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diff --git a/old/61981-8.txt b/old/61981-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 71a8f36..0000000 --- a/old/61981-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3356 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of British Butterflies, by A. M. Stewart - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll -have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using -this ebook. - - - -Title: British Butterflies - Peeps at Nature, Book V. - -Author: A. M. Stewart - -Editor: Charles A. Hall - -Release Date: April 30, 2020 [EBook #61981] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BRITISH BUTTERFLIES *** - - - - -Produced by Paul Mitchell and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - -Transcriber's Note. - -References in the book to its illustrations are by "Plate" with Roman -numerals. The illustrations themselves are labelled "Plate" with Arabic -numerals. A plate's number in Roman numerals is equal to a plate's -number in Arabic numerals. In several instances the author has spelled -words differently to the accepted way. That spelling is retained in -this transcription. The illustration on the book's cover is referred to -in the text as Plate 16. - - - - - PEEPS AT NATURE - - EDITED BY - THE REV. CHARLES A. HALL - - - - - V. BRITISH BUTTERFLIES - - - - -IN THE SAME SERIES - - - EACH CONTAINING 16 FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS - (EIGHT OF WHICH ARE IN COLOUR) - LARGE CROWN 8VO. PICTURE COVER - - BIRD LIFE OF THE SEASONS - COMMON BRITISH BEETLES - BRITISH MOTHS - WILD FLOWERS AND THEIR WONDERFUL WAYS - BRITISH LAND MAMMALS - BRITISH FERNS, CLUB-MOSSES, &c. - NATURAL HISTORY OF THE GARDEN - ROMANCE OF THE ROCKS - THE NATURALIST AT THE SEA-SHORE - POND LIFE - REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS - - - PUBLISHED BY - A. AND C. BLACK, LTD., 4, 5 AND 6, SOHO SQUARE, LONDON, W. 1 - - -AGENTS - - AMERICA THE MACMILLAN COMPANY - 64 & 66 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK - - AUSTRALASIA OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS - 205 FLINDERS LANE, MELBOURNE - - CANADA THE MACMILLAN COMPANY OF CANADA, LTD. - ST. MARTIN'S HOUSE, 70 BOND STREET, TORONTO - - INDIA MACMILLAN & COMPANY, LTD. - MACMILLAN BUILDING, BOMBAY - 309 BOW BAZAAR STREET, CALCUTTA - -[Illustration: - - PLATE 1. - 1. Swallow Tail - 2. Black-veined White - 3. Large Garden White (Female) - 4. Small Garden White (Male) - 5. Green-veined White (Female) - 6. Bath White (Male) - 7. Orange Tip - 8. Wood White (Male) - 9. Pale Clouded Yellow] - - - - - BRITISH - BUTTERFLIES - - BY - - A. M. STEWART - - CONTAINING 16 ILLUSTRATIONS, FIGURING - ALL THE SPECIES, VIZ.: - - 8 FULL-PAGE IN COLOUR - 8 PAGES FROM PHOTOGRAPHS - - A. & C. BLACK, LTD. - - 4, 5 & 6 SOHO SQUARE, LONDON, W. 1 - 1918 - - - - -_First published May, 1912_ - - - - -INTRODUCTORY EDITORIAL NOTE - - -I take it that this little "Peep at Nature," needs no apology; the -exquisite coloured plates, produced direct from natural butterflies -by the three-colour process, are a sufficient justification of its -appearance. - -The author is a practical entomologist of many years' standing. He -writes from the fulness of a rich experience in the fields. He justly -advocates the "Paisley" method of setting insects. I know it to be -the more expeditious, and less calculated to damage specimens, than -the ordinary process. His notes on the preservation of larvæ will be -welcome in many quarters. - -The publishers desire me to express their indebtedness to Messrs. -Watkins and Doncaster, 36, Strand, W.C., for kindly arranging and -lending the specimens from which the coloured plates have been produced. - - CHARLES A. HALL. - - - - -CONTENTS - - - CHAPTER PAGE - - INTRODUCTORY EDITORIAL NOTE v - - LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS vii - - I. THE LIFE-HISTORY OF A BUTTERFLY 1 - - II. THE CAPTURE AND PRESERVATION OF BUTTERFLIES 13 - - III. THE BRITISH BUTTERFLIES DESCRIBED 29 - - INDEX 88 - - - - -LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - - - PLATE - - I. SWALLOW-TAIL--BLACK-VEINED WHITE--LARGE - GARDEN WHITE--SMALL GARDEN WHITE--GREEN-VEINED - WHITE--BATH WHITE--ORANGE-TIP--WOOD - WHITE--PALE CLOUDED YELLOW[*] _Frontispiece_ - - FACING PAGE - - II. METHOD OF SETTING WITH BRISTLE AND BRACES 9 - - III. "COP" OF 120'S COTTON ON STAND, AND SETTING-NEEDLE - FOR "PAISLEY" METHOD OF SETTING 16 - - IV. CLOUDED YELLOW--BRIMSTONE--SILVER-WASHED - FRITILLARY, ETC.[*] 25 - - V. GLANVILLE FRITILLARY--HEATH FRITILLARY, ETC.[*] 32 - - VI. "PAISLEY" METHOD OF SETTING 35 - - VII. APPARATUS FOR PRESERVING LARVÆ 38 - - VIII. RED ADMIRAL--PAINTED LADY--MILK-WEED, ETC.[*] 41 - - IX. MARBLED WHITE--MOUNTAIN RINGLET--SCOTCH - ARGUS, ETC.[*] 48 - - X. DARK GREEN FRITILLARY--HIGH BROWN FRITILLARY, - ETC. 51 - - XI. LARVA OF LARGE GARDEN WHITE--PUPA OF LARGE - GARDEN WHITE, ETC. 54 - - XII. SMALL HEATH--GREEN HAIRSTREAK--PURPLE HAIRSTREAK, - ETC.[*] 57 - - XIII. ADONIS BLUE--CHALK-HILL BLUE--LITTLE BLUE, - ETC.[*] 64 - - XIV. PUPA OF RED ADMIRAL--LARVA OF RED ADMIRAL, - ETC. 73 - - XV. BROWN ARGUS--AZURE BLUE--SILVER-STUDDED BLUE, - ETC. 80 - - XVI. LIFE-HISTORY OF SMALL TORTOISESHELL BUTTERFLY: - OVA--LARVÆ--PUPA--MALE INSECT (TO RIGHT)--FEMALE - (LEFT)--FOOD-PLANT (NETTLE)[*] _On the cover_ - -[*] These eight illustrations are in colour; the others are in black -and white. - - - - -BRITISH BUTTERFLIES - - - - -CHAPTER I - -THE LIFE-HISTORY OF A BUTTERFLY - - -What is the difference between a butterfly and a moth, and how am I to -distinguish between them? is a question very often put to the student -of insect life--the entomologist. - -Butterflies and moths both belong to the Natural Order, _Lepidoptera_, -or scale-winged insects. Butterflies may be distinguished as day -flyers, and the moths fly by night. The main physical difference -between them appears in the forms of the antennæ, or horns; in the -butterflies these organs are club-shaped at the extreme ends. But the -antennæ of the various species do not all follow a common pattern. -In some the knob is abrupt and much smaller, after the manner of a -drum-stick; in others, the thickening commences well down the shaft, -and is gradually increased until it very much resembles an Indian club. -The antennæ of the moths, on the other hand, show much diversity of -form, and in a great many species they are totally different in the -male and female. A very common and beautiful form is the feathered, -or comblike, antenna; another is long and threadlike, and some show -a combination of these two forms; others, again, seem to be striving -after the butterfly type, and approach the club shape. It should -be noted that not a few moths fly during the day, but it is rare, -exceedingly rare, to find a butterfly abroad after sundown. With a -little practice in observation, the novice soon learns to distinguish -between the two. - -The stages of development of butterflies and moths are practically the -same: first the egg; next the caterpillar, or larva; then the pupa, or -chrysalis; and, lastly, the imago, or perfect insect. - -The eggs of the Lepidoptera are surpassingly beautiful. Are they like -birds' eggs? Not at all! In the first place they are too minute for -comparison with the larger product of the birds; both in colour and -form they more nearly resemble small shells or pearls, as a great many -of them are beautifully opalescent, especially when empty. A good -hand-lens will reveal a great deal of their beauty, but the low power -of an ordinary compound microscope will be necessary to enable you -to see all the nice detail of pattern sculptured on their surfaces. -Each species of butterfly, or moth, produces eggs of particular shape -and ornamentation, so it is quite possible, in most cases, to say to -which species an egg belongs. How long the egg may remain unhatched -depends a good deal upon which butterfly's egg it is, the season of -the year, and the temperature. Not many butterflies pass the winter in -this country in the egg state, that season being usually passed either -as a half-fed hibernating caterpillar, or as a chrysalis; and in a -few cases it is only the female which passes the winter in some secure -retreat, to emerge again in the spring, and then deposit her eggs on -the fresh-growing verdure. But, generally speaking, eggs laid during -the summer hatch out in from ten to sixteen days. And it is well to -be on the lookout for the young larvæ even earlier, if you intend to -rear some species in confinement. If you have secured eggs to rear -from, watch them from day to day to see if they darken, as they often -assume a dark leaden hue immediately before hatching. This is a useful -warning, and serves as a hint to have plenty of fresh food ready for -the young family about to arrive. - -The caterpillars are ravenous eaters; you will not notice this fact -particularly at first, because they are then such tiny creatures, -but in proportion to their size their eating capacity is enormous. -They grow at an exceedingly rapid rate and to such an extent that -they literally burst their skins! In a very short time--three or -four days--the old skin bursts and out comes Mr. Caterpillar with a -brand-new one. And this is the manner of their growth; several times -(five or six) this skin-shedding process is repeated. And then the -creature prepares for the last and final change before turning into a -butterfly. - -There are one or two more points I would ask you to notice about our -caterpillar ere we pass on to consider his next stage. The legs are -generally sixteen in number. There are six true legs, one pair on each -of the first three body-segments behind the head; four more pairs near -the anal end, and the last segment carries another pair, known as the -"anal claspers." The first six may be said to represent the same legs -in the perfect insect. Note also the breathing holes, or spiracles, -placed in a row along either side of the larva. The head _seems_ to -carry very large eyes, but it does not really do so; the real eyes -are very minute, and it requires a good strong pocket-lens to make -them out. There are twelve of them all told, and they are not all of -equal size. There are six on either side of the mouth, and the three -larger ones on each side are not very difficult to find. The mouth is -furnished with strong mandibles for biting and chewing food, and also -contains the spinneret for the production of the silk used on various -occasions. All these details should be carefully noted--the head, the -eyes, the breathing spiracles, the mandibles, the fore-legs and claws, -and the hind- or pro-legs. Mark the totally different types of feet -which terminate these two sets of legs. You will need to use your lens -for this observation, and to enable you to see the beautiful structure -of the pro-leg foot, it will be necessary for you to examine it through -a compound microscope. It is well for the young entomologist to know -these more prominent features of a caterpillar's economy, if for no -other reason than to be able to answer the questions that are sure to -be put to him on these and many other points. - -But only a small percentage of the larvæ that are born into the world -live to become butterflies; some seasons a larger number than usual -may escape, and then we have a butterfly year, but the relentless -ichneumon flies soon restore the balance. They, too, have their young -to provide for, and a strange mode of existence they have. Once you get -to know these ichneumons at sight, you will be astonished at the number -of them. All the summer through you will find them hawking about the -trees, bushes, nettles, and heather, and, indeed, wherever larvæ are to -be found, there, too, you will find these flies. There are many species -of them. Once a female has discovered a larva its doom is sealed. The -ordinary larva has very few defensive weapons; he may wriggle and -squirm and _look_ terrifying, but all the same the ichneumon sets -about her task of placing one or two, and in many cases a dozen or -two, of her eggs either upon or under his skin. These eggs soon hatch, -and the little white maggots pass their existence inside the doomed -creature, eating all the tissues away, at first avoiding the vital -organs, which they leave until the last. When they have reached their -allotted span, and are about to change to the pupa state themselves, -they soon finish off their victim, and all that remains of what might -have been a brilliant butterfly is a little shrivelled bit of skin and -a host of little--or it may be a few big--black, brown, or grey flies. -Sentiment apart, these parasitic flies are extremely useful. When you -consider the large number of eggs laid by a single female butterfly or -moth--from two to six hundred is a fair average--you will realize that -if this enormous progeny were to survive and go on increasing without -any check, the vegetation of the world would very soon prove quite -inadequate to support the vast army of caterpillars, to say nothing of -you and me. - -You may at some time find a dozen or two larvæ of some particular -species of butterfly or moth, and at the time of collecting them they -may seem healthy and all right, but weeks afterwards you may discover -that only a very small number will change to chrysalids, the ichneumons -having had the rest. If you can catch and induce a female butterfly to -give you a batch of eggs in captivity, then you may be sure, providing -your treatment of them has been right, that all your brood will arrive -at the perfect state. - -The next stage we have to consider we will pass over briefly. The -change from the larva to the chrysalis is always a very fascinating -performance to watch, not that one could sit and see the whole -performance right through from start to finish, the time occupied is -too long for that. Generally the process lasts a day or two, but by -watching at frequent intervals, where several individuals are engaged -at the same operation and each at its own stage of the work, it is -not difficult to follow the whole process of the transformation. Try -it with the larva of the Large Garden White butterfly, perhaps the -commonest, and therefore the easiest to procure; you will gather plenty -of "stung" or "ichneumoned" examples, but still a sufficient number -should be clean to serve your purpose. - -We will not enter into all the details of the "spinning-up" process -and describe how an attachment is secured at the anal extremity, and -how our little friend "loops the loop." Some species, such as the -Tortoiseshell, get over this part of their difficulty by omitting the -loop altogether, and therefore hang head downward, suspended only by -the hooks and silk at the tail. Concealment during this stage is the -creature's only hope and chance of survival; other defence they have -none. Their colour may occasionally protect them by virtue of making -them harmonize beautifully with their surroundings. The ichneumons -seldom molest them during the chrysalis stage; but birds and small -animals have sharp eyes when foraging for food, so it is usually far -more difficult to discover these chrysalids than to find the feeding -caterpillars. - -The time passed as a chrysalis is very variable; ten days to a -fortnight in summer is sufficient for many species; others pass -over the whole winter, like the spring brood of our common white -butterflies, so that these can be sought for during the winter months -under the overhanging portion of palings, walls, outhouses, and in -similar situations. The cold does not seem to injure them; it may, and -generally does, retard their emergence, and possibly has some effect on -the colours of the wings, but it cannot change their ultimate pattern. -Experiments have been tried with various chrysalids, part of a brood -being hatched out after being submitted to a very low temperature, -and another part of the same brood after being treated with a high -temperature. Speaking generally, the coloration of those subjected to -the cold treatment was brightened and intensified, and Nature does the -same thing in her own way. The early summer butterflies, which pass -through the winter as chrysalids, are almost invariably larger and -brighter than the midsummer or autumn brood of the same species. - -But suppose our caterpillar to have successfully run the -gauntlet--ichneumon, bird, beast, and beetle--and to have become -a healthy pupa, and that the time has arrived when he must make -the last and greatest transformation in his short and interesting -career. Several days prior to his exit as a butterfly taking place, a -noticeable change occurs in the apparent colour of the chrysalis. - -As a matter of fact it is not the chrysalis shell which is changing -colour, but the developing insect, the colours of which are beginning -to show through it, at first rather faintly; but latterly the pattern -of the wings can be distinctly seen, and the whole body surface gets -darker. When this stage is reached, the advent of our butterfly is not -long delayed. The hour chosen is usually early in the morning, so that -by the time the sun is high and the fresh perfumed flowers are nodding -in the breeze, our little butterfly has expanded and dried his wings, -and is now quite prepared for the beautiful and consummating act in the -wonderful drama of his existence. - -[Illustration: PLATE 2 - -Method of Setting with Bristle and Braces] - -While he is drying his wings and preparing for a life amongst sunshine -and flowers, we might spend a few minutes with him ere he leaves us, -and the more so, as now he looks his very best, arrayed in all his -new-found finery. Such wings! no wonder he looks proud as he slowly -opens and closes them, repeating this action over and over again as if -to prove their smooth working before he launches forth upon the air. - -And the wonderful pattern of these wings is all built up of tiny scales -placed as regularly as the slates on a roof. Your pocket-lens will -show you much of this, but to examine the individual scales, their -various shapes and structure, you will require a compound microscope. -These scales are the "dust" you will find on your finger and thumb if -ever you pick up a butterfly in such an unscientific manner. You will -notice, too, that the under sides of the wings bear quite a different -design from the upper sides; this is nearly always the case, and in -many foreign butterflies this difference between the two sides is so -very remarkable as to be quite startling in its effect. Well I remember -an old sergeant-major, who had spent many years in India, and had done -a lot of "butterfly dodging" in his day, telling me of this wonderful -effect. He said one would come upon an open piece of meadow-land -blazing with flowers and butterflies, but, on being disturbed, the -whole crowd of insects would rise in the air, and then, he would say, -they looked like a different set altogether. When you capture a few -specimens of any species, examine closely the under sides, and in any -case, if you wish to preserve them, always set one of each sex with the -under side uppermost. - -Next to the wings the head claims our attention; it supports three -very essential organs--the eyes, the horns, or antennæ, and the tongue, -or sucker. - -The antennæ are undoubtedly the organs of smell, which is perhaps the -most highly developed sense in the Insect World. That the eyes are -a marvel of beauty, and that the tongue is a finely finished little -instrument for its work no one can question; but the sense of smell -has a much longer range than even the eye, with all its facets. And -you will generally find, in relation to the faculty which any animal -or insect has to exert most so as to procure its food and propagate -its kind, the organ of that faculty reaches the highest point of -development and service. - -The eyes of the condor and the gannet must be marvellous in range and -penetrating power. I have watched scores of the latter birds sailing -and hovering 150 feet and more above a troubled sea. Suddenly there -would be a slight pause, and then a rocket-like dive right down into -the waves below. To see a fish on the surface from such a height would -be a great feat, but to see and catch one a dozen feet deep in a broken -sea as a gannet can do, is wonderful indeed. - -With butterfly and moth the sense of smell is of the greatest -importance. Their vision is good, but short in range; so to find the -flowers wherein lies their food the sight is good, but the power to -detect them by scent must be far better. "Over the hedge is a garden -fair," and if a butterfly cannot see through the hedge, he can at least -smell through it. He could fly over it? Yes, but if his sense of smell -says there is nothing there for him, you see he is saved the time and -trouble; and his life is short. - -"Assembling" and "treacling" for moths are two methods employed by -insect-hunters to secure an abundance of specimens otherwise difficult -to obtain, and in both cases it is this same wonderful sense of smell -which is the insect's undoing. - -For "assembling," a captive virgin female is taken at dusk to the -locality where the species is likely to occur, and if males are -about they very soon make their appearance. The female being in a -gauze-covered box, they will swarm over it in their efforts to find -an entrance, and when thus engaged can be easily captured. As for the -subtle odour emitted by the lady, you or I could never detect it, -yet these moths come swarming from far and near. I once witnessed a -curious phase of this instinct on a hillside in Arran. My attention was -arrested by a number of males of _Bombyx Quercus_ (variety, _Callunæ_), -keeping near and flying over a certain spot, and, thinking a female -might be about, I went over to investigate. It was a female, but a dead -and crushed one; how it had met its end I could only conjecture; but -evidently, although the insect was mutilated, the scent still lingered, -and brought the males circling round. This large moth flies boldly -during the day, and in Arran the larvæ feed on the heather. - -The eyes of a butterfly are large and of the usual insect -pattern--_i.e._, compound, being made up of a number of tiny lenses, -hexagonal in shape, like the honeycomb of the domestic bee. Roughly, -about three thousand of these lenses go to make up the two eyes. As -pointed out, their range of vision is comparatively short, but within -their range vision must be very keen--before, behind, above, and below. -I once saw a sparrow try to capture a Large Garden White in a street -in the town; he darted at it again and again, much in the manner of -the ordinary spotted flycatcher, but the butterfly seemed to have no -difficulty in evading him, and eventually he gave up the game. - -A small portion of the eye makes a good slide for the microscope, -but the individual lenses are hardly visible through an ordinary -hand-glass. On the top of the head are one or two small simple eyes, -which do not look as if they could be of much service, but one never -knows, and the butterflies will not tell, although they have long -tongues. - -The tongue is a very pretty structure; when not in use it lies coiled -up in spiral fashion like a watch-spring, and is then well protected by -two little side-covers called the "palpi." Needless to say, the tongue -cannot sting. No moth or butterfly has a stinging organ; the tongue -is too delicate for any "cut and thrust" work. It is not difficult to -mount a butterfly's tongue for the microscope, and its examination -well repays the trouble. Particularly noticeable under the microscope -are the little bell-shaped suckers placed in long rows near the tip. -If you wish to make and examine a cross section, take the head of -a freshly killed specimen and extend the tongue in a little melted -paraffin wax; when this is thoroughly set, cut it across in very thin -slices with a sharp razor; place one on a glass slide, then on to the -microscope stage, and there you are! You will soon discover that the -simple-looking tube is a very complicated affair, and quite a little -study in itself. - -We will not linger over what remains of the anatomy of our butterfly. -The legs are six in number, but occasionally the first pair are useless -for walking, and only the middle and last pairs are fully developed. -Always remember the maximum number of legs for all insects is six. -Caterpillars may have more or less; they occur as footless grubs with -no legs at all, while some have as many as sixteen legs. - -The last, or abdominal, section of a butterfly's body carries the -sexual organs; it is usually more slender in the males than in the -females. - - - - -CHAPTER II - -THE CAPTURE AND PRESERVATION OF BUTTERFLIES - - -In the rearing of butterflies from eggs and in watching them all -through their larval stages, we learn a great deal concerning their -life and habits, and finally secure perfect specimens for the cabinet. -But the glories of the chase and the charm of the country ramble weigh -more in the balance with the naturalist, and the story of a captured -specimen is often far more interesting than the record of a bred one. - -Of butterfly nets used in the chase there are many and varied patterns -in the market. I made my own and a better balanced one it would be hard -to find. Having seen and handled a few in my time, my experience has -been that they are mostly too heavy, have too many loose parts, and -their weight is badly distributed. Indeed, I saw one lately which felt -more like a hammer in one's hand. I think if you try to get one made -after the pattern here described and figured on p. 15, you will not be -disappointed with it. - -Now, it is one of the avowed purposes of this little book to make the -study and collecting of butterflies cost _all_ the time a boy can -spare, and little, or, at least, not much in money. The requirements -for a ring folding net are 2 yards of steel wire, rather less than 1/8 -inch in thickness (cost about threepence); three copper rivets and -washers, 3/16 inch by 3/8 inch long (cost one penny); one 1/4-inch iron -screw-head bolt and nut (one penny). Cut the wire into two pieces, -each 20 inches long, and two pieces 16 inches long. If you can get a -tinsmith friend to turn the eyes for you, so much the better; you will -thus avoid the most difficult part of the operation, but you would lose -some valuable lessons and the satisfaction of having made the whole -thing yourself. - -The accompanying cut will show you how the eyes are turned and riveted, -and how the nut is fixed in the tube which the tinsmith will make -for you, and he will also solder the nut in the narrow end for a few -coppers. Or you can get him to make the whole concern, as I have done -for a friend of mine. I simply gave the tinsmith mine for a pattern, -and in a few days he handed me over an exact duplicate, and only -charged one shilling and sixpence for it. - -[Illustration: DETAILS OF FOLDING-NET. - - 1, Ring open, about 16 inches diameter; 2, tin tube with nut soldered - in at narrow end; 3, net complete, showing wooden handle fitting - into tin tube. Detail A shows how eyes are turned; B, larger eye for - passing over screw; C, screw soldered in position.] - -The net itself is easily made. You will need 1-1/2 yards of the best -and strongest muslin and a piece of stout twilled cotton, with which to -make the hollow binding round the wire for strength. This binding must -be at least 2 inches deep, so as to slip off and on the ring easily -when you wish to repair the ring or wash the net. Get green muslin if -you care for it; I tried green, too, but speedily gave it up, as I -found the white net more effective for seeing and handling moths in -after dark. - -Do not shape the net down to too fine a point; rather make it more of a -cup-shape and nearly the depth of your arm. And, lastly, while we are -on the subject of the net, always carry a few strips of gum paper with -you on an excursion; they are very handy and effective for repairing a -damage, say, after contact with a bramble-bush. - -Most butterflies are very impatient in the net, and strongly resent -their imprisonment, so either double your net over the instant a -capture is made, or catch the net by the neck, so to speak, with your -left hand, leaving your right free for the pinching process. Pinching -must be very carefully done, or your specimen may be spoiled. It can -be done only when the wings are closed; you give the insect a sharp -nip between your finger and thumb nails, right under the junction -of the wings and the body--_i.e._, on the under side of the thorax, -always taking care not to crush or mangle the specimen. Do not attempt -to actually kill it; just give a sufficient pinch to stun it; then -you may open the net, remove your specimen, and pin it in your -collecting box, which should be as nearly air-tight as you can make it, -and lined with sheet cork. Place some freshly pounded laurel-leaves -secured in a piece of muslin at one end of your box. The fumes given -off by the bruised leaves soon kill the insects. Don't use ammonia for -killing butterflies; it alters their colours, and, in fact, ruins some -altogether. Cyanide of potassium or laurel-leaves are the best killing -agents, and the latter are by far the safest for boys to handle, as -cyanide is very poisonous. - -[Illustration: PLATE 3 - -"Cop" of "120's" Cotton on Stand, and Setting-Needle for "Paisley" -Method of Setting] - -Specially-made entomological pins can be purchased from all dealers -in naturalists' requisites. Black enamelled pins are the vogue just -now, and they last longer than the silvered or gilt ones, and resist -"grease" better. Many insects, you should know, have a small, and -some a large, amount of oil in their bodies, which gradually makes -its presence seen, first in the abdomen, and later it spreads (if not -checked) to the wings. The oil, coming in contact with the white or -yellow pin, soon corrodes it through; the black enamel resists its -action longest. Try to check this "greasing" of your specimens on -its first appearance on the body, and if you notice it before it has -spread to the wings all may be well. Break the abdomen off at once, and -drop it into benzine, where you can let it remain a day or two. Then -transfer it to a box of fine dry plaster of Paris for another day or -so, and you will be surprised how beautiful and clean it will come out. -Another hint: Push a little pin into each body when broken off, and -attach a _white_ thread to the pin; now you can do what you like with -the body without touching it with your fingers; lastly, replace each -body, sticking it in position with a dab of entomological gum, to be -had from Messrs. Watkins and Doncaster, 36, Strand, W.C. - -Supposing you have arrived home with a few butterflies, and wish to set -them. This is best done as soon as possible after they are killed. They -may remain unset a few days if kept damp and yet properly aired; you -must prevent them from hardening on the one hand, and getting mouldy on -the other, through too long and close keeping; so have a watchful eye -on them until set. - -Setting-boards can be either bought or made. This is a question for -each worker to determine for himself. Some collectors may have special -facilities for making them, while others may have a profusion of pocket -money wherewith to buy them. When I was a boy I made my own. It was a -work of necessity. As a lad I had always so many specimens to set in -summer-time that it would have been sheer ruination to have bought all -the boards required. - -On Plate II. you have an illustration of a setting-board, and the -photograph is in itself an indication of how butterflies are to -be set before being placed in the permanent collection. Note the -setting-bristle mounted in a cube of cork. This is used to hold the -wing in position while the card braces are being placed. The collector -can easily mount a bristle for himself. A cat, badger, or other whisker -will serve; do not try to push it through the cube of cork, but glue -it between two pieces; by doing so you will save your bristle from -being spoiled and make a firmer job. - -Keep your old _thin_ postcards, from which to cut braces, and always -have a boxful of various sizes handy, and in the same box, in a -separate compartment, have an abundance of small, thin pins. Good -setting, like other operations, is largely a matter of practice. Be -careful not to injure the wings in any way, and place your braces on -them so that they will not leave marks. I find a common fault with -beginners is that they do not lower the specimen far enough down into -the groove of the setting-board, with the result that the wings are -bent and deformed by the braces pressing them down. See that the wings -of your specimens lie flat and naturally spread out over the surface of -the board on either side of the groove. - -A setting-needle is sometimes an exceedingly useful tool. A very -neat one can be made in a few minutes with a goose quill, a little -sealing-wax, and the finest sewing-needle you can secure. Melt the wax -and fill one end of the quill for half an inch or so, heat the eye end -of the needle until nearly red-hot, and push it into the wax. This tool -is very useful for adjusting a wing as occasion demands. - -Let your insects remain as long as possible on the boards; they should -be left on for a fortnight in warm, dry weather, but longer in the -spring and autumn. The wings of imperfectly dried specimens are liable -to spring up, or droop. - -There is another method of setting Lepidoptera which only requires -to be more widely known to quickly supersede the use of braces and -bristle. It is sometimes called the "Northern" method, but I prefer -to call it the "Paisley," because it was first used in that town. Its -advantages are: Greater speed, less apparatus, less expense, and less -liability to damage the specimens. Instead of the usual setting-board, -a block is used--that is to say, your setting-boards are cut up into -short pieces, in length a little less than the width of the board. -Thus, a board 2-1/2 inches wide should be cut into pieces 1-3/4 inches -long. As no corked surface is needed these blocks can be made or bought -very cheaply; the usual cost, from a joiner, is about two shillings -per hundred. The only other requisite is a cop of very fine cotton -"120^8" or even finer if you can get it. This you will be able to -obtain from a cotton-spinner or his agent; by-and-by, as this method -of setting becomes more widely known the dealers will probably stock a -few of these fine cotton-yarn cops.[#] Plate III. will show you how to -construct a stand for the cop. The rest is easy. Pin your insect in the -same way as you would do for braces; place it on the block with wings -well down on its surface, holding the block in your left hand. Give -your cotton a turn round the extreme edge of the block, then bring it -directly above your insect. Now blow the wing on the left side as far -forward as you wish it to go, and, while it is held extended by your -blowing, bring the cotton down gently across it and there you have it, -secured in position. Give two or three extra turns to hold it safe and -repeat the operation for the other wing. If the wings should be stiff -and refuse to go far enough forward, secure them as far forward as they -will blow, with one turn of the cotton only, then gently assist them -farther with a setting-needle. When in a satisfactory position, give -the few extra turns of the cotton. I can set from sixty to one hundred -and twenty insects in an hour by this method. - -[#] Readers desirous of adopting this most excellent method of setting, -and yet experiencing difficulty in getting suitable cotton-yarn, -should communicate with the author, Mr. A. M. Stewart, 38, Ferguslie, -Paisley.--EDITOR. - -In removing an insect from a block, draw a sharp knife across the back -of the block and lift off _all_ the cotton at once. If the body of the -specimen being set needs support, as sometimes happens, give the cotton -two or three cross turns, and with your setting-needle raise the body -on to this as shown on Plate VI. One hint more: See that your lines -diverge from near the body at the bottom to near the tip of the wings -at the top; the reason for this is that if you have to slip the wing -forward under a turn of the thread it will not be damaged if the thread -is arranged as indicated, whereas if your thread be laid on, say, from -the outer bottom corner in towards the head, it would then scrape the -wing, and be sure to remove some of the scales, thus damaging the -specimen. The correct method is shown on Plate VI. With ordinary care -and usage a good cop should last a year or two. - -After your insects are set, by whatever method, they need to be put -aside in a dry, airy place to harden, and be secured against the -ravages of mice and spiders. For their better protection, it is usual -to place them in a "drying case," which need not be an elaborate -affair. My drying case was constructed out of an empty box obtained -from the grocer; judging from the legend on the outside it had once -contained tins of preserved apples. This is set up on end with the -bottom removed and made into cross shelves. Light muslin cloth is -tacked on in place of the bottom, so as to admit air but exclude dust. -On the front, where the lid was originally nailed, is a hinged frame, -covered with the same material, acting as a door. This drying house is -not exactly pretty, but it has served its purpose admirably for many -years. - -A representative of the larva of each species is now considered -essential to a complete collection of butterflies, and it is rendered -even more perfect if egg-shells and chrysalis cases can also be -included. - -We now have a fairly easy and reliable process for preserving larvæ, a -process which any aspiring young collector can carry through without -much trouble or expense. It is really very simple and costs little. -True, one can purchase apparatus specially made for the work for ten, -or even five, shillings, but equally good results can be obtained with -the expenditure of a few pence and a little ingenuity. I strongly -advise young folk to make their own apparatus; by so doing they develop -resourcefulness, and a handy youngster is not likely to make a failure -of his life. - -In the first place you will need a hot-air chamber. Any empty -toffee-tin will serve this purpose; one somewhere about 6 inches long -by 4 inches in diameter will be a handy size. Get a piece of copper -or soft iron wire, such as milliners use; give the wire two or three -turns round the tin, twisting it as tightly as you can: then give the -two free ends a turn or two round a gas-bracket near the burner, so as -to bring your tin, with the open end next you, just over the burner. -Or you may mount the tin over a spirit-lamp, in which event you will -not be troubled with soot gathering on the outside of your oven. You -now have an oven which you can make as hot as you want it by regulating -your flame; you will soon discover the right temperature in which to -dry a skin quickly without burning it. The skins of small, thin-skinned -caterpillars dry very quickly, whilst those of large moths, such as the -Oak Eggar, dry more slowly even with more heat. - -Your next requirement is a glass blowpipe: this you can purchase at -the chemist's for a copper. Ask for a glass tube about a foot long and -a quarter of an inch in diameter. Now, this tubing is made of a very -soft and pliable kind of glass, and by heating it over a flame you -should have no difficulty in drawing out one end of the tube into a -fine point, not too long and not too abrupt; the illustration (Plate -VII.) will show you the right length of the point. Hold the end over -the gas-jet, keep turning it round, and in a minute it will become red -and soft; remove the end of the tube from the flame, grasp it with a -pair of forceps, and gently and steadily pull the heated portion until -it is drawn to a point of the required length. Nip off the part you -caught with the forceps, and your tube is ready. Or another way is to -heat the tube in the middle, and pull the two ends apart; this will -give you two blowpipes, and you can make a fine point to one for small -caterpillars and a wider aperture to the other for large ones. I used -to know a friendly chemist who would "point" as many tubes as I wanted -at his Bunsen burner in a few minutes. To complete your blowpipe, you -will need about 2 inches of a watch-spring--any watch-repairer will -give you a broken spring. The photograph on Plate VII. shows how the -piece of spring is placed and used; it is bent to the required shape -while heated, and bound in position with fine copper wire. The wire I -use is the same as that required for mounting dried larva skins; it can -be obtained at any shop where electrical appliances are sold; it is an -extremely fine wire covered with green silk thread. - -Your larva-preserving outfit is completed with a sheet of -blotting-paper and an ordinary lead pencil. I will now describe the -process. - -[Illustration: - - PLATE 4. - 1. Clouded Yellow (Male) - 2. Brimstone (Male) - 3. Silver-washed Fritillary (Male) - 4. Dark-green Fritillary (Male) - 5. High Brown Fritillary - 6. Queen of Spain Fritillary - 7. Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary - 8. Pearl-bordered Fritillary - 9. Greasy Fritillary] - -There could be no better species to begin with than the caterpillar -of the Large Garden White butterfly; get one as nearly full-grown as -possible, lay it out on the blotting-pad before you, place the lead -pencil across it gently, but firmly, just behind the head, and roll it -towards the tail. This kills the larva instantly, and empties out its -internal organs by the anal orifice. Roll your pencil over it again -to make sure the skin is thoroughly clean inside; then insert your -blowpipe into the anal orifice, letting the spring down on the last -segment so as to hold the skin on; apply your mouth to the other end -of the blowpipe, blow the skin out gently, and insert in the hot-air -oven. Keep blowing gently for a few seconds; watch progress; touch the -skin with your finger to see if it is getting hard and dry. Don't blow -too hard and make it look like a bursting sausage; try to keep it as -natural in appearance as possible. In a few minutes it will be quite -hard and dry; when dry, raise the spring, and a slight touch with the -thumb-nail will liberate it from the blowpipe. The skin is now ready -for mounting on silk-covered wire or a thin dry twig with a little -entomological gum or seccotine. Our specimen is now ready to take its -place in the collection. - -We now have to face the problem of storing the collection. It is -probably beyond the means of a young collector to purchase a cabinet -with drawers, costing ten shillings per drawer, and he will be well -advised to keep his specimens in store-boxes which he may be able -to make for himself. I made some very serviceable ones with scented -soap-boxes got from our grocer. Any size will do, but it is best to -have your boxes all of one size if possible, say 10 inches by 14 inches -by 4 inches. Get a few light deal boxes about these dimensions, nail -on the lids, paper them all over the outside with good stout brown -packing-paper having a glossy surface; paste it on with thin glue; set -aside a day or two to dry. When dry, take a sharp saw and cut the -boxes round the sides and ends, so that each box is divided into two -equal traylike halves. Glue a stout cardboard shell round the inside -of one half, and attach the other half by two small brass hinges. The -cardboard shell rises above the sides of the tray, and when the other -half of the box is folded over it "stays put," as the Yankee says; -and, in addition, you have a fairly air-tight construction. These -store-boxes fold after the manner of a book-form chess or draught -board. Each half requires to be lined on the inside with sheet cork, -which you can get from dealers in entomologists' sundries, and finally -covered with thin white paper. Such a store-box costs less than one and -sixpence. Keep two or three boxes for duplicate specimens, and as many -for your permanent collection. By-and-by you will want glass-topped -cases, but by the time you have arrived at that stage you should have -gained sufficient experience to enable you to know where to buy them. - -See that every specimen before being transferred to your permanent -collection bears with it a small label setting forth the date and place -of capture, thus: - - EPPING, - 9/6/11. - _J. Roberts._ - - ABBEY WOOD, HERTS, - 7/9/11. - _Robertson._ - -Keep these tickets as inconspicuous as possible and with the writing or -printing in such a position as to be easily read without requiring to -remove the insect. - -The following list of British butterflies is thoroughly modern, and -in labelling your specimens you should adopt its nomenclature, and -also follow the order given in arranging your collection. Both Latin -and English names are included, but if you wish to be a thorough -entomologist you should accustom yourself to use the scientific names. -The Latin name is the same everywhere "from China to Peru." If you use -an English name of a butterfly in writing to a foreign collector he -will probably fail to recognize the species referred to, but if you -give the scientific name he will know it at once. - - -LIST OF BRITISH BUTTERFLIES - -ARRANGED IN THEIR FAMILIES AND GENERA, WITH THEIR SCIENTIFIC AND -POPULAR NAMES. - - Family: PAPILIONIDÆ. - - _Papilio machaon._ - SWALLOW-TAIL. - - Family: PIERIDÆ. - - _Aporia cratægi._ - BLACK-VEINED WHITE. - - _Pieris brassicæ._ - LARGE WHITE. - - _Pieris rapæ._ - SMALL WHITE. - - _Pieris napi._ - GREEN-VEINED WHITE. - - _Pieris daplidice._ - BATH WHITE. - - _Euchloë cardamines._ - ORANGE-TIP. - - _Leucophasia sinapis._ - WOOD WHITE. - - _Colias hyale._ - PALE CLOUDED YELLOW. - - _Colias edusa._ - CLOUDED YELLOW. - - _Gonepteryx rhamni._ - BRIMSTONE. - - Family: NYMPHALIDÆ. - - _Argynnis selene._ - SMALL PEARL-BORDERED FRITILLARY. - - _Argynnis euphrosyne._ - PEARL-BORDERED FRITILLARY. - - _Argynnis lathonia._ - QUEEN OF SPAIN FRITILLARY. - - _Argynnis aglaia._ - DARK GREEN FRITILLARY. - - _Argynnis adippe._ - HIGH BROWN FRITILLARY. - - _Argynnis paphia._ - SILVER-WASHED FRITILLARY. - - _Melitæa aurinia._ - GREASY FRITILLARY. - - _Melitæa cinxia._ - GLANVILLE FRITILLARY. - - _Melitæa athalia._ - HEATH FRITILLARY. - - _Vanessa c-album._ - COMMA. - - _Vanessa polychloros._ - LARGE TORTOISESHELL. - - _Vanessa urticæ._ - SMALL TORTOISESHELL. - - _Vanessa io._ - PEACOCK. - - _Vanessa antiopa._ - CAMBERWELL BEAUTY. - - _Vanessa atalanta._ - RED ADMIRAL. - - _Vanessa cardui._ - PAINTED LADY. - - _Limenitis sibylla._ - WHITE ADMIRAL. - - Family: APATURIDÆ. - - _Apatura iris._ - PURPLE EMPEROR. - - Family: SATYRIDÆ. - - _Melanargia galathea._ - MARBLED WHITE. - - _Erebia epiphron._ - MOUNTAIN RINGLET. - - _Erebia æthiops._ - NORTHERN BROWN, OR SCOTCH ARGUS. - - _Pararge ægeria._ - SPECKLED WOOD. - - _Pararge megæra._ - WALL BROWN. - - _Satyrus semele._ - GRAYLING. - - _Epinephele janira._ - MEADOW BROWN. - - _Epinephele tithonus._ - SMALL MEADOW BROWN. - - _Epinephele hyperanthus._ - RINGLET. - - _Cænonympha typhon._ - MARSH RINGLET. - - _Cænonympha pamphilus._ - SMALL HEATH. - - Family: LYCÆNIDÆ. - - _Thecla betulæ_. - BROWN HAIRSTREAK. - - _Thecla w-album._ - WHITE-LETTER HAIRSTREAK. - - _Thecla pruni._ - BLACK HAIRSTREAK. - - _Thecla quercus._ - PURPLE HAIRSTREAK. - - _Thecla rubi._ - GREEN HAIRSTREAK. - - _Polyommatus dispar._ - LARGE COPPER. - - _Polyommatus phlæas._ - SMALL COPPER. - - _Lycæna bætica._ - LONG-TAILED BLUE. - - _Lycæna ægon._ - SILVER-STUDDED BLUE. - - _Lycæna astrarche._ - BROWN ARGUS. - - _Lycæna icarus._ - COMMON BLUE. - - _Lycæna bellargus._ - CLIFDEN BLUE. - - _Lycæna corydon._ - CHALK-HILL BLUE. - - _Lycæna argiolus._ - AZURE BLUE. - - _Lycæna semiargus._ - MAZARINE BLUE. - - _Lycæna minima._ - LITTLE BLUE. - - _Lycæna arion._ - LARGE BLUE. - - Family: ERYCINIDÆ. - - _Nemeobius lucina._ - DUKE OF BURGUNDY. - - Family: HESPERIDÆ. - - _Syrichthus malvæ._ - GRIZZLED SKIPPER. - - _Nisoniades tages._ - DINGY SKIPPER. - - _Hesperia thaumas._ - SMALL SKIPPER. - - _Hesperia lineola._ - ESSEX SKIPPER. - - _Hesperia actæon._ - LULWORTH SKIPPER. - - _Hesperia sylvanus._ - LARGE SKIPPER. - - _Hesperia comma._ - SILVER-SPOTTED SKIPPER. - - _Carterocephalus palæmon._ - CHECKERED SKIPPER. - -The remaining pages of this volume will be devoted to a description -of the species mentioned in the foregoing list, together with notes -on habits and other points. Assisted by the splendid coloured plates, -which are produced from actual specimens, and the notes in the -following pages, the young collector should have no difficulty in -identifying the specimens he secures. - - - - -CHAPTER III - -THE BRITISH BUTTERFLIES DESCRIBED - - -THE SWALLOW-TAIL (_Papilio Machaon_), Plate I., Fig. 1.--I find, in -Scotland, where I live, that the first question put by friends looking -over one's insect treasures usually refers to this butterfly. "Is -that a British butterfly?" they ask; and on being assured that it is, -they tender the information that they never saw one like it in this -neighbourhood; and it takes much explanation to make them understand -how rare and local some butterflies and moths are. - -Alas! he is our one and only Swallow-Tail--the connecting link between -our small island family and the great host of tropical and subtropical -Swallow-Tails that flaunt their gorgeous colours under sunnier skies. -And we hope he may long remain with us. The incentive to travel and -capture this butterfly in his native haunts is not so great as it may -have been half a century ago. For a few pence, or by exchange, the -larva or chrysalis can be had from a dealer, and with ordinary care and -attention it is not a difficult species to rear, and thus see alive. - -That this species is already getting scarcer should be a warning to -all who are interested in the preservation of our native fauna. Its -extermination might not be a very difficult task; and although it is -common in many places on the Continent, its reintroduction into England -would certainly be attended with great trouble and difficulty. - -Two years ago (1909) an experiment was made, under very favourable -conditions, to "naturalize" a colony of this fine butterfly at Easton, -near Dunmow, in Essex, the property of Lord Warwick. Lord Warwick and -Professor Meldola laid down a large number of chrysalids which duly -hatched, and, although the surrounding marsh land had been liberally -stocked with the food-plant, yet no eggs or larvæ were found after the -butterflies had passed their season, nor have any been seen since. - -Doubtless the butterfly has many natural enemies, and when we consider -the draining, burning, and rush-cutting that go on in these fen lands, -it will be apparent that the time cannot be far distant when an effort -will need to be made, such as at Wicken, to provide "Cities of Refuge," -for many of our rare and persecuted little friends. I speak for birds, -butterflies, flowers and ferns. An educated public taste would do more -for them all than any amount of Acts of Parliament. - -The Swallow-Tail measures fully 3 inches across the expanded wings; -the prevailing tint is a pale primrose yellow, with bars and masses of -black, the latter powdered with yellow scales on the fore-wings, and -with pale blue on the hind-wings. There are also two red eye spots on -the inner angle of the hind-wings near the tails. The under side looks -not unlike a washed-out version of the upper, with a little more red on -the hind-wings. - -The caterpillar, too, is very beautiful, being green in colour, belted -with black, and the black is studded with red spots. It thrives well on -various members of the carrot family--carrot, parsley, fennel, celery; -it has occasionally been found feeding on the common carrot leaves in -rural gardens in neighbourhoods where the insect abounds. - -The chrysalis, in which form the insect passes through the winter, -is hung up in quite the orthodox manner, belted round the back and -attached at the tail. If you should find chrysalids in this position -during the winter months and wish to remove them, cut away the whole -support, and set them up again in your hatching cage, as you found -them. Always avoid unnecessary handling of these delicate objects. - -There are certainly two, and probably three, broods during a favourable -summer, so this butterfly may be captured from May to August. Its -headquarters are in the Fen counties of Cambridge and Norfolk, and it -is found in many similar localities in fewer numbers. - -BLACK-VEINED WHITE (_Aporia Cratægi_), Plate I., Fig. 2.--This -is one of the rarest of our butterflies, though why it should be so is -rather difficult to say. As it feeds upon hawthorn in the larval state -the puzzle is all the greater, as a commoner or more widely distributed -plant it would be hard to find. It may be also found on blackthorn, -cherry, plum, apple, and pear. It is not difficult to distinguish this -fine insect from all the other "Whites" on our list. The wings are -rather thinly scaled; you can note this by holding the insect up to the -light, and looking through the wing with an ordinary pocket-lens. Do -the same with its near neighbour, the Large Garden White, and you will -see a difference--the Black-Veined White is semi-transparent, while the -other is quite dense. - -The almost black network of veins is another unmistakable feature, as -is the entire absence of a fringe to the wings. Two and a half inches -is the average expanse of the extended wings. - -[Illustration: - - PLATE 5. - 1. Glanville Fritillary - 2. Heath Fritillary - 3. Comma - 4. Small Tortoiseshell - 5. Large Tortoiseshell - 6. Camberwell Beauty - 7. Peacock] - -The caterpillar is rather hairy, dull-coloured underneath, black on the -back, with two lines of broad red spots running from head to tail. When -you find this caterpillar, you generally get a whole brood of them, as -they are gregarious and live under a web until nearly fully fed. - -The chrysalis is of a bright straw colour, spotted and streaked with -black, and is not so angular as the chrysalis of the Large Garden White. - -The butterfly is out in midsummer, and is rarely seen outside of the -most southern counties, and even there it seems to prefer the coast. -In Continental gardens it sometimes attacks the fruit-trees in such -numbers as to constitute a plague. - -THE LARGE GARDEN WHITE BUTTERFLY (_Pieris brassicæ_) Plate I., Fig. 3, -is well known to everybody. Town and country seem to be the same to -him; indeed, I do believe he lives and thrives best in the town and -village gardens; only twice have I met with the larva in a really wild -situation, once finding a few caterpillars on a lonely shore in Arran, -and I once got a chrysalis on a beech-tree trunk on the border of a -large wood. Cabbage, kale, savoy, and cress, are the plants which the -female usually selects as the most suitable to lay her eggs on, but as -the caterpillars grow towards maturity there are few plants they will -not attack, especially if they are driven by hunger and a lack of their -usual food. The butterfly hardly needs description; suffice it to say -that the female, besides having a rather larger expanse of black at the -tip of the fore-wing, has also two black spots and a dash (see figure) -on the same wing. These are entirely wanting on the upper side of the -male, but are present on the under side. The male is a little smaller -than the female. Beyond question this butterfly is the most destructive -of all the British species; fortunately it is largely held in check by -ichneumon flies. Once I brought home a dozen or two caterpillars of -this species from an isolated locality on the Mull of Kintyre, hoping -to obtain some possible varieties. Not one butterfly did I hatch; they -had all been stung, and mostly by a large grey dipterous fly (Plate -XI., Fig. 4), although some few contained the little blackish imp which -is their usual parasite. This little fellow it is who spins the small -cocoons round the shrivelled skin of the victim (see Plate XI., Figs. -3, 5). - -The eggs are laid singly or in small groups on the backs of leaves, and -are somewhat long; they are straw-coloured, and stand up on end, so -they are not difficult to find and collect, or destroy if too numerous. -The caterpillar is yellow, speckled with black, and slightly spiny; -it is also one of the easiest and most satisfactory to preserve. The -chrysalis may be found during the winter attached to walls and fences. -The butterfly is common throughout the summer. - -SMALL GARDEN WHITE (_Pieris rapæ_), Plate I., Fig. 4.--This butterfly -is very like the last, but much smaller. Both species are generally -found together. On the wing and in the caterpillar state they find the -same nooks and corners in which to pass the winter as chrysalids. - -[Illustration: PLATE 6 - -"Paisley" Method of Setting] - -But the caterpillars are very different in appearance. In this species -the colour is a soft velvety green, with a faint yellow line down the -back. Stretched at full length on the midrib of a cabbage-leaf, it is -by no means a conspicuous object, and may be quite easily overlooked; -but if you see the leaves riddled with holes, and find excrement lying -between them and at the base, don't cease looking until you find the -culprit, sometimes deep in a cabbage, or on the back of the outer -leaves. - -Other caterpillars besides those of the Large and Small Whites may -be present in force, notably those of the Cabbage moth (_Mamestra -brassicæ_), large stout caterpillars varying from green to black; they -are far too numerous, so have no compunction about destroying all you -find. The caterpillar is apt to lose its colour in preserving, as is -the case with all green caterpillars. - -GREEN-VEINED WHITE (_Pieris napi_), Plate I., Fig. 5.--Unlike -the last two species, this White is more often found in the country -than the town, and in my experience it is only a casual visitor to -suburban gardens. I have never found the caterpillars there. - -To distinguish it from the last species it is only necessary to examine -the under side, where both fore- and hind-wings are strongly veined -with greyish-black, the female particularly so. On the upper side the -veins are distinctly marked, but the line is finer. - -In a rather wet meadow where Ladies' Smock abounds in early June, I -have seen this butterfly in profusion, and not at all easy to capture -when the sun was high. But when King Sol is sinking in the west, and -all decent butterflies have gone to rest, a turn through the same -meadow while the light still lingers reveals the Veined Whites all at -rest on the flower-heads of the Ladies' Smocks. It is then quite easy -to select a few of the best, and search for varieties, until in the -deepening twilight butterflies and flowers became so blended as to -present only a whitish blurr to the eye. There are two broods--one out -in June, the other in August. - -The caterpillar is green, with yellow spots on the sides, and may be -found on various plants of the cruciferous order, the cress group in -particular. I have found it on the Ladies' Smock (_Cardamine pratense_) -and on the large-flowered Bitter Cress (_Cardamine amara_). For your -collection always mount at least one of each sex with the under side -uppermost. The specimen figured is a female; the male has only one -round spot on each fore-wing. - -BATH WHITE (_Pieris Daplidice_), Plate I., Fig. 6.--This is the rarest -of all our Whites; indeed, it is doubtful if it breeds in this country -at all. A few specimens are taken annually on the south-east coast and -neighbourhood, and the likelihood is that they are migrants from the -Continent. - -On the other hand, it is just possible that on account of its close -resemblance to the Green-Veined White when on the wing, it is often -passed over when mixed up with and flying amongst a number of that -species. - -The sexes are easily distinguished by the female having the upper side -of the hind-wings broadly checkered with a double band of black spots, -which is entirely wanting in the male. The under side, however, of both -sexes is beautifully marbled in dark green on a creamy white ground. -The caterpillar is a dull green with yellow lines on back and sides, -and may be fed on cabbage or Dyer's Rocket. The chrysalis is very -similar to that of the Small Garden White. - -The butterfly may be met with in May and June, and again in August and -September. - -THE ORANGE-TIP BUTTERFLY (_Euchloë Cardamines_), Plate I., Fig. 7.--This -is the only member of its genus inhabiting this country, though there -are several others met with on the Continent. It has a wide range in -Britain and may be met with from Aberdeenshire to the south coast of -England, although it appears to be becoming scarcer and more local in -the northern half of the kingdom. The ground colour of the upper side of -the wings is white, with a large orange patch occupying almost the outer -half of the fore-wing, relieved by a black tip and a black spot. In the -female these black marks are larger, but the orange is entirely wanting. -The under side of the fore-wing is like the upper, but the under side of -the hind-wing is beautifully marbled in dark green, an effect obtained -by the commingling of black scales on a yellow ground. - -The caterpillar is green, with a white line on the sides, and feeds on -various species of _Cardamine_; hence meadow-lands are its favourite -resorts, and there the curious sharp-looking little chrysalis may be -found hung up to some dead stem during winter. - -The butterfly appears in early June and does not generally survive that -month. - -THE WOOD WHITE BUTTERFLY (_Leucophasia sinapis_), Plate I., Fig. 8. ---This is the smallest and most fragile of our white butterflies. The -wings are white with a black tip on the fore-wing, and the under side -of the hind-wing clouded with black scales. The body is long, slender, -and a little flattened laterally. It is not a common species, and is -very local where it does occur. It has been found as far north as -the Lake District, and down to the south coast. It is unrecorded for -Scotland, but has been taken in Ireland. - -The caterpillar is green, with yellow lines on the sides; it feeds on -various members of the pea family--Vetch, Trefoil, etc. It appears on -the wing in May, and sometimes a second brood occurs in August; so you -may look for the caterpillar in June and again in September. - -THE PALE CLOUDED YELLOW BUTTERFLY (_Colias Hyale_), Plate I., -Fig. 9.--I think there can be little doubt that this fine butterfly -is on the increase with us; from all over the southern counties come -records of its comparative plenty. In the _Entomologist_ (October, -1911) I read of over one hundred being seen or captured by various -collectors. Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Kent, Bucks, are amongst the -favoured places, and Lucerne- or Clover-fields are the attractions. - -[Illustration: PLATE 7 - -Apparatus for Preserving Larvæ] - -The question of the migration of this and the following species -is still very far from being satisfactorily settled. That we do get -a swarm over from the Continent when conditions are favourable is a -matter of common knowledge, but whether we have resident and permanent -colonies of our own is still doubtful. In any case this year (1911) -has been a _Hyale_ year, and we give thanks. The ground colour of -this butterfly is a pale primrose-yellow. There is a broad black -border beginning at the tip of the fore-wing and continuing on to the -hind-wing, where it gradually dies out at the bottom angle; placed -on this band of black are a few yellow spots. There is also a black -spot on the fore-wing, and a faint orange spot near the middle of -the hind-wing. The under side is more of a yellow shade, and a line -of brown spots runs round the outer margin of both wings. There is a -silvery spot in the centre of the hind-wings, like a figure 8 bordered -with pinkish brown, and in fine fresh specimens the fringe is of the -latter colour. The female is a shade lighter in ground colour and also -shows more black. - -The caterpillar may be looked for in June and July on Clover and -Lucerne; it is green, with yellow lines running along the back and -sides. The chrysalis is green with a single yellow line. - -The latter half of August and the first half of September cover the -best period of its flight in this country; on the Continent there is a -spring brood. - -THE CLOUDED YELLOW (_Colias Edusa_), Plate IV., Fig. 1.--As with -the last species, we have still much to learn of the habits of this -fine butterfly. Some years it is plentiful, while in others hardly -a specimen will be seen--and as for the caterpillars, we never hear -of them being successfully searched for. The probability is that -from a few spring visitors from the Continent we get a number of -descendants in August, when a great many more arrive from across the -Channel and mingle with them. The distribution of nearly all animals -is regulated by the food-supply, the climate, or their enemies; yet -none of these seem to satisfactorily account for the disappearance -and reappearance of _Edusa_ with us. It is a strong flying insect -with a roving disposition, and on quite a few occasions it has been -noted as far north as Arran and the Ayrshire coast, in Scotland. The -brilliant orange and black wings make its identity unmistakable. Not -so, however, with the light sulphur-coloured female variety, which -very nearly approaches the typical female form of _Hyale_, but it -may be distinguished by the broader black band on both fore- and -hind-wings, and a heavy sprinkling of black scales near the base of the -former, and all over the latter. The orange spot too, in the centre -of the hind-wing is deeper, and, being on a darker ground, looks much -brighter. There is no corresponding male variation. - -The caterpillar is dark green, with a light line on each side, varied -with yellow and orange touches. It feeds on various plants of the pea -order--vetches, trefoils, clovers, etc. The chrysalis is brown spotted, -and is striped with a yellow line. The butterfly appears with us during -August and September. - -[Illustration: - - PLATE 8. - 1. Red Admiral - 2. Painted Lady - 3. Milk Weed - 4. White Admiral - 5. Purple Emperor (Male)] - -THE BRIMSTONE BUTTERFLY (_Gonepteryx rhamni_), Plate IV., Fig. 2.--When -I glance at this beautiful butterfly, I always feel inclined to laugh, -not _at_ the butterfly--oh dear no!--but at a practical joke I once saw -through, much to the astonishment of a soldier friend. He had brought -home a large assortment of fine butterflies from India, and in going -over the stock my attention was arrested by the peculiar pattern on -one of them. For ground colour and outline it certainly resembled our -own Brimstone, but what weird markings! Turning the hand-glass on it -revealed the fact that it was _hand-painted_. I asked the sergeant -who did this, and then he suddenly remembered, and gave vent to a -loud guffaw. "The scamps, by Jove! That carries me back to a certain -mess-room at Darjeeling when this insect was handed over to me by a -certain young officer as a great rarity. He was sure there was not -another like it in the camp; and he was right. Lots of our fellows went -'butterfly dodging,' and had big collections to take home; but not -one of them had this one. They named it 'The Officer's Fancy.' Now, I -recollect seeing this same officer out sketching and fooling around -with a box of paints. It's clever, though, isn't it? He took us all -completely in." This was hardly to be wondered at! The colours had been -very delicately laid on, and the pattern adopted was of the eye-spot -and streak order, so that the whole effect was quite harmonious and in -good taste. - -But the Brimstone requires no artificial aids to make it a warm -favourite with all butterfly lovers; if it lacks variety of colouring, -it more than makes up for it in the beautiful sweeping outlines of -the wings. No other butterfly on our list can show such sweet harmony -of line and contour. Like a breeze-blown daffodil, he greets us on -our early spring rambles, just when the opening blossoms and leafy -buds are all doubly welcome, in that we have missed their friendly -presence through the long days of winter. The female hibernates in -all sorts of out-of-the-way corners--in dense holly-bushes, piles of -brushwood, chinks of walls, etc., coming forth again in May or even -earlier to deposit her eggs on the Buckthorn and its allies. The -antennæ are rather short and more like a club than a drum-stick, while -the beautiful white silken mane along the back is quite a noticeable -feature. The female is of a much lighter tint than the male. - -The caterpillar is green, with paler sides, along which runs a white -line: it may be found on the Buckthorn from May till July. The -chrysalis, which is supported on the tail and band principle, is green -and yellow, and rather oddly shaped. It hatches in the course of about -three weeks. This butterfly is a plentiful insect south of the Border, -but we have yet to record it for Scotland. - -THE SMALL PEARL-BORDERED FRITILLARY (_Argynnis Selene_), Plate IV., -Fig. 7.--Like all the members of its family the ground colour of -the wings of this insect is a reddish-brown, marbled and spotted -with black. For size it differs little from the next species, and -the upper surface of the two being so much alike, it is sometimes -difficult to distinguish between them. The under side (Plate X., -Fig. 3), especially of the hind-wings, however, renders the task of -identification comparatively easy: the ground colour is a deeper brown -in this species and causes the pearl border to stand out in stronger -relief; besides, numerous other pearl spots brighten its surface. It is -a local butterfly, with a wide range of distribution both in England -and Scotland; and where it does occur it is generally common. In the -South it may be double brooded, but in the North the June flight is all -we see of it for the year. - -The caterpillar is black, with an interrupted white line along the -back; the spines are brown; it feeds on the dog violet (_Viola -canina_). The chrysalis is ash-coloured. - -THE PEARL-BORDERED FRITILLARY (_Argynnis Euphrosyne_), Plate IV., -Fig. 8.--Perhaps this is the commoner of these twin butterflies, -though its range of distribution is much the same as the foregoing. -In its case, also, the under side of the _hind_-wings furnishes -us with the main points of distinction. Here the markings are a -warm mid-red shade on an ochreous ground; the pearl border is very -pronounced, and in the middle of the wing a single pearl reposes. -Nearer the body there is another smaller spot hardly so bright. If -you set several of these two species with the under side uppermost, -you will soon get quite familiar with the difference between them. -Plate X., Figs. 3, 5, shows this distinction. - -The caterpillar is similar to the last species and prefers _Viola_ as -a food-plant, but I have found it in little colonies where it most -certainly must have fed on other plants, as _Violas_ of any species -were distinctly rare in the district, which is wet and marshy. For -Scotland there is a single brood in June, while in the South it is -double-brooded--May and August. - -THE QUEEN OF SPAIN FRITILLARY (_Argynnis Lathonia_), Plate IV., -Fig. 6.--This is, unfortunately, the rarest of all our Fritillaries; -unfortunately, because it is the most beautiful and brilliant. In -outline the fore-wing differs from that of the two preceding species, -being slightly concave on the outer margin, while the hind-wing bears -a slight trace of scalloping. But it is on the under side where -all the treasures lie. A row of seven pearl spots adorns the outer -margin of the hind-wing; then comes a row of small dark spots, each -with a pearl-spot in its centre; then a profusion of large and small -glittering patches completes this beautiful wing. The under side of the -fore-wing has only three (or sometimes a tiny fourth) pearl spots near -the tip. This butterfly is taken occasionally in clover-fields in our -south-eastern counties. The specimens taken there are possibly migrants -from the Continent. - -The caterpillar is dark, with a white line on the back, yellow lines -on the sides, and is clothed with short red spines. It may be found on -_Violas_. As this insect is double-brooded on the Continent, it is well -to look out for it during the whole summer from May to September. - -THE DARK GREEN FRITILLARY (_Argynnis Aglaia_), Plate IV., Fig. 4.--The -only claim this handsome species has to be called green lies in the -fact that the under side of the hind-wing has for its ground colour a -delightful tawny green. But the main attraction is the lovely rows of -pearl spots ornamenting the under side (Plate X., Fig. 1); and there -are four of these rows. One, and it is perhaps the finest, runs round -near the outer margin, and consists of nine gems; the next, a little -nearer the body, has eight, and is slightly irregular; the next row has -only three, rather widely apart; and the fourth, and last, has also -three very small ones quite near the base of the wing. The under sides -of the fore-wings have also their pearl spots. Near the outer margin -you will find a row with eight of them, beginning boldly near the tip; -they gradually fade until the last of the row is barely visible. On -some male specimens there are two silvery spots also near the tip, but -on other specimens these are absent. The under side of the fore-wing -has very little green to show; the tip of the wing is just tinted, -and this tint is carried along the costal margin. I have described -the under side in some detail, as I have seen it described as having -only three rows of spots on the hind-wing, and no pearl spots at all -on the fore-wing; and for another reason, I want you always to confirm -your captures by a good textbook, as by so doing you will learn some -valuable lessons in comparison and observation, and in noting details; -and also it will enable you, perhaps, to add some fine variations to -your collection. - -The caterpillar lives on various species of wild _Viola_, and may be -found on them in the early summer, but as the butterfly has a wide -range of distribution, season and locality make it vary a good deal -in the time of its appearance. It has been found from the North of -Scotland to the South of England. July is the month to look for it. -I always find it more abundant near the coast. It is a bold flying -species, and often difficult to capture; but in good settled weather I -have taken it frequently at rest on thistle-tops _at sundown_. - -THE HIGH BROWN FRITILLARY (_Argynnis Adippe_), Plate IV., Fig. 5.--In -this and the foregoing we have again two species very easy to confound, -and all the more so when we note that stable characters are somewhat -hard to find on the upper surface of the wings--in general the ground -colour in _Adippe_ is richer and darker, and the outer margin of the -fore-wing is not so rounded as in _Aglaia_, being either straight or -very slightly concave. The arrangement of the second row of spots, -which runs round near the outer margin of both wings, is different in -the two species, but they are very inconstant and even vary in the -sexes; so the _under side_ must be again consulted (Plate X., Fig. 2). -And here we have an unfailing test. In _Adippe_, on the _under side_ of -the hind-wing near the outer margin, there is a row of dark red spots -lined internally with black, and in the centre there is a small pearl -spot. These eyelike spots are never present in _Aglaia_. The general -green tint, too, of _Aglaia_ is absent in _Adippe_. The silvery spots -on the under side of the fore-wing of _Aglaia_ are rarely to be seen -in this species. In some females of _Adippe_ three shadowy spots are -visible near the tip. I have never seen these on a male; so we have it -that, in the great majority of specimens of _Adippe_, the under side -of the fore-wing is devoid of silvery spots. While _Adippe_ may be -fairly common in the South, it is by no means so widely distributed, -nor does it range so far north as _Aglaia_. In Scotland it is unknown. - -The caterpillar is dark grey, with a whitish line along the back, and -is covered with rust-red spines. It feeds on _Viola_. The butterfly -appears in July. - -THE SILVER-WASHED FRITILLARY (_Argynnis Paphia_), Plate IV., -Fig. 3.--This is the largest of our native Fritillaries, and is easily -distinguished from the others by an entire absence of the silvery spots -so characteristic of this genus. The upper surface of the male is of -a warm, orange-brown, streaked and dotted with black on both wings; -the under side of the fore-wing is much lighter, the spots on it are -smaller, and the tip is marked with olive; the hind-wing under side -bears a fine combination of pale olive with faint lavender and silver -streaks, while its outer margin is distinctly scalloped. The female -is quite different. In it the ground colour of the upper side of the -fore-wings is much paler, and the black streaks along the veins are -absent. The hind-wings have the same pale tint, but with a more decided -tinge of olive, while the under sides of both wings, and especially -of the hind ones, are pale olive green, and the scalloping round the -outer margin of both wings is more pronounced. In the female variety -_Valesina_, the upper surface has a dark olive ground shading out -towards the tip of the fore-wings. This, with the black spots lying on -it, gives the butterfly quite a black appearance at a little distance. -This variation is mostly found in the New Forest. The butterfly is -common in many districts of England, but is rare in Scotland. - -The caterpillar is covered with long spines, nearly black, and has a -pale line along the back and sides; it feeds on Dog Violet and Wild -Raspberry. The chrysalis is rather stout, hangs by the tail, and is -greyish, with shining points. The perfect insect is out in July and -August. - -THE GREASY FRITILLARY (_Melitæa aurinia_), Plate IV., Fig. 9.--This may -not seem a pretty or poetical name for a butterfly. Beauty, poetry, -and the "fitness of things," might have suggested a more appropriate -title; but, as Dickens has said, "the wisdom of our ancestors is not -to be disturbed by unhallowed hands," and as the technical name is in -this instance some compensation, we may have to let it go at that. -"Greasy" the butterfly is not, but only _looks_ as if it were, when -slightly worn; and, owing to some peculiarity in the arrangement of its -scales, this slight wearing is very soon accomplished. Happily it is -not a difficult insect to rear, and fine specimens without a suspicion -of greasiness in their appearance can thus be had for the cabinet. -This butterfly is quite distinct from any other British Fritillary, -inasmuch as it has two very distinct ground colours on the upper side -of its wings, a rich orange-brown and a pale ochreous yellow. The bands -of this latter shade are bordered with dark brown; a reference to the -coloured figure will show how these colours are disposed. It is a -rather variable species, and is widely distributed. It is found in -glens and damp meadows and is generally abundant where found, though -local. - -[Illustration: - - PLATE 9. - 1. Marbled White - 2. Mountain Ringlet - 3. Scotch Argus - 4. Speckled Wood - 5. Wall Brown - 6. Grayling (Male) - 7. Meadow Brown (Female) - 8. Small Meadow Brown - 9. Ringlet - 10. Marsh Ringlet] - -The caterpillar is black, with a greyish line along the sides, and -a small white dot above this between each segment. The chrysalis is -ashen, with red and black spots; it is rather "dumpy," and may be -found on various low plants early in the summer, and again, in some -southern localities, in the autumn. Like nearly all the Fritillaries -the larvæ hibernate while very small, so it is best to leave them in -their natural state until fairly well fed. Narrow-leaved Plantain, -Scabious, and, some observers say, Foxglove and Speedwell, are its -favourite foods. The times of flight are May and August. In many Scotch -localities, Argyllshire, Ayrshire, etc., this species is abundant. - -THE GLANVILLE FRITILLARY (_Melitæa Cinxia_), Plate V., Fig. 1.--This -little butterfly is one of the "threatened species." If due care and -discretion be not exercised, there is a possibility of its becoming -extinct in this country. "Threatened people live long," but it were -wise not to push our little friend too far; and wiser still if -collectors who live in or near its favourite haunts would not only try -to preserve it, but also make some attempt to spread its range into -other localities apparently suitable for its propagation. We have far -too few native butterflies to run the risk of losing any we have. And -as the food-plant is the Ribbed or Narrow-leaved Plantain, it follows -that even were this species as abundant as its food would warrant, it -could not possibly do any harm to anyone, either gardener or farmer. -The ground colour might be called Fritillary brown, relieved with the -usual black bands and spots; the hind-wings show a distinct row of -black spots on a light ground running round near the outer margin. But -the under side (Plate X., Fig. 4) is more striking and unmistakable, -especially that of the hind-wing. The fringe itself is dotted at -intervals with black; then follows a line of crescent spots on a -cream-coloured ground; a fulvous band scalloped with a black outline -traverses the wing, and on this band are dark spots edged with red. -Then there is a cream band with black spots, and a broken-up band of -fulvous spots edged with black. There is cream again next the body, -with a few more black spots. The under side of the upper wing is a -light orange-brown, and cream towards the tip, and bears a few black -spots. - -The caterpillar is black, with dark red between the segments; head -and pro-legs red; spines short, crowded, black. The chrysalis is -stout, yellowish-grey, dotted with black, and is sometimes enclosed -in a loose web. The chrysalids I have reared always adopted this mode -of concealment and protection. I have also been much impressed with -the strong resemblance of the caterpillar to the flower-heads of the -Narrow-leaved Plantain, amongst which it lives. The Isle of Wight -appears to be the headquarters of the species, and it is found in a few -other localities on the mainland. It appears in May and June. - -[Illustration: - - PLATE 10 - 1. Dark Green Fritillary (under side) - 2. High Brown Fritillary (under side) - 3. Small Pearl Bordered Fritillary (under side) - 4. Glanville Fritillary (under side) - 5. Pearl Bordered Fritillary (under side) - 6. Heath Fritillary (under side)] - -THE HEATH FRITILLARY (_Melitæa Athalia_), Plate V., Fig. 2.--There is -more black, or dark brown, on the upper surface of this species, hence -the insect looks darker in general aspect than any of the foregoing -Fritillaries. The under side, too (Plate X., Fig. 6), is marked very -like _Cinxia_, but the light bands on the hind-wings are more of a -yellow tint, and the line of black spots through the central band are -wanting; the veins are also more prominent and black. Altogether it is -not difficult, on comparing the two under sides, to at once distinguish -them. - -It is also a rather local species, being confined to the South of -England and Ireland. Both caterpillar and chrysalis are very like those -of the last species; the spines, however, are rust-coloured. It feeds -on Plantain. The perfect insect is out from May to July. - -THE COMMA BUTTERFLY (_Vanessa c-Album_), Plate V., Fig. 3.--The -tatterdemalion of the family, it looks, indeed, as if some hungry -caterpillars had been dining on its wings, and had been scared away -in the middle of the feast, leaving all sorts of rags and tatters to -attest their visit. The costal margin is the only line left entire; -all the others are deeply scalloped and indented. Two tails form -the longest projections from the middle of the outer edge of the -hind-wings. The ground colour is a uniform rusty red, varied with black -spots arranged in the same order as in other species of this genus. -There is a dark border round the outer margin of both wings. The under -side is strikingly different from the upper, and looks extraordinarily -like a dry, withered leaf, the more so on account of its ragged -outline. In the middle of the hind-wing is a very clear comma-shaped -mark; from this the insect takes its name. - -The caterpillar is yellowish on the back for the first five segments, -then white to the tail; under side brown. The spines are shorter than -in others of this group. It feeds on Hop, Elm, Gooseberry, Nettle, -Willow, and Sloe. The chrysalis is brown, with gilt points. The -butterfly appears in July and is rather local, being found mostly in -the Midlands and Wales. It has been recorded for Scotland, but not of -late years. - -THE LARGE TORTOISESHELL BUTTERFLY (_Vanessa Polychloros_), Plate V., -Fig. 5.--The ground colour of this handsome species is a tawny yellow, -marked with three large black patches along the costa of the fore-wing; -between these patches the colour is somewhat lighter. There are four -other black spots occupying the centre of the wing, which also has a -black border dotted with brown; hind-wing tawny, with one black patch -on the upper margin, but not extending inward to the body as a similar -spot does in the next species (_Urticæ_). The dark border is continued -along this wing, and is studded with blue spots edged with a paler -line. This species might be confused by the novice with the next, -but not if the two were together for comparison; then the points in -which they differ are seen to be distinct and permanent. In _Urticæ_ -the light ground between the costal blotches is yellow and the outer -spot blue-white; there are only _three_ black spots in the centre of -the wing, the largest one being continued _down to the margin_, which -is not the case with the corresponding spot in _Polychloros_. On the -hind-wing the black patch continues downward towards the bottom angle -and inwards to the body, whereas this spot neither goes in nor down in -_Polychloros_. Lastly, the ground colour in _Urticæ_ is of a bright -red, almost a scarlet, with the blue spots extending into _both_ wings. - -The caterpillar of _Polychloros_ is brown, spiny, and striped along the -back and sides; it feeds on Elm, Willow, and Cherry, during the summer -months. The butterfly appears in August. - -It is by no means so common with us as its smaller and gayer cousin, -being confined mostly to the South of England. There are occasional -records for Scotland; I was present when a specimen was captured by a -friend on the coast of Argyllshire in the year 1887. - -THE SMALL TORTOISESHELL BUTTERFLY (_Vanessa Urticæ_), Plate V., -Fig. 4.--Among the many puzzling problems that naturalists have to -solve, few present greater attractions than those relating to the -migration and hibernation of animals. The birds have long claimed the -attention of ornithologists in this respect, but the insects have in a -great measure been neglected. However, there are signs of a revival. -Migratory and hibernating butterflies are well enough represented -in the British list to supply material for much patient and useful -research. The facts about them are not all known--not by any means. -We know, or fancy we do, that the dominating factor in both cases is -the food-supply, but that there are other and important elements to be -considered is beyond dispute. The Small Tortoiseshell is a hibernating -species, but why does it not deposit its eggs in the autumn, and go -the way of all flesh and butterflies? Could it not evolve a method of -securing its eggs so that the young caterpillars might have a fair -chance of survival when ushered into the world? Or has it found it -easier and safer to take care of these eggs itself during the long -winter months, and then, when returning spring once more brings the -Nettle-shoots above ground, launch forth upon the wing once more, to -seek and to find a home and a larder for its numerous children to be? -What would be the fate of these eggs if laid in the autumn? Who can -tell? Various enemies and agencies would be constantly at work seeking -to destroy them. The Nettles have all died down and left hardly a trace -behind. And what the rain and wind had not scattered far and wide, the -ants and beetles would account for. - -The Small Tortoiseshell is perhaps the best known of all our coloured -butterflies, occurring, as it does, all over the country from Land's -End to John o' Groats. It is very like the last species, though smaller -and brighter; but as I pointed out the various distinguishing marks in -describing _Polychloros_, I need not go into them again. - -The caterpillars feed in companies when young, spreading themselves -over the Nettles as they grow older. They are black on the back with -a checkered double line along the sides; across each segment is a -row of branched spines with numerous small simple hairs between. -The chrysalis hangs by the tail; it is grey-brown, with gilt points. -The eggs are laid in May, and the butterfly appears towards the end -of June, and continues more or less abundant until October, when the -females retire to some safe corner in old walls or outhouses, there to -await the passing of the winter. - -[Illustration: - - PLATE 11 - 1. Larva of Large Garden White - 2. Pupa of Large Garden White - 3. Ichneumon Cocoons - 4. Dipterous Parasite of Large G. White - 5. Ichneumon Flies hatched from 3 - 6. Pupa of Small Tortoiseshell - 7. Larva of Small Tortoiseshell - 8. Larva and Pupa of Glanville Fritillary - 9. Larva of Greasy Fritillary] - -THE PEACOCK BUTTERFLY (_Vanessa Io_), Plate V., Fig. 7.--This -beautiful species is too well known, and too distinct in its colour and -pattern to require any written description. - -Few butterflies possess a name which so aptly describes them, and -to make a mistake in its identification is hardly possible. All its -efforts seem to have been exspended on the ornamentation of the upper -surface, for the under side has hardly an attractive note. Dark and -sombre though it be, it is well adapted for concealment during its -period of hibernation. - -The caterpillar is black, with bands of white dots round each segment, -and the spines are larger than in the Small Tortoiseshell. It feeds -in batches on Nettles, from June to August. The chrysalis inclines to -green and has burnished spots. This species is common in England, and -is occasionally met with in the South and West of Scotland. - -THE CAMBERWELL BEAUTY (_Vanessa Antiopa_), Plate V., Fig. 6.--Why does -not this handsome butterfly settle down amongst us, increase and -multiply, and thus swell the little band of real natives who gladden -the eye of the entomologist on his country rambles? It is a common -insect over most of the Continent, and most abundant in North America, -well up into Canada, where the winter is extremely severe. We have the -food-plant in abundance, yet it is questionable if ever the Camberwell -Beauty has been found in any but the winged state in this country. -Records there are of its capture year after year, but there never seems -to be progeny left by these occasional visitors. The wings are a dark -chocolate-brown, bordered with creamy white. Between the brown and the -white is a broad black band studded with blue spots; there are also -two white spots on the costal margin near the tip of the fore-wing. -It measures from 2-1/2 to 3-1/2 inches in expanse, North American -specimens being the largest. - -The caterpillar is black, with white dots, and has a row of red spots -along the back. The pro-legs are also red, spines black. It feeds on -the Willow. The chrysalis is brown, with darker spots; its abdominal -points are sharp and angular. Single specimens of this species occur in -most seasons from August to October, generally in the South, but it has -been recorded for Scotland on several occasions. - -THE RED ADMIRAL (_Vanessa Atalanta_), Plate VIII., Fig. 1.--He -must have been a poet who first conceived so appropriate a name for -this gallant rover. Possibly he was living long ago-- - - "When Britons truly ruled the waves, - In good Queen Bess's glorious days," - -or later, when Nelson's old "wooden walls" spread their bellying sails -to catch the breeze. Those were days of romance. Fancy the Admiral of a -super-Dreadnought--that big, black abortion of coal and iron--being -associated with a butterfly! We would rather peer into the future and -elect our aerial commander the "Red Admiral" of a fleet of graceful -aeroplanes. This would certainly be more appropriate. - -[Illustration: - - PLATE 12. - 1. Small Heath - 2. Green Hairstreak - 3. Purple Hairstreak (Female) - 4. White-letter Hairstreak - 5. Black Hairstreak - 6. Brown Hairstreak (Female) - 7. Large Copper (Male) - 8. Small Copper - 9. Long-tailed Blue - 10. Silver-studded Blue (Male) - 11. Brown Argus - 12. Common Blue (Male)] - -The colours of this butterfly on the upper surface are singularly bold, -striking, and, withal, simple. They furnish a good test of colour -discrimination. I have heard them spoken of as "jet black," "intense -black," or "velvety black." If you take a specimen into a good light, -you will see that the whole area enclosed by the scarlet bands is -a deep coffee-brown, while outside the band, on the fore-wing, the -colour is black splashed with white, and there is a blue streak near -the outer margin. The under side is a marvel of beauty too complex and -wonderful for cold print. Common though this insect is all over our -island from August to chill October, who can say that he has discovered -his "retreat and hiding-place" from the storms and frosts of winter? -Indeed, there are those who boldly assert that the Red Admiral _does -not_ hibernate with us at all, and, consequently, we are indebted each -year for our supply to spring visitors from the Continent, which may be -the reason why in some years it is more abundant than in others. - -The caterpillar is a powdery yellow-grey in colour, sometimes inclining -almost to black; a line of white spots appears on each side; there are -some darker markings along the back, and a row of branched spines light -in colour crosses the middle of each segment. You will generally find -it hiding within a curled Nettle-leaf during the day. The chrysalis is -grey, with a few shining points. - -THE PAINTED LADY (_Vanessa cardui_), Plate VIII., Fig. 2, is -quite a suitable companion for a "Red Admiral," and they are often seen -in company, although _cardui_ is the earlier on the wing by at least a -fortnight, and often a month. The ground colour of the upper surface is -a rosy orange, varied with black and brown markings, while the white -spots near the tip of the fore-wing are almost similar to those of the -Red Admiral. Here, too, the under side is an exquisite bit of painting. -It reminds one of a frosted window done in harmonious secondary -colours. No doubt this subtle pattern must be protective, for you -will notice that when the insect is at rest with the wings shut, the -bright portion of the under side of the fore-wing is concealed. This is -decidedly a migratory species, and it is an open question whether it -hibernates in Britain. In Scotland we never see it until the autumn, -and occasionally it arrives in fair numbers. We had one extraordinary -swarm about the year 1880; I remember being on holiday at the time on -the Island of Cumbrae, in the Firth of Clyde. _Cardui_ was everywhere, -and even fighting for possession of the Thistle-tops. In 1911 I had to -be content with the sight of two specimens in Arran, but I heard of -several more. - -Like the other _Vanessa_ caterpillars, the larva of this species is -thorny, brown, and bears lines and spots of yellow. It may be found on -Thistles and Nettles in May and June. The chrysalis is like that of -_Atalanta_ in colour, but hardly so stout. - -THE WHITE ADMIRAL (_Limenitis Sibylla_), Plate VIII., Fig. 4.--This -butterfly is almost black on the upper surface, relieved by white bars -and spots, and there is a row of dense black spots near the outer -margin of the hind-wings. These white marks are carried through the -wings to the under side, but the ground there is formed of various -shades of brown, with some black dots and pencillings--while on the -under surface of the body, and spreading out from it on to the wings, -is a considerable region of a light sky-blue tint, very pleasing to the -eye. - -The caterpillar feeds on Honeysuckle, and is a lively green; the spines -are reddish, those on the third, fourth, and sixth segments being -larger than the others. There is also a white line bordered with brown -along each side. The head is also red, with two lines of white down the -face. The chrysalis is dark green, with silvery dots and lines, and -bears grotesquely swollen lumps. This is a butterfly that I am afraid -is becoming scarcer year by year; it is confined to the South. It is -out in July. - -THE PURPLE EMPEROR (_Apatura Iris_), Plate VIII., Fig. 5, is -undoubtedly the king of the forest glade. Wearing the regal purple, -he looks down upon the world from his lofty throne on the top of some -lordly oak. Somehow the build of this fine insect when seen in the hand -cannot fail to impress the beholder with a sense of muscular power. The -thorax is long, broad, and deep--more so than in any other British -butterfly--and the abdomen, head, and antennæ are in like proportion. -The wings are ample and in shape smart and serviceable. No loose scales -or fluffy hairs soften the firm compactness of his whole bearing. Dark -brown and purple alternate with the changing light all over the upper -surface; a dash or two of red, and one eye-spot on the bottom angle -of the hind-wing, with a bar and a few spots of white, are the main -additions to the changing hues of the purple. The under side has a -daring lightning flash of blue-white on a brown and olive ground on the -hind-wing. The fore-wing (under side) has various spots of black and -white on a darker ground, while there is also one eye-spot near the -outer angle. He is said to have a fondness for carrion, and this queer -taste is sometimes his undoing, as he is more readily captured when -indulging his appetite than when soaring round the crown of some lofty -oak. - -But it is better still to seek for the caterpillars. These may be found -on low Sallows or Poplars. They are green, dusted with white, and have -oblique dashes of yellow on the sides; they taper considerably towards -the tail, while the head is adorned with a pair of horns. The chrysalis -is similarly coloured while alive, but when its inhabitant is gone -the colour vanishes with it, and all that remains looks like a little -bit of crumpled tissue paper. It may be found suspended to the under -side of a leaf of the food-plant. The butterfly is out in July in the -southern counties, and is oftener seen than captured. - -THE MARBLED WHITE BUTTERFLY (_Melanargia Galathea_), Plate IX., -Fig. 1.--We now come to a group of butterflies (the _Satyridæ_) quite -the reverse in build and habits from the Emperors and Admirals. Of -medium or small size, though the wings are ample, the body is small and -the muscular power is never great; hence they are soft and downy, never -fly far at a stretch, and are, although many of them common, very local -in their habits. - -And the Marbled White is no exception to the group. His name may -suggest something hard, polished, and durable, yet he is anything but -that. I wonder what his name might have been had he been common north -of the Tweed, and not known in the South? To Sir Walter Scott, James -Hogg (the Ettrick Shepherd), or Professor Blackie, the similarity of -the black and white wings to the checking and soft, embracing folds of -their own beloved tartan plaids would at once have appealed to their -imagination, and henceforth they would have alluded to him as the -"Shepherd's Plaid" butterfly. - -Creamy-white, with grey and black checking, and a few eye-spots on the -black band of the hind-wings complete his simple scheme of colour. The -under side is somewhat similar to the upper. Although common enough -where it is found, it is a very local and stay-at-home butterfly. - -The caterpillar is a grass-feeder, and is green, with a red head and -tail. It tapers considerably towards both extremities. They are very -small when they hibernate. The butterfly is out in July and August. - -THE MOUNTAIN RINGLET BUTTERFLY (_Erebia Epiphron_), Plate IX., -Fig 2.--It is strange that this fragile little fellow should choose -the rough mountainside for his home. In a boggy hollow of Ben Lomond, -nearly 2,000 feet above the sea, buried in snow almost the whole winter -through, I know a colony of this butterfly which lives and flourishes -under these seemingly impossible conditions. Doubtless it could be -found on many more of our Highland hills. - -The wings are a dark, fulvous brown, with an inconstant red bar near -the outer edge of both wings, and on this rusty bar are usually a few -small eye-spots, sometimes absent, or reduced to mere specks. The under -side is almost similar. It is a very easily damaged little creature, -requiring great care in handling, and I may add that in catching it is -always advisable to carefully select your specimens _on the ground_, as -quite a large percentage always appear to be rubbed, so soon do they -become unfit for the cabinet even in the height of their season, which -occurs during the first fortnight of July. - -The caterpillar is said to be green, and feeds upon various grasses. It -is also found on the mountains of Cumberland and Westmorland. - -THE SCOTCH ARGUS BUTTERFLY (_Erebia Æthiops_), Plate IX., Fig. 3.--Like -all butterflies, the Scotch Argus is seen at its best in its native -haunts. You feel it has a subtle kind of association with its -surroundings that defies definition. Seeing this species flirting -about in dozens in a dell where the air is heavily laden with the -perfume of Bog-myrtle and Honeysuckle, and where dragon-flies, bees, -hover-flies, wasps, and ants, raise a drowsy hum dear to the ear of -the entomologist, not to mention the hordes of bloodthirsty little -midges, tends to the formation of a mental impression, which we always -associate with this beautiful butterfly. It takes strange notions, too, -at times. I have found it often "at home" as described above, and, -again, I have come upon it solitary and alone on the bare hillside, far -from the madding colony amongst which it was born. Five such wanderers -I once encountered in a single day in August. All were on the move, -either seeking a lost home or lover, or possibly pastures new. - -The breeding ground is generally some sheltered glade or open corner of -a wood. The butterfly is coloured a beautiful dark, velvety brown, with -a broad, irregular tawny red band near the outer margin of both fore- -and hind-wings. Within this band on the fore-wings are three black -spots, each having a tiny white spot in its centre, and the hind-wings -have in most cases a similar adornment; but as these spots are subject -to great variation, always aim at securing a good row for your cabinet -in order to show as many variations as you can find. - -The under sides of the sexes differ from each other and are -distinctive. In the female the under side of the fore-wing is marked -very much the same as the upper side, but the whole colour scheme is -lighter, while the hind-wings are a lighter brown, with a pale lavender -band, distinctly iridescent and with just a trace of spots. The male, -though nearly the same in markings, is very much darker. - -The caterpillar is a grass-feeder, and is green, with some lighter and -darker stripes. It is very like the grass it lives amongst. The eggs -are laid in the autumn, and the young caterpillars hibernate. - -THE SPECKLED WOOD BUTTERFLY (_Pararge Ægeria_), Plate IX., Fig. -4.--There must be something peculiar about this butterfly, which -always reminds me of a snake; it is curious how such an idea gets -into one's head and sticks there. I have a lot of preserved home and -foreign snakes, and not a few of them are checkered and marked like -this butterfly's wings; one large skin of a boa constrictor bears -a remarkable resemblance both in colour and spots. Nature seems to -delight in these eyelike markings--you will find them on the trout, the -peacock, the leopard, and on certain beetles, flowers, and birds' eggs. -Wherever you find them they are always beautiful and interesting, and -have a certain protective use. - -The Speckled Wood is more easily recognized than described. The upper -side is of a dull brown, spotted with pale yellow, or (as in some -northern specimens I have taken) with white. There is one eye-spot near -the tip of the fore-wing, and a row of three, sometimes four, similar -spots in a submarginal row on the hind-wings. The under side is richer -and warmer in colour, having a purple tinge, while the eye-spots of -the hind-wings are nearly obsolete, but the spot on the fore-wing -is, if anything, brighter. It is a fairly common species, and -loves quiet, shady lanes on the edge of woodlands. In the South it is -double-brooded. The female is larger and brighter than the male. The -caterpillar is a grass-feeder, and is green, with lighter stripes. The -butterfly is out from May to August. - -[Illustration: - - PLATE 13. - 1. Adonis Blue (Male) - 2. Chalk-hill Blue (Male) - 3. Little Blue - 4. Azure Blue - 5. Large Blue - 6. Duke of Burgundy Fritillary - 7. Grizzled Skipper - 8. Dingy Skipper - 9. Small Skipper - 10. Lulworth Skipper - 11. Large Skipper (Female) - 12. Pearl Skipper (Male) - 13. Checkered Skipper] - -THE WALL BROWN BUTTERFLY (_Pararge megæra_), Plate IX., Fig. 5.--A -rather smaller butterfly than the last, with the same number and -arrangement of the eye-spots. The ground colour is, however, a light -tawny brown, with dark brown markings. There is a broad diagonal -bar across the fore-wings of the male. All the wings are bordered -with brown. The female has two zigzag lines in place of the bar, and -consequently has a lighter appearance; she is usually a bit larger -than her mate. The under side of the hind-wings is a beautiful study -in greys and browns, with the dainty little eye-spots double ringed. -This species is common on waste lands and roadsides throughout the -country; it is local in Scotland, but abundant where found, especially -in Ayrshire. There are two broods only in the South. - -The caterpillar is light green, with lines on the back and sides, and -may be swept from grasses with the net in midsummer. The chrysalis is -short and stout, and is found suspended by the tail to a strong grass -stem. - -The butterfly loves to rest on walls and stones which have been warmed -by the sun; hence the name the "Wall Brown." - -THE GRAYLING BUTTERFLY (_Satyrus Semele_), Plate IX., Fig. 6.--This -fine butterfly is larger and bolder in flight than any other of this -group in our country. But you must always remember that butterflies -love the sunshine, and without its cheering presence they are all very -dull fellows indeed. Hence it is that a butterfly may appear, and -really is, difficult to catch on a bright, warm day; yet it may fall an -easy victim, and give but indifferent sport on a dull one. The Grayling -has a strong partiality for living near the sea, and is found all along -the west coast of Scotland, whether it be on a rock-bound shore or in -a sandy, sheltered bay. During July and August one is pretty sure to -encounter the Grayling sporting along just above high-water mark, and, -not infrequently, whole colonies of them. The lichen-covered rocks -above the shore are his favourite resting-place, and here he can sit -and bask in the sun, and once he has closed his wings he may be said to -have disappeared, so beautifully does the under side of his wings blend -with the colour of the surrounding rocks. He shows a certain amount of -wisdom, too, at times, for if you make a stroke at him with a net and -miss, he is off to sea, flit-flitting just above the water, and making -a wide detour before coming back to land. - -The wings are brown, with an irregular light tawny band, in which, on -the fore-wing, are two eye-spots, and on the hind-wing only one. But -the finest ornamentation is on the under side of the hind-wings, which -bear a strong resemblance to a granite rock speckled with lichens. - -The caterpillar, I think, feeds mostly at night, as I have found it -during the day under stones in hilly districts near the sea. It is -variable in colour--brownish to black, with a few lighter lines on the -back and sides, and it has a dirty putty-colour on the under side. It -feeds on grass in May. The butterfly is out from July to September. It -appears in August in Scotland. - -THE MEADOW BROWN BUTTERFLY (_Epinephele Janira_), Plate IX., Fig. -7.--Perhaps this is the commonest of all our brown butterflies. On -roadside or hillside, moor or meadow, one can hardly fail to notice -this homely brown insect all through the summer rambles. The males -are smaller and dingier than the females. They have an obscure -reddish patch on the fore-wing which, with an eye-spot, relieves the -upper surface of dark brown. The females are brighter and often more -variable, the fulvous patch on their fore-wings being large and bright, -and even extending into a band on the hind-wings. There is occasionally -an inner patch of suffused yellow on the centre of the fore-wings; the -under side is a paler brown, with a decided band of grey-brown on the -hind-wing, which is also slightly scalloped. - -The caterpillar is a delicate green, with a white line on either side, -and may be swept from moorland grasses in May and June. The chrysalis -is short and dumpy; pale papery grey, rather fragile, and is hung up by -the tail to a grass-stem. The butterfly is out practically all through -the summer. - -THE SMALL MEADOW BROWN (_Epinephele Tithonus_), Plate IX., Fig. -8.--Also a common species, but does not so range far north. Wings, a -bright tawny red inclining to yellow, bordered with dark brown, with -an indistinct diagonal bar across the wings in the male. There is also -a black spot near the tip of the fore-wings containing two tiny white -spots; occasionally there are two small eye-spots on the hind-wings -also. The under side of the hind-wing is shaded with red-brown and pale -ochre, and bears a few small white spots surrounded by red rings. Under -side of the upper wing is pale tawny yellow with outer edge dark; there -is a black spot at the tip with _two_ white dots in it. - -The caterpillar varies from green to grey-brown; there is a dark red -line along the back, and two light lines run along each side. It is -a grass-feeder, and prefers a drier situation than the last species. -Perhaps this is the reason for it being found in Ayrshire, the driest -and sandiest county in Scotland. July and August are the butterfly's -months. - -THE RINGLET BUTTERFLY (_Epinephele Hyperanthus_), Plate IX., Fig. -9.--This is a common and not very attractive-looking butterfly. Its -colours, if it can be said to have any, are dingy in the extreme. -The upper surface is a dark sooty-brown hardly relieved by a few -faint eye-spots, which are very small and not always present. A -dirty white fringe completes the upper side. The under side affords -some compensation, however, for here we have the ringlets in some -variety--pale yellow for the outer ring, which encloses black with a -white spot in the centre. They are arranged three on the upper wing and -five on the lower. They vary in size, as will be seen from the figure -(Plate XIV., Fig. 9). It is not a very lively insect; it frequents dry -pasture-fields in Scotland, preferring those bordering the sea. - -The caterpillar is like the last species, but a greener grey; it feeds -on grasses. The butterfly is out in July. When you do happen upon this -species, keep a sharp lookout for varieties, as it has quite a range of -well-known "sports"; the variation is mostly on the under surface. - -THE MARSH RINGLET (_Cænonympha Typhon_), Plate IX., Fig. 10.--This -insect has to be sought for on the swampy moorlands and mountains of -the North. It is of a dingy fawn-colour, sometimes brighter, often as -if it had been held over the fire and "Peat-reekit." It is somewhat -remarkable what a number of creatures inhabiting this same region have -gradually come to assume a similar coloration. Many of the Highland -cattle on these moors have this dirty tawny-yellow tint; the deer and -the hare find protection under the same guise. The upper surface of -the Marsh Ringlet is varied with a few eye-spots, though I possess -specimens with no spots at all, while others have four on each of -the hind-wings and two on each of the fore-wings. The under side is -generally better marked by eyes, six forming a row round the outer -margin of each hind-wing, of which the first and last are usually the -largest; fore-wing under side--two eye-spots, the one nearest the tip -being the larger. There is also a light bar across this wing, and -this is continued on to the hind-wing, where it broadens out and is -irregular and often interrupted. The ground colour here is a subdued -green-grey, getting lighter towards the fringe. Females have more ample -and rounded wings than the males. I find the most comfortable way to -hunt this butterfly is with bare feet and legs, and the trousers well -tucked up, which will perhaps convey some idea of the nature of the -ground it loves to flit over. Splash, splash you go over the _Sphagnum_ -and Cotton-grass, Heather and Marsh Wortleberry, while overhead the -eerie cries of the curlew and the lapwing remind the naturalist that -there are many young families hidden amongst the Heather, who will -rejoice when they see the last of him and that fearful net of his. - -The caterpillar is green, with white lines, and feeds on Cotton-grass -in May. The butterfly appears towards the end of June. - -THE SMALL HEATH BUTTERFLY (_Cænonympha Pamphilus_), Plate XII., -Fig. 1.--This can be best described as a smaller and brighter edition -of _Typhon_; occasionally a _large_ specimen may even be mistaken for -a _small Typhon_, but you can always tell the smaller species by the -presence of only one eye-spot on the tip of the fore-wing, and no -eye-spots anywhere else. Its habits, too, are different, preferring, as -it does, a much drier and more pastoral country to sport over. And its -range is also wider, being found all over the country from June till -September. - -The caterpillar is green and a grass-feeder. I have swept it from grass -in August. - -THE BROWN HAIRSTREAK (_Thecla betulæ_), Plate XII., Fig. 6.--There are -five British species included in the very distinct group of interesting -little butterflies, to which this species belongs. All of them are -nearly black on the upper surface, but the undersides are exceedingly -chaste in pattern, if not showy in colour. The Brown Hairstreak is the -largest of the five. The male is a dark brown relieved by a lighter -spot edged with black on the fore-wing, and the bottom angle of the -hind-wing and the little tails are orange. The female has an orange -bar across the fore-wing. The under side (Plate XIV., Fig. 7) is a -tawny orange inclining to deep orange at the margins; a double white -irregular line edged with black runs across the hind-wings, and between -these lines the tawny shade is darker; the fringe is white. - -The caterpillar is green, marked with diagonal yellow lines and tapers -considerably towards each extremity. It feeds on Birch and Blackthorn. -Though by no means a common insect, it is found in a great many -localities from North to South of England, but not in Scotland. The -butterfly is out in August. - -THE WHITE-LETTER HAIRSTREAK (_Thecla w-album_), Plate XII., Fig. 4.--A -smaller and, on the upper surface, a blacker insect than the last. -Excepting for a small indistinct spot in the centre, and near the outer -margin of the fore-wing, the upper surface is devoid of markings of any -kind. The under side, however, provides all the distinctive features -necessary for identification. The colour is a cool brown-grey, the -fore-wing being traversed by a white line; the hind-wing has a similar -white line, which forms a W at the basal angle; under it is a broad -orange scalloped band, edged with black and white; the extreme outer -edge is black, and this black edging scallops into the orange band. -Tail black. - -The caterpillar feeds on Elm; is pale green, with yellow bars and two -rows of whitish humps along the back. It may be got by beating the Elm -in early summer. The Butterfly appears in July, but is far from common, -York being about its northern limit. - -THE BLACK HAIRSTREAK (_Thecla pruni_), Plate XII., Fig. 5.--About the -same size as the last, but many individuals are smaller. The ground -colour is almost black, but near the tail are two or three conspicuous -orange spots, which are not present in _w-Album_. The orange band on -the under side of the hind-wing is much bolder and is edged with black -spots on _both_ sides, the inner row of spots being partially ringed -with white; the white hairstreaks are fainter and slightly interrupted. -This is the rarest of the group, and confined to a few localities in -the South and South-East. - -The caterpillar is green, with yellow spots and lines; it is found on -Sloe and Oak. The perfect insect is out in July. - -THE PURPLE HAIRSTREAK (_Thecla quercus_), Plate XII., Fig. 3.--The -commonest and most widely distributed of the Hairstreaks extending well -into Scotland where, however, it is not common. The upper surface in -the male is shot with purple, while the female has a patch on either -fore-wing of a still more pronounced sheen. The under side (Plate XIV., -Fig. 8) is a cool grey; the "hairstreak" is white and strongly defined -by an inner edging of dark brown. There are also two orange eye-spots -near the tail, which in this species is rather small. - -[Illustration: - - PLATE 14 - 1. Pupa of Red Admiral - 2. Larva of Red Admiral - 3. Larva of Small White - 4. New Small Skipper - 5. Pupa of Small White (showing hole through which ichneumons emerged) - 6. Larva of White Admiral - 7. Brown Hairstreak (under side) - 8. Purple Hairstreak (under side) - 9. Ringlet (under side)] - -The caterpillar is a reddish-brown and grey mixture, with a lighter -angular pattern along the back, and a light line along the sides. It -feeds on Oak. - -I once came upon a small colony of this little butterfly flying round -some Oak-trees in Argyllshire, but not one of them came lower than 15 -feet from the ground, and after trying a variety of expedients I had to -retire discomfited without a single capture. A visit to the same spot -on subsequent days failed to reveal a single specimen. August was the -month. In the South it is out in June. - -THE GREEN HAIRSTREAK (_Thecla rubi_), Plate XII., Fig. 2.--The -smallest of the British Hairstreaks and a fairly common species. Deep -dingy brown above, bright emerald-green below, traversed by white -hairstreaks, although in some specimens I have taken these white lines -are absent. An elusive little butterfly, as when it settles amongst -green herbage with the wings closed it is rendered almost invisible, so -well does it harmonize with its surroundings. - -The caterpillar is green, spotted and striped with yellow; it feeds on -Bramble and Broom. The butterfly is out in June generally, but I have -found it in the closing days of May in a favourable season. In the -South a second brood appears in August. It reaches as far north as -Perthshire, and is frequently met with in the West Highlands. - -THE LARGE COPPER BUTTERFLY (_Polyommatus Dispar_), Plate XII., -Fig. 7.--I am afraid there is now only one British locality where this -fine butterfly can be successfully pursued. Strange to say it is not -one of the few places where it was found so abundantly a century ago. -Neither is it any use going after it there with a net, or any other of -the usual appliances. - -The correct place and method are no great secret, being, as it is, in -the very heart of London--to wit, Stevens' Auction Rooms, King Street, -Covent Garden. A cheque-book there is a more reliable, and, if properly -handled, sure means of bringing a specimen into one's collection. I -don't suppose there is anybody now alive who remembers having seen the -Large Copper flitting about its native Fen lands so long ago as 1850 or -thereabout, for the precise date is difficult to discover. The Large -Copper has become as extinct as the dodo or the great auk. Fortunately, -many specimens are still to be seen in old and well-preserved -collections, and not a few of these have already passed through the -hands of the auctioneer. There are various Continental "Coppers" which -more or less resemble the "dear departed." And it is as well that the -points of difference should be well known, as these foreigners can be -had for a few pence. _Dispar_ sells at as many pounds. - -The male and female differ very much from each other, the male being -a clear scarlet copper tint, with black margins and a small black -spot in the centre of the fore-wing. The female is larger and not so -brilliant; the black marginal band on the fore-wing is broader, and -has a row of black spots in addition to the central black spot. The -hind-wings are much dingier, except for a brighter band round the -outer margin next the black outline. It was out in July and August in -the Fen lands of the south-eastern counties. Various causes have been -assigned as the reason for its disappearance. Draining of, and burning -rubbish on, these wastes, and the constant persecution the insect had -to endure from mercenary natives who, once they discovered there was -money in it--and the more money, doubtless, the scarcer it became--all -lent their quota of assistance towards finally exterminating this fine -butterfly. - -THE SMALL COPPER BUTTERFLY (_Polyommatus Phlæas_), Plate XII., -Fig. 8.--Less in size but hardly less brilliant in colour, the Small -Copper is not likely to share the fate of its larger relative. A -lively, restless, little imp it is, and has well earned the title of -"the flea," by which it is known in some districts. - -As it is the "only Copper we possess now," a detailed description is -unnecessary, but I would direct the young collector's attention to the -fact that there are some nice variations of this common little species -apt to be overlooked, perhaps the most striking being a white form, -and another and commoner one having a row of blue spots on the upper -surface of the hind-wings. - -The caterpillar feeds on various species of Sorrel, and is green with -three red lines. - -There are several broods in the year, but it is generally more abundant -in the autumn. Found everywhere. - -THE LONG-TAILED BLUE (_Lycæna Bætica_), Plate XII., Fig. 9.--While -there is no doubt this lovely little blue has been repeatedly taken -on our shores, the fact remains that we must still regard it as an -occasional visitor only. It may, and we all hope it will, yet be -classed amongst our resident fauna. From what we know of it, it seems -to have a more than usually wide range; it is recorded for Europe, -Africa, Western Asia, East Indies, and Australia. The male is a deep -blue, with two black spots just above the tails; the female shows more -brown. The under side is quite different from that of any of our native -blues, being barred and spotted in white, and two shades of fawn-brown, -with two green spots near the tail. A lookout for it may be kept all -along our south coast during July and August. - -THE SILVER-STUDDED BLUE (_Lycæna Ægon_), Plate XII., Fig. 10.--In -all of the group to which this insect belongs, numbering about ten -species, the males differ very much in colour, especially on the upper -surface, from the females. The males are nearly always blue of various -shades, and the females brown and blue in varying proportions. - -In _Ægon_, the male is a warm violet-blue, the outer margins being -bordered with black. The female is brown shot with blue, which becomes -more intense near the outer margin of the hind-wings, where there is -a row of orange spots touching an outer row of black spots; but these -two rows may be nearly or altogether absent. The under side (Plate -XV., Fig. 4) is banded with orange and black-spotted, the black spots -being ringed with white. The silver studs are on the outer margin -of the orange band, principally on the hind-wings. This is a fairly -abundant species all over England on dry soils, and has been met with -in Scotland. The caterpillar is green, sometimes brown, with a darker -line along the back and white lines on the sides. It feeds on Clover, -Vetch, Broom, and other leguminous plants. The butterfly is out in July -and August. - -THE BROWN ARGUS (_Lycæna Astrarche_), Plate XII., Fig. 11.--Here is -a "blue" in which _both_ sexes are brown, a rather unusual thing. In -every other particular, however, it bears the family hall-mark. The -upper surface is dark brown, bordered with bright orange spots. The -under side (Plate XV., Fig. 6) is banded with orange and spotted with -black dots ringed with white. For the Scotch variety, _Artaxerxes_, -these spots are solid white, and there is in addition a _white -discoidal spot_ on the upper side of the fore-wing. This variety is -local in Scotland, but fairly numerous where found, generally near -the sea, and plentiful all along the Ayrshire coast in June and July. -It is said to feed on _Helianthemum_, but has probably many other -food-plants, such as the Hemlock Stork's-bill (_Erodium cicutarium_), -which is common where it flies. - -The caterpillar is green, with a darker line along the back, and a pale -line on each side; head black and shining. There are many intermediate -forms between _Artaxerxes_ and the type. - -THE COMMON BLUE (_Lycæna Icarus_), Plate XII., Fig. 12.--Known to -everyone who sees anything at all of the country. It is _the_ blue -butterfly, noticed even by those who hardly know a butterfly from a -bullfrog. - -An intelligent little chap he is, too, with an eye for his own safety, -as I once found when I had the opportunity of observing quite a number -of them on a piece of waste ground near the sea. The weather was -dull and threatening rain, and not a butterfly was on the wing; but -I could see plenty of our common blue friend hanging on, with closed -wings, to the ends of rushes, grass-stalks, and on thistle-tops; but -always when I came within a step or two they adroitly changed their -position, putting whatever they were resting or hanging on between us, -just edging round the corner as it were, so as to be out of sight. -Apparently the idea of _flying_ away from an enemy was here considered -as too risky under the conditions which prevailed; the safest plan was -to hide, so hide they did. It was the funniest game of hide-and-seek -I ever played. I have since seen the small blue dragon-flies adopt -the same tactics on the rushes by the side of a pond. No wonder this -little fellow is so common. In the struggle for existence he has shown -himself able and well-fitted to survive; nevertheless I had a good time -amongst them that afternoon and boxed some fine varieties. The male -bears a warm shade of blue, and the female is from nearly black to -brown, with a blue blush spreading from the body outwards, both wings -being bordered with a row of orange and black spots, often on a ground -of white. Sometimes, too, there is a discoidal black spot edged with -white; but the females are very variable. The under side (Plate XV., -Fig. 5) has the characteristic markings of the "blues," and, excepting -that the female is a little darker in ground colour, both sexes are -pretty much alike. - -The caterpillar is green, with a dark line on the back, and a light -yellow line on each side; it feeds on Trefoil and Clover. The perfect -insect is common everywhere from June till August. - -THE CLIFDEN BLUE, OR ADONIS BLUE (_Lycæna Bellargus_), Plate XIII., -Fig. 1.--It will be sufficient to point out the specific characters -of each of these blues without going into minute detail, which would -be wearisome, even if it were possible (which it is not) to paint in -words what Nature has painted so admirably on the butterflies' wings. -The male Adonis is a brilliant azure blue; fringe, deep and white, and -divided into sections by black lines. Female, brown to nearly black, -with a row of orange and black spots round the base of the hind-wing -and sometimes continued faintly into the fore-wing; it is browner on -the under side than the male. Both resemble the Common Blue very much, -but the spots are scarcely so numerous or so bold. The wings, however, -are generally more ample, those of the males being more rounded. - -The caterpillar is green, with a darker line on the back, and a -yellow line on each side; spotted with orange on the back. This is -a fairly common species confined mostly to the South, where, being -double-brooded, it is out in June and August. - -THE CHALK-HILL BLUE (_Lycæna Corydon_), Plate XIII., Fig. 2.--A larger -insect than the last, and the male an extremely pale iridescent blue, -which is shaded off at the margins into a black border, with a white -fringe checked with black. Female, dark brown, black and white checked -fringe; eye-spots nearly obsolete along the margin of both wings. Under -side in male almost white, shading to pale green, blue next the body -on the fore-wing; hind-wing, with a wash of pale brown for the ground; -spots black, outlined with white. A marginal row of orange spots is -confined to the hind-wing in the male, but extends to the fore-wing in -the female; the ground colour of it, however, is a pale fawn, which -sets forth the eye-spots beautifully. - -The caterpillar is green, striped on the back and sides with yellow. A -decidedly southern species, frequenting the chalk downs of the South -and the Isle of Wight, or the limestone districts of the Midlands. It -is out in July and August. - -THE AZURE BLUE OR HOLLY BLUE (_Lycæna Argiolus_), Plate XIII., -Fig. 4.--This is a very dainty little butterfly of a deep sky-blue, -with rounded wings narrowly fringed with white, ticked with black. The -female has a broad, irregular, black border, occasionally extending -well into the wing. But the under side (Plate XV., Fig. 3) marks a -new departure, being of a very pale, shimmering blue, with only a -few small, black spots, which form an incomplete row on fore- and -hind-wings. - -[Illustration: - - PLATE 15 - 1. Brown Argus (var. _Artaxerxes_) - 2. Brown Argus (var. _Artaxerxes_) (under side) - 3. Azure Blue (under side) - 4. Silver-Studded Blue (under side) - 5. Common Blue (under side) - 6. Brown Argus (under side) - 7. Mazarine Blue (upper side) - 8. Mazarine Blue (under side) - 9. Chalkhill Blue (under side) - 10. Large Blue (under side) - 11. Little Blue (under side)] - -The caterpillar is green, with a dark line on the back, and a black -head. It feeds on the _flowers_ of Holly, Ivy, and Buckthorn. - -Being double-brooded, the perfect insect appears first in April and -May, and again in August. It is generally distributed in England, -though commonest in the South; not known to occur in Scotland. - -THE MAZARINE BLUE (_Lycæna semiargus_), Plate XV., Figs. 7 and -8.--Males, a very dark purple-blue--in fact, this is our darkest -"Blue," and shares the distinction with the Long-Tailed Blue of being -extremely scarce. Possibly those met with now are visitors from the -Continent. The blue deepens into a black border at the margins; fringe -short and white. Female, a uniform dark brown; under side a pale buff -colour, with an irregular row of black spots edged with white. There -are no orange spots on this species. It is said to feed on Thrift; -hence it is likeliest to be met with near the coast during July. Good -Continental specimens can be purchased cheaply, or got by exchange. -And I hold it is better to fill in your row with these, carefully -labelling them to indicate their source, than to have an empty space -always staring you in the face. Unless this species becomes more -common, the average collector's chance of capturing British specimens -is exceedingly remote. - -THE LITTLE BLUE (_Lycæna Minima_), Plate XIII., Fig. 3.--The smallest -of our butterflies, the average expanse being only 3/4 inch. Male, -blackish-brown dusted with blue towards the base of the wings. Female, -solid brown; under side (Plate XV., Fig. 11) a pale salmon, blue -spotted as in _Argiolus_, with black outlined with white; no orange -spots on either sex. - -The caterpillar is dull green, orange-striped on back and sides. It -feeds on Trefoils, etc. This species is local, but common all over the -British Isles, except in the extreme North. It is one of our early -species, appearing in May and June. - -THE LARGE BLUE (_Lycæna Arion_), Plate XIII., Fig. 5.--This is the -largest of our "Blues" and the rarest of our really resident species, -and although it appears to be able to hold its own and maintain its -numbers fairly well, I would strongly urge collectors to at least let -all the "fair" and worn specimens retain their liberty. Again and again -I have seen specimens set up and sent out in exchange that should never -have been taken. Of a dark blue colour, black-bordered, _Arion_ can -always be recognized by the row of black spots across the middle of the -fore-wing; they are sometimes very large in size. There is occasionally -a row of black spots round both wings, just inside the margin. The -under side (Plate XV., Fig. 10) is a pale grey, gradually shading into -a bright blue-green next the body, profusedly spotted with black in -white rings. - -The caterpillar, which feeds on Wild Thyme in the spring, is dark -rust-coloured. The butterfly is out in July, and is found mostly in the -extreme south-west counties. - -THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY FRITILLARY (_Nemeobius Lucina_), Plate XIII., -Fig. 6.--Very like a diminutive member of the Fritillary family, but -it has no real connection with it, and better still, it has a whole -family (_Erycinidæ_) and genus to itself, being the only one of its -kind found in Europe. The upper surface is a tawny orange, with dark -brown checkerings, while a row of marginal black spots runs round the -outer margins. The under side of the hind-wings has a double row of -pale, almost white, spots across the centre, and black spots, similar -to those on the upper side, round the edge. - -The caterpillar is short and tapering, pale brown with a darker line on -the back, and a lighter one on the sides. It feeds on Primrose. This -species is said to be double-brooded in the South, out in June and -again in August as far north as Carlisle and the Lake District. Note: -the female has six perfect walking legs, the male only four, the front -pair being rudimentary, as with many of the larger butterflies. - -THE GRIZZLED SKIPPER (_Syrichthus Malvæ_), Plate XIII., Fig. 7.--The -Skippers, of which there are eight species in this country, are often -referred to as the connecting-link between the butterflies and moths, -and not without some justification. The antennæ are somewhat short, -club-shaped, and _hooked_ at the extremity. The head is large, and -the antennæ spring from just above the eyes; their base is thus wide -apart. Compare a Skipper with a Blue in which the roots of the antennæ -almost touch. The body of the Skipper is stout and mothlike, and the -wings not so ample, and more angular than in the average butterfly. The -caterpillars live in a rolled leaf or several leaves spun together, and -pupate in a slight cocoon. - -The Grizzled Skipper is a small butterfly measuring just over 3/4 of -an inch in expanse. The ground colour is nearly black, checkered with -white square spots, as is also the fringe. The under side is lighter. - -The caterpillar is a rusty brown, with lighter lines on the back and -sides. The species is doubled-brooded, appearing in May and August, -and is generally distributed over the country as far north as the -South-West of Scotland. - -THE DINGY SKIPPER (_Nisoniades Tages_), Plate XIII., Fig. 8.--This -is dull grey-brown, and very Quaker-like in its sombre garb, with a -lighter and a darker band across the wings. The under side is a pale -drab, with a few faint light spots. And truly one may be excused if at -times it is mistaken for a night-flying moth. - -The caterpillar feeds on trefoil, and is green, with four yellow lines -and some black dots; it is very stout in the middle, tapering to either -end. This Skipper is also doubled-brooded, appearing in May and August, -generally on dry soils such as the chalk, or limestone, or, as in -Scotland, on the sand-dunes of Ayrshire, where it is locally common. - -THE SMALL SKIPPER (_Hesperia Thaumas_), Plate XIII., Fig. 9.--Upper -side a uniform tawny-orange shade, with a dark brown or black border. -There is also a black dash across the fore-wing of the male, which is -absent in the female. On the under side there is a tawny patch along -the inner margin of the hind-wing, and the tip of the fore-wing is -light. These are good identification points, as they are fairly stable. - -The caterpillar is green, with two white lines on the back and a yellow -line on either side. It feeds on grasses in the spring. The butterfly -appears in July and is common in England, but is not known in Scotland. - -THE NEW SMALL SKIPPER (_Hesperia Lineola_), Plate XIV., Fig. 4.--Is -very like the last, so much so, that it had been taken for many years -by collectors and confused with _Thaumas_. There were few collections -that did not possess a mixed series. But once its identity was -established, it was soon placed in its rightful position. It may be -distinguished from _Thaumas_ by the absence of the fulvous patch on -the inner margin of the under side of the hind-wings, and also by the -absence of the light tip on the under side of the fore-wing. The black -dash across the upper side of the fore-wing of the male is fainter, -shorter, and more often altogether absent. The under side of the -hind-wing is a light buff without marks of any kind. - -The caterpillar is a bronze-green, with four yellow lines on the back -and one on the sides; it feeds on grasses in damp meadows, mostly in -the south and south-eastern counties. The species is local, but common -where it occurs. Out in July and August. - -THE LULWORTH SKIPPER (_Hesperia Actæon_), Plate XIII., Fig. 10.--An -extremely local species, being only found in two or three localities -on the south coast. It may be distinguished from the two preceding -Skippers, first, by its more dingy colour; second, by the female having -a semicircular row of light spots near the tip of the fore-wing. These -are very faintly visible in some males, but they have, in addition, a -black streak along the centre of the wing. The under side in both sexes -is similar, a pale dingy fawn, with no particular markings. The antennæ -are very short. - -The caterpillar is green, with a dark line on the back, and a double -line of yellow on each side. This species may be looked for on rough -ground facing the sea during July and August. - -THE LARGE SKIPPER (_Hesperia Sylvanus_), Plate XIII., Fig. 11.--Upper -surface tawny-orange shading into darker at the margin of both wings; -on this dark margin are a few pale spots, mostly at the tip of the -fore-wing. The male has an almost black streak near the centre of the -fore-wing; this is not present in the female. The under side is a light -tawny olive, with pale lighter spots. - -The caterpillar is green, with a dark line on the back, and a light -stripe on the sides. It is a grass-feeder. This Skipper is abundant all -over England in May and again in August, but is rare in Scotland. - -THE PEARL SKIPPER (_Hesperia Comma_), Plate XIII., Fig. 12.--This -species is not quite so large as the last. It is darker, and the -spot markings are much brighter and more decided. This is the case -especially on the under side, as there the spots are bright enough to -suggest pearls. Hence the name. - -Note, too, the dark streak in the middle of the fore-wing of the male; -it is divided along the centre by a white line. This white line is -wanting in the Large Skipper. The dark streak is only on the upper -wings of the males. _Comma_ is also a more local and scarce insect, -being confined mostly to the South of England. - -The caterpillar is greyish-red, and has a double dark line on either -side; it feeds on various Vetches and Trefoils. The butterfly is out in -July and August. - -THE CHECKERED SKIPPER (_Carterocephalus Palæmon_), Plate XIII., -Fig. 13.--The upper side of this butterfly is speckled and bordered -with tawny-orange spots on a dark brown ground. The under side has a -lighter ground colour, and the spots are outlined with dark brown. - -The caterpillar is dark, almost black, with a yellow line on the sides, -and, as it hibernates over the winter, may be looked for in the spring. -It feeds on grasses and Plantain. - -This is a very local species, and I am afraid, to judge from reports, -becoming rarer. The south and south-eastern counties are the favoured -localities. - -THE MILKWEED BUTTERFLY (_Danais Erippus_; variety, _Archippus_), Plate -VIII., Fig. 3.--This is an American species, but an occasional visitor -to our shores, and, as it is a strong-flying species with the bump of -adventure abnormally developed, it is now met with in many lands where -it was at one time unknown. I have large fine specimens from Canada, so -it can stand the rigours of the Canadian winter; and if it should find -a suitable food-plant for the caterpillars here, we may hope, in the -near future, to add this fine butterfly to the select little band of -British butterflies. - - - - -INDEX - - - British Butterflies described, 29 - - Butterflies, antennæ of, 1, 10 - capture and preservation, 13 - eyes of, 11 - how to kill, 16 - list of British, 27 - sense and smell, 10 - sight, 10 - tongues of, 12 - - Butterfly net, 14 - - - Collection, storing of, 25 - - - Drying-case, 22 - - - Entomological pins, 17 - - - FAMILIES OF BUTTERFLIES. - _Apaturidæ_, 28 - _Erycinidæ_, 29 - _Hesperidæ_, 29 - _Lycenidæ_, 28 - _Nymphalidæ_, 27 - _Papilionidæ_, 27 - _Pieridæ_, 27 - _Satyridæ_, 28 - - - "Grease," treatment of, 17 - - - Ichneumons, 5 - - - Larvae, preservation of, 22 - - _Lepidoptera_, 1 - - Life-story of Butterflies, 1 - - - Pins, entomological, 17 - - - Scales, 9 - - Setting boards, 18 - bristle, 18 - needle, 19 - Paisley method, 20 - with braces, 18 - - SPECIES OF BUTTERFLIES: - Blue, Adonis, 79 - Azure, 80 - Chalkhill, 80 - Clifden, 79 - Common, 78 - Holly, 80 - Large, 82 - Little, 81 - Long-tailed, 76 - Mazarine, 81 - Silver-studded, 76 - Brimstone, 41 - Brown Argus, 77 - Camberwell Beauty, 55 - Clouded Yellow, 39 - Pale, 38 - Comma, 51 - Copper, Large, 74 - Small, 75 - Fritillary, Duke of Burgundy, 82 - Dark Green, 44 - Glanville, 49 - Greasy, 48 - Heath, 51 - High Brown, 46 - Pearl-bordered, 43 - Queen of Spain, 44 - Silver-washed, 47 - Small Pearl-bordered, 42 - Grayling, 65 - Hairstreak, Black, 72 - Brown, 71 - Green, 73 - Purple, 72 - White-letter, 71 - Meadow Brown, 67 - Small, 67 - Milkweed, 87 - Orange-tip, 37 - Painted Lady, 58 - Peacock, 55 - Purple Emperor, 59 - Red Admiral, 56 - Ringlet, 68 - Marsh, 69 - Mountain, 62 - Scotch Argus, 62 - Skipper, Checkered, 87 - Dingy, 84 - Grizzled, 83 - Large, 86 - Lulworth, 85 - New Small, 85 - Pearl, 86 - Small, 84 - Small Heath, 70 - Speckled Wood, 64 - Swallow Tail, 29 - Tortoiseshell, Large, 52 - Small, 53 - Wall Brown, 65 - White Admiral, 59 - Bath, 36 - Black-veined, 32 - Green-veined, 35 - Large Garden, 33 - Marbled, 61 - Small Garden, 34 - Wood, 38 - - -BILLING AND SONS, LTD., PRINTERS, GUILDFORD, ENGLAND - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of British Butterflies, by A. 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