -with a list of weekly sailings of all steamships -leaving New York for Europe, together -with a description of their cargoes. Why had -Schimmel, a lawyer, been interested in sailings and -cargoes? Boniface said he did not know. How -had Boniface compiled the list? At first, he said, -by scouting along the waterfront, picking up scraps -of conversation here and there and keeping an -observant eye on the trucks bound for the piers. -Pier-guards began to notice him a trifle too attentively, -the waterfront was too many miles long, -twenty-five dollars a week was only twenty-five -dollars a week, and Boniface, it must be remarked, -was racially thrifty. So he adopted the much -simpler expedient of buying each morning a copy -of the <i>New York Herald</i>, a newspaper which pays -some attention to shipping, net cost in those days -one cent, copying sailing dates, hours and destinations -from its columns, and conjuring the cargoes -out of his imagination.</p> - -<p>Where had he delivered his reports? To<span class="pagenum" id="Page_174">174</span> -Schimmel in his office at 51 Chambers Street. -Whom had he seen there? Why, Rintelen, once, -but he didn’t know what his business there was. -Another time a man named Herman Ebling. -(Ebling, it developed later, had been directed by -Wolpert, who had had his orders from á Captain -Steinburg, to take a tube of glanders germs -and a dipping stick, seek out the wharves where -horses were being shipped abroad for artillery -and transport, and insert the germ-soaked stick -into the nostrils of every third horse he could -reach, in order that a serious epidemic might -presently break out. Ebling claims he threw the -tube overboard without fulfilling his mission.) -Where was Ebling? Boniface professed not to -know. Whom else had he seen? Well, there -was another German lawyer, Martin Illsen, counsel -for the <i>New Yorker Herold</i>, a German daily.</p> - -<p>We sent for Illsen and questioned him of his -dealings with Schimmel. He had written an -article which he sent to the newspapers protesting -against the shipment of arms and ammunition to -the Allies, for which Schimmel had paid him $100. -That he said was the extent of his service.</p> - -<div id="ip_174" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 26em;"> - <img src="images/i_174a.jpg" width="407" height="600" alt="" /> - <div class="caption">Sergeant Thomas Jenkins, U. S. Army, who successfully -located a part of one of the bombs in a locker in -the German Turn Verein in Brooklyn</div></div> - -<p>“Did you ever see this man Ebling there?” -I inquired, feeling that in Ebling we might find -the missing link between the bomb-makers and the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_175">175</span> -fires. “Yes,” Illsen replied. “Where is he -now?” Illsen did not know. “Do you remember -meeting anyone else in the office?” “Yes, -there was a lithographer. His name is Uhde. -He comes, I think, from Brooklyn but I do not -know where he is.”</p> - -<p>It is our business to find out where people are, -and as the reader may already have observed, -to follow a case through from one man to another -if we have to question a thousand individuals -on the way to our goal. We took up the search -for Uhde, and investigated everyone of that name -in Greater New York. More months had passed -before we finally found the man we were after—Walter -Uhde. We pounced on him without the -formality of an examination, and searched his -room, to find some correspondence with Schimmel -and more newspaper accounts of the arrest and -trial of the Hoboken gang. It was this evidence -and the pressure which it brought to bear upon -his conscience that made Uhde give up evidence -enough to picture the bomb plot in its entirety.</p> - -<p>It began, as the outbreak of the ship fires already -had indicated, in the early months of 1915. -One winter night there was a secret meeting in -the restaurant of the Brooklyn Labor Lyceum. -In a private dining-room sat Dr. Scheele, the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_176">176</span> -chemist, Captain Wolpert, the dock-superintendent, -Karl Schimmel, the lawyer, Uhde, the lithographer, -Eugene Reistert, the proprietor of the -restaurant, and a certain Captain Steinburg. This -man was particularly dangerous to the welfare of -the United States. His real name was Erich von -Steinmetz, and he was a captain in the German -navy. At that time he had just come to America -by way of Vladivostock, dodging the immigration -examiners by travelling in woman’s dress, and -evading the quarantine authorities by concealing -in the fold of the dress the same tubes of glanders -germs with which he sent Ebling to inoculate the -horses for the Allies. Steinmetz was Rintelen’s -first and ablest assistant, and Schimmel was his -second. The two men outlined to the dinner -party a plan to manufacture and plant the bombs. -The sailors would make the containers, Scheele -would see that they were filled and would act as -paymaster for the group, Schimmel and Wolpert -would keep in touch with the sailings and cargoes, -and Wolpert, Uhde and Reistert would deliver -them to the small fry who could be hired to place -them in sugar-bags and other freight.</p> - -<p>How well the plan succeeded we already know. -Wolpert distributed the bombs to several local -points of German operation in the greater city,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_177">177</span> -and even Scheele had on one occasion carried a -box full of bombs packed only in sawdust from the -laboratory over to the Labor Lyceum. Reistert -and Uhde tested a few of the infernal machines -in the rear of the building, and Uhde fancied -them so much that he kept one as a souvenir, -stowed away in the toe of an old boot in his -locker at the Turn Verein, where Detectives Barth -and Jenkins found it. The conspiracy had originated -in March; the first day of May, Wolpert -gave a bomb to a Chenango who smuggled it -aboard the <i>Kirkoswald</i>, with the result which we -have followed. On May 7, 1915, the glorious -<i>Lusitania</i> was torpedoed, and on the following -morning, Karl Schimmel, coming into his office and -finding Illsen and Boniface there, exclaimed:</p> - -<p>“Ah—that U-boat commander has done well -enough, but he has stolen all the glory away from -me. I had nine cigars on the <i>Lusitania</i>.” (For -“cigars” read “bombs.”) “If they had not -torpedoed her the cigars would have done the -work!”</p> - -<p>He may have told the truth. His secret is at -the bottom of the Atlantic now, along with what -shreds of respect the civilized world might otherwise -have had for Germany. It is certain that -Schimmel tried to place his “cigars” aboard the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_178">178</span> -vessel, for Reistert had given Uhde $100 and a -little man named Klein a package of bombs with -instructions to go to a saloon in West Street near -the White Star piers. There they were to meet a -third man, to whom they would deliver the package, -and that man would see them safely aboard -the ship. The man did not appear at the appointed -hour, so they left the package with the -bartender, and went to the missing man’s house -in Harlem, where they paid him his fee. It was -the same Klein who had been carrying a bomb -in his pocket one afternoon when Schimmel had -sent him to South Ferry to place it aboard a ship. -But the bomb caught fire, and before he could -rid himself of it it had burned through his clothing, -so Schimmel magnanimously gave him $20 -for a new suit and his trouble. And it was the -same Klein whom we found dead of disease in a -hospital, beyond the law’s reach, when we finally -were tracing him for arrest.</p> - -<p>The stories of the culprits combined to lay at -their door the origin of most of the ship fires with -which we had been afflicted for the past two years. -If nothing else had proved it, the cessation of the -fires would have been enough. We were anxious, -after our twisting, winding search, rather to have -the guilty men convicted and placed in safe-keeping<span class="pagenum" id="Page_179">179</span> -than to fix definitely upon them the guilt for -all of the fires—that would have been practically -impossible—but the very fact that the fires -ceased is sufficient evidence of their complete guilt. -It was not until October 17, 1917, six months -after the United States had gone to war, that our -long hunt came to an end, and we arrested Boniface, -Reistert, Uhde and one Peter Zeffert. It -was Zeffert who confessed to having gone to -Schimmel’s office one afternoon to help him fill -the bomb containers with chemicals. Reistert was -there, and the three took the bombs away in a -taxi-cab to meet a destroying agent in a waterfront -saloon. The agent did not show up, and Messrs. -Schimmel, Reistert and Zeffert thereupon returned -to the Chambers Street office and unloaded the -tubes.</p> - -<p>I am sorry that our laws were not at that time -drastic enough to punish the men as they deserved. -James W. Osborne, the assistant United States -Attorney who tried the case, wove an admirable -prosecution, and Judge Harland B. Howe turned -a stern face upon the prisoners. Wolpert had -been haled from Atlanta to answer to the new -charge, as had von Kleist and Becker. The -engineers were brought out of their internment -camps. And last, and foremost of all, Franz<span class="pagenum" id="Page_180">180</span> -Rintelen was there—returned to us by the British -to answer to a series of charges which he had -tried hard and expensively to conceal. The best -our laws of the moment could do for these men -who had defiled our hospitality and destroyed millions -of dollars’ worth of property on our soil -was to sentence them to one-and-one-half years -in Atlanta. It is to the everlasting credit of Judge -Howe that Rintelen, Wolpert, von Kleist, Becker, -Praedel, Paradies and Garbade received the maximum -prison term, and the maximum fine of $2,000 -each. Under the espionage act later adopted each -of them could be sentenced to twenty years and -fined $10,000.</p> - -<p>Popular consent would have made short work -of these men’s lives. Justice had to preside over -their trials, however, and they were punished to -the full extent of an inadequate law. A more -drastic criminal code would probably have frightened -the German spies in the United States, and -it is equally true that German agents who were -caught in the net of the law laughed up their -sleeves as they made use of one after another of -the law’s technical provisions and privileges to -avert what would have been certain and swift -death had they worn the field-gray uniforms of -their nation. They have not suffered in proportion<span class="pagenum" id="Page_181">181</span> -to their crimes. But their nation is paying -the price.</p> - -<div id="ip_180" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 24em;"> - <img src="images/i_180a.jpg" width="382" height="600" alt="" /> - <div class="caption">Norman H. White, of Boston, a civilian attached to -the Military Intelligence, who unearthed -numerous German intrigues</div></div> - -<p>There is something in the spectacle of Rintelen -serving his sentence at Atlanta—a long sentence, -which he tried numerous tricks to evade—that -is peculiarly German, and that comes more nearly -satisfying our popular desire for retribution than -the plight of any of his wretched employees. He -came to America arrogant, rich, defiant, cruel, -and sly—to wage war upon us. One of his first -acts was to sign his check for $10,000 to manufacture -bombs to destroy our shipping. When -certain Americans crossed his reeking trail he -ran away in terror. By great good luck he was -captured, discovered, and returned and by considerable -persistence and patience on the part of -the Bomb Squad one of his trails was laid bare. -(He had many others.) He suffered great indignity, -as he thought, at being tried with the -manual laborers whom he had employed and left -in trouble. He was convicted and sent to prison. -He pleaded ill-health, though he was a strong -man, and he tried to be transferred to a more -lenient prison. He invoked the aid of his crumbling -government, who informed Washington that -unless he were surrendered to Germany that nation -would take the lives of American soldiers captured<span class="pagenum" id="Page_182">182</span> -in battle. Every trick failed, and Franz -Rintelen, tried not as a prisoner of war for what -morally were acts of war against the United -States, but by our peace courts, and under our -lenient peace laws, must now serve out his term -in an American prison, although his nation has -given up the war and begged for clemency.</p> - -<p>Rintelen used to suggest that he was an illegitimate -relative of the late Kaiser. It may be true: -the two have something in common. The Kaiser -has become plain Hohenzollern, and the chief -German bomb-plotter in the United States, is, as -Wolpert angrily said that day at headquarters, -“not <em>von</em> Rintelen, damn him—<em>Rintelen</em>!”</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_183">183</span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="VIII" class="vspace">VIII<br /> - -<span class="subhead">MR. HOLT’S FOUR DAYS</span></h2> -</div> - -<p>The facts were apparently unrelated to each -other. Only a flight of imagination would have -connected them, and imagination, though it is -often valuable in speculating on what probably -happened, is not court evidence of what did happen. -In the order of their occurrence, the facts -were these:</p> - -<p>1. On April 16, 1906, Leone Krembs Muenter, -wife of Erich Muenter, an instructor in German in -Harvard College, died, soon after the birth of -her second baby. The circumstances of her death -were suspicious, and the Coroner directed that -the stomach of the body be taken to the Harvard -Medical School for examination. Dr. Muenter, -on the following day, requested that he be allowed -to escort the remains from Cambridge to Chicago -for burial, and this permission was granted. -With the children he made the gloomy pilgrimage -west. The body of the dead wife was cremated. -Dr. Muenter wrote at once from Chicago to the -New York Life Insurance Company directing that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_184">184</span> -the policy on his wife’s life be made payable to her -sister, instead of to himself. The examination of -the lining of the stomach had indicated slow -arsenical poisoning and a warrant was issued at -once for the husband. But it reached Chicago to -find him gone—no one knew where.</p> - -<p>2. In a corridor of the main floor of the Senate -wing of the United States Capitol at Washington -used to stand a telephone switchboard. On the -night of Friday, July 2, 1915, an explosion near -it blew fragments of the board through the walls -of the telephone booths adjoining. No one was -about, which was lucky, for the wrecked switchboard -was not the only damage done: plaster -rained from the walls and ceilings, every door -nearby was blown open (one was a door into the -Vice-President’s office which had not been in use -for forty years), the east reception room was -wrecked, a gaping hole was torn in the stonework -of the wall, and fragments of windows, mirrors, -crystal chandeliers and telephone apparatus flew -in every direction.</p> - -<p>3. In his country home on East Island, where -Long Island reaches out into the Sound to form -Glen Cove, John Pierpont Morgan was having -breakfast on the morning of Saturday, July 3, -1915. It was nearly half past nine, and the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_185">185</span> -members of his family, together with several holiday -guests, were in the breakfast room, which is -on the eastern side of the house. An automobile -drove up to the front door, and the butler was -confronted by a man of dingy appearance who -asked, in an accent suggesting German, to see Mr. -Morgan. He presented a card bearing the -legend “Society Summer Directory: represented -by Thomas C. Lester.” The butler wanted better -credentials and asked for them. The stranger -pulled a revolver from his pocket, covered the -butler with it and stepping inside the door demanded, -“Where is Morgan?”</p> - -<p>With good presence of mind the butler answered, -“In the library,”—the library being in -the west wing of the house, and away from the -breakfast room—and stepped toward the library -door. Unfortunately it was open, and the intruder, -who was following with his gun aimed, -saw that the room was empty, and that the butler -had lied. At the same moment Physick, the butler, -realized that his ruse had not worked. He -shouted, “Upstairs, Mr. Morgan! Upstairs!” -hoping by the urgency of his cry to convey to the -banker a warning that something was distinctly -wrong and at the same time to get him out of -range. Mr. Morgan at once hurried up a rear<span class="pagenum" id="Page_186">186</span> -stairway and began to search for the trouble. A -moment later Mrs. Morgan joined him. They -proceeded from one room to another, found nothing, -and asked a nurse what was wrong. As the -little search party reached the head of the main -staircase, with Mrs. Morgan in the lead, she -caught sight of a strange man with a revolver in -each hand. Lester had come up the front staircase. -Mr. Morgan saw his wife between himself -and the guns, brushed her aside, and charged. -The man fired twice as the two went to the floor, -grappling, and the hammer of his revolver clicked -twice more on caps that did not explode. Two -wounds, one in the front of the abdomen, and -the other in the left thigh, did not prevent Mr. -Morgan, from overpowering his assailant: he lay -with the full weight of his 220 pounds on the -man’s body, pinning down the revolvers to the -floor. One of the guns Mrs. Morgan and the -nurse wrenched from the man’s hand; the other -Mr. Morgan captured. Physick had meanwhile -roused the servants, and he stunned the intruder -with a lump of coal as he lay on the floor. Lester’s -unconscious form was then trussed up and -taken to the Glen Cove jail.</p> - -<p>There, briefly, were the facts. The Morgan -shooting I have recounted in some detail to show<span class="pagenum" id="Page_187">187</span> -the desperation with which the stranger trespassed, -and attempted murder. It was not an -affair which suggested a motive of robbery, but -apparently a cold attempt at assassination. The -Capitol explosion had been fruitless in its results -so far as the loss of human life was concerned, -and its origin was at that time a complete mystery. -The Muenter affair had long since passed out of -my memory. How to get evidence to establish -motives for the crimes, fix the entire responsibility, -and punish the offenders?</p> - -<p>Never, probably, has long-distance communication -played a swifter or more helpful part in a -case. In order to show just how a nation which -has been called to the hunt can enter into the -pursuit, let us follow the developments in their -strict chronological order.</p> - -<p>At seven o’clock Saturday morning, before -Lester had appeared at the door of the Morgan -house, the newspapers in Washington received a -typewritten form letter, signed “R. Pearce,” protesting -in excited terms against the shipment of -munitions to the nations at war. Its second paragraph -read:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“In connection with the Senate affair would -it not be well to stop and consider what we are -doing?”</p></blockquote> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_188">188</span></p> - -<p class="in0">The writer stated further:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“Sorry, I, too, had to use explosives (for the -last time I trust). It is the export kind, and -ought to make enough noise to be heard above -the voices that clamor for war and blood money. -This explosion is the exclamation point to my -appeal for peace.”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="in0">Again he wrote:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“By the way, don’t put this on the Germans or -Bryan. I am an old-fashioned American...”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="in0">And he added, in a penned postscript:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“We would, of course, not sell to the Germans -if they could buy here, and since so far we only -sold to the Allies, neither side should object if we -stopped.”</p></blockquote> - -<p>At half-past nine o’clock the shooting occurred -at Glen Cove. About the same time Dr. -Charles Munroe, consulting expert of the Bureau -of Mines, was called to the Capitol to make an -examination of the wreckage of the explosion. -He soon arrived at the conclusion that the shock -had been caused by no spontaneous combustion, -but by a fair quantity of high explosive.</p> - -<p>While he was prying about among the débris,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_189">189</span> -Lester was being lodged in the Glen Cove jail. -His bonds were loosened, leaving him a very -sore set of ankles and wrists, his cut forehead -was bound up, and when he was questioned, he -gave out the following statement:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“I, Frank Holt, of Ithaca, N. Y., and lately -professor of German at Cornell, do hereby freely -make to William E. Luyster, justice of the peace, -the following statement of the facts concerning -my visit to the home of J. P. Morgan at East -Island, Glen Cove, N. Y.</p> - -<p>“I have been in New York City about ten -days and had made a previous trip to the home -of Mr. Morgan last week. My motive in coming -here was to try to force Mr. Morgan to use his influence -with the manufacturers of munitions in -the United States, and with the millionaires who -are financing the war loans, to have an embargo -put on shipments of war munitions, so as to -relieve the American people from complicity -in the death of thousands of our European -brothers.</p> - -<p>“If Germany should be able to buy munitions -here we would of course positively refuse to sell -to her. The reason that the American people -have not as yet stopped the shipments seems to -be that we are getting rich out of this traffic, but -do we not get enough prosperity out of non-contraband -shipments? And would it not be<span class="pagenum" id="Page_190">190</span> -better for us to make what money we can without -causing the slaughter of Europeans?</p> - -<p>“I am very sorry that I had to cause the -Morgan family this unpleasantness, but I believe -that if Mr. Morgan would put his shoulder to the -wheel he could accomplish what I have endeavored -to do. I wanted him to do the work I could not -do. I hope that he will do his share anyway. -We must stop our participation in the killing of -Europeans, and God will take care of the rest.”</p></blockquote> - -<p>Lester, then, was not Lester at all, but Frank -Holt.</p> - -<p>Meanwhile I knew nothing of what had transpired. -I had risen that Saturday morning looking -forward to a day of relaxation and pleasure, for -there was to be a field day for the police at -Gravesend Bay. On the way down to the track I -read with some interest of the explosion in the -Capitol, and then dismissed it from my mind: -the newspapers, which had been printed about -one o’clock of that morning, carried no news except -a description of the effects of the explosion. -Furthermore, it was a holiday, with another to -follow, and I proposed to enjoy it.</p> - -<p>About noon Police Commissioner Woods called -me to the telephone, told me hurriedly that Mr. -Morgan had been “shot by a German,” and -told me to get down to Glen Cove as fast as<span class="pagenum" id="Page_191">191</span> -possible. “Find out the man’s motives and any -accomplices he had,” the commissioner said. -“Keep in touch with me.” And hung up. I -found Detective Coy of the Bomb Squad, and a -patrolman who knew German in case we should -need an interpreter, and after some delay in getting -a car, we hastened to the little Glen Cove -jail.</p> - -<p>Then, at four o’clock, for the first time, I was -told the facts as Glen Cove knew them. A search -of Holt’s person had disclosed two revolvers, -three sticks of dynamite, a number of loose cartridges, -a cartoon clipped from a Philadelphia -newspaper, an express receipt, and a scrap of -paper bearing the names in pencilled handwriting -of Mr. Morgan’s children. Frank McCahill, -the constable in charge, showed me the statement -Holt had made, and supplied the further information -that Holt had been identified by some of -Mr. Morgan’s employees as a man who had been -seen on the estate two days before—on Thursday. -Glen Cove had been in a turmoil since -the shooting. Newspaper reporters and photographers -had flocked to the jail, had taken photographs -of the prisoner, and already prints of the -photographs were on their way to every large -newspaper in the country. His statement, as well<span class="pagenum" id="Page_192">192</span> -as a description of the man, had been telegraphed -over the Associated and United Press wires in -every direction. So I decided to have a talk -with the prisoner himself.</p> - -<p>He was brought out of his cell, and we sat in -comparative privacy on two camp-stools in the -corridor. He was a frail, slight fellow, with -deep eye-sockets, a prominent hook-nose, and a -retreating chin. His accent was certainly German. -His name, he said, was Frank Holt, and -he was born in the United States. He told me -he was forty years old, that his father and mother -had been born in America, although they had -both French and German ancestors, and that his -wife and two children were in Dallas. For several -years, he said, he had taught in Vanderbilt -University, and during the year just past had been -instructor in German in Cornell University, at -Ithaca. He had left Ithaca two weeks before, -and had stopped at a Mills Hotel in New York -before coming down to Glen Cove.</p> - -<p>“What did you try to kill Mr. Morgan for?” -I asked.</p> - -<p>“I didn’t intend to kill him. I want to persuade -him to use his influence to stop the shipment -of ammunition to Europe.”</p> - -<p>“Well, you chose a pretty strong means of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_193">193</span> -persuading him, didn’t you? What was the -dynamite for?”</p> - -<p>“I was going to show him what was causing -all the trouble—explosives.”</p> - -<p>He answered frankly, but not completely. The -scrap of paper bearing the names of the Morgan -children, he said, was only a memorandum; he -had intended to hold them hostage until Mr. -Morgan promised to exert himself to stop the -export of supplies to the Allies. No amount of -questioning would bring an answer as to where -he had bought the dynamite, but he readily volunteered -the approximate addresses of the shops -where he had purchased the revolvers and cartridges. -These facts gave me something to work -on, and I went outside to a telephone while he was -locked up again.</p> - -<p>Meanwhile the whole United States had been -taking a keen interest in the case. Holt’s statement -had reached Washington on the Associated -Press wire, and was delivered to Captain Boardman -of the Washington Police. Captain Boardman -had been busy all morning throwing out lines -on the Capitol case, and attempting to trace the -author of the R. Pearce letters, which had been -mailed in the city about nine o’clock of the previous -evening. He read the Pearce letter over<span class="pagenum" id="Page_194">194</span> -several times in search of some clue to the writer. -Presently the Holt statement came in. From the -two communications these sentences met the Captain’s -eyes:</p> - -<table class="narrow50" summary="Pearce letter sentences"> - <tr> - <td class="center"><i>Pearce</i></td> - <td class="center"><i>Holt</i></td></tr> - - <tr> - <td class="tdp">“We would, of -course, not sell to the -Germans if they could -buy here, and since so -far we only sold to the -Allies, neither side -should object if we -stopped.”</td> - - - <td class="tdp">“If Germany should -be able to buy munitions -here we would, of -course, positively refuse -to sell to her.”</td></tr> -</table> - -<p>Captain Boardman’s next move was to wire to -his chief, Major Pullman, who happened to be in -New York to attend that same field day that Coy -and I had missed. His message, dated 2 <span class="smcap smaller">P. M.</span> -(while we were on the way to Glen Cove), read:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“Ascertain from F. Holt, in custody at Glen -Cove, N. Y., for shooting J. P. Morgan, his -whereabouts Thursday and Friday, as he may -have placed the bomb in the Capitol here Friday -night.”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="in0">This message, sent in care of Inspector Faurot, -was relayed to us at Glen Cove by Guy Scull, -deputy commissioner, but not until after the Associated<span class="pagenum" id="Page_195">195</span> -Press man at the jail had had a tip telegraphed -from his Washington office to ask Holt -the same question. Holt denied that he had been -in Washington, flatly. But McCahill knew he -had been in Glen Cove Thursday, so at 5 <span class="smcap smaller">P. M.</span> he -telegraphed Captain Boardman:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“F. Holt was in Glen Cove Thursday, July -1, <span class="smcap smaller">P. M.</span>”</p></blockquote> - -<p>I telephoned headquarters the numbers of the -revolvers, and the neighborhood in which Holt -said he had bought them. Several members of -the squad started out from headquarters to identify -the pawnshops, and to find out what they -could of the history of three sticks of dynamite -marked “Keystone National Powder Company. -60 per cent. Emporium, Pa.”</p> - -<p>Holt had proved obstinate to all questions of -the source of his supply of dynamite. The man -was getting tired: he had had a hard day, had -been considerably battered, had been interviewed, -photographed, harried with questions, his ankles -and wrists ached, his head throbbed, and his mind, -which though alert and active, was none too -stable, was showing signs of exhaustion. His -condition suggested that he might be in a mood -to supply some of the further information we<span class="pagenum" id="Page_196">196</span> -needed, so I suggested that we take an automobile -ride and he could show me where he had been -the day before. He protested at once.</p> - -<p>“No! My head is aching, and you want to -take me on a ride and make a show of me to the -morbid crowd. I will not tell you—not until -later. Later perhaps, but not now!”</p> - -<p>“All right,” I answered. “Later.”</p> - -<p>Then I decided we had better get our information -down on paper in a formal examination.</p> - -<p>The meeting convened at once, with Coy, McCahill, -a county detective from Mineola, two -deputy sheriffs, two patrolmen, a stenographer -and myself as board of inquiry. It may serve -to describe the fellow’s manner, as well as to -bring out what the examination further disclosed, -if we make use here of extracts from the proceedings:</p> - -<p><i>Question.</i> Where were you born?</p> - -<p><i>Answer.</i> Somehow my brain is in such a shape -that I can’t remember—Wisconsin, I know. I -don’t know what it is that affected me—something -inside of me—maybe it is the shock I got -from that.</p> - -<p><i>Q.</i> You speak with a German accent. Were -you born in Germany, or in any of the European -countries—tell me the truth.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_197">197</span> -<i>A.</i> Now listen. That has been said before—that -I speak with a foreign accent. That is because -I speak several languages. I speak French, -German, Spanish, and all that. That is the cause -of that, you see?</p> - -<p><i>Q.</i> We will eliminate the trouble of asking -you questions if you will tell us the town or city -in which you were born.</p> - -<p><i>A.</i> Yes. Now I am trying to think (a pause) -I will have to disappoint you.</p> - -<p><i>Q.</i> Your memory is very clear on other things.</p> - -<p><i>A.</i> As I told you, I have been lying there, -thinking, thinking.</p> - -<p>I took up the matter of the express receipt -found on him:</p> - -<p><i>Q.</i> On June 11, 1915, you shipped a box by -the American Express Company to D. F. Sensabaugh, -101 South Marsalis Street, Dallas, Texas. -What did that box contain?</p> - -<p><i>A.</i> It evidently must have been a typewriter. -I would not be sure now, I think it was a typewriter.</p> - -<p>And then the cartoon, clipped from the Philadelphia -paper, brought out a very unexpected -fact:</p> - -<p><i>Q.</i> How many times have you been in Philadelphia?</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_198">198</span> -<i>A.</i> No time.</p> - -<p><i>Q.</i> You came to New York from Ithaca?</p> - -<p><i>A.</i> Yes.</p> - -<p><i>Q.</i> Do you mean to truthfully answer my question -by saying that you have not been to Philadelphia -at any time since you left Ithaca?</p> - -<p><i>A.</i> At no time.</p> - -<p><i>Q.</i> You have a clipping of a Philadelphia -newspaper in your possession. Where did you get -that?</p> - -<p><i>A.</i> I think I got that out of a Philadelphia -paper of course, that I found lying around. I -think it was a cartoon.</p> - -<p><i>Q.</i> Were you not in Philadelphia when you -purchased that paper?</p> - -<p><i>A.</i> I did not purchase that. I saw that lying -around somewhere, probably in the Mills Hotel.</p> - -<p><i>Q.</i> Where did you sleep last night?</p> - -<p><i>A.</i> Now, I will tell you. A reporter from the -Associated Press asked me about this Washington -business, and he was trying to connect me -with that. I suppose that is what you are trying -to do.</p> - -<p><i>Q.</i> I am not trying to connect you with anything. -I want truthful answers. I am very frank -and honest with you. I will fairly investigate -every answer that you make.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_199">199</span> -<i>A.</i> Yes, I thought that over since he was here, -and I think it is just as well to say that I wrote -that R. Pearce letter. I was in Washington yesterday -and came back on the train. I think it is -just as well to say.</p> - -<p>Here was news! McCahill slipped out of the -room, and sent this telegram to Captain Boardman:</p> - -<p>“Holt was in Washington Friday. Will wire -full particulars later,” and returned for the particulars, -which Holt continued to unfold.</p> - -<p>He had gone to Washington early Friday, arriving -at 2 <span class="smcap smaller">P. M.</span>, hired a furnished room near the -Union Station, and two hours later walked over -to the Capitol and found the Senate wing deserted. -He placed a bomb near the telephone -booth, timed so as to explode in eight hours. -He idled away the evening, mailed the R. Pearce -letters, took a midnight train to New York, -stopped at the Mills Hotel for mail, and took an -early train to Glen Cove Saturday morning. -What his activities had been since then we well -knew. But while the confession of his responsibility -for the Washington outrage was a really -surprising bit, it did not conclude our work, for -he had pointed out several new alleys of possibility -which we must search.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_200">200</span> -By seven o’clock we had, first, a sketch of Holt’s -recent career as a teacher. This we proceeded -to verify by telephone to New York and by telegraph -thence to Ithaca, Dallas, Nashville, and -Philadelphia. His account of the Washington -bombing Mr. Scull telephoned to Washington, and -Major Pullman left at once for Long Island to -secure a more complete confession. We had the -numbers of his revolvers and were already at -work upon that clue. We had no information -except the trade-mark of where he had got his -dynamite, and knowing the strict city restrictions -on its sale, I felt confident that he had accomplices -who supplied it to him. The chances were, too, -that Holt had more dynamite than the three sticks -which he said had made up the Capitol bomb, and -the three on his person. We knew he had called -at the Mills Hotel, and we sent a man to search -his room. We had a wholly unsatisfactory statement -of his birthplace, which he had already contradicted -once, and which lent color to the Germanic -origin of his accent. And finally, Holt had -given a description of the methods he used in making -his bomb which I cannot detail here for obvious -reasons, but which from my acquaintance with -explosives I knew to be untrue. By no means -all the particulars of his acquaintance with dynamite<span class="pagenum" id="Page_201">201</span> -had been explained, and the fact that this -remarkable teacher of foreign languages, a man -apparently of fair intellect, had committed one -major crime and confessed to another all in the -same day, made the motive all the more obscure. -But we had learned that he talked freely, and that -meant that he would give us more information, -either consciously or unconsciously.</p> - -<p>Holt was moved about half past seven that -night to safer keeping in the county jail at Mineola, -and we reconvened there an hour later for -further examination. Major Pullman joined us -in the course of the evening and took part in the -questioning. By that time I had word from New -York that a telegram had arrived for Holt at -the Mills Hotel signed by D. F. Sensabaugh, and -inquiring for particulars. Thinking that this was -a clue to possible accomplices I tried, taking several -different angles of attack, to find out whether -Holt had told Sensabaugh (who he said was his -father-in-law), what he was going to do, and why -he had written that evening to his wife. The result -of this questioning was nil. Then we went -over his course in Washington, step by step, and -brought out nothing of significance; then returned -to the topic of his views on the shipment of munitions, -and tried to draw out any talks which he<span class="pagenum" id="Page_202">202</span> -might have had with friends on that subject. -His answer to this was:</p> - -<p>“I have not talked to my friends about it, because -my friends, in my position, they are not the -kind of people who would talk on such things. -Do you suppose that a university professor would -undertake that sort of thing? I think that can -be easily figured out that I could not have anybody -else with me.”</p> - -<p>That was the conclusion which we were being -forced to accept. But the mystery of the dynamite -purchase was still unsolved. Holt said we -could not guess the reason why he was withholding -the answer to it. I was inclined to agree -with him just then. I couldn’t guess. But he -betrayed in one of his replies the real factor -which was to solve the mystery. Major Pullman -asked:</p> - -<p>“Why did you decide to go to the Capitol?”</p> - -<p>“Merely,” replied the thin figure in the chair, -“to get the most prominent place in the country. -You see I wanted to call attention to my appeal.”</p> - -<p>In this he had succeeded. The whole country -was working on the case. If our feeling that -Holt had bought more explosives was no more -than a theory at first, it was strengthened when -he admitted that he had spent nearly $275 in two<span class="pagenum" id="Page_203">203</span> -weeks, had only six sticks of dynamite to show -for it, and was able to account for only $50. He -denied that he had ever been in the German Club -in New York, reiterated that he was born in the -United States, dodged the exact city, then suggested -Milwaukee, said that the name of the college -he had attended in Texas “wouldn’t come,” -and sidestepped cleverly any admission which -might allow us to trace the dynamite purchase. -Thus ended Saturday, July 3, which had started -out as a holiday. I left two men to watch Holt, -and went home, tired out, and not at all satisfied.</p> - -<p>While we had been busy with the prisoner, the -wires to Boston and the trains to Chicago had been -carrying out their routine tasks of syndicating -news. A police officer in Cambridge in reading -the description of Holt which had flashed out to -the newspapers detected a familiar ring to the -natural phrase “shambling walk” which had been -used to describe Holt’s gait. Thousands of men -whom we encounter in daily life have shambling -walks, but to this officer only one man had a -shambling walk in which he was interested, and -that man was Erich Muenter, a Harvard instructor, -whom he had suspected of wife-murder nine -years before. Nine years is a long time, and -the average person cannot recall offhand the gait<span class="pagenum" id="Page_204">204</span> -of anyone whom he last saw nine years ago, but -those two words had evidently typified to the -Cambridge officer the murderer who got away. -When the news photographs followed the description -to Boston and the Cambridge police saw -them, they were not so sure, for Muenter had had -a beard, and in his Cambridge days his head was -not bandaged. But suspicion had been aroused, -and that was enough to issue the news throughout -the country during the night. Reporters in Ithaca -tried to verify it from Holt’s associates at Cornell, -and failed, reporters two thousand miles away in -Dallas tried to verify it from Holt’s confused -father-in-law, and failed. Dallas, however, supplied -the particulars of his previous life so far -as anyone seemed to know them, and these particulars -were again relayed, verified, and amplified -in every city in which Holt had ever been known in -recent years.</p> - -<p>Sunday morning, Independence Day, I went -early to Mineola and questioned Holt again, with -little result. Meanwhile the Bomb Squad at work -in New York had found one of the shops in Jersey -City where Holt had purchased a revolver. He -gave his name to the proprietor as “Henderson,” -and his address as Syosset, Long Island—a little -station not far from Glen Cove. I asked him<span class="pagenum" id="Page_205">205</span> -why he gave this fictitious name and address; he -replied he had happened to see Syosset on a timetable, -and that the name Henderson popped into -his head. We then returned to my favorite subject, -dynamite, and Holt finally said that he would -tell me on the following Wednesday, July 7, where -he had bought it. Why Wednesday, July 7? -He would not answer, and no amount of questioning -served any end except that of further confusion.</p> - -<p>The day was not without developments, however. -During the afternoon District Attorney -Smith of Nassau County paid a visit to the jail, -and identified the wretched Holt as a former -acquaintance in Cambridge, Erich Muenter. At -almost the same hour the Chicago authorities -came into possession of the news photograph of -the man mailed from New York the day before. -They hurried with it to the home of two spinsters, -known to be sisters of the missing Muenter, and -obtained from them an unqualified identification: -it was their lost brother, and “the news would kill -their mother.” This Pearce-Lester-Holt-Henderson-Muenter -was becoming more interesting -every minute. Wife-poisoner, dynamiter, gunman—what -next?</p> - -<p>“Next” was Monday. The second revolvershop<span class="pagenum" id="Page_206">206</span> -had been discovered, and again the use of -the alias Henderson and the address Syosset. -Holt, when I called on him in the morning, repeated -only what he had told the day before, and -reiterated, “Wednesday I will tell you,” until it -became almost a refrain. He denied that he was -Muenter, and that he had ever heard the name. -I returned to New York to spend the rest of the -daylight in investigation among the explosives’ -manufacturers. From the records of the Ætna -Company, of which the Keystone was a subsidiary, -we learned during the afternoon that one Henderson -had telephoned an order for 200 sticks of -dynamite to be delivered at Syosset. I was just -ready to start for Syosset with Commissioner Scull -when, as if we had not already had enough to interest -us, our friends the anarchists exploded a -bomb in Police Headquarters itself. Curiously -enough, although it was a delay, this did not prove -the disturbing incident which one might believe. -We had had anonymous threats of it some weeks -before; it was one year and a day after the accidental -death of the anarchist Berg, who was killed -making a bomb, and it seemed to have no connection -whatever with the Holt case. No one was injured, -and after steps had been taken to follow the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_207">207</span> -case, I went home to sleep what was left of the -night.</p> - -<p>Tuesday arrived.</p> - -<p>I went to Syosset, and interviewed the station -agent, George D. Carnes. Carnes said he knew -a man named Henderson. Henderson had seen -him first about three weeks before when he came -to the little station to claim a new trunk which -had been shipped down from New York, apparently -empty, as it weighed only thirty-six pounds. -Henderson had signed for the trunk, and gone -away. He reappeared some days later and asked -Carnes whether he had received two boxes of -dynamite and two boxes of fuses and detonating -caps—he had to blow up some stumps and he -expected the explosives. They had not arrived. -Henderson made inquiries for several days, and -when the boxes came, claimed them, signed the -name of Frank Hendrix to the receipt, and drove -away in a Ford. At last we seemed to be on the -right trail.</p> - -<p>He had received the material, we knew, but -where was it? In the trunk, perhaps. Had the -trunk been shipped out of Syosset? No, Carnes -said. We telephoned several stations in the vicinity, -and finally at Central Park, a few miles<span class="pagenum" id="Page_208">208</span> -west, we struck the trail again. The baggage -records there revealed that a Henderson had -checked a trunk to the Pennsylvania station, New -York, on July 2—Friday. That was enough to -take us to Central Park.</p> - -<p>The check number I telephoned to New York -for detectives to trace from the station if they -could. Information of a stranger is freely offered -in a village, and we found shortly that Holt had -employed a small boy with a wheelbarrow to convey -his trunk from a shanty in the woods to the -station, and to the shanty we went. Near it lay -a charred dynamite-box, and there were a few wax-paper -wrappers from sticks of dynamite which the -weather had left for our information. No explosive -was to be seen, but there was evidence -that he had burned some of it nearby.</p> - -<div id="ip_208" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 50em;"> - <img src="images/i_208a.png" width="800" height="527" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><p>Mrs. Holt’s Mysterious Letter<span class="in8"> - The First Word from Texas</span></p> -<p class="p0 htmlonly"><a href="images/i_208alarge.png">(Larger)</a></p></div></div> - -<p>If he had not burned it all, the balance of those -two hundred sticks were in the trunk. The day -was growing old. Carnes and I sped back to -Mineola, and the station agent identified Holt -as the dynamite man. I repeated my questions; -Holt replied, “I will tell you Wednesday.”</p> - -<p>“Look here,” I said. “I have the number -of that check. That dynamite is in the trunk. -It’s liable to go off any minute and kill a lot of -people. I can trace that check, but it will take<span class="pagenum" id="Page_209">209</span> -time, and you better tell me quick where you left -the trunk.”</p> - -<p>“All right,” Holt answered, and said that he -had sent it to a storage warehouse whose office was -somewhere near 40th Street and Seventh Avenue. -Two minutes later Lieut. Barnitz and I were out -of the jail and in a motor bound for New York.</p> - -<p>It took just 28 minutes to cover the 20 miles -to Fifty-Ninth Street and Fifth Avenue, and we -turned south to the section around Fortieth Street. -We found the office of the storage company—empty. -The warehouse itself was at 342 West -38th Street, and we hurried over there, arriving -simultaneously with the detectives who had been -tracing the check number from the Pennsylvania -station. An old watchman was in charge who -knew nothing whatever of the records of the office, -but who turned bright green when we told him -what we were after. While Detectives Barnitz, -Coy, Murphy, Sterett, Walsh and Fenelly went -up into the recesses of the warehouse to hunt for -the trunk, I called headquarters.</p> - -<p>“Commissioner Woods just called and wants -you to call him at the Harvard Club,” the office -said. I did so, and reported our progress.</p> - -<p>“Get that trunk as fast you can and find out -exactly what’s in it,” said the Commissioner.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_210">210</span> -“Washington just called me to say that Governor -Colquitt down in Dallas just wired them. He -says Holt’s wife got a letter from Holt dated -July 2 saying that he’s put dynamite on a ship -now at sea, and that it will sink on the seventh!”</p> - -<p>On the fifth floor of the great dark barn they -discovered the trunk, with a dozen others on top -of it. There were no lights, and it was necessary -to roll it over, haul it out, snake it across other -piles, and carry it down four flights of steep -stairs in the dark to the office. Barnitz picked -up an axe and hacked the lock away. He lifted -the cover, and there we found one hundred and -thirty-four sticks of dynamite—one hundred in -their original box, and the rest packed in small -spaces between hammers, nails, bolts, and other -tools, several bottles of sulphuric and nitric acid, -and 197 detonating caps—a pretty package to -trundle down four flights of dark stairs and open -with an axe!</p> - -<p>Fifty sticks of the original 200 were unaccounted -for. I telephoned the report to the Commissioner, -and followed it to the Harvard Club, in -44th Street, while Barnitz telephoned for the inspector -of combustibles to come and take possession -of the explosives. The Commissioner, with -Guy Scull, were sitting in the lounge, and I was<span class="pagenum" id="Page_211">211</span> -reporting in greater detail when the Commissioner -was called to the telephone. He returned a moment -later, and his first remark was this:</p> - -<p>“<em>Holt is dead at Mineola!</em>”</p> - -<p>And there went our case.</p> - -<p>The first wild report from Mineola had it that -Holt had been shot by a German. The international -consequences of the case, which had been -hovering just out of reach for the past four days, -now seemed certain. A nation which was still -bitterly angry over the recent <i>Lusitania</i> sinking -would certainly not brook the violation of its -Capitol and the attempted assassination of one -of its chief figures by a German agent, and if -Holt had been shot by a German, it was more -than likely that he had been killed to prevent a -further confession which would implicate the Imperial -German Government. These thoughts -passed through our minds as we motored back -across the Queensboro Bridge, and retraced the -route Barnitz and I had just traveled.</p> - -<p>Holt was not shot by a German. Holt was not -shot at all. An aged guard had been left to -watch him that evening, just after Barnitz and -I had left, for the prisoner, despairing over the -Muenter identification, had already made one attempt -with a bit of tin from a lead pencil to cut<span class="pagenum" id="Page_212">212</span> -the arteries of his wrists, and we did not want him -to try again. The old bailiff who sat outside the -cell cage had not only left the cage door unlocked, -but had been careless enough to leave Holt’s cell -door ajar. The prisoner seemed quiet enough, -and the bailiff fell asleep. He woke to find Holt’s -body in a twisted heap in the center of the floor -of the cell corridor. Holt had evidently been -feigning sleep and while the bailiff dozed had -crept out, climbed to the top of the cage, and -dived headforemost to the concrete floor.</p> - -<p>There we found him. The man’s skull was -crushed from the impact of his dive. Rumors -that he was shot by a mysterious rifle bullet from -outside notwithstanding, Holt bore no wound except -the bruise Physick gave him with the lump of -coal, and the wound which was the result of his -fall. If Holt was a German agent, he died with -his secret.</p> - -<p>We had no time to analyze the question. We -knew that Holt had written his wife he had placed -dynamite aboard a ship which was at sea, and -that July 7, the date on which he had promised -an explosion, was less than two hours away. On -the theory that he might have shipped an express -parcel containing a bomb overseas from some -nearby station, Mr. Scull and I spent the night<span class="pagenum" id="Page_213">213</span> -in an exhaustive canvass by telephone and motor -of every station in Nassau County. Many of the -station agents were asleep, but we woke them, and -searched until dawn. The net result was record -of two shipments to Europe since the day Holt -received the dynamite: One from Syosset the -other from Oyster Bay. Back to New York -again we raced, and at the office of the Adams -Express Company found the Syosset package, -opened it, and found—no dynamite at all. The -Oyster Bay package had already been shipped to -Europe; we telephoned the consignor, and learned -that it contained clothes for a poor relative in -England.</p> - -<p>Apparently Holt had not shipped a bomb. -While we were opening his trunk at the warehouse -the night before, the government was issuing -from Washington a wireless bulletin to all -ships at sea, warning them to search the cargo -thoroughly for a bomb. One by one the vessels -which had sailed during the past week reported -that they had investigated with no result, and as -these reports came in we began to rest easier in -our minds. Yet he had so persistently refused to -tell us of the dynamite “until Wednesday” that -we could not ignore the prophecy he had made to -his wife—“With God’s help, a ship that sailed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_214">214</span> -from New York July 3 will sink on July 7.” At -noon, of Wednesday, July 7, an explosion occurred -in the hold of the steamship <i>Minnehaha</i>, -in mid-ocean, so strong as to blow out a section of -the upper decks. The <i>Minnehaha</i> had left New -York on July 3. Happily there was no loss of -life, and she reached port safely.</p> - -<p>Two and two make four, but we must not add -them for a moment. Holt—or Muenter, as he -was fully and finally identified—may have placed -a bomb in the <i>Minnehaha</i>. His promise may -have been valid, but there is another possible -origin for that explosion, namely, the activities of -Paul Koenig’s little group. He may have placed -a bomb on the <i>Minnehaha</i> which was exploded by -a bomb placed there by another. He may have -placed a bomb on quite another ship—which did -not explode, and which may have traveled harmless -to its consignee in England. That consignee -may have been fictitious, or he may have been an -accomplice; if an accomplice he may have been -German. We must not add two and two until we -have gathered up the loose threads as they were -gathered up during those last active days, and -begin to sort them out.</p> - -<p>If we do, we shall see that the Ithaca police -found in Holt’s rooms a scrapbook curiously replete<span class="pagenum" id="Page_215">215</span> -with newspaper reports of crimes, fratricides, -patricides and plain murders. But no cases of -wife-murder, nor of arsenical poisoning. And -no clippings dating back of 1906; for all the evidence -of the scrapbook, Holt had never existed -before 1907. His wife, who, by a queer coincidence, -bore the same maiden name, Leona, as the -one whom he had poisoned, apparently knew -nothing of Holt’s life before she met him in Texas -in 1909, loved him, and married him. She did -not know that he was born in Germany, and educated -in Germany or that he had fled from Chicago -to Mexico in 1906 and had then worked back into -Texas as a student. He probably wrote to her -from Ithaca in September, 1914, that he had just -had the pleasure of meeting Professor Ernest -Elster, of Marburg, Germany, who was visiting -Cornell, and that Elster had highly commended -him for his articles on Goethe—but if he did -write to her, what then? Perhaps Herr Professor -Elster had commended Holt for some other -past or projected service to <i>Kultur</i>. There is a -queer development of the story in the fact that on -September 4, 1915, Mrs. Frank Holt, writing -from Dallas, Texas, to Griffithe’s warehouse, enclosed -one dollar to pay for storage on a trunk -left there by her husband July 2, and signed her<span class="pagenum" id="Page_216">216</span> -name: “F. H. Henderson.” Perhaps the -rumor is true that a woman appeared at the -offices of J. P. Morgan and Company in New -York on July 2, 1915, and attempted to warn Mr. -Morgan of “something that was going to happen -the next day” and perhaps she was a friend -of von Rintelen’s. Mr. Morgan never saw her. -But it is a fact that Rintelen had said to an American -with whom he was dealing: “Morgan and -Root ought to be put out of the way!”</p> - -<p>Probably—not perhaps—speculation has already -carried this story too far. The facts are -that Mr. Morgan recovered from his wounds, -and that two and two make four.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_217">217</span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="IX" class="vspace">IX<br /> - -<span class="subhead">THE NATURE FAKER</span></h2> -</div> - -<p>Richard Harding Davis could have done justice -to this story.</p> - -<p>In December of 1917 we had been eight months -at war. We would be an innocent and purposely -ignorant nation if we did not acknowledge that -even after we had been eight months at war there -were German spies in the United States practising -their quiet trade in order to make our waging of -war as difficult as possible, just as for three years -they had practised to keep us out of the war entirely. -It would be as absurd to assume that there -are not German spies in America to-day who have -been here throughout our part in the war, and -who have done their utmost to cripple us.</p> - -<p>But there is one who will not be here indefinitely....</p> - -<p>In December, 1917, I received a complaint that -valuable papers had been stolen from a certain -Captain Claude Staughton, who lived at 137 West -75th Street, Manhattan. The Captain himself -said that the lives of thousands of American soldiers<span class="pagenum" id="Page_218">218</span> -were in jeopardy, and that neither they nor -he would rest in conscious security until those -papers were found. So two other Thomases of -the Bomb Squad, Sergeant Thomas J. Ford and -Detective Thomas J. Cavanagh, were sent to investigate -the theft.</p> - -<p>They found that Captain Staughton lived in an -apartment on the second floor of the premises at -137 West 75th Street and that his rooms were -shared by a Captain Horace D. Ashton. Staughton, -they learned, was a captain of West Australia -Light Horse—or was supposed to be—and a -photograph they found of the captain in his uniform -revealed four gold wound-stripes on his -sleeve, which suggested an interesting and heroic -experience overseas. The detectives’ first assumption -was that the missing papers had had to do with -British war work on which the captain was detailed -to the United States. Then they found several -photographic prints in which he was dressed -in the uniforms of other nations than Great Britain, -and their second assumption was that he -might be another of the nervy little band of counterfeit -officers which had done all its fighting in -the restaurants and sympathetic check-books of -New York during the war.</p> - -<p>The detectives learned that Ashton had his<span class="pagenum" id="Page_219">219</span> -mail forwarded to the “Argus Laboratories” -at 220 West 42d Street. They called upon Ashton, -and inquired about his room-mate. Duquesne -was all right, Ashton said—was employed by an -engineering company downtown as an inspector of -airplanes, was in Pittsburg at the moment, but was -expected shortly to return. Duquesne returned, -and was placed under arrest on the charge (we -had no better one at the moment) of unlawfully -masquerading in the uniform of one of our allies, -a uniform to which he had no title. A thousand -questions sprang up in our minds about the man: -why was he in disguise, how long had he been -posing, how could he carry out the bluff without -being discovered, especially by the highly reputable -firm which employed him?—those were a few. -We began to investigate, and from Ashton and -other sources we pieced together the checkered -pattern of his career. Many of the fragments are -missing, and some of them are probably in the -wrong places, but this is the picture we found.</p> - -<p>He had applied for work at the J. G. White -Engineering Company on September 18, 1917, -and in his rather detailed application for employment -set forth that his name was Fred du Quesne. -He stated further that he was 39 years old, married, -and a United States citizen, though born in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_220">220</span> -a British colony. His nearest relative was “A. -Jocelyn du Quesne,” in Los Angeles, and he had -evidently had some trouble in parting the name -in the middle, for it was written over an erasure. -His next nearest relative was set down as “Viscount -François de Rancogne, Prisoner of War, -Germany,”—an address safe enough from prompt -investigation. Last of all his relatives was cited -Edward Wortley, “Colonial Secretary, Jamaica, -B. W. I.” The three names were impressive, -and with the possible exception of Los Angeles, -the addresses were too remote to enable the J. G. -White Company to find out quickly what sort of -man this du Quesne might be.</p> - -<p>He described himself as a graduate of St. Cyr, -the French West Point, as master of French and -English (not German or Portuguese or Spanish), -and as having lived in England, France, Africa, -Australia, Central America, Brazil, Argentine, -and the United States (but not Germany). Present -position he had none, but he would like one as -“Inspector of military devices, purchasing agent -for same, or army supplies transportation.” You -or I, were we working for the Kaiser, would have -liked just such a position. He gave as references -the name of Thomas O’Connell, a relative -employed by the J. G. White Company in Nicaragua;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_221">221</span> -Ashton, Senator Robert Broussard of -Washington, and the Marquis (not “viscount” -this time) de Rancogne, “Lieutenant General of -Cavalry, France.”</p> - -<p>He then set forth his previous experience, which -I may quote direct in the light of later events:</p> - -<p>“1898 to 1899. Secretary to board of selection -on military devices and contracts. South -Africa reporting Genr. de Villiers. (salary) £10 -weekly.</p> - -<p>“1899 to 1902. South African War. Was -inspector of military communication and reported -secretary of war.” (<em>He does not state which secretary -of war</em>) £12.2.6 weekly.</p> - -<p>“1902 to 1903. Lived in United States to -start residence. Had an experience job in the -subway looking on. $25.00.</p> - -<p>“1903 to 1904. Went on tour of Congo Free -State in the interests of making favorable publicity -in this country for King Leopold. Gerard -Harry in charge of campaign for the King. Received -$10,000 for the job, with expenses.</p> - -<p>“1904–5–6. Headed Eldu expedition and industrial -research party in Australia. Sir Arthur -Jones financed me. Received £2,000 yearly.</p> - -<p>“1907–8. Toured Russia for <i>Petit Bleu</i>. -Publicity. 1,000 florins weekly.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_222">222</span> -“1908–9–10. Organized and built string of -theatres in British West Indies. Financed and -erected hydro-electric plant for S. S. Wortley & -Co., Kingston, Jamaica. Made percentages.</p> - -<p>“1911–12. Lived in Nicaragua and Guatemala. -Was with Mr. Thomas O’Connell in -Nicaragua for one year. Made industrial and -investment investigations, especially ore, fibre, rubber. -$5,000 and expenses yearly. Mr. Hite -financed. Address New Rochelle.</p> - -<p>“1913–14–15–16. Explored and travelled in -South America, Brazil, Argentine, Peru, and -Bolivia, on own account. Also conducted special -expedition for Horace Ashton of 220 W. 42d St., -New York.”</p> - -<p>An eventful record, certainly. We asked Ashton -to cast a little light on it. Captain Fritz -Joubert Duquesne, he said, was a scout in the -Boer war—“the leading scout” were his exact -words—but not for the British, but the Boers. -There may have been a touch of irony in Duquesne’s -description of himself as “inspector of -military communications” for he had been captured -eight or nine times in his migrations through -the British lines and had escaped each time—until -the last, when he was made a prisoner of war -at Cape Town, and according to an entry in the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_223">223</span> -records of Scotland Yard, “was sent to Bermuda, -whence he escaped after the declaration of Peace.” -The same records say: “The man Duquesne -was acting as correspondent for a Belgian paper, -the <i>Petit Bleu</i>; he was however in reality working -for the Boers....” Duquesne fancied photographs -of himself, as he made up rather dashingly, -and an old print which the Bomb Squad -men found in his effects bore out the fact of his -imprisonment, for there he stood in his Bermuda -jail with the shackles on his ankles and a grim, -martyred expression on his face.</p> - -<p>The lure of Africa called to him, evidently, -and he went back. We need not take too seriously -his statement that he made a junket for -King Leopold through the Belgian Congo, but -anyone who remembers the uproar over the slavery -by which the depraved old monarch was turning -his colony into gold to pay for his excesses -will also recall the international complications -which the Congo threatened. It was a likely spot -for an international spy. During his survey of -the publicity possibilities of the jungle Duquesne -conceived a few publicity possibilities for himself, -and he came to America as a mighty hunter of -big game.</p> - -<p>“I ran across him first,” said Ashton, “in 1909.—At<span class="pagenum" id="Page_224">224</span> -that time he was writing an article for -<i>Hampton’s Magazine</i> called ‘Hunting Big Game -in Africa.’ In publishing his articles he needed -photographs, and he came to me. I was interested -in his conversation and I said to him: -‘Why don’t you lecture?’ So he went down to -the Pond Lyceum Bureau. He went on a lecture -tour for the Lyceum and later on a tour of the -Keith circuit....”</p> - -<p>We found in his effects a program of the lectures -he gave, its cover decorated with a small -round photograph of Colonel Roosevelt in hunting -costume and a large studio photograph of -Duquesne in khaki, wearing boots and a revolver, -and looking sternly out of the picture as tradition -says a lion-hunter should look. Page two -carried a synopsis of his lecture, of which one -topic was “Hunting with Roosevelt,” and a reproduction -of a number of newspapers which were -then publishing his “Hunting Ahead of Roosevelt,” -an article written for <i>Hampton’s Magazine</i>. -On page three Captain Duquesne figured again -in effigy, this time standing beside the prostrate -form of “A Rare Specimen—the ‘White Rhinoceros,’” -and we are to believe that he killed -the beast. Page four (and last), reproduced a -cartoon from the <i>Washington Star</i> of January 26,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_225">225</span> -1909, which portrayed President Roosevelt pointing -to a picture of an elephant, and enthusiastically -inquiring of a hairy hunter labelled “Duquesne”: -“I want to know his vital spot!”</p> - -<div id="ip_224" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 26em;"> - <img src="images/i_224a.jpg" width="410" height="600" alt="" /> - <div class="caption">Fritz Duquesne prepared for a Lecture Tour as Captain -Claude Stoughton</div></div> - -<p>A quotation from <i>Hampton’s Magazine</i>, also -printed in this program, gives a new vision of -the man’s life from 1900 to 1909. It is probably -as truthful as any—here it is:</p> - -<p>“When the British succeeded in cutting cable -communications between the Boer Republic and -the rest of the world, Duquesne carried the news -of the Boer victories over the Mozambique border, -and from there he wrote his despatches to the -<i>Petit Bleu</i>, the official European organ of the Boer -Government. He was once captured by the -Portuguese and thrown into prison at Lorenzo -Marques. Later he was taken a prisoner to -Europe at the request of the British Government. -When the ship that conveyed him and -his guard touched at Naples, he was suffering -from a fever and in consequence was placed in an -Italian hospital. On his recovery he was allowed -to go free. He went to Brussels and was sent -back to the front by Doctor Leyds, with plans -for the seizure of Cape Town by the Boer commandos -then mobilized in Cape Colony.</p> - -<p>“Everything was ready for the taking of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_226">226</span> -city when, a traitor having revealed the plot, -Duquesne and a number of others were captured -in Cape Town inside the British defenses. This -was the climax of what has come to be known -as the ‘Cape Town Plot.’ Some of the prisoners -were shot and some sentenced to death who -later had their sentences changed to life imprisonment. -Captain Duquesne was among the latter. -Ten months later he escaped from the Bermuda -prisons, got aboard the American yacht <i>Margaret</i> -of New York while she was coaling at the dock, -and was conveyed to Baltimore.</p> - -<p>“Back to Europe he went again, as war correspondent -and military writer on the <i>Petit Bleu</i>; -thence to Africa, where he took a commission on -the Congo. In East Africa he hunted big game -for sport and profit, and finally he came to New -York to do newspaper and magazine work.”</p> - -<p>He cut a figure in America as a hunter. Back -in 1910, when Congress amused itself with light -diversions, when President Taft was in the White -House and when President Roosevelt was in -Africa, the eyes of the nation were turned perforce -toward that great preserve of wild game. -On March 24, 1910, the House of Representatives’ -Committee on Agriculture went into session -with the Honorable Charles F. Scott in the chair.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_227">227</span> -Late March in Washington has a hint of spring, -and that Thursday was probably an off-day, with -nothing much to do, for the committee’s business -was the consideration of H. R. 23261—a bill “to -import into the United States wild and domestic -animals whose habitat is similar to government -reservations and lands at present unoccupied and -unused.... <em>Provided</em>, that such animals will -thrive and propagate and prove useful either as -food or as beasts of burden, and that two hundred -and fifty thousand dollars ... be appropriated -for this purpose.” The bill was Representative -Broussard’s, of Louisiana; he had in -mind the re-population of the unyielding backwaters -of his constituency with happy families of—what? -Foreign sheep, or parrots, or egrets, -or fish? Not at all. Families of hippopotamuses.</p> - -<p>The Gentleman from Louisiana addressed the -meeting briefly, saying that he had brought to -the hearing three distinguished specialists in the -matter of wild beasts, Dr. Irwin of the Bureau of -Plant Industry, Major Frederic Russell Burnham, -a fine old pioneer whom Richard Harding Davis -did describe in his “Real Soldiers of Fortune,” -and “Captain Fritz Duquesne, formerly in the -Boer army, who is lecturing and writing on this<span class="pagenum" id="Page_228">228</span> -subject....” Dr. Irwin spoke earnestly for the -introduction of the hippo, Major Burnham made -an absorbing address on the habits of wild animals -he had known—and a herd of camels he -once pursued in Texas—and our bright and -voluble Captain Fritz then told the committee -extraordinary things of the home of the hippopotamus, -the delicacy of its flesh, the amiability of -its temperament, and the carelessness of its appetite. -“During my boyhood,” he said at one -stage of the proceedings, “the French soap manufacturers -used to come down there and pay us all -sorts of prices, competing with one another, to -get the fat of the hippopotamus; and we made a -considerable amount of money from saving the -fat when we killed a hippo. The Boers were in -the habit of going down to the river and killing a -hippo and bringing it in and dividing it among the -different families in the district. It is pretty hard -to get rid of four and a half tons of meat. In -the case of the bones of the animal, we would take -an ordinary wood saw and saw them in halves, and -make a great big pot of soup for a large number -of the people, including the Kaffir servants on -the ranch, or the farm, as we call it.” Again: -“My father was instrumental in sending the camel -to Australia from Africa, and also in introducing<span class="pagenum" id="Page_229">229</span> -it into the Kalahari desert. The German Government -now uses the camel exclusively for its -cavalry in the Kalahari desert, which is practically -the counterpart of the deserts in this country. -My father had the contract to take them over to -Australia for the West Australian Government -and I took them over there. To-day camels and -ostriches from Africa are being raised in Australia.”</p> - -<p>Mr. Chapman asked: “Do you think animals -such as you have mentioned would become acclimated -here without difficulty?” Duquesne replied: -“Yes, I was over there recently in one -place where Colonel Roosevelt passed through, -and the frost was that thick (indicating about one -inch). That is where he went to get some of his -best animals....” In discussing the zebra he -said: “There is nothing wrong with the animal. -The English in Africa want to get percentage, -you know. They put an animal out and they -want to break it in right away, and they want to -get some money for it right on the spot. That -is what they are in Africa for. They want to -take on the animals and break them in at once. -The Germans are more scientific than the English. -In German East Africa they are making -a great success of domesticating these animals I<span class="pagenum" id="Page_230">230</span> -have spoken of, and crossing the zebra.... -The Germans in Germany, France, and Belgium, -not to mention those in the United States, tried -scientifically to make the leopard change his spots, -too.”</p> - -<p>The man really exhibited an unusual acquaintance -with wild beasts, and he summed up the -picturesque argument for the bill when he said: -“If there is vegetation in a river, the hippopotamus -will never leave the river. If you had -the hippopotamus in Louisiana and it ate up all -your water plants you would be quite willing to -let the hippo live down there. You see the water -plants have to live on a certain amount of air, -and the fish live on a certain amount of air. -Neither the plant nor the fish can live on air that -is not there. As the plant is the stronger, and is -able to take the air from above, it will draw it -at the bottom and draw it from the top, and the -fish is suffocated in the water. Then when a storm -comes and blows the water plants, which are -floating, all to one side, the fish are netted up -against them and kept in one place until they die. -These plants exhaust the air in the water that is -passing through the fishes’ gills and that destroys -the fish.” I wish there were space here to reproduce -all the proceedings of that hearing—it<span class="pagenum" id="Page_231">231</span> -is historic vaudeville: a German spy teaching a -class of American congressmen about the hippo, -and suggesting subtly that when they purchase a -fleet of the great beasts for the Louisiana bayous, -they let him round them up. He would have -done it if there had been American money in it.</p> - -<div id="ip_230" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 38em;"> - <img src="images/i_230a.jpg" width="600" height="394" alt="" /> - <div class="caption">1. Fritz Duquesne as a War Correspondent<span class="in4"> - 2. Duquesne as a Boer Soldier</span><br /> - 3. From Duquesne’s Press Notices<span class="in6"><span class="in1"> - 4. As a British Prisoner of War</span></span><br /> - 5. A Prisoner’s Bank Note Found in Duquesne’s Effects</div></div> - -<p>American money appeared from another -source, however, in 1911. Duquesne had been -working in a desultory way for the moving pictures, -and he interested one Hite, a functionary -in the Thanhouser Film Company, in a plan to -explore Central America with a moving-picture -camera. Ashton said he also obtained financial -support from Frank Seiberling of the Goodyear -Rubber Company of Akron, a great patron of -sports, and the financier of the ill-fated balloon -“Akron” in which Walter Wellman once tried -to cross the Atlantic. He set sail in 1911 for -Jamaica, where he enlisted the finances of his -father-in-law, Wortley, in the project, and then -moved on to Guatemala. There he was suspected -of revolutionary activities, and after cabling -Washington and receiving a satisfactory report -from the state department, he was released, and -made his way through Honduras to Nicaragua. -There he spent some time, and saw something of -O’Connell, the railroad man—enough to receive<span class="pagenum" id="Page_232">232</span> -a pass over all lines of the Nicaraguan railroad.</p> - -<p>In 1913 he returned to the United States. -Among the papers which we discovered was a -record of an insurance policy for a maximum of -$80,000 worth of moving picture film at $4 a -foot, which Duquesne took out with the Mannheim -Insurance Company in New York on December -17. He was setting out on another expedition, -and he wished to insure his reels of -film on shipboard from</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p class="in0">“seas, fires, pirates, rovers, assailing thieves, -jettison, barratry of the master and mariners, -and all other perils, losses and misfortunes -that have or shall come to the hurt, detriment -or damage of the said goods and merchandise -or any part thereof.”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="in0">By a separate certificate the company also insured -Duquesne against further risk, thus:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p class="in0">“It is agreed that this insurance covers only -the risk of capture, seizure or destruction by -men-of-war, by letters of marque, by taking -at sea, arrests, restraints, detainments or acts -of kings, princes and people authorized by -and in prosecution of hostilities between belligerent -nations....”</p></blockquote> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_233">233</span> -and off to the Spanish Main and the pirates and -the assailing thieves sailed Fritz Duquesne.</p> - -<p>His migrations during the years of 1914 and -1915 are not clear. This much is certain: that -on June 16, 1915, Sir C. Mallet, the British minister -at Panama, wrote to the foreign office in -London the following note, setting forth an observation -he had made that day in the Zone:</p> - -<p>“Through a Canal Zone detective I learnt -confidentially that a passenger named Captain F. -Duquesne, travelling with a passport issued by the -United States Consul at Mañaos, Brazil, had embarked -for Trinidad on the R. M. S. <i>Panama</i> on -the 14th instant.</p> - -<p>“My informant stated that Captain Duquesne -poses as an American officer but in reality is an -intelligence officer in the service of the German -Government.</p> - -<p>“I have warned the Governor of Trinidad by -telegraph so that a watch may be kept on Captain -Duquesne’s movements.”</p> - -<p>The wily captain had been cruising rather busily -through the Caribbean, over the Isthmus, and into -South America. His passport connected him with -Mañaos, the British message established his presence -at Panama and Trinidad, a German war communiqué<span class="pagenum" id="Page_234">234</span> -dated “December 20,” and signed by -the German consul, Lehmann, in Guatemala, -showed that he was an acceptable guest at the outposts -of the German Empire. And he had visited -Nicaragua before he entered Panama in 1915, -for we found in his possession this letter:</p> - -<blockquote> -<p class="sigright"> -“Managua, May 5, 1915.</p> - -<p class="in0">“Imperial German Consulate<br /> -<span class="in2">for Nicaragua:</span> -</p> - -<p>“It is a pleasure for me to recommend to you, -my countrymen, the bearer of this, Mr. Fritz -Duquesne, Captain of Engineers to the Boer -army, very warmly.</p> - -<p>“The same gentleman has on many occasions -given many notable services to our good German -cause.</p> - -<p class="sigright"> -<span class="l2">“The Imperial German Consul,</span><br /> -“<span class="smcap">Uebersexig</span>.” -</p></blockquote> - -<p class="in0">Enclosed in the envelope was Uebersexig’s personal -card, reinforcing his recommendation of -Duquesne as an accredited German agent.</p> - -<p>Trinidad is a good jumping-off place into the -far tropics, and it is quite possible that as Ashton -said Duquesne disappeared into the interior of -Brazil, and “explored the unknown regions of -Brazil and the Amazon.” It is not hard to find -unknown regions of Brazil within a few miles of -the coast. He probably did not penetrate far into<span class="pagenum" id="Page_235">235</span> -the interior, for in January of 1916, he showed up -in lower Brazil.</p> - -<p>He emerged from the interior as a valiant explorer, -preceded by native carriers whom he had -hired to transport his precious movie-film. As -he approached the port of Bahia Duquesne’s personality -underwent a perceptible change. Duquesne -suddenly became George Fordham. -Among his papers we found an application for -shipment by a Brazilian broker which read as -follows:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p class="in0">“Honorable Superintendent.</p> - -<p>“Francisco Figuerado requests a permit to ship -for New York via steamer <i>Verdi</i> to sail on January -28, 1916, a case as described below:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p class="in2">“Bahia, January 27, 1916.</p> - -<p class="in2">“Raul E. de Oliveira, Custom House Broker.</p> - -<p class="in2"> -“1 case weighing 80 kilos <span class="in4">00$500</span> -</p> - -<p class="in2">“One case of potter’s earth in dust (samples)”</p> -</blockquote></blockquote> - -<p class="in0">Potter’s earth may have been included in the -materials in the case, but that is doubtful, for on -October 4, 1916, “Mrs. Alice Duquesne being -duly sworn deposes and says that she accompanied<span class="pagenum" id="Page_236">236</span> -her husband, Captain Fritz Duquesne, during -his trip through Central America in the Spring -and Summer of 1914. That in the baggage was -an iron trunk used to carry moving picture films -and negatives which she presumes to be the same -trunk that was subsequently shipped by Capt. -Duquesne per the S. S. <i>Tennyson</i> from Bahia to -New York sailing in January, 1916. That the -said trunk was about ½ inch thick, and made of -iron about 45 inches in length by 30 inches in -height by 26 inches in depth ... had a hinged -cover that overlapped the sides of same, and -fastened down with two thumb screws and a lock. -That two iron bands went around the trunk and -were riveted to same. That the cover was lined -with packing where it overlapped the sides of the -trunk. That the said trunk was of very solid construction, -painted a dark green, almost black, and -that two men were required to lift same.” -Hardly a suitable receptacle for potter’s earth. -Furthermore, George Fordham, whose handwriting -is identical with that of Fritz Duquesne for the -simple reason that the two men were the same, -on February 11 signed an invoice at the American -consulate in Bahia stating that he solemnly and -truly declared that the 28,000 feet of moving picture -film and the 4100 negatives which he was<span class="pagenum" id="Page_237">237</span> -shipping back to the United States were to the -best of his knowledge and belief of the manufacture -of the United States and had been exported -from the United States in 1913.</p> - -<div id="ip_236" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 33em;"> - <img src="images/i_236a.png" width="526" height="800" alt="" /> - <div class="captionl"> - -<blockquote class="hang largerx b0"> - -<p class="b0">1. A significant clipping found in Duquesne’s effects</p> - -<p class="p0 b0">2. A German Communique found on Duquesne</p> - -<p class="p0 b0">3. The United States Customs invoice by which Duquesne, -as “George Fordham,” shipped his “Films”</p></blockquote></div> -<div class="caption htmlonly"> -<a href="images/i_236alarge.png">(Larger)</a></div></div> - -<p>The <i>Tennyson</i> sailed quietly out of the river-mouth -into the Atlantic and Duquesne vanished -just as quietly. On February 26, when the ship -was coasting along the Brazilian forest toward -the Equator, a terrific explosion occurred in her -hold, and three sailors were killed. The iron -trunk never reached New York. The news of -the catastrophe set fire to the British in South -America and the English press seethed with such -paragraphs as this—which we found in Duquesne’s -papers, clipped from an Argentine newspaper:</p> - -<blockquote> -<p class="sigright"> -“Rio de Janeiro. -</p> - -<p>“The confession of the clerk Bauer, arrested -in connection with the <i>Tennyson</i> outrage, which -led to the discovery of the papers and funds of -the band of German bombers in an English safe -deposit institution reveals a plot of far-reaching -consequences fraught with danger to the neutrality -of a number of South American republics, -as well as peril to the lives of their citizens.</p> - -<p>“Besides a number of important documents, -the police seized $6,740 in American bills, which -were in an envelope marked ‘On His Majesty’s -Service’ and addressed: ‘Piet Naciud.’ When<span class="pagenum" id="Page_238">238</span> -this name was published it caused quite a shock in -the Allied circles here, as this man always cultivated -their society and even recited at their -benefits. He was ever loud in his denunciations -of the Germans, and as he was a Boer, or pretended -to be one, was doubly liked for his seemingly -praiseworthy attitude. Little did the English -dream that they were harbouring a black-hearted -spy in their midst whom they now know -as one of the leading plotters whose audacity is -beyond belief. The safe deposit was in his own -name, and he gave his home address as Cape -Town. Neither he nor the agent Niewirth and -his fellow conspirators have yet been arrested. -It is believed that they left with Naciud in a -powerful motorboat that he owned.”</p></blockquote> - -<p>How Captain Fritz Duquesne, alias Fordham, -alias Naciud, must have chuckled as he sat safely -in the neutral Argentine and read this flattering -tribute to his audacity. For he did turn up presently -in Buenos Aires, and embarked on a new -audacity—nothing less than collecting the insurance -of $80,000 for the loss of the film which -he claimed to have shipped in the iron box!</p> - -<p>Let Ashton take up the story:</p> - -<p>“... his wife ... tried to collect the insurance, -but was advised that she would have better -chances ... if he would disappear. He then -assumed the name of Fredericks. In 1916 a report<span class="pagenum" id="Page_239">239</span> -was published in the New York <i>Evening Post</i> -and the New York <i>Times</i> that he had been assassinated -by Indians in the interior of Bolivia, and -being interested I called at the office of the N. Y. -<i>Post</i> and asked Mr. A. D. H. Smith, editor, to -look this report up, and he found that the report -came from the Associated Press, the same being -signed ‘Fredericks.’ They also had a cablegram -signed, ‘Captain Duquesne,’ and it said: ‘I am -still alive.’ The report also said that he was -the sole survivor of an attack from the Indians -and that he was somewhere in Bolivia recovering -in a hospital, the location being unknown. He -sent the message signed ‘Fredericks’ himself from -Buenos Aires.</p> - -<p>“He then became connected with the Board -of Education of the Argentine, supplying films for -the schools, and a certain politician in Buenos -Aires claims he gave him $24,000 with which to -purchase films (certain educational films). He -claims to have come to New York with a man -named Williamson and purchased the films, paying -$24,000 in cash.”</p> - -<p>Mrs. Duquesne was already in New York, having -a hard time collecting her claim against the -German-owned Mannheim Insurance Company -for the “sympathy verdict” for damage to the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_240">240</span> -films. He stored the new films he claims to have -purchased in the Fulton and Flatbush Warehouse, -437 Carlton Avenue, Brooklyn—stored them -as “statuary,” and used to visit the warehouse -frequently. On one occasion he arrived after -hours, and tried unsuccessfully to bribe the watchman -to admit him. He moved to a small hotel in -Elizabeth, New Jersey, and about two weeks after -the storage of the cases of “statuary” in the -Brooklyn warehouse, the warehouse mysteriously -caught fire.</p> - -<p>By a queer coincidence the “films”—Duquesne -has never proved that he did buy them—which -of course were destroyed in this fire too, had been -insured by their purchaser, “Mr. Frederick -Fredericks,” for $33,000 by the Stuyvesant Insurance -Company, and he set out to collect the -$33,000 for the total loss of his property. If -both claims proved successful, he and his wife -would have gathered in some $113,000. But they -found it one thing to be insured and another thing -entirely to get the money. Times were not treating -Duquesne well.</p> - -<p>Along in July, 1917, when the United States -was in the throes of buckling down to the business -of war, and Washington was sweltering under -its increased load of war-time population and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_241">241</span> -business, Ashton, Duquesne’s old friend, happened -to have business in the capital. He -dropped in to call on Robert F. Broussard, of New -Iberia, Louisiana, who in 1915 had been elected -senator from this state ... the same Broussard -who had been the author of the hippopotamus -bill. Ashton asked the United States Senator -from Louisiana if he had heard from Captain -Duquesne. Ashton continues: “his secretary -overheard the conversation (his secretary is a -charming young lady) and I took her out to dinner, -and about five days later she wrote me and -said, ‘You may be interested to know that Captain -Duquesne is in Washington, but does not -want it known.’ I immediately became interested -and concluded that if Captain Duquesne was in -Washington and did not want it known, especially -to me, I ... would investigate. So I went to -Washington ...” and learned something of -Duquesne’s whereabouts and circumstances.</p> - -<p>“After hearing this story in Washington,” -Ashton continues, “I learned that this man was -in desperate need of assistance and I offered to -help him in any way that I could.... Senator -Broussard was trying to secure a position for him -with General Goethals,... also at this time he -had plans on file with the Secretary of the Navy,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_242">242</span> -of an invention to destroy mines in harbors, and -was hoping that he might secure a position with -the Navy Department. I had been offered a position -with George Creel, and I also introduced -Duquesne to him, and I then got in touch with -Major Kendall Barnelli. I advised him to listen -to Duquesne and to give him a position. I also -advised Barnelli that I was investigating Duquesne’s -story.”</p> - -<p>Damon Ashton then brought Pythias Duquesne -back to New York and put him up in the apartment -in which the Bomb Squad men had first been -called to investigate the theft of papers. Duquesne -begged his friend not to make him known -under his own name, as the insurance case for the -warehouse fire was still pending. So Duquesne -continued to masquerade as “Fredericks.” His -health was poor, and he did not go to work at -once. At times Ashton’s charity seemed to irk -Duquesne, and he even went to the telephone and -called up an agency to discuss a lecture tour. The -lecture agents told him that only war lectures -were making money. There was a real inspiration, -and after working for several days to assemble -a uniform of the West Australia Light -Horse, correct in every detail, he dressed up in -it and called at the lecture bureau as Captain<span class="pagenum" id="Page_243">243</span> -Claude Staughton. His Australian experience as -chaperone to the camels stood him in good stead, -and he went about town mixing with British Army -officers without arousing suspicion. He even got -on famously with the late Sir George Reed, prime -minister of Australia, whom he met one night at -the Hotel Astor.</p> - -<p>The Pond lecture folk took him up and arranged -a tour for him. Consciously or unconsciously, -they swallowed Duquesne whole. They -had him photographed in his new uniform, with -the ribbons of three decorations over his heart, -and they reproduced the natty figure on the cover -of a publicity folder announcing the subjects on -which Captain Claude Staughton was prepared to -talk. “Captain Staughton,” read the folder, -“has perhaps seen more of the war than any man -at present before the public.... He wears ribbons -showing that he has received five medals: two -of these the King’s and Queen’s for service in the -Boer war, carrying seven clasps; one is for service -in Natal, and two for bravery in saving lives. A -sixth French medal for which he has been cited -is yet to be awarded. At the outbreak of the Boer -war, Captain, then Lieutenant, Staughton, was an -officer in one of Australia’s crack horse regiments, -the Mounted Rifles. He went with his regiment<span class="pagenum" id="Page_244">244</span> -to Africa, and served in Cape Colony, Orange -Free State, Transvaal, Natal and Basuto Land. -He was with Kitchener at the Battle of Paardeburg -when General Cronje was captured; was -with Lord Roberts at the Capture of Bloemfontein; -at the fall of Johannesburg and the seizure -of Pretoria. Later, in pursuit of DeWet’s army, -he was attached to General Knox’s flying column -as intelligence officer and commandeering officer -for the Australian Bushmen. He later entered -the Cape forces and took active part in the clearing -up of Basuto Land, and in the last Natal insurrection -he fought with the Natal forces.”</p> - -<p>That is a mere fragment of the fighting in which -this eulogy proceeded to sketch Captain Staughton’s -modest part. New Guinea, Gallipoli, -Flanders, the Somme, Arras (illustrated by motion -pictures), four times gassed, three times bayoneted, -once pronged by a German trench-hook—those -were the high lights of the career which, the -folder assured the public, had finally brought him -face to face with the most fearless lecture audience -in the world—the United States. He would be -pleased to lecture on the story of the Anzacs, -underground warfare—or, on “German Spy -Methods,” of which “he had learned much in -Egypt.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_245">245</span> -One of the sub-topics in this lecture on German -spy methods was this: “Germany pays nothing -for its spying on us.—We pay it all.—How long -will we stand it?”</p> - -<p>Well, we stood it for a long time—too long -a time by half. But not long enough to permit -Captain Staughton to lecture before many audiences, -nor to ask this question too frequently. He -gulled a few suburban Sunday schools, but his arrest -put an end at least to his attempt to pick up a -bit of odd change by collecting insurance.</p> - -<p>For the steamship <i>Tennyson</i> was British territory, -and, as this is written, the report comes that -this picturesque charlatan is going back across the -Atlantic, to be tried for the murder of a British -sailor. So begins the last chapter in the story of -Fritz Duquesne.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_246">246</span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="X" class="vspace">X<br /> - -<span class="subhead">THE PRUSSIAN, THE BOLSHEVIK, AND THE -ANARCHIST</span></h2> -</div> - -<p>We caught a glimpse, in the chapter describing -the attempt to wreck St. Patrick’s Cathedral, of -the peace-time game of the anarchist group; we -looked into their meeting places and their disorderly -minds; and those of us who are familiar -with the localities which were their haunts in New -York City will have been enabled to visualize with -some clearness the squalid surroundings in which -they worked. War gave them new opportunities, -and possibly a few high-lights which the Bomb -Squad caught of the anarchist, I. W. W., and -Russian activities since 1914 may prove to be -readable. If they are readable the author should -be content, but he will not be unless he has put -before his people something which may serve as a -warning for the period of readjustment which -the end of war has opened.</p> - -<p>An anarchist publication appeared in New York, -dated November 15, 1918, four days after Germany<span class="pagenum" id="Page_247">247</span> -had signed the armistice, with this legend -on its front page, in large type:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“The War Is Dead: Long Live the Revolution!”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="in0">It reflects the joyful frame of mind with which -orthodox anarchists received the news of peace, -and hailed the beginning of what they thought -would be unrestrained guerilla warfare on law and -class. They had done very little to help the war, -and their two chief figures, Emma Goldman and -Alexander Berkman, were in prison for obstructing -the draft of America’s army. Yet the anarchists -as a class were extremely happy. Let us review -some of the reasons why.</p> - -<p>On October 25, 1915, Har Dayal, who had -fled at the outbreak of war to the protection of -Berlin, where he was placed in charge of the Indian -Nationalist Committee, wrote from Amsterdam, -Holland, to Alexander Berkman in New -York. The letter follows:</p> - -<blockquote> -<p class="in0"> -“Dear Comrade: -</p> - -<p>“I am well and busy and sad. Can you send -me some earnest and sincere comrades, men and -women, who would like to help our Indian revolutionary -movement in some way or other? I need -the coöperation of very earnest comrades. Perhaps -you can find them in New York or at Paterson. -They should be real fighters, I. W. W.’s or<span class="pagenum" id="Page_248">248</span> -anarchists. Our Indian party will make all necessary -arrangements.</p> - -<p>“If some comrades wish to come, they should -come to Holland. We have a centre in Amsterdam, -and Dutch comrades are working with us. -If some comrades are ready to come, please telegraph -me from New York to the following address:</p> - -<p class="in0 in2"> -<span class="in1">“‘Israel Aaronson, c/o Madame Kercher,</span><br /> -<span class="in2">“‘116 Oude Scheveningerweg,</span><br /> -<span class="in3">“‘Scheveningen, Holland.’</span> -</p> - -<p>“My assumed name is ‘Israel Aaronson.’ -Kindly don’t telegraph in your own name. The -word ‘yes’ will suffice. The Rotterdam-Amerika -Line will receive instructions from us here to -give tickets, etc., to as many persons as you recommend. -All financial arrangements will be made -by our party.</p> - -<p>“News from India is good. We have lost (?) -some very brave comrades in the recent skirmishes.</p> - -<p>“It would be better if you could intimate in -your telegram how many comrades wish to come. -For instance, put the number in some sentence. -I shall understand, e. g., Five months’ holiday -coming. Etc., etc.</p> - -<p>“The need for the services of comrades is -urgent. Please do come to our help. We are -fighting against heavy odds.</p> - -<p>“With love and respect.</p> - -<p class="sigright"><span class="l4">“Your for the Fight,</span><br /> -“<span class="smcap">Har Dayal</span>.” -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_249">249</span></p> - -<p class="in0">“P. S. Kindly be very careful in keeping everything -secret and confidential. When comrades -arrive they should go and see Domela Nieuwenhuis, -20 Burgmestre Schooklaan, Hilversum (near -Amsterdam). He will tell them where to meet -me. Please also write a letter to the above address -in Scheveningen, in addition to the telegram. -Telegram may be intercepted.</p> - -<p class="sigright"> -“H. D.” -</p></blockquote> - -<div id="ip_248" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 16em;"> - <img src="images/i_248a.jpg" width="250" height="600" alt="" /> - <div class="caption">Lieutenant Commander Spencer Eddy</div></div> - -<p>Not satisfied apparently that this letter would -reach Berkman, Har Dayal wrote another a week -later, which read as follows:</p> - -<blockquote> -<p class="sigright"> -<span class="l3">“Address: Israel Aaronson,</span><br /> -<span class="l2">“c/o Madame Kercher,</span><br /> -<span class="l1">“116 Oude Scheveningerweg,</span><br /> -“Scheveningen. -</p> - -<p class="in0"> -“Dear Comrade: -</p> - -<p>“I am well and busy. Can you send me some -earnest and sincere comrades men and women, to -help our Indian revolutionary party at this juncture? -They should be persons of good character. -If Tannenbaum is free, would he like to come?</p> - -<p>“Please keep this matter strictly <em>secret</em> and <em>confidential</em>. -Kindly don’t discuss it with too many -people.</p> - -<p>“This is a great opportunity for our party. I -need the coöperation of earnest comrades for very -important work. Several of our comrades have -come from India with encouraging news and messages.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_250">250</span> -“If some comrades can come, please <em>wire</em> and -<em>write</em> to the above address to my assumed name, -‘Israel Aaronson.’ I shall send you money immediately -to the name which you telegraph. Let -it be a name beginning with a B. I shall understand. -Please don’t telegraph in your own name.</p> - -<p>“Kindly also word the telegram in such a way -that I can understand how many comrades are -coming. If five comrades wish to come, please -wire:</p> - -<p class="center">“‘Five hundred dollars job vacant come.’</p> - -<p class="in0">Just put the number of comrades before the ‘<em>hundred</em>.’ -Or use any other device.</p> - -<p>“Kindly also send me names and addresses of -the prominent anarchist comrades in Denmark, -France, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Italy, Germany, -Austria, and other European countries. -Please also send letters of introduction for me -to them from Emma or yourself, if you know -them.”</p></blockquote> - -<p>And so on. There is enough to show the company -the Hindu-German intriguers kept, and to -show that the Hindu committee in Berlin had -enough money to buy mercenaries from the American -anarchist group, for which the American -brokers would hardly go unrewarded. Rintelen, -within a week of his arrival in the United States -in May, 1915, had tried to hire anarchists to blow -up shipping and start strikes in munitions plants.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_251">251</span> -It further shows that during that week in October -of 1915, Har Dayal had a bright thought that if -he could only get letters from Emma Goldman or -Berkman introducing him to the anarchists of -Europe, and could perhaps introduce to them in -turn his lieutenant, Frank Tannenbaum, from -America—the same who stormed St. Alphonsus’ -church with a gang of I. W. W.’s in 1914, demanding -food—he could hoodwink the anarchists -into believing that he was playing their game, -and really make good use of them in playing his -game—which of course was Berlin’s.</p> - -<p>As it happened, Tannenbaum was busy. So -was Emma. So was Berkman, who received the -letter. He was just formulating plans to go to -San Francisco and become an editor—not a new -avocation, for he had for ten years helped Emma -Goldman issue a publication known as “Mother -Earth”—and to carry out certain radical and -novel ideas. Before we sketch the way in which -he put those ideas on paper, it may be well to see -what experiences he had had to generate ideas, -and just what promise his career contained that he -would be of guiding benefit to these United States.</p> - -<p>Alexander Berkman was a Russian by birth, and -was then about 44 years old. When he was -a youth of 20 he became involved in the famous<span class="pagenum" id="Page_252">252</span> -Homestead strike in Pennsylvania, and on July 22, -1892, he burst into the office of Henry Frick, a -steel manufacturer, in the Carnegie Building in -Pittsburg and shot that gentleman in the neck. -He then went to the Western Penitentiary and -served fourteen years. This qualified him as a -rare martyr among anarchists. After he got out -of prison he was occasionally arrested in various -cities, for wherever he appeared among advocates -of violence there was pretty certain to be trouble. -The long prison term had given him a chance to -develop his mind, and he had written 512 pages -on “The Prison Life of an Anarchist,” which the -“Mother Earth Publishing Company” brought -out, and which sold for $1.15—a very interesting -book indeed.</p> - -<p>So he went to San Francisco in the fall of 1915. -A short time before he left New York his friend -Bill Shatoff gave him a farewell dinner. As the -evening wore on the diners adjourned to the -neighborhood of Second Avenue and Fifth Street -for a frolic, and Berkman and Shatoff playfully -mauled a policeman, and took his club away, for -which both men were arrested. But that did not -interfere long with Berkman’s departure for the -Coast, and the purpose and fruit of his journey -appeared within a short time.</p> - -<div id="ip_252" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 28em;"> - <img src="images/i_252a.jpg" width="444" height="600" alt="" /> - <div class="caption">Major Fuller Potter, Military Intelligence</div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_253">253</span> -It was called <i>The Blast</i>. According to its own -description <i>The Blast</i> was a revolutionary labor -weekly, which meant that it preached revolution -every so often to those who had a grievance -against their employers and to those who had -no employers but who had a deep contempt for -anything of the sort. Alexander Berkman appeared -as editor and publisher, E. B. Morton -as associate editor, and M. E. Fitzgerald as manager. -It sold for five cents a copy, unless you -bought it in bundles, in which case you paid half -that price.</p> - -<p>In the first issue, dated January 15, 1916, the -title of the paper is explained by the editor. “Do -you mean to destroy?” he asks. “Do you mean -to build? These are the questions we have been -asked from many quarters by inquirers sympathetic -and otherwise. Our reply is frank and -bold: We mean both: to destroy and to build. -For socially speaking, Destruction is the beginning -of Construction.... The time is NOW. -The breath of discontent is heavy upon this wide -land. It permeates mill and mine, field and factory. -Blind rebellion stalks upon highway and -byway. To fire it with the spark of Hope, to kindle -it with the light of Vision, and turn pale discontent -into conscious social action—that is the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_254">254</span> -crying problem of the hour. It is the great work -calling to be done. To work, then, and blasted -be every obstacle in the way of the Regeneration!” -In a congratulatory telegram in the same -issue, Emma wrote to Alexander: “Let <i>The -Blast</i> re-echo from coast to coast, inspiring -strength and courage into the disinherited, and -striking terror into the hearts of the craven enemy, -now that one more of our brothers has fallen a -victim to the insatiable Moloch. May <i>The Blast</i> -tear up the solidified ignorance and cruelty of our -social structure. Blast away! To the daring belongs -the future.”</p> - -<p>A sample of the methods by which <i>The Blast</i> -proposed to begin its regeneration of the disinherited -is this delicate editorial paragraph:</p> - -<p>“<i>Judas Made Respectable.</i></p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>“Judas Iscariot delivered the Nazarene agitator -into the hands of the Roman District Attorney. -This base betrayal incensed the people -against the mercenary stool-pigeon. Judas had -enough decency to go and hang himself.”</p></blockquote> - -<p class="in0">A slap evidently at the person whom Emma referred -to in her telegram, who had just sold out to -Moloch.</p> - -<p>It was a cardinal principle of the paper to be<span class="pagenum" id="Page_255">255</span> -scurrilous and direct in its attacks upon the enemies -of anarchy. General Harrison Grey Otis, a Los -Angeles publisher whose newspaper building was -bombed in 1912 after labor trouble, was referred -to as “General Hungry Growl Otis,” Colonel -Roosevelt as “The Human Blowout.” The -leading cartoon of the second issue, drawn—and -well drawn—by Robert Minor, showed a huge -figure of a laborer bearing on a tray the figure -of a tiny though corpulent judge, its mouth open -in speech, and its chair guarded by three stolid -elephantine policemen. The laborer is bearing -the dish to a feast of anarchists, the title of -Minor’s contribution is “The Court Orders—.” -The court had evidently ordered in the direction -of <i>The Blast</i>, and Berkman did not like the order. -In the same issue he wrote editorials against conscription -in England, against the convention of -the American Federation of Labor which had just -been held in San Francisco, against its president, -Samuel Gompers, and against national preparedness.</p> - -<p>I have quoted these extracts not because they -are specially interesting or readable, but because -they will give one who is not wholly familiar with -the practical platform of anarchy a suggestion of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_256">256</span> -anarchy’s tone of voice. It is not friendly, but is -on the contrary quite snobbish. Selig Schulberg, -in an article on Mexico, gently suggested: “Toilers -of America, if the Hearsts, Otises and Rockefellers -have property, for which they want protection, -in Mexico, let <em>them</em> protect it!” The editor -says: “The Fords, the Bryans, the Jane Addams -may be sincere. If so they are blind leaders -of the blind.” A writer signing himself “L. -E. Claypool,” wrote, under the title “Preparedness -is Hell,” this tribute to our tortured Ally in -Europe: “Most of you gents that yell (i. e., yell, -‘What about Belgium?’) never heard of Belgium -till this war broke out. A lot of you probably -don’t know that the language of the Belgians is -French. Further, you don’t know that Belgium -had a treaty with England and France which -placed the little nation in the war before the German -invasion. You may not know that French -and English engineers and military experts had -surveyed the land and were preparing to make it -a battle ground long before the Germans did so.” -That statement was typical German propaganda -of a very crude sort, calculated to appeal by its insinuation -to the class of readers who affected <i>The -Blast</i>. The platform of the paper, in a word, was -Against.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_257">257</span> -Berkman was in a rich field for labor unrest. -California is a strong labor state. The whole -country, outside as well as inside California, had -been excited over the <i>Los Angeles Times</i> bomb -affair in 1912, and it revived that excitement -when two of the culprits were prosecuted three -years later. One finds constant reference to the -case in the files of <i>The Blast</i>, and to the strikes -at Lawrence, Mass., and Ludlow, Colorado, and -Youngstown, Ohio. Anti-capitalistic rough-house -in any corner of the continent was good copy for -Berkman. If it flagged for a moment he took -up the cudgels for his friend Emma, who had -just been arrested in New York and sentenced to -the workhouse for distributing birth-control literature. -Or he dove into international relations, -comparing in one instance Villa and President Wilson, -with little mercy for the latter. The issue -of April Fool’s Day, 1916, carried a leading editorial -directed against the Pacific Coast Defense -League, just organized to bring the national guard -of the Pacific and Mountain states into a condition -of higher efficiency and to start a program -of “healthy physical and military training” in the -public schools. This editorial was signed by Tom -Mooney, who soon appeared in the columns of -the paper in another capacity.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_258">258</span> -The publication did not go unheeded by the -Post Office department. On May 1 Berkman -burst out with an article headed, “To Hell With -The Government,” in which he used language that -would make any ordinary head of hair curl up. -He was angry because the Government had issued -an order holding up all succeeding issues of the -paper. In an editorial he said he welcomed the -uprising in Ireland—the Easter Day affair in -Dublin which cost several Sinn Feiners their lives. -Other anarchistic publications in the country were -meeting the same fate. <i>The Alarm</i>, in Chicago, -<i>Revolt</i> of New York, <i>Regeneracion</i>, a Mexican -revolutionary sheet issued in Los Angeles, and -<i>Voluntad</i>, a Spanish paper in New York, were -closed up. But Berkman went on publishing, and -howling about the constitutional freedom of the -press. Back in New York other friends of his -had been making more trouble: Mrs. Max Eastman -and Bolton Hall were arrested for circulating -birth-control pamphlets, and Bouck White was -jailed for distributing an effigy of the American -flag bearing a dollar-mark. Berkman took up -their cases and howled. He sent appeals for help -in his fight against the Post Office department, and -raised a little money. One of his liberal contributors -was a writer named John Reed, who sent him<span class="pagenum" id="Page_259">259</span> -five dollars from New York. Then a strike broke -out, fostered by the I. W. W., on the iron ranges -in Northern Minnesota, and William M. Haywood -wrote Berkman an appeal for help which -the latter published in <i>The Blast</i> with a eulogy. -He found no dearth of subjects to fill his pages, -and then suddenly came an interruption.</p> - -<p>San Francisco turned out in a great preparedness -parade on July 22. Someone threw a bomb -into the ranks of the marchers. Nine people were -killed. The next issue of <i>The Blast</i> said substantially: -“Well, they might have expected -it,” and said actually: “To try to connect the -Anarchists, the I. W. W., the Labor elements or -the participants in the peace meeting with the -bomb tragedy is stupid. The act was obviously -the work of an individual who evidently sought -to express his opposition to Preparedness for -Slaughter by using the ammunition of Preparedness. -Terrible as it is, it is merely a foretaste -in miniature of what the people may expect multiplied -a million times, from the Preparedness -insanity.” When two men, Nolan and Tom -Mooney, were arrested and charged with the -crime, <i>The Blast</i> rushed to their defense. When -Warren Billings and Israel Weinberg were added -to the list of accused, <i>The Blast</i> ran sketches of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_260">260</span> -the defendants by Minor, the staff artist. The -case was of consuming interest to the anarchist -group, and they rubbed their hands, in <i>The Blast</i> -office, over their good luck that it had happened -right in their own little circle. <i>The Blast</i> ceased -firing random shots and focussed on the bomb -case in salvos, followed the course of the trials, -drew a parallel between the condition of the San -Francisco suspects and that of Fielden, Neebe and -Schwab, three of the anarchists who were implicated -in the Haymarket bomb outrage in Chicago -in 1886 and pardoned.</p> - -<p>The business of being an anarchist became surrounded -with more and more difficulty as the year -drew toward a close. Caplan, the fourth Los -Angeles bomb suspect to be tried, was convicted -and sentenced to ten years; a group of laborers -who had engaged in violence in strikes against the -United States Steel Corporation were under sentence -in a Pittsburg prison; Carlo Tresca (whom -we recall as a speaker at the Brescia Circle in -1915), and ten others were in jail in Duluth -charged with murder in the I. W. W. strike on the -Mesaba Iron range; the Magon brothers, two -Mexican revolutionary anarchists, were in prison, -and the days of <i>The Blast</i> were numbered. Berkman -came back to New York in the fall. While<span class="pagenum" id="Page_261">261</span> -he was absent, <i>The Blast</i> sputtered once more in its -issue of January, 1917, with a venomous cartoon -by Minor, and went out, for want of funds.</p> - -<div id="ip_260" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 26em;"> - <img src="images/i_260a.jpg" width="413" height="600" alt="" /> - <div class="caption">Lieutenant A. R. Fish, Naval Intelligence</div></div> - -<p>Berkman found Emma Goldman well and prosperous. -She had visited him in March in San -Francisco, and again in June and July had delivered -two series of birth-control lectures there. -After her first visit, <i>The Blast</i> had blossomed -out with a book advertisement, which included the -list of volumes sold by the Mother Earth Publishing -Company in New York. There were the -usual texts on anarchy, revolution, and syndicalism, -and it is interesting to note among the books sent -to Berkman for review the following titles: “A -Few Facts About British Rule In India. Published -by the Hindustani Gadar, San Francisco,” -“India’s ‘Loyalty’ to England. Published by -The Indian Nationalist Party,” and “The Methods -of the Indian Police in the Twentieth Century. -Published by the Hindustan Gadar.” Har Dayal -had been the editor of <i>Ghadr</i> until 1914; apparently -his acquaintanceship with Berkman was -being kept fresh by his successors at the nest of -Hindu intrigue in Berkeley.</p> - -<p>But when Berkman got back to New York he -found that birth-control was no longer the thing. -A new development had taken place, half-way<span class="pagenum" id="Page_262">262</span> -around the earth, and it looked promising for the -anarchistic interests. So we must leave the two -for a moment.</p> - -<p>On January 9, 1917, the Russian premier resigned. -A fortnight later the newspapers announced -that the Germans had recaptured considerable -important ground on the Riga front. -On February 3, the United States severed diplomatic -relations with Germany, gave Bernstorff his -papers, and sent him home two weeks later. On -March 11 a revolutionary demonstration broke -out in Petrograd, and the next day the Czar of -All the Russias abdicated his throne. A new -cabinet was formed, its foreign minister told the -Allies that Russia would continue to fight, and -the United States recognized the new régime. -The news was hailed with a good deal of fraternal -spirit in America, and with special cordiality in -New York, where there were great numbers of -Russians who had left Europe to escape the persecution -of the old régime.</p> - -<p>Many of the New York Russians knew what -was going to happen in Petrograd. The Bomb -Squad made friends with an anarchist as early -as February 1, 1917. On that day at a spot -not far from where Shatoff and Berkman had -attacked the policeman a year before, a certain<span class="pagenum" id="Page_263">263</span> -Mr. Plotkin met a Mr. Bogdanovitch. Plotkin -urged Bogdanovitch to call a special conference -of all the revolutionary organizations in the -city to protest against militarism. “No,” said -the conservative Bogdanovitch. “Our group will -either have to pass a resolution as a single unit, or -else go over to Group 2 and see what they are -doing about this news that we are going to have -war. Don’t be too ready to jump to conclusions.” -So the two went to call on Group 2, which was in -session—some 50 Russians and Russian Jews, -who spent the evening harmlessly reading the war -prospects from American newspapers. No resolution -was passed.</p> - -<p>The next night, however, there was a lecture at -Beethoven Hall, at 210 East 5th Street. The -speaker was introduced as “Mr. Bornstein,” who -had just returned from Russia. “Mr. Bornstein” -was Leon Trotzky.</p> - -<p>Trotzky, using the Russian language, told of -the plans that were being developed for revolution. -“You anarchists here,” he said, “don’t want any -militarism or any government which is of no help -to the working class, and is always ready to fire -on the workman. It’s time you did away with -such a government once and forever!” After his -speech, the chairman, Comrade G. Chudnofsky,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_264">264</span> -rose and addressed the crowd of 300 in the hall, -to this effect:</p> - -<p>“Comrades, some of you can’t read English. -You don’t know what is going on until you see it -in the Russian papers. Only to-day I noticed that -the Police Commissioner is going to call out all the -reserves he can get to handle the situation, since -Germany notified America what she would do. -The capitalistic government is <em>afraid of us</em>! -They are afraid of the working class. Remember -that, for in case of war, we can protest against -militarism and start our own war. Here is a -resolution which I propose to prevent any of our -loyal number joining the army. I will read it.” -And he read it.</p> - -<p>The next day Bill Shatoff was scheduled to -speak at a meeting at Number 9 Second Avenue, -but he was suddenly called to Boston, and a substitute -took the platform. He was howled down -because he made a speech which reflected loyalty -to the United States. The audience consisted of -75 Russians, of whom some 30 were anarchists -known to the Bomb Squad. The United States -severed diplomatic relations with Germany that -night.</p> - -<p>On February 4 the representatives of several -of the Russian anarchist groups were to meet at<span class="pagenum" id="Page_265">265</span> -534 East 5th Street and pass the resolution against -militarism, but they could not agree upon it, and -the session ended by postponing the matter. -Most of the delegates present adjourned to 64 -East 7th Street (almost within earshot of the -Washington Arch), to hear Chudnofsky rave -against enlistment, the police, the government and -the war.</p> - -<p>Those little meetings were typical of the eruptions -which occurred throughout the poorer districts -of the great city during the remainder of -the month of February. Such propagandists as -Chudnofsky and Trotzky, uttering their exhortations -to a multiplication of such groups as gathered -in the Fifth Street house, spread among the -gossipy East Siders and into the remotest slums -the news that great things were about to happen -in Russia, and rumor and expectancy set the stage -for the arrival of the news of the revolution on -March 12. The leaders then began to mobilize -their forces and act quickly. Under Shatoff, -Schnabel and Rodes the revolutionary fire was -passed along from one to another. The story -was that Russia was free, reclaimed from Czardom -and all that it had meant of oppression.</p> - -<p>The lid was off, and it was a case of first come, -first served. The Provisional Government was<span class="pagenum" id="Page_266">266</span> -no better than any other, these men said. “Russia -shall be ours.” “How?” asked the eager -disciples. “By helping yourselves,” answered -Shatoff and Schnabel and Rodes. “That’s all -very well,” said the proletariat, “but we haven’t -the price.” “Oh, in that case, come to the farewell -meeting on March 26 for Leon Trotzky, at -Harlem River Casino, and all will be made clear -to you.”</p> - -<p>Some 800 people were at Trotzky’s farewell -party, which was held under the auspices of the -German Socialist Federation. Alexander Berkman -and Emma Goldman were among those present. -A blond Russian made a speech in which he -said: “Comrades, some of us are going back to -Russia to push the revolution as we think it ought -to be pushed, and those who remain here must get -ready to do their share of the work as it ought to -be done.” Trotzky then rose and speaking first -in German, then in Russian, repeated the advice -the previous speaker had given, and added: -“You who stay here must work hand in hand with -the revolution in Russia, for only in that way -can you accomplish revolution in the United -States.” He was cheered to the echo.</p> - -<p>(There are still those who wonder why we have -not recognized the Bolsheviki.)</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_267">267</span> -The pier of the Norwegian-American line the -next morning was a strange sight. Trotzky, with -his wife, Chudnofsky, Plotkin, and a group of -fifty more Russians, including such names as Muhin, -Rapaport, Dnieprofsky, Yaroshefsky and -Rashkofsky, sailed for Norway. An undersized, -wild-eyed, fanatic little plucked-bantam of a Russian -expatriate literally set out from Hoboken -to upset the Provisional Government of Russia, -prevent the formation of a republic, stop the war -with Germany and prevent interference from -other governments—that was his open boast. -And, if such a mission can be crowned with success, -he succeeded.</p> - -<p>The leaders of the groups left behind began -that very afternoon to examine recruits for the -return to Russia. They met at 534 East 5th -Street and elected a committee of five to serve as -examining board for applicants for the $20 to -$50 free passage money extended by the Provisional -Government to help Russians who had fled -the persecutions of the old days to repatriate themselves. -It is unnecessary to state that the Provisional -Government hardly knew how thoroughly -these homing pigeons were going to re-establish -themselves. All those who passed muster were -put down for a sailing date.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_268">268</span> -The Norwegian ship bearing Trotzky and his -party put into Halifax and the British detained -the entire passenger list. On April 15 a mass -meeting of anarchists, socialists, and Industrial -Workers of the World was held at Manhattan -Lyceum to make a formal protest to the British -government against their detention. Kerensky -asked for their release, and they were allowed -to go on. By this time a second consignment -had left, but by a different route. On April -3 George Brewer, H. Gurin, Mr. and Mrs. David -Rohlis, one Kotz, one Schmidt, one Nemiroff and -27 others left the Pennsylvania Station for Chicago, -Vancouver, Japan and Siberia. On April -23 Comrades Bogdanovitch, Bendetsky, Albert -Greenfield, John (or Ivan) Stepanoff, Michael -Smirnoff, Henry Shklar and 89 more left on the -Erie Railroad for Seattle, Japan and Siberia. On -the 12th day of May, “Dynamite Louise” Berg, -sister of the anarchist who was killed July 4, -1914, by the accidental explosion of a bomb, -boarded the steamship <i>United States</i> of the Scandinavian-American -Line in Hoboken for Christiania -and Russia. On that ship sailed nearly -a hundred others of the anarchist and revolutionary -element. Ninety more, including Sokoloff, -a prominent I. W. W., left for San Francisco<span class="pagenum" id="Page_269">269</span> -and Japan two days later. On May 26 Mrs. Bill -Shatoff, with Alexander Broide, J. Wishniefsky, -and 18 more members of the Coöperative Anarchist -Organization sailed from Hoboken on -the <i>Oskar II</i>. Two days passed and Meyer Bell, -an anarchist who had seen the inside of many an -American jail for revolutionary agitation, and -Mrs. Meyer Bell, with 110 others took their departure -for San Francisco and the Orient. The -last consignment but one, a group of 90 more potential -Bolsheviki, followed them on June 24.</p> - -<div id="ip_268" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 25em;"> - <img src="images/i_268a.jpg" width="400" height="600" alt="" /> - <div class="caption">Captain John B. Trevor, Military Intelligence</div></div> - -<p>Shatoff and Wolin waited until their flock had -been herded out of the country, and then vanished -themselves. No one knew their route, but they -were heard from in Seattle. Altogether some -600 anarchists made the pilgrimage. Some never -reached Russia. Others who did get back found -that conditions offered slim picking, and the Chinese -and Manchurian ports are sprinkled with -them to-day—men without a country, who cannot -live in Russia, and who may not return to the -United States.</p> - -<p>Those who did get through to the capital of -Russia straightway joined the organization. -Trotzky had found Lenine there with plans already -well advanced. The Provisional Government -superficially was adequate to handle the situation,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_270">270</span> -and during June it gave some slight promise -of being able to prosecute its share of the war, but -a breach was coming. A Council of Workmen -and Soldiers had sprung up to oppose the Duma -and the government when the Duma voted for -an immediate offensive in Galicia, the Council -voted for a separate peace. Kerensky swung himself -back into balance for a month, and led a -military offensive. It turned into a retreat, the -retreat into a rout. Korniloff took command of -the army on August 2, and the following day the -military governor of Petrograd was assassinated. -The deposed Czar was taken to Siberia. On -September 2 Kerensky tried the expedient of arrest -against his rising enemies in Moscow. On -September 16 he proclaimed a new republic, but -political structures could not keep out the terrifying -German military advance that already was -threatening Petrograd nor the German propaganda -which was already there. Mid-October -saw the government in flight to Moscow. On the -21st of October Leon Trotzky, at the head of -the Bolsheviki in the Council, declared his party -for an immediate democratic peace, and left the -hall at their head, cheering. Municipal elections -on November 1 rejected the Bolsheviki, but they -would not be rejected, and on November 7 the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_271">271</span> -Maximalists deposed Kerensky and took possession -of the Government. Lenine became premier, -Trotzky minister of foreign affairs.</p> - -<p>The New York delegation won influential positions -under the new régime. A United States -senator has described the current Russian government -as nothing but “Lenine and a gang of anarchists -from New York, Philadelphia and Chicago.” -Wolin took charge of a branch of the press—a -sort of commissioner of public misinformation. -Shatoff, in America a humble syndicalist and -I. W. W., rose to the eminence of chairman of -the “Extraordinary Commission for the Struggle -Against Speculators and the Counter Revolution” -in Petrograd, a commission whose activities -are perhaps better described by its common -title in the capital. It is called the “Blood and -Murder” or the “To the Wall” committee. He -has filled in his spare time as Commissioner of -Railroads, and has been commonly credited in -Petrograd with the murder of the Czar and his -family. Ouritzky, Shatoff’s predecessor at the -head of the Committee, had amassed a fortune -of some four million roubles during his tenure -of office. He died a violent death. Shatoff, in -October of 1918, had not followed suit. The -same John Reed who contributed to the support<span class="pagenum" id="Page_272">272</span> -of the <i>Blast</i> appeared in Petrograd as a sympathetic -correspondent, and was made consul to -New York—a portfolio which he was unable -to use when he returned to New York because -of his indictment, along with Max Eastman and -several other editors of a paper known as <i>The -Masses</i>, for attempting to obstruct the draft. -The balance of the New York anarchists who -made up the expeditionary force of 1917 found -their way, such of them as escaped the rigors -of Petrograd life, into positions of influence in -the government of one hundred or more millions -of Russian people. To be sure, their hold -is not too secure, but they are enjoying for the -moment a sense of power which is intoxicating. -Nothing seems to please a Bolshevik of the New -York City group more than power—the same -thing he tried to overthrow. I suppose it makes -a difference whose power it happens to be.</p> - -<p>Neither Goldman nor Berkman returned to -Russia. Their publishing and bookselling business -kept them here, and both were always in demand -as lecturers. Both had pictured themselves -for many years as the champions of anarchy in -the United States, and it is conceivable that they -did not wish to pass over their sceptres to any less -well qualified successors. Unlike the ringleaders<span class="pagenum" id="Page_273">273</span> -of the I. W. W., these anarchists did not dodge -real work. Both had active minds, and were happiest -when they were busy. Berkman’s writing -at times shows a certain cheerful tenderness underneath -its bombast, and Emma Goldman had a -rather good-natured sarcasm at times as a speaker.</p> - -<p>The two cast their lot in with the pacifists, the -anti-conscriptionists, and the factions whose chief -aim was to interfere with America’s going to war. -Emma began to lecture on the subject. On the -night of May 18 she spoke to a meeting in the -Harlem River Casino. After a preamble advising -the audience that government agents were -present and that violence would be out of order, -she drew what she probably considered a logical -conclusion from this advice and shouted:</p> - -<p>“And so, friends, we don’t care what people -will say about us. We only care for one thing, -and that is to demonstrate to-night, and to demonstrate -as long as we can be able to speak, that -when America went to war ostensibly to fight for -democracy, it was a dastardly lie. It never went -to war for democracy!... It is not a war of -economic independence, it is a war for conquest. -It is a war for military power. It is a war for -money. It is a war for the purpose of trampling -underfoot every vestige of liberty that you people<span class="pagenum" id="Page_274">274</span> -have worked for, for the last forty or thirty or -twenty-five years, and therefore we refuse to support -such a war....</p> - -<p>“We believe in violence and we will use violence.... -How many people are going to refuse -to conscript? I say there are enough. I could -count fifty thousand, and there will be more.... -They will not register! What are you going to -do if there are 500,000? It will not be such an -easy job, and it will compel the government to -sit up and take notice, and therefore we are going -to support, with all the money and publicity at our -hands, all the men who will refuse to register and -who will refuse to fight.</p> - -<p>“I hope this meeting is not going to be the last. -As a matter of fact we are planning something -else.... We will have a demonstration of all -the people who will not be conscripted, and who -will not register. We are going to have the largest -demonstration this city has ever seen, and no -power on earth will stop us.... If there is any -man in this hall that despairs, let him look across -at Russia ... and see the wonderful thing that -revolution has done....</p> - -<p>“What is your answer? Your answer to war -must be a general strike, and then the governing -class will have something on its hands....”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_275">275</span> -She wound up her speech with an appeal for -funds, and said that her paper, <i>Mother Earth</i>, -was going to support the rebellion against the -draft law which had been signed by the president -that very day. <i>Mother Earth</i> spoke, in her next -issue, which appeared shortly before registration -day, June 5, and spoke in fairly disapproving -terms toward conscription. But the sun went -down into New Jersey on registration day without -having witnessed the greatest demonstration -New York City ever saw, or any demonstration -whatever save the quiet, cheerful enrollment of -what later became a heroic national army.</p> - -<p>On June 15 Emma Goldman and Alexander -Berkman were arrested in the office of <i>Mother -Earth</i> at 20 East 125th Street. On June 27 they -were arraigned for trial. On July 9 the jury -pronounced them guilty of having attempted to -obstruct the draft. Judge Mayer thereupon sentenced -Berkman to two years in the Federal penitentiary -at Atlanta, Goldman to the state penitentiary -at Jefferson City, Missouri for two years, -and fined each of them $10,000. It was a stiff -blow to organized anarchy—the maximum sentence -possible, and the judge followed it by directing -the District Attorney, Harold A. Content, to -notify the Commissioner of Labor of the conviction,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_276">276</span> -in order that when the two emerged from -prison, they might be deported as aliens convicted -of two or more crimes to the country from which -they came, bringing uplift to down-trodden America.</p> - -<p>Their work has since been carried on in a more -or less desultory way. They, too, have become -official martyrs to the cause, whose names will be -inscribed along with those of Brescia, the Haymarket -murderers, and a score of others, on the -anarchist service flag. The undercurrent of opposition -appeared spasmodically during the war -and it became necessary for an Alabama Judge, sitting -in the District Court of New York, on October -25, 1918, to impose maximum sentences -under the espionage act upon three more advocates -of unrest, Jacob Abrams, Samuel Lipman -and Hyman Lachnowsky, the ringleaders of -a group who circulated leaflets denouncing armed -intervention in Russia and advocating a general -strike. They were sentenced to twenty years -apiece; a fourth member got three years and a -$1,000 fine. A woman in the group, Mollie -Steiner, was sentenced to fifteen years.</p> - -<p>The efforts at “demonstration” which the imported -anarchists in America have employed are -neither as picturesque nor as popularly received<span class="pagenum" id="Page_277">277</span> -as those of their comrades in the old world. -Anarchy is out of tune in America. Prussianism -has already had its answer from the United -States. Bolshevism is not for a well-educated, -deep-breathing nation like ours. And anarchy, -the poorest wretch of the three, must make terrifying -faces through some other window than that -of a country full of people who are going to continue -to make this democracy safe for itself.</p> - -<p class="p4 center wspace">THE END</p> - -<div class="chapter"><div class="transnote"> -<h2 class="nobreak p1" id="Transcribers_Notes">Transcriber’s Notes</h2> - -<p>Punctuation and spelling were made -consistent when a predominant preference was found -in the original book; otherwise they were not changed. -Inconsistent hyphenation was not changed.</p> - -<p>Simple typographical errors were corrected; unbalanced -quotation marks were remedied when the change was -obvious, and otherwise left unbalanced.</p> - -<p>Illustrations in this eBook have been positioned -between paragraphs and outside quotations. In versions -of this eBook that support hyperlinks, the page -references in the List of Illustrations lead to the -corresponding illustrations.</p> - -<p>Transcribers improved readability of some numbers -in some illustrations, and switched the transcribed -sequence of the text of one pair of “random pages” -(following page 26) to make it easier to follow.</p> - -<p>Transcriber corrected the Title page misspelling of -“SMALLL, MAYNARD & COMPANY” to -“SMALL, MAYNARD & COMPANY”, which is how it appears -on the Copyright page. - -Transcriber removed redundant book title just -above the title of the first chapter. -</p> -</div></div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Throttled!, by Thomas Tunney - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THROTTLED! *** - -***** This file should be named 61996-h.htm or 61996-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/1/9/9/61996/ - -Produced by deaurider, Charlie Howard, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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